Wikipedia lgwiki https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olupapula_Olusooka MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.10 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Zambia 0 5700 59666 59665 2026-07-08T11:59:53Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 59666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] snvkd7c4g4btctvdvmdm75keyiofgkz 59667 59666 2026-07-08T12:02:43Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 59667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.[1] Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima ekikomo.[2] Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo.[3] Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.[1] Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kikomo.[4] Ye yali esinga mu kusima ekikomo mu Afrika[4] era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima ekikomo mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gw'ekikomo ekyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.[1] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 8jnrcqnkncvasm0khqzec5z6r6i39br 59668 59667 2026-07-08T12:05:09Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 59668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.[1] Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.[2] Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo.[3] Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.[1] Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.[4] Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika[4] era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.[1] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] a77vqqquhchgoy9rmpeba4a5c15crto 59669 59668 2026-07-08T12:09:40Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 59669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] r1tymm375fqro2wi1agij03zsuh60qm 59788 59669 2026-07-09T06:34:52Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 59788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Copperbelt Province ya Zambia erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).[1] Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu Mopani Copper Mines, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini yo United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu International Holding Company.[2] ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.[2] Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.[3] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] hnzymhp0cr3j3okuvyjb3z9k6c50rbr 59789 59788 2026-07-09T06:38:01Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 59789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).[1] Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.[2] ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.[2] Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.[3] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] mbr7e7msqldfpr025o9qvnxkz0f7x92 59790 59789 2026-07-09T06:56:07Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 59790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 9bpbpw5itg9jfjhh1f8ls1m355qg1ey 59791 59790 2026-07-09T07:05:45Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 59791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.[1] Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.[2] Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).[6] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 3wgn08e5k1erj413tixialfhdl9fd03 59792 59791 2026-07-09T07:10:03Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 59792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] g6ghwu90vut0yuypfng0hx7rvh4aoix 59793 59792 2026-07-09T07:13:29Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 59793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300. Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, n'entungo ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] fj9hjt50l1xkiyxrivo8jthas4d773k 59794 59793 2026-07-09T07:17:01Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 59794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] g355x1w15j80a0ypf1m3vwldtsvfk6d 59795 59794 2026-07-09T07:20:32Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 59795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.[1] Ebyobulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.[1] Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).[1] Ebyobulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.[1] Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).[1] Ebyobulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.[1] Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).[1] Ebyobulambuzi ebisinga obunene byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.[1] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 7za4blw72nqdy81mswsi3ligcxkfsz8 59796 59795 2026-07-09T07:39:21Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 59796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] fmqe1g437mkf127xx07s5h633ktoybh 59797 59796 2026-07-09T08:28:01Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 59797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.[1] Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.[2] Mu Ssebutemba 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.[3] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] s6f52n32dhj46pt7fpe5tl9nq9nzkcj 59798 59797 2026-07-09T08:29:52Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ebijuliziddwa 59798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 9jtbwn9xv7rrljeg4mc2phfkedtlsr7 59799 59798 2026-07-09T08:33:23Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 59799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Eby'obuwamngwa''' Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] slq6yhp7oif71jmz6nz66v3djgcit1h 59800 59799 2026-07-09T08:36:51Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 59800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Eby'obuwamngwa''' Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{Cite book |author1=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |year=2019 |title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos |author2=Simooya, Steriah Monica |author3=Monde, Pauline Namakau |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-105-9 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–206}}</ref> Eby'obuwangwa bwa Zambia ebisinga obungi bikyaliwo mu byalo, n’obuwangwa obumu obuva ebweru nga Obukristaayo. Obuwangwa obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Zambia buyitibwa 'obuwangwa bwa Zambia' ate obulamu obw’awamu obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo buyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia" kubanga bweyolekera mu Bannazambia kumpi bonna.[1] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 2jibsq1uc5h81se18e731v24zorgbps 59801 59800 2026-07-09T08:38:56Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 59801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Eby'obuwamngwa''' Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{Cite book |author1=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |year=2019 |title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos |author2=Simooya, Steriah Monica |author3=Monde, Pauline Namakau |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-105-9 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–206}}</ref> Eby'obuwangwa bwa Zambia ebisinga obungi bikyaliwo mu byalo, n’obuwangwa obumu obuva ebweru nga Obukristaayo. Obuwangwa obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Zambia buyitibwa 'obuwangwa bwa Zambia' ate obulamu obw’awamu obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo buyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia" kubanga bweyolekera mu Bannazambia kumpi bonna.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Mu bibuga, waliwo okugattagatta n'okukulaakulana kw'ebyobuwangwa bino okusobola okuvaamu ekiyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia". == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] rvjnana062pmej0gqp40nofdoi3hd2n 59802 59801 2026-07-09T08:42:47Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 59802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Eby'obuwamngwa''' Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{Cite book |author1=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |year=2019 |title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos |author2=Simooya, Steriah Monica |author3=Monde, Pauline Namakau |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-105-9 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–206}}</ref> Eby'obuwangwa bwa Zambia ebisinga obungi bikyaliwo mu byalo, n’obuwangwa obumu obuva ebweru nga Obukristaayo. Obuwangwa obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Zambia buyitibwa 'obuwangwa bwa Zambia' ate obulamu obw’awamu obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo buyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia" kubanga bweyolekera mu Bannazambia kumpi bonna.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Mu bibuga, waliwo okugattagatta n'okukulaakulana kw'ebyobuwangwa bino okusobola okuvaamu ekiyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia". Zambia ekola emikolo n’obulombolombo obw’enjawulo okuva ku mikolo gy’ennono egikkirizibwa eggwanga lyonna okutuuka ku mikolo egitakkirizibwa naye nga mikulu. Emikolo n’obulombolombo ebisinga obungi bikolebwa ku mikolo egy’enjawulo okujaguza oba okujjukira ebituukiddwako, okujjukira, okuyitawo kw’ebiseera, okutuuza ku nnamulondo n’emikolo gy’obwa pulezidenti, okutangirira n’okutukuza, okutikkirwa, okwewaayo, okulayira okuwagira, okuyingira obufumbo, okufumbirwa, okuziika, okuzaala n’emikolo emirala.[1] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] q2ghpzdqepg4zyqc38ivn29j94bls45 59803 59802 2026-07-09T08:45:47Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 59803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Eby'obuwamngwa''' Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{Cite book |author1=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |year=2019 |title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos |author2=Simooya, Steriah Monica |author3=Monde, Pauline Namakau |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-105-9 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–206}}</ref> Eby'obuwangwa bwa Zambia ebisinga obungi bikyaliwo mu byalo, n’obuwangwa obumu obuva ebweru nga Obukristaayo. Obuwangwa obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Zambia buyitibwa 'obuwangwa bwa Zambia' ate obulamu obw’awamu obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo buyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia" kubanga bweyolekera mu Bannazambia kumpi bonna.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Mu bibuga, waliwo okugattagatta n'okukulaakulana kw'ebyobuwangwa bino okusobola okuvaamu ekiyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia". Zambia ekola emikolo n’obulombolombo obw’enjawulo okuva ku mikolo gy’ennono egikkirizibwa eggwanga lyonna okutuuka ku mikolo egitakkirizibwa naye nga mikulu. Emikolo n’obulombolombo ebisinga obungi bikolebwa ku mikolo egy’enjawulo okujaguza oba okujjukira ebituukiddwako, ebijaguzo, okuyitawo kw’ebiseera, okutuuza ku nnamulondo n’emikolo gy’obwa pulezidenti, okutangirira n’okutukuza, okutikkirwa, okwewaayo, okulayira okuwagira, okuyingira obufumbo, okufumbirwa, okuziika, okuzaala n’emikolo emirala.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] gp1znmhg0y7wredf2wlzxw879zf7373 59804 59803 2026-07-09T08:49:23Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 59804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Eby'obuwamngwa''' Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{Cite book |author1=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |year=2019 |title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos |author2=Simooya, Steriah Monica |author3=Monde, Pauline Namakau |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-105-9 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–206}}</ref> Eby'obuwangwa bwa Zambia ebisinga obungi bikyaliwo mu byalo, n’obuwangwa obumu obuva ebweru nga Obukristaayo. Obuwangwa obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Zambia buyitibwa 'obuwangwa bwa Zambia' ate obulamu obw’awamu obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo buyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia" kubanga bweyolekera mu Bannazambia kumpi bonna.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Mu bibuga, waliwo okugattagatta n'okukulaakulana kw'ebyobuwangwa bino okusobola okuvaamu ekiyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia". Zambia ekola emikolo n’obulombolombo obw’enjawulo okuva ku mikolo gy’ennono egikkirizibwa eggwanga lyonna okutuuka ku mikolo egitakkirizibwa naye nga mikulu. Emikolo n’obulombolombo ebisinga obungi bikolebwa ku mikolo egy’enjawulo okujaguza oba okujjukira ebituukiddwako, ebijaguzo, okuyitawo kw’ebiseera, okutuuza ku nnamulondo n’emikolo gy’obwa pulezidenti, okutangirira n’okutukuza, okutikkirwa, okwewaayo, okulayira okuwagira, okuyingira obufumbo, okufumbirwa, okuziika, okuzaala n’emikolo emirala.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okufaananako amawanga ga Afirika agasinga obungi, Zambia ekola ku mikolo gyayo egy’olukale n’egyo egikolebwa mu kyama. Mu mikolo gy’olukale n’obulombolombo obukolebwa mulimu okulaga kalenda oba eby’obuwangwa eby’ebiseera ebigere, okulaga embeera, okulaga obulumi, okulagula, okutongoza, n’emikolo egya bulijjo.[1] Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.[1] Okutuuka mu Ddesemba 2016, Zambia yalina emikolo gyayo egy’olukale 77 egy’obuwangwa egimanyiddwa gavumenti, era omuwendo guno gujja kweyongera mu biseera eby’omumaaso.[1] Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.[1] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] g6iz704mg1spmkyqop3tk6tlq221rgv 59805 59804 2026-07-09T08:52:02Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 59805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Eby'obuwamngwa''' Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{Cite book |author1=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |year=2019 |title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos |author2=Simooya, Steriah Monica |author3=Monde, Pauline Namakau |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-105-9 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–206}}</ref> Eby'obuwangwa bwa Zambia ebisinga obungi bikyaliwo mu byalo, n’obuwangwa obumu obuva ebweru nga Obukristaayo. Obuwangwa obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Zambia buyitibwa 'obuwangwa bwa Zambia' ate obulamu obw’awamu obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo buyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia" kubanga bweyolekera mu Bannazambia kumpi bonna.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Mu bibuga, waliwo okugattagatta n'okukulaakulana kw'ebyobuwangwa bino okusobola okuvaamu ekiyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia". Zambia ekola emikolo n’obulombolombo obw’enjawulo okuva ku mikolo gy’ennono egikkirizibwa eggwanga lyonna okutuuka ku mikolo egitakkirizibwa naye nga mikulu. Emikolo n’obulombolombo ebisinga obungi bikolebwa ku mikolo egy’enjawulo okujaguza oba okujjukira ebituukiddwako, ebijaguzo, okuyitawo kw’ebiseera, okutuuza ku nnamulondo n’emikolo gy’obwa pulezidenti, okutangirira n’okutukuza, okutikkirwa, okwewaayo, okulayira okuwagira, okuyingira obufumbo, okufumbirwa, okuziika, okuzaala n’emikolo emirala.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okufaananako amawanga ga Afirika agasinga obungi, Zambia ekola ku mikolo gyayo egy’olukale n’egyo egikolebwa mu kyama. Mu mikolo gy’olukale n’obulombolombo obukolebwa mulimu okulaga kalenda oba eby’obuwangwa eby’ebiseera ebigere, okulaga embeera, okulaga obulumi, okulagula, okutongoza, n’emikolo egya bulijjo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okutuuka mu Ddesemba 2016, Zambia yalina emikolo gyayo egy’olukale 77 egy’obuwangwa egimanyiddwa gavumenti, era omuwendo guno gujja kweyongera mu biseera eby’omumaaso.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] o4lpqmojwfvvoguz74exisfcqjuidwv 59806 59805 2026-07-09T08:54:59Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 59806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Eby'obuwamngwa''' Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{Cite book |author1=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |year=2019 |title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos |author2=Simooya, Steriah Monica |author3=Monde, Pauline Namakau |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-105-9 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–206}}</ref> Eby'obuwangwa bwa Zambia ebisinga obungi bikyaliwo mu byalo, n’obuwangwa obumu obuva ebweru nga Obukristaayo. Obuwangwa obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Zambia buyitibwa 'obuwangwa bwa Zambia' ate obulamu obw’awamu obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo buyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia" kubanga bweyolekera mu Bannazambia kumpi bonna.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Mu bibuga, waliwo okugattagatta n'okukulaakulana kw'ebyobuwangwa bino okusobola okuvaamu ekiyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia". Zambia ekola emikolo n’obulombolombo obw’enjawulo okuva ku mikolo gy’ennono egikkirizibwa eggwanga lyonna okutuuka ku mikolo egitakkirizibwa naye nga mikulu. Emikolo n’obulombolombo ebisinga obungi bikolebwa ku mikolo egy’enjawulo okujaguza oba okujjukira ebituukiddwako, ebijaguzo, okuyitawo kw’ebiseera, okutuuza ku nnamulondo n’emikolo gy’obwa pulezidenti, okutangirira n’okutukuza, okutikkirwa, okwewaayo, okulayira okuwagira, okuyingira obufumbo, okufumbirwa, okuziika, okuzaala n’emikolo emirala.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okufaananako amawanga ga Afirika agasinga obungi, Zambia ekola ku mikolo gyayo egy’olukale n’egyo egikolebwa mu kyama. Mu mikolo gy’olukale n’obulombolombo obukolebwa mulimu okulaga kalenda oba eby’obuwangwa eby’ebiseera ebigere, okulaga embeera, okulaga obulumi, okulagula, okutongoza, n’emikolo egya bulijjo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okutuuka mu Ddesemba 2016, Zambia yalina emikolo gyayo egy’olukale 77 egy’obuwangwa egimanyiddwa gavumenti, era omuwendo guno gujja kweyongera mu biseera eby’omumaaso.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egibaawo buli mwaka mulimu Nc'wala, Kulonga, Kuomboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, ne Lyenya. Gino gye gimanyiddwa nga emikolo gy'obuwangwa bwa Zambia. Egimu ku gyo egisinga okumanyibwa gye gino: Kuomboka ne Kathanga (Western Province), Mutomboko (Luapula Province), Kulamba ne Ncwala (Eastern Province), Lwiindi ne Shimunenga (Southern Province), Lunda Lubanza (North Western), Likumbi Lyamize (North Western Province),[1] Mbunda Lukwakwa (North Western Province), Chibwela Kumushi (Central Province), Vinkhakanimba (Muchinga Province), Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena (Northern Province). == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] ex43w7t0ou95li1t1jajrx7g3173h3s 59807 59806 2026-07-09T09:01:22Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 59807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Eby'obuwamngwa''' Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{Cite book |author1=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |year=2019 |title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos |author2=Simooya, Steriah Monica |author3=Monde, Pauline Namakau |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-105-9 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–206}}</ref> Eby'obuwangwa bwa Zambia ebisinga obungi bikyaliwo mu byalo, n’obuwangwa obumu obuva ebweru nga Obukristaayo. Obuwangwa obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Zambia buyitibwa 'obuwangwa bwa Zambia' ate obulamu obw’awamu obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo buyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia" kubanga bweyolekera mu Bannazambia kumpi bonna.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Mu bibuga, waliwo okugattagatta n'okukulaakulana kw'ebyobuwangwa bino okusobola okuvaamu ekiyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia". Zambia ekola emikolo n’obulombolombo obw’enjawulo okuva ku mikolo gy’ennono egikkirizibwa eggwanga lyonna okutuuka ku mikolo egitakkirizibwa naye nga mikulu. Emikolo n’obulombolombo ebisinga obungi bikolebwa ku mikolo egy’enjawulo okujaguza oba okujjukira ebituukiddwako, ebijaguzo, okuyitawo kw’ebiseera, okutuuza ku nnamulondo n’emikolo gy’obwa pulezidenti, okutangirira n’okutukuza, okutikkirwa, okwewaayo, okulayira okuwagira, okuyingira obufumbo, okufumbirwa, okuziika, okuzaala n’emikolo emirala.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okufaananako amawanga ga Afirika agasinga obungi, Zambia ekola ku mikolo gyayo egy’olukale n’egyo egikolebwa mu kyama. Mu mikolo gy’olukale n’obulombolombo obukolebwa mulimu okulaga kalenda oba eby’obuwangwa eby’ebiseera ebigere, okulaga embeera, okulaga obulumi, okulagula, okutongoza, n’emikolo egya bulijjo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okutuuka mu Ddesemba 2016, Zambia yalina emikolo gyayo egy’olukale 77 egy’obuwangwa egimanyiddwa gavumenti, era omuwendo guno gujja kweyongera mu biseera eby’omumaaso.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egibaawo buli mwaka mulimu Nc'wala, Kulonga, Kuomboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, ne Lyenya. Gino gye gimanyiddwa nga emikolo gy'obuwangwa bwa Zambia. Egimu ku gyo egisinga okumanyibwa gye gino: Kuomboka ne Kathanga (mu Buggwanjuba), Mutomboko (Luapula), Kulamba ne Ncwala (Buvanjuba), Lwiindi ne Shimunenga (Bukiikaddyo), Lunda Lubanza (Bukkiikakkonobwobugwanjuba), Likumbi Lyamize (Bukkikakkonobwobuggwanjuba),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellert |first=Henrik |year=2004 |title=The magic of the makishi: masks and traditions in Zambia |publisher=CBC publishing |isbn=0-9515209-9-7 |location=Bath, UK |pages=38–63}}</ref> Mbunda Lukwakwa (Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba), Chibwela Kumushi (Masekkati), Vinkhakanimba (Muchinga), Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena (Bukiikakkono). == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] gsb9jf0150psu0mwgscoef8t0j8xj7f 59809 59807 2026-07-09T09:03:12Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 59809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Eby'obuwamngwa''' Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{Cite book |author1=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |year=2019 |title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos |author2=Simooya, Steriah Monica |author3=Monde, Pauline Namakau |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-105-9 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–206}}</ref> Eby'obuwangwa bwa Zambia ebisinga obungi bikyaliwo mu byalo, n’obuwangwa obumu obuva ebweru nga Obukristaayo. Obuwangwa obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Zambia buyitibwa 'obuwangwa bwa Zambia' ate obulamu obw’awamu obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo buyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia" kubanga bweyolekera mu Bannazambia kumpi bonna.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Mu bibuga, waliwo okugattagatta n'okukulaakulana kw'ebyobuwangwa bino okusobola okuvaamu ekiyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia". Zambia ekola emikolo n’obulombolombo obw’enjawulo okuva ku mikolo gy’ennono egikkirizibwa eggwanga lyonna okutuuka ku mikolo egitakkirizibwa naye nga mikulu. Emikolo n’obulombolombo ebisinga obungi bikolebwa ku mikolo egy’enjawulo okujaguza oba okujjukira ebituukiddwako, ebijaguzo, okuyitawo kw’ebiseera, okutuuza ku nnamulondo n’emikolo gy’obwa pulezidenti, okutangirira n’okutukuza, okutikkirwa, okwewaayo, okulayira okuwagira, okuyingira obufumbo, okufumbirwa, okuziika, okuzaala n’emikolo emirala.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okufaananako amawanga ga Afirika agasinga obungi, Zambia ekola ku mikolo gyayo egy’olukale n’egyo egikolebwa mu kyama. Mu mikolo gy’olukale n’obulombolombo obukolebwa mulimu okulaga kalenda oba eby’obuwangwa eby’ebiseera ebigere, okulaga embeera, okulaga obulumi, okulagula, okutongoza, n’emikolo egya bulijjo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okutuuka mu Ddesemba 2016, Zambia yalina emikolo gyayo egy’olukale 77 egy’obuwangwa egimanyiddwa gavumenti, era omuwendo guno gujja kweyongera mu biseera eby’omumaaso.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egibaawo buli mwaka mulimu Nc'wala, Kulonga, Kuomboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, ne Lyenya. Gino gye gimanyiddwa nga emikolo gy'obuwangwa bwa Zambia. Egimu ku gyo egisinga okumanyibwa gye gino: Kuomboka ne Kathanga (mu Buggwanjuba), Mutomboko (Luapula), Kulamba ne Ncwala (Buvanjuba), Lwiindi ne Shimunenga (Bukiikaddyo), Lunda Lubanza (Bukkiikakkonobwobugwanjuba), Likumbi Lyamize (Bukkikakkonobwobuggwanjuba),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellert |first=Henrik |year=2004 |title=The magic of the makishi: masks and traditions in Zambia |publisher=CBC publishing |isbn=0-9515209-9-7 |location=Bath, UK |pages=38–63}}</ref> Mbunda Lukwakwa (Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba), Chibwela Kumushi (Masekkati), Vinkhakanimba (Muchinga), Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena (Bukiikakkono). Eby'emikono eby'ennono ebimanyiddwa ennyo mulimu okubumba, okukola ebibbo (nga Tonga baskets), entebe, eby'ambalo, emikeeka, ebifaananyi eby'omuti, ebifaananyi eby'amlyiba, eby'emikono eby'omu waya, n'eby'emikono eby'ekikomo. Ennyimba ezisinga obungi mu Zambia zeesigamiziddwa ku ngoma (n'ebyuma ebirala ebikubibwa) nga waliwo okuyimba n'okuzina kungi. Mu bibuga, ennyimba eziva mu mawanga amalala zimanyiddwa nnyo, naddala rumba eya Congo, ennyimba z'Abamerika abaddugavu n'ennyimba za Jamaica eziyitibwa reggae. Ennyimba ezisinga obungi mu Zambia zeesigamiziddwa ku ngoma (n'ebyuma ebirala ebikubibwa) nga waliwo okuyimba n'okuzina kungi. Mu bibuga, ennyimba eziva mu mawanga amalala zimanyiddwa nnyo, naddala rumba eya Congo, ennyimba z'Abamerika abaddugavu n'ennyimba za Jamaica eziyitibwa reggae. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] ck0b8qhj1ou4cujbolz550lnmum3x9a 59810 59809 2026-07-09T09:09:13Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 59810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Eby'obuwamngwa''' Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{Cite book |author1=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |year=2019 |title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos |author2=Simooya, Steriah Monica |author3=Monde, Pauline Namakau |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-105-9 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–206}}</ref> Eby'obuwangwa bwa Zambia ebisinga obungi bikyaliwo mu byalo, n’obuwangwa obumu obuva ebweru nga Obukristaayo. Obuwangwa obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Zambia buyitibwa 'obuwangwa bwa Zambia' ate obulamu obw’awamu obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo buyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia" kubanga bweyolekera mu Bannazambia kumpi bonna.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Mu bibuga, waliwo okugattagatta n'okukulaakulana kw'ebyobuwangwa bino okusobola okuvaamu ekiyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia". Zambia ekola emikolo n’obulombolombo obw’enjawulo okuva ku mikolo gy’ennono egikkirizibwa eggwanga lyonna okutuuka ku mikolo egitakkirizibwa naye nga mikulu. Emikolo n’obulombolombo ebisinga obungi bikolebwa ku mikolo egy’enjawulo okujaguza oba okujjukira ebituukiddwako, ebijaguzo, okuyitawo kw’ebiseera, okutuuza ku nnamulondo n’emikolo gy’obwa pulezidenti, okutangirira n’okutukuza, okutikkirwa, okwewaayo, okulayira okuwagira, okuyingira obufumbo, okufumbirwa, okuziika, okuzaala n’emikolo emirala.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okufaananako amawanga ga Afirika agasinga obungi, Zambia ekola ku mikolo gyayo egy’olukale n’egyo egikolebwa mu kyama. Mu mikolo gy’olukale n’obulombolombo obukolebwa mulimu okulaga kalenda oba eby’obuwangwa eby’ebiseera ebigere, okulaga embeera, okulaga obulumi, okulagula, okutongoza, n’emikolo egya bulijjo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okutuuka mu Ddesemba 2016, Zambia yalina emikolo gyayo egy’olukale 77 egy’obuwangwa egimanyiddwa gavumenti, era omuwendo guno gujja kweyongera mu biseera eby’omumaaso.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egibaawo buli mwaka mulimu Nc'wala, Kulonga, Kuomboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, ne Lyenya. Gino gye gimanyiddwa nga emikolo gy'obuwangwa bwa Zambia. Egimu ku gyo egisinga okumanyibwa gye gino: Kuomboka ne Kathanga (mu Buggwanjuba), Mutomboko (Luapula), Kulamba ne Ncwala (Buvanjuba), Lwiindi ne Shimunenga (Bukiikaddyo), Lunda Lubanza (Bukkiikakkonobwobugwanjuba), Likumbi Lyamize (Bukkikakkonobwobuggwanjuba),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellert |first=Henrik |year=2004 |title=The magic of the makishi: masks and traditions in Zambia |publisher=CBC publishing |isbn=0-9515209-9-7 |location=Bath, UK |pages=38–63}}</ref> Mbunda Lukwakwa (Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba), Chibwela Kumushi (Masekkati), Vinkhakanimba (Muchinga), Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena (Bukiikakkono). Eby'emikono eby'ennono ebimanyiddwa ennyo mulimu okubumba, okukola ebibbo (nga Tonga baskets), entebe, eby'ambalo, emikeeka, ebifaananyi eby'omuti, ebifaananyi eby'amlyiba, eby'emikono eby'omu waya, n'eby'emikono eby'ekikomo. Ennyimba ezisinga obungi mu Zambia zeesigamiziddwa ku ngoma (n'ebyuma ebirala ebikubibwa) nga waliwo okuyimba n'okuzina kungi. Mu bibuga, ennyimba eziva mu mawanga amalala zimanyiddwa nnyo, naddala rumba eya Congo, ennyimba z'Abamerika abaddugavu n'ennyimba za Jamaica eziyitibwa reggae. '''Emirimu gy'eby'emikono''' Ng'oggyeko ebibumbe n'eby'emikono, Zambia erina eby'emikono eby'omulembe era ebinyuma okulaba, n'abasiizi b'ebifaananyi abakola mu kusiiga ebifaananyi, okukuba ebifaananyi, okukola ebibumbe, okukuba ebifaananyi n'ebintu ebirala ebikwatagana. Ekitongole kya Lechwe Trust, ekyatandikibwawo mu 1986, kikoze omulimu munene mu kuwagira eby'emikono mu Zambia okuyita mu buyambi, sikaala, emyoleso n'okukuŋŋaanya ebifaananyi ebiriwo mu Zambia.[1] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] m8h0kvk9d2s9jch82kfxndx4bd2c6nz 59813 59810 2026-07-09T09:26:36Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 59813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Eby'obuwamngwa''' Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{Cite book |author1=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |year=2019 |title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos |author2=Simooya, Steriah Monica |author3=Monde, Pauline Namakau |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-105-9 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–206}}</ref> Eby'obuwangwa bwa Zambia ebisinga obungi bikyaliwo mu byalo, n’obuwangwa obumu obuva ebweru nga Obukristaayo. Obuwangwa obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Zambia buyitibwa 'obuwangwa bwa Zambia' ate obulamu obw’awamu obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo buyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia" kubanga bweyolekera mu Bannazambia kumpi bonna.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Mu bibuga, waliwo okugattagatta n'okukulaakulana kw'ebyobuwangwa bino okusobola okuvaamu ekiyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia". Zambia ekola emikolo n’obulombolombo obw’enjawulo okuva ku mikolo gy’ennono egikkirizibwa eggwanga lyonna okutuuka ku mikolo egitakkirizibwa naye nga mikulu. Emikolo n’obulombolombo ebisinga obungi bikolebwa ku mikolo egy’enjawulo okujaguza oba okujjukira ebituukiddwako, ebijaguzo, okuyitawo kw’ebiseera, okutuuza ku nnamulondo n’emikolo gy’obwa pulezidenti, okutangirira n’okutukuza, okutikkirwa, okwewaayo, okulayira okuwagira, okuyingira obufumbo, okufumbirwa, okuziika, okuzaala n’emikolo emirala.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okufaananako amawanga ga Afirika agasinga obungi, Zambia ekola ku mikolo gyayo egy’olukale n’egyo egikolebwa mu kyama. Mu mikolo gy’olukale n’obulombolombo obukolebwa mulimu okulaga kalenda oba eby’obuwangwa eby’ebiseera ebigere, okulaga embeera, okulaga obulumi, okulagula, okutongoza, n’emikolo egya bulijjo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okutuuka mu Ddesemba 2016, Zambia yalina emikolo gyayo egy’olukale 77 egy’obuwangwa egimanyiddwa gavumenti, era omuwendo guno gujja kweyongera mu biseera eby’omumaaso.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egibaawo buli mwaka mulimu Nc'wala, Kulonga, Kuomboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, ne Lyenya. Gino gye gimanyiddwa nga emikolo gy'obuwangwa bwa Zambia. Egimu ku gyo egisinga okumanyibwa gye gino: Kuomboka ne Kathanga (mu Buggwanjuba), Mutomboko (Luapula), Kulamba ne Ncwala (Buvanjuba), Lwiindi ne Shimunenga (Bukiikaddyo), Lunda Lubanza (Bukkiikakkonobwobugwanjuba), Likumbi Lyamize (Bukkikakkonobwobuggwanjuba),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellert |first=Henrik |year=2004 |title=The magic of the makishi: masks and traditions in Zambia |publisher=CBC publishing |isbn=0-9515209-9-7 |location=Bath, UK |pages=38–63}}</ref> Mbunda Lukwakwa (Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba), Chibwela Kumushi (Masekkati), Vinkhakanimba (Muchinga), Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena (Bukiikakkono). Eby'emikono eby'ennono ebimanyiddwa ennyo mulimu okubumba, okukola ebibbo (nga Tonga baskets), entebe, eby'ambalo, emikeeka, ebifaananyi eby'omuti, ebifaananyi eby'amlyiba, eby'emikono eby'omu waya, n'eby'emikono eby'ekikomo. Ennyimba ezisinga obungi mu Zambia zeesigamiziddwa ku ngoma (n'ebyuma ebirala ebikubibwa) nga waliwo okuyimba n'okuzina kungi. Mu bibuga, ennyimba eziva mu mawanga amalala zimanyiddwa nnyo, naddala rumba eya Congo, ennyimba z'Abamerika abaddugavu n'ennyimba za Jamaica eziyitibwa reggae. '''Emirimu gy'eby'emikono''' Ng'oggyeko ebibumbe n'eby'emikono, Zambia erina eby'emikono eby'omulembe era ebinyuma okulaba, n'abasiizi b'ebifaananyi abakola mu kusiiga ebifaananyi, okukuba ebifaananyi, okukola ebibumbe, okukuba ebifaananyi n'ebintu ebirala ebikwatagana. Ekitongole kya Lechwe Trust, ekyatandikibwawo mu 1986, kikoze omulimu munene mu kuwagira eby'emikono mu Zambia okuyita mu buyambi, sikaala, emyoleso n'okukuŋŋaanya ebifaananyi ebiriwo mu Zambia.<ref name="Lechwe2019">{{cite book |year=2019 |title=Art Lives On – ii: A Retrospective Exhibition of Flinto S. Chandia & Lutanda F. Mwamba |publisher=Lechwe Trust |isbn=978-9982-70-959-0 |location=Lusaka}}</ref> Abantu ab’omugaso mu kisaawe ky’ebifaananyi mu Zambia mulimu Henry Tayali, Flinto Chandia ne Lutanda Mwamba. Chandia, eyakolanga mu mbaawo, amayinja n’ebintu eby’ekyuma, yali mmemba eyatandikawo ekibiina kya Zambia National Visual Arts Council era yakolagana n’emisomo gy’abasiizi b’ebifaananyi omuli Mbile ne Kabasa.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Paraskos |first=Michael |year=2026 |title=Discovering Flinto Chandia |journal=Pygmalion: Provocations in Contemporary Carving |issue=5 |isbn=978-1-7384987-4-1}}</ref> Mwamba yali amanyiddwa naddala olw’okusiiga ebifaananyi n’okukuba ebifaananyi. Mu 2019 Lechwe Trust yategeka omwoleso ogw’okujjukira emirimu gya Chandia ne Mwamba, nga balaga ebibumbe, ebifaananyi n’ebifaananyi ebikubiddwa okumala emyaka egiwerako.<ref name="Lechwe2019" /> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] ohpd8qhjljt0lponoafyyeq81y68vnz 59814 59813 2026-07-09T09:29:11Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 59814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Eby'obuwamngwa''' Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{Cite book |author1=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |year=2019 |title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos |author2=Simooya, Steriah Monica |author3=Monde, Pauline Namakau |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-105-9 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–206}}</ref> Eby'obuwangwa bwa Zambia ebisinga obungi bikyaliwo mu byalo, n’obuwangwa obumu obuva ebweru nga Obukristaayo. Obuwangwa obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Zambia buyitibwa 'obuwangwa bwa Zambia' ate obulamu obw’awamu obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo buyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia" kubanga bweyolekera mu Bannazambia kumpi bonna.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Mu bibuga, waliwo okugattagatta n'okukulaakulana kw'ebyobuwangwa bino okusobola okuvaamu ekiyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia". Zambia ekola emikolo n’obulombolombo obw’enjawulo okuva ku mikolo gy’ennono egikkirizibwa eggwanga lyonna okutuuka ku mikolo egitakkirizibwa naye nga mikulu. Emikolo n’obulombolombo ebisinga obungi bikolebwa ku mikolo egy’enjawulo okujaguza oba okujjukira ebituukiddwako, ebijaguzo, okuyitawo kw’ebiseera, okutuuza ku nnamulondo n’emikolo gy’obwa pulezidenti, okutangirira n’okutukuza, okutikkirwa, okwewaayo, okulayira okuwagira, okuyingira obufumbo, okufumbirwa, okuziika, okuzaala n’emikolo emirala.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okufaananako amawanga ga Afirika agasinga obungi, Zambia ekola ku mikolo gyayo egy’olukale n’egyo egikolebwa mu kyama. Mu mikolo gy’olukale n’obulombolombo obukolebwa mulimu okulaga kalenda oba eby’obuwangwa eby’ebiseera ebigere, okulaga embeera, okulaga obulumi, okulagula, okutongoza, n’emikolo egya bulijjo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okutuuka mu Ddesemba 2016, Zambia yalina emikolo gyayo egy’olukale 77 egy’obuwangwa egimanyiddwa gavumenti, era omuwendo guno gujja kweyongera mu biseera eby’omumaaso.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egibaawo buli mwaka mulimu Nc'wala, Kulonga, Kuomboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, ne Lyenya. Gino gye gimanyiddwa nga emikolo gy'obuwangwa bwa Zambia. Egimu ku gyo egisinga okumanyibwa gye gino: Kuomboka ne Kathanga (mu Buggwanjuba), Mutomboko (Luapula), Kulamba ne Ncwala (Buvanjuba), Lwiindi ne Shimunenga (Bukiikaddyo), Lunda Lubanza (Bukkiikakkonobwobugwanjuba), Likumbi Lyamize (Bukkikakkonobwobuggwanjuba),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellert |first=Henrik |year=2004 |title=The magic of the makishi: masks and traditions in Zambia |publisher=CBC publishing |isbn=0-9515209-9-7 |location=Bath, UK |pages=38–63}}</ref> Mbunda Lukwakwa (Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba), Chibwela Kumushi (Masekkati), Vinkhakanimba (Muchinga), Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena (Bukiikakkono). Eby'emikono eby'ennono ebimanyiddwa ennyo mulimu okubumba, okukola ebibbo (nga Tonga baskets), entebe, eby'ambalo, emikeeka, ebifaananyi eby'omuti, ebifaananyi eby'amlyiba, eby'emikono eby'omu waya, n'eby'emikono eby'ekikomo. Ennyimba ezisinga obungi mu Zambia zeesigamiziddwa ku ngoma (n'ebyuma ebirala ebikubibwa) nga waliwo okuyimba n'okuzina kungi. Mu bibuga, ennyimba eziva mu mawanga amalala zimanyiddwa nnyo, naddala rumba eya Congo, ennyimba z'Abamerika abaddugavu n'ennyimba za Jamaica eziyitibwa reggae. '''Emirimu gy'eby'emikono''' Ng'oggyeko ebibumbe n'eby'emikono, Zambia erina eby'emikono eby'omulembe era ebinyuma okulaba, n'abasiizi b'ebifaananyi abakola mu kusiiga ebifaananyi, okukuba ebifaananyi, okukola ebibumbe, okukuba ebifaananyi n'ebintu ebirala ebikwatagana. Ekitongole kya Lechwe Trust, ekyatandikibwawo mu 1986, kikoze omulimu munene mu kuwagira eby'emikono mu Zambia okuyita mu buyambi, sikaala, emyoleso n'okukuŋŋaanya ebifaananyi ebiriwo mu Zambia.<ref name="Lechwe2019">{{cite book |year=2019 |title=Art Lives On – ii: A Retrospective Exhibition of Flinto S. Chandia & Lutanda F. Mwamba |publisher=Lechwe Trust |isbn=978-9982-70-959-0 |location=Lusaka}}</ref> Abantu ab’omugaso mu kisaawe ky’ebifaananyi mu Zambia mulimu Henry Tayali, Flinto Chandia ne Lutanda Mwamba. Chandia, eyakolanga mu mbaawo, amayinja n’ebintu eby’ekyuma, yali mmemba eyatandikawo ekibiina kya Zambia National Visual Arts Council era yakolagana n’emisomo gy’abasiizi b’ebifaananyi omuli Mbile ne Kabasa.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Paraskos |first=Michael |year=2026 |title=Discovering Flinto Chandia |journal=Pygmalion: Provocations in Contemporary Carving |issue=5 |isbn=978-1-7384987-4-1}}</ref> Mwamba yali amanyiddwa naddala olw’okusiiga ebifaananyi n’okukuba ebifaananyi. Mu 2019 Lechwe Trust yategeka omwoleso ogw’okujjukira emirimu gya Chandia ne Mwamba, nga balaga ebibumbe, ebifaananyi n’ebifaananyi ebikubiddwa okumala emyaka egiwerako.<ref name="Lechwe2019" /> '''Emikutu migattabantu''' Wadde eddembe ly'okwogera n'ery'amawulire gakakasibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia, gavumenti etera okukugira eddembe lino mu nkola.[1][2] Wadde ng'ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza Patriotic Front kisuubizza okuleka emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti—omuli Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) n'olupapula lw'amawulire Zambia Daily Mail ne Times of Zambia—okwekolera ku by'okwogerako. Emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti gye gisinga okufuga emikutu gy'amawulire, wadde ng'emikutu gy'obwannannyini mingi gisobola okutuuka ku bitundu by'abantu ebisinga obunene. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] ajvm475i0dbogo4pivv6y2sh9mu7p49 59815 59814 2026-07-09T09:31:59Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 59815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Eby'obuwamngwa''' Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{Cite book |author1=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |year=2019 |title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos |author2=Simooya, Steriah Monica |author3=Monde, Pauline Namakau |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-105-9 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–206}}</ref> Eby'obuwangwa bwa Zambia ebisinga obungi bikyaliwo mu byalo, n’obuwangwa obumu obuva ebweru nga Obukristaayo. Obuwangwa obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Zambia buyitibwa 'obuwangwa bwa Zambia' ate obulamu obw’awamu obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo buyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia" kubanga bweyolekera mu Bannazambia kumpi bonna.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Mu bibuga, waliwo okugattagatta n'okukulaakulana kw'ebyobuwangwa bino okusobola okuvaamu ekiyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia". Zambia ekola emikolo n’obulombolombo obw’enjawulo okuva ku mikolo gy’ennono egikkirizibwa eggwanga lyonna okutuuka ku mikolo egitakkirizibwa naye nga mikulu. Emikolo n’obulombolombo ebisinga obungi bikolebwa ku mikolo egy’enjawulo okujaguza oba okujjukira ebituukiddwako, ebijaguzo, okuyitawo kw’ebiseera, okutuuza ku nnamulondo n’emikolo gy’obwa pulezidenti, okutangirira n’okutukuza, okutikkirwa, okwewaayo, okulayira okuwagira, okuyingira obufumbo, okufumbirwa, okuziika, okuzaala n’emikolo emirala.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okufaananako amawanga ga Afirika agasinga obungi, Zambia ekola ku mikolo gyayo egy’olukale n’egyo egikolebwa mu kyama. Mu mikolo gy’olukale n’obulombolombo obukolebwa mulimu okulaga kalenda oba eby’obuwangwa eby’ebiseera ebigere, okulaga embeera, okulaga obulumi, okulagula, okutongoza, n’emikolo egya bulijjo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okutuuka mu Ddesemba 2016, Zambia yalina emikolo gyayo egy’olukale 77 egy’obuwangwa egimanyiddwa gavumenti, era omuwendo guno gujja kweyongera mu biseera eby’omumaaso.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egibaawo buli mwaka mulimu Nc'wala, Kulonga, Kuomboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, ne Lyenya. Gino gye gimanyiddwa nga emikolo gy'obuwangwa bwa Zambia. Egimu ku gyo egisinga okumanyibwa gye gino: Kuomboka ne Kathanga (mu Buggwanjuba), Mutomboko (Luapula), Kulamba ne Ncwala (Buvanjuba), Lwiindi ne Shimunenga (Bukiikaddyo), Lunda Lubanza (Bukkiikakkonobwobugwanjuba), Likumbi Lyamize (Bukkikakkonobwobuggwanjuba),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellert |first=Henrik |year=2004 |title=The magic of the makishi: masks and traditions in Zambia |publisher=CBC publishing |isbn=0-9515209-9-7 |location=Bath, UK |pages=38–63}}</ref> Mbunda Lukwakwa (Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba), Chibwela Kumushi (Masekkati), Vinkhakanimba (Muchinga), Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena (Bukiikakkono). Eby'emikono eby'ennono ebimanyiddwa ennyo mulimu okubumba, okukola ebibbo (nga Tonga baskets), entebe, eby'ambalo, emikeeka, ebifaananyi eby'omuti, ebifaananyi eby'amlyiba, eby'emikono eby'omu waya, n'eby'emikono eby'ekikomo. Ennyimba ezisinga obungi mu Zambia zeesigamiziddwa ku ngoma (n'ebyuma ebirala ebikubibwa) nga waliwo okuyimba n'okuzina kungi. Mu bibuga, ennyimba eziva mu mawanga amalala zimanyiddwa nnyo, naddala rumba eya Congo, ennyimba z'Abamerika abaddugavu n'ennyimba za Jamaica eziyitibwa reggae. '''Emirimu gy'eby'emikono''' Ng'oggyeko ebibumbe n'eby'emikono, Zambia erina eby'emikono eby'omulembe era ebinyuma okulaba, n'abasiizi b'ebifaananyi abakola mu kusiiga ebifaananyi, okukuba ebifaananyi, okukola ebibumbe, okukuba ebifaananyi n'ebintu ebirala ebikwatagana. Ekitongole kya Lechwe Trust, ekyatandikibwawo mu 1986, kikoze omulimu munene mu kuwagira eby'emikono mu Zambia okuyita mu buyambi, sikaala, emyoleso n'okukuŋŋaanya ebifaananyi ebiriwo mu Zambia.<ref name="Lechwe2019">{{cite book |year=2019 |title=Art Lives On – ii: A Retrospective Exhibition of Flinto S. Chandia & Lutanda F. Mwamba |publisher=Lechwe Trust |isbn=978-9982-70-959-0 |location=Lusaka}}</ref> Abantu ab’omugaso mu kisaawe ky’ebifaananyi mu Zambia mulimu Henry Tayali, Flinto Chandia ne Lutanda Mwamba. Chandia, eyakolanga mu mbaawo, amayinja n’ebintu eby’ekyuma, yali mmemba eyatandikawo ekibiina kya Zambia National Visual Arts Council era yakolagana n’emisomo gy’abasiizi b’ebifaananyi omuli Mbile ne Kabasa.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Paraskos |first=Michael |year=2026 |title=Discovering Flinto Chandia |journal=Pygmalion: Provocations in Contemporary Carving |issue=5 |isbn=978-1-7384987-4-1}}</ref> Mwamba yali amanyiddwa naddala olw’okusiiga ebifaananyi n’okukuba ebifaananyi. Mu 2019 Lechwe Trust yategeka omwoleso ogw’okujjukira emirimu gya Chandia ne Mwamba, nga balaga ebibumbe, ebifaananyi n’ebifaananyi ebikubiddwa okumala emyaka egiwerako.<ref name="Lechwe2019" /> '''Emikutu migattabantu''' Wadde eddembe ly'okwogera n'ery'amawulire gakakasibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia, gavumenti etera okukugira eddembe lino okuteekebwa mu nkola.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Press Freedom survey on 186 countries |url=http://www.worldaudit.org/presstable.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201071942/http://www.worldaudit.org/presstable.html |archive-date=2016-12-01 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.worldaudit.org}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Zambia {{!}} Country report {{!}} Freedom of the Press {{!}} 2016 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116155841/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |archive-date=16 January 2017 |access-date=2017-01-14 |website=Freedomhouse.org}}</ref> Wadde ng'ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza ekya Patriotic Front kisuubizza okuleka emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti—omuli Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) n'olupapula lw'amawulire Zambia Daily Mail ne Times of Zambia—okwekolera ku by'okwogerako. Emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti gye gisinga okufuga emikutu gy'amawulire, wadde ng'emikutu gy'obwannannyini mingi gisobola okutuuka ku bitundu by'abantu ebisinga obunene. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 9ugf9ycvew2eh0opk1egik9dlb2kgc5 59818 59815 2026-07-09T09:33:54Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 59818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Eby'obuwamngwa''' Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{Cite book |author1=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |year=2019 |title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos |author2=Simooya, Steriah Monica |author3=Monde, Pauline Namakau |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-105-9 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–206}}</ref> Eby'obuwangwa bwa Zambia ebisinga obungi bikyaliwo mu byalo, n’obuwangwa obumu obuva ebweru nga Obukristaayo. Obuwangwa obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Zambia buyitibwa 'obuwangwa bwa Zambia' ate obulamu obw’awamu obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo buyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia" kubanga bweyolekera mu Bannazambia kumpi bonna.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Mu bibuga, waliwo okugattagatta n'okukulaakulana kw'ebyobuwangwa bino okusobola okuvaamu ekiyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia". Zambia ekola emikolo n’obulombolombo obw’enjawulo okuva ku mikolo gy’ennono egikkirizibwa eggwanga lyonna okutuuka ku mikolo egitakkirizibwa naye nga mikulu. Emikolo n’obulombolombo ebisinga obungi bikolebwa ku mikolo egy’enjawulo okujaguza oba okujjukira ebituukiddwako, ebijaguzo, okuyitawo kw’ebiseera, okutuuza ku nnamulondo n’emikolo gy’obwa pulezidenti, okutangirira n’okutukuza, okutikkirwa, okwewaayo, okulayira okuwagira, okuyingira obufumbo, okufumbirwa, okuziika, okuzaala n’emikolo emirala.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okufaananako amawanga ga Afirika agasinga obungi, Zambia ekola ku mikolo gyayo egy’olukale n’egyo egikolebwa mu kyama. Mu mikolo gy’olukale n’obulombolombo obukolebwa mulimu okulaga kalenda oba eby’obuwangwa eby’ebiseera ebigere, okulaga embeera, okulaga obulumi, okulagula, okutongoza, n’emikolo egya bulijjo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okutuuka mu Ddesemba 2016, Zambia yalina emikolo gyayo egy’olukale 77 egy’obuwangwa egimanyiddwa gavumenti, era omuwendo guno gujja kweyongera mu biseera eby’omumaaso.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egibaawo buli mwaka mulimu Nc'wala, Kulonga, Kuomboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, ne Lyenya. Gino gye gimanyiddwa nga emikolo gy'obuwangwa bwa Zambia. Egimu ku gyo egisinga okumanyibwa gye gino: Kuomboka ne Kathanga (mu Buggwanjuba), Mutomboko (Luapula), Kulamba ne Ncwala (Buvanjuba), Lwiindi ne Shimunenga (Bukiikaddyo), Lunda Lubanza (Bukkiikakkonobwobugwanjuba), Likumbi Lyamize (Bukkikakkonobwobuggwanjuba),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellert |first=Henrik |year=2004 |title=The magic of the makishi: masks and traditions in Zambia |publisher=CBC publishing |isbn=0-9515209-9-7 |location=Bath, UK |pages=38–63}}</ref> Mbunda Lukwakwa (Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba), Chibwela Kumushi (Masekkati), Vinkhakanimba (Muchinga), Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena (Bukiikakkono). Eby'emikono eby'ennono ebimanyiddwa ennyo mulimu okubumba, okukola ebibbo (nga Tonga baskets), entebe, eby'ambalo, emikeeka, ebifaananyi eby'omuti, ebifaananyi eby'amlyiba, eby'emikono eby'omu waya, n'eby'emikono eby'ekikomo. Ennyimba ezisinga obungi mu Zambia zeesigamiziddwa ku ngoma (n'ebyuma ebirala ebikubibwa) nga waliwo okuyimba n'okuzina kungi. Mu bibuga, ennyimba eziva mu mawanga amalala zimanyiddwa nnyo, naddala rumba eya Congo, ennyimba z'Abamerika abaddugavu n'ennyimba za Jamaica eziyitibwa reggae. '''Emirimu gy'eby'emikono''' Ng'oggyeko ebibumbe n'eby'emikono, Zambia erina eby'emikono eby'omulembe era ebinyuma okulaba, n'abasiizi b'ebifaananyi abakola mu kusiiga ebifaananyi, okukuba ebifaananyi, okukola ebibumbe, okukuba ebifaananyi n'ebintu ebirala ebikwatagana. Ekitongole kya Lechwe Trust, ekyatandikibwawo mu 1986, kikoze omulimu munene mu kuwagira eby'emikono mu Zambia okuyita mu buyambi, sikaala, emyoleso n'okukuŋŋaanya ebifaananyi ebiriwo mu Zambia.<ref name="Lechwe2019">{{cite book |year=2019 |title=Art Lives On – ii: A Retrospective Exhibition of Flinto S. Chandia & Lutanda F. Mwamba |publisher=Lechwe Trust |isbn=978-9982-70-959-0 |location=Lusaka}}</ref> Abantu ab’omugaso mu kisaawe ky’ebifaananyi mu Zambia mulimu Henry Tayali, Flinto Chandia ne Lutanda Mwamba. Chandia, eyakolanga mu mbaawo, amayinja n’ebintu eby’ekyuma, yali mmemba eyatandikawo ekibiina kya Zambia National Visual Arts Council era yakolagana n’emisomo gy’abasiizi b’ebifaananyi omuli Mbile ne Kabasa.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Paraskos |first=Michael |year=2026 |title=Discovering Flinto Chandia |journal=Pygmalion: Provocations in Contemporary Carving |issue=5 |isbn=978-1-7384987-4-1}}</ref> Mwamba yali amanyiddwa naddala olw’okusiiga ebifaananyi n’okukuba ebifaananyi. Mu 2019 Lechwe Trust yategeka omwoleso ogw’okujjukira emirimu gya Chandia ne Mwamba, nga balaga ebibumbe, ebifaananyi n’ebifaananyi ebikubiddwa okumala emyaka egiwerako.<ref name="Lechwe2019" /> '''Emikutu migattabantu''' Wadde eddembe ly'okwogera n'ery'amawulire gakakasibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia, gavumenti etera okukugira eddembe lino okuteekebwa mu nkola.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Press Freedom survey on 186 countries |url=http://www.worldaudit.org/presstable.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201071942/http://www.worldaudit.org/presstable.html |archive-date=2016-12-01 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.worldaudit.org}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Zambia {{!}} Country report {{!}} Freedom of the Press {{!}} 2016 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116155841/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |archive-date=16 January 2017 |access-date=2017-01-14 |website=Freedomhouse.org}}</ref> Wadde ng'ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza ekya Patriotic Front kisuubizza okuleka emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti—omuli Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) n'olupapula lw'amawulire Zambia Daily Mail ne Times of Zambia—okwekolera ku by'okwogerako. Emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti gye gisinga okufuga emikutu gy'amawulire, wadde ng'emikutu gy'obwannannyini mingi gisobola okutuuka ku bitundu by'abantu ebisinga obunene. '''Eby'emizannyo''' Emizannyo bya bulijjo mu mbeera z'abantu mu buwangwa bwa Zambia ebitwala abantu awamu okuyiga, okukulaakulanya obukugu, okusanyuka n'ebiseera eby'essanyu.[1] Emizannyo n'emizannyo mu Zambia mulimu naye nga si bye byokka omupiira, emisinde, netball, volleyball ne emizannyo egy'ekinnansi nga nsolo, chiyenga, waida, hide and seek, walyako, ne sojo.[1] Gino gye gimu ku mizannyo egy'ekinnansi egisobozesa abantu okukolagana. Ebyafaayo by'emizannyo egimu bya dda nnyo nga n'Abazambia bennyini tebannabaawo. Wabula, Zambia yatandika okwenyigira mu mizannyo n'emizannyo egy'ettutumu mu nsi yonna okusinga mu 1964 Summer Olympics.[1] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] a9qgt8zpxlx2c3d96ccz4jgp85bioea 59819 59818 2026-07-09T09:38:23Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 59819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Eby'obuwamngwa''' Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{Cite book |author1=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |year=2019 |title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos |author2=Simooya, Steriah Monica |author3=Monde, Pauline Namakau |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-105-9 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–206}}</ref> Eby'obuwangwa bwa Zambia ebisinga obungi bikyaliwo mu byalo, n’obuwangwa obumu obuva ebweru nga Obukristaayo. Obuwangwa obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Zambia buyitibwa 'obuwangwa bwa Zambia' ate obulamu obw’awamu obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo buyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia" kubanga bweyolekera mu Bannazambia kumpi bonna.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Mu bibuga, waliwo okugattagatta n'okukulaakulana kw'ebyobuwangwa bino okusobola okuvaamu ekiyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia". Zambia ekola emikolo n’obulombolombo obw’enjawulo okuva ku mikolo gy’ennono egikkirizibwa eggwanga lyonna okutuuka ku mikolo egitakkirizibwa naye nga mikulu. Emikolo n’obulombolombo ebisinga obungi bikolebwa ku mikolo egy’enjawulo okujaguza oba okujjukira ebituukiddwako, ebijaguzo, okuyitawo kw’ebiseera, okutuuza ku nnamulondo n’emikolo gy’obwa pulezidenti, okutangirira n’okutukuza, okutikkirwa, okwewaayo, okulayira okuwagira, okuyingira obufumbo, okufumbirwa, okuziika, okuzaala n’emikolo emirala.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okufaananako amawanga ga Afirika agasinga obungi, Zambia ekola ku mikolo gyayo egy’olukale n’egyo egikolebwa mu kyama. Mu mikolo gy’olukale n’obulombolombo obukolebwa mulimu okulaga kalenda oba eby’obuwangwa eby’ebiseera ebigere, okulaga embeera, okulaga obulumi, okulagula, okutongoza, n’emikolo egya bulijjo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okutuuka mu Ddesemba 2016, Zambia yalina emikolo gyayo egy’olukale 77 egy’obuwangwa egimanyiddwa gavumenti, era omuwendo guno gujja kweyongera mu biseera eby’omumaaso.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egibaawo buli mwaka mulimu Nc'wala, Kulonga, Kuomboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, ne Lyenya. Gino gye gimanyiddwa nga emikolo gy'obuwangwa bwa Zambia. Egimu ku gyo egisinga okumanyibwa gye gino: Kuomboka ne Kathanga (mu Buggwanjuba), Mutomboko (Luapula), Kulamba ne Ncwala (Buvanjuba), Lwiindi ne Shimunenga (Bukiikaddyo), Lunda Lubanza (Bukkiikakkonobwobugwanjuba), Likumbi Lyamize (Bukkikakkonobwobuggwanjuba),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellert |first=Henrik |year=2004 |title=The magic of the makishi: masks and traditions in Zambia |publisher=CBC publishing |isbn=0-9515209-9-7 |location=Bath, UK |pages=38–63}}</ref> Mbunda Lukwakwa (Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba), Chibwela Kumushi (Masekkati), Vinkhakanimba (Muchinga), Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena (Bukiikakkono). Eby'emikono eby'ennono ebimanyiddwa ennyo mulimu okubumba, okukola ebibbo (nga Tonga baskets), entebe, eby'ambalo, emikeeka, ebifaananyi eby'omuti, ebifaananyi eby'amlyiba, eby'emikono eby'omu waya, n'eby'emikono eby'ekikomo. Ennyimba ezisinga obungi mu Zambia zeesigamiziddwa ku ngoma (n'ebyuma ebirala ebikubibwa) nga waliwo okuyimba n'okuzina kungi. Mu bibuga, ennyimba eziva mu mawanga amalala zimanyiddwa nnyo, naddala rumba eya Congo, ennyimba z'Abamerika abaddugavu n'ennyimba za Jamaica eziyitibwa reggae. '''Emirimu gy'eby'emikono''' Ng'oggyeko ebibumbe n'eby'emikono, Zambia erina eby'emikono eby'omulembe era ebinyuma okulaba, n'abasiizi b'ebifaananyi abakola mu kusiiga ebifaananyi, okukuba ebifaananyi, okukola ebibumbe, okukuba ebifaananyi n'ebintu ebirala ebikwatagana. Ekitongole kya Lechwe Trust, ekyatandikibwawo mu 1986, kikoze omulimu munene mu kuwagira eby'emikono mu Zambia okuyita mu buyambi, sikaala, emyoleso n'okukuŋŋaanya ebifaananyi ebiriwo mu Zambia.<ref name="Lechwe2019">{{cite book |year=2019 |title=Art Lives On – ii: A Retrospective Exhibition of Flinto S. Chandia & Lutanda F. Mwamba |publisher=Lechwe Trust |isbn=978-9982-70-959-0 |location=Lusaka}}</ref> Abantu ab’omugaso mu kisaawe ky’ebifaananyi mu Zambia mulimu Henry Tayali, Flinto Chandia ne Lutanda Mwamba. Chandia, eyakolanga mu mbaawo, amayinja n’ebintu eby’ekyuma, yali mmemba eyatandikawo ekibiina kya Zambia National Visual Arts Council era yakolagana n’emisomo gy’abasiizi b’ebifaananyi omuli Mbile ne Kabasa.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Paraskos |first=Michael |year=2026 |title=Discovering Flinto Chandia |journal=Pygmalion: Provocations in Contemporary Carving |issue=5 |isbn=978-1-7384987-4-1}}</ref> Mwamba yali amanyiddwa naddala olw’okusiiga ebifaananyi n’okukuba ebifaananyi. Mu 2019 Lechwe Trust yategeka omwoleso ogw’okujjukira emirimu gya Chandia ne Mwamba, nga balaga ebibumbe, ebifaananyi n’ebifaananyi ebikubiddwa okumala emyaka egiwerako.<ref name="Lechwe2019" /> '''Emikutu migattabantu''' Wadde eddembe ly'okwogera n'ery'amawulire gakakasibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia, gavumenti etera okukugira eddembe lino okuteekebwa mu nkola.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Press Freedom survey on 186 countries |url=http://www.worldaudit.org/presstable.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201071942/http://www.worldaudit.org/presstable.html |archive-date=2016-12-01 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.worldaudit.org}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Zambia {{!}} Country report {{!}} Freedom of the Press {{!}} 2016 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116155841/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |archive-date=16 January 2017 |access-date=2017-01-14 |website=Freedomhouse.org}}</ref> Wadde ng'ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza ekya Patriotic Front kisuubizza okuleka emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti—omuli Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) n'olupapula lw'amawulire Zambia Daily Mail ne Times of Zambia—okwekolera ku by'okwogerako. Emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti gye gisinga okufuga emikutu gy'amawulire, wadde ng'emikutu gy'obwannannyini mingi gisobola okutuuka ku bitundu by'abantu ebisinga obunene. '''Eby'emizannyo''' Emizannyo bya bulijjo mu mbeera z'abantu mu buwangwa bwa Zambia ebitwala abantu awamu okuyiga, okukulaakulanya ebitone, okusanyuka n'ebiseera eby'essanyu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emizannyo mu Zambia mulimu emizannyo ng'omupiira, emisinde, netball, volleyball ne emizannyo egy'ekinnansi nga nsolo, chiyenga, waida, nkwekula nkukwekule, walyako, ne sojo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Gino gye gimu ku mizannyo egy'ekinnansi egisobozesa enkolagana mu abantu. Ebyafaayo by'emizannyo egimu bya dda nnyo nga n'Abazambia b'ennyini tebannabaawo. Wabula, Zambia yatandika okwenyigira mu mizannyo egy'ettutumu mu nsi yonna okusinga mu mpaka za 1964 Summer Olympics.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 13ncs0fvom84mp44mxz3pgz83ggio54 59820 59819 2026-07-09T09:42:25Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 59820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Eby'obuwamngwa''' Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{Cite book |author1=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |year=2019 |title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos |author2=Simooya, Steriah Monica |author3=Monde, Pauline Namakau |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-105-9 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–206}}</ref> Eby'obuwangwa bwa Zambia ebisinga obungi bikyaliwo mu byalo, n’obuwangwa obumu obuva ebweru nga Obukristaayo. Obuwangwa obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Zambia buyitibwa 'obuwangwa bwa Zambia' ate obulamu obw’awamu obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo buyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia" kubanga bweyolekera mu Bannazambia kumpi bonna.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Mu bibuga, waliwo okugattagatta n'okukulaakulana kw'ebyobuwangwa bino okusobola okuvaamu ekiyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia". Zambia ekola emikolo n’obulombolombo obw’enjawulo okuva ku mikolo gy’ennono egikkirizibwa eggwanga lyonna okutuuka ku mikolo egitakkirizibwa naye nga mikulu. Emikolo n’obulombolombo ebisinga obungi bikolebwa ku mikolo egy’enjawulo okujaguza oba okujjukira ebituukiddwako, ebijaguzo, okuyitawo kw’ebiseera, okutuuza ku nnamulondo n’emikolo gy’obwa pulezidenti, okutangirira n’okutukuza, okutikkirwa, okwewaayo, okulayira okuwagira, okuyingira obufumbo, okufumbirwa, okuziika, okuzaala n’emikolo emirala.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okufaananako amawanga ga Afirika agasinga obungi, Zambia ekola ku mikolo gyayo egy’olukale n’egyo egikolebwa mu kyama. Mu mikolo gy’olukale n’obulombolombo obukolebwa mulimu okulaga kalenda oba eby’obuwangwa eby’ebiseera ebigere, okulaga embeera, okulaga obulumi, okulagula, okutongoza, n’emikolo egya bulijjo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okutuuka mu Ddesemba 2016, Zambia yalina emikolo gyayo egy’olukale 77 egy’obuwangwa egimanyiddwa gavumenti, era omuwendo guno gujja kweyongera mu biseera eby’omumaaso.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egibaawo buli mwaka mulimu Nc'wala, Kulonga, Kuomboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, ne Lyenya. Gino gye gimanyiddwa nga emikolo gy'obuwangwa bwa Zambia. Egimu ku gyo egisinga okumanyibwa gye gino: Kuomboka ne Kathanga (mu Buggwanjuba), Mutomboko (Luapula), Kulamba ne Ncwala (Buvanjuba), Lwiindi ne Shimunenga (Bukiikaddyo), Lunda Lubanza (Bukkiikakkonobwobugwanjuba), Likumbi Lyamize (Bukkikakkonobwobuggwanjuba),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellert |first=Henrik |year=2004 |title=The magic of the makishi: masks and traditions in Zambia |publisher=CBC publishing |isbn=0-9515209-9-7 |location=Bath, UK |pages=38–63}}</ref> Mbunda Lukwakwa (Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba), Chibwela Kumushi (Masekkati), Vinkhakanimba (Muchinga), Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena (Bukiikakkono). Eby'emikono eby'ennono ebimanyiddwa ennyo mulimu okubumba, okukola ebibbo (nga Tonga baskets), entebe, eby'ambalo, emikeeka, ebifaananyi eby'omuti, ebifaananyi eby'amlyiba, eby'emikono eby'omu waya, n'eby'emikono eby'ekikomo. Ennyimba ezisinga obungi mu Zambia zeesigamiziddwa ku ngoma (n'ebyuma ebirala ebikubibwa) nga waliwo okuyimba n'okuzina kungi. Mu bibuga, ennyimba eziva mu mawanga amalala zimanyiddwa nnyo, naddala rumba eya Congo, ennyimba z'Abamerika abaddugavu n'ennyimba za Jamaica eziyitibwa reggae. '''Emirimu gy'eby'emikono''' Ng'oggyeko ebibumbe n'eby'emikono, Zambia erina eby'emikono eby'omulembe era ebinyuma okulaba, n'abasiizi b'ebifaananyi abakola mu kusiiga ebifaananyi, okukuba ebifaananyi, okukola ebibumbe, okukuba ebifaananyi n'ebintu ebirala ebikwatagana. Ekitongole kya Lechwe Trust, ekyatandikibwawo mu 1986, kikoze omulimu munene mu kuwagira eby'emikono mu Zambia okuyita mu buyambi, sikaala, emyoleso n'okukuŋŋaanya ebifaananyi ebiriwo mu Zambia.<ref name="Lechwe2019">{{cite book |year=2019 |title=Art Lives On – ii: A Retrospective Exhibition of Flinto S. Chandia & Lutanda F. Mwamba |publisher=Lechwe Trust |isbn=978-9982-70-959-0 |location=Lusaka}}</ref> Abantu ab’omugaso mu kisaawe ky’ebifaananyi mu Zambia mulimu Henry Tayali, Flinto Chandia ne Lutanda Mwamba. Chandia, eyakolanga mu mbaawo, amayinja n’ebintu eby’ekyuma, yali mmemba eyatandikawo ekibiina kya Zambia National Visual Arts Council era yakolagana n’emisomo gy’abasiizi b’ebifaananyi omuli Mbile ne Kabasa.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Paraskos |first=Michael |year=2026 |title=Discovering Flinto Chandia |journal=Pygmalion: Provocations in Contemporary Carving |issue=5 |isbn=978-1-7384987-4-1}}</ref> Mwamba yali amanyiddwa naddala olw’okusiiga ebifaananyi n’okukuba ebifaananyi. Mu 2019 Lechwe Trust yategeka omwoleso ogw’okujjukira emirimu gya Chandia ne Mwamba, nga balaga ebibumbe, ebifaananyi n’ebifaananyi ebikubiddwa okumala emyaka egiwerako.<ref name="Lechwe2019" /> '''Emikutu migattabantu''' Wadde eddembe ly'okwogera n'ery'amawulire gakakasibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia, gavumenti etera okukugira eddembe lino okuteekebwa mu nkola.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Press Freedom survey on 186 countries |url=http://www.worldaudit.org/presstable.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201071942/http://www.worldaudit.org/presstable.html |archive-date=2016-12-01 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.worldaudit.org}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Zambia {{!}} Country report {{!}} Freedom of the Press {{!}} 2016 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116155841/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |archive-date=16 January 2017 |access-date=2017-01-14 |website=Freedomhouse.org}}</ref> Wadde ng'ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza ekya Patriotic Front kisuubizza okuleka emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti—omuli Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) n'olupapula lw'amawulire Zambia Daily Mail ne Times of Zambia—okwekolera ku by'okwogerako. Emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti gye gisinga okufuga emikutu gy'amawulire, wadde ng'emikutu gy'obwannannyini mingi gisobola okutuuka ku bitundu by'abantu ebisinga obunene. '''Eby'emizannyo''' Emizannyo bya bulijjo mu mbeera z'abantu mu buwangwa bwa Zambia ebitwala abantu awamu okuyiga, okukulaakulanya ebitone, okusanyuka n'ebiseera eby'essanyu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emizannyo mu Zambia mulimu emizannyo ng'omupiira, emisinde, netball, volleyball ne emizannyo egy'ekinnansi nga nsolo, chiyenga, waida, nkwekula nkukwekule, walyako, ne sojo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Gino gye gimu ku mizannyo egy'ekinnansi egisobozesa enkolagana mu abantu. Ebyafaayo by'emizannyo egimu bya dda nnyo nga n'Abazambia b'ennyini tebannabaawo. Wabula, Zambia yatandika okwenyigira mu mizannyo egy'ettutumu mu nsi yonna okusinga mu mpaka za 1964 Summer Olympics.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Zambia yalangirira obwetwaze bwayo ku lunaku lw'omukolo ogw'okuggalawo emizannyo gya Olympics egya 1964 Summer Olympics, bw'etyo n'efuuka ensi esoose okwetaba mu mizannyo gya Olympics ng'eggwanga limu ate n'evaamu ng'eggwanga eddala. Mu 2016, Zambia y'enyigira mu mizannyo gya Olympics omulundi ogwa 13. Emidaali ebbiri gye gy'awangulwa. Emidaali gino gy'awangulwa mu bikonde ne mu misinde. Mu 1984 Keith Mwila yawangula omudaali gwa kikomo mu luzannya lwa light flyweight. Mu 1996 Samuel Matete yawangula omudaali gwa ffeeza mu misinde gya 400-metre hurdles. Zambia teyeetaba mu mizannyo gya Winter Olympics. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] lznrnetg3wdt05yiyovar3uwyhh4etc 59821 59820 2026-07-09T09:44:56Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 59821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Eby'obuwamngwa''' Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{Cite book |author1=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |year=2019 |title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos |author2=Simooya, Steriah Monica |author3=Monde, Pauline Namakau |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-105-9 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–206}}</ref> Eby'obuwangwa bwa Zambia ebisinga obungi bikyaliwo mu byalo, n’obuwangwa obumu obuva ebweru nga Obukristaayo. Obuwangwa obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Zambia buyitibwa 'obuwangwa bwa Zambia' ate obulamu obw’awamu obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo buyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia" kubanga bweyolekera mu Bannazambia kumpi bonna.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Mu bibuga, waliwo okugattagatta n'okukulaakulana kw'ebyobuwangwa bino okusobola okuvaamu ekiyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia". Zambia ekola emikolo n’obulombolombo obw’enjawulo okuva ku mikolo gy’ennono egikkirizibwa eggwanga lyonna okutuuka ku mikolo egitakkirizibwa naye nga mikulu. Emikolo n’obulombolombo ebisinga obungi bikolebwa ku mikolo egy’enjawulo okujaguza oba okujjukira ebituukiddwako, ebijaguzo, okuyitawo kw’ebiseera, okutuuza ku nnamulondo n’emikolo gy’obwa pulezidenti, okutangirira n’okutukuza, okutikkirwa, okwewaayo, okulayira okuwagira, okuyingira obufumbo, okufumbirwa, okuziika, okuzaala n’emikolo emirala.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okufaananako amawanga ga Afirika agasinga obungi, Zambia ekola ku mikolo gyayo egy’olukale n’egyo egikolebwa mu kyama. Mu mikolo gy’olukale n’obulombolombo obukolebwa mulimu okulaga kalenda oba eby’obuwangwa eby’ebiseera ebigere, okulaga embeera, okulaga obulumi, okulagula, okutongoza, n’emikolo egya bulijjo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okutuuka mu Ddesemba 2016, Zambia yalina emikolo gyayo egy’olukale 77 egy’obuwangwa egimanyiddwa gavumenti, era omuwendo guno gujja kweyongera mu biseera eby’omumaaso.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egibaawo buli mwaka mulimu Nc'wala, Kulonga, Kuomboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, ne Lyenya. Gino gye gimanyiddwa nga emikolo gy'obuwangwa bwa Zambia. Egimu ku gyo egisinga okumanyibwa gye gino: Kuomboka ne Kathanga (mu Buggwanjuba), Mutomboko (Luapula), Kulamba ne Ncwala (Buvanjuba), Lwiindi ne Shimunenga (Bukiikaddyo), Lunda Lubanza (Bukkiikakkonobwobugwanjuba), Likumbi Lyamize (Bukkikakkonobwobuggwanjuba),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellert |first=Henrik |year=2004 |title=The magic of the makishi: masks and traditions in Zambia |publisher=CBC publishing |isbn=0-9515209-9-7 |location=Bath, UK |pages=38–63}}</ref> Mbunda Lukwakwa (Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba), Chibwela Kumushi (Masekkati), Vinkhakanimba (Muchinga), Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena (Bukiikakkono). Eby'emikono eby'ennono ebimanyiddwa ennyo mulimu okubumba, okukola ebibbo (nga Tonga baskets), entebe, eby'ambalo, emikeeka, ebifaananyi eby'omuti, ebifaananyi eby'amlyiba, eby'emikono eby'omu waya, n'eby'emikono eby'ekikomo. Ennyimba ezisinga obungi mu Zambia zeesigamiziddwa ku ngoma (n'ebyuma ebirala ebikubibwa) nga waliwo okuyimba n'okuzina kungi. Mu bibuga, ennyimba eziva mu mawanga amalala zimanyiddwa nnyo, naddala rumba eya Congo, ennyimba z'Abamerika abaddugavu n'ennyimba za Jamaica eziyitibwa reggae. '''Emirimu gy'eby'emikono''' Ng'oggyeko ebibumbe n'eby'emikono, Zambia erina eby'emikono eby'omulembe era ebinyuma okulaba, n'abasiizi b'ebifaananyi abakola mu kusiiga ebifaananyi, okukuba ebifaananyi, okukola ebibumbe, okukuba ebifaananyi n'ebintu ebirala ebikwatagana. Ekitongole kya Lechwe Trust, ekyatandikibwawo mu 1986, kikoze omulimu munene mu kuwagira eby'emikono mu Zambia okuyita mu buyambi, sikaala, emyoleso n'okukuŋŋaanya ebifaananyi ebiriwo mu Zambia.<ref name="Lechwe2019">{{cite book |year=2019 |title=Art Lives On – ii: A Retrospective Exhibition of Flinto S. Chandia & Lutanda F. Mwamba |publisher=Lechwe Trust |isbn=978-9982-70-959-0 |location=Lusaka}}</ref> Abantu ab’omugaso mu kisaawe ky’ebifaananyi mu Zambia mulimu Henry Tayali, Flinto Chandia ne Lutanda Mwamba. Chandia, eyakolanga mu mbaawo, amayinja n’ebintu eby’ekyuma, yali mmemba eyatandikawo ekibiina kya Zambia National Visual Arts Council era yakolagana n’emisomo gy’abasiizi b’ebifaananyi omuli Mbile ne Kabasa.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Paraskos |first=Michael |year=2026 |title=Discovering Flinto Chandia |journal=Pygmalion: Provocations in Contemporary Carving |issue=5 |isbn=978-1-7384987-4-1}}</ref> Mwamba yali amanyiddwa naddala olw’okusiiga ebifaananyi n’okukuba ebifaananyi. Mu 2019 Lechwe Trust yategeka omwoleso ogw’okujjukira emirimu gya Chandia ne Mwamba, nga balaga ebibumbe, ebifaananyi n’ebifaananyi ebikubiddwa okumala emyaka egiwerako.<ref name="Lechwe2019" /> '''Emikutu migattabantu''' Wadde eddembe ly'okwogera n'ery'amawulire gakakasibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia, gavumenti etera okukugira eddembe lino okuteekebwa mu nkola.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Press Freedom survey on 186 countries |url=http://www.worldaudit.org/presstable.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201071942/http://www.worldaudit.org/presstable.html |archive-date=2016-12-01 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.worldaudit.org}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Zambia {{!}} Country report {{!}} Freedom of the Press {{!}} 2016 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116155841/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |archive-date=16 January 2017 |access-date=2017-01-14 |website=Freedomhouse.org}}</ref> Wadde ng'ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza ekya Patriotic Front kisuubizza okuleka emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti—omuli Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) n'olupapula lw'amawulire Zambia Daily Mail ne Times of Zambia—okwekolera ku by'okwogerako. Emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti gye gisinga okufuga emikutu gy'amawulire, wadde ng'emikutu gy'obwannannyini mingi gisobola okutuuka ku bitundu by'abantu ebisinga obunene. '''Eby'emizannyo''' Emizannyo bya bulijjo mu mbeera z'abantu mu buwangwa bwa Zambia ebitwala abantu awamu okuyiga, okukulaakulanya ebitone, okusanyuka n'ebiseera eby'essanyu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emizannyo mu Zambia mulimu emizannyo ng'omupiira, emisinde, netball, volleyball ne emizannyo egy'ekinnansi nga nsolo, chiyenga, waida, nkwekula nkukwekule, walyako, ne sojo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Gino gye gimu ku mizannyo egy'ekinnansi egisobozesa enkolagana mu abantu. Ebyafaayo by'emizannyo egimu bya dda nnyo nga n'Abazambia b'ennyini tebannabaawo. Wabula, Zambia yatandika okwenyigira mu mizannyo egy'ettutumu mu nsi yonna okusinga mu mpaka za 1964 Summer Olympics.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Zambia yalangirira obwetwaze bwayo ku lunaku lw'omukolo ogw'okuggalawo emizannyo gya Olympics egya 1964 Summer Olympics, bw'etyo n'efuuka ensi esoose okwetaba mu mizannyo gya Olympics ng'eggwanga limu ate n'evaamu ng'eggwanga eddala. Mu 2016, Zambia y'enyigira mu mizannyo gya Olympics omulundi ogwa 13. Emidaali ebbiri gye gy'awangulwa. Emidaali gino gy'awangulwa mu bikonde ne mu misinde. Mu 1984 Keith Mwila yawangula omudaali gwa kikomo mu luzannya lwa light flyweight. Mu 1996 Samuel Matete yawangula omudaali gwa ffeeza mu misinde gya 400-metre hurdles. Zambia teyeetaba mu mizannyo gya Winter Olympics. Omupiira gw'ebigere gwe muzannyo ogusinga okumanyibwa mu Zambia, era ttiimu y'eggwanga ey'omupiira gw'ebigere ebadde n'ebiseera byayo eby'obuwanguzi mu byafaayo by'omupiira gw'ebigere. Mu 1988, mu mizannyo gya Summer Olympics egyali mu kibuga Seoul, ttiimu y'eggwanga yawangula ttiimu y'eggwanga eya Italy ku ggoolo 4–0. Kalusha Bwalya, omuzannyi w'omupiira gw'ebigere owa Zambia asinga okumanyibwa, yateeba ggoolo ssatu mu mupiira ogwo. Wabula, okutuusa leero, abakugu bangi bagamba nti ttiimu y'eggwanga eyasinga okukola obulungi y'eyo eyafiira mu kabenje k'ennyonyi nga 28 Ogwokuna 1993 mu kabenje k'ennyonyi e Libreville, Gabon. Wabula, mu 1996, Zambia yali ku kifo kya 15 ku lukalala lw'ekibiina kya FIFA World Football Team Rankings, ekifo ekisinga okuba waggulu ku ttiimu yonna eya southern Africa. Mu 2012, Zambia yawangula ekikopo ky'omupiira gw'ebigere mu Africa omulundi ogwasooka oluvannyuma lw'okukubwa mu mpaka ez'akamalirizo emirundi ebiri. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 3opochqbdm4f2zyy7br3c6jr2zrcys2 59824 59821 2026-07-09T09:51:36Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ngaziyizza ekiba 59824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Eby'obuwamngwa''' Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{Cite book |author1=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |year=2019 |title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos |author2=Simooya, Steriah Monica |author3=Monde, Pauline Namakau |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-105-9 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–206}}</ref> Eby'obuwangwa bwa Zambia ebisinga obungi bikyaliwo mu byalo, n’obuwangwa obumu obuva ebweru nga Obukristaayo. Obuwangwa obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Zambia buyitibwa 'obuwangwa bwa Zambia' ate obulamu obw’awamu obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo buyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia" kubanga bweyolekera mu Bannazambia kumpi bonna.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Mu bibuga, waliwo okugattagatta n'okukulaakulana kw'ebyobuwangwa bino okusobola okuvaamu ekiyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia". Zambia ekola emikolo n’obulombolombo obw’enjawulo okuva ku mikolo gy’ennono egikkirizibwa eggwanga lyonna okutuuka ku mikolo egitakkirizibwa naye nga mikulu. Emikolo n’obulombolombo ebisinga obungi bikolebwa ku mikolo egy’enjawulo okujaguza oba okujjukira ebituukiddwako, ebijaguzo, okuyitawo kw’ebiseera, okutuuza ku nnamulondo n’emikolo gy’obwa pulezidenti, okutangirira n’okutukuza, okutikkirwa, okwewaayo, okulayira okuwagira, okuyingira obufumbo, okufumbirwa, okuziika, okuzaala n’emikolo emirala.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okufaananako amawanga ga Afirika agasinga obungi, Zambia ekola ku mikolo gyayo egy’olukale n’egyo egikolebwa mu kyama. Mu mikolo gy’olukale n’obulombolombo obukolebwa mulimu okulaga kalenda oba eby’obuwangwa eby’ebiseera ebigere, okulaga embeera, okulaga obulumi, okulagula, okutongoza, n’emikolo egya bulijjo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okutuuka mu Ddesemba 2016, Zambia yalina emikolo gyayo egy’olukale 77 egy’obuwangwa egimanyiddwa gavumenti, era omuwendo guno gujja kweyongera mu biseera eby’omumaaso.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egibaawo buli mwaka mulimu Nc'wala, Kulonga, Kuomboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, ne Lyenya. Gino gye gimanyiddwa nga emikolo gy'obuwangwa bwa Zambia. Egimu ku gyo egisinga okumanyibwa gye gino: Kuomboka ne Kathanga (mu Buggwanjuba), Mutomboko (Luapula), Kulamba ne Ncwala (Buvanjuba), Lwiindi ne Shimunenga (Bukiikaddyo), Lunda Lubanza (Bukkiikakkonobwobugwanjuba), Likumbi Lyamize (Bukkikakkonobwobuggwanjuba),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellert |first=Henrik |year=2004 |title=The magic of the makishi: masks and traditions in Zambia |publisher=CBC publishing |isbn=0-9515209-9-7 |location=Bath, UK |pages=38–63}}</ref> Mbunda Lukwakwa (Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba), Chibwela Kumushi (Masekkati), Vinkhakanimba (Muchinga), Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena (Bukiikakkono). Eby'emikono eby'ennono ebimanyiddwa ennyo mulimu okubumba, okukola ebibbo (nga Tonga baskets), entebe, eby'ambalo, emikeeka, ebifaananyi eby'omuti, ebifaananyi eby'amlyiba, eby'emikono eby'omu waya, n'eby'emikono eby'ekikomo. Ennyimba ezisinga obungi mu Zambia zeesigamiziddwa ku ngoma (n'ebyuma ebirala ebikubibwa) nga waliwo okuyimba n'okuzina kungi. Mu bibuga, ennyimba eziva mu mawanga amalala zimanyiddwa nnyo, naddala rumba eya Congo, ennyimba z'Abamerika abaddugavu n'ennyimba za Jamaica eziyitibwa reggae. '''Emirimu gy'eby'emikono''' Ng'oggyeko ebibumbe n'eby'emikono, Zambia erina eby'emikono eby'omulembe era ebinyuma okulaba, n'abasiizi b'ebifaananyi abakola mu kusiiga ebifaananyi, okukuba ebifaananyi, okukola ebibumbe, okukuba ebifaananyi n'ebintu ebirala ebikwatagana. Ekitongole kya Lechwe Trust, ekyatandikibwawo mu 1986, kikoze omulimu munene mu kuwagira eby'emikono mu Zambia okuyita mu buyambi, sikaala, emyoleso n'okukuŋŋaanya ebifaananyi ebiriwo mu Zambia.<ref name="Lechwe2019">{{cite book |year=2019 |title=Art Lives On – ii: A Retrospective Exhibition of Flinto S. Chandia & Lutanda F. Mwamba |publisher=Lechwe Trust |isbn=978-9982-70-959-0 |location=Lusaka}}</ref> Abantu ab’omugaso mu kisaawe ky’ebifaananyi mu Zambia mulimu Henry Tayali, Flinto Chandia ne Lutanda Mwamba. Chandia, eyakolanga mu mbaawo, amayinja n’ebintu eby’ekyuma, yali mmemba eyatandikawo ekibiina kya Zambia National Visual Arts Council era yakolagana n’emisomo gy’abasiizi b’ebifaananyi omuli Mbile ne Kabasa.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Paraskos |first=Michael |year=2026 |title=Discovering Flinto Chandia |journal=Pygmalion: Provocations in Contemporary Carving |issue=5 |isbn=978-1-7384987-4-1}}</ref> Mwamba yali amanyiddwa naddala olw’okusiiga ebifaananyi n’okukuba ebifaananyi. Mu 2019 Lechwe Trust yategeka omwoleso ogw’okujjukira emirimu gya Chandia ne Mwamba, nga balaga ebibumbe, ebifaananyi n’ebifaananyi ebikubiddwa okumala emyaka egiwerako.<ref name="Lechwe2019" /> '''Emikutu migattabantu''' Wadde eddembe ly'okwogera n'ery'amawulire gakakasibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia, gavumenti etera okukugira eddembe lino okuteekebwa mu nkola.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Press Freedom survey on 186 countries |url=http://www.worldaudit.org/presstable.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201071942/http://www.worldaudit.org/presstable.html |archive-date=2016-12-01 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.worldaudit.org}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Zambia {{!}} Country report {{!}} Freedom of the Press {{!}} 2016 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116155841/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |archive-date=16 January 2017 |access-date=2017-01-14 |website=Freedomhouse.org}}</ref> Wadde ng'ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza ekya Patriotic Front kisuubizza okuleka emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti—omuli Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) n'olupapula lw'amawulire Zambia Daily Mail ne Times of Zambia—okwekolera ku by'okwogerako. Emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti gye gisinga okufuga emikutu gy'amawulire, wadde ng'emikutu gy'obwannannyini mingi gisobola okutuuka ku bitundu by'abantu ebisinga obunene. '''Eby'emizannyo''' Emizannyo bya bulijjo mu mbeera z'abantu mu buwangwa bwa Zambia ebitwala abantu awamu okuyiga, okukulaakulanya ebitone, okusanyuka n'ebiseera eby'essanyu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emizannyo mu Zambia mulimu emizannyo ng'omupiira, emisinde, netball, volleyball ne emizannyo egy'ekinnansi nga nsolo, chiyenga, waida, nkwekula nkukwekule, walyako, ne sojo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Gino gye gimu ku mizannyo egy'ekinnansi egisobozesa enkolagana mu abantu. Ebyafaayo by'emizannyo egimu bya dda nnyo nga n'Abazambia b'ennyini tebannabaawo. Wabula, Zambia yatandika okwenyigira mu mizannyo egy'ettutumu mu nsi yonna okusinga mu mpaka za 1964 Summer Olympics.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Zambia yalangirira obwetwaze bwayo ku lunaku lw'omukolo ogw'okuggalawo emizannyo gya Olympics egya 1964 Summer Olympics, bw'etyo n'efuuka ensi esoose okwetaba mu mizannyo gya Olympics ng'eggwanga limu ate n'evaamu ng'eggwanga eddala. Mu 2016, Zambia y'enyigira mu mizannyo gya Olympics omulundi ogwa 13. Emidaali ebbiri gye gy'awangulwa. Emidaali gino gy'awangulwa mu bikonde ne mu misinde. Mu 1984 Keith Mwila yawangula omudaali gwa kikomo mu luzannya lwa light flyweight. Mu 1996 Samuel Matete yawangula omudaali gwa ffeeza mu misinde gya 400-metre hurdles. Zambia teyeetaba mu mizannyo gya Winter Olympics. Omupiira gw'ebigere gwe muzannyo ogusinga okumanyibwa mu Zambia, era ttiimu y'eggwanga ey'omupiira gw'ebigere ebadde n'ebiseera byayo eby'obuwanguzi mu byafaayo by'omupiira gw'ebigere. Mu 1988, mu mizannyo gya Summer Olympics egyali mu kibuga Seoul, ttiimu y'eggwanga yawangula ttiimu y'eggwanga eya Italy ku ggoolo 4–0. Kalusha Bwalya, omuzannyi w'omupiira gw'ebigere owa Zambia asinga okumanyibwa, yateeba ggoolo ssatu mu mupiira ogwo. Wabula, okutuusa leero, abakugu bangi bagamba nti ttiimu y'eggwanga eyasinga okukola obulungi y'eyo eyafiira mu kabenje k'ennyonyi nga 28 Ogwokuna 1993 mu kabenje k'ennyonyi e Libreville, Gabon. Wabula, mu 1996, Zambia yali ku kifo kya 15 ku lukalala lw'ekibiina kya FIFA World Football Team Rankings, ekifo ekisinga okuba waggulu ku ttiimu yonna eya southern Africa. Mu 2012, Zambia yawangula ekikopo ky'omupiira gw'ebigere mu Africa omulundi ogwasooka oluvannyuma lw'okukubwa mu mpaka ez'akamalirizo emirundi ebiri. Baakuba Côte d'Ivoire ggoolo 8–7 mu penati shoot-out ku fayinolo, eyazannyibwa mu Libreville, nga mayiro ntono okuva ku kabenje k'ennyonyi emyaka 19 emabega.[1] Ttiimu y'abakazi eya Zambia yasamba omupiira gwayo ogusooka mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup mu 2023 mu Australia ne New Zealand, ttiimu ya Zambia y'emu ku nnya eziikiikirira Confederation of African Football (CAF). Baawangula omupiira gwaabwe ogusooka mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup, nga Lushomo Mweemba yateeba ggoolo eyasinga okuteebwa amangu mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup, ate Barbara Banda n'ayongerako ggoolo eya 1,000 mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup.[2] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] ctr5psmzwk46avkd6itw7uu271iszvx 59825 59824 2026-07-09T09:54:34Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 59825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Eby'obuwamngwa''' Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{Cite book |author1=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |year=2019 |title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos |author2=Simooya, Steriah Monica |author3=Monde, Pauline Namakau |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-105-9 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–206}}</ref> Eby'obuwangwa bwa Zambia ebisinga obungi bikyaliwo mu byalo, n’obuwangwa obumu obuva ebweru nga Obukristaayo. Obuwangwa obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Zambia buyitibwa 'obuwangwa bwa Zambia' ate obulamu obw’awamu obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo buyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia" kubanga bweyolekera mu Bannazambia kumpi bonna.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Mu bibuga, waliwo okugattagatta n'okukulaakulana kw'ebyobuwangwa bino okusobola okuvaamu ekiyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia". Zambia ekola emikolo n’obulombolombo obw’enjawulo okuva ku mikolo gy’ennono egikkirizibwa eggwanga lyonna okutuuka ku mikolo egitakkirizibwa naye nga mikulu. Emikolo n’obulombolombo ebisinga obungi bikolebwa ku mikolo egy’enjawulo okujaguza oba okujjukira ebituukiddwako, ebijaguzo, okuyitawo kw’ebiseera, okutuuza ku nnamulondo n’emikolo gy’obwa pulezidenti, okutangirira n’okutukuza, okutikkirwa, okwewaayo, okulayira okuwagira, okuyingira obufumbo, okufumbirwa, okuziika, okuzaala n’emikolo emirala.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okufaananako amawanga ga Afirika agasinga obungi, Zambia ekola ku mikolo gyayo egy’olukale n’egyo egikolebwa mu kyama. Mu mikolo gy’olukale n’obulombolombo obukolebwa mulimu okulaga kalenda oba eby’obuwangwa eby’ebiseera ebigere, okulaga embeera, okulaga obulumi, okulagula, okutongoza, n’emikolo egya bulijjo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okutuuka mu Ddesemba 2016, Zambia yalina emikolo gyayo egy’olukale 77 egy’obuwangwa egimanyiddwa gavumenti, era omuwendo guno gujja kweyongera mu biseera eby’omumaaso.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egibaawo buli mwaka mulimu Nc'wala, Kulonga, Kuomboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, ne Lyenya. Gino gye gimanyiddwa nga emikolo gy'obuwangwa bwa Zambia. Egimu ku gyo egisinga okumanyibwa gye gino: Kuomboka ne Kathanga (mu Buggwanjuba), Mutomboko (Luapula), Kulamba ne Ncwala (Buvanjuba), Lwiindi ne Shimunenga (Bukiikaddyo), Lunda Lubanza (Bukkiikakkonobwobugwanjuba), Likumbi Lyamize (Bukkikakkonobwobuggwanjuba),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellert |first=Henrik |year=2004 |title=The magic of the makishi: masks and traditions in Zambia |publisher=CBC publishing |isbn=0-9515209-9-7 |location=Bath, UK |pages=38–63}}</ref> Mbunda Lukwakwa (Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba), Chibwela Kumushi (Masekkati), Vinkhakanimba (Muchinga), Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena (Bukiikakkono). Eby'emikono eby'ennono ebimanyiddwa ennyo mulimu okubumba, okukola ebibbo (nga Tonga baskets), entebe, eby'ambalo, emikeeka, ebifaananyi eby'omuti, ebifaananyi eby'amlyiba, eby'emikono eby'omu waya, n'eby'emikono eby'ekikomo. Ennyimba ezisinga obungi mu Zambia zeesigamiziddwa ku ngoma (n'ebyuma ebirala ebikubibwa) nga waliwo okuyimba n'okuzina kungi. Mu bibuga, ennyimba eziva mu mawanga amalala zimanyiddwa nnyo, naddala rumba eya Congo, ennyimba z'Abamerika abaddugavu n'ennyimba za Jamaica eziyitibwa reggae. '''Emirimu gy'eby'emikono''' Ng'oggyeko ebibumbe n'eby'emikono, Zambia erina eby'emikono eby'omulembe era ebinyuma okulaba, n'abasiizi b'ebifaananyi abakola mu kusiiga ebifaananyi, okukuba ebifaananyi, okukola ebibumbe, okukuba ebifaananyi n'ebintu ebirala ebikwatagana. Ekitongole kya Lechwe Trust, ekyatandikibwawo mu 1986, kikoze omulimu munene mu kuwagira eby'emikono mu Zambia okuyita mu buyambi, sikaala, emyoleso n'okukuŋŋaanya ebifaananyi ebiriwo mu Zambia.<ref name="Lechwe2019">{{cite book |year=2019 |title=Art Lives On – ii: A Retrospective Exhibition of Flinto S. Chandia & Lutanda F. Mwamba |publisher=Lechwe Trust |isbn=978-9982-70-959-0 |location=Lusaka}}</ref> Abantu ab’omugaso mu kisaawe ky’ebifaananyi mu Zambia mulimu Henry Tayali, Flinto Chandia ne Lutanda Mwamba. Chandia, eyakolanga mu mbaawo, amayinja n’ebintu eby’ekyuma, yali mmemba eyatandikawo ekibiina kya Zambia National Visual Arts Council era yakolagana n’emisomo gy’abasiizi b’ebifaananyi omuli Mbile ne Kabasa.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Paraskos |first=Michael |year=2026 |title=Discovering Flinto Chandia |journal=Pygmalion: Provocations in Contemporary Carving |issue=5 |isbn=978-1-7384987-4-1}}</ref> Mwamba yali amanyiddwa naddala olw’okusiiga ebifaananyi n’okukuba ebifaananyi. Mu 2019 Lechwe Trust yategeka omwoleso ogw’okujjukira emirimu gya Chandia ne Mwamba, nga balaga ebibumbe, ebifaananyi n’ebifaananyi ebikubiddwa okumala emyaka egiwerako.<ref name="Lechwe2019" /> '''Emikutu migattabantu''' Wadde eddembe ly'okwogera n'ery'amawulire gakakasibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia, gavumenti etera okukugira eddembe lino okuteekebwa mu nkola.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Press Freedom survey on 186 countries |url=http://www.worldaudit.org/presstable.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201071942/http://www.worldaudit.org/presstable.html |archive-date=2016-12-01 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.worldaudit.org}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Zambia {{!}} Country report {{!}} Freedom of the Press {{!}} 2016 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116155841/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |archive-date=16 January 2017 |access-date=2017-01-14 |website=Freedomhouse.org}}</ref> Wadde ng'ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza ekya Patriotic Front kisuubizza okuleka emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti—omuli Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) n'olupapula lw'amawulire Zambia Daily Mail ne Times of Zambia—okwekolera ku by'okwogerako. Emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti gye gisinga okufuga emikutu gy'amawulire, wadde ng'emikutu gy'obwannannyini mingi gisobola okutuuka ku bitundu by'abantu ebisinga obunene. '''Eby'emizannyo''' Emizannyo bya bulijjo mu mbeera z'abantu mu buwangwa bwa Zambia ebitwala abantu awamu okuyiga, okukulaakulanya ebitone, okusanyuka n'ebiseera eby'essanyu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emizannyo mu Zambia mulimu emizannyo ng'omupiira, emisinde, netball, volleyball ne emizannyo egy'ekinnansi nga nsolo, chiyenga, waida, nkwekula nkukwekule, walyako, ne sojo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Gino gye gimu ku mizannyo egy'ekinnansi egisobozesa enkolagana mu abantu. Ebyafaayo by'emizannyo egimu bya dda nnyo nga n'Abazambia b'ennyini tebannabaawo. Wabula, Zambia yatandika okwenyigira mu mizannyo egy'ettutumu mu nsi yonna okusinga mu mpaka za 1964 Summer Olympics.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Zambia yalangirira obwetwaze bwayo ku lunaku lw'omukolo ogw'okuggalawo emizannyo gya Olympics egya 1964 Summer Olympics, bw'etyo n'efuuka ensi esoose okwetaba mu mizannyo gya Olympics ng'eggwanga limu ate n'evaamu ng'eggwanga eddala. Mu 2016, Zambia y'enyigira mu mizannyo gya Olympics omulundi ogwa 13. Emidaali ebbiri gye gy'awangulwa. Emidaali gino gy'awangulwa mu bikonde ne mu misinde. Mu 1984 Keith Mwila yawangula omudaali gwa kikomo mu luzannya lwa light flyweight. Mu 1996 Samuel Matete yawangula omudaali gwa ffeeza mu misinde gya 400-metre hurdles. Zambia teyeetaba mu mizannyo gya Winter Olympics. Omupiira gw'ebigere gwe muzannyo ogusinga okumanyibwa mu Zambia, era ttiimu y'eggwanga ey'omupiira gw'ebigere ebadde n'ebiseera byayo eby'obuwanguzi mu byafaayo by'omupiira gw'ebigere. Mu 1988, mu mizannyo gya Summer Olympics egyali mu kibuga Seoul, ttiimu y'eggwanga yawangula ttiimu y'eggwanga eya Italy ku ggoolo 4–0. Kalusha Bwalya, omuzannyi w'omupiira gw'ebigere owa Zambia asinga okumanyibwa, yateeba ggoolo ssatu mu mupiira ogwo. Wabula, okutuusa leero, abakugu bangi bagamba nti ttiimu y'eggwanga eyasinga okukola obulungi y'eyo eyafiira mu kabenje k'ennyonyi nga 28 Ogwokuna 1993 mu kabenje k'ennyonyi e Libreville, Gabon. Wabula, mu 1996, Zambia yali ku kifo kya 15 ku lukalala lw'ekibiina kya FIFA World Football Team Rankings, ekifo ekisinga okuba waggulu ku ttiimu yonna eya southern Africa. Mu 2012, Zambia yawangula ekikopo ky'omupiira gw'ebigere mu Africa omulundi ogwasooka oluvannyuma lw'okukubwa mu mpaka ez'akamalirizo emirundi ebiri. Baakuba Côte d'Ivoire ggoolo 8–7 mu penati shoot-out ku fayinolo, eyazannyibwa mu Libreville, nga mayiro ntono okuva ku kabenje k'ennyonyi emyaka 19 emabega.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambia score emotional African Cup win|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-sport/zambia-score-emotional-african-cup-win-20120213-1t0fb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718035537/http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-sport/zambia-score-emotional-african-cup-win-20120213-1t0fb.html|archive-date=2014-07-18|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en-au}}</ref> Ttiimu y'abakyala eya Zambia yasamba omupiira gwayo ogusooka mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup mu 2023 mu Australia ne New Zealand, ttiimu ya Zambia y'emu ku nnya eziikiikirira Confederation of African Football (CAF). Baawangula omupiira gwaabwe ogusooka mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup, nga Lushomo Mweemba yateeba ggoolo eyasinga okuteebwa amangu mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup, ate Barbara Banda n'ayongerako ggoolo eya 1,000 mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup.<ref>{{cite web |author=Luke Vargas |date=31 Jul 2023 |title=Zambia earns first Women's World Cup win with 3-1 victory over Costa Rica |url=https://apnews.com/article/womens-world-cup-zambia-costa-rica-0479368443fd22795e67831ca0455f5f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803152711/https://apnews.com/article/womens-world-cup-zambia-costa-rica-0479368443fd22795e67831ca0455f5f |archive-date=3 August 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=The Associated Press}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] o0t7p0wk3zi81vlu3dv4h23thn4g402 59894 59825 2026-07-09T11:26:25Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 59894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Eby'obuwamngwa''' Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{Cite book |author1=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |year=2019 |title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos |author2=Simooya, Steriah Monica |author3=Monde, Pauline Namakau |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-105-9 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–206}}</ref> Eby'obuwangwa bwa Zambia ebisinga obungi bikyaliwo mu byalo, n’obuwangwa obumu obuva ebweru nga Obukristaayo. Obuwangwa obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Zambia buyitibwa 'obuwangwa bwa Zambia' ate obulamu obw’awamu obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo buyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia" kubanga bweyolekera mu Bannazambia kumpi bonna.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Mu bibuga, waliwo okugattagatta n'okukulaakulana kw'ebyobuwangwa bino okusobola okuvaamu ekiyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia". Zambia ekola emikolo n’obulombolombo obw’enjawulo okuva ku mikolo gy’ennono egikkirizibwa eggwanga lyonna okutuuka ku mikolo egitakkirizibwa naye nga mikulu. Emikolo n’obulombolombo ebisinga obungi bikolebwa ku mikolo egy’enjawulo okujaguza oba okujjukira ebituukiddwako, ebijaguzo, okuyitawo kw’ebiseera, okutuuza ku nnamulondo n’emikolo gy’obwa pulezidenti, okutangirira n’okutukuza, okutikkirwa, okwewaayo, okulayira okuwagira, okuyingira obufumbo, okufumbirwa, okuziika, okuzaala n’emikolo emirala.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okufaananako amawanga ga Afirika agasinga obungi, Zambia ekola ku mikolo gyayo egy’olukale n’egyo egikolebwa mu kyama. Mu mikolo gy’olukale n’obulombolombo obukolebwa mulimu okulaga kalenda oba eby’obuwangwa eby’ebiseera ebigere, okulaga embeera, okulaga obulumi, okulagula, okutongoza, n’emikolo egya bulijjo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okutuuka mu Ddesemba 2016, Zambia yalina emikolo gyayo egy’olukale 77 egy’obuwangwa egimanyiddwa gavumenti, era omuwendo guno gujja kweyongera mu biseera eby’omumaaso.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egibaawo buli mwaka mulimu Nc'wala, Kulonga, Kuomboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, ne Lyenya. Gino gye gimanyiddwa nga emikolo gy'obuwangwa bwa Zambia. Egimu ku gyo egisinga okumanyibwa gye gino: Kuomboka ne Kathanga (mu Buggwanjuba), Mutomboko (Luapula), Kulamba ne Ncwala (Buvanjuba), Lwiindi ne Shimunenga (Bukiikaddyo), Lunda Lubanza (Bukkiikakkonobwobugwanjuba), Likumbi Lyamize (Bukkikakkonobwobuggwanjuba),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellert |first=Henrik |year=2004 |title=The magic of the makishi: masks and traditions in Zambia |publisher=CBC publishing |isbn=0-9515209-9-7 |location=Bath, UK |pages=38–63}}</ref> Mbunda Lukwakwa (Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba), Chibwela Kumushi (Masekkati), Vinkhakanimba (Muchinga), Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena (Bukiikakkono). Eby'emikono eby'ennono ebimanyiddwa ennyo mulimu okubumba, okukola ebibbo (nga Tonga baskets), entebe, eby'ambalo, emikeeka, ebifaananyi eby'omuti, ebifaananyi eby'amlyiba, eby'emikono eby'omu waya, n'eby'emikono eby'ekikomo. Ennyimba ezisinga obungi mu Zambia zeesigamiziddwa ku ngoma (n'ebyuma ebirala ebikubibwa) nga waliwo okuyimba n'okuzina kungi. Mu bibuga, ennyimba eziva mu mawanga amalala zimanyiddwa nnyo, naddala rumba eya Congo, ennyimba z'Abamerika abaddugavu n'ennyimba za Jamaica eziyitibwa reggae. '''Emirimu gy'eby'emikono''' Ng'oggyeko ebibumbe n'eby'emikono, Zambia erina eby'emikono eby'omulembe era ebinyuma okulaba, n'abasiizi b'ebifaananyi abakola mu kusiiga ebifaananyi, okukuba ebifaananyi, okukola ebibumbe, okukuba ebifaananyi n'ebintu ebirala ebikwatagana. Ekitongole kya Lechwe Trust, ekyatandikibwawo mu 1986, kikoze omulimu munene mu kuwagira eby'emikono mu Zambia okuyita mu buyambi, sikaala, emyoleso n'okukuŋŋaanya ebifaananyi ebiriwo mu Zambia.<ref name="Lechwe2019">{{cite book |year=2019 |title=Art Lives On – ii: A Retrospective Exhibition of Flinto S. Chandia & Lutanda F. Mwamba |publisher=Lechwe Trust |isbn=978-9982-70-959-0 |location=Lusaka}}</ref> Abantu ab’omugaso mu kisaawe ky’ebifaananyi mu Zambia mulimu Henry Tayali, Flinto Chandia ne Lutanda Mwamba. Chandia, eyakolanga mu mbaawo, amayinja n’ebintu eby’ekyuma, yali mmemba eyatandikawo ekibiina kya Zambia National Visual Arts Council era yakolagana n’emisomo gy’abasiizi b’ebifaananyi omuli Mbile ne Kabasa.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Paraskos |first=Michael |year=2026 |title=Discovering Flinto Chandia |journal=Pygmalion: Provocations in Contemporary Carving |issue=5 |isbn=978-1-7384987-4-1}}</ref> Mwamba yali amanyiddwa naddala olw’okusiiga ebifaananyi n’okukuba ebifaananyi. Mu 2019 Lechwe Trust yategeka omwoleso ogw’okujjukira emirimu gya Chandia ne Mwamba, nga balaga ebibumbe, ebifaananyi n’ebifaananyi ebikubiddwa okumala emyaka egiwerako.<ref name="Lechwe2019" /> '''Emikutu migattabantu''' Wadde eddembe ly'okwogera n'ery'amawulire gakakasibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia, gavumenti etera okukugira eddembe lino okuteekebwa mu nkola.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Press Freedom survey on 186 countries |url=http://www.worldaudit.org/presstable.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201071942/http://www.worldaudit.org/presstable.html |archive-date=2016-12-01 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.worldaudit.org}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Zambia {{!}} Country report {{!}} Freedom of the Press {{!}} 2016 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116155841/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |archive-date=16 January 2017 |access-date=2017-01-14 |website=Freedomhouse.org}}</ref> Wadde ng'ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza ekya Patriotic Front kisuubizza okuleka emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti—omuli Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) n'olupapula lw'amawulire Zambia Daily Mail ne Times of Zambia—okwekolera ku by'okwogerako. Emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti gye gisinga okufuga emikutu gy'amawulire, wadde ng'emikutu gy'obwannannyini mingi gisobola okutuuka ku bitundu by'abantu ebisinga obunene. '''Eby'emizannyo''' Emizannyo bya bulijjo mu mbeera z'abantu mu buwangwa bwa Zambia ebitwala abantu awamu okuyiga, okukulaakulanya ebitone, okusanyuka n'ebiseera eby'essanyu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emizannyo mu Zambia mulimu emizannyo ng'omupiira, emisinde, netball, volleyball ne emizannyo egy'ekinnansi nga nsolo, chiyenga, waida, nkwekula nkukwekule, walyako, ne sojo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Gino gye gimu ku mizannyo egy'ekinnansi egisobozesa enkolagana mu abantu. Ebyafaayo by'emizannyo egimu bya dda nnyo nga n'Abazambia b'ennyini tebannabaawo. Wabula, Zambia yatandika okwenyigira mu mizannyo egy'ettutumu mu nsi yonna okusinga mu mpaka za 1964 Summer Olympics.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Zambia yalangirira obwetwaze bwayo ku lunaku lw'omukolo ogw'okuggalawo emizannyo gya Olympics egya 1964 Summer Olympics, bw'etyo n'efuuka ensi esoose okwetaba mu mizannyo gya Olympics ng'eggwanga limu ate n'evaamu ng'eggwanga eddala. Mu 2016, Zambia y'enyigira mu mizannyo gya Olympics omulundi ogwa 13. Emidaali ebbiri gye gy'awangulwa. Emidaali gino gy'awangulwa mu bikonde ne mu misinde. Mu 1984 Keith Mwila yawangula omudaali gwa kikomo mu luzannya lwa light flyweight. Mu 1996 Samuel Matete yawangula omudaali gwa ffeeza mu misinde gya 400-metre hurdles. Zambia teyeetaba mu mizannyo gya Winter Olympics. Omupiira gw'ebigere gwe muzannyo ogusinga okumanyibwa mu Zambia, era ttiimu y'eggwanga ey'omupiira gw'ebigere ebadde n'ebiseera byayo eby'obuwanguzi mu byafaayo by'omupiira gw'ebigere. Mu 1988, mu mizannyo gya Summer Olympics egyali mu kibuga Seoul, ttiimu y'eggwanga yawangula ttiimu y'eggwanga eya Italy ku ggoolo 4–0. Kalusha Bwalya, omuzannyi w'omupiira gw'ebigere owa Zambia asinga okumanyibwa, yateeba ggoolo ssatu mu mupiira ogwo. Wabula, okutuusa leero, abakugu bangi bagamba nti ttiimu y'eggwanga eyasinga okukola obulungi y'eyo eyafiira mu kabenje k'ennyonyi nga 28 Ogwokuna 1993 mu kabenje k'ennyonyi e Libreville, Gabon. Wabula, mu 1996, Zambia yali ku kifo kya 15 ku lukalala lw'ekibiina kya FIFA World Football Team Rankings, ekifo ekisinga okuba waggulu ku ttiimu yonna eya southern Africa. Mu 2012, Zambia yawangula ekikopo ky'omupiira gw'ebigere mu Africa omulundi ogwasooka oluvannyuma lw'okukubwa mu mpaka ez'akamalirizo emirundi ebiri. Baakuba Côte d'Ivoire ggoolo 8–7 mu penati shoot-out ku fayinolo, eyazannyibwa mu Libreville, nga mayiro ntono okuva ku kabenje k'ennyonyi emyaka 19 emabega.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambia score emotional African Cup win|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-sport/zambia-score-emotional-african-cup-win-20120213-1t0fb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718035537/http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-sport/zambia-score-emotional-african-cup-win-20120213-1t0fb.html|archive-date=2014-07-18|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en-au}}</ref> Ttiimu y'abakyala eya Zambia yasamba omupiira gwayo ogusooka mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup mu 2023 mu Australia ne New Zealand, ttiimu ya Zambia y'emu ku nnya eziikiikirira Confederation of African Football (CAF). Baawangula omupiira gwaabwe ogusooka mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup, nga Lushomo Mweemba yateeba ggoolo eyasinga okuteebwa amangu mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup, ate Barbara Banda n'ayongerako ggoolo eya 1,000 mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup.<ref>{{cite web |author=Luke Vargas |date=31 Jul 2023 |title=Zambia earns first Women's World Cup win with 3-1 victory over Costa Rica |url=https://apnews.com/article/womens-world-cup-zambia-costa-rica-0479368443fd22795e67831ca0455f5f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803152711/https://apnews.com/article/womens-world-cup-zambia-costa-rica-0479368443fd22795e67831ca0455f5f |archive-date=3 August 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=The Associated Press}}</ref> Rugby Union, ebikonde ne cricket nabyo mizannyo egimanyiddwa ennyo mu Zambia. Gye buvuddeko, obwammemba bwa Zambia bwazzibwawo mu butongole ICC ( International Cricket Council) ku 2025. Ekyewuunyisa, mu kiseera ekimu ku ntandikwa y'emyaka gya 2000, ttiimu z'eggwanga eza rugby union, ebikonde ne cricket zaali zikulemberwa abazannyi abaazaalibwa mu ddwaliro lye limu ery'e Lusaka, George Gregan ne Corné Krige. Okutuusa mu 2014, ekibiina kya Roan Antelope Rugby Club mu Luanshya kye kyali kikwatidde ddala ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna mu kuteekawo ebikondo by'ebigere ebiwanvu ennyo mu nsi yonna nga birina obuwanvu bwa ffuuti 110, inci 6 obuwanvu..<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Fran Cotton |date=1985 |title=The Book of rugby disasters & bizarre records |author2=Chris Rhys |publisher=Stanley Paul |isbn=0-09-162821-0 |location=London |page=107 |oclc=16923880}}</ref> Ekyewuunyisa, mu kiseera ekimu ku ntandikwa y'emyaka gya 2000, ttiimu z'eggwanga eza rugby union, ebikonde ne cricket zaali zikulemberwa bazannyi abaazaalibwa mu ddwaliro lye limu ery'e Lusaka, George Gregan ne Corné Krige.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tallest rugby union posts |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/63633-tallest-rugby-union-posts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102231258/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/63633-tallest-rugby-union-posts |archive-date=2 January 2023 |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-GB}}</ref> Rugby union mu Zambia muzannyo mutono naye ogukula. Mu kiseera kino bali mu kifo kya 73 okusinziira ku IRB era balina abazannyi abawandiise 3,650 n’ebibiina bisatu ebyategekebwa obulungi.[1] Zambia yali ezannyira cricket ng’ekitundu kya Rhodesia. Zambia era ewaddeyo omuzannyi wa shinty international, Zambian-born Eddie Tembo ng’akiikirira Scotland mu compromise rules Shinty/Hurling game against Ireland in 2008.[2] == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] 4c7dsqergx2kphatcku3zlsdchb97ru 59910 59894 2026-07-09T11:45:57Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 59910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Eby'obuwamngwa''' Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{Cite book |author1=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |year=2019 |title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos |author2=Simooya, Steriah Monica |author3=Monde, Pauline Namakau |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-105-9 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–206}}</ref> Eby'obuwangwa bwa Zambia ebisinga obungi bikyaliwo mu byalo, n’obuwangwa obumu obuva ebweru nga Obukristaayo. Obuwangwa obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Zambia buyitibwa 'obuwangwa bwa Zambia' ate obulamu obw’awamu obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo buyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia" kubanga bweyolekera mu Bannazambia kumpi bonna.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Mu bibuga, waliwo okugattagatta n'okukulaakulana kw'ebyobuwangwa bino okusobola okuvaamu ekiyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia". Zambia ekola emikolo n’obulombolombo obw’enjawulo okuva ku mikolo gy’ennono egikkirizibwa eggwanga lyonna okutuuka ku mikolo egitakkirizibwa naye nga mikulu. Emikolo n’obulombolombo ebisinga obungi bikolebwa ku mikolo egy’enjawulo okujaguza oba okujjukira ebituukiddwako, ebijaguzo, okuyitawo kw’ebiseera, okutuuza ku nnamulondo n’emikolo gy’obwa pulezidenti, okutangirira n’okutukuza, okutikkirwa, okwewaayo, okulayira okuwagira, okuyingira obufumbo, okufumbirwa, okuziika, okuzaala n’emikolo emirala.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okufaananako amawanga ga Afirika agasinga obungi, Zambia ekola ku mikolo gyayo egy’olukale n’egyo egikolebwa mu kyama. Mu mikolo gy’olukale n’obulombolombo obukolebwa mulimu okulaga kalenda oba eby’obuwangwa eby’ebiseera ebigere, okulaga embeera, okulaga obulumi, okulagula, okutongoza, n’emikolo egya bulijjo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okutuuka mu Ddesemba 2016, Zambia yalina emikolo gyayo egy’olukale 77 egy’obuwangwa egimanyiddwa gavumenti, era omuwendo guno gujja kweyongera mu biseera eby’omumaaso.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egibaawo buli mwaka mulimu Nc'wala, Kulonga, Kuomboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, ne Lyenya. Gino gye gimanyiddwa nga emikolo gy'obuwangwa bwa Zambia. Egimu ku gyo egisinga okumanyibwa gye gino: Kuomboka ne Kathanga (mu Buggwanjuba), Mutomboko (Luapula), Kulamba ne Ncwala (Buvanjuba), Lwiindi ne Shimunenga (Bukiikaddyo), Lunda Lubanza (Bukkiikakkonobwobugwanjuba), Likumbi Lyamize (Bukkikakkonobwobuggwanjuba),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellert |first=Henrik |year=2004 |title=The magic of the makishi: masks and traditions in Zambia |publisher=CBC publishing |isbn=0-9515209-9-7 |location=Bath, UK |pages=38–63}}</ref> Mbunda Lukwakwa (Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba), Chibwela Kumushi (Masekkati), Vinkhakanimba (Muchinga), Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena (Bukiikakkono). Eby'emikono eby'ennono ebimanyiddwa ennyo mulimu okubumba, okukola ebibbo (nga Tonga baskets), entebe, eby'ambalo, emikeeka, ebifaananyi eby'omuti, ebifaananyi eby'amlyiba, eby'emikono eby'omu waya, n'eby'emikono eby'ekikomo. Ennyimba ezisinga obungi mu Zambia zeesigamiziddwa ku ngoma (n'ebyuma ebirala ebikubibwa) nga waliwo okuyimba n'okuzina kungi. Mu bibuga, ennyimba eziva mu mawanga amalala zimanyiddwa nnyo, naddala rumba eya Congo, ennyimba z'Abamerika abaddugavu n'ennyimba za Jamaica eziyitibwa reggae. '''Emirimu gy'eby'emikono''' Ng'oggyeko ebibumbe n'eby'emikono, Zambia erina eby'emikono eby'omulembe era ebinyuma okulaba, n'abasiizi b'ebifaananyi abakola mu kusiiga ebifaananyi, okukuba ebifaananyi, okukola ebibumbe, okukuba ebifaananyi n'ebintu ebirala ebikwatagana. Ekitongole kya Lechwe Trust, ekyatandikibwawo mu 1986, kikoze omulimu munene mu kuwagira eby'emikono mu Zambia okuyita mu buyambi, sikaala, emyoleso n'okukuŋŋaanya ebifaananyi ebiriwo mu Zambia.<ref name="Lechwe2019">{{cite book |year=2019 |title=Art Lives On – ii: A Retrospective Exhibition of Flinto S. Chandia & Lutanda F. Mwamba |publisher=Lechwe Trust |isbn=978-9982-70-959-0 |location=Lusaka}}</ref> Abantu ab’omugaso mu kisaawe ky’ebifaananyi mu Zambia mulimu Henry Tayali, Flinto Chandia ne Lutanda Mwamba. Chandia, eyakolanga mu mbaawo, amayinja n’ebintu eby’ekyuma, yali mmemba eyatandikawo ekibiina kya Zambia National Visual Arts Council era yakolagana n’emisomo gy’abasiizi b’ebifaananyi omuli Mbile ne Kabasa.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Paraskos |first=Michael |year=2026 |title=Discovering Flinto Chandia |journal=Pygmalion: Provocations in Contemporary Carving |issue=5 |isbn=978-1-7384987-4-1}}</ref> Mwamba yali amanyiddwa naddala olw’okusiiga ebifaananyi n’okukuba ebifaananyi. Mu 2019 Lechwe Trust yategeka omwoleso ogw’okujjukira emirimu gya Chandia ne Mwamba, nga balaga ebibumbe, ebifaananyi n’ebifaananyi ebikubiddwa okumala emyaka egiwerako.<ref name="Lechwe2019" /> '''Emikutu migattabantu''' Wadde eddembe ly'okwogera n'ery'amawulire gakakasibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia, gavumenti etera okukugira eddembe lino okuteekebwa mu nkola.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Press Freedom survey on 186 countries |url=http://www.worldaudit.org/presstable.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201071942/http://www.worldaudit.org/presstable.html |archive-date=2016-12-01 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.worldaudit.org}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Zambia {{!}} Country report {{!}} Freedom of the Press {{!}} 2016 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116155841/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |archive-date=16 January 2017 |access-date=2017-01-14 |website=Freedomhouse.org}}</ref> Wadde ng'ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza ekya Patriotic Front kisuubizza okuleka emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti—omuli Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) n'olupapula lw'amawulire Zambia Daily Mail ne Times of Zambia—okwekolera ku by'okwogerako. Emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti gye gisinga okufuga emikutu gy'amawulire, wadde ng'emikutu gy'obwannannyini mingi gisobola okutuuka ku bitundu by'abantu ebisinga obunene. '''Eby'emizannyo''' Emizannyo bya bulijjo mu mbeera z'abantu mu buwangwa bwa Zambia ebitwala abantu awamu okuyiga, okukulaakulanya ebitone, okusanyuka n'ebiseera eby'essanyu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emizannyo mu Zambia mulimu emizannyo ng'omupiira, emisinde, netball, volleyball ne emizannyo egy'ekinnansi nga nsolo, chiyenga, waida, nkwekula nkukwekule, walyako, ne sojo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Gino gye gimu ku mizannyo egy'ekinnansi egisobozesa enkolagana mu abantu. Ebyafaayo by'emizannyo egimu bya dda nnyo nga n'Abazambia b'ennyini tebannabaawo. Wabula, Zambia yatandika okwenyigira mu mizannyo egy'ettutumu mu nsi yonna okusinga mu mpaka za 1964 Summer Olympics.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Zambia yalangirira obwetwaze bwayo ku lunaku lw'omukolo ogw'okuggalawo emizannyo gya Olympics egya 1964 Summer Olympics, bw'etyo n'efuuka ensi esoose okwetaba mu mizannyo gya Olympics ng'eggwanga limu ate n'evaamu ng'eggwanga eddala. Mu 2016, Zambia y'enyigira mu mizannyo gya Olympics omulundi ogwa 13. Emidaali ebbiri gye gy'awangulwa. Emidaali gino gy'awangulwa mu bikonde ne mu misinde. Mu 1984 Keith Mwila yawangula omudaali gwa kikomo mu luzannya lwa light flyweight. Mu 1996 Samuel Matete yawangula omudaali gwa ffeeza mu misinde gya 400-metre hurdles. Zambia teyeetaba mu mizannyo gya Winter Olympics. Omupiira gw'ebigere gwe muzannyo ogusinga okumanyibwa mu Zambia, era ttiimu y'eggwanga ey'omupiira gw'ebigere ebadde n'ebiseera byayo eby'obuwanguzi mu byafaayo by'omupiira gw'ebigere. Mu 1988, mu mizannyo gya Summer Olympics egyali mu kibuga Seoul, ttiimu y'eggwanga yawangula ttiimu y'eggwanga eya Italy ku ggoolo 4–0. Kalusha Bwalya, omuzannyi w'omupiira gw'ebigere owa Zambia asinga okumanyibwa, yateeba ggoolo ssatu mu mupiira ogwo. Wabula, okutuusa leero, abakugu bangi bagamba nti ttiimu y'eggwanga eyasinga okukola obulungi y'eyo eyafiira mu kabenje k'ennyonyi nga 28 Ogwokuna 1993 mu kabenje k'ennyonyi e Libreville, Gabon. Wabula, mu 1996, Zambia yali ku kifo kya 15 ku lukalala lw'ekibiina kya FIFA World Football Team Rankings, ekifo ekisinga okuba waggulu ku ttiimu yonna eya southern Africa. Mu 2012, Zambia yawangula ekikopo ky'omupiira gw'ebigere mu Africa omulundi ogwasooka oluvannyuma lw'okukubwa mu mpaka ez'akamalirizo emirundi ebiri. Baakuba Côte d'Ivoire ggoolo 8–7 mu penati shoot-out ku fayinolo, eyazannyibwa mu Libreville, nga mayiro ntono okuva ku kabenje k'ennyonyi emyaka 19 emabega.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambia score emotional African Cup win|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-sport/zambia-score-emotional-african-cup-win-20120213-1t0fb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718035537/http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-sport/zambia-score-emotional-african-cup-win-20120213-1t0fb.html|archive-date=2014-07-18|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en-au}}</ref> Ttiimu y'abakyala eya Zambia yasamba omupiira gwayo ogusooka mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup mu 2023 mu Australia ne New Zealand, ttiimu ya Zambia y'emu ku nnya eziikiikirira Confederation of African Football (CAF). Baawangula omupiira gwaabwe ogusooka mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup, nga Lushomo Mweemba yateeba ggoolo eyasinga okuteebwa amangu mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup, ate Barbara Banda n'ayongerako ggoolo eya 1,000 mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup.<ref>{{cite web |author=Luke Vargas |date=31 Jul 2023 |title=Zambia earns first Women's World Cup win with 3-1 victory over Costa Rica |url=https://apnews.com/article/womens-world-cup-zambia-costa-rica-0479368443fd22795e67831ca0455f5f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803152711/https://apnews.com/article/womens-world-cup-zambia-costa-rica-0479368443fd22795e67831ca0455f5f |archive-date=3 August 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=The Associated Press}}</ref> Rugby Union, ebikonde ne cricket nabyo mizannyo egimanyiddwa ennyo mu Zambia. Gye buvuddeko, obwammemba bwa Zambia bwazzibwawo mu butongole ICC ( International Cricket Council) ku 2025. Ekyewuunyisa, mu kiseera ekimu ku ntandikwa y'emyaka gya 2000, ttiimu z'eggwanga eza rugby union, ebikonde ne cricket zaali zikulemberwa abazannyi abaazaalibwa mu ddwaliro lye limu ery'e Lusaka, George Gregan ne Corné Krige. Okutuusa mu 2014, ekibiina kya Roan Antelope Rugby Club mu Luanshya kye kyali kikwatidde ddala ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna mu kuteekawo ebikondo by'ebigere ebiwanvu ennyo mu nsi yonna nga birina obuwanvu bwa ffuuti 110, inci 6 obuwanvu..<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Fran Cotton |date=1985 |title=The Book of rugby disasters & bizarre records |author2=Chris Rhys |publisher=Stanley Paul |isbn=0-09-162821-0 |location=London |page=107 |oclc=16923880}}</ref> Ekyewuunyisa, mu kiseera ekimu ku ntandikwa y'emyaka gya 2000, ttiimu z'eggwanga eza rugby union, ebikonde ne cricket zaali zikulemberwa bazannyi abaazaalibwa mu ddwaliro lye limu ery'e Lusaka, George Gregan ne Corné Krige.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tallest rugby union posts |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/63633-tallest-rugby-union-posts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102231258/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/63633-tallest-rugby-union-posts |archive-date=2 January 2023 |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-GB}}</ref> Rugby union mu Zambia muzannyo mutono naye ogukula. Mu kiseera kino bali mu kifo kya 73 okusinziira ku IRB era balina abazannyi abawandiise 3,650 n’ebibiina bisatu ebyategekebwa obulungi.<ref name="IRB">{{Cite web |last=IRB.com |title=International Rugby Board - ZAMBIA |url=http://www.irb.com/unions/union=11000028/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511104518/http://www.irb.com/unions/union=11000028/index.html |archive-date=2011-05-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.irb.com |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ezannyira cricket ng’ekitundu kya Rhodesia. Zambia era ewaddeyo omuzannyi wa shinty international, Zambian-born Eddie Tembo ng’akiikirira Scotland mu compromise rules Shinty/Hurling game against Ireland in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tembo's return is boost for Glen |url=http://www.inverness-courier.co.uk/Sport/Shinty/Tembos-return-is-boost-for-Glen-9521.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211180806/http://www.inverness-courier.co.uk/Sport/Shinty/Tembos-return-is-boost-for-Glen-9521.htm |archive-date=2013-12-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.inverness-courier.co.uk}}</ref> Mu 2011, Zambia yali ya kutegeka emizannyo gya All-Africa egy'omulundi ogwa kkumi, era nga mu kuzimba ebisaawe ebyo e Lusaka, Ndola ne Livingstone.<ref name="games">{{cite web |title=Zambia to build three stadia for 2011 All-Africa Games |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200602/22/eng20060222_244775.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924005753/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200602/22/eng20060222_244775.html |archive-date=24 September 2008 |access-date=6 November 2007 |publisher=People's Daily Online}}</ref> Ekisaawe kye Lusaka kyali kyakutuuza abawagizi 70,000 saako n'ebisaawe ebirala byakutuuza abantu 50,000 buli kimu. Gavumenti yali ekubiriza abantu ab'obwannannyini okwenyigira mu kuzimba ebisaawe ebyo kubanga waaliwo ebbula ly'ensimbi za gavumenti ez'okukozesa mu kuzimba ebisaawe ebyo. Oluvannyuma Zambia yava mu kaweefube w'okutegeka emizannyo gya All-Africa egya 2011, nga bagamba nti tebalina nsimbi zimala. Bwe kityo, Mozambique yadda mu bigere bya Zambia ng'omutegeka w'emizannyo gya All-Africa egya 2011. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] emsktdpj8yxw8f8yj0b5pcvklhmhcpb 59911 59910 2026-07-09T11:49:31Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Nterezezza mu mpandiika 59911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Eby'obuwamngwa''' Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{Cite book |author1=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |year=2019 |title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos |author2=Simooya, Steriah Monica |author3=Monde, Pauline Namakau |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-105-9 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–206}}</ref> Eby'obuwangwa bwa Zambia ebisinga obungi bikyaliwo mu byalo, n’obuwangwa obumu obuva ebweru nga Obukristaayo. Obuwangwa obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Zambia buyitibwa 'obuwangwa bwa Zambia' ate obulamu obw’awamu obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo buyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia" kubanga bweyolekera mu Bannazambia kumpi bonna.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Mu bibuga, waliwo okugattagatta n'okukulaakulana kw'ebyobuwangwa bino okusobola okuvaamu ekiyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia". Zambia ekola emikolo n’obulombolombo obw’enjawulo okuva ku mikolo gy’ennono egikkirizibwa eggwanga lyonna okutuuka ku mikolo egitakkirizibwa naye nga mikulu. Emikolo n’obulombolombo ebisinga obungi bikolebwa ku mikolo egy’enjawulo okujaguza oba okujjukira ebituukiddwako, ebijaguzo, okuyitawo kw’ebiseera, okutuuza ku nnamulondo n’emikolo gy’obwa pulezidenti, okutangirira n’okutukuza, okutikkirwa, okwewaayo, okulayira okuwagira, okuyingira obufumbo, okufumbirwa, okuziika, okuzaala n’emikolo emirala.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okufaananako amawanga ga Afirika agasinga obungi, Zambia ekola ku mikolo gyayo egy’olukale n’egyo egikolebwa mu kyama. Mu mikolo gy’olukale n’obulombolombo obukolebwa mulimu okulaga kalenda oba eby’obuwangwa eby’ebiseera ebigere, okulaga embeera, okulaga obulumi, okulagula, okutongoza, n’emikolo egya bulijjo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okutuuka mu Ddesemba 2016, Zambia yalina emikolo gyayo egy’olukale 77 egy’obuwangwa egimanyiddwa gavumenti, era omuwendo guno gujja kweyongera mu biseera eby’omumaaso.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egibaawo buli mwaka mulimu Nc'wala, Kulonga, Kuomboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, ne Lyenya. Gino gye gimanyiddwa nga emikolo gy'obuwangwa bwa Zambia. Egimu ku gyo egisinga okumanyibwa gye gino: Kuomboka ne Kathanga (mu Buggwanjuba), Mutomboko (Luapula), Kulamba ne Ncwala (Buvanjuba), Lwiindi ne Shimunenga (Bukiikaddyo), Lunda Lubanza (Bukkiikakkonobwobugwanjuba), Likumbi Lyamize (Bukkikakkonobwobuggwanjuba),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellert |first=Henrik |year=2004 |title=The magic of the makishi: masks and traditions in Zambia |publisher=CBC publishing |isbn=0-9515209-9-7 |location=Bath, UK |pages=38–63}}</ref> Mbunda Lukwakwa (Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba), Chibwela Kumushi (Masekkati), Vinkhakanimba (Muchinga), Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena (Bukiikakkono). Eby'emikono eby'ennono ebimanyiddwa ennyo mulimu okubumba, okukola ebibbo (nga Tonga baskets), entebe, eby'ambalo, emikeeka, ebifaananyi eby'omuti, ebifaananyi eby'amlyiba, eby'emikono eby'omu waya, n'eby'emikono eby'ekikomo. Ennyimba ezisinga obungi mu Zambia zeesigamiziddwa ku ngoma (n'ebyuma ebirala ebikubibwa) nga waliwo okuyimba n'okuzina kungi. Mu bibuga, ennyimba eziva mu mawanga amalala zimanyiddwa nnyo, naddala rumba eya Congo, ennyimba z'Abamerika abaddugavu n'ennyimba za Jamaica eziyitibwa reggae. '''Emirimu gy'eby'emikono''' Ng'oggyeko ebibumbe n'eby'emikono, Zambia erina eby'emikono eby'omulembe era ebinyuma okulaba, n'abasiizi b'ebifaananyi abakola mu kusiiga ebifaananyi, okukuba ebifaananyi, okukola ebibumbe, okukuba ebifaananyi n'ebintu ebirala ebikwatagana. Ekitongole kya Lechwe Trust, ekyatandikibwawo mu 1986, kikoze omulimu munene mu kuwagira eby'emikono mu Zambia okuyita mu buyambi, sikaala, emyoleso n'okukuŋŋaanya ebifaananyi ebiriwo mu Zambia.<ref name="Lechwe2019">{{cite book |year=2019 |title=Art Lives On – ii: A Retrospective Exhibition of Flinto S. Chandia & Lutanda F. Mwamba |publisher=Lechwe Trust |isbn=978-9982-70-959-0 |location=Lusaka}}</ref> Abantu ab’omugaso mu kisaawe ky’ebifaananyi mu Zambia mulimu Henry Tayali, Flinto Chandia ne Lutanda Mwamba. Chandia, eyakolanga mu mbaawo, amayinja n’ebintu eby’ekyuma, yali mmemba eyatandikawo ekibiina kya Zambia National Visual Arts Council era yakolagana n’emisomo gy’abasiizi b’ebifaananyi omuli Mbile ne Kabasa.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Paraskos |first=Michael |year=2026 |title=Discovering Flinto Chandia |journal=Pygmalion: Provocations in Contemporary Carving |issue=5 |isbn=978-1-7384987-4-1}}</ref> Mwamba yali amanyiddwa naddala olw’okusiiga ebifaananyi n’okukuba ebifaananyi. Mu 2019 Lechwe Trust yategeka omwoleso ogw’okujjukira emirimu gya Chandia ne Mwamba, nga balaga ebibumbe, ebifaananyi n’ebifaananyi ebikubiddwa okumala emyaka egiwerako.<ref name="Lechwe2019" /> '''Emikutu migattabantu''' Wadde eddembe ly'okwogera n'ery'amawulire gakakasibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia, gavumenti etera okukugira eddembe lino okuteekebwa mu nkola.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Press Freedom survey on 186 countries |url=http://www.worldaudit.org/presstable.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201071942/http://www.worldaudit.org/presstable.html |archive-date=2016-12-01 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.worldaudit.org}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Zambia {{!}} Country report {{!}} Freedom of the Press {{!}} 2016 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116155841/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |archive-date=16 January 2017 |access-date=2017-01-14 |website=Freedomhouse.org}}</ref> Wadde ng'ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza ekya Patriotic Front kisuubizza okuleka emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti—omuli Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) n'olupapula lw'amawulire Zambia Daily Mail ne Times of Zambia—okwekolera ku by'okwogerako. Emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti gye gisinga okufuga emikutu gy'amawulire, wadde ng'emikutu gy'obwannannyini mingi gisobola okutuuka ku bitundu by'abantu ebisinga obunene. '''Eby'emizannyo''' Emizannyo bya bulijjo mu mbeera z'abantu mu buwangwa bwa Zambia ebitwala abantu awamu okuyiga, okukulaakulanya ebitone, okusanyuka n'ebiseera eby'essanyu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emizannyo mu Zambia mulimu emizannyo ng'omupiira, emisinde, netball, volleyball ne emizannyo egy'ekinnansi nga nsolo, chiyenga, waida, nkwekula nkukwekule, walyako, ne sojo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Gino gye gimu ku mizannyo egy'ekinnansi egisobozesa enkolagana mu abantu. Ebyafaayo by'emizannyo egimu bya dda nnyo nga n'Abazambia b'ennyini tebannabaawo. Wabula, Zambia yatandika okwenyigira mu mizannyo egy'ettutumu mu nsi yonna okusinga mu mpaka za 1964 Summer Olympics.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Zambia yalangirira obwetwaze bwayo ku lunaku lw'omukolo ogw'okuggalawo emizannyo gya Olympics egya 1964 Summer Olympics, bw'etyo n'efuuka ensi esoose okwetaba mu mizannyo gya Olympics ng'eggwanga limu ate n'evaamu ng'eggwanga eddala. Mu 2016, Zambia y'enyigira mu mizannyo gya Olympics omulundi ogwa 13. Emidaali ebbiri gye gy'awangulwa. Emidaali gino gy'awangulwa mu bikonde ne mu misinde. Mu 1984 Keith Mwila yawangula omudaali gwa kikomo mu luzannya lwa light flyweight. Mu 1996 Samuel Matete yawangula omudaali gwa ffeeza mu misinde gya 400-metre hurdles. Zambia teyeetaba mu mizannyo gya Winter Olympics. Omupiira gw'ebigere gwe muzannyo ogusinga okumanyibwa mu Zambia, era ttiimu y'eggwanga ey'omupiira gw'ebigere ebadde n'ebiseera byayo eby'obuwanguzi mu byafaayo by'omupiira gw'ebigere. Mu 1988, mu mizannyo gya Summer Olympics egyali mu kibuga Seoul, ttiimu y'eggwanga yawangula ttiimu y'eggwanga eya Italy ku ggoolo 4–0. Kalusha Bwalya, omuzannyi w'omupiira gw'ebigere owa Zambia asinga okumanyibwa, yateeba ggoolo ssatu mu mupiira ogwo. Wabula, okutuusa leero, abakugu bangi bagamba nti ttiimu y'eggwanga eyasinga okukola obulungi y'eyo eyafiira mu kabenje k'ennyonyi nga 28 Ogwokuna 1993 mu kabenje k'ennyonyi e Libreville, Gabon. Wabula, mu 1996, Zambia yali ku kifo kya 15 ku lukalala lw'ekibiina kya FIFA World Football Team Rankings, ekifo ekisinga okuba waggulu ku ttiimu yonna eya southern Africa. Mu 2012, Zambia yawangula ekikopo ky'omupiira gw'ebigere mu Africa omulundi ogwasooka oluvannyuma lw'okukubwa mu mpaka ez'akamalirizo emirundi ebiri. Baakuba Côte d'Ivoire ggoolo 8–7 mu penati shoot-out ku fayinolo, eyazannyibwa mu Libreville, nga mayiro ntono okuva ku kabenje k'ennyonyi emyaka 19 emabega.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambia score emotional African Cup win|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-sport/zambia-score-emotional-african-cup-win-20120213-1t0fb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718035537/http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-sport/zambia-score-emotional-african-cup-win-20120213-1t0fb.html|archive-date=2014-07-18|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en-au}}</ref> Ttiimu y'abakyala eya Zambia yasamba omupiira gwayo ogusooka mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup mu 2023 mu Australia ne New Zealand, ttiimu ya Zambia y'emu ku nnya eziikiikirira Confederation of African Football (CAF). Baawangula omupiira gwaabwe ogusooka mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup, nga Lushomo Mweemba yateeba ggoolo eyasinga okuteebwa amangu mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup, ate Barbara Banda n'ayongerako ggoolo eya 1,000 mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup.<ref>{{cite web |author=Luke Vargas |date=31 Jul 2023 |title=Zambia earns first Women's World Cup win with 3-1 victory over Costa Rica |url=https://apnews.com/article/womens-world-cup-zambia-costa-rica-0479368443fd22795e67831ca0455f5f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803152711/https://apnews.com/article/womens-world-cup-zambia-costa-rica-0479368443fd22795e67831ca0455f5f |archive-date=3 August 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=The Associated Press}}</ref> Rugby Union, ebikonde ne cricket nabyo mizannyo egimanyiddwa ennyo mu Zambia. Gye buvuddeko, obwammemba bwa Zambia bwazzibwawo mu butongole ICC ( International Cricket Council) ku 2025. Ekyewuunyisa, mu kiseera ekimu ku ntandikwa y'emyaka gya 2000, ttiimu z'eggwanga eza rugby union, ebikonde ne cricket zaali zikulemberwa abazannyi abaazaalibwa mu ddwaliro lye limu ery'e Lusaka, George Gregan ne Corné Krige. Okutuusa mu 2014, ekibiina kya Roan Antelope Rugby Club mu Luanshya kye kyali kikwatidde ddala ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna mu kuteekawo ebikondo by'ebigere ebiwanvu ennyo mu nsi yonna nga birina obuwanvu bwa ffuuti 110, inci 6 obuwanvu..<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Fran Cotton |date=1985 |title=The Book of rugby disasters & bizarre records |author2=Chris Rhys |publisher=Stanley Paul |isbn=0-09-162821-0 |location=London |page=107 |oclc=16923880}}</ref> Ekyewuunyisa, mu kiseera ekimu ku ntandikwa y'emyaka gya 2000, ttiimu z'eggwanga eza rugby union, ebikonde ne cricket zaali zikulemberwa bazannyi abaazaalibwa mu ddwaliro lye limu ery'e Lusaka, George Gregan ne Corné Krige.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tallest rugby union posts |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/63633-tallest-rugby-union-posts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102231258/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/63633-tallest-rugby-union-posts |archive-date=2 January 2023 |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-GB}}</ref> Rugby union mu Zambia muzannyo mutono naye ogukula. Mu kiseera kino bali mu kifo kya 73 okusinziira ku IRB era balina abazannyi abawandiise 3,650 n’ebibiina bisatu ebyategekebwa obulungi.<ref name="IRB">{{Cite web |last=IRB.com |title=International Rugby Board - ZAMBIA |url=http://www.irb.com/unions/union=11000028/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511104518/http://www.irb.com/unions/union=11000028/index.html |archive-date=2011-05-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.irb.com |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ezannyira cricket ng’ekitundu kya Rhodesia. Zambia era ewaddeyo omuzannyi wa shinty international, Zambian-born Eddie Tembo ng’akiikirira Scotland mu compromise rules Shinty/Hurling game against Ireland in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tembo's return is boost for Glen |url=http://www.inverness-courier.co.uk/Sport/Shinty/Tembos-return-is-boost-for-Glen-9521.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211180806/http://www.inverness-courier.co.uk/Sport/Shinty/Tembos-return-is-boost-for-Glen-9521.htm |archive-date=2013-12-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.inverness-courier.co.uk}}</ref> Mu 2011, Zambia yali ya kutegeka emizannyo gya All-Africa egy'omulundi ogwa kkumi, era nga mu kuzimba ebisaawe ebyo e Lusaka, Ndola ne Livingstone.<ref name="games">{{cite web |title=Zambia to build three stadia for 2011 All-Africa Games |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200602/22/eng20060222_244775.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924005753/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200602/22/eng20060222_244775.html |archive-date=24 September 2008 |access-date=6 November 2007 |publisher=People's Daily Online}}</ref> Ekisaawe kye Lusaka kyali kyakutuuza abawagizi 70,000 saako n'ebisaawe ebirala byakutuuza abantu 50,000 buli kimu. Gavumenti yali ekubiriza abantu ab'obwannannyini okwenyigira mu kuzimba ebisaawe ebyo kubanga waaliwo ebbula ly'ensimbi za gavumenti ez'okukozesa mu kuzimba ebisaawe ebyo. Oluvannyuma Zambia yava mu kaweefube w'okutegeka emizannyo gya All-Africa egya 2011, nga bagamba nti tebalina nsimbi zimala. Bwe kityo, Mozambique yadda mu bigere bya Zambia ng'omutegeka w'emizannyo gya All-Africa egya 2011. Zambia era yazaala omuddugavu eyasooka (Madalitso Muthiya) okuzannyira mu United States Golf Open,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2008/05/05/a-rare-talent-from-an-unusual-source/|title=Zambia's Madalitso Muthiya a pioneer|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=5 May 2008|access-date=18 September 2013|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222257/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-05-05/sports/0805040183_1_zambia-frederick-chiluba-nationwide-tour|url-status=live}}</ref> emu ku mpaka za golf ennya ezisinga obunene. == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] pqapusda5tqlfb8amht7idukmnfzpx7 59915 59911 2026-07-09T11:52:04Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 Ntaddemu ekiba 59915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia''' ggwanga mu [[Afirika]] elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1970 |title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=591–603 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180923 |s2cid=154296266}}</ref> Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli [[Congo]] mu Bukiikakkono, [[Tanzania]] mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, [[Malawi]] mu Buvanjuba, [[Mozambique]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, [[Zimbabwe]] ne [[Botswana]] mu Bukiikaddyo, [[Namibia]] mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne [[Angola]] mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa [[Lusaka]] nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia. Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=Charles E. |date=1982 |title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa. Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako.<ref>{{citation|first=Karlyn|last=Eckman|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|date=2007|title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka. == Ensibuko == Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").<ref name=":0" /> == Obutonde bw'ayo == Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu [[Bukiikaddyo]] bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu [[Bukiikakkono]] nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu [[Tanzania]]. Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], ne [[Zimbabwe]]. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu [[Angola]], era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.<ref name="Beilfuss">Beilfuss, Richard and dos Santos, David (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf|date=17 December 2008}} Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley.</ref> Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel. Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Zambian High Commission |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145145/https://www.zambiapretoria.net/geography/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=www.zambiapretoria.net}}</ref> Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mafinga South and Mafinga Central: the highest peaks in Zambia |url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161825/http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/mafinga-south-and-mafinga-central-the-highest-peaks-in-zambia/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Footsteps on the Mountain blog}}</ref> == Embeera y'obudde == Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi. Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1-874041-14-8}}.</ref> == Obutonde == Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.<ref name="Mulenga_2015">{{cite report|author=Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|date=June 30, 2015|title=United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|publisher=Zambia Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection|access-date=2024-05-03|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192214/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/zm/zm-nr-05-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolnick |first1=Doreen |year=2007 |title=A guide to the common wild flowers of Zambia and neighbouring regions 2nd Edition |last2=Bingham |publisher=Wildlife & Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia |isbn=978-9982-18-063-4 |location=Lusaka |page=75}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection: United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia- Ministry of Lands Natural Resources}}</ref> Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Ebyafaayo eby'edda Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey |date=2019 |title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals |journal=Rocks & Minerals |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=114–149 |doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038 |issn=0035-7529 |s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Khoisan ne Batwa Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |publisher=Times Books International |isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5 |location=Tarrytown, New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=Twa |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062915/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/ |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.<ref name="isygi">{{cite journal |last=Musonda |first=Francis B. |year=1984 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |publisher=JSTOR |volume=39 |issue=139 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.2307/3888592 |issn=0038-1969 |jstor=3888592}}</ref> '''Olubu lwa Bantu''' Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> '''Ensibuko y’Abantu''' Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria.<ref name="unych">{{cite book |last=Flamming |first=D. |year=2009 |title=African Americans in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-003-2 |series=Cultures in the American West |page=15 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.<ref name="qnr0r">{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=2015-09-14 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> '''Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera''' Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030212745/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |date=August 2017 |title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1085–1086 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95 |issn=0003-598X |s2cid=158120419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri''' Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> '''Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda''' Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.<ref name="metmuseum.org2">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.<ref name="metmuseum.org3">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |date=October 2003 |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi. Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=15 December 1996 |title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1 |language=en}}</ref> Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maptia |title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers |url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Maptia |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190111/https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane''' Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520141810/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.<ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.<ref name="Mutapa2">{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202600/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184451/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History |language=en}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203243/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] ne [[Tanzania]] era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history2">{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} African history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032255/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lozi {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528092724/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0-900966-38-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=maniacky |first=jacky |title=bantu zone K |url=http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html |archive-date=2014-04-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.bantu-languages.com}}</ref> '''Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' '''Abazungu''' Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka),<ref>{{cite web |year=1798 |title=Instructions and Travel Diary that Governor Francisco Joze de Lacerda e Almeida Wrote about His Travel to the Center of Africa, Going to the River of Sena, in the Year of 1798 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135844/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/234/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Craig |title=Portuguese Expedition to Northern Rhodesia, 1798–99 |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023553/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/european_travellers/portuguese_expedition.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Great North Road (GNR, Northern Rhodesia, Zambia) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne [[Angola]], kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo. Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092057/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/livingstone.htm |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=EyeWitness to History}}</ref> Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627015544/https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=4385 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Provincial Administration Website}}</ref> '''Kampuni ya British South Africa Company''' Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo,<ref name="unam">{{cite web |author1=Human Rights |author2=Documentation Centre |name-list-style=amp |title=Zambia: Historical Background |url=http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |year=1899 |title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia |title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Walter H. |pages=177–180 |chapter=Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> '''Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza''' Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web |author=Pearson Education |title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231959/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> '''Obwetwaaze''' Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Alice Lenshina |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson.<ref>[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</ref> Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.<ref name="Zambia">{{Cite news|date=1964-10-25|title=1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.<ref name="blackfire">{{cite book |last=Raeburn |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas |url=https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-50530-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1 1–209]}}</ref>Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze. Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |year=1983 |title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study |publisher=Claitors Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-16-001598-4 |pages=54–137}}</ref> Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa [[Namibia]] byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu [[Angola]], lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. |year=1984 |title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf |journal=Zambezia |volume=12 |page=1}}</ref> '''Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna''' Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625080205/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> '''Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu''' Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=David M. C. |date=2000 |title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/030570700750019655 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637411 |s2cid=143480603}}</ref>Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba. Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino. == Ebyobufuzi == Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti. Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London - BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073526/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29813612|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race|url=http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065726/http://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref>Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.<ref name="bbc-15aug2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026223033/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/}}</ref> Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last=Kabwe|first=Zitto|author-link=Zitto Kabwe|user=zittokabwe|number=1426967254986629126|date=15 August 2021|title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213703/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> '''Amaggye''' Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> '''Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu''' Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030706/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902183618/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live}}</ref> Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Birgit |date=2021 |title=What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=156–181 |doi=10.1163/15700666-12340184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231195603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gault ·|first1=Matthew|title=World's Largest Digital Human Rights Conference Suddenly Canceled|url=https://www.404media.co/rightscon-human-rights-conference-suddenly-postponed/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=404 Media|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Vittoria|title=The Chinese Government Just Got the World's Largest Digital Rights Conference Canceled|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-chinese-government-pressured-zambia-to-cancel-the-worlds-largest-digital-rights-conference/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Wired|date=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Justin|title=RightsCon Canceled After Zambia Requires 'Full Alignment' With 'National Values'|url=https://www.techpolicy.press/rightscon-canceled-after-zambia-requires-full-alignment-with-national-values/|access-date=1 May 2026|work=Tech Policy Press|date=30 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo by'abantu''' Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Population up to 19,610,769 in 2022 from 13,092,666 in 2010 – Zambia Statistics Agency |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305022051/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/population-size-by-sex-and-rural-urban-zambia-2022/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Zambia |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114747/https://minorityrights.org/country/zambia/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=minorityrights.org}}</ref> Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> '''Ebibuga ebisinga obunene''' Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potts |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=583–609 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..583P |doi=10.1080/00420980500060137 |s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone. '''Ebibinja by'abantu''' Zambia elimu ebika nga 73,<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu.<ref name="epr2">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2]<ref name="epr" /> Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" /> Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.<ref name="epr3">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083438/https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.<ref name="epr3" />Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Daniel N. |date=2005-06-06 |title=Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83398-1 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083432/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 |archive-date=2023-03-21}}</ref> Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.<ref name="Zambia" /> Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA: Zambians wary of |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910230935/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61640 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=IRINnews}}</ref> Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085211/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123518400.html|archive-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel">{{Cite news|title=Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home|last=Thielke|first=Thilo|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|date=27 December 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|periodical=[[Der Spiegel]]|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira. Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite news|title=Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans|date=9 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2023|periodical=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN News]]|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2008/06/09/rising-levels-resentment-towards-zimbabweans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005909/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648|archive-date=2009-09-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009" /> '''Eddiini''' Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Constitution of Zambia, 1991(Amended to 1996) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haynes |first=N. |date=2021 |title=Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation: North American Political Theology in an African Context |journal=Pneuma |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1163/15700747-bja10036 |hdl=20.500.11820/48b556a6-cf81-4058-bf5b-894934a35ca0 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ZAMBIA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE 2022 CENSUS FINDINGS |url=https://www.amulufeblog.com/2025/07/religious-landscape-of-zambia.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Amulufeblog |language=en}}</ref> Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.<ref name=":1" /> Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Matthew |year=2005 |title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers |publisher=University of Wales |id=MSc Dissertation}}</ref> Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Zambia Union Conference&nbsp;– Adventist Directory |url=http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045842/https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmField.aspx?AdmFieldID=ZAUM |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Adventistdirectory.org}}</ref> Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa: Zambia |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131193035/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031341 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference}}</ref> Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayashida |first=Nelson Osamu |date=1999 |title=Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0596-9 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032545/http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia.<ref name="2023RIRF">{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne [[Somalia]], awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=19 January 2012 |title=The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.<ref name="2023RIRF" /> '''Ennimi''' Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref> Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.<ref name="BritannicaPeople" />Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.<ref name="BritannicaPeople2">{{Cite web |title=Zambia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–1732">{{Cite book |author1=Chanda, Vincent M. |year=2013 |title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one |author2=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-073-1 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. |year=2015 |title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts |publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD |isbn=978-99945-84-99-4 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |pages=190–204}}</ref> Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualités Afrique - Economie, sport, santé, politique |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afriquejet.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> '''Eby'enjigiriza''' Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=The Education Act (2011) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063439/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3324 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%. Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015.<ref name="WorldBank_2015">{{cite report|author=<!--none listed-->|date=December 2015|title=Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|publisher=World Bank Group|page=36|access-date=2024-01-16|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116202228/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/431421468000590726/pdf/103870-PUB-PUBLIC-Education-Public-Expenditure-Review-in-Zambia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP. '''Eby'obulamu''' Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221920/https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/zambia#featured-indicators |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/sh-dyn-mort?view=trend&gender=total&geos=ZMB |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Trade Administration |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-market-overview |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Zambia's Top 10 Exports |url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426214352/https://www.worldstopexports.com/zambias-top-10-exports/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=World's Top Exports}}</ref>M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207110244/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=30 Dec 2021}}</ref> Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Zambia - Agriculture |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162056/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-agriculture |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/zambia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |year=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204041/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-230-54704-9}}</ref> Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Zambia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=m&locations=ZM |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=World Bank Open Data}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu.<ref name="dos2009" /> Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Zambia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal}}</ref> Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines |url=http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 |archive-date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.eurodad.org |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729210403/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka''' Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB">{{Cite web |title=Zambia (Advance Release), 2019 Minerals Yearbook |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-zambia.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey.}}</ref> Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa.<ref name="twsqt">{{cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |year=2016 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |bibcode=2016JSAIM.116....1S |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2411-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo<ref name="2016JSAIMM">{{Cite journal |last=Sikamo |first=J. |last2=Mwanza |first2=A. |last3=Mweemba |first3=C. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Copper mining in Zambia - history and future |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-62532016000600003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |language=en |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=491–496 |doi=10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a1 |issn=2225-6253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala.<ref name="2016JSAIMM" /> Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.<ref name="TradingUnit">{{Cite news|date=2024-06-13|title=Zambia to set up mineral investment and trading unit|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-set-up-mineral-investment-trading-unit-2024-06-12/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna.<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking economic prosperity in the Zambian Copperbelt |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/23124%20Copperbelt%20Framing%20Paper_v5-WEB.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[International Growth Centre]]}}</ref> Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company.<ref name="TradingUnit" /> ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.<ref name="TradingUnit" />Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Zambia needs the AfCFTA {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103353/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/comparatively-small-economies-need-open-trade-drive-growth |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Green Transition: Analysing Chinese Minerals Policy, and its Impact on Zambia |url=https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1793363/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Försvarshögskolan]]}}</ref> Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-11|title=Zambia says China's JCHX will invest $300 mln in Lubambe copper mine|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11/|access-date=2025-09-13|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Bloody Frontier in Zambia |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/chinas-bloody-frontier-zambia |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshmi |first=Rouzbeh |date=2023-05-08 |title=Gk88 |url=https://gk88.casino/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=gk88.casino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=2011-11-03|title=Chinese mining firms in Zambia under fire for mistreating workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/03/chinese-mining-zambia-mistreating-workers|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).<ref name="2019USGSMineralsYB" /> '''Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi''' Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300.<ref>{{citation|title=Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia|date=June 2004|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=28 August 2009|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 2004|access-date=28 August 2009|title=Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia|last=LaFraniere|first=Shannon|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510092649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/world/zimbabwe-s-white-farmers-start-anew-in-zambia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop |language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Eby'obulambuzi''' Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019.<ref name="ITA24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Zambia - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/zambia-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas.<ref name="ITA24" /> Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site).<ref name="ITA24" /> Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayne |first=Tricia |date=2020-09-14 |title=The best national parks in Zambia |url=https://www.bradtguides.com/zambias-best-national-parks/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Bradt Guides |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zibanai |first=Zhou |date=2014 |title=Southern Africa Tourism Industry: Recent Trends and Future Prospects |url=http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=0974-6250 |id={{ProQuest|1733224717}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028174752/http://www.publishingindia.com/ijhts/24/southern-africa-tourism-industry-recent-trends-and-future-prospects/340/2481/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> '''Amasanyalaze''' Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |url=http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zambia.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=www.irena.org}}</ref> Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chilufya Chanda |date=28 September 2016 |title=Zambia: ARTICLE 70 of the UPND Constitution is Inconsistent with the Republican Constitution, it should be deemed illegal |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193719/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/28/article-70-of-the-upnd-constitution-is-inconsistent-with-the-republican-constitution-it-should-be-deemed-illegal/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213832/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Eby'obuwamngwa''' Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{Cite book |author1=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |year=2019 |title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos |author2=Simooya, Steriah Monica |author3=Monde, Pauline Namakau |publisher=UNZA Press |isbn=978-9982-03-105-9 |location=Lusaka, Zambia |pages=1–206}}</ref> Eby'obuwangwa bwa Zambia ebisinga obungi bikyaliwo mu byalo, n’obuwangwa obumu obuva ebweru nga Obukristaayo. Obuwangwa obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Zambia buyitibwa 'obuwangwa bwa Zambia' ate obulamu obw’awamu obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo buyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia" kubanga bweyolekera mu Bannazambia kumpi bonna.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Mu bibuga, waliwo okugattagatta n'okukulaakulana kw'ebyobuwangwa bino okusobola okuvaamu ekiyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia". Zambia ekola emikolo n’obulombolombo obw’enjawulo okuva ku mikolo gy’ennono egikkirizibwa eggwanga lyonna okutuuka ku mikolo egitakkirizibwa naye nga mikulu. Emikolo n’obulombolombo ebisinga obungi bikolebwa ku mikolo egy’enjawulo okujaguza oba okujjukira ebituukiddwako, ebijaguzo, okuyitawo kw’ebiseera, okutuuza ku nnamulondo n’emikolo gy’obwa pulezidenti, okutangirira n’okutukuza, okutikkirwa, okwewaayo, okulayira okuwagira, okuyingira obufumbo, okufumbirwa, okuziika, okuzaala n’emikolo emirala.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okufaananako amawanga ga Afirika agasinga obungi, Zambia ekola ku mikolo gyayo egy’olukale n’egyo egikolebwa mu kyama. Mu mikolo gy’olukale n’obulombolombo obukolebwa mulimu okulaga kalenda oba eby’obuwangwa eby’ebiseera ebigere, okulaga embeera, okulaga obulumi, okulagula, okutongoza, n’emikolo egya bulijjo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Okutuuka mu Ddesemba 2016, Zambia yalina emikolo gyayo egy’olukale 77 egy’obuwangwa egimanyiddwa gavumenti, era omuwendo guno gujja kweyongera mu biseera eby’omumaaso.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emikolo egibaawo buli mwaka mulimu Nc'wala, Kulonga, Kuomboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, ne Lyenya. Gino gye gimanyiddwa nga emikolo gy'obuwangwa bwa Zambia. Egimu ku gyo egisinga okumanyibwa gye gino: Kuomboka ne Kathanga (mu Buggwanjuba), Mutomboko (Luapula), Kulamba ne Ncwala (Buvanjuba), Lwiindi ne Shimunenga (Bukiikaddyo), Lunda Lubanza (Bukkiikakkonobwobugwanjuba), Likumbi Lyamize (Bukkikakkonobwobuggwanjuba),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellert |first=Henrik |year=2004 |title=The magic of the makishi: masks and traditions in Zambia |publisher=CBC publishing |isbn=0-9515209-9-7 |location=Bath, UK |pages=38–63}}</ref> Mbunda Lukwakwa (Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba), Chibwela Kumushi (Masekkati), Vinkhakanimba (Muchinga), Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena (Bukiikakkono). Eby'emikono eby'ennono ebimanyiddwa ennyo mulimu okubumba, okukola ebibbo (nga Tonga baskets), entebe, eby'ambalo, emikeeka, ebifaananyi eby'omuti, ebifaananyi eby'amlyiba, eby'emikono eby'omu waya, n'eby'emikono eby'ekikomo. Ennyimba ezisinga obungi mu Zambia zeesigamiziddwa ku ngoma (n'ebyuma ebirala ebikubibwa) nga waliwo okuyimba n'okuzina kungi. Mu bibuga, ennyimba eziva mu mawanga amalala zimanyiddwa nnyo, naddala rumba eya Congo, ennyimba z'Abamerika abaddugavu n'ennyimba za Jamaica eziyitibwa reggae. '''Emirimu gy'eby'emikono''' Ng'oggyeko ebibumbe n'eby'emikono, Zambia erina eby'emikono eby'omulembe era ebinyuma okulaba, n'abasiizi b'ebifaananyi abakola mu kusiiga ebifaananyi, okukuba ebifaananyi, okukola ebibumbe, okukuba ebifaananyi n'ebintu ebirala ebikwatagana. Ekitongole kya Lechwe Trust, ekyatandikibwawo mu 1986, kikoze omulimu munene mu kuwagira eby'emikono mu Zambia okuyita mu buyambi, sikaala, emyoleso n'okukuŋŋaanya ebifaananyi ebiriwo mu Zambia.<ref name="Lechwe2019">{{cite book |year=2019 |title=Art Lives On – ii: A Retrospective Exhibition of Flinto S. Chandia & Lutanda F. Mwamba |publisher=Lechwe Trust |isbn=978-9982-70-959-0 |location=Lusaka}}</ref> Abantu ab’omugaso mu kisaawe ky’ebifaananyi mu Zambia mulimu Henry Tayali, Flinto Chandia ne Lutanda Mwamba. Chandia, eyakolanga mu mbaawo, amayinja n’ebintu eby’ekyuma, yali mmemba eyatandikawo ekibiina kya Zambia National Visual Arts Council era yakolagana n’emisomo gy’abasiizi b’ebifaananyi omuli Mbile ne Kabasa.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Paraskos |first=Michael |year=2026 |title=Discovering Flinto Chandia |journal=Pygmalion: Provocations in Contemporary Carving |issue=5 |isbn=978-1-7384987-4-1}}</ref> Mwamba yali amanyiddwa naddala olw’okusiiga ebifaananyi n’okukuba ebifaananyi. Mu 2019 Lechwe Trust yategeka omwoleso ogw’okujjukira emirimu gya Chandia ne Mwamba, nga balaga ebibumbe, ebifaananyi n’ebifaananyi ebikubiddwa okumala emyaka egiwerako.<ref name="Lechwe2019" /> '''Emikutu migattabantu''' Wadde eddembe ly'okwogera n'ery'amawulire gakakasibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia, gavumenti etera okukugira eddembe lino okuteekebwa mu nkola.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Press Freedom survey on 186 countries |url=http://www.worldaudit.org/presstable.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201071942/http://www.worldaudit.org/presstable.html |archive-date=2016-12-01 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.worldaudit.org}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Zambia {{!}} Country report {{!}} Freedom of the Press {{!}} 2016 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116155841/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |archive-date=16 January 2017 |access-date=2017-01-14 |website=Freedomhouse.org}}</ref> Wadde ng'ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza ekya Patriotic Front kisuubizza okuleka emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti—omuli Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) n'olupapula lw'amawulire Zambia Daily Mail ne Times of Zambia—okwekolera ku by'okwogerako. Emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti gye gisinga okufuga emikutu gy'amawulire, wadde ng'emikutu gy'obwannannyini mingi gisobola okutuuka ku bitundu by'abantu ebisinga obunene. '''Eby'emizannyo''' Emizannyo bya bulijjo mu mbeera z'abantu mu buwangwa bwa Zambia ebitwala abantu awamu okuyiga, okukulaakulanya ebitone, okusanyuka n'ebiseera eby'essanyu.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Emizannyo mu Zambia mulimu emizannyo ng'omupiira, emisinde, netball, volleyball ne emizannyo egy'ekinnansi nga nsolo, chiyenga, waida, nkwekula nkukwekule, walyako, ne sojo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Gino gye gimu ku mizannyo egy'ekinnansi egisobozesa enkolagana mu abantu. Ebyafaayo by'emizannyo egimu bya dda nnyo nga n'Abazambia b'ennyini tebannabaawo. Wabula, Zambia yatandika okwenyigira mu mizannyo egy'ettutumu mu nsi yonna okusinga mu mpaka za 1964 Summer Olympics.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Zambia yalangirira obwetwaze bwayo ku lunaku lw'omukolo ogw'okuggalawo emizannyo gya Olympics egya 1964 Summer Olympics, bw'etyo n'efuuka ensi esoose okwetaba mu mizannyo gya Olympics ng'eggwanga limu ate n'evaamu ng'eggwanga eddala. Mu 2016, Zambia y'enyigira mu mizannyo gya Olympics omulundi ogwa 13. Emidaali ebbiri gye gy'awangulwa. Emidaali gino gy'awangulwa mu bikonde ne mu misinde. Mu 1984 Keith Mwila yawangula omudaali gwa kikomo mu luzannya lwa light flyweight. Mu 1996 Samuel Matete yawangula omudaali gwa ffeeza mu misinde gya 400-metre hurdles. Zambia teyeetaba mu mizannyo gya Winter Olympics. Omupiira gw'ebigere gwe muzannyo ogusinga okumanyibwa mu Zambia, era ttiimu y'eggwanga ey'omupiira gw'ebigere ebadde n'ebiseera byayo eby'obuwanguzi mu byafaayo by'omupiira gw'ebigere. Mu 1988, mu mizannyo gya Summer Olympics egyali mu kibuga Seoul, ttiimu y'eggwanga yawangula ttiimu y'eggwanga eya Italy ku ggoolo 4–0. Kalusha Bwalya, omuzannyi w'omupiira gw'ebigere owa Zambia asinga okumanyibwa, yateeba ggoolo ssatu mu mupiira ogwo. Wabula, okutuusa leero, abakugu bangi bagamba nti ttiimu y'eggwanga eyasinga okukola obulungi y'eyo eyafiira mu kabenje k'ennyonyi nga 28 Ogwokuna 1993 mu kabenje k'ennyonyi e Libreville, Gabon. Wabula, mu 1996, Zambia yali ku kifo kya 15 ku lukalala lw'ekibiina kya FIFA World Football Team Rankings, ekifo ekisinga okuba waggulu ku ttiimu yonna eya southern Africa. Mu 2012, Zambia yawangula ekikopo ky'omupiira gw'ebigere mu Africa omulundi ogwasooka oluvannyuma lw'okukubwa mu mpaka ez'akamalirizo emirundi ebiri. Baakuba Côte d'Ivoire ggoolo 8–7 mu penati shoot-out ku fayinolo, eyazannyibwa mu Libreville, nga mayiro ntono okuva ku kabenje k'ennyonyi emyaka 19 emabega.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zambia score emotional African Cup win|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-sport/zambia-score-emotional-african-cup-win-20120213-1t0fb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718035537/http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-sport/zambia-score-emotional-african-cup-win-20120213-1t0fb.html|archive-date=2014-07-18|access-date=2025-09-13|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en-au}}</ref> Ttiimu y'abakyala eya Zambia yasamba omupiira gwayo ogusooka mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup mu 2023 mu Australia ne New Zealand, ttiimu ya Zambia y'emu ku nnya eziikiikirira Confederation of African Football (CAF). Baawangula omupiira gwaabwe ogusooka mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup, nga Lushomo Mweemba yateeba ggoolo eyasinga okuteebwa amangu mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup, ate Barbara Banda n'ayongerako ggoolo eya 1,000 mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup.<ref>{{cite web |author=Luke Vargas |date=31 Jul 2023 |title=Zambia earns first Women's World Cup win with 3-1 victory over Costa Rica |url=https://apnews.com/article/womens-world-cup-zambia-costa-rica-0479368443fd22795e67831ca0455f5f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803152711/https://apnews.com/article/womens-world-cup-zambia-costa-rica-0479368443fd22795e67831ca0455f5f |archive-date=3 August 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=The Associated Press}}</ref> Rugby Union, ebikonde ne cricket nabyo mizannyo egimanyiddwa ennyo mu Zambia. Gye buvuddeko, obwammemba bwa Zambia bwazzibwawo mu butongole ICC ( International Cricket Council) ku 2025. Ekyewuunyisa, mu kiseera ekimu ku ntandikwa y'emyaka gya 2000, ttiimu z'eggwanga eza rugby union, ebikonde ne cricket zaali zikulemberwa abazannyi abaazaalibwa mu ddwaliro lye limu ery'e Lusaka, George Gregan ne Corné Krige. Okutuusa mu 2014, ekibiina kya Roan Antelope Rugby Club mu Luanshya kye kyali kikwatidde ddala ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna mu kuteekawo ebikondo by'ebigere ebiwanvu ennyo mu nsi yonna nga birina obuwanvu bwa ffuuti 110, inci 6 obuwanvu..<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Fran Cotton |date=1985 |title=The Book of rugby disasters & bizarre records |author2=Chris Rhys |publisher=Stanley Paul |isbn=0-09-162821-0 |location=London |page=107 |oclc=16923880}}</ref> Ekyewuunyisa, mu kiseera ekimu ku ntandikwa y'emyaka gya 2000, ttiimu z'eggwanga eza rugby union, ebikonde ne cricket zaali zikulemberwa bazannyi abaazaalibwa mu ddwaliro lye limu ery'e Lusaka, George Gregan ne Corné Krige.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tallest rugby union posts |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/63633-tallest-rugby-union-posts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102231258/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/63633-tallest-rugby-union-posts |archive-date=2 January 2023 |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-GB}}</ref> Rugby union mu Zambia muzannyo mutono naye ogukula. Mu kiseera kino bali mu kifo kya 73 okusinziira ku IRB era balina abazannyi abawandiise 3,650 n’ebibiina bisatu ebyategekebwa obulungi.<ref name="IRB">{{Cite web |last=IRB.com |title=International Rugby Board - ZAMBIA |url=http://www.irb.com/unions/union=11000028/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511104518/http://www.irb.com/unions/union=11000028/index.html |archive-date=2011-05-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.irb.com |language=en}}</ref> Zambia yali ezannyira cricket ng’ekitundu kya Rhodesia. Zambia era ewaddeyo omuzannyi wa shinty international, Zambian-born Eddie Tembo ng’akiikirira Scotland mu compromise rules Shinty/Hurling game against Ireland in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tembo's return is boost for Glen |url=http://www.inverness-courier.co.uk/Sport/Shinty/Tembos-return-is-boost-for-Glen-9521.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211180806/http://www.inverness-courier.co.uk/Sport/Shinty/Tembos-return-is-boost-for-Glen-9521.htm |archive-date=2013-12-11 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.inverness-courier.co.uk}}</ref> Mu 2011, Zambia yali ya kutegeka emizannyo gya All-Africa egy'omulundi ogwa kkumi, era nga mu kuzimba ebisaawe ebyo e Lusaka, Ndola ne Livingstone.<ref name="games">{{cite web |title=Zambia to build three stadia for 2011 All-Africa Games |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200602/22/eng20060222_244775.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924005753/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200602/22/eng20060222_244775.html |archive-date=24 September 2008 |access-date=6 November 2007 |publisher=People's Daily Online}}</ref> Ekisaawe kye Lusaka kyali kyakutuuza abawagizi 70,000 saako n'ebisaawe ebirala byakutuuza abantu 50,000 buli kimu. Gavumenti yali ekubiriza abantu ab'obwannannyini okwenyigira mu kuzimba ebisaawe ebyo kubanga waaliwo ebbula ly'ensimbi za gavumenti ez'okukozesa mu kuzimba ebisaawe ebyo. Oluvannyuma Zambia yava mu kaweefube w'okutegeka emizannyo gya All-Africa egya 2011, nga bagamba nti tebalina nsimbi zimala. Bwe kityo, Mozambique yadda mu bigere bya Zambia ng'omutegeka w'emizannyo gya All-Africa egya 2011. Zambia era yazaala omuddugavu eyasooka (Madalitso Muthiya) okuzannyira mu United States Golf Open,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2008/05/05/a-rare-talent-from-an-unusual-source/|title=Zambia's Madalitso Muthiya a pioneer|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=5 May 2008|access-date=18 September 2013|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222257/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-05-05/sports/0805040183_1_zambia-frederick-chiluba-nationwide-tour|url-status=live}}</ref> emu ku mpaka za golf ennya ezisinga obunene. Mu 1989, ttiimu y'eggwanga ey'omuzannyo gw'ensero yali ekola bulungi nnyo bwe yatuuka ku mutendera ogw'okuddamu okuzannya mu mpaka za FIBA Africa Championship era bw'etyo n'ekomekkereza ng'emu ku ttiimu ekkumi ezisinga okuba ez'amaanyi mu Afirika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1989 African Championship for Men {{!}} ARCHIVE.FIBA.COM |url=http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid/sid/2403/tid/0/_/1989_AfroBasket/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027160945/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid/sid/2403/tid/0/_/1989_AfroBasket/index.html |archive-date=2021-10-27 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref> Mu 2017, Zambia yakyaza era n'ewangula empaka z'omupiira gw'ebigere ogwa Pan-African ogwa U-20 African Cup of Nation ogw'abazannyi abali wansi w'emyaka 20.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/12/16/zambia-outsmart-south-africa-win-record-cosafa-u20-crown/|title=Zambia outsmart South Africa to win record Cosafa U20 crown|date=16 December 2016|work=Lusaka Times|access-date=16 December 2016|archive-date=2 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102225752/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/12/16/zambia-outsmart-south-africa-win-record-cosafa-u20-crown/|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Amawanga g'Afirika]] d7qwqcpch3il1yu4yumdq769f0tx3li Bugema University 0 7812 59787 59310 2026-07-09T06:17:51Z Musuuza 11013 ntaddemu obutindo 59787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bugema University''' ('''BMU''') ssettendekero ya [[ngattikantondwa]] mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] eddukanyizibwa ku nnono n'empisa [[z'ekkanisa y'Abaadiventi]]. Bugema University y'emu ku matendekero agatambulira ku nnono n'[[enteekateeka y’ebyenjigiriza ey’Ekkanisa y’Abadiventi]], enjigiriza y'ekikulisitaayo ekwata ekifo eky'okubiri mu nsi yonna. [[File:Sensitisation about LG-Wiki, Will Ssemmanda(right), Dorothy Nabukeera & Samson Ssemakadde.jpg|thumb|Bugema university ]] == Obusange == Ssettendekero eno eri ku ttaka eriweza yiika 640 (1.00 sq mi), mu Kalagala sub-county, Bamunanika county, mu [[ddisitulikiti y'e Luweero]] esangibwa mu [[kitundu eky'omu masekkati ga Uganda]]. Ettabi ekkulu liri ku bugazi bwa kkiromita 33 (21 mi) bw'ogoberera oluguudo era nga lisangibwa mu bukiika kkono bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Kampala]] ekibuga kya Uganda ekikulu. Liri ku bugazi bwa kkiromita nga 18.2 ku luguudo oluli mu bukiikaddyo bw'akabuga k'e [[Ziroobwe]], ku luguudo oluva e Gayaza ne ludda e [[Gayaza–Ziroobwe Road]]. Obugazi bw'ettabi lino buli 0°34'10.48"N, 32°38'30.55"E (Latitude: 0.57; Longitude: 32.6418). == Ebyafaayo == Ettendekero lino lyatandikibwawo mu mwaka gwa 1948 ng'ettendekero ly'abasomesa n'abasumba b'ekkanisa y'abaadiventi mu [[buvanjuba bwa Africa]]. Mu kiseera ekyo lyali liyitibwa Bugema Missionary Training School. Oluvannyuma ennyo, erinnya eryo lyakyusibwa ne lifuuka Bugema Missionary College ate nalyo ne likyusibwa okufuuka Bugema Adventist College. Mu mwaka gwa 1976, ekitongole ky'ebyenjigiriza mu Uganda n'ekibiina ekitwala ekkanisa y'Abaadiventi byawa Bugema Adventist College olukusa okusomesa ddiguli mu busumba n'obuweereza (Bachelor of Theology). Ebbanguliro lino lyali lyasaba dda olukusa olulikkiriza okusomesa ddiguli y'obusumba naye ekitongole ky'ebyenjigiriza ne kikomba ku erima kubanga mu kiseera ekyo, Makerere University ye ssettendekero yokka eyali ekkirizibwa okusomesa amasomo ga ddiguli mu ggwanga. Abayizi 35 be baasobola okwewandiisa era ne batandika okubangulwa mu buweereza n'obusumba. Musumba ne muky. Villagomez wamu ne musumba Gary Fordham be baali abayigisa b'abayizi abo mu kiseera ekyo. Idi Amin, eyali omukulembeze w'eggwanga mu kiseera ekyo bwe yawera ekkanisa y'Abaseveniside mu Uganda mu mwaka gwa 1977, okutendeka abayizi mu ssomo lino kwajjululwa ne kuzzibwa e Nairobi okumala akaseera akatonotono era mu mwaka gwa 1978 ne wabaawo abayizi abaasooka okutikkirwa era ne baweebwa ddiguli mu busumba n'obuweereza (BTh). Nga wayiseewo akaseera, ebbanguliro lino lyazzibwa mu lusiisira lw'ekkanisa olw'abavubuka mu kifo ekiyitibwa Watamu ekisangibwa mu bukiikakkono bwa Mombasa okutuusa Amin bwe yava mu Uganda. Reuben Mugerwa yamaliriza ddiguli ye ey'okubiri ku Andrews University n'oluvannyuma n'afuuka omu ku bayigisa b'essomo lino. Ebbanguliro lino oluvannyuma lyazzibwa ku ttabi ly'e Bugema. Ebbanguliro lino lyatandika okugaziwa. Ku nkomerero y'emyaka gy'ekinaana (1980s), amasomo g'ebyenfuna n'ago ag'ebyobusomesa gaatandikibwa okusomesebwa. Mu 1994, Bugema Adventist College yakyuka okuva ku ddaala ly'ettendekero n'efuuka ssettendekero. Mu 1997, Bugema University yaweebwa ebbaluwa okuva mu kitongole ky'ebyenjigiriza n'ebyamizannyo egikkiriza okuweereza ng'ettendekero erya waggulu. == Amabanguliro == Bugema University erimu amabanguliro gano wammanga: === School of Business === * Department of Accounting and Finance * Department of Management and Marketing * Department of Information Technology * Department of Engineering === School of Social Sciences === * Department of Developmental Studies * Department of Social Work * Department of Theology and [[Religious Studies]] === Ebbanguliro ly'Abasomesa === * Department of Arts * Department of Science * Department of Languages === School of Natural Sciences === * Department of life and physical sciences * Department of Agriculture * Department of Food and [[Human Nutrition]] === Essomero ly’Amasomo ag’Oluvannyuma lwa Diguli === Ebbanguliro ly'abo abasoma ddiguli ey'okubiri/ey'okusatu ku Bugema University likolagana ne [[University of Eastern Africa, Baraton]] mu [[Kenya]] okusomesa amasomo agamu. Ebbanguliro lino era likolagana ne [[Central Luzon State University]] mu kusomesa amasomo agamu ate era nga y'entabiro y'ensomesa-nnamutimbagano ey'amasomo agamu agasomesebwa abayizi abasoma ddiguli ey'okusatu ku [[Central Luzon State University]] mu [[Philippines]]. == Amasomo agatendekebwa == Gano wammanga ge masomo agatendekebwa ku Bugema University: === Amasomo ga ddiguli esooka === * [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] in [[Accounting]] * Bachelor of Business Administration in [[Finance]] * Bachelor of Business Administration in [[Marketing]] * Bachelor of Business Administration in Management * Bachelor of Business Administration in Office Administration * Bachelor of Business Administration in Economics * Bachelor of Business Administration in Business Information Systems * Bachelor of Business Administration in International Trade * Bachelor of Business Administration in Entrepreneurship * [[Bachelor of Arts]] with Education * [[Bachelor of Science]] with Education * Bachelor of Arts in Development Studies * [[Bachelor of Science]] in Counseling * Bachelor of Social Work and Social Administration * [[Bachelor of Theology]] * Bachelor of Arts in Religious Studies === Amasomo ga ddiguli ezisomebwa oluvannyuma lwa ddiguli esooka === * [[Master of Business Administration]] * [[Master of Science in Information Systems]] * [[Master of Science]] in [[Software Engineering and Application Development]] * Master of Science in [[Network Security]] * Master of Science in Counseling * Master of Arts in Education Management * Master of Arts in Development Studies * Master of Arts in English Literature * Master of Science in Education * Master of Professional Studies in Education * Master of Science in [[Rural Development]] * Master of Professional Studies in Rural Development * Master in Local Government Management * [[Doctor of Philosophy]] in Developmental Education * Doctor of Philosophy in Rural Development * Doctor of Philosophy in Developmental Communication === Amasomo ga ddipulooma === * Diploma in Accounting * Diploma in Marketing * Diploma in Office Administration * Diploma in Information Technology * Diploma in Education * Diploma in Humana Resource Management * Diploma in Procurement and Supply Chain Management * Diploma in Office Administration and Secretarial Studies === Amasomo ga ssatifikeeti === * Certificate in Small Business Computer Networks * Certificate in Office Automation and Data management * Certificate in Computer Repair and Maintenance * Certificate in Information Technology (For 2 years) * Certificate in Nursing (For 2<sup>1/2</sup> years) === Emisomo egy’okutabaganya === * Higher Education Certificate (For 8 Months) == Laba ne == * [[List of Seventh-day Adventist colleges and universities]] * [[Seventh-day Adventist education]] * [[Seventh-day Adventist theology]] * [[History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church]] * [[Adventist Colleges and Universities]] * [[Adventist University of Africa]] * [[Education in Uganda]] * [[List of universities in Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedi == * [[Bugema University Homepage]] * [[My Adventist University Project]] 6wbg205pnp8nuw8294tqav2uoxrqchh Allan Ssewanyana 0 7970 59674 59392 2026-07-08T14:13:00Z Nakisozi 10800 59674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allan Aloysius Ssewanyana''' yazaalibwa nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986, ng'asinga kumanyibwa ng''''Omusajja wa Bwino’, [[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|m]]'''[[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|unnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo]], [[avunaanyizibwa ku by'esonga z'abakozi]] era munnabyabufuzi Munnayuganda .Yali mubaka wa Paalamenti owa [[:en:Makindye_Division|Makindye Eyobugwanjuba]]<ref name="LA2">http://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=164</ref> era akiikirira [[:en:National_Unity_Platform|National Unity Platform]], ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekisinga okuvuganya gavumenti mu Uganda.<ref name="LA1">http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Who-will-step-into-Kyanjo-s-large-shoes-in-Makindye-West-/688342-2347440-nuvhe2z/index.html</ref> Ali ku [[:en:Parliamentary_Committees_of_the_United_Kingdom|kakiiko]] k'Ebyenjigiriza n'Ebyemizannyo ne ku kakiiko akalwanirira obw'enkanya mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]]. Akola nga Minisita w'Ebyemizannyo mu [[:en:Shadow_Cabinet|kabineeti ey'ekisikirize]].<ref name="LA1X">http://theinsider.ug/index.php/2017/05/12/govt-not-bothered-chinese-petty-traders-murdering-our-economy-mp-ssewanyana/</ref><ref name="LA1P">http://allafrica.com/stories/201604250755.html</ref> Ssewanyana yaliko [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekidukanya emirimu mu kibuga kya Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira [[:en:Makindye_Division|munisipaali y'e Makindye]]; yaweerezaako ng'[[:en:Sports_journalism|omusunsuzi w'amawulire g'eby'emizannyo]] ku mukutu gwa ttivi ya Nile Broadcasting Services (NBS) ne Top Radio 89.6 FM; omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lwa [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]], ali ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]], ng'era yaliko omumyuka wa ssentebe ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]].<ref name="AAL2">http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Heart-to-Heart/Men-only-cheat-when-their-women-change/691230-2598572-plcy94/index.html</ref><ref name="AAL3">http://bigeye.ug/allan-ssewanyana-resigns-position-kcca/</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Ssewanyana yazaalibwa mu [[:en:Nsambya_Hospital|ddwaliro ly'e Nsambya]], nga bazadde bbe ye Aloysius ne Sarah Ssendawula ab'e [[:en:Kibuye,_Uganda|Kibuye]], nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986 mu famire ekiririza mu [[:en:Catholic|ddiini y'ekikatuliki]] [[:en:Ganda_people|ey'Abaganda]]. Ye mwana ow'okusatu mu baana omusanvu beyazalibwa n'abo era alina bannyina bana ne baganda be babiri. Pulayimale yagisomera mu kibuga ky'e Kampala ku Nakivubo Blue Primary School gyeyali ng'akulira eby'emizannyo, era nga [[:en:Primary_School_Leaving_Examination|gyeyatuulira P7]] mu 1998. Oluvannyuma yagenda ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School gyeyatulira [[:en:GCE_Ordinary_Level|Siniya ey'okuna]] mu 2002 ne [[:en:Mengo_Senior_School|Mengo Senior School]] gyeyamalira [[:en:Uganda_Advanced_Certificate_of_Education|Siniya ey'omukaaga]] mu 2005. Yawerezaako nga Minisita w'eby'emizannyo ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School n'omukulembezze akulira abayizi ku Mengo Senior School. Ssewanyana yeeyongerayo ku [[:en:Makerere_University|Ssettendekero wa Makerere]] gy'eyatikirwa mu 2008 ne diguli mu [[:en:Human_Resource_Management|kudukanya ensonga z'abakozi]]. Yali akulira abayizi era omu ku baali ku [[:en:Students'_representative_council|kakiiko akakiikirira abayizi]] ku kizimbe kya [[:en:Makerere_University|Ivory Tower]].<ref name="AAL3" /> == Emirimu gye n'ebyobufuzi == Ng'afunye ebaluwa ye eya S6, Ssewanyana yafuna omulimu gw'okukola [[:en:Sports_journalism|ng'omusunsuzi w'eby'emizannyo]] ku Top Radio 89.6 FM mu 2005. Ng'amaliriza okufuna [[:en:Bachelor's_degree|diguli]] ye mu 2008, yafuna omulimu [[:en:Sports_commentator#Sports_presenter.2Fstudio_host|ng'omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo]] ku ttivi ya NBS, ng'ayanjula n'okuwereza pulogulaamu y'eby'emizannyo ku NBA buli lunaku ku malya g'eky'emisana. Mu 2014, era oluvannyuma yafuuka omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lw'eby'emizannyo lw'ebayita [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]] olufulua buli wiiki.<ref name="AAS5">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1322842/kcca-councilor-remanded-defamation</ref> Mu 2013, Ssewanyana yeesimbawo ku ky'omukulembezze [[:en:Federation_of_Uganda_Football_Associations|w'ekibiina ekidukanya omupiira mu Uganda]] (FUFA) ng'ayagala okudda mu bigere by'eyali Pulezidenti w'ekibiina kino mu biseera ebyo, [[:en:Lawrence_Mulindwa|Lawrence Mulindwa]]. Yawandulwamu nga basinziira ku by'ekikugu, nga Moses Magogo yeyasobola okuwangula era nga teyavuganyiziddwa.<ref name="AAS10">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1324298/fufa-exco-endorses-magogo</ref> Mu 2011, Ssewanyana yayingira mu [[:en:Democracy|by'obufuzi eby'okulonda]] ng'ali ku tikiti y'ekibiina kya [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|DP,]] ekyamufuula [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekiddukanya emirimu mu kibuga Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira konsitituweensi ya [[:en:Makindye_Division|Makindye Ey'obugwanjuba]] okutuuka mu 2016, bweyalondebwa okuwereza mu konsitituweensi y'emu mu kifo ekisava eky'okubeera omubaka wa Paalamenti ekyamufuula omubaka mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]] ey'e [[:en:Uganda|Kula lya Afrika]]. Mu Paalamenti ey'ekumi, Ssewanyana awereza ku [[:en:Parliamentary_Committees_of_the_United_Kingdom|kakiiko]] k'Eby'enjigiriza n'Eby'emizannyo ku nsonga z'omwenkano nkano. == Ebimukwatako eby'omunda == Allan Ssewanyana mufumbo nga mukyala we ye Lydia Ssewanyana nga balina abaana babbiri.Yawerezaako ng'omumyuka wa ssentebe ku [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]] okuva mu 2012 okutuuka mu 2015 era ng'omu ku baali ku kakiiko akakulu akaddukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]] mu kaseera k'ekamu. Ssewanyana y'omu kubannanyini era ssentebe wa kiraabu y'omupiira eyitibwa Katwe United FC.<ref name="AAS6">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2019-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328195148/http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yazannyako omupiira ku mutendera gwa [[:en:National_League_(Uganda)|liigi y'eggwanga]] mu ttiimu ya Top TV FC okuva mu 2001 okutuuka mu 2004 bweyamenyeka egumba ly'okukibegabega, obuvune obwamuvirako okunyuka okusamba omupiira.<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1256637/tv-fc-ban</ref> Mu Gwomwenda mu 2021, Allan Sewanyana yavunaanibwa omusango gw'obutemu.<ref>https://fr.africanews.com/2021/09/07/ouganda-deux-deputes-de-l-opposition-accuses-d-orchestrer-des-meurtres/</ref> == Awaadi n'Engule == Ssewanyana awereddwa awaadi ez'enjawulo okusinziira ku mirimu gy'azze akola emyaka egiyise * Mu 2013: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo asinga ku Ttivi <ref name="AAS13">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2020-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107013716/http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Mu 2014: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo ku leediyo ne Ttivi eyali asinga * Mu 2014: Kadanke Awards, Omukulembezze w'abavubuka eyali asinga<ref name="AAS12">http://bigeye.ug/kadanke-unveils-national-youth-festival-awards/</ref> * Mu 2015: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo eyali akira ku balala * Mu 2015: Eyali asinga mu basinga (BB) Awards Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo<ref name="AAS11">http://bigeye.ug/best-best-awards-2016-heres-full-list-nominees/</ref> * Mu 2017: [[:en:Buzz_Teeniez_Awards|Buzz Teeniez Awards]] Engula ya '''''Teeniez Leadership Award''''' == Laba ne bino == * [[:en:Kampala_District|Disitulikiti y'e Kampala]] * [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|Ekibiina ky'eby'obufuzi ekya Democratic Party mu Uganda]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] * [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku mirimu gy'ekibuga Kampala]] == Ebijuliziddwamu == {{Reflist}}"Ndi musanyufu nnyo olw'engeri gyetwakwasaganyamu ensonga ya kawaayiro 102 (b) aka Ssemateeka nga tukozesa obukugu kuba abasinga baakiraba ng'eky'obusiru, naye twatekawo eky'enjawulo"<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/</ref> Allan Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'okuwagira obwegugungo<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/mp-allan-ssewanyana-arrested-for-inciting-violence/</ref> "Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'obwegugungo obwali buva ku kazambi w'eddwaliro ly'e Kirundu."<ref>https://nilepost.co.ug/2019/02/22/video-mps-protest-ssewanyanas-arrest-over-kiruddu-hospital-sewerage-crisis/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwamu w'abweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160319224843/http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721225811/http://nbs.ug/category/sports/lunchtime_sports/ Link to NBS' Lunchtime Sports] * [https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/ On unbecoming behavior to achieve political gains] <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] 7zks0nqwas9y51eoeurbz0sm7nc181p 59676 59674 2026-07-08T14:15:54Z Nakisozi 10800 59676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allan Aloysius Ssewanyana''' yazaalibwa nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986, ng'asinga kumanyibwa "ng''''Omusajja wa Bwino", [[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|m]]'''[[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|unnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo]], [[avunaanyizibwa ku by'esonga z'abakozi]] era munnabyabufuzi Munnayuganda .Yali mubaka wa Paalamenti owa [[Makindye Eyobugwanjuba]].<ref>"SSEWANYANA ALLAN". Parliament of Uganda</ref> era akiikirira [[:en:National_Unity_Platform|National Unity Platform]], ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekisinga okuvuganya gavumenti mu Uganda.<ref name="LA1">http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Who-will-step-into-Kyanjo-s-large-shoes-in-Makindye-West-/688342-2347440-nuvhe2z/index.html</ref> Ali ku [[:en:Parliamentary_Committees_of_the_United_Kingdom|kakiiko]] k'Ebyenjigiriza n'Ebyemizannyo ne ku kakiiko akalwanirira obw'enkanya mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]]. Akola nga Minisita w'Ebyemizannyo mu [[:en:Shadow_Cabinet|kabineeti ey'ekisikirize]].<ref name="LA1X">http://theinsider.ug/index.php/2017/05/12/govt-not-bothered-chinese-petty-traders-murdering-our-economy-mp-ssewanyana/</ref><ref name="LA1P">http://allafrica.com/stories/201604250755.html</ref> Ssewanyana yaliko [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekidukanya emirimu mu kibuga kya Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira [[:en:Makindye_Division|munisipaali y'e Makindye]]; yaweerezaako ng'[[:en:Sports_journalism|omusunsuzi w'amawulire g'eby'emizannyo]] ku mukutu gwa ttivi ya Nile Broadcasting Services (NBS) ne Top Radio 89.6 FM; omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lwa [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]], ali ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]], ng'era yaliko omumyuka wa ssentebe ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]].<ref name="AAL2">http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Heart-to-Heart/Men-only-cheat-when-their-women-change/691230-2598572-plcy94/index.html</ref><ref name="AAL3">http://bigeye.ug/allan-ssewanyana-resigns-position-kcca/</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Ssewanyana yazaalibwa mu [[:en:Nsambya_Hospital|ddwaliro ly'e Nsambya]], nga bazadde bbe ye Aloysius ne Sarah Ssendawula ab'e [[:en:Kibuye,_Uganda|Kibuye]], nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986 mu famire ekiririza mu [[:en:Catholic|ddiini y'ekikatuliki]] [[:en:Ganda_people|ey'Abaganda]]. Ye mwana ow'okusatu mu baana omusanvu beyazalibwa n'abo era alina bannyina bana ne baganda be babiri. Pulayimale yagisomera mu kibuga ky'e Kampala ku Nakivubo Blue Primary School gyeyali ng'akulira eby'emizannyo, era nga [[:en:Primary_School_Leaving_Examination|gyeyatuulira P7]] mu 1998. Oluvannyuma yagenda ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School gyeyatulira [[:en:GCE_Ordinary_Level|Siniya ey'okuna]] mu 2002 ne [[:en:Mengo_Senior_School|Mengo Senior School]] gyeyamalira [[:en:Uganda_Advanced_Certificate_of_Education|Siniya ey'omukaaga]] mu 2005. Yawerezaako nga Minisita w'eby'emizannyo ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School n'omukulembezze akulira abayizi ku Mengo Senior School. Ssewanyana yeeyongerayo ku [[:en:Makerere_University|Ssettendekero wa Makerere]] gy'eyatikirwa mu 2008 ne diguli mu [[:en:Human_Resource_Management|kudukanya ensonga z'abakozi]]. Yali akulira abayizi era omu ku baali ku [[:en:Students'_representative_council|kakiiko akakiikirira abayizi]] ku kizimbe kya [[:en:Makerere_University|Ivory Tower]].<ref name="AAL3" /> == Emirimu gye n'ebyobufuzi == Ng'afunye ebaluwa ye eya S6, Ssewanyana yafuna omulimu gw'okukola [[:en:Sports_journalism|ng'omusunsuzi w'eby'emizannyo]] ku Top Radio 89.6 FM mu 2005. Ng'amaliriza okufuna [[:en:Bachelor's_degree|diguli]] ye mu 2008, yafuna omulimu [[:en:Sports_commentator#Sports_presenter.2Fstudio_host|ng'omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo]] ku ttivi ya NBS, ng'ayanjula n'okuwereza pulogulaamu y'eby'emizannyo ku NBA buli lunaku ku malya g'eky'emisana. Mu 2014, era oluvannyuma yafuuka omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lw'eby'emizannyo lw'ebayita [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]] olufulua buli wiiki.<ref name="AAS5">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1322842/kcca-councilor-remanded-defamation</ref> Mu 2013, Ssewanyana yeesimbawo ku ky'omukulembezze [[:en:Federation_of_Uganda_Football_Associations|w'ekibiina ekidukanya omupiira mu Uganda]] (FUFA) ng'ayagala okudda mu bigere by'eyali Pulezidenti w'ekibiina kino mu biseera ebyo, [[:en:Lawrence_Mulindwa|Lawrence Mulindwa]]. Yawandulwamu nga basinziira ku by'ekikugu, nga Moses Magogo yeyasobola okuwangula era nga teyavuganyiziddwa.<ref name="AAS10">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1324298/fufa-exco-endorses-magogo</ref> Mu 2011, Ssewanyana yayingira mu [[:en:Democracy|by'obufuzi eby'okulonda]] ng'ali ku tikiti y'ekibiina kya [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|DP,]] ekyamufuula [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekiddukanya emirimu mu kibuga Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira konsitituweensi ya [[:en:Makindye_Division|Makindye Ey'obugwanjuba]] okutuuka mu 2016, bweyalondebwa okuwereza mu konsitituweensi y'emu mu kifo ekisava eky'okubeera omubaka wa Paalamenti ekyamufuula omubaka mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]] ey'e [[:en:Uganda|Kula lya Afrika]]. Mu Paalamenti ey'ekumi, Ssewanyana awereza ku [[:en:Parliamentary_Committees_of_the_United_Kingdom|kakiiko]] k'Eby'enjigiriza n'Eby'emizannyo ku nsonga z'omwenkano nkano. == Ebimukwatako eby'omunda == Allan Ssewanyana mufumbo nga mukyala we ye Lydia Ssewanyana nga balina abaana babbiri.Yawerezaako ng'omumyuka wa ssentebe ku [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]] okuva mu 2012 okutuuka mu 2015 era ng'omu ku baali ku kakiiko akakulu akaddukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]] mu kaseera k'ekamu. Ssewanyana y'omu kubannanyini era ssentebe wa kiraabu y'omupiira eyitibwa Katwe United FC.<ref name="AAS6">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2019-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328195148/http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yazannyako omupiira ku mutendera gwa [[:en:National_League_(Uganda)|liigi y'eggwanga]] mu ttiimu ya Top TV FC okuva mu 2001 okutuuka mu 2004 bweyamenyeka egumba ly'okukibegabega, obuvune obwamuvirako okunyuka okusamba omupiira.<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1256637/tv-fc-ban</ref> Mu Gwomwenda mu 2021, Allan Sewanyana yavunaanibwa omusango gw'obutemu.<ref>https://fr.africanews.com/2021/09/07/ouganda-deux-deputes-de-l-opposition-accuses-d-orchestrer-des-meurtres/</ref> == Awaadi n'Engule == Ssewanyana awereddwa awaadi ez'enjawulo okusinziira ku mirimu gy'azze akola emyaka egiyise * Mu 2013: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo asinga ku Ttivi <ref name="AAS13">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2020-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107013716/http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Mu 2014: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo ku leediyo ne Ttivi eyali asinga * Mu 2014: Kadanke Awards, Omukulembezze w'abavubuka eyali asinga<ref name="AAS12">http://bigeye.ug/kadanke-unveils-national-youth-festival-awards/</ref> * Mu 2015: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo eyali akira ku balala * Mu 2015: Eyali asinga mu basinga (BB) Awards Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo<ref name="AAS11">http://bigeye.ug/best-best-awards-2016-heres-full-list-nominees/</ref> * Mu 2017: [[:en:Buzz_Teeniez_Awards|Buzz Teeniez Awards]] Engula ya '''''Teeniez Leadership Award''''' == Laba ne bino == * [[:en:Kampala_District|Disitulikiti y'e Kampala]] * [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|Ekibiina ky'eby'obufuzi ekya Democratic Party mu Uganda]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] * [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku mirimu gy'ekibuga Kampala]] == Ebijuliziddwamu == {{Reflist}}"Ndi musanyufu nnyo olw'engeri gyetwakwasaganyamu ensonga ya kawaayiro 102 (b) aka Ssemateeka nga tukozesa obukugu kuba abasinga baakiraba ng'eky'obusiru, naye twatekawo eky'enjawulo"<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/</ref> Allan Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'okuwagira obwegugungo<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/mp-allan-ssewanyana-arrested-for-inciting-violence/</ref> "Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'obwegugungo obwali buva ku kazambi w'eddwaliro ly'e Kirundu."<ref>https://nilepost.co.ug/2019/02/22/video-mps-protest-ssewanyanas-arrest-over-kiruddu-hospital-sewerage-crisis/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwamu w'abweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160319224843/http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721225811/http://nbs.ug/category/sports/lunchtime_sports/ Link to NBS' Lunchtime Sports] * [https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/ On unbecoming behavior to achieve political gains] <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] 7f8mfxguedq0mycby6q3uht5a7p3e8i 59723 59676 2026-07-08T16:26:37Z Nakisozi 10800 /* Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe */ 59723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allan Aloysius Ssewanyana''' yazaalibwa nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986, ng'asinga kumanyibwa "ng''''Omusajja wa Bwino", [[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|m]]'''[[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|unnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo]], [[avunaanyizibwa ku by'esonga z'abakozi]] era munnabyabufuzi Munnayuganda .Yali mubaka wa Paalamenti owa [[Makindye Eyobugwanjuba]].<ref>"SSEWANYANA ALLAN". Parliament of Uganda</ref> era akiikirira [[:en:National_Unity_Platform|National Unity Platform]], ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekisinga okuvuganya gavumenti mu Uganda.<ref name="LA1">http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Who-will-step-into-Kyanjo-s-large-shoes-in-Makindye-West-/688342-2347440-nuvhe2z/index.html</ref> Ali ku [[:en:Parliamentary_Committees_of_the_United_Kingdom|kakiiko]] k'Ebyenjigiriza n'Ebyemizannyo ne ku kakiiko akalwanirira obw'enkanya mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]]. Akola nga Minisita w'Ebyemizannyo mu [[:en:Shadow_Cabinet|kabineeti ey'ekisikirize]].<ref name="LA1X">http://theinsider.ug/index.php/2017/05/12/govt-not-bothered-chinese-petty-traders-murdering-our-economy-mp-ssewanyana/</ref><ref name="LA1P">http://allafrica.com/stories/201604250755.html</ref> Ssewanyana yaliko [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekidukanya emirimu mu kibuga kya Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira [[:en:Makindye_Division|munisipaali y'e Makindye]]; yaweerezaako ng'[[:en:Sports_journalism|omusunsuzi w'amawulire g'eby'emizannyo]] ku mukutu gwa ttivi ya Nile Broadcasting Services (NBS) ne Top Radio 89.6 FM; omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lwa [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]], ali ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]], ng'era yaliko omumyuka wa ssentebe ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]].<ref name="AAL2">http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Heart-to-Heart/Men-only-cheat-when-their-women-change/691230-2598572-plcy94/index.html</ref><ref name="AAL3">http://bigeye.ug/allan-ssewanyana-resigns-position-kcca/</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Ssewanyana yazaalibwa mu [[:en:Nsambya_Hospital|ddwaliro ly'e Nsambya]], nga bazadde be ye Aloysius ne Sarah Ssendawula ab'e [[:en:Kibuye,_Uganda|Kibuye]], nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986 mu famire ekiririza mu [[:en:Catholic|ddiini y'ekikatuliki]] [[:en:Ganda_people|ey'Abaganda]]. Ye mwana ow'okusatu mu baana omusanvu beyazalibwa n'abo era alina bannyina bana ne baganda be babiri. Pulayimale yagisomera mu kibuga ky'e Kampala ku Nakivubo Blue Primary School gyeyali ng'akulira eby'emizannyo, era nga [[:en:Primary_School_Leaving_Examination|gyeyatuulira P7]] mu 1998. Oluvannyuma yagenda ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School gyeyatulira [[:en:GCE_Ordinary_Level|Siniya ey'okuna]] mu 2002 ne [[:en:Mengo_Senior_School|Mengo Senior School]] gyeyamalira [[:en:Uganda_Advanced_Certificate_of_Education|Siniya ey'omukaaga]] mu 2005. Yawerezaako nga Minisita w'eby'emizannyo ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School n'omukulembezze akulira abayizi ku Mengo Senior School. Ssewanyana yeeyongerayo ku [[:en:Makerere_University|Ssettendekero wa Makerere]] gy'eyatikirwa mu 2008 ne diguli mu [[:en:Human_Resource_Management|kudukanya ensonga z'abakozi]]. Yali akulira abayizi era omu ku baali ku [[:en:Students'_representative_council|kakiiko akakiikirira abayizi]] ku kizimbe kya [[:en:Makerere_University|Ivory Tower]].<ref name="AAL3" /> == Emirimu gye n'ebyobufuzi == Ng'afunye ebaluwa ye eya S6, Ssewanyana yafuna omulimu gw'okukola [[:en:Sports_journalism|ng'omusunsuzi w'eby'emizannyo]] ku Top Radio 89.6 FM mu 2005. Ng'amaliriza okufuna [[:en:Bachelor's_degree|diguli]] ye mu 2008, yafuna omulimu [[:en:Sports_commentator#Sports_presenter.2Fstudio_host|ng'omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo]] ku ttivi ya NBS, ng'ayanjula n'okuwereza pulogulaamu y'eby'emizannyo ku NBA buli lunaku ku malya g'eky'emisana. Mu 2014, era oluvannyuma yafuuka omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lw'eby'emizannyo lw'ebayita [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]] olufulua buli wiiki.<ref name="AAS5">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1322842/kcca-councilor-remanded-defamation</ref> Mu 2013, Ssewanyana yeesimbawo ku ky'omukulembezze [[:en:Federation_of_Uganda_Football_Associations|w'ekibiina ekidukanya omupiira mu Uganda]] (FUFA) ng'ayagala okudda mu bigere by'eyali Pulezidenti w'ekibiina kino mu biseera ebyo, [[:en:Lawrence_Mulindwa|Lawrence Mulindwa]]. Yawandulwamu nga basinziira ku by'ekikugu, nga Moses Magogo yeyasobola okuwangula era nga teyavuganyiziddwa.<ref name="AAS10">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1324298/fufa-exco-endorses-magogo</ref> Mu 2011, Ssewanyana yayingira mu [[:en:Democracy|by'obufuzi eby'okulonda]] ng'ali ku tikiti y'ekibiina kya [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|DP,]] ekyamufuula [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekiddukanya emirimu mu kibuga Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira konsitituweensi ya [[:en:Makindye_Division|Makindye Ey'obugwanjuba]] okutuuka mu 2016, bweyalondebwa okuwereza mu konsitituweensi y'emu mu kifo ekisava eky'okubeera omubaka wa Paalamenti ekyamufuula omubaka mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]] ey'e [[:en:Uganda|Kula lya Afrika]]. Mu Paalamenti ey'ekumi, Ssewanyana awereza ku [[:en:Parliamentary_Committees_of_the_United_Kingdom|kakiiko]] k'Eby'enjigiriza n'Eby'emizannyo ku nsonga z'omwenkano nkano. == Ebimukwatako eby'omunda == Allan Ssewanyana mufumbo nga mukyala we ye Lydia Ssewanyana nga balina abaana babbiri.Yawerezaako ng'omumyuka wa ssentebe ku [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]] okuva mu 2012 okutuuka mu 2015 era ng'omu ku baali ku kakiiko akakulu akaddukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]] mu kaseera k'ekamu. Ssewanyana y'omu kubannanyini era ssentebe wa kiraabu y'omupiira eyitibwa Katwe United FC.<ref name="AAS6">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2019-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328195148/http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yazannyako omupiira ku mutendera gwa [[:en:National_League_(Uganda)|liigi y'eggwanga]] mu ttiimu ya Top TV FC okuva mu 2001 okutuuka mu 2004 bweyamenyeka egumba ly'okukibegabega, obuvune obwamuvirako okunyuka okusamba omupiira.<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1256637/tv-fc-ban</ref> Mu Gwomwenda mu 2021, Allan Sewanyana yavunaanibwa omusango gw'obutemu.<ref>https://fr.africanews.com/2021/09/07/ouganda-deux-deputes-de-l-opposition-accuses-d-orchestrer-des-meurtres/</ref> == Awaadi n'Engule == Ssewanyana awereddwa awaadi ez'enjawulo okusinziira ku mirimu gy'azze akola emyaka egiyise * Mu 2013: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo asinga ku Ttivi <ref name="AAS13">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2020-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107013716/http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Mu 2014: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo ku leediyo ne Ttivi eyali asinga * Mu 2014: Kadanke Awards, Omukulembezze w'abavubuka eyali asinga<ref name="AAS12">http://bigeye.ug/kadanke-unveils-national-youth-festival-awards/</ref> * Mu 2015: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo eyali akira ku balala * Mu 2015: Eyali asinga mu basinga (BB) Awards Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo<ref name="AAS11">http://bigeye.ug/best-best-awards-2016-heres-full-list-nominees/</ref> * Mu 2017: [[:en:Buzz_Teeniez_Awards|Buzz Teeniez Awards]] Engula ya '''''Teeniez Leadership Award''''' == Laba ne bino == * [[:en:Kampala_District|Disitulikiti y'e Kampala]] * [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|Ekibiina ky'eby'obufuzi ekya Democratic Party mu Uganda]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] * [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku mirimu gy'ekibuga Kampala]] == Ebijuliziddwamu == {{Reflist}}"Ndi musanyufu nnyo olw'engeri gyetwakwasaganyamu ensonga ya kawaayiro 102 (b) aka Ssemateeka nga tukozesa obukugu kuba abasinga baakiraba ng'eky'obusiru, naye twatekawo eky'enjawulo"<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/</ref> Allan Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'okuwagira obwegugungo<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/mp-allan-ssewanyana-arrested-for-inciting-violence/</ref> "Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'obwegugungo obwali buva ku kazambi w'eddwaliro ly'e Kirundu."<ref>https://nilepost.co.ug/2019/02/22/video-mps-protest-ssewanyanas-arrest-over-kiruddu-hospital-sewerage-crisis/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwamu w'abweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160319224843/http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721225811/http://nbs.ug/category/sports/lunchtime_sports/ Link to NBS' Lunchtime Sports] * [https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/ On unbecoming behavior to achieve political gains] <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] 8c2as24c7fg0xwmp4snugn4llsjip5x 59724 59723 2026-07-08T16:29:01Z Nakisozi 10800 59724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allan Aloysius Ssewanyana''' yazaalibwa nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986, ng'asinga kumanyibwa "ng''''Omusajja wa Bwino", [[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|m]]'''[[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|unnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo]], [[avunaanyizibwa ku by'esonga z'abakozi]] era munnabyabufuzi Munnayuganda .Yali mubaka wa Paalamenti owa [[Makindye Eyobugwanjuba]].<ref>"SSEWANYANA ALLAN". Parliament of Uganda</ref> era akiikirira [[National Unity Platform]], ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya gavumenti ekisinga mu Uganda.<ref name="LA1">http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Who-will-step-into-Kyanjo-s-large-shoes-in-Makindye-West-/688342-2347440-nuvhe2z/index.html</ref> Ali ku [[:en:Parliamentary_Committees_of_the_United_Kingdom|kakiiko]] k'Ebyenjigiriza n'Ebyemizannyo ne ku kakiiko akalwanirira obw'enkanya mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]]. Akola nga Minisita w'Ebyemizannyo mu [[:en:Shadow_Cabinet|kabineeti ey'ekisikirize]].<ref name="LA1X">http://theinsider.ug/index.php/2017/05/12/govt-not-bothered-chinese-petty-traders-murdering-our-economy-mp-ssewanyana/</ref><ref name="LA1P">http://allafrica.com/stories/201604250755.html</ref> Ssewanyana yaliko [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekidukanya emirimu mu kibuga kya Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira [[:en:Makindye_Division|munisipaali y'e Makindye]]; yaweerezaako ng'[[:en:Sports_journalism|omusunsuzi w'amawulire g'eby'emizannyo]] ku mukutu gwa ttivi ya Nile Broadcasting Services (NBS) ne Top Radio 89.6 FM; omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lwa [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]], ali ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]], ng'era yaliko omumyuka wa ssentebe ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]].<ref name="AAL2">http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Heart-to-Heart/Men-only-cheat-when-their-women-change/691230-2598572-plcy94/index.html</ref><ref name="AAL3">http://bigeye.ug/allan-ssewanyana-resigns-position-kcca/</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Ssewanyana yazaalibwa mu [[:en:Nsambya_Hospital|ddwaliro ly'e Nsambya]], nga bazadde be ye Aloysius ne Sarah Ssendawula ab'e [[:en:Kibuye,_Uganda|Kibuye]], nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986 mu famire ekiririza mu [[:en:Catholic|ddiini y'ekikatuliki]] [[:en:Ganda_people|ey'Abaganda]]. Ye mwana ow'okusatu mu baana omusanvu beyazalibwa n'abo era alina bannyina bana ne baganda be babiri. Pulayimale yagisomera mu kibuga ky'e Kampala ku Nakivubo Blue Primary School gyeyali ng'akulira eby'emizannyo, era nga [[:en:Primary_School_Leaving_Examination|gyeyatuulira P7]] mu 1998. Oluvannyuma yagenda ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School gyeyatulira [[:en:GCE_Ordinary_Level|Siniya ey'okuna]] mu 2002 ne [[:en:Mengo_Senior_School|Mengo Senior School]] gyeyamalira [[:en:Uganda_Advanced_Certificate_of_Education|Siniya ey'omukaaga]] mu 2005. Yawerezaako nga Minisita w'eby'emizannyo ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School n'omukulembezze akulira abayizi ku Mengo Senior School. Ssewanyana yeeyongerayo ku [[:en:Makerere_University|Ssettendekero wa Makerere]] gy'eyatikirwa mu 2008 ne diguli mu [[:en:Human_Resource_Management|kudukanya ensonga z'abakozi]]. Yali akulira abayizi era omu ku baali ku [[:en:Students'_representative_council|kakiiko akakiikirira abayizi]] ku kizimbe kya [[:en:Makerere_University|Ivory Tower]].<ref name="AAL3" /> == Emirimu gye n'ebyobufuzi == Ng'afunye ebaluwa ye eya S6, Ssewanyana yafuna omulimu gw'okukola [[:en:Sports_journalism|ng'omusunsuzi w'eby'emizannyo]] ku Top Radio 89.6 FM mu 2005. Ng'amaliriza okufuna [[:en:Bachelor's_degree|diguli]] ye mu 2008, yafuna omulimu [[:en:Sports_commentator#Sports_presenter.2Fstudio_host|ng'omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo]] ku ttivi ya NBS, ng'ayanjula n'okuwereza pulogulaamu y'eby'emizannyo ku NBA buli lunaku ku malya g'eky'emisana. Mu 2014, era oluvannyuma yafuuka omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lw'eby'emizannyo lw'ebayita [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]] olufulua buli wiiki.<ref name="AAS5">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1322842/kcca-councilor-remanded-defamation</ref> Mu 2013, Ssewanyana yeesimbawo ku ky'omukulembezze [[:en:Federation_of_Uganda_Football_Associations|w'ekibiina ekidukanya omupiira mu Uganda]] (FUFA) ng'ayagala okudda mu bigere by'eyali Pulezidenti w'ekibiina kino mu biseera ebyo, [[:en:Lawrence_Mulindwa|Lawrence Mulindwa]]. Yawandulwamu nga basinziira ku by'ekikugu, nga Moses Magogo yeyasobola okuwangula era nga teyavuganyiziddwa.<ref name="AAS10">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1324298/fufa-exco-endorses-magogo</ref> Mu 2011, Ssewanyana yayingira mu [[:en:Democracy|by'obufuzi eby'okulonda]] ng'ali ku tikiti y'ekibiina kya [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|DP,]] ekyamufuula [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekiddukanya emirimu mu kibuga Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira konsitituweensi ya [[:en:Makindye_Division|Makindye Ey'obugwanjuba]] okutuuka mu 2016, bweyalondebwa okuwereza mu konsitituweensi y'emu mu kifo ekisava eky'okubeera omubaka wa Paalamenti ekyamufuula omubaka mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]] ey'e [[:en:Uganda|Kula lya Afrika]]. Mu Paalamenti ey'ekumi, Ssewanyana awereza ku [[:en:Parliamentary_Committees_of_the_United_Kingdom|kakiiko]] k'Eby'enjigiriza n'Eby'emizannyo ku nsonga z'omwenkano nkano. == Ebimukwatako eby'omunda == Allan Ssewanyana mufumbo nga mukyala we ye Lydia Ssewanyana nga balina abaana babbiri.Yawerezaako ng'omumyuka wa ssentebe ku [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]] okuva mu 2012 okutuuka mu 2015 era ng'omu ku baali ku kakiiko akakulu akaddukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]] mu kaseera k'ekamu. Ssewanyana y'omu kubannanyini era ssentebe wa kiraabu y'omupiira eyitibwa Katwe United FC.<ref name="AAS6">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2019-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328195148/http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yazannyako omupiira ku mutendera gwa [[:en:National_League_(Uganda)|liigi y'eggwanga]] mu ttiimu ya Top TV FC okuva mu 2001 okutuuka mu 2004 bweyamenyeka egumba ly'okukibegabega, obuvune obwamuvirako okunyuka okusamba omupiira.<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1256637/tv-fc-ban</ref> Mu Gwomwenda mu 2021, Allan Sewanyana yavunaanibwa omusango gw'obutemu.<ref>https://fr.africanews.com/2021/09/07/ouganda-deux-deputes-de-l-opposition-accuses-d-orchestrer-des-meurtres/</ref> == Awaadi n'Engule == Ssewanyana awereddwa awaadi ez'enjawulo okusinziira ku mirimu gy'azze akola emyaka egiyise * Mu 2013: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo asinga ku Ttivi <ref name="AAS13">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2020-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107013716/http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Mu 2014: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo ku leediyo ne Ttivi eyali asinga * Mu 2014: Kadanke Awards, Omukulembezze w'abavubuka eyali asinga<ref name="AAS12">http://bigeye.ug/kadanke-unveils-national-youth-festival-awards/</ref> * Mu 2015: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo eyali akira ku balala * Mu 2015: Eyali asinga mu basinga (BB) Awards Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo<ref name="AAS11">http://bigeye.ug/best-best-awards-2016-heres-full-list-nominees/</ref> * Mu 2017: [[:en:Buzz_Teeniez_Awards|Buzz Teeniez Awards]] Engula ya '''''Teeniez Leadership Award''''' == Laba ne bino == * [[:en:Kampala_District|Disitulikiti y'e Kampala]] * [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|Ekibiina ky'eby'obufuzi ekya Democratic Party mu Uganda]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] * [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku mirimu gy'ekibuga Kampala]] == Ebijuliziddwamu == {{Reflist}}"Ndi musanyufu nnyo olw'engeri gyetwakwasaganyamu ensonga ya kawaayiro 102 (b) aka Ssemateeka nga tukozesa obukugu kuba abasinga baakiraba ng'eky'obusiru, naye twatekawo eky'enjawulo"<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/</ref> Allan Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'okuwagira obwegugungo<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/mp-allan-ssewanyana-arrested-for-inciting-violence/</ref> "Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'obwegugungo obwali buva ku kazambi w'eddwaliro ly'e Kirundu."<ref>https://nilepost.co.ug/2019/02/22/video-mps-protest-ssewanyanas-arrest-over-kiruddu-hospital-sewerage-crisis/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwamu w'abweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160319224843/http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721225811/http://nbs.ug/category/sports/lunchtime_sports/ Link to NBS' Lunchtime Sports] * [https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/ On unbecoming behavior to achieve political gains] <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] 94bzh643rbzilsb6roq8txh4inmbb38 59733 59724 2026-07-08T17:09:37Z Nakisozi 10800 59733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allan Aloysius Ssewanyana''' yazaalibwa nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986, ng'asinga kumanyibwa "ng''''Omusajja wa Bwino", [[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|m]]'''[[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|unnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo]], [[avunaanyizibwa ku by'esonga z'abakozi]] era munnabyabufuzi Munnayuganda .Yali mubaka wa Paalamenti owa [[Makindye Eyobugwanjuba]].<ref>"SSEWANYANA ALLAN". Parliament of Uganda</ref> era omukiise wa [[National Unity Platform]], ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya gavumenti ekisinga obunene mu Uganda.<ref name="LA1">http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Who-will-step-into-Kyanjo-s-large-shoes-in-Makindye-West-/688342-2347440-nuvhe2z/index.html</ref> Ali ku [[:en:Parliamentary_Committees_of_the_United_Kingdom|kakiiko]] k'Ebyenjigiriza n'Ebyemizannyo ne ku kakiiko akalwanirira obw'enkanya mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]]. Akola nga Minisita w'Ebyemizannyo mu [[:en:Shadow_Cabinet|kabineeti ey'ekisikirize]].<ref name="LA1X">http://theinsider.ug/index.php/2017/05/12/govt-not-bothered-chinese-petty-traders-murdering-our-economy-mp-ssewanyana/</ref><ref name="LA1P">http://allafrica.com/stories/201604250755.html</ref> Ssewanyana yaliko [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekidukanya emirimu mu kibuga kya Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira [[:en:Makindye_Division|munisipaali y'e Makindye]]; yaweerezaako ng'[[:en:Sports_journalism|omusunsuzi w'amawulire g'eby'emizannyo]] ku mukutu gwa ttivi ya Nile Broadcasting Services (NBS) ne Top Radio 89.6 FM; omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lwa [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]], ali ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]], ng'era yaliko omumyuka wa ssentebe ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]].<ref name="AAL2">http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Heart-to-Heart/Men-only-cheat-when-their-women-change/691230-2598572-plcy94/index.html</ref><ref name="AAL3">http://bigeye.ug/allan-ssewanyana-resigns-position-kcca/</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Ssewanyana yazaalibwa mu [[:en:Nsambya_Hospital|ddwaliro ly'e Nsambya]], nga bazadde be ye Aloysius ne Sarah Ssendawula ab'e [[:en:Kibuye,_Uganda|Kibuye]], nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986 mu famire ekiririza mu [[:en:Catholic|ddiini y'ekikatuliki]] [[:en:Ganda_people|ey'Abaganda]]. Ye mwana ow'okusatu mu baana omusanvu beyazalibwa n'abo era alina bannyina bana ne baganda be babiri. Pulayimale yagisomera mu kibuga ky'e Kampala ku Nakivubo Blue Primary School gyeyali ng'akulira eby'emizannyo, era nga [[:en:Primary_School_Leaving_Examination|gyeyatuulira P7]] mu 1998. Oluvannyuma yagenda ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School gyeyatulira [[:en:GCE_Ordinary_Level|Siniya ey'okuna]] mu 2002 ne [[:en:Mengo_Senior_School|Mengo Senior School]] gyeyamalira [[:en:Uganda_Advanced_Certificate_of_Education|Siniya ey'omukaaga]] mu 2005. Yawerezaako nga Minisita w'eby'emizannyo ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School n'omukulembezze akulira abayizi ku Mengo Senior School. Ssewanyana yeeyongerayo ku [[:en:Makerere_University|Ssettendekero wa Makerere]] gy'eyatikirwa mu 2008 ne diguli mu [[:en:Human_Resource_Management|kudukanya ensonga z'abakozi]]. Yali akulira abayizi era omu ku baali ku [[:en:Students'_representative_council|kakiiko akakiikirira abayizi]] ku kizimbe kya [[:en:Makerere_University|Ivory Tower]].<ref name="AAL3" /> == Emirimu gye n'ebyobufuzi == Ng'afunye ebaluwa ye eya S6, Ssewanyana yafuna omulimu gw'okukola [[:en:Sports_journalism|ng'omusunsuzi w'eby'emizannyo]] ku Top Radio 89.6 FM mu 2005. Ng'amaliriza okufuna [[:en:Bachelor's_degree|diguli]] ye mu 2008, yafuna omulimu [[:en:Sports_commentator#Sports_presenter.2Fstudio_host|ng'omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo]] ku ttivi ya NBS, ng'ayanjula n'okuwereza pulogulaamu y'eby'emizannyo ku NBA buli lunaku ku malya g'eky'emisana. Mu 2014, era oluvannyuma yafuuka omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lw'eby'emizannyo lw'ebayita [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]] olufulua buli wiiki.<ref name="AAS5">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1322842/kcca-councilor-remanded-defamation</ref> Mu 2013, Ssewanyana yeesimbawo ku ky'omukulembezze [[:en:Federation_of_Uganda_Football_Associations|w'ekibiina ekidukanya omupiira mu Uganda]] (FUFA) ng'ayagala okudda mu bigere by'eyali Pulezidenti w'ekibiina kino mu biseera ebyo, [[:en:Lawrence_Mulindwa|Lawrence Mulindwa]]. Yawandulwamu nga basinziira ku by'ekikugu, nga Moses Magogo yeyasobola okuwangula era nga teyavuganyiziddwa.<ref name="AAS10">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1324298/fufa-exco-endorses-magogo</ref> Mu 2011, Ssewanyana yayingira mu [[:en:Democracy|by'obufuzi eby'okulonda]] ng'ali ku tikiti y'ekibiina kya [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|DP,]] ekyamufuula [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekiddukanya emirimu mu kibuga Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira konsitituweensi ya [[:en:Makindye_Division|Makindye Ey'obugwanjuba]] okutuuka mu 2016, bweyalondebwa okuwereza mu konsitituweensi y'emu mu kifo ekisava eky'okubeera omubaka wa Paalamenti ekyamufuula omubaka mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]] ey'e [[:en:Uganda|Kula lya Afrika]]. Mu Paalamenti ey'ekumi, Ssewanyana awereza ku [[:en:Parliamentary_Committees_of_the_United_Kingdom|kakiiko]] k'Eby'enjigiriza n'Eby'emizannyo ku nsonga z'omwenkano nkano. == Ebimukwatako eby'omunda == Allan Ssewanyana mufumbo nga mukyala we ye Lydia Ssewanyana nga balina abaana babbiri.Yawerezaako ng'omumyuka wa ssentebe ku [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]] okuva mu 2012 okutuuka mu 2015 era ng'omu ku baali ku kakiiko akakulu akaddukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]] mu kaseera k'ekamu. Ssewanyana y'omu kubannanyini era ssentebe wa kiraabu y'omupiira eyitibwa Katwe United FC.<ref name="AAS6">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2019-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328195148/http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yazannyako omupiira ku mutendera gwa [[:en:National_League_(Uganda)|liigi y'eggwanga]] mu ttiimu ya Top TV FC okuva mu 2001 okutuuka mu 2004 bweyamenyeka egumba ly'okukibegabega, obuvune obwamuvirako okunyuka okusamba omupiira.<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1256637/tv-fc-ban</ref> Mu Gwomwenda mu 2021, Allan Sewanyana yavunaanibwa omusango gw'obutemu.<ref>https://fr.africanews.com/2021/09/07/ouganda-deux-deputes-de-l-opposition-accuses-d-orchestrer-des-meurtres/</ref> == Awaadi n'Engule == Ssewanyana awereddwa awaadi ez'enjawulo okusinziira ku mirimu gy'azze akola emyaka egiyise * Mu 2013: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo asinga ku Ttivi <ref name="AAS13">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2020-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107013716/http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Mu 2014: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo ku leediyo ne Ttivi eyali asinga * Mu 2014: Kadanke Awards, Omukulembezze w'abavubuka eyali asinga<ref name="AAS12">http://bigeye.ug/kadanke-unveils-national-youth-festival-awards/</ref> * Mu 2015: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo eyali akira ku balala * Mu 2015: Eyali asinga mu basinga (BB) Awards Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo<ref name="AAS11">http://bigeye.ug/best-best-awards-2016-heres-full-list-nominees/</ref> * Mu 2017: [[:en:Buzz_Teeniez_Awards|Buzz Teeniez Awards]] Engula ya '''''Teeniez Leadership Award''''' == Laba ne bino == * [[:en:Kampala_District|Disitulikiti y'e Kampala]] * [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|Ekibiina ky'eby'obufuzi ekya Democratic Party mu Uganda]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] * [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku mirimu gy'ekibuga Kampala]] == Ebijuliziddwamu == {{Reflist}}"Ndi musanyufu nnyo olw'engeri gyetwakwasaganyamu ensonga ya kawaayiro 102 (b) aka Ssemateeka nga tukozesa obukugu kuba abasinga baakiraba ng'eky'obusiru, naye twatekawo eky'enjawulo"<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/</ref> Allan Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'okuwagira obwegugungo<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/mp-allan-ssewanyana-arrested-for-inciting-violence/</ref> "Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'obwegugungo obwali buva ku kazambi w'eddwaliro ly'e Kirundu."<ref>https://nilepost.co.ug/2019/02/22/video-mps-protest-ssewanyanas-arrest-over-kiruddu-hospital-sewerage-crisis/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwamu w'abweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160319224843/http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721225811/http://nbs.ug/category/sports/lunchtime_sports/ Link to NBS' Lunchtime Sports] * [https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/ On unbecoming behavior to achieve political gains] <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] gtx8hjwwyaepg60x4xs6bjng9rkibit 59734 59733 2026-07-08T17:10:43Z Nakisozi 10800 59734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allan Aloysius Ssewanyana''' yazaalibwa nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986, ng'asinga kumanyibwa "ng''''Omusajja wa Bwino", [[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|m]]'''[[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|unnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo]], [[avunaanyizibwa ku by'esonga z'abakozi]] era munnabyabufuzi Munnayuganda .Yali mubaka wa Paalamenti owa [[Makindye Eyobugwanjuba]].<ref>"SSEWANYANA ALLAN". Parliament of Uganda</ref> era omukiise wa [[National Unity Platform]], ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya gavumenti ekisinga obunene mu Uganda.<ref>"Who will step into Kyanjo's large shoes in Makindye West?". Daily Monitor. 2 February 2021.</ref> Ali ku [[:en:Parliamentary_Committees_of_the_United_Kingdom|kakiiko]] k'Ebyenjigiriza n'Ebyemizannyo ne ku kakiiko akalwanirira obw'enkanya mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]]. Akola nga Minisita w'Ebyemizannyo mu [[:en:Shadow_Cabinet|kabineeti ey'ekisikirize]].<ref name="LA1X">http://theinsider.ug/index.php/2017/05/12/govt-not-bothered-chinese-petty-traders-murdering-our-economy-mp-ssewanyana/</ref><ref name="LA1P">http://allafrica.com/stories/201604250755.html</ref> Ssewanyana yaliko [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekidukanya emirimu mu kibuga kya Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira [[:en:Makindye_Division|munisipaali y'e Makindye]]; yaweerezaako ng'[[:en:Sports_journalism|omusunsuzi w'amawulire g'eby'emizannyo]] ku mukutu gwa ttivi ya Nile Broadcasting Services (NBS) ne Top Radio 89.6 FM; omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lwa [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]], ali ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]], ng'era yaliko omumyuka wa ssentebe ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]].<ref name="AAL2">http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Heart-to-Heart/Men-only-cheat-when-their-women-change/691230-2598572-plcy94/index.html</ref><ref name="AAL3">http://bigeye.ug/allan-ssewanyana-resigns-position-kcca/</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Ssewanyana yazaalibwa mu [[:en:Nsambya_Hospital|ddwaliro ly'e Nsambya]], nga bazadde be ye Aloysius ne Sarah Ssendawula ab'e [[:en:Kibuye,_Uganda|Kibuye]], nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986 mu famire ekiririza mu [[:en:Catholic|ddiini y'ekikatuliki]] [[:en:Ganda_people|ey'Abaganda]]. Ye mwana ow'okusatu mu baana omusanvu beyazalibwa n'abo era alina bannyina bana ne baganda be babiri. Pulayimale yagisomera mu kibuga ky'e Kampala ku Nakivubo Blue Primary School gyeyali ng'akulira eby'emizannyo, era nga [[:en:Primary_School_Leaving_Examination|gyeyatuulira P7]] mu 1998. Oluvannyuma yagenda ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School gyeyatulira [[:en:GCE_Ordinary_Level|Siniya ey'okuna]] mu 2002 ne [[:en:Mengo_Senior_School|Mengo Senior School]] gyeyamalira [[:en:Uganda_Advanced_Certificate_of_Education|Siniya ey'omukaaga]] mu 2005. Yawerezaako nga Minisita w'eby'emizannyo ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School n'omukulembezze akulira abayizi ku Mengo Senior School. Ssewanyana yeeyongerayo ku [[:en:Makerere_University|Ssettendekero wa Makerere]] gy'eyatikirwa mu 2008 ne diguli mu [[:en:Human_Resource_Management|kudukanya ensonga z'abakozi]]. Yali akulira abayizi era omu ku baali ku [[:en:Students'_representative_council|kakiiko akakiikirira abayizi]] ku kizimbe kya [[:en:Makerere_University|Ivory Tower]].<ref name="AAL3" /> == Emirimu gye n'ebyobufuzi == Ng'afunye ebaluwa ye eya S6, Ssewanyana yafuna omulimu gw'okukola [[:en:Sports_journalism|ng'omusunsuzi w'eby'emizannyo]] ku Top Radio 89.6 FM mu 2005. Ng'amaliriza okufuna [[:en:Bachelor's_degree|diguli]] ye mu 2008, yafuna omulimu [[:en:Sports_commentator#Sports_presenter.2Fstudio_host|ng'omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo]] ku ttivi ya NBS, ng'ayanjula n'okuwereza pulogulaamu y'eby'emizannyo ku NBA buli lunaku ku malya g'eky'emisana. Mu 2014, era oluvannyuma yafuuka omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lw'eby'emizannyo lw'ebayita [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]] olufulua buli wiiki.<ref name="AAS5">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1322842/kcca-councilor-remanded-defamation</ref> Mu 2013, Ssewanyana yeesimbawo ku ky'omukulembezze [[:en:Federation_of_Uganda_Football_Associations|w'ekibiina ekidukanya omupiira mu Uganda]] (FUFA) ng'ayagala okudda mu bigere by'eyali Pulezidenti w'ekibiina kino mu biseera ebyo, [[:en:Lawrence_Mulindwa|Lawrence Mulindwa]]. Yawandulwamu nga basinziira ku by'ekikugu, nga Moses Magogo yeyasobola okuwangula era nga teyavuganyiziddwa.<ref name="AAS10">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1324298/fufa-exco-endorses-magogo</ref> Mu 2011, Ssewanyana yayingira mu [[:en:Democracy|by'obufuzi eby'okulonda]] ng'ali ku tikiti y'ekibiina kya [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|DP,]] ekyamufuula [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekiddukanya emirimu mu kibuga Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira konsitituweensi ya [[:en:Makindye_Division|Makindye Ey'obugwanjuba]] okutuuka mu 2016, bweyalondebwa okuwereza mu konsitituweensi y'emu mu kifo ekisava eky'okubeera omubaka wa Paalamenti ekyamufuula omubaka mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]] ey'e [[:en:Uganda|Kula lya Afrika]]. Mu Paalamenti ey'ekumi, Ssewanyana awereza ku [[:en:Parliamentary_Committees_of_the_United_Kingdom|kakiiko]] k'Eby'enjigiriza n'Eby'emizannyo ku nsonga z'omwenkano nkano. == Ebimukwatako eby'omunda == Allan Ssewanyana mufumbo nga mukyala we ye Lydia Ssewanyana nga balina abaana babbiri.Yawerezaako ng'omumyuka wa ssentebe ku [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]] okuva mu 2012 okutuuka mu 2015 era ng'omu ku baali ku kakiiko akakulu akaddukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]] mu kaseera k'ekamu. Ssewanyana y'omu kubannanyini era ssentebe wa kiraabu y'omupiira eyitibwa Katwe United FC.<ref name="AAS6">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2019-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328195148/http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yazannyako omupiira ku mutendera gwa [[:en:National_League_(Uganda)|liigi y'eggwanga]] mu ttiimu ya Top TV FC okuva mu 2001 okutuuka mu 2004 bweyamenyeka egumba ly'okukibegabega, obuvune obwamuvirako okunyuka okusamba omupiira.<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1256637/tv-fc-ban</ref> Mu Gwomwenda mu 2021, Allan Sewanyana yavunaanibwa omusango gw'obutemu.<ref>https://fr.africanews.com/2021/09/07/ouganda-deux-deputes-de-l-opposition-accuses-d-orchestrer-des-meurtres/</ref> == Awaadi n'Engule == Ssewanyana awereddwa awaadi ez'enjawulo okusinziira ku mirimu gy'azze akola emyaka egiyise * Mu 2013: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo asinga ku Ttivi <ref name="AAS13">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2020-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107013716/http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Mu 2014: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo ku leediyo ne Ttivi eyali asinga * Mu 2014: Kadanke Awards, Omukulembezze w'abavubuka eyali asinga<ref name="AAS12">http://bigeye.ug/kadanke-unveils-national-youth-festival-awards/</ref> * Mu 2015: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo eyali akira ku balala * Mu 2015: Eyali asinga mu basinga (BB) Awards Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo<ref name="AAS11">http://bigeye.ug/best-best-awards-2016-heres-full-list-nominees/</ref> * Mu 2017: [[:en:Buzz_Teeniez_Awards|Buzz Teeniez Awards]] Engula ya '''''Teeniez Leadership Award''''' == Laba ne bino == * [[:en:Kampala_District|Disitulikiti y'e Kampala]] * [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|Ekibiina ky'eby'obufuzi ekya Democratic Party mu Uganda]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] * [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku mirimu gy'ekibuga Kampala]] == Ebijuliziddwamu == {{Reflist}}"Ndi musanyufu nnyo olw'engeri gyetwakwasaganyamu ensonga ya kawaayiro 102 (b) aka Ssemateeka nga tukozesa obukugu kuba abasinga baakiraba ng'eky'obusiru, naye twatekawo eky'enjawulo"<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/</ref> Allan Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'okuwagira obwegugungo<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/mp-allan-ssewanyana-arrested-for-inciting-violence/</ref> "Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'obwegugungo obwali buva ku kazambi w'eddwaliro ly'e Kirundu."<ref>https://nilepost.co.ug/2019/02/22/video-mps-protest-ssewanyanas-arrest-over-kiruddu-hospital-sewerage-crisis/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwamu w'abweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160319224843/http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721225811/http://nbs.ug/category/sports/lunchtime_sports/ Link to NBS' Lunchtime Sports] * [https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/ On unbecoming behavior to achieve political gains] <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] tlnwkcbcuzst2tyrng9mz77n6r72t81 59736 59734 2026-07-08T17:16:23Z Nakisozi 10800 59736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allan Aloysius Ssewanyana''' yazaalibwa nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986, ng'asinga kumanyibwa "ng''''Omusajja wa Bwino", [[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|m]]'''[[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|unnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo]], [[avunaanyizibwa ku by'esonga z'abakozi]] era munnabyabufuzi Munnayuganda .Yali mubaka wa Paalamenti owa [[Makindye Eyobugwanjuba]].<ref>"SSEWANYANA ALLAN". Parliament of Uganda</ref> era omukiise owa [[National Unity Platform]], ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya gavumenti ekisinga obunene mu Uganda.<ref>"Who will step into Kyanjo's large shoes in Makindye West?". Daily Monitor. 2 February 2021.</ref> Mmeba wa [[kakiiko]] k'ebyenjigiriza n'ebyemizannyo ne ku kakiiko akalwanirira obw'enkanya mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]]. Akola nga Minisita w'Ebyemizannyo mu [[:en:Shadow_Cabinet|kabineeti ey'ekisikirize]].<ref name="LA1X">http://theinsider.ug/index.php/2017/05/12/govt-not-bothered-chinese-petty-traders-murdering-our-economy-mp-ssewanyana/</ref><ref name="LA1P">http://allafrica.com/stories/201604250755.html</ref> Ssewanyana yaliko [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekidukanya emirimu mu kibuga kya Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira [[:en:Makindye_Division|munisipaali y'e Makindye]]; yaweerezaako ng'[[:en:Sports_journalism|omusunsuzi w'amawulire g'eby'emizannyo]] ku mukutu gwa ttivi ya Nile Broadcasting Services (NBS) ne Top Radio 89.6 FM; omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lwa [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]], ali ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]], ng'era yaliko omumyuka wa ssentebe ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]].<ref name="AAL2">http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Heart-to-Heart/Men-only-cheat-when-their-women-change/691230-2598572-plcy94/index.html</ref><ref name="AAL3">http://bigeye.ug/allan-ssewanyana-resigns-position-kcca/</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Ssewanyana yazaalibwa mu [[:en:Nsambya_Hospital|ddwaliro ly'e Nsambya]], nga bazadde be ye Aloysius ne Sarah Ssendawula ab'e [[:en:Kibuye,_Uganda|Kibuye]], nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986 mu famire ekiririza mu [[:en:Catholic|ddiini y'ekikatuliki]] [[:en:Ganda_people|ey'Abaganda]]. Ye mwana ow'okusatu mu baana omusanvu beyazalibwa n'abo era alina bannyina bana ne baganda be babiri. Pulayimale yagisomera mu kibuga ky'e Kampala ku Nakivubo Blue Primary School gyeyali ng'akulira eby'emizannyo, era nga [[:en:Primary_School_Leaving_Examination|gyeyatuulira P7]] mu 1998. Oluvannyuma yagenda ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School gyeyatulira [[:en:GCE_Ordinary_Level|Siniya ey'okuna]] mu 2002 ne [[:en:Mengo_Senior_School|Mengo Senior School]] gyeyamalira [[:en:Uganda_Advanced_Certificate_of_Education|Siniya ey'omukaaga]] mu 2005. Yawerezaako nga Minisita w'eby'emizannyo ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School n'omukulembezze akulira abayizi ku Mengo Senior School. Ssewanyana yeeyongerayo ku [[:en:Makerere_University|Ssettendekero wa Makerere]] gy'eyatikirwa mu 2008 ne diguli mu [[:en:Human_Resource_Management|kudukanya ensonga z'abakozi]]. Yali akulira abayizi era omu ku baali ku [[:en:Students'_representative_council|kakiiko akakiikirira abayizi]] ku kizimbe kya [[:en:Makerere_University|Ivory Tower]].<ref name="AAL3" /> == Emirimu gye n'ebyobufuzi == Ng'afunye ebaluwa ye eya S6, Ssewanyana yafuna omulimu gw'okukola [[:en:Sports_journalism|ng'omusunsuzi w'eby'emizannyo]] ku Top Radio 89.6 FM mu 2005. Ng'amaliriza okufuna [[:en:Bachelor's_degree|diguli]] ye mu 2008, yafuna omulimu [[:en:Sports_commentator#Sports_presenter.2Fstudio_host|ng'omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo]] ku ttivi ya NBS, ng'ayanjula n'okuwereza pulogulaamu y'eby'emizannyo ku NBA buli lunaku ku malya g'eky'emisana. Mu 2014, era oluvannyuma yafuuka omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lw'eby'emizannyo lw'ebayita [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]] olufulua buli wiiki.<ref name="AAS5">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1322842/kcca-councilor-remanded-defamation</ref> Mu 2013, Ssewanyana yeesimbawo ku ky'omukulembezze [[:en:Federation_of_Uganda_Football_Associations|w'ekibiina ekidukanya omupiira mu Uganda]] (FUFA) ng'ayagala okudda mu bigere by'eyali Pulezidenti w'ekibiina kino mu biseera ebyo, [[:en:Lawrence_Mulindwa|Lawrence Mulindwa]]. Yawandulwamu nga basinziira ku by'ekikugu, nga Moses Magogo yeyasobola okuwangula era nga teyavuganyiziddwa.<ref name="AAS10">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1324298/fufa-exco-endorses-magogo</ref> Mu 2011, Ssewanyana yayingira mu [[:en:Democracy|by'obufuzi eby'okulonda]] ng'ali ku tikiti y'ekibiina kya [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|DP,]] ekyamufuula [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekiddukanya emirimu mu kibuga Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira konsitituweensi ya [[:en:Makindye_Division|Makindye Ey'obugwanjuba]] okutuuka mu 2016, bweyalondebwa okuwereza mu konsitituweensi y'emu mu kifo ekisava eky'okubeera omubaka wa Paalamenti ekyamufuula omubaka mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]] ey'e [[:en:Uganda|Kula lya Afrika]]. Mu Paalamenti ey'ekumi, Ssewanyana awereza ku [[:en:Parliamentary_Committees_of_the_United_Kingdom|kakiiko]] k'Eby'enjigiriza n'Eby'emizannyo ku nsonga z'omwenkano nkano. == Ebimukwatako eby'omunda == Allan Ssewanyana mufumbo nga mukyala we ye Lydia Ssewanyana nga balina abaana babbiri.Yawerezaako ng'omumyuka wa ssentebe ku [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]] okuva mu 2012 okutuuka mu 2015 era ng'omu ku baali ku kakiiko akakulu akaddukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]] mu kaseera k'ekamu. Ssewanyana y'omu kubannanyini era ssentebe wa kiraabu y'omupiira eyitibwa Katwe United FC.<ref name="AAS6">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2019-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328195148/http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yazannyako omupiira ku mutendera gwa [[:en:National_League_(Uganda)|liigi y'eggwanga]] mu ttiimu ya Top TV FC okuva mu 2001 okutuuka mu 2004 bweyamenyeka egumba ly'okukibegabega, obuvune obwamuvirako okunyuka okusamba omupiira.<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1256637/tv-fc-ban</ref> Mu Gwomwenda mu 2021, Allan Sewanyana yavunaanibwa omusango gw'obutemu.<ref>https://fr.africanews.com/2021/09/07/ouganda-deux-deputes-de-l-opposition-accuses-d-orchestrer-des-meurtres/</ref> == Awaadi n'Engule == Ssewanyana awereddwa awaadi ez'enjawulo okusinziira ku mirimu gy'azze akola emyaka egiyise * Mu 2013: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo asinga ku Ttivi <ref name="AAS13">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2020-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107013716/http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Mu 2014: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo ku leediyo ne Ttivi eyali asinga * Mu 2014: Kadanke Awards, Omukulembezze w'abavubuka eyali asinga<ref name="AAS12">http://bigeye.ug/kadanke-unveils-national-youth-festival-awards/</ref> * Mu 2015: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo eyali akira ku balala * Mu 2015: Eyali asinga mu basinga (BB) Awards Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo<ref name="AAS11">http://bigeye.ug/best-best-awards-2016-heres-full-list-nominees/</ref> * Mu 2017: [[:en:Buzz_Teeniez_Awards|Buzz Teeniez Awards]] Engula ya '''''Teeniez Leadership Award''''' == Laba ne bino == * [[:en:Kampala_District|Disitulikiti y'e Kampala]] * [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|Ekibiina ky'eby'obufuzi ekya Democratic Party mu Uganda]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] * [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku mirimu gy'ekibuga Kampala]] == Ebijuliziddwamu == {{Reflist}}"Ndi musanyufu nnyo olw'engeri gyetwakwasaganyamu ensonga ya kawaayiro 102 (b) aka Ssemateeka nga tukozesa obukugu kuba abasinga baakiraba ng'eky'obusiru, naye twatekawo eky'enjawulo"<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/</ref> Allan Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'okuwagira obwegugungo<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/mp-allan-ssewanyana-arrested-for-inciting-violence/</ref> "Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'obwegugungo obwali buva ku kazambi w'eddwaliro ly'e Kirundu."<ref>https://nilepost.co.ug/2019/02/22/video-mps-protest-ssewanyanas-arrest-over-kiruddu-hospital-sewerage-crisis/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwamu w'abweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160319224843/http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721225811/http://nbs.ug/category/sports/lunchtime_sports/ Link to NBS' Lunchtime Sports] * [https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/ On unbecoming behavior to achieve political gains] <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] rsvwybg4rmj9yv5k30e9gsqxegyqzlh 59737 59736 2026-07-08T17:23:40Z Nakisozi 10800 59737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allan Aloysius Ssewanyana''' yazaalibwa nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986, ng'asinga kumanyibwa "ng''''Omusajja wa Bwino", [[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|m]]'''[[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|unnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo]], [[avunaanyizibwa ku by'esonga z'abakozi]] era munnabyabufuzi Munnayuganda .Yali mubaka wa Paalamenti owa [[Makindye Eyobugwanjuba]].<ref>"SSEWANYANA ALLAN". Parliament of Uganda</ref> era omukiise owa [[National Unity Platform]], ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya gavumenti ekisinga obunene mu Uganda.<ref>"Who will step into Kyanjo's large shoes in Makindye West?". Daily Monitor. 2 February 2021.</ref> Mmemba w'[[Akakiiko]] k'ebyenjigiriza n'ebyemizannyo ne ku kakiiko akalwanirira obw'enkanya mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]]. Akola nga Minisita w'Ebyemizannyo mu [[:en:Shadow_Cabinet|kabineeti ey'ekisikirize]].<ref name="LA1X">http://theinsider.ug/index.php/2017/05/12/govt-not-bothered-chinese-petty-traders-murdering-our-economy-mp-ssewanyana/</ref><ref name="LA1P">http://allafrica.com/stories/201604250755.html</ref> Ssewanyana yaliko [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekidukanya emirimu mu kibuga kya Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira [[:en:Makindye_Division|munisipaali y'e Makindye]]; yaweerezaako ng'[[:en:Sports_journalism|omusunsuzi w'amawulire g'eby'emizannyo]] ku mukutu gwa ttivi ya Nile Broadcasting Services (NBS) ne Top Radio 89.6 FM; omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lwa [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]], ali ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]], ng'era yaliko omumyuka wa ssentebe ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]].<ref name="AAL2">http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Heart-to-Heart/Men-only-cheat-when-their-women-change/691230-2598572-plcy94/index.html</ref><ref name="AAL3">http://bigeye.ug/allan-ssewanyana-resigns-position-kcca/</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Ssewanyana yazaalibwa mu [[:en:Nsambya_Hospital|ddwaliro ly'e Nsambya]], nga bazadde be ye Aloysius ne Sarah Ssendawula ab'e [[:en:Kibuye,_Uganda|Kibuye]], nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986 mu famire ekiririza mu [[:en:Catholic|ddiini y'ekikatuliki]] [[:en:Ganda_people|ey'Abaganda]]. Ye mwana ow'okusatu mu baana omusanvu beyazalibwa n'abo era alina bannyina bana ne baganda be babiri. Pulayimale yagisomera mu kibuga ky'e Kampala ku Nakivubo Blue Primary School gyeyali ng'akulira eby'emizannyo, era nga [[:en:Primary_School_Leaving_Examination|gyeyatuulira P7]] mu 1998. Oluvannyuma yagenda ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School gyeyatulira [[:en:GCE_Ordinary_Level|Siniya ey'okuna]] mu 2002 ne [[:en:Mengo_Senior_School|Mengo Senior School]] gyeyamalira [[:en:Uganda_Advanced_Certificate_of_Education|Siniya ey'omukaaga]] mu 2005. Yawerezaako nga Minisita w'eby'emizannyo ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School n'omukulembezze akulira abayizi ku Mengo Senior School. Ssewanyana yeeyongerayo ku [[:en:Makerere_University|Ssettendekero wa Makerere]] gy'eyatikirwa mu 2008 ne diguli mu [[:en:Human_Resource_Management|kudukanya ensonga z'abakozi]]. Yali akulira abayizi era omu ku baali ku [[:en:Students'_representative_council|kakiiko akakiikirira abayizi]] ku kizimbe kya [[:en:Makerere_University|Ivory Tower]].<ref name="AAL3" /> == Emirimu gye n'ebyobufuzi == Ng'afunye ebaluwa ye eya S6, Ssewanyana yafuna omulimu gw'okukola [[:en:Sports_journalism|ng'omusunsuzi w'eby'emizannyo]] ku Top Radio 89.6 FM mu 2005. Ng'amaliriza okufuna [[:en:Bachelor's_degree|diguli]] ye mu 2008, yafuna omulimu [[:en:Sports_commentator#Sports_presenter.2Fstudio_host|ng'omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo]] ku ttivi ya NBS, ng'ayanjula n'okuwereza pulogulaamu y'eby'emizannyo ku NBA buli lunaku ku malya g'eky'emisana. Mu 2014, era oluvannyuma yafuuka omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lw'eby'emizannyo lw'ebayita [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]] olufulua buli wiiki.<ref name="AAS5">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1322842/kcca-councilor-remanded-defamation</ref> Mu 2013, Ssewanyana yeesimbawo ku ky'omukulembezze [[:en:Federation_of_Uganda_Football_Associations|w'ekibiina ekidukanya omupiira mu Uganda]] (FUFA) ng'ayagala okudda mu bigere by'eyali Pulezidenti w'ekibiina kino mu biseera ebyo, [[:en:Lawrence_Mulindwa|Lawrence Mulindwa]]. Yawandulwamu nga basinziira ku by'ekikugu, nga Moses Magogo yeyasobola okuwangula era nga teyavuganyiziddwa.<ref name="AAS10">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1324298/fufa-exco-endorses-magogo</ref> Mu 2011, Ssewanyana yayingira mu [[:en:Democracy|by'obufuzi eby'okulonda]] ng'ali ku tikiti y'ekibiina kya [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|DP,]] ekyamufuula [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekiddukanya emirimu mu kibuga Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira konsitituweensi ya [[:en:Makindye_Division|Makindye Ey'obugwanjuba]] okutuuka mu 2016, bweyalondebwa okuwereza mu konsitituweensi y'emu mu kifo ekisava eky'okubeera omubaka wa Paalamenti ekyamufuula omubaka mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]] ey'e [[:en:Uganda|Kula lya Afrika]]. Mu Paalamenti ey'ekumi, Ssewanyana awereza ku [[:en:Parliamentary_Committees_of_the_United_Kingdom|kakiiko]] k'Eby'enjigiriza n'Eby'emizannyo ku nsonga z'omwenkano nkano. == Ebimukwatako eby'omunda == Allan Ssewanyana mufumbo nga mukyala we ye Lydia Ssewanyana nga balina abaana babbiri.Yawerezaako ng'omumyuka wa ssentebe ku [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]] okuva mu 2012 okutuuka mu 2015 era ng'omu ku baali ku kakiiko akakulu akaddukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]] mu kaseera k'ekamu. Ssewanyana y'omu kubannanyini era ssentebe wa kiraabu y'omupiira eyitibwa Katwe United FC.<ref name="AAS6">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2019-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328195148/http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yazannyako omupiira ku mutendera gwa [[:en:National_League_(Uganda)|liigi y'eggwanga]] mu ttiimu ya Top TV FC okuva mu 2001 okutuuka mu 2004 bweyamenyeka egumba ly'okukibegabega, obuvune obwamuvirako okunyuka okusamba omupiira.<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1256637/tv-fc-ban</ref> Mu Gwomwenda mu 2021, Allan Sewanyana yavunaanibwa omusango gw'obutemu.<ref>https://fr.africanews.com/2021/09/07/ouganda-deux-deputes-de-l-opposition-accuses-d-orchestrer-des-meurtres/</ref> == Awaadi n'Engule == Ssewanyana awereddwa awaadi ez'enjawulo okusinziira ku mirimu gy'azze akola emyaka egiyise * Mu 2013: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo asinga ku Ttivi <ref name="AAS13">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2020-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107013716/http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Mu 2014: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo ku leediyo ne Ttivi eyali asinga * Mu 2014: Kadanke Awards, Omukulembezze w'abavubuka eyali asinga<ref name="AAS12">http://bigeye.ug/kadanke-unveils-national-youth-festival-awards/</ref> * Mu 2015: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo eyali akira ku balala * Mu 2015: Eyali asinga mu basinga (BB) Awards Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo<ref name="AAS11">http://bigeye.ug/best-best-awards-2016-heres-full-list-nominees/</ref> * Mu 2017: [[:en:Buzz_Teeniez_Awards|Buzz Teeniez Awards]] Engula ya '''''Teeniez Leadership Award''''' == Laba ne bino == * [[:en:Kampala_District|Disitulikiti y'e Kampala]] * [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|Ekibiina ky'eby'obufuzi ekya Democratic Party mu Uganda]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] * [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku mirimu gy'ekibuga Kampala]] == Ebijuliziddwamu == {{Reflist}}"Ndi musanyufu nnyo olw'engeri gyetwakwasaganyamu ensonga ya kawaayiro 102 (b) aka Ssemateeka nga tukozesa obukugu kuba abasinga baakiraba ng'eky'obusiru, naye twatekawo eky'enjawulo"<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/</ref> Allan Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'okuwagira obwegugungo<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/mp-allan-ssewanyana-arrested-for-inciting-violence/</ref> "Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'obwegugungo obwali buva ku kazambi w'eddwaliro ly'e Kirundu."<ref>https://nilepost.co.ug/2019/02/22/video-mps-protest-ssewanyanas-arrest-over-kiruddu-hospital-sewerage-crisis/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwamu w'abweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160319224843/http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721225811/http://nbs.ug/category/sports/lunchtime_sports/ Link to NBS' Lunchtime Sports] * [https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/ On unbecoming behavior to achieve political gains] <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] sjwxjo1ke8abyaqz5l9d4ax84r4jnxk 59739 59737 2026-07-08T17:29:09Z Nakisozi 10800 59739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allan Aloysius Ssewanyana''' yazaalibwa nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986, ng'asinga kumanyibwa "ng''''Omusajja wa Bwino", [[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|m]]'''[[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|unnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo]], [[avunaanyizibwa ku by'esonga z'abakozi]] era munnabyabufuzi Munnayuganda .Yali mubaka wa Paalamenti owa [[Makindye Eyobugwanjuba]].<ref>"SSEWANYANA ALLAN". Parliament of Uganda</ref> era omukiise owa [[National Unity Platform]], ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya gavumenti ekisinga obunene mu Uganda.<ref>"Who will step into Kyanjo's large shoes in Makindye West?". Daily Monitor. 2 February 2021.</ref> Mmemba w'[[Akakiiko]] k'ebyenjigiriza n'ebyemizannyo ne ku kakiiko akalwanirira obw'enkanya mu [[Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]]. Era ye Minisita w'ebyemizannyo mu [[kabineeti ey'ekisikirize]].<ref name="LA1X">http://theinsider.ug/index.php/2017/05/12/govt-not-bothered-chinese-petty-traders-murdering-our-economy-mp-ssewanyana/</ref><ref name="LA1P">http://allafrica.com/stories/201604250755.html</ref> Ssewanyana yaliko [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekidukanya emirimu mu kibuga kya Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira [[:en:Makindye_Division|munisipaali y'e Makindye]]; yaweerezaako ng'[[:en:Sports_journalism|omusunsuzi w'amawulire g'eby'emizannyo]] ku mukutu gwa ttivi ya Nile Broadcasting Services (NBS) ne Top Radio 89.6 FM; omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lwa [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]], ali ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]], ng'era yaliko omumyuka wa ssentebe ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]].<ref name="AAL2">http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Heart-to-Heart/Men-only-cheat-when-their-women-change/691230-2598572-plcy94/index.html</ref><ref name="AAL3">http://bigeye.ug/allan-ssewanyana-resigns-position-kcca/</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Ssewanyana yazaalibwa mu [[:en:Nsambya_Hospital|ddwaliro ly'e Nsambya]], nga bazadde be ye Aloysius ne Sarah Ssendawula ab'e [[:en:Kibuye,_Uganda|Kibuye]], nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986 mu famire ekiririza mu [[:en:Catholic|ddiini y'ekikatuliki]] [[:en:Ganda_people|ey'Abaganda]]. Ye mwana ow'okusatu mu baana omusanvu beyazalibwa n'abo era alina bannyina bana ne baganda be babiri. Pulayimale yagisomera mu kibuga ky'e Kampala ku Nakivubo Blue Primary School gyeyali ng'akulira eby'emizannyo, era nga [[:en:Primary_School_Leaving_Examination|gyeyatuulira P7]] mu 1998. Oluvannyuma yagenda ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School gyeyatulira [[:en:GCE_Ordinary_Level|Siniya ey'okuna]] mu 2002 ne [[:en:Mengo_Senior_School|Mengo Senior School]] gyeyamalira [[:en:Uganda_Advanced_Certificate_of_Education|Siniya ey'omukaaga]] mu 2005. Yawerezaako nga Minisita w'eby'emizannyo ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School n'omukulembezze akulira abayizi ku Mengo Senior School. Ssewanyana yeeyongerayo ku [[:en:Makerere_University|Ssettendekero wa Makerere]] gy'eyatikirwa mu 2008 ne diguli mu [[:en:Human_Resource_Management|kudukanya ensonga z'abakozi]]. Yali akulira abayizi era omu ku baali ku [[:en:Students'_representative_council|kakiiko akakiikirira abayizi]] ku kizimbe kya [[:en:Makerere_University|Ivory Tower]].<ref name="AAL3" /> == Emirimu gye n'ebyobufuzi == Ng'afunye ebaluwa ye eya S6, Ssewanyana yafuna omulimu gw'okukola [[:en:Sports_journalism|ng'omusunsuzi w'eby'emizannyo]] ku Top Radio 89.6 FM mu 2005. Ng'amaliriza okufuna [[:en:Bachelor's_degree|diguli]] ye mu 2008, yafuna omulimu [[:en:Sports_commentator#Sports_presenter.2Fstudio_host|ng'omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo]] ku ttivi ya NBS, ng'ayanjula n'okuwereza pulogulaamu y'eby'emizannyo ku NBA buli lunaku ku malya g'eky'emisana. Mu 2014, era oluvannyuma yafuuka omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lw'eby'emizannyo lw'ebayita [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]] olufulua buli wiiki.<ref name="AAS5">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1322842/kcca-councilor-remanded-defamation</ref> Mu 2013, Ssewanyana yeesimbawo ku ky'omukulembezze [[:en:Federation_of_Uganda_Football_Associations|w'ekibiina ekidukanya omupiira mu Uganda]] (FUFA) ng'ayagala okudda mu bigere by'eyali Pulezidenti w'ekibiina kino mu biseera ebyo, [[:en:Lawrence_Mulindwa|Lawrence Mulindwa]]. Yawandulwamu nga basinziira ku by'ekikugu, nga Moses Magogo yeyasobola okuwangula era nga teyavuganyiziddwa.<ref name="AAS10">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1324298/fufa-exco-endorses-magogo</ref> Mu 2011, Ssewanyana yayingira mu [[:en:Democracy|by'obufuzi eby'okulonda]] ng'ali ku tikiti y'ekibiina kya [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|DP,]] ekyamufuula [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekiddukanya emirimu mu kibuga Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira konsitituweensi ya [[:en:Makindye_Division|Makindye Ey'obugwanjuba]] okutuuka mu 2016, bweyalondebwa okuwereza mu konsitituweensi y'emu mu kifo ekisava eky'okubeera omubaka wa Paalamenti ekyamufuula omubaka mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]] ey'e [[:en:Uganda|Kula lya Afrika]]. Mu Paalamenti ey'ekumi, Ssewanyana awereza ku [[:en:Parliamentary_Committees_of_the_United_Kingdom|kakiiko]] k'Eby'enjigiriza n'Eby'emizannyo ku nsonga z'omwenkano nkano. == Ebimukwatako eby'omunda == Allan Ssewanyana mufumbo nga mukyala we ye Lydia Ssewanyana nga balina abaana babbiri.Yawerezaako ng'omumyuka wa ssentebe ku [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]] okuva mu 2012 okutuuka mu 2015 era ng'omu ku baali ku kakiiko akakulu akaddukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]] mu kaseera k'ekamu. Ssewanyana y'omu kubannanyini era ssentebe wa kiraabu y'omupiira eyitibwa Katwe United FC.<ref name="AAS6">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2019-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328195148/http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yazannyako omupiira ku mutendera gwa [[:en:National_League_(Uganda)|liigi y'eggwanga]] mu ttiimu ya Top TV FC okuva mu 2001 okutuuka mu 2004 bweyamenyeka egumba ly'okukibegabega, obuvune obwamuvirako okunyuka okusamba omupiira.<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1256637/tv-fc-ban</ref> Mu Gwomwenda mu 2021, Allan Sewanyana yavunaanibwa omusango gw'obutemu.<ref>https://fr.africanews.com/2021/09/07/ouganda-deux-deputes-de-l-opposition-accuses-d-orchestrer-des-meurtres/</ref> == Awaadi n'Engule == Ssewanyana awereddwa awaadi ez'enjawulo okusinziira ku mirimu gy'azze akola emyaka egiyise * Mu 2013: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo asinga ku Ttivi <ref name="AAS13">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2020-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107013716/http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Mu 2014: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo ku leediyo ne Ttivi eyali asinga * Mu 2014: Kadanke Awards, Omukulembezze w'abavubuka eyali asinga<ref name="AAS12">http://bigeye.ug/kadanke-unveils-national-youth-festival-awards/</ref> * Mu 2015: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo eyali akira ku balala * Mu 2015: Eyali asinga mu basinga (BB) Awards Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo<ref name="AAS11">http://bigeye.ug/best-best-awards-2016-heres-full-list-nominees/</ref> * Mu 2017: [[:en:Buzz_Teeniez_Awards|Buzz Teeniez Awards]] Engula ya '''''Teeniez Leadership Award''''' == Laba ne bino == * [[:en:Kampala_District|Disitulikiti y'e Kampala]] * [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|Ekibiina ky'eby'obufuzi ekya Democratic Party mu Uganda]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] * [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku mirimu gy'ekibuga Kampala]] == Ebijuliziddwamu == {{Reflist}}"Ndi musanyufu nnyo olw'engeri gyetwakwasaganyamu ensonga ya kawaayiro 102 (b) aka Ssemateeka nga tukozesa obukugu kuba abasinga baakiraba ng'eky'obusiru, naye twatekawo eky'enjawulo"<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/</ref> Allan Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'okuwagira obwegugungo<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/mp-allan-ssewanyana-arrested-for-inciting-violence/</ref> "Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'obwegugungo obwali buva ku kazambi w'eddwaliro ly'e Kirundu."<ref>https://nilepost.co.ug/2019/02/22/video-mps-protest-ssewanyanas-arrest-over-kiruddu-hospital-sewerage-crisis/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwamu w'abweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160319224843/http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721225811/http://nbs.ug/category/sports/lunchtime_sports/ Link to NBS' Lunchtime Sports] * [https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/ On unbecoming behavior to achieve political gains] <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] 2hp5jjupb90kevagipxpo6bo0s495kv 59740 59739 2026-07-08T17:31:09Z Nakisozi 10800 59740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allan Aloysius Ssewanyana''' yazaalibwa nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986, ng'asinga kumanyibwa "ng''''Omusajja wa Bwino", [[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|m]]'''[[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|unnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo]], [[avunaanyizibwa ku by'esonga z'abakozi]] era munnabyabufuzi Munnayuganda .Yali mubaka wa Paalamenti owa [[Makindye Eyobugwanjuba]].<ref>"SSEWANYANA ALLAN". Parliament of Uganda</ref> era omukiise owa [[National Unity Platform]], ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya gavumenti ekisinga obunene mu Uganda.<ref>"Who will step into Kyanjo's large shoes in Makindye West?". Daily Monitor. 2 February 2021.</ref> Mmemba w'[[Akakiiko]] k'ebyenjigiriza n'ebyemizannyo ne ku kakiiko akalwanirira obw'enkanya mu [[Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]]. Era ye Minisita w'ebyemizannyo mu [[kabineeti ey'ekisikirize]].<ref>"Gov't not bothered, Chinese petty traders murdering our economy – MP Ssewanyana". New Vision. 12 May 2017.</ref> Ssewanyana yaliko [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekidukanya emirimu mu kibuga kya Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira [[:en:Makindye_Division|munisipaali y'e Makindye]]; yaweerezaako ng'[[:en:Sports_journalism|omusunsuzi w'amawulire g'eby'emizannyo]] ku mukutu gwa ttivi ya Nile Broadcasting Services (NBS) ne Top Radio 89.6 FM; omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lwa [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]], ali ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]], ng'era yaliko omumyuka wa ssentebe ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]].<ref name="AAL2">http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Heart-to-Heart/Men-only-cheat-when-their-women-change/691230-2598572-plcy94/index.html</ref><ref name="AAL3">http://bigeye.ug/allan-ssewanyana-resigns-position-kcca/</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Ssewanyana yazaalibwa mu [[:en:Nsambya_Hospital|ddwaliro ly'e Nsambya]], nga bazadde be ye Aloysius ne Sarah Ssendawula ab'e [[:en:Kibuye,_Uganda|Kibuye]], nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986 mu famire ekiririza mu [[:en:Catholic|ddiini y'ekikatuliki]] [[:en:Ganda_people|ey'Abaganda]]. Ye mwana ow'okusatu mu baana omusanvu beyazalibwa n'abo era alina bannyina bana ne baganda be babiri. Pulayimale yagisomera mu kibuga ky'e Kampala ku Nakivubo Blue Primary School gyeyali ng'akulira eby'emizannyo, era nga [[:en:Primary_School_Leaving_Examination|gyeyatuulira P7]] mu 1998. Oluvannyuma yagenda ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School gyeyatulira [[:en:GCE_Ordinary_Level|Siniya ey'okuna]] mu 2002 ne [[:en:Mengo_Senior_School|Mengo Senior School]] gyeyamalira [[:en:Uganda_Advanced_Certificate_of_Education|Siniya ey'omukaaga]] mu 2005. Yawerezaako nga Minisita w'eby'emizannyo ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School n'omukulembezze akulira abayizi ku Mengo Senior School. Ssewanyana yeeyongerayo ku [[:en:Makerere_University|Ssettendekero wa Makerere]] gy'eyatikirwa mu 2008 ne diguli mu [[:en:Human_Resource_Management|kudukanya ensonga z'abakozi]]. Yali akulira abayizi era omu ku baali ku [[:en:Students'_representative_council|kakiiko akakiikirira abayizi]] ku kizimbe kya [[:en:Makerere_University|Ivory Tower]].<ref name="AAL3" /> == Emirimu gye n'ebyobufuzi == Ng'afunye ebaluwa ye eya S6, Ssewanyana yafuna omulimu gw'okukola [[:en:Sports_journalism|ng'omusunsuzi w'eby'emizannyo]] ku Top Radio 89.6 FM mu 2005. Ng'amaliriza okufuna [[:en:Bachelor's_degree|diguli]] ye mu 2008, yafuna omulimu [[:en:Sports_commentator#Sports_presenter.2Fstudio_host|ng'omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo]] ku ttivi ya NBS, ng'ayanjula n'okuwereza pulogulaamu y'eby'emizannyo ku NBA buli lunaku ku malya g'eky'emisana. Mu 2014, era oluvannyuma yafuuka omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lw'eby'emizannyo lw'ebayita [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]] olufulua buli wiiki.<ref name="AAS5">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1322842/kcca-councilor-remanded-defamation</ref> Mu 2013, Ssewanyana yeesimbawo ku ky'omukulembezze [[:en:Federation_of_Uganda_Football_Associations|w'ekibiina ekidukanya omupiira mu Uganda]] (FUFA) ng'ayagala okudda mu bigere by'eyali Pulezidenti w'ekibiina kino mu biseera ebyo, [[:en:Lawrence_Mulindwa|Lawrence Mulindwa]]. Yawandulwamu nga basinziira ku by'ekikugu, nga Moses Magogo yeyasobola okuwangula era nga teyavuganyiziddwa.<ref name="AAS10">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1324298/fufa-exco-endorses-magogo</ref> Mu 2011, Ssewanyana yayingira mu [[:en:Democracy|by'obufuzi eby'okulonda]] ng'ali ku tikiti y'ekibiina kya [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|DP,]] ekyamufuula [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekiddukanya emirimu mu kibuga Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira konsitituweensi ya [[:en:Makindye_Division|Makindye Ey'obugwanjuba]] okutuuka mu 2016, bweyalondebwa okuwereza mu konsitituweensi y'emu mu kifo ekisava eky'okubeera omubaka wa Paalamenti ekyamufuula omubaka mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]] ey'e [[:en:Uganda|Kula lya Afrika]]. Mu Paalamenti ey'ekumi, Ssewanyana awereza ku [[:en:Parliamentary_Committees_of_the_United_Kingdom|kakiiko]] k'Eby'enjigiriza n'Eby'emizannyo ku nsonga z'omwenkano nkano. == Ebimukwatako eby'omunda == Allan Ssewanyana mufumbo nga mukyala we ye Lydia Ssewanyana nga balina abaana babbiri.Yawerezaako ng'omumyuka wa ssentebe ku [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]] okuva mu 2012 okutuuka mu 2015 era ng'omu ku baali ku kakiiko akakulu akaddukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]] mu kaseera k'ekamu. Ssewanyana y'omu kubannanyini era ssentebe wa kiraabu y'omupiira eyitibwa Katwe United FC.<ref name="AAS6">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2019-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328195148/http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yazannyako omupiira ku mutendera gwa [[:en:National_League_(Uganda)|liigi y'eggwanga]] mu ttiimu ya Top TV FC okuva mu 2001 okutuuka mu 2004 bweyamenyeka egumba ly'okukibegabega, obuvune obwamuvirako okunyuka okusamba omupiira.<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1256637/tv-fc-ban</ref> Mu Gwomwenda mu 2021, Allan Sewanyana yavunaanibwa omusango gw'obutemu.<ref>https://fr.africanews.com/2021/09/07/ouganda-deux-deputes-de-l-opposition-accuses-d-orchestrer-des-meurtres/</ref> == Awaadi n'Engule == Ssewanyana awereddwa awaadi ez'enjawulo okusinziira ku mirimu gy'azze akola emyaka egiyise * Mu 2013: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo asinga ku Ttivi <ref name="AAS13">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2020-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107013716/http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Mu 2014: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo ku leediyo ne Ttivi eyali asinga * Mu 2014: Kadanke Awards, Omukulembezze w'abavubuka eyali asinga<ref name="AAS12">http://bigeye.ug/kadanke-unveils-national-youth-festival-awards/</ref> * Mu 2015: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo eyali akira ku balala * Mu 2015: Eyali asinga mu basinga (BB) Awards Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo<ref name="AAS11">http://bigeye.ug/best-best-awards-2016-heres-full-list-nominees/</ref> * Mu 2017: [[:en:Buzz_Teeniez_Awards|Buzz Teeniez Awards]] Engula ya '''''Teeniez Leadership Award''''' == Laba ne bino == * [[:en:Kampala_District|Disitulikiti y'e Kampala]] * [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|Ekibiina ky'eby'obufuzi ekya Democratic Party mu Uganda]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] * [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku mirimu gy'ekibuga Kampala]] == Ebijuliziddwamu == {{Reflist}}"Ndi musanyufu nnyo olw'engeri gyetwakwasaganyamu ensonga ya kawaayiro 102 (b) aka Ssemateeka nga tukozesa obukugu kuba abasinga baakiraba ng'eky'obusiru, naye twatekawo eky'enjawulo"<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/</ref> Allan Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'okuwagira obwegugungo<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/mp-allan-ssewanyana-arrested-for-inciting-violence/</ref> "Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'obwegugungo obwali buva ku kazambi w'eddwaliro ly'e Kirundu."<ref>https://nilepost.co.ug/2019/02/22/video-mps-protest-ssewanyanas-arrest-over-kiruddu-hospital-sewerage-crisis/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwamu w'abweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160319224843/http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721225811/http://nbs.ug/category/sports/lunchtime_sports/ Link to NBS' Lunchtime Sports] * [https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/ On unbecoming behavior to achieve political gains] <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] 904lt23sfqwwkzc9fxm17n9g20eu42f 59741 59740 2026-07-08T17:31:58Z Nakisozi 10800 59741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allan Aloysius Ssewanyana''' yazaalibwa nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986, ng'asinga kumanyibwa "ng''''Omusajja wa Bwino", [[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|m]]'''[[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|unnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo]], [[avunaanyizibwa ku by'esonga z'abakozi]] era munnabyabufuzi Munnayuganda .Yali mubaka wa Paalamenti owa [[Makindye Eyobugwanjuba]].<ref>"SSEWANYANA ALLAN". Parliament of Uganda</ref> era omukiise owa [[National Unity Platform]], ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya gavumenti ekisinga obunene mu Uganda.<ref>"Who will step into Kyanjo's large shoes in Makindye West?". Daily Monitor. 2 February 2021.</ref> Mmemba w'[[Akakiiko]] k'ebyenjigiriza n'ebyemizannyo ne ku kakiiko akalwanirira obw'enkanya mu [[Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]]. Era ye Minisita w'ebyemizannyo mu [[kabineeti ey'ekisikirize]].<ref>"Gov't not bothered, Chinese petty traders murdering our economy – MP Ssewanyana". New Vision. 12 May 2017.</ref><ref>"Allan Ssewanyana Dreams of Leading Fufa and Uganda". The Observer.</ref> Ssewanyana yaliko [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekidukanya emirimu mu kibuga kya Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira [[:en:Makindye_Division|munisipaali y'e Makindye]]; yaweerezaako ng'[[:en:Sports_journalism|omusunsuzi w'amawulire g'eby'emizannyo]] ku mukutu gwa ttivi ya Nile Broadcasting Services (NBS) ne Top Radio 89.6 FM; omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lwa [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]], ali ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]], ng'era yaliko omumyuka wa ssentebe ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]].<ref name="AAL2">http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Heart-to-Heart/Men-only-cheat-when-their-women-change/691230-2598572-plcy94/index.html</ref><ref name="AAL3">http://bigeye.ug/allan-ssewanyana-resigns-position-kcca/</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Ssewanyana yazaalibwa mu [[:en:Nsambya_Hospital|ddwaliro ly'e Nsambya]], nga bazadde be ye Aloysius ne Sarah Ssendawula ab'e [[:en:Kibuye,_Uganda|Kibuye]], nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986 mu famire ekiririza mu [[:en:Catholic|ddiini y'ekikatuliki]] [[:en:Ganda_people|ey'Abaganda]]. Ye mwana ow'okusatu mu baana omusanvu beyazalibwa n'abo era alina bannyina bana ne baganda be babiri. Pulayimale yagisomera mu kibuga ky'e Kampala ku Nakivubo Blue Primary School gyeyali ng'akulira eby'emizannyo, era nga [[:en:Primary_School_Leaving_Examination|gyeyatuulira P7]] mu 1998. Oluvannyuma yagenda ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School gyeyatulira [[:en:GCE_Ordinary_Level|Siniya ey'okuna]] mu 2002 ne [[:en:Mengo_Senior_School|Mengo Senior School]] gyeyamalira [[:en:Uganda_Advanced_Certificate_of_Education|Siniya ey'omukaaga]] mu 2005. Yawerezaako nga Minisita w'eby'emizannyo ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School n'omukulembezze akulira abayizi ku Mengo Senior School. Ssewanyana yeeyongerayo ku [[:en:Makerere_University|Ssettendekero wa Makerere]] gy'eyatikirwa mu 2008 ne diguli mu [[:en:Human_Resource_Management|kudukanya ensonga z'abakozi]]. Yali akulira abayizi era omu ku baali ku [[:en:Students'_representative_council|kakiiko akakiikirira abayizi]] ku kizimbe kya [[:en:Makerere_University|Ivory Tower]].<ref name="AAL3" /> == Emirimu gye n'ebyobufuzi == Ng'afunye ebaluwa ye eya S6, Ssewanyana yafuna omulimu gw'okukola [[:en:Sports_journalism|ng'omusunsuzi w'eby'emizannyo]] ku Top Radio 89.6 FM mu 2005. Ng'amaliriza okufuna [[:en:Bachelor's_degree|diguli]] ye mu 2008, yafuna omulimu [[:en:Sports_commentator#Sports_presenter.2Fstudio_host|ng'omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo]] ku ttivi ya NBS, ng'ayanjula n'okuwereza pulogulaamu y'eby'emizannyo ku NBA buli lunaku ku malya g'eky'emisana. Mu 2014, era oluvannyuma yafuuka omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lw'eby'emizannyo lw'ebayita [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]] olufulua buli wiiki.<ref name="AAS5">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1322842/kcca-councilor-remanded-defamation</ref> Mu 2013, Ssewanyana yeesimbawo ku ky'omukulembezze [[:en:Federation_of_Uganda_Football_Associations|w'ekibiina ekidukanya omupiira mu Uganda]] (FUFA) ng'ayagala okudda mu bigere by'eyali Pulezidenti w'ekibiina kino mu biseera ebyo, [[:en:Lawrence_Mulindwa|Lawrence Mulindwa]]. Yawandulwamu nga basinziira ku by'ekikugu, nga Moses Magogo yeyasobola okuwangula era nga teyavuganyiziddwa.<ref name="AAS10">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1324298/fufa-exco-endorses-magogo</ref> Mu 2011, Ssewanyana yayingira mu [[:en:Democracy|by'obufuzi eby'okulonda]] ng'ali ku tikiti y'ekibiina kya [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|DP,]] ekyamufuula [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekiddukanya emirimu mu kibuga Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira konsitituweensi ya [[:en:Makindye_Division|Makindye Ey'obugwanjuba]] okutuuka mu 2016, bweyalondebwa okuwereza mu konsitituweensi y'emu mu kifo ekisava eky'okubeera omubaka wa Paalamenti ekyamufuula omubaka mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]] ey'e [[:en:Uganda|Kula lya Afrika]]. Mu Paalamenti ey'ekumi, Ssewanyana awereza ku [[:en:Parliamentary_Committees_of_the_United_Kingdom|kakiiko]] k'Eby'enjigiriza n'Eby'emizannyo ku nsonga z'omwenkano nkano. == Ebimukwatako eby'omunda == Allan Ssewanyana mufumbo nga mukyala we ye Lydia Ssewanyana nga balina abaana babbiri.Yawerezaako ng'omumyuka wa ssentebe ku [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]] okuva mu 2012 okutuuka mu 2015 era ng'omu ku baali ku kakiiko akakulu akaddukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]] mu kaseera k'ekamu. Ssewanyana y'omu kubannanyini era ssentebe wa kiraabu y'omupiira eyitibwa Katwe United FC.<ref name="AAS6">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2019-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328195148/http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yazannyako omupiira ku mutendera gwa [[:en:National_League_(Uganda)|liigi y'eggwanga]] mu ttiimu ya Top TV FC okuva mu 2001 okutuuka mu 2004 bweyamenyeka egumba ly'okukibegabega, obuvune obwamuvirako okunyuka okusamba omupiira.<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1256637/tv-fc-ban</ref> Mu Gwomwenda mu 2021, Allan Sewanyana yavunaanibwa omusango gw'obutemu.<ref>https://fr.africanews.com/2021/09/07/ouganda-deux-deputes-de-l-opposition-accuses-d-orchestrer-des-meurtres/</ref> == Awaadi n'Engule == Ssewanyana awereddwa awaadi ez'enjawulo okusinziira ku mirimu gy'azze akola emyaka egiyise * Mu 2013: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo asinga ku Ttivi <ref name="AAS13">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2020-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107013716/http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Mu 2014: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo ku leediyo ne Ttivi eyali asinga * Mu 2014: Kadanke Awards, Omukulembezze w'abavubuka eyali asinga<ref name="AAS12">http://bigeye.ug/kadanke-unveils-national-youth-festival-awards/</ref> * Mu 2015: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo eyali akira ku balala * Mu 2015: Eyali asinga mu basinga (BB) Awards Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo<ref name="AAS11">http://bigeye.ug/best-best-awards-2016-heres-full-list-nominees/</ref> * Mu 2017: [[:en:Buzz_Teeniez_Awards|Buzz Teeniez Awards]] Engula ya '''''Teeniez Leadership Award''''' == Laba ne bino == * [[:en:Kampala_District|Disitulikiti y'e Kampala]] * [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|Ekibiina ky'eby'obufuzi ekya Democratic Party mu Uganda]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] * [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku mirimu gy'ekibuga Kampala]] == Ebijuliziddwamu == {{Reflist}}"Ndi musanyufu nnyo olw'engeri gyetwakwasaganyamu ensonga ya kawaayiro 102 (b) aka Ssemateeka nga tukozesa obukugu kuba abasinga baakiraba ng'eky'obusiru, naye twatekawo eky'enjawulo"<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/</ref> Allan Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'okuwagira obwegugungo<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/mp-allan-ssewanyana-arrested-for-inciting-violence/</ref> "Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'obwegugungo obwali buva ku kazambi w'eddwaliro ly'e Kirundu."<ref>https://nilepost.co.ug/2019/02/22/video-mps-protest-ssewanyanas-arrest-over-kiruddu-hospital-sewerage-crisis/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwamu w'abweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160319224843/http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721225811/http://nbs.ug/category/sports/lunchtime_sports/ Link to NBS' Lunchtime Sports] * [https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/ On unbecoming behavior to achieve political gains] <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] hhw89vt825ml0spjwie1ek16p2zi649 59744 59741 2026-07-08T17:39:39Z Nakisozi 10800 59744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allan Aloysius Ssewanyana''' yazaalibwa nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986, ng'asinga kumanyibwa "ng''''Omusajja wa Bwino", [[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|m]]'''[[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|unnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo]], [[avunaanyizibwa ku by'esonga z'abakozi]] era munnabyabufuzi Munnayuganda .Yali mubaka wa Paalamenti owa [[Makindye Eyobugwanjuba]].<ref>"SSEWANYANA ALLAN". Parliament of Uganda</ref> era omukiise owa [[National Unity Platform]], ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya gavumenti ekisinga obunene mu Uganda.<ref>"Who will step into Kyanjo's large shoes in Makindye West?". Daily Monitor. 2 February 2021.</ref> Mmemba w'[[Akakiiko]] k'ebyenjigiriza n'ebyemizannyo ne ku kakiiko akalwanirira obw'enkanya mu [[Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]]. Era ye Minisita w'ebyemizannyo mu [[kabineeti ey'ekisikirize]].<ref>"Gov't not bothered, Chinese petty traders murdering our economy – MP Ssewanyana". New Vision. 12 May 2017.</ref><ref>"Allan Ssewanyana Dreams of Leading Fufa and Uganda". The Observer.</ref> Ssewanyana yaliko [[kansala]] wa [[LCV]] mu [[Kitongole ekiddukanya emirimu mu kibuga kya Kampala|kitongole ekidukanya emirimu mu kibuga kya Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira [[:en:Makindye_Division|munisipaali y'e Makindye]]; yaweerezaako ng'[[:en:Sports_journalism|omusunsuzi w'amawulire g'eby'emizannyo]] ku mukutu gwa ttivi ya Nile Broadcasting Services (NBS) ne Top Radio 89.6 FM; omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lwa [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]], ali ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]], ng'era yaliko omumyuka wa ssentebe ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]].<ref name="AAL2">http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Heart-to-Heart/Men-only-cheat-when-their-women-change/691230-2598572-plcy94/index.html</ref><ref name="AAL3">http://bigeye.ug/allan-ssewanyana-resigns-position-kcca/</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Ssewanyana yazaalibwa mu [[:en:Nsambya_Hospital|ddwaliro ly'e Nsambya]], nga bazadde be ye Aloysius ne Sarah Ssendawula ab'e [[:en:Kibuye,_Uganda|Kibuye]], nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986 mu famire ekiririza mu [[:en:Catholic|ddiini y'ekikatuliki]] [[:en:Ganda_people|ey'Abaganda]]. Ye mwana ow'okusatu mu baana omusanvu beyazalibwa n'abo era alina bannyina bana ne baganda be babiri. Pulayimale yagisomera mu kibuga ky'e Kampala ku Nakivubo Blue Primary School gyeyali ng'akulira eby'emizannyo, era nga [[:en:Primary_School_Leaving_Examination|gyeyatuulira P7]] mu 1998. Oluvannyuma yagenda ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School gyeyatulira [[:en:GCE_Ordinary_Level|Siniya ey'okuna]] mu 2002 ne [[:en:Mengo_Senior_School|Mengo Senior School]] gyeyamalira [[:en:Uganda_Advanced_Certificate_of_Education|Siniya ey'omukaaga]] mu 2005. Yawerezaako nga Minisita w'eby'emizannyo ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School n'omukulembezze akulira abayizi ku Mengo Senior School. Ssewanyana yeeyongerayo ku [[:en:Makerere_University|Ssettendekero wa Makerere]] gy'eyatikirwa mu 2008 ne diguli mu [[:en:Human_Resource_Management|kudukanya ensonga z'abakozi]]. Yali akulira abayizi era omu ku baali ku [[:en:Students'_representative_council|kakiiko akakiikirira abayizi]] ku kizimbe kya [[:en:Makerere_University|Ivory Tower]].<ref name="AAL3" /> == Emirimu gye n'ebyobufuzi == Ng'afunye ebaluwa ye eya S6, Ssewanyana yafuna omulimu gw'okukola [[:en:Sports_journalism|ng'omusunsuzi w'eby'emizannyo]] ku Top Radio 89.6 FM mu 2005. Ng'amaliriza okufuna [[:en:Bachelor's_degree|diguli]] ye mu 2008, yafuna omulimu [[:en:Sports_commentator#Sports_presenter.2Fstudio_host|ng'omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo]] ku ttivi ya NBS, ng'ayanjula n'okuwereza pulogulaamu y'eby'emizannyo ku NBA buli lunaku ku malya g'eky'emisana. Mu 2014, era oluvannyuma yafuuka omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lw'eby'emizannyo lw'ebayita [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]] olufulua buli wiiki.<ref name="AAS5">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1322842/kcca-councilor-remanded-defamation</ref> Mu 2013, Ssewanyana yeesimbawo ku ky'omukulembezze [[:en:Federation_of_Uganda_Football_Associations|w'ekibiina ekidukanya omupiira mu Uganda]] (FUFA) ng'ayagala okudda mu bigere by'eyali Pulezidenti w'ekibiina kino mu biseera ebyo, [[:en:Lawrence_Mulindwa|Lawrence Mulindwa]]. Yawandulwamu nga basinziira ku by'ekikugu, nga Moses Magogo yeyasobola okuwangula era nga teyavuganyiziddwa.<ref name="AAS10">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1324298/fufa-exco-endorses-magogo</ref> Mu 2011, Ssewanyana yayingira mu [[:en:Democracy|by'obufuzi eby'okulonda]] ng'ali ku tikiti y'ekibiina kya [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|DP,]] ekyamufuula [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekiddukanya emirimu mu kibuga Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira konsitituweensi ya [[:en:Makindye_Division|Makindye Ey'obugwanjuba]] okutuuka mu 2016, bweyalondebwa okuwereza mu konsitituweensi y'emu mu kifo ekisava eky'okubeera omubaka wa Paalamenti ekyamufuula omubaka mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]] ey'e [[:en:Uganda|Kula lya Afrika]]. Mu Paalamenti ey'ekumi, Ssewanyana awereza ku [[:en:Parliamentary_Committees_of_the_United_Kingdom|kakiiko]] k'Eby'enjigiriza n'Eby'emizannyo ku nsonga z'omwenkano nkano. == Ebimukwatako eby'omunda == Allan Ssewanyana mufumbo nga mukyala we ye Lydia Ssewanyana nga balina abaana babbiri.Yawerezaako ng'omumyuka wa ssentebe ku [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]] okuva mu 2012 okutuuka mu 2015 era ng'omu ku baali ku kakiiko akakulu akaddukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]] mu kaseera k'ekamu. Ssewanyana y'omu kubannanyini era ssentebe wa kiraabu y'omupiira eyitibwa Katwe United FC.<ref name="AAS6">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2019-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328195148/http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yazannyako omupiira ku mutendera gwa [[:en:National_League_(Uganda)|liigi y'eggwanga]] mu ttiimu ya Top TV FC okuva mu 2001 okutuuka mu 2004 bweyamenyeka egumba ly'okukibegabega, obuvune obwamuvirako okunyuka okusamba omupiira.<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1256637/tv-fc-ban</ref> Mu Gwomwenda mu 2021, Allan Sewanyana yavunaanibwa omusango gw'obutemu.<ref>https://fr.africanews.com/2021/09/07/ouganda-deux-deputes-de-l-opposition-accuses-d-orchestrer-des-meurtres/</ref> == Awaadi n'Engule == Ssewanyana awereddwa awaadi ez'enjawulo okusinziira ku mirimu gy'azze akola emyaka egiyise * Mu 2013: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo asinga ku Ttivi <ref name="AAS13">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2020-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107013716/http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Mu 2014: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo ku leediyo ne Ttivi eyali asinga * Mu 2014: Kadanke Awards, Omukulembezze w'abavubuka eyali asinga<ref name="AAS12">http://bigeye.ug/kadanke-unveils-national-youth-festival-awards/</ref> * Mu 2015: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo eyali akira ku balala * Mu 2015: Eyali asinga mu basinga (BB) Awards Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo<ref name="AAS11">http://bigeye.ug/best-best-awards-2016-heres-full-list-nominees/</ref> * Mu 2017: [[:en:Buzz_Teeniez_Awards|Buzz Teeniez Awards]] Engula ya '''''Teeniez Leadership Award''''' == Laba ne bino == * [[:en:Kampala_District|Disitulikiti y'e Kampala]] * [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|Ekibiina ky'eby'obufuzi ekya Democratic Party mu Uganda]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] * [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku mirimu gy'ekibuga Kampala]] == Ebijuliziddwamu == {{Reflist}}"Ndi musanyufu nnyo olw'engeri gyetwakwasaganyamu ensonga ya kawaayiro 102 (b) aka Ssemateeka nga tukozesa obukugu kuba abasinga baakiraba ng'eky'obusiru, naye twatekawo eky'enjawulo"<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/</ref> Allan Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'okuwagira obwegugungo<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/mp-allan-ssewanyana-arrested-for-inciting-violence/</ref> "Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'obwegugungo obwali buva ku kazambi w'eddwaliro ly'e Kirundu."<ref>https://nilepost.co.ug/2019/02/22/video-mps-protest-ssewanyanas-arrest-over-kiruddu-hospital-sewerage-crisis/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwamu w'abweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160319224843/http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721225811/http://nbs.ug/category/sports/lunchtime_sports/ Link to NBS' Lunchtime Sports] * [https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/ On unbecoming behavior to achieve political gains] <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] ll3vg5a6jrzp0wrcaygf0f6spcode5q 59749 59744 2026-07-08T17:45:30Z Nakisozi 10800 59749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allan Aloysius Ssewanyana''' yazaalibwa nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986, ng'asinga kumanyibwa "ng''''Omusajja wa Bwino", [[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|m]]'''[[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|unnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo]], [[avunaanyizibwa ku by'esonga z'abakozi]] era munnabyabufuzi Munnayuganda .Yali mubaka wa Paalamenti owa [[Makindye Eyobugwanjuba]].<ref>"SSEWANYANA ALLAN". Parliament of Uganda</ref> era omukiise owa [[National Unity Platform]], ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya gavumenti ekisinga obunene mu Uganda.<ref>"Who will step into Kyanjo's large shoes in Makindye West?". Daily Monitor. 2 February 2021.</ref> Mmemba w'[[Akakiiko]] k'ebyenjigiriza n'ebyemizannyo ne ku kakiiko akalwanirira obw'enkanya mu [[Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]]. Era ye Minisita w'ebyemizannyo mu [[kabineeti ey'ekisikirize]].<ref>"Gov't not bothered, Chinese petty traders murdering our economy – MP Ssewanyana". New Vision. 12 May 2017.</ref><ref>"Allan Ssewanyana Dreams of Leading Fufa and Uganda". The Observer.</ref> Ssewanyana yaliko [[kansala]] wa [[LCV]] mu [[kitongole ekikulembera ekibuga Kampala]] ki (KCCA) ng'akiikirira [[eggombolola y'e Makindye]], [[:en:Sports_journalism|omusunsuzi w'amawulire g'eby'emizannyo]] ku mukutu gwa ttivi ya Nile Broadcasting Services (NBS) ne Top Radio 89.6 FM; omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lwa [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]], ali ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]], ng'era yaliko omumyuka wa ssentebe ku kakiiko akakulu akadukanya [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]].<ref name="AAL2">http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Heart-to-Heart/Men-only-cheat-when-their-women-change/691230-2598572-plcy94/index.html</ref><ref name="AAL3">http://bigeye.ug/allan-ssewanyana-resigns-position-kcca/</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Ssewanyana yazaalibwa mu [[:en:Nsambya_Hospital|ddwaliro ly'e Nsambya]], nga bazadde be ye Aloysius ne Sarah Ssendawula ab'e [[:en:Kibuye,_Uganda|Kibuye]], nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986 mu famire ekiririza mu [[:en:Catholic|ddiini y'ekikatuliki]] [[:en:Ganda_people|ey'Abaganda]]. Ye mwana ow'okusatu mu baana omusanvu beyazalibwa n'abo era alina bannyina bana ne baganda be babiri. Pulayimale yagisomera mu kibuga ky'e Kampala ku Nakivubo Blue Primary School gyeyali ng'akulira eby'emizannyo, era nga [[:en:Primary_School_Leaving_Examination|gyeyatuulira P7]] mu 1998. Oluvannyuma yagenda ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School gyeyatulira [[:en:GCE_Ordinary_Level|Siniya ey'okuna]] mu 2002 ne [[:en:Mengo_Senior_School|Mengo Senior School]] gyeyamalira [[:en:Uganda_Advanced_Certificate_of_Education|Siniya ey'omukaaga]] mu 2005. Yawerezaako nga Minisita w'eby'emizannyo ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School n'omukulembezze akulira abayizi ku Mengo Senior School. Ssewanyana yeeyongerayo ku [[:en:Makerere_University|Ssettendekero wa Makerere]] gy'eyatikirwa mu 2008 ne diguli mu [[:en:Human_Resource_Management|kudukanya ensonga z'abakozi]]. Yali akulira abayizi era omu ku baali ku [[:en:Students'_representative_council|kakiiko akakiikirira abayizi]] ku kizimbe kya [[:en:Makerere_University|Ivory Tower]].<ref name="AAL3" /> == Emirimu gye n'ebyobufuzi == Ng'afunye ebaluwa ye eya S6, Ssewanyana yafuna omulimu gw'okukola [[:en:Sports_journalism|ng'omusunsuzi w'eby'emizannyo]] ku Top Radio 89.6 FM mu 2005. Ng'amaliriza okufuna [[:en:Bachelor's_degree|diguli]] ye mu 2008, yafuna omulimu [[:en:Sports_commentator#Sports_presenter.2Fstudio_host|ng'omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo]] ku ttivi ya NBS, ng'ayanjula n'okuwereza pulogulaamu y'eby'emizannyo ku NBA buli lunaku ku malya g'eky'emisana. Mu 2014, era oluvannyuma yafuuka omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lw'eby'emizannyo lw'ebayita [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]] olufulua buli wiiki.<ref name="AAS5">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1322842/kcca-councilor-remanded-defamation</ref> Mu 2013, Ssewanyana yeesimbawo ku ky'omukulembezze [[:en:Federation_of_Uganda_Football_Associations|w'ekibiina ekidukanya omupiira mu Uganda]] (FUFA) ng'ayagala okudda mu bigere by'eyali Pulezidenti w'ekibiina kino mu biseera ebyo, [[:en:Lawrence_Mulindwa|Lawrence Mulindwa]]. Yawandulwamu nga basinziira ku by'ekikugu, nga Moses Magogo yeyasobola okuwangula era nga teyavuganyiziddwa.<ref name="AAS10">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1324298/fufa-exco-endorses-magogo</ref> Mu 2011, Ssewanyana yayingira mu [[:en:Democracy|by'obufuzi eby'okulonda]] ng'ali ku tikiti y'ekibiina kya [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|DP,]] ekyamufuula [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekiddukanya emirimu mu kibuga Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira konsitituweensi ya [[:en:Makindye_Division|Makindye Ey'obugwanjuba]] okutuuka mu 2016, bweyalondebwa okuwereza mu konsitituweensi y'emu mu kifo ekisava eky'okubeera omubaka wa Paalamenti ekyamufuula omubaka mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]] ey'e [[:en:Uganda|Kula lya Afrika]]. Mu Paalamenti ey'ekumi, Ssewanyana awereza ku [[:en:Parliamentary_Committees_of_the_United_Kingdom|kakiiko]] k'Eby'enjigiriza n'Eby'emizannyo ku nsonga z'omwenkano nkano. == Ebimukwatako eby'omunda == Allan Ssewanyana mufumbo nga mukyala we ye Lydia Ssewanyana nga balina abaana babbiri.Yawerezaako ng'omumyuka wa ssentebe ku [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]] okuva mu 2012 okutuuka mu 2015 era ng'omu ku baali ku kakiiko akakulu akaddukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]] mu kaseera k'ekamu. Ssewanyana y'omu kubannanyini era ssentebe wa kiraabu y'omupiira eyitibwa Katwe United FC.<ref name="AAS6">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2019-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328195148/http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yazannyako omupiira ku mutendera gwa [[:en:National_League_(Uganda)|liigi y'eggwanga]] mu ttiimu ya Top TV FC okuva mu 2001 okutuuka mu 2004 bweyamenyeka egumba ly'okukibegabega, obuvune obwamuvirako okunyuka okusamba omupiira.<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1256637/tv-fc-ban</ref> Mu Gwomwenda mu 2021, Allan Sewanyana yavunaanibwa omusango gw'obutemu.<ref>https://fr.africanews.com/2021/09/07/ouganda-deux-deputes-de-l-opposition-accuses-d-orchestrer-des-meurtres/</ref> == Awaadi n'Engule == Ssewanyana awereddwa awaadi ez'enjawulo okusinziira ku mirimu gy'azze akola emyaka egiyise * Mu 2013: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo asinga ku Ttivi <ref name="AAS13">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2020-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107013716/http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Mu 2014: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo ku leediyo ne Ttivi eyali asinga * Mu 2014: Kadanke Awards, Omukulembezze w'abavubuka eyali asinga<ref name="AAS12">http://bigeye.ug/kadanke-unveils-national-youth-festival-awards/</ref> * Mu 2015: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo eyali akira ku balala * Mu 2015: Eyali asinga mu basinga (BB) Awards Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo<ref name="AAS11">http://bigeye.ug/best-best-awards-2016-heres-full-list-nominees/</ref> * Mu 2017: [[:en:Buzz_Teeniez_Awards|Buzz Teeniez Awards]] Engula ya '''''Teeniez Leadership Award''''' == Laba ne bino == * [[:en:Kampala_District|Disitulikiti y'e Kampala]] * [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|Ekibiina ky'eby'obufuzi ekya Democratic Party mu Uganda]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] * [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku mirimu gy'ekibuga Kampala]] == Ebijuliziddwamu == {{Reflist}}"Ndi musanyufu nnyo olw'engeri gyetwakwasaganyamu ensonga ya kawaayiro 102 (b) aka Ssemateeka nga tukozesa obukugu kuba abasinga baakiraba ng'eky'obusiru, naye twatekawo eky'enjawulo"<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/</ref> Allan Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'okuwagira obwegugungo<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/mp-allan-ssewanyana-arrested-for-inciting-violence/</ref> "Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'obwegugungo obwali buva ku kazambi w'eddwaliro ly'e Kirundu."<ref>https://nilepost.co.ug/2019/02/22/video-mps-protest-ssewanyanas-arrest-over-kiruddu-hospital-sewerage-crisis/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwamu w'abweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160319224843/http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721225811/http://nbs.ug/category/sports/lunchtime_sports/ Link to NBS' Lunchtime Sports] * [https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/ On unbecoming behavior to achieve political gains] <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] 18pxa01sarmwmvrxh5d2aixozkhxq5s 59756 59749 2026-07-08T18:18:45Z Nakisozi 10800 59756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allan Aloysius Ssewanyana''' yazaalibwa nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986, ng'asinga kumanyibwa "ng''''Omusajja wa Bwino", [[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|m]]'''[[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|unnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo]], [[avunaanyizibwa ku by'esonga z'abakozi]] era munnabyabufuzi Munnayuganda .Yali mubaka wa Paalamenti owa [[Makindye Eyobugwanjuba]].<ref>"SSEWANYANA ALLAN". Parliament of Uganda</ref> era omukiise owa [[National Unity Platform]], ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya gavumenti ekisinga obunene mu Uganda.<ref>"Who will step into Kyanjo's large shoes in Makindye West?". Daily Monitor. 2 February 2021.</ref> Mmemba w'[[Akakiiko]] k'ebyenjigiriza n'ebyemizannyo ne ku kakiiko akalwanirira obw'enkanya mu [[Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]]. Era ye Minisita w'ebyemizannyo mu [[kabineeti ey'ekisikirize]].<ref>"Gov't not bothered, Chinese petty traders murdering our economy – MP Ssewanyana". New Vision. 12 May 2017.</ref><ref>"Allan Ssewanyana Dreams of Leading Fufa and Uganda". The Observer.</ref> Ssewanyana yaliko [[kansala]] wa [[LCV]] mu [[kitongole ekikulembera ekibuga Kampala]] ki (KCCA) ng'akiikirira [[eggombolola y'e Makindye]], [[omusunsuzi w'amawulire g'eby'emizannyo]] owa Nile Broadcasting Services (NBS) Ttivi ne Leediyo ya Top 89.6 FM; omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lw'[[Ennyanda]], mmemba ku lukiiko olufuzi olwa [[Liigi ya Uganda eya ba binnywera]],(Uganda Super League), ng'era yaliko omumyuka wa ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi owa [[KCCA FC]].<ref name="AAL2">http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Heart-to-Heart/Men-only-cheat-when-their-women-change/691230-2598572-plcy94/index.html</ref><ref name="AAL3">http://bigeye.ug/allan-ssewanyana-resigns-position-kcca/</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Ssewanyana yazaalibwa mu [[:en:Nsambya_Hospital|ddwaliro ly'e Nsambya]], nga bazadde be ye Aloysius ne Sarah Ssendawula ab'e [[:en:Kibuye,_Uganda|Kibuye]], nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986 mu famire ekiririza mu [[:en:Catholic|ddiini y'ekikatuliki]] [[:en:Ganda_people|ey'Abaganda]]. Ye mwana ow'okusatu mu baana omusanvu beyazalibwa n'abo era alina bannyina bana ne baganda be babiri. Pulayimale yagisomera mu kibuga ky'e Kampala ku Nakivubo Blue Primary School gyeyali ng'akulira eby'emizannyo, era nga [[:en:Primary_School_Leaving_Examination|gyeyatuulira P7]] mu 1998. Oluvannyuma yagenda ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School gyeyatulira [[:en:GCE_Ordinary_Level|Siniya ey'okuna]] mu 2002 ne [[:en:Mengo_Senior_School|Mengo Senior School]] gyeyamalira [[:en:Uganda_Advanced_Certificate_of_Education|Siniya ey'omukaaga]] mu 2005. Yawerezaako nga Minisita w'eby'emizannyo ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School n'omukulembezze akulira abayizi ku Mengo Senior School. Ssewanyana yeeyongerayo ku [[:en:Makerere_University|Ssettendekero wa Makerere]] gy'eyatikirwa mu 2008 ne diguli mu [[:en:Human_Resource_Management|kudukanya ensonga z'abakozi]]. Yali akulira abayizi era omu ku baali ku [[:en:Students'_representative_council|kakiiko akakiikirira abayizi]] ku kizimbe kya [[:en:Makerere_University|Ivory Tower]].<ref name="AAL3" /> == Emirimu gye n'ebyobufuzi == Ng'afunye ebaluwa ye eya S6, Ssewanyana yafuna omulimu gw'okukola [[:en:Sports_journalism|ng'omusunsuzi w'eby'emizannyo]] ku Top Radio 89.6 FM mu 2005. Ng'amaliriza okufuna [[:en:Bachelor's_degree|diguli]] ye mu 2008, yafuna omulimu [[:en:Sports_commentator#Sports_presenter.2Fstudio_host|ng'omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo]] ku ttivi ya NBS, ng'ayanjula n'okuwereza pulogulaamu y'eby'emizannyo ku NBA buli lunaku ku malya g'eky'emisana. Mu 2014, era oluvannyuma yafuuka omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lw'eby'emizannyo lw'ebayita [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]] olufulua buli wiiki.<ref name="AAS5">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1322842/kcca-councilor-remanded-defamation</ref> Mu 2013, Ssewanyana yeesimbawo ku ky'omukulembezze [[:en:Federation_of_Uganda_Football_Associations|w'ekibiina ekidukanya omupiira mu Uganda]] (FUFA) ng'ayagala okudda mu bigere by'eyali Pulezidenti w'ekibiina kino mu biseera ebyo, [[:en:Lawrence_Mulindwa|Lawrence Mulindwa]]. Yawandulwamu nga basinziira ku by'ekikugu, nga Moses Magogo yeyasobola okuwangula era nga teyavuganyiziddwa.<ref name="AAS10">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1324298/fufa-exco-endorses-magogo</ref> Mu 2011, Ssewanyana yayingira mu [[:en:Democracy|by'obufuzi eby'okulonda]] ng'ali ku tikiti y'ekibiina kya [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|DP,]] ekyamufuula [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekiddukanya emirimu mu kibuga Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira konsitituweensi ya [[:en:Makindye_Division|Makindye Ey'obugwanjuba]] okutuuka mu 2016, bweyalondebwa okuwereza mu konsitituweensi y'emu mu kifo ekisava eky'okubeera omubaka wa Paalamenti ekyamufuula omubaka mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]] ey'e [[:en:Uganda|Kula lya Afrika]]. Mu Paalamenti ey'ekumi, Ssewanyana awereza ku [[:en:Parliamentary_Committees_of_the_United_Kingdom|kakiiko]] k'Eby'enjigiriza n'Eby'emizannyo ku nsonga z'omwenkano nkano. == Ebimukwatako eby'omunda == Allan Ssewanyana mufumbo nga mukyala we ye Lydia Ssewanyana nga balina abaana babbiri.Yawerezaako ng'omumyuka wa ssentebe ku [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]] okuva mu 2012 okutuuka mu 2015 era ng'omu ku baali ku kakiiko akakulu akaddukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]] mu kaseera k'ekamu. Ssewanyana y'omu kubannanyini era ssentebe wa kiraabu y'omupiira eyitibwa Katwe United FC.<ref name="AAS6">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2019-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328195148/http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yazannyako omupiira ku mutendera gwa [[:en:National_League_(Uganda)|liigi y'eggwanga]] mu ttiimu ya Top TV FC okuva mu 2001 okutuuka mu 2004 bweyamenyeka egumba ly'okukibegabega, obuvune obwamuvirako okunyuka okusamba omupiira.<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1256637/tv-fc-ban</ref> Mu Gwomwenda mu 2021, Allan Sewanyana yavunaanibwa omusango gw'obutemu.<ref>https://fr.africanews.com/2021/09/07/ouganda-deux-deputes-de-l-opposition-accuses-d-orchestrer-des-meurtres/</ref> == Awaadi n'Engule == Ssewanyana awereddwa awaadi ez'enjawulo okusinziira ku mirimu gy'azze akola emyaka egiyise * Mu 2013: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo asinga ku Ttivi <ref name="AAS13">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2020-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107013716/http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Mu 2014: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo ku leediyo ne Ttivi eyali asinga * Mu 2014: Kadanke Awards, Omukulembezze w'abavubuka eyali asinga<ref name="AAS12">http://bigeye.ug/kadanke-unveils-national-youth-festival-awards/</ref> * Mu 2015: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo eyali akira ku balala * Mu 2015: Eyali asinga mu basinga (BB) Awards Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo<ref name="AAS11">http://bigeye.ug/best-best-awards-2016-heres-full-list-nominees/</ref> * Mu 2017: [[:en:Buzz_Teeniez_Awards|Buzz Teeniez Awards]] Engula ya '''''Teeniez Leadership Award''''' == Laba ne bino == * [[:en:Kampala_District|Disitulikiti y'e Kampala]] * [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|Ekibiina ky'eby'obufuzi ekya Democratic Party mu Uganda]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] * [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku mirimu gy'ekibuga Kampala]] == Ebijuliziddwamu == {{Reflist}}"Ndi musanyufu nnyo olw'engeri gyetwakwasaganyamu ensonga ya kawaayiro 102 (b) aka Ssemateeka nga tukozesa obukugu kuba abasinga baakiraba ng'eky'obusiru, naye twatekawo eky'enjawulo"<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/</ref> Allan Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'okuwagira obwegugungo<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/mp-allan-ssewanyana-arrested-for-inciting-violence/</ref> "Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'obwegugungo obwali buva ku kazambi w'eddwaliro ly'e Kirundu."<ref>https://nilepost.co.ug/2019/02/22/video-mps-protest-ssewanyanas-arrest-over-kiruddu-hospital-sewerage-crisis/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwamu w'abweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160319224843/http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721225811/http://nbs.ug/category/sports/lunchtime_sports/ Link to NBS' Lunchtime Sports] * [https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/ On unbecoming behavior to achieve political gains] <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] 5bmq7oerjzgdgfrot79cr712nl4fqyf 59757 59756 2026-07-08T18:19:55Z Nakisozi 10800 59757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allan Aloysius Ssewanyana''' yazaalibwa nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986, ng'asinga kumanyibwa "ng''''Omusajja wa Bwino", [[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|m]]'''[[Munnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo|unnamawulire w'ebyemizannyo]], [[avunaanyizibwa ku by'esonga z'abakozi]] era munnabyabufuzi Munnayuganda .Yali mubaka wa Paalamenti owa [[Makindye Eyobugwanjuba]].<ref>"SSEWANYANA ALLAN". Parliament of Uganda</ref> era omukiise owa [[National Unity Platform]], ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekivuganya gavumenti ekisinga obunene mu Uganda.<ref>"Who will step into Kyanjo's large shoes in Makindye West?". Daily Monitor. 2 February 2021.</ref> Mmemba w'[[Akakiiko]] k'ebyenjigiriza n'ebyemizannyo ne ku kakiiko akalwanirira obw'enkanya mu [[Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]]. Era ye Minisita w'ebyemizannyo mu [[kabineeti ey'ekisikirize]].<ref>"Gov't not bothered, Chinese petty traders murdering our economy – MP Ssewanyana". New Vision. 12 May 2017.</ref><ref>"Allan Ssewanyana Dreams of Leading Fufa and Uganda". The Observer.</ref> Ssewanyana yaliko [[kansala]] wa [[LCV]] mu [[kitongole ekikulembera ekibuga Kampala]] ki (KCCA) ng'akiikirira [[eggombolola y'e Makindye]], [[omusunsuzi w'amawulire g'eby'emizannyo]] owa Nile Broadcasting Services (NBS) Ttivi ne Leediyo ya Top 89.6 FM; omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lw'[[Ennyanda]], mmemba ku lukiiko olufuzi olwa [[Liigi ya Uganda eya ba binnywera]],(Uganda Super League), ng'era yaliko omumyuka wa ssentebe w'olukiiko olufuzi owa [[KCCA FC]].<ref>"Allan Ssewanyana resigns from his position at KCCA". bigeye.ug. 4 January 2021.</ref><ref>"Men only cheat when their women change". bigeye.ug. 3 March 2015.</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Ssewanyana yazaalibwa mu [[:en:Nsambya_Hospital|ddwaliro ly'e Nsambya]], nga bazadde be ye Aloysius ne Sarah Ssendawula ab'e [[:en:Kibuye,_Uganda|Kibuye]], nga 26 Ogwekuminoogumu mu 1986 mu famire ekiririza mu [[:en:Catholic|ddiini y'ekikatuliki]] [[:en:Ganda_people|ey'Abaganda]]. Ye mwana ow'okusatu mu baana omusanvu beyazalibwa n'abo era alina bannyina bana ne baganda be babiri. Pulayimale yagisomera mu kibuga ky'e Kampala ku Nakivubo Blue Primary School gyeyali ng'akulira eby'emizannyo, era nga [[:en:Primary_School_Leaving_Examination|gyeyatuulira P7]] mu 1998. Oluvannyuma yagenda ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School gyeyatulira [[:en:GCE_Ordinary_Level|Siniya ey'okuna]] mu 2002 ne [[:en:Mengo_Senior_School|Mengo Senior School]] gyeyamalira [[:en:Uganda_Advanced_Certificate_of_Education|Siniya ey'omukaaga]] mu 2005. Yawerezaako nga Minisita w'eby'emizannyo ku St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School n'omukulembezze akulira abayizi ku Mengo Senior School. Ssewanyana yeeyongerayo ku [[:en:Makerere_University|Ssettendekero wa Makerere]] gy'eyatikirwa mu 2008 ne diguli mu [[:en:Human_Resource_Management|kudukanya ensonga z'abakozi]]. Yali akulira abayizi era omu ku baali ku [[:en:Students'_representative_council|kakiiko akakiikirira abayizi]] ku kizimbe kya [[:en:Makerere_University|Ivory Tower]].<ref name="AAL3">http://bigeye.ug/allan-ssewanyana-resigns-position-kcca/</ref> == Emirimu gye n'ebyobufuzi == Ng'afunye ebaluwa ye eya S6, Ssewanyana yafuna omulimu gw'okukola [[:en:Sports_journalism|ng'omusunsuzi w'eby'emizannyo]] ku Top Radio 89.6 FM mu 2005. Ng'amaliriza okufuna [[:en:Bachelor's_degree|diguli]] ye mu 2008, yafuna omulimu [[:en:Sports_commentator#Sports_presenter.2Fstudio_host|ng'omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo]] ku ttivi ya NBS, ng'ayanjula n'okuwereza pulogulaamu y'eby'emizannyo ku NBA buli lunaku ku malya g'eky'emisana. Mu 2014, era oluvannyuma yafuuka omuwandiisi w'omuko gw'ebyemizannyo mu lupapula lw'eby'emizannyo lw'ebayita [[:en:Daily_Monitor|Ennyanda]] olufulua buli wiiki.<ref name="AAS5">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1322842/kcca-councilor-remanded-defamation</ref> Mu 2013, Ssewanyana yeesimbawo ku ky'omukulembezze [[:en:Federation_of_Uganda_Football_Associations|w'ekibiina ekidukanya omupiira mu Uganda]] (FUFA) ng'ayagala okudda mu bigere by'eyali Pulezidenti w'ekibiina kino mu biseera ebyo, [[:en:Lawrence_Mulindwa|Lawrence Mulindwa]]. Yawandulwamu nga basinziira ku by'ekikugu, nga Moses Magogo yeyasobola okuwangula era nga teyavuganyiziddwa.<ref name="AAS10">http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1324298/fufa-exco-endorses-magogo</ref> Mu 2011, Ssewanyana yayingira mu [[:en:Democracy|by'obufuzi eby'okulonda]] ng'ali ku tikiti y'ekibiina kya [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|DP,]] ekyamufuula [[:en:Councillor|kansala]] wa [[:en:Local_Council_(Uganda)|LCV]] mu [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|kitongole ekiddukanya emirimu mu kibuga Kampala]] (KCCA) ng'akiikirira konsitituweensi ya [[:en:Makindye_Division|Makindye Ey'obugwanjuba]] okutuuka mu 2016, bweyalondebwa okuwereza mu konsitituweensi y'emu mu kifo ekisava eky'okubeera omubaka wa Paalamenti ekyamufuula omubaka mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]] ey'e [[:en:Uganda|Kula lya Afrika]]. Mu Paalamenti ey'ekumi, Ssewanyana awereza ku [[:en:Parliamentary_Committees_of_the_United_Kingdom|kakiiko]] k'Eby'enjigiriza n'Eby'emizannyo ku nsonga z'omwenkano nkano. == Ebimukwatako eby'omunda == Allan Ssewanyana mufumbo nga mukyala we ye Lydia Ssewanyana nga balina abaana babbiri.Yawerezaako ng'omumyuka wa ssentebe ku [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority_FC|KCCA FC]] okuva mu 2012 okutuuka mu 2015 era ng'omu ku baali ku kakiiko akakulu akaddukanya [[:en:Uganda_Premier_League|supa liigi ya Uganda]] mu kaseera k'ekamu. Ssewanyana y'omu kubannanyini era ssentebe wa kiraabu y'omupiira eyitibwa Katwe United FC.<ref name="AAS6">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2019-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328195148/http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yazannyako omupiira ku mutendera gwa [[:en:National_League_(Uganda)|liigi y'eggwanga]] mu ttiimu ya Top TV FC okuva mu 2001 okutuuka mu 2004 bweyamenyeka egumba ly'okukibegabega, obuvune obwamuvirako okunyuka okusamba omupiira.<ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1256637/tv-fc-ban</ref> Mu Gwomwenda mu 2021, Allan Sewanyana yavunaanibwa omusango gw'obutemu.<ref>https://fr.africanews.com/2021/09/07/ouganda-deux-deputes-de-l-opposition-accuses-d-orchestrer-des-meurtres/</ref> == Awaadi n'Engule == Ssewanyana awereddwa awaadi ez'enjawulo okusinziira ku mirimu gy'azze akola emyaka egiyise * Mu 2013: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo asinga ku Ttivi <ref name="AAS13">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2020-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107013716/http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Mu 2014: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo ku leediyo ne Ttivi eyali asinga * Mu 2014: Kadanke Awards, Omukulembezze w'abavubuka eyali asinga<ref name="AAS12">http://bigeye.ug/kadanke-unveils-national-youth-festival-awards/</ref> * Mu 2015: RTV Academy Awards, Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo eyali akira ku balala * Mu 2015: Eyali asinga mu basinga (BB) Awards Omuwereza w'eby'emizannyo<ref name="AAS11">http://bigeye.ug/best-best-awards-2016-heres-full-list-nominees/</ref> * Mu 2017: [[:en:Buzz_Teeniez_Awards|Buzz Teeniez Awards]] Engula ya '''''Teeniez Leadership Award''''' == Laba ne bino == * [[:en:Kampala_District|Disitulikiti y'e Kampala]] * [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|Ekibiina ky'eby'obufuzi ekya Democratic Party mu Uganda]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] * [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku mirimu gy'ekibuga Kampala]] == Ebijuliziddwamu == {{Reflist}}"Ndi musanyufu nnyo olw'engeri gyetwakwasaganyamu ensonga ya kawaayiro 102 (b) aka Ssemateeka nga tukozesa obukugu kuba abasinga baakiraba ng'eky'obusiru, naye twatekawo eky'enjawulo"<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/</ref> Allan Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'okuwagira obwegugungo<ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/mp-allan-ssewanyana-arrested-for-inciting-violence/</ref> "Ssewanyana yakwatibwa olw'obwegugungo obwali buva ku kazambi w'eddwaliro ly'e Kirundu."<ref>https://nilepost.co.ug/2019/02/22/video-mps-protest-ssewanyanas-arrest-over-kiruddu-hospital-sewerage-crisis/</ref> == Ebijuliziddwamu w'abweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160319224843/http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721225811/http://nbs.ug/category/sports/lunchtime_sports/ Link to NBS' Lunchtime Sports] * [https://www.independent.co.ug/allan-ssewanyana-on-his-love-for-lukwago/ On unbecoming behavior to achieve political gains] <references /> [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] 1bym3d21tm279b3ktsja00mfs1u2bvi 91.3 Capital FM 0 8287 59874 55669 2026-07-09T11:05:18Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 ngaseeko Databox 59874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox radio station|name=Capital FM Uganda|logo=File:91.3 Capital FM Logo.jpg|caption=Logo|city=[[Kampala]]|area=Kisementi, Kololo, Kampala, [[Uganda]]|airdate=December 31, 1993<ref name=mon-it-or>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170904063246/http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Life/The-20-year-journey-of-FM-radio-in-Uganda/-/689856/2294296/-/item/1/-/utbmpkz/-/index.html "The 20-year journey of FM radio in Uganda"] monitor.co.ug. Retrieved March 14, 2015.</ref>|language=English|frequency=91.3 [[megahertz|MHz]]|format=Urban music, news and information|owner=William Pike, [[Patrick Quarcoo]], Hannington Karuhanga, Dr Ayo Ajayi|sister_stations=Beat Fm Uganda|webcast=[http://capitalradio-ug.com/forex/#capital/ Listen online]|website={{URL | capitalradio.co.ug }}}} [[File:91.3 Capital FM Logo.jpg|thumb|91.3 Capital FM Logo]] '''Capital FM''' (nga oluusi eyitibwa '''Capital Ladiyo''' oba '''91.3 Capital FM''') mukutu gwa ladiyo oguwerereza mu lulimi Oluzungu okusinzira mu {{ill|Kampala|en}}, {{ill|Uganda|en}} ku mayengo ga 91.3 MHZ era nga ekwaata ebitundu bya Uganda byonna n'ebimuku bitundu by'obukiika kono bwa Tanzania, Rwanda, Obuvanjuba bwa Congo n'obugwa njuba bwa Kenya. Esasanira ensi yonna nga eyita ku mayengo gaayo ag'omutimbagano gwa yintanenti.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14112301 "Uganda profile "] bbc.com. Retrieved March 14, 2015.</ref> Nga ogyeeko amayengo ga 91.3&nbsp;MHz agawereza okuva mu Kampala, ladiyo era ewerereza ku mayengo okuli 90.9&nbsp;MHz mu bitundu bye Mbale, 96.9&nbsp;MHz e Gulu, ne 89.4&nbsp;MHz e Fort Portal ne 88.7&nbsp;MHz e Mbarara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.observer.ug/lifestyle/42-entertainment/44316-capital-fm-to-launch-in-fort-portal|title=Capital FM to launch in Fort Portal|last=Baranga|first=Samson|website=The Observer - Uganda|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-08-11|archive-date=2019-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811161828/https://www.observer.ug/lifestyle/42-entertainment/44316-capital-fm-to-launch-in-fort-portal|url-status=dead}}</ref> Olw'okuba nga esasanira ebitundu ebyenjawulo kigifuula okubeera nga ye ladiyo ekyasinze okuwulirizibwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geopoll.com/blog/geopoll-quarter-one-2018-radio-tv-audience-ratings-report/|title=Audience Measurement Data from Africa, Q1 2018|date=2018-05-24|website=GeoPoll|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-11}}</ref> Capital FM ewereza pologulaamu okuli ''Big Breakfast Show'', ''The Capital Gang'', ''The Late Date'' and ''Dance Force''. Pologulamu endala nga ''AM-PM Show'', ''The Overdrive'' and ''The Dream Breakfast'' zezimu ku pologulaamu ezikyasinze okuwulirizibwa mu Uganda. == Baweereza == * {{ill|Flavia Tumusiime|en}} <ref name="Flavia Tumusiime ">[https://web.archive.org/web/20221220214753/https://www.flaviatumusiime.com/ "Flavia Tumusiime "] flaviatumusiime.com. Retrieved March 14, 2015.</ref> yali muwereza * [[Gaetano Kagwa|Gaetano Jjuuko Kagwa]] * Lucky Mbabazi {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! colspan="2" |Day !Program/show !Time !Presenter(s) |- | rowspan="7" |Weekdays | rowspan="7" |Monday to Friday | rowspan="2" |Gaetano & Lucky ku makya ne The Big Break Fast | rowspan="2" |5 am – 10 am |[[Gaetano Kagwa]] |- |Lucky Mbabazi |- |''KUMAKYA PAKA AKAWUNGEZI'' |10 am – 3 pm |Flavia Tumusiime |- | rowspan="2" |''The Overdrive Show'' | rowspan="2" |3 pm – 6 pm |Malaika |- |Oulanyah |- |''The 8 to 8 Countdown and UControl'' |7 pm – 10 pm |Arinaitwe Innocent Levy |- |''The Late Date'' |10 pm – 1 am |Arinaitwe Innocent Levy |- | rowspan="11" |Weekends | rowspan="6" |Saturdays | rowspan="2" |''The Dream Breakfast'' | rowspan="2" |6 am – 10 am |Moses Kalule,Allen Kirungi |- |''Ramesh Gabalsing'' |- |The Capital Gang |10 am – 12 pm |Ssemweya Musoke |- |''The Saturday Drive'' |4 pm – 6 pm | |- |''Countdown'' |6 pm – 8 pm |Arinaitwe Innocent Levy |- |''The Danceforce'' |8 pm – 2 pm |DJ Wil 'The Smooth Spinner' |- | rowspan="5" |Sundays |''The Sunday Inspiration Show'' |6 am – 10 am |Moses Kalule |- |''Your Choice'' |12 pm – 3 pm |Ailen |- |''The Sunday Drive'' |4 pm – 7 pm | |- |''Desert Island Discs'' |7 pm – 8 pm |Simon Kasyate |- |''Capital Gold'' |8 pm – 2 pm | |- |} == Akazannyo k'obwongo == Akazannyo k'obwongo "The brain game" pologulamu ebeerawo ku Capital ladiyo. Buli saawa emisana g'olunaku, ekibuuzo kibuzibwa. Singa ekiddibwamu ekituufu tekifunibwa mweyo saawa, sente 10,000 ogwa Uganda gw'ongerebwako okutuusa lwekiddamu okubuzibwa esaawa eddako. Omuzannyo gw'obwongo gusobola okutwaa emyeezi munaana nga abawuliriza bakuba amasimu okugezaako okuwangula ensimbi.<ref name="ugo2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170425082142/http://news.ugo.co.ug/capital-fm-brain-game-winner-bags-shs8-3m/ "Capital FM ‘Brain Game’ Winner Bags Shs8.3M"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150315023312/http://news.ugo.co.ug/capital-fm-brain-game-winner-bags-shs8-3m/|date=2015-03-15}} ugo.co.ug. Retrieved March 14, 2015.</ref><ref name="new-vision2">[http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/485780 "Capital FM/ Celtel Brain Game prize hits sh9m"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150315023323/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/485780|date=2015-03-15}} newvision.co.ug. Retrieved March 14, 2015.</ref><ref name="mondaytimes2">[https://archive.today/20150315023409/http://www.mondaytimes.co.ug/details.php?option=acat&a=3937 "Fan wins 10M in Capital brain game"] mondaytimes.co.ug. Retrieved March 14, 2015.</ref> == Abaali abawereza. == * Jackie Lumbasi - The Big Breakfast now Gaetano & Lucky in the Morning, Your Choice * [[Juliana Kanyomozi]] - Your Choice, The Overdrive Show <small>''(then '''Home Run Team''' with [[Gaetano Kagwa|Gaetano]])''</small> * Christine Mawadri - The Big Breakfast Show * Lilian Mbabazi - The Big Breakfast Show * Karitas Karisimbi The Big Breakfast Show * Joy Doreen Biira - The Dream Breakfast Show, Sunday Drive * Alan Kasujja - The Big Breakfast Show, Desert Island Discs * Cleopatra Koheirwe - The Overdrive Show, The Dream Breakfast Show * Tattu Sophie - The Dream Breakfast/The Overdrive Show/Saturday Drive * Marcus Kwikiriza - The Big Breakfast * Flo Qitui - Your Choice * {{ill|Flavia Tumusiime|en}}<ref name="Flavia Tumusiime "/> yali akola AM-PM {{Reflist}} == Obugataganya == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Life/The-20-year-journey-of-FM-radio-in-Uganda/-/689856/2294296/-/hqp6n0/-/index.html "The 20-year journey of FM radio in Uganda"] * [http://bigeye.ug/fm-radio-broadcasting-in-uganda-turns-20-this-month/ "FM Radio broadcasting in Uganda turns 20 this month"] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20221208133553/https://streame.co/en/Radio_Online_91_3_Capital_FM_FM_91_3_Kampala "Capital FM Uganda"] {{Kampala Radio}} 2xmjpahocxwxc1cjascxx5c52cb95cx 59916 59874 2026-07-09T11:56:39Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Nterezezza oluganda 59916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox radio station|name=Capital FM Uganda|logo=File:91.3 Capital FM Logo.jpg|caption=Logo|city=[[Kampala]]|area=Kisementi, Kololo, Kampala, [[Uganda]]|airdate=December 31, 1993<ref name=mon-it-or>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170904063246/http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Life/The-20-year-journey-of-FM-radio-in-Uganda/-/689856/2294296/-/item/1/-/utbmpkz/-/index.html "The 20-year journey of FM radio in Uganda"] monitor.co.ug. Retrieved March 14, 2015.</ref>|language=English|frequency=91.3 [[megahertz|MHz]]|format=Urban music, news and information|owner=William Pike, [[Patrick Quarcoo]], Hannington Karuhanga, Dr Ayo Ajayi|sister_stations=Beat Fm Uganda|webcast=[http://capitalradio-ug.com/forex/#capital/ Listen online]|website={{URL | capitalradio.co.ug }}}} [[File:91.3 Capital FM Logo.jpg|thumb|91.3 Capital FM Logo]] '''Capital FM''' (ng'oluusi eyitibwa '''Capital Radio''' oba '''91.3 Capital FM''') mukutu gwa leediyo oguwerereza mu lulimi Oluzungu nga basinziira mu [[Kampala]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]] ku mayengo ga 91.3 MHZ era ng'ebuna ebitundu bya [[Yuganda|Uganda]] byonna n'ebimu ku bitundu by'obukiika kono bwa [[Tanzania]], [[Rwanda]], Obuvanjuba bwa Congo n'obugwa njuba bwa Kenya. Esasanira ensi yonna ng'eyita ku mayengo gaayo ag'omutimbagano gwa yintanenti.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14112301 "Uganda profile "] bbc.com. Retrieved March 14, 2015.</ref> Ng'ogyeeko amayengo ga 91.3&nbsp;MHz agawereza okuva mu Kampala, omukutu gwa leediyo eno guwerereza ku mayengo okuli 90.9&nbsp;MHz mu bitundu bye Mbale, 96.9&nbsp;MHz e Gulu, ne 89.4&nbsp;MHz e Fort Portal ne 88.7&nbsp;MHz e Mbarara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.observer.ug/lifestyle/42-entertainment/44316-capital-fm-to-launch-in-fort-portal|title=Capital FM to launch in Fort Portal|last=Baranga|first=Samson|website=The Observer - Uganda|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-08-11|archive-date=2019-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811161828/https://www.observer.ug/lifestyle/42-entertainment/44316-capital-fm-to-launch-in-fort-portal|url-status=dead}}</ref> Olw'okubeera ng'esaasanira ebitundu eby'enjawulo kigifuula okubeera omukutu gwa leediyo ekyasinze okuwulirizibwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geopoll.com/blog/geopoll-quarter-one-2018-radio-tv-audience-ratings-report/|title=Audience Measurement Data from Africa, Q1 2018|date=2018-05-24|website=GeoPoll|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-11}}</ref> Pulogulaamu Capital FM z'ewereza kuli ''Big Breakfast Show'', ''The Capital Gang'', ''The Late Date'' ne ''Dance Force'', ''AM-PM Show'', ''The Overdrive'' ne ''The Dream Breakfast.'' == Abawereza == * {{ill|Flavia Tumusiime|en}} <ref name="Flavia Tumusiime ">[https://web.archive.org/web/20221220214753/https://www.flaviatumusiime.com/ "Flavia Tumusiime "] flaviatumusiime.com. Retrieved March 14, 2015.</ref> * [[Gaetano Kagwa|Gaetano Jjuuko Kagwa]] * Lucky Mbabazi<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ranell Dickson|first=Nsereko|date=May 22, 2024|title=Arsenal features media personality Lucky Mbabazi in Fan's video|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/arsenal-features-media-personality-lucky-mbab-NV_188553|access-date=November 18, 2024|work=New Vision}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! colspan="2" |Olunaku !Pulogulaamu !Esaawa !Omuwereza |- | rowspan="7" |Wiikendi | rowspan="7" |Mande paka ku Lwokutaano | rowspan="2" |Gaetano & Lucky ku makya ne The Big Break Fast | rowspan="2" |11 e'okumakya paka 4 |[[Gaetano Kagwa]] |- |Lucky Mbabazi |- |Am-Pm Show |4 ez'okumakya paka 9 ez'ekawungeezi |[[:en:Flavia_Tumusiime|Flavia Tumusiime]] |- | rowspan="2" |''The Overdrive Show'' | rowspan="2" |9 ez'ekawungeezi paka 12 |Malaika |- |Oulanyah |- |''The 8 to 8 Countdown and UControl'' |1 eyekawungeezi paka 4 ez'ekiro |Arinaitwe Innocent Levy |- |''The Late Date'' |4 ez'ekiro paka 7 |Arinaitwe Innocent Levy |- | rowspan="11" |Wiikendi | rowspan="6" |Lwamukaaga | rowspan="2" |''The Dream Breakfast'' | rowspan="2" |12 ez'okumakya paka 4 |Moses Kalule,Allen Kirungi |- |''Ramesh Gabalsing'' |- |The Capital Gang |4 ez'okumakya paka 6 ez'omutuntu |Ssemweya Musoke |- |''The Saturday Drive'' |10 ez'ekawungeezi paka 12 | |- |''Countdown'' |12 ez'ekawungeezi paka 2 ez'ekiro |Arinaitwe Innocent Levy |- |''The Danceforce'' |2 ez'ekiro paka 8 |DJ Wil 'The Smooth Spinner' |- | rowspan="5" |Sande |''The Sunday Inspiration Show'' |12 ez'okumakya paka 4 ez'okumakya |Moses Kalule |- |''Your Choice'' |6 ez'omutuntu paka 9 ez'ekawungeezi |Ailen |- |''The Sunday Drive'' |10 ez'ekawungeezi paka 1 | |- |''Desert Island Discs'' |1 ey'ekawungeezi paka 2 ez'ekiro |Simon Kasyate |- |''Capital Gold'' |2 ez'ekiro okutuuka 8 nga bukya | |- |} == Akazannyo k'obwongo == Akazannyo k'obwongo akakazibwako "The brain game" pulogulaamu edukanyizibwa Capital leediyo. Buli saawa mu budde bw'emisana, ekibuuzo ky'ekimu kibuzibwa. Singa ekiddibwamu ekituufu tekifunibwa, 10,000 ogwa ssente za Uganda gw'ongerebwako ziziba ziteredwawo okutuusa ku saawa eddako, okubuzibwa bwekudibwamu. Akazannyo k'obwongo kasobola okugenda mu maaso okumala emyeezi munaana ng'abawuliriza bakuba amasimu okugezaako okuwangula ensimbi.<ref name="ugo2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170425082142/http://news.ugo.co.ug/capital-fm-brain-game-winner-bags-shs8-3m/ "Capital FM ‘Brain Game’ Winner Bags Shs8.3M"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150315023312/http://news.ugo.co.ug/capital-fm-brain-game-winner-bags-shs8-3m/|date=2015-03-15}} ugo.co.ug. Retrieved March 14, 2015.</ref><ref name="new-vision2">[http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/485780 "Capital FM/ Celtel Brain Game prize hits sh9m"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150315023323/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/485780|date=2015-03-15}} newvision.co.ug. Retrieved March 14, 2015.</ref><ref name="mondaytimes2">[https://archive.today/20150315023409/http://www.mondaytimes.co.ug/details.php?option=acat&a=3937 "Fan wins 10M in Capital brain game"] mondaytimes.co.ug. Retrieved March 14, 2015.</ref> == Abaali abawereza. == # Jackie Lumbasi - The Big Breakfast now Gaetano & Lucky in the Morning, Your Choice # [[Juliana Kanyomozi]] - Your Choice, The Overdrive Show <small>''(then '''Home Run Team''' with [[Gaetano Kagwa|Gaetano]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Jobs they held before they became stars |url=http://www.observer.ug/lifestyle/42-entertainment/2945-jobs-they-held-before-they-became-stars |access-date=15 April 2009 |website=The Observer |publisher=Admin}}</ref>''</small> # Christine Mawadri - The Big Breakfast Show<ref>{{cite web |title=Radio veteran Mawadri joins tv |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1306005/radio-veteran-mawadri-joins-tv |access-date=31 August 2012 |website=New Vision}}</ref> # [[Lillian Mbabazi|Lilian Mbabazi]] - The Big Breakfast Show<ref>{{cite web |title=In the spotlight: Radio DJ: Lillian Mbabazi |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1158794/spotlight-radio-dj-lillian-mbabazi |access-date=17 August 2007 |website=The New Vision}}</ref> # [[Karitas Karisimbi]] The Big Breakfast Show<ref>{{cite web |title=Karitas lands Capital FM job |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1052526/karitas-lands-capital-fm-job |access-date=27 July 2002 |website=New Vision}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Karitas leaves Capital FM|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1137741/karitas-leaves-capital-fm|access-date=3 November 2006|agency=New Vision|publisher=Vision Reporter}}</ref> # [[Joy Doreen Biira]] - The Dream Breakfast Show, Sunday Drive # [[Alan Kasujja]] - The Big Breakfast Show, Desert Island Discs # [[Cleopatra Koheirwe]] - The Overdrive Show, The Dream Breakfast Show # Tattu Sophie - The Dream Breakfast/The Overdrive Show/Saturday Drive<ref>{{cite news|title=Tattu Sophie leaves Capital FM|url=https://bigeye.ug/tattu-sophie-leaves-capital-fm/|access-date=30 April 2019|agency=Big Eye}}</ref> # Marcus Kwikiriza - The Big Breakfast<ref>{{cite news|title=Big Breakfast host Marcus quits Capital FM|url=https://edge.ug/2017/12/19/big-breakfast-host-marcus-quits-capital-fm/|access-date=30 April 2019|agency=Edge}}</ref> # Flo Qitui - Your Choice # {{ill|Flavia Tumusiime|en}}<ref name="Flavia Tumusiime" /> yali akola AM-PM == Ebujuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Obugataganya == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Life/The-20-year-journey-of-FM-radio-in-Uganda/-/689856/2294296/-/hqp6n0/-/index.html "The 20-year journey of FM radio in Uganda"] * [http://bigeye.ug/fm-radio-broadcasting-in-uganda-turns-20-this-month/ "FM Radio broadcasting in Uganda turns 20 this month"] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20221208133553/https://streame.co/en/Radio_Online_91_3_Capital_FM_FM_91_3_Kampala "Capital FM Uganda"] {{Kampala Radio}} j5lgno8vevgeigd4q31dzguuj1y9c8h 59917 59916 2026-07-09T11:58:11Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Ngaseeko amatuluba 59917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox radio station|name=Capital FM Uganda|logo=File:91.3 Capital FM Logo.jpg|caption=Logo|city=[[Kampala]]|area=Kisementi, Kololo, Kampala, [[Uganda]]|airdate=December 31, 1993<ref name=mon-it-or>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170904063246/http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Life/The-20-year-journey-of-FM-radio-in-Uganda/-/689856/2294296/-/item/1/-/utbmpkz/-/index.html "The 20-year journey of FM radio in Uganda"] monitor.co.ug. Retrieved March 14, 2015.</ref>|language=English|frequency=91.3 [[megahertz|MHz]]|format=Urban music, news and information|owner=William Pike, [[Patrick Quarcoo]], Hannington Karuhanga, Dr Ayo Ajayi|sister_stations=Beat Fm Uganda|webcast=[http://capitalradio-ug.com/forex/#capital/ Listen online]|website={{URL | capitalradio.co.ug }}}} [[File:91.3 Capital FM Logo.jpg|thumb|91.3 Capital FM Logo]] '''Capital FM''' (ng'oluusi eyitibwa '''Capital Radio''' oba '''91.3 Capital FM''') mukutu gwa leediyo oguwerereza mu lulimi Oluzungu nga basinziira mu [[Kampala]], [[Yuganda|Uganda]] ku mayengo ga 91.3 MHZ era ng'ebuna ebitundu bya [[Yuganda|Uganda]] byonna n'ebimu ku bitundu by'obukiika kono bwa [[Tanzania]], [[Rwanda]], Obuvanjuba bwa Congo n'obugwa njuba bwa Kenya. Esasanira ensi yonna ng'eyita ku mayengo gaayo ag'omutimbagano gwa yintanenti.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14112301 "Uganda profile "] bbc.com. Retrieved March 14, 2015.</ref> Ng'ogyeeko amayengo ga 91.3&nbsp;MHz agawereza okuva mu Kampala, omukutu gwa leediyo eno guwerereza ku mayengo okuli 90.9&nbsp;MHz mu bitundu bye Mbale, 96.9&nbsp;MHz e Gulu, ne 89.4&nbsp;MHz e Fort Portal ne 88.7&nbsp;MHz e Mbarara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.observer.ug/lifestyle/42-entertainment/44316-capital-fm-to-launch-in-fort-portal|title=Capital FM to launch in Fort Portal|last=Baranga|first=Samson|website=The Observer - Uganda|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-08-11|archive-date=2019-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811161828/https://www.observer.ug/lifestyle/42-entertainment/44316-capital-fm-to-launch-in-fort-portal|url-status=dead}}</ref> Olw'okubeera ng'esaasanira ebitundu eby'enjawulo kigifuula okubeera omukutu gwa leediyo ekyasinze okuwulirizibwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geopoll.com/blog/geopoll-quarter-one-2018-radio-tv-audience-ratings-report/|title=Audience Measurement Data from Africa, Q1 2018|date=2018-05-24|website=GeoPoll|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-11}}</ref> Pulogulaamu Capital FM z'ewereza kuli ''Big Breakfast Show'', ''The Capital Gang'', ''The Late Date'' ne ''Dance Force'', ''AM-PM Show'', ''The Overdrive'' ne ''The Dream Breakfast.'' == Abawereza == * {{ill|Flavia Tumusiime|en}} <ref name="Flavia Tumusiime ">[https://web.archive.org/web/20221220214753/https://www.flaviatumusiime.com/ "Flavia Tumusiime "] flaviatumusiime.com. Retrieved March 14, 2015.</ref> * [[Gaetano Kagwa|Gaetano Jjuuko Kagwa]] * Lucky Mbabazi<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ranell Dickson|first=Nsereko|date=May 22, 2024|title=Arsenal features media personality Lucky Mbabazi in Fan's video|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/arsenal-features-media-personality-lucky-mbab-NV_188553|access-date=November 18, 2024|work=New Vision}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" width="70%" ! colspan="2" |Olunaku !Pulogulaamu !Esaawa !Omuwereza |- | rowspan="7" |Wiikendi | rowspan="7" |Mande paka ku Lwokutaano | rowspan="2" |Gaetano & Lucky ku makya ne The Big Break Fast | rowspan="2" |11 e'okumakya paka 4 |[[Gaetano Kagwa]] |- |Lucky Mbabazi |- |Am-Pm Show |4 ez'okumakya paka 9 ez'ekawungeezi |[[:en:Flavia_Tumusiime|Flavia Tumusiime]] |- | rowspan="2" |''The Overdrive Show'' | rowspan="2" |9 ez'ekawungeezi paka 12 |Malaika |- |Oulanyah |- |''The 8 to 8 Countdown and UControl'' |1 eyekawungeezi paka 4 ez'ekiro |Arinaitwe Innocent Levy |- |''The Late Date'' |4 ez'ekiro paka 7 |Arinaitwe Innocent Levy |- | rowspan="11" |Wiikendi | rowspan="6" |Lwamukaaga | rowspan="2" |''The Dream Breakfast'' | rowspan="2" |12 ez'okumakya paka 4 |Moses Kalule,Allen Kirungi |- |''Ramesh Gabalsing'' |- |The Capital Gang |4 ez'okumakya paka 6 ez'omutuntu |Ssemweya Musoke |- |''The Saturday Drive'' |10 ez'ekawungeezi paka 12 | |- |''Countdown'' |12 ez'ekawungeezi paka 2 ez'ekiro |Arinaitwe Innocent Levy |- |''The Danceforce'' |2 ez'ekiro paka 8 |DJ Wil 'The Smooth Spinner' |- | rowspan="5" |Sande |''The Sunday Inspiration Show'' |12 ez'okumakya paka 4 ez'okumakya |Moses Kalule |- |''Your Choice'' |6 ez'omutuntu paka 9 ez'ekawungeezi |Ailen |- |''The Sunday Drive'' |10 ez'ekawungeezi paka 1 | |- |''Desert Island Discs'' |1 ey'ekawungeezi paka 2 ez'ekiro |Simon Kasyate |- |''Capital Gold'' |2 ez'ekiro okutuuka 8 nga bukya | |- |} == Akazannyo k'obwongo == Akazannyo k'obwongo akakazibwako "The brain game" pulogulaamu edukanyizibwa Capital leediyo. Buli saawa mu budde bw'emisana, ekibuuzo ky'ekimu kibuzibwa. Singa ekiddibwamu ekituufu tekifunibwa, 10,000 ogwa ssente za Uganda gw'ongerebwako ziziba ziteredwawo okutuusa ku saawa eddako, okubuzibwa bwekudibwamu. Akazannyo k'obwongo kasobola okugenda mu maaso okumala emyeezi munaana ng'abawuliriza bakuba amasimu okugezaako okuwangula ensimbi.<ref name="ugo2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170425082142/http://news.ugo.co.ug/capital-fm-brain-game-winner-bags-shs8-3m/ "Capital FM ‘Brain Game’ Winner Bags Shs8.3M"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150315023312/http://news.ugo.co.ug/capital-fm-brain-game-winner-bags-shs8-3m/|date=2015-03-15}} ugo.co.ug. Retrieved March 14, 2015.</ref><ref name="new-vision2">[http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/485780 "Capital FM/ Celtel Brain Game prize hits sh9m"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150315023323/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/485780|date=2015-03-15}} newvision.co.ug. Retrieved March 14, 2015.</ref><ref name="mondaytimes2">[https://archive.today/20150315023409/http://www.mondaytimes.co.ug/details.php?option=acat&a=3937 "Fan wins 10M in Capital brain game"] mondaytimes.co.ug. Retrieved March 14, 2015.</ref> == Abaali abawereza. == # Jackie Lumbasi - The Big Breakfast now Gaetano & Lucky in the Morning, Your Choice # [[Juliana Kanyomozi]] - Your Choice, The Overdrive Show <small>''(then '''Home Run Team''' with [[Gaetano Kagwa|Gaetano]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Jobs they held before they became stars |url=http://www.observer.ug/lifestyle/42-entertainment/2945-jobs-they-held-before-they-became-stars |access-date=15 April 2009 |website=The Observer |publisher=Admin}}</ref>''</small> # Christine Mawadri - The Big Breakfast Show<ref>{{cite web |title=Radio veteran Mawadri joins tv |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1306005/radio-veteran-mawadri-joins-tv |access-date=31 August 2012 |website=New Vision}}</ref> # [[Lillian Mbabazi|Lilian Mbabazi]] - The Big Breakfast Show<ref>{{cite web |title=In the spotlight: Radio DJ: Lillian Mbabazi |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1158794/spotlight-radio-dj-lillian-mbabazi |access-date=17 August 2007 |website=The New Vision}}</ref> # [[Karitas Karisimbi]] The Big Breakfast Show<ref>{{cite web |title=Karitas lands Capital FM job |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1052526/karitas-lands-capital-fm-job |access-date=27 July 2002 |website=New Vision}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Karitas leaves Capital FM|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1137741/karitas-leaves-capital-fm|access-date=3 November 2006|agency=New Vision|publisher=Vision Reporter}}</ref> # [[Joy Doreen Biira]] - The Dream Breakfast Show, Sunday Drive # [[Alan Kasujja]] - The Big Breakfast Show, Desert Island Discs # [[Cleopatra Koheirwe]] - The Overdrive Show, The Dream Breakfast Show # Tattu Sophie - The Dream Breakfast/The Overdrive Show/Saturday Drive<ref>{{cite news|title=Tattu Sophie leaves Capital FM|url=https://bigeye.ug/tattu-sophie-leaves-capital-fm/|access-date=30 April 2019|agency=Big Eye}}</ref> # Marcus Kwikiriza - The Big Breakfast<ref>{{cite news|title=Big Breakfast host Marcus quits Capital FM|url=https://edge.ug/2017/12/19/big-breakfast-host-marcus-quits-capital-fm/|access-date=30 April 2019|agency=Edge}}</ref> # Flo Qitui - Your Choice # {{ill|Flavia Tumusiime|en}}<ref name="Flavia Tumusiime" /> yali akola AM-PM == Ebujuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Obugataganya == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Life/The-20-year-journey-of-FM-radio-in-Uganda/-/689856/2294296/-/hqp6n0/-/index.html "The 20-year journey of FM radio in Uganda"] * [http://bigeye.ug/fm-radio-broadcasting-in-uganda-turns-20-this-month/ "FM Radio broadcasting in Uganda turns 20 this month"] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20221208133553/https://streame.co/en/Radio_Online_91_3_Capital_FM_FM_91_3_Kampala "Capital FM Uganda"] {{Kampala Radio}} [[Category:Kampuni z'emikutu gya leediyo eziwereza mu Uganda]] [[Category:Muziki wa Uganda]] [[Category:Emikutu gya leediyo mu Uganda]] gv7c848r9t1zfd788qusr3w1fzlli66 Sylver Kyagulanyi 0 8304 59673 59050 2026-07-08T13:45:22Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 59673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sylver Kyagulanyi''' Munnayuganda omuyimbi,<ref name="hipipo">{{cite web|title=A Look at Sylver Kyagulanyi; Uganda's Most Prolific Song Writer|url=http://www.hipipo.com/music/news/2314/A-Look-At-Sylver-Kyagulanyi--Uganda-s-Most-Prolific-Song-Writer|accessdate=21 December 2014|archive-date=7 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707020922/http://www.hipipo.com/music/news/2314/A-Look-At-Sylver-Kyagulanyi--Uganda-s-Most-Prolific-Song-Writer|url-status=dead}}</ref> muwandiisi wa nyimba, mufulumya waazo era muwolereza.<ref name="monitor">{{cite web|title=Books they read: Sylver Kyagulanyi|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/-/691232/1520104/-/1ctfu7/-/index.html|accessdate=21 December 2014}}</ref> Y'akulira ekitongole kya Sikia Media Services. Ono y’omu ku bawandiisi b’ennyimba abayiseemu mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu myaka ekkumi egiyise.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ArtMattersInfo|date=2008-09-23|title=Meet The Shy Ugandan Music Doctor|url=https://artmatters.info/2008/09/meet-sylver-kyagulanyi-the-shy-ugandan-music-doctor/|access-date=2021-09-30|website=ArtMatters.Info|language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 2019, yali omu kwabo Bannamateeka 144 abewandiisa nga abawolereza okuva mu Kkooti Enkulu eya Kampala mu Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Singer Kyagulanyi among 141 newly enrolled advocates|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1493041|access-date=2021-09-30|website=New Vision|language=en}}</ref> Yafuna Dipuloma mu by’amateeka okuva mu Law Development Centre (LDC) mu 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-12|title=Singer Kyagulanyi among 700 LDC graduates|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/singer-kyagulanyi-among-700-ldc-graduates-1753098|access-date=2021-09-30|website=Daily Monitor|language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n’okusoma kwe == Kyagulanyi yasomera pulayimale ye ku Nswanjere Junior Seminary. Siniya ye yajisomera ku Kisubi Seminary ne St Charles Lwangwa. Yawandiisibwa ku [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]] nga agenda kukola ku bya pulogulamu y'ebyempuliziganya eya bantu kyokka n’agivaako olwo n’akola diguli mu byokuyimba, okuzina ne katemba, naye nga agenda kuguka mu kuyimba.<ref name="the christianbulletin">{{cite web|title=PROFILE: MUSICIAN SILVER KYAGULANYI (part I)|url=http://thechristianbulletin.wordpress.com/2013/05/16/profile-musician-silver-kyagulanyi-part-i/|accessdate=21 December 2014|date=16 May 2013}}</ref> == Okuyimba == Yatandika okuyimba ng’ali mu kkwaaya y’ekkanisa ya Christ the King mu myaka gya 1990 nga gitandika. Bwe yali mu siniya ey'okusatu, oluyimba lwe lwawangula mu kivulu kyabavubuka muggwanga mu byokuyimba mu 1995. Olw’okuwangula, Kyagulanyi yagenda mu maaso n’okukulaakulanya ekitone kye. Mu luwummula lwe nga amaliriza siniya ey'omukaaga mu 1999, yafulumya "Ekyasa Kyabakyala", oluyimba olukwata ku mwenkano nkano gw'abakyala, ekyayongera okumusitula natuuka ku ddaala ly'okuyimba. Nga ali ku [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y'e Makerere]], Kyagulanyi ya likooodinga era n'afulumya "Omuzadde Katonda," olutambi olwamukyusizza ddala emikisa gye. Ensibuko ye ey’Ekikristaayo yeeyolekera mu zimu ku nnyimba ze, gamba nga Katonda Gwe nsinza, Olunaku Luno, ne Tondeka Mukama, ezireetera emitima gya bawagizibe okujula omwoyo wa Mukama nga baziwuliriza.<ref name="observer">{{cite web|title=Kyagulanyi won't blow his own trumpet|url=https://www.observer.ug/index.php?option%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D16932:kyagulanyi-wont-blow-his-own-trumpet%26catid%3D42:sizzling-entertainment%26Itemid%3D74|accessdate=21 December 2014}}</ref> == Enyimba == * Ekisa kyabakyala * Omuzadde Katonda * Abaana bo * Congratulations * Tebalemwa maka * Olunaku luno * Nkuuma * Nzikiriza * Nesiga Mukama * Awali Katonda tewali mbeera etakyuka * Omukisa * Musalaba * Yimusa Omukono gwo * Ebyokulwanyisa * Nalulungi * Toterebuka * Tonefulira * Onyambanga Mukama * Namulondo * Tondeka Mukama * Olwaleerro * Oli kimuli * Nadibadde wa * Mwesige * Nafuna * Ekyamagero * Abaawo * Kigambo * Guma == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipidiya == * [http://www.newvision.co.ug/article/fullstory.aspx?story_id=316609&catid=377&mid=53 "Okucakala ne Sylver Kyagulanyi".] * [http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/9/42/686742 "Abaana basisinkana Silver Kyagulanyi".] [[Category:Bayimbi ba nyimba ezitendereza Katonda]] [[Category:Baganda]] [[Category:Bannayuganda abayimba enyimba ezitendereza Katonda]] 5clmn83gaxie52vf4a7c92lr196qn0u Sophie Gombya 0 8338 59672 59402 2026-07-08T13:16:23Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 59672 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Sophie Gombya''' [[:en:Uganda|Munnayuganda]] omuyimbi,<ref name="hipipo">{{cite web|title=Musicians join First Lady in Elimination of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV|url=http://www.hipipo.com/music/news/2268/Musicians-Join-First-Lady-In-Elimination-Of-Mother-To-Child-Transmission-Of-Hiv|accessdate=26 December 2014|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235547/http://www.hipipo.com/music/news/2268/Musicians-Join-First-Lady-In-Elimination-Of-Mother-To-Child-Transmission-Of-Hiv|url-status=dead}}</ref>omulwanirizi w'eddembe ly'abantu.<ref name="no2tobacco">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.hipipo.com/music/news/2268/Musicians-Join-First-Lady-In-Elimination-Of-Mother-To-Child-Transmission-Of-Hiv |access-date=2022-11-26 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235547/http://www.hipipo.com/music/news/2268/Musicians-Join-First-Lady-In-Elimination-Of-Mother-To-Child-Transmission-Of-Hiv |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="new-vision">http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/661745-artists-join-hands-to-fight-tobacco-use-among-minors.html</ref> Mufumbo eri muyimbi munne [[:en:Sam_Gombya|Sam Gombya]].<ref name="observer">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3144:tightmarking-has-kept-the-gombyas-together&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |access-date=2022-11-26 |archive-date=2022-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126135257/https://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3144:tightmarking-has-kept-the-gombyas-together&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=".mo-ni-tor">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3144:tightmarking-has-kept-the-gombyas-together&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |access-date=2022-11-26 |archive-date=2022-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126135257/https://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3144:tightmarking-has-kept-the-gombyas-together&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Sophie yasomerako ku Nakivubo Blue Primary School gyeyava okugenda ku Kawempe Muslim, ate oluvannyuma n'agenda ku Kibibi Senior Secondary School.<ref name="observer" /> == Okuyimba kwe == Sophie Gomba ayimbira mu ddoboozi etono ng'era ayimba n'omwami we [[:en:Sam_Gombya|Sam Gombya]]. Alina ennyimba zeyayimba ng'ali yekka era nezikwatayo gamba nga "Spare tyre" olukwata ku mukazi gyeyali avuganya ku musajja y'omu, nga luno lwawandikibwa omwami we Sam. Balina entaambi mukaaga ez'ennyimba bombi.<ref name="observer"/> === Ennyimba ze === * Nkwesize * Gyangu gyendi * Lugya Lumu * Spare tyre * Sosotola * Salawo * Ngugumuka ekiro * Ssebo Muko * Mwenyumirizamu === Entambi ze ne Sam Gombya === * Nkwesize Mu Bbuba == Laba ne == * [[Mariam Ndagire]] * [[Lillian Mbabazi]] * [[Fille Mutoni|Fillie Mutoni]] * [[Halima Namakula|Halimah Namakula]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ewalala w'oyinza okubigya == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150320231606/http://www.ugandaonline.net/news/view/12413/sophie_gombya_poisoned "Sophie Gombya Poisoned"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190306191825/https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Entertainment/-/812796/811326/-/item/1/-/2ycf4/-/index.html "Entertainment couples"] [[Category:Bannayuganda abakyala abayimbi ab'ekyaza kya 21]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] qdu296fqmmmmzrwdav0wewdihpwbvhk Alice Muloki 0 9634 59679 53589 2026-07-08T14:40:53Z Kinenkey 10423 Nterezeeza Wiki-linking 59679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alice Muloki''' (19 Ogwekkumi n'ogumu 1929 &#x2013; 6 Ogwekkumi n'ogumu 2005) ye yali [[:lg:Queen_consort|''Nnabakyala'' (mukyala wa Kyabazinga]]) ow'[[:lg:Busoga|Obwakyabazinga bwa Busoga]] mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]]. Ye yali omwagalwa wa [[:lg:Henry_Wako_Muloki|Henry Wako Muloki,]] omufuzi w'Obwakyabazinga bwa Busoga eyali amanyikiddwa nga [[:lg:Kyabazinga_of_Busoga|Kyabazinga wa Busoga.]] == Ebyafaayo n'obuyigirize == Muloki yazaalibwa '''Alice Kintu''' nga 19 Ogwekkumi n'ogumu 1929. Yasomera ku [[:lg:Gayaza_High_School|Berkley High School, Gayaza High School]] ne [[Buloba College]] e Busoga. Oluvannyuma yatendekebwa nga omusomesa wa pulayimale asookerwako ku ttendekero lya [[Buloba Primary Teachers College]] okuliraana [[Kampala]]. Oluvannyuma yasomesa ku Buckley High School nga tannakyusibwa kukolera e [[Kamuli]]. Mu 1956, yava ku mulimu gye yali akola nga omukulu w'ettendekero ly'abasomesa ba pulayimale erya [[Bishop Willis Core Primary Teachers College]]. == Obulamu bwe == Alice Muloki yafumbirwa [[:lg:Henry_Wako_Muloki|Kyabazinga Henry Wako Muloki]] nga 21 Ogusooka 1956. Abafumbo bano baalina abaana munaana - abalenzi bana n'abawala bana.<ref name="nv" /> Muloki yali mulwaniriza aw'amaanyi owa pulogulaamu ezikwata ku [[Girl Child Education|kusoma kw'omwana omuwala]] ne pulogulaamu endala nnyingi mu Busoga. Alice Muloki yafa nga 6 Ogwekkumi n'ogumu 2005. Yaziikibwa mu disitulikiti y'e [[Kaliro (disitulikit)|Kaliro]]. Omwami we, Henry Wako Muloki, yaziikibwa wamu naye e Kaliro oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 2008.<ref name="nv" /> == Laba na bino == * [[:lg:Kaliro_District|Disituliki y'e Kaliro]] * [[:lg:Henry_Wako_Muloki|Henry Wako Muloki]] * [[:lg:Busoga_kingdom|Obwakyabazinga bwa Busoga]] jxulg1ammq8ikp3stakc02ockowyxeg Zari Hassan 0 10013 59702 59515 2026-07-08T15:30:05Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 59702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zarinah Hassan''' yazaalibwa 23 Ogwomwenda 1980, amanyiddwa nga Zari the Boss Lady, Munnayuganda  omumanyifu mu mbeera z'abantu (socialite), omuyimbi, omukyala omusuubuzi era muzannyi wa firimu.Abeera mu South Africa.<ref name="2R">{{cite web |date=25 May 2017 |title=Rich Gang's Ivan Semwanga dies |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Entertainment/Rich-Gang-Ivan-Semwanga-dies/812796-3941046-j5pw4qz/index.html |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref><ref name="3R">{{cite web |author=Esther Mwaniki |date=13 February 2018 |title=Zari Hassan Still Making Boss Moves |url=https://www.varcity.co.ke/zari-hassan-still-making-boss-moves/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407121240/https://www.varcity.co.ke/zari-hassan-still-making-boss-moves/ |archive-date=7 April 2019 |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=Varcity Kenya |location=Nairobi}}</ref><ref name="4R">{{cite web |date=2 June 2017 |title=Zari reveals her last moments with ex-husband, Ivan Semwanga |url=http://www.ugandaonline.net/201726_zari_speaks_out_on_cause_of_death |access-date=20 February 2018 |work=Ugandaonline.net |location=Kampala |archive-date=21 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221100228/http://www.ugandaonline.net/201726_zari_speaks_out_on_cause_of_death |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ye yasikira era avunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma ekitongole ekya ''Brooklyn City College'' (BCC),Kya njawulo era kikulaakulana. Yeyatandikawo BCC,<ref>{{Cite web |last=iWitness |date=2021-04-28 |title=Zari on Cloud 9 as Students graduate from her Brooklyn City College |url=https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/04/28/zari-on-cloud-9-as-students-graduate-from-her-brooklyn-city-college/ |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=Galaxy FM 100.2 |language=en-US}}</ref> n'omugenzi eyali bbaawe [[Ivan Semwanga]].BCC yasigaza ekitebe kyayo ekikulu mu Pretoria, n'amatabi mu Polokwane, Durban, Johannesburg, Nelspruit, Vereeniging ne Rustenburg.<ref name="5R">{{cite web |author=Musa Ssemwanga |date=6 June 2017 |title=Zari takes over as CEO of Ssemwanga's schools |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1454841/zari-takes-ceo-ssemwanga-schools |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=[[New Vision]] |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref><ref name="6R">{{cite web |author=Bukejonah |date=6 January 2018 |title=Zari Hassan Stamps As The CEO Of The Late Ivan's Schools In SA |url=https://newslexpoint.com/zari-stamps-ceo-late-ivans-schools/ |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=Newslex Point |place=Naalya, Uganda}}</ref><ref name="7R">{{cite web |author=Dennis Milimo |date=27 April 2021 |title=Zari Hassan over the Moon as Students graduate from her Brooklyn City College, SA |url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/celebrities/zari-hassan-in-jubilation-as-students-graduate-from-her-brooklyn-city-college-sa/2nqkk35 |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=Pulselive Kenya |location=Nairobi}}</ref> == Ebyafaayo == Hassan yakomawo mu Uganda mu 2000, oluvannyuma lw'emyaka ebiri mu Bungereza. Oluvannyuma yagenda e South Africa gye yasisinkana era n'afumbirwa Ivan Semwanga. Baalina abaana basatu.<ref name="Seven">{{cite web |date=26 May 2017 |title=Zari Hassan; The Definition of the Late Ivan Semwanga's Love Life |url=http://watchdoguganda.com/zari-hassan-the-definition-of-the-late-ivan-semwangas-love-life/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711212553/http://watchdoguganda.com/zari-hassan-the-definition-of-the-late-ivan-semwangas-love-life/ |archive-date=11 July 2018 |access-date=20 February 2018 |publisher=Watchdoguganda.com |location=Kampala}}</ref> Bayawukana mu 2013 oluvannyuma lwa Hassan okulumiriza Semwanga okumutulugunya.<ref name="Three">{{cite web |last=Matiko |first=Thomas |date=26 May 2017 |title=The truth about Diamond, Zari and Ivan's relationship |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/showbiz/The-truth-about-the-Diamond-Zari-and-Ivans-relationship/1950810-3943428-uf7ltjz/index.html |newspaper=[[Daily Nation]] |location=Nairobi}}</ref> Mu Ogw'okutaano 2017, Semwanga yafuna obulwadde bw'okusannyalala obw'amaanyi era n'aweebwa ekitanda mu ddwaliro lya Steve Biko Academic Hospital.<ref name="Four">{{cite web |last=Kasoba |first=William |date=16 May 2016 |title=Zari in hospital, Juju her ex-hubby Ivan Ssemwanga who is in critical condition |url=http://matookerepublic.com/2017/05/16/zari-in-hospital-taking-care-of-ex-hubby-ivan-ssemwanga-who-is-in-critical-condition/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519073023/http://matookerepublic.com/2017/05/16/zari-in-hospital-taking-care-of-ex-hubby-ivan-ssemwanga-who-is-in-critical-condition/ |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=20 February 2018 |publisher=Matookerepublic.om}}</ref>Yafa nga 25 Ogwokutaano 2017. Yaziikibwa mu Uganda.<ref name="Ten">{{cite web |last1=Wandera |first1=Derrick |last2=Ssejjombwe |first2=Isaac |last3=Ogwal |first3=Lawrence |date=31 May 2017 |title=Hundreds bid farewell to Rich Gang's Semwanga |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Hundreds-bid-farewell-to-Rich-Gang-s-Semwanga/688334-3948724-f3iuv6z/index.html |access-date=20 February 2018 |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'olumbe, Hassan yadayo e South Africa okulabirira bizinensi ze n'emmaali y'omugenzi bba. Alina abaana babiri n'omuyimbi we Tanzania Diamond Platnumz .<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/chillax/zari-hassan-finally-divorces-diamond-platinumz-valentines-day/|title=Zari Hassan finally divorces Diamond Platnumz... on Valentine's Day|last=Musungu|first=Nahashon|date=2018-02-15|work=Nairobi News|access-date=2018-04-05|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406102804/https://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/chillax/zari-hassan-finally-divorces-diamond-platinumz-valentines-day/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Aswani 2018">{{cite web |last=Aswani |first=Nixon |date=2018-02-21 |title=Diamond Platnumz biography: facts you didn't know about the king of Wasafi |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/266426-diamond-platnumz-biography-facts-didnt-king-wasafi.html |access-date=2018-11-19 |website=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.}}</ref><ref name="Mbuthia 2018">{{cite web |last=Mbuthia |first=Geoffrey |date=2018-05-11 |title=Diamond denies rumours that Prince Nillan is not his son |url=https://mpasho.co.ke/diamond-denies-rumours-nillan-son/ |access-date=2018-11-19 |website=Mpasho News}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumi 2023, Hassan yafumbirwa omusuubuzi Munnayuganda Shakib Cham Lutaaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyota |first=Caren |date=2023-10-05 |title="I do": Zari Hassan, Shakib walk down the aisle in glamorous wedding |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/entertainment/celebrities/523565-zari-hassan-husband-shakib-tie-knot-lavish-wedding-socialites-kids-steal-show/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news. |language=en}}</ref> == Ennyimba == * Hotter than them * Zari the bosslady tolaba * Oli wange == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebujuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.campustimesug.com/who-zarinah-hassan-has-dated-before/ Zarinah Hassan gwe yali aganzizaako.] * [https://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00073583.html Zari awa Ensonga lwaki Diamond yakomawo mu bulamu bwe] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XDGcG2K3u6o Vidiyo ya "Oli Wange" eya Zari Hassan] [[Category:Abazaalibwa mu 1978]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abantu okuva mu Disitulikiti ye Jinja]] [[Category:Abantu abakola bizineesi mu byenjigiriza]] [[Category:Abakyala bannayuganda abali mu bifo by'obukulembeze obw'obuddukanya ebitongole.]] [[Category:Abayuganda ab'ettutumu mu mbeera z’abantu]] 6n08umjry5xqln9hw3ox5a9g1cm48oq Elvania Namukwaya Zirimu 0 10137 59760 33088 2026-07-08T18:30:09Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected spellings 59760 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:UGANDA NATIONAL CULTURAL CENTER. National theater.jpg|thumb]] '''Elvania Namukwaya Zirimu''' yazaalibwa 31, mu mwezi Ogwomunaana, mu 1938, n'afa nga 31, mu Gwekumi mu 1979,<ref>http://www.spla.pro/en/file.person.elvania-namukwaya-zirimu.42879.html[http://www.spla.pro/en/file.person.elvania-namukwaya-zirimu.42879.html "Elvania Namukwaya Zirimu"], SPLA.</ref> nga yali [[:en:Uganda|munayuganda]] omunwadiisi w'ebitontome, ssaako n'okuwandiika emizannyooba katemba. Yatandikawo ekibiina ky'abazannyi ba katemba kyebaali bayita Ngoma Players, nga balina ekyaali kigoberera okuwandiika n'okufulumya emizannyo gy'abanayuganda, ng'era ky'alina kisinga kubeera mu kifo gyebazannyira katemba ne firimu mu Uganda, ekya 'National Theatre' .<ref name="CambridgeGuide">Martin Banham, Errol Hill & George Woodyard (eds), ''The Cambridge Guide to African and Caribbean Theatre'', 1994, p. 126.</ref> Yali abeera mu mujiji ogwasookawo mu Uganda ogw'ali gw'abanayuganda abaali abawandiisi ng'aboobera n'oluzungu, wamu n'okuwandiika emizannyo nga mwalimu n'eyali omuwandiisi w'obutabo [[:en:Okello_Oculi|Okello Oculi,]] [[:en:John_Ruganda|John Ruganda]] omuwandiisi w'emizannyo,[[:en:Austin_Bukenya|Austin Bukenya]] eyali awandiika obutabo. Nga omulimu gwebasinga okumumannyako gwegwali ogw<nowiki>'omuzannyo gwebaali bayita ''</nowiki>''Keeping up with the Mukasas<nowiki>''</nowiki>'',<ref>https://library.villanova.edu/Find/Record/1266287</ref> nga guno gwatekebwa ne mu butabo bwa [[:en:David_Cook_(literary_critic)|David Cook]] obw'omwaka gwa 1965 obw'emizannyo gy'omubuvanjuba bwa Afrika gwebaali bayira ensibula y'obuvanjuba bwa Afrika oba, ''Origin East Africa''. == Ebimukwatako == Elvania Namukwaya yazaalibwaku bizinga by'e Bussi mu disitulikiti y'e Kalangala,mu Uganda.<ref name="CulturesUganda">http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.elvania-namukwaya-zirimu.42879.html</ref> Yasoma siniya kusomero lya [[:en:King's_College_Budo|King's College e Budo,]] esomero eriyigiriza abaana abalenzi n<nowiki>'abwala, ng'eno gyeyeeyawuliramu okuva mu bane ng'omuzannyi w'akatemba era omuwandiisi w'emizannyo. Namukwaya yeetaba nga mu mizannyo gy'okusiteegi ey'ali nga kusomero. Amaanyi gge agasooka mu kuwandiika engero ennyimpi gaalabikako mu 1960 mu katabo k'esomero akaali kayitibwa, ''</nowiki>''The Bodonian<nowiki>'' oba eyayitako oba eyasomerako kusomero ly'</nowiki>e Budo''. Yayongerezaako mu 1961 [[:en:Makerere_University|ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] gyeyatikirwa dipulooma mu by'okusomesa mu 1962.<ref name="CulturesUganda" /> Ng<nowiki>'aku e Makerer, omuzannyo gwe ogwali guyitibwa ''</nowiki>''Keeping up with the Mukasas<nowiki>'' gwawangula ekirabo ky'omwaka gwa 1962 ogw'empaka z'oluzungu n'engule y'omuzannyo ogwayiyizibwa mu byadala ng'eno yaliwo mu bikujuko by'</nowiki>emizannyo gya Uganda''.<ref name="ATM">https://www.theafricantheatremagazine.com/ugandas-elvania-namukwaya-who-broke-the-glass-ceiling-of-theatre/<nowiki/>Ian Kiyingi Muddu, [https://www.theafricantheatremagazine.com/ugandas-elvania-namukwaya-who-broke-the-glass-ceiling-of-theatre/ "Uganda’s Elvania Namukwaya who Broke the Glass Ceiling of Theatre"], ''African Theatre Magazine'', 15 February 2020.</ref> Ng'ali ku yunivasite y'e Makerere, Namukwaya yasisinkana era n'agwa mukwano n'omusajja eyali amannyi enimi eziwerako era eyalina obumannyirivu mu misomo egimu [[:en:Pio_Zirimu|Pio Zirimu]]. Baafumbiriganwa emyaka emitono egyaddako era nebazaala omwana ow'obuwala. Mu mwak gwa 1963, Namukwaya yagenda kutendekro lya [[:en:University_of_Leeds|yunivasite y'omu Leeds]] ng'eno gyeyafunira [[:en:Bachelor_of_Arts|diguli mu by'okulaga obumannyirivu mu by'obeera osobola okukola]] mu mwaka gwa 1966. Ng'akomyewo, mu Uganda, yafuuka omuyigiriza w'abasomesa kutendero ly'abasomesa ku yunivasite y'e [[:en:Kyambogo|Kyambogo]], ng'oluvannyuma yakikola ne ku setendekero lya yunivasite y'e Makerere. Yayambako kutandikawo kkwaya ya Uganda ey'eggwanga mu 1967.<ref name=":0">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvania%5FNamukwaya%5FZirimu#cite_note-The_Columbia_Guide-6</ref>Era mu mwaka ogwo, yatandikawo ekibiina ky<nowiki>'abazannyi baakatemba ekyali kiyitibwa ''Ngoma Players'', ekyaali kirina byekigoberera mu kuwandiika n'</nowiki>okufulumya emizannyo mu mbeera ya Uganda,<ref name="CambridgeGuide">Martin Banham, Errol Hill & George Woodyard (eds), ''The Cambridge Guide to African and Caribbean Theatre'', 1994, p. 126.</ref> nga muno mweyazannyira nga, oba okubalagirira eby<nowiki>'okukola mu mizannyo gyabwe nga 12 gyebaafulumya. Mu 1971 okutuuka mu 1979, yali w'amaanyi mu kifo ewabeera ebintu by'eggwanga eby'obuwangwa, nga yayambako mu kukola okukola obukwakulizo obugobererwa gyebazannyira katemba ne ffirimu oba mu ''National Theatre'', ng'</nowiki>eno gyeyafuukira ssentebe wakyo mu mwaka gwa 1978.<ref name=":0" /> Omuzannyo gwe ogwali gusooka gwebaali bayita efumu ly<nowiki>'a famire oba ''</nowiki>''Family Spear'',<nowiki>'' gwasooka kuzannyibwa banakatemba aba ''Ngoma Players'' mu Kampala. Gwali muzannyo ogwali gukwatagana n'ekikula ky'abantu, wamu ne puleesa omujiji gyeguyitamu mu famire, ng'omusajja asuubirwa okuwa abantu bbe buli kimu, naye ng'omukyala alina okukola ennyo okulaba ng'awa bba we buli kimu oba ng'amulabirira. ''</nowiki>Snoring ''Strangers''', gwasooka kuzannyibwa aba Ngoma Players mu 1973, ng'era gwaali gukwata ku mikolo gy'obuwanga egy'omukyalo. Omuzannyo gwa Zirimu gwebasinga okumumanyirako gwebayita, <nowiki>''</nowiki>''When the Hunchback Made Rain<nowiki>''</nowiki>'', ogwasooka okufulumizibwa mu mwaka gwa 1970, nga gulaga engeri abantu gyebakwataganamu n'emizimu oba ensi ey'emyoyo.<ref name="The Columbia Guide">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Gikandi</ref> Emirimu gye gyaali girako obutabanguko mu bantu gyebawangaalira ssaako n'emu by'obufuzi mu myaka gya 1960.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Africa">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvania%5FNamukwaya%5FZirimu#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Africa-7</ref> Ng'azeemu okulambula eggwanga lya Bungereza mu 1972 okutuuka mu 1973, yakola n'ekifo webazannyitra katemba ekya [[:en:Roy_Hart_Theatre|Roy Hart Theatre]] n'ekya [[:en:Keskidee_Centre|Keskidee Centre]], nga yawerezaako ne pulogulaamu ku [[:en:BBC_World_Service|mukutu gwa BBC]] eya omukyala okubeeta ng'ayitamu n'atuuka kubuwanguzi.<ref>http://www.spla.pro/en/file.person.elvania-namukwaya-zirimu.42879.html[http://www.spla.pro/en/file.person.elvania-namukwaya-zirimu.42879.html "Elvania Namukwaya Zirimu"], SPLA.</ref> Yafulumya oluyimba lwa Byron Kawadwa lwebayita O''luyimba twa Wankoko, ng'olwali luyingira mu Uganda ku bikujjuko bya'' [[:en:FESTAC_77|FESTAC 77]], nga mu kwongerezaako, yafulumya emizannyo gy'oku ttivi, yawerezaako ng'omulamuzi mu mpaka z'akatemba eziwerako, ng'era yaliko mu bikujjuko by'okwolesa eby'obuwanga ebiwerako.<ref name="CambridgeGuide">Martin Banham, Errol Hill & George Woodyard (eds), ''The Cambridge Guide to African and Caribbean Theatre'', 1994, p. 126.</ref> Mu 1979, yali awereddwa omuli gw'okubeera omubaka wa Uganda mu [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]], ng'era yali yeetegeka kwabulira Uganda okugenda okutandika okukakalabya omulimu guno, wabula n'afiira mu kabenje k'emmotoka.<ref name="CambridgeGuide">Martin Banham, Errol Hill & George Woodyard (eds), ''The Cambridge Guide to African and Caribbean Theatre'', 1994, p. 126.</ref><ref name="ATM">https://www.theafricantheatremagazine.com/ugandas-elvania-namukwaya-who-broke-the-glass-ceiling-of-theatre/<nowiki/>Ian Kiyingi Muddu, [https://www.theafricantheatremagazine.com/ugandas-elvania-namukwaya-who-broke-the-glass-ceiling-of-theatre/ "Uganda’s Elvania Namukwaya who Broke the Glass Ceiling of Theatre"], ''African Theatre Magazine'', 15 February 2020.</ref> == Emirimu gye egyafulumizibwa == === Engero === *   * "The Hen and Ground Nuts" in  <cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDavid_Cook1965"><span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required">[[iarchive:origineastafrica0000unse|''Origin East Africa: A Makerere Anthology'']]</span>. London: Heinemann Educational Books. ISBN&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780435900151|<bdi>9780435900151</bdi>]].</cite> === Katemba === *   * "African Spear" in  <cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGwyneth_Henderson1973">''African Theatre''. London: Heinemann. ISBN&nbsp;<nowiki><bdi>978-0435901349</bdi></nowiki>.</cite> == Okusoma okulala == * Martin Banham, Errol Hill & George Woodyard (eds), ''The Cambridge Guide to African and Caribbean Theatre'', 1994.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41139-4|978-0-521-41139-4]] == Ebijuliziddwamu ==  <references /> 95lsaqrjn7vu03p3mx2zzjfjvn9fw6t Alintuma Nsambu 0 10578 59783 59583 2026-07-09T03:55:09Z ESTHER NAKITENDE 9175 mu mpandiika 59783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alintuma Nsambu''' amanyikiddwa nga Alintuma Nsambu '''John Chrysostom''' [[Munnayuganda]] akiikirira eggwanga lye mu mawanga g'ebweru amalala, munnabyabufuzi era mubaka mu Paalamenti. Yaweerezako nga Minisita omubeezi ow'amawulire n'eby'empuliziganya okuva mu mwaka gwa 2006 okutuusa mu 2011.<ref>http://newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/501695/Nsambu</ref><ref name=":0">https://carleton.ca/africanstudies/wp-content/uploads/AGENDA-Agenda-2063-conference-FINAL.pdf</ref> Yakyusibwa okuva mu Kabineeti okuda mu buweereza bw'okukiikirira eggwanga mu mawanga amalala era nga yadda mu bigere bya [[:en:Nyombi_Thembo|Nyombi Thembo]] mu nkyukakyuka ezaakolebwa mu Kabineeti nga 27 Ogwokutaano 2011.<ref>https://www.facebook.com/note.php?http://dispatch.ug/2012/08/06/kings-dont-kill-dp-dp-will-kill-kings/note_id=10150208384704078&comments</ref> == Obuto bwe n'emisomo gye == Nsambu yasomera ku United States International University mu San Diego ne ku Technical University of Braunschweig mu Germany.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2014-07-27 |title=PHOTOS: Nsambu Marries MP Nakawuki |url=https://chimpreports.com/photos-nsambu-marries-mp-nakawuki/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref> == Emirimu == Okuva mu mwaka gwa 1996 okutuusa 2000, Nsambu yaweereza ng'omukulu era omukwanaganya wa Exchange Students’ Program eya European Union ku ttendekero lya Technical University of Braunschweig mu Germany.<ref name=":1">https://chimpreports.com/photos-nsambu-marries-mp-nakawuki/</ref> Nsambu yaweereza nga [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|mmemba wa Paalamenti]] omulonde akiikirira Essaza ly'e Bukoto mu buvanjuba mu [[:en:Masaka_District|Disitulikitti ye Masaka]] okuva 2001 okutuusa 2011. Mu kalulu ka bonna aka 2011, yawangulwa [[:en:Florence_Namayanja|Florence Namayanja]], owa [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|Democratic Party]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120325004007/http://www.politicouganda.com/?p=1702</ref><ref>http://www.parliament.go.ug/index.php?option=com_wrapper&Itemid=37</ref> Nsambu yaweereza ng'ambassada wa Uganda mu Eritrea omulonde naye yafundikira aweereza nga Ambasada wa Uganda eri Canada.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2013, yesimbawo ku bwa MP wa Konsityuwensi ya Bukoto ey'Obukiikaddyo mu Disitulikitti y'e Lwengo eyo nawangulwa Omugenzi Matia Nsubuga Birekerawo eyali omuwandiisi wa Democratic Party. Waliwo ekigambibwa nti okuwangulwa kwa Nsambu kwonna kwaleetebwaawo eyali omukulu wa Police, Gen.[[Kale Kayihura]] agambibwa okuba nga yakyuusa eby'ali ebivudde mu kulonda. Ng'akyaali Minisita, Nsambu ateberezebwa okuba nti yagaana okukiriza enguzi okuva eri Kayihura okuwa engule ya ID production project eri abakozi b'ekitongole kye mu Bufaransa. Ng'okulonda kwa kagwa, Pulezidenti Museveni yatuma Alintuma Nsambu nga Ambasada wa Uganda eri Canada, Cuba ne the Bahamas. Mu mwaka gwa 2016, Pulezidenti Museveni yasiindika Nsambu e Algiers nga Ambassador wa Uganda eri Maghreb region (Tunisia, Morocco, Mauritania, Algeria). == By'akoze == Alintuma Nsambu asinga kujukirwa mu mirimu gye egy'okuyamba okuzimba ebifo ebikuumirwamu Kompyuta mu masomero ga Uganda ng'ayambibwaako muwala wa Bill Gates - Jennifer Gates era n'amasomero g'omu Bellevue area schools mu Washington State. Nga Minisita, Alintuma Nsambu yawa Pulezidenti Museveni amagezi okuteekawo national data bank eya ba nansi ba Uganda era eno ye yali entandikwa ya National Identification Project eyambye buli Munnayuganda omukulu okubeera ne nanga muntu(National ID). Nga Minisita wa ICT, Alintuma Nsambu yatandikawo enkola y'okuyisa ensimbi ku masimu eyatuumibwa Mobile Money mu bitongole by'empuliziganya kati omukutu ogukyasinze okukozesebwa mu kusindika ssente mu Uganda. == Ebimukwatako eby'omunda == Nsambu yawasa [[:en:Susan_Nakawuki|Susan Nakawuki]] mu 2014.<ref>https://carleton.ca/africanstudies/wp-content/uploads/AGENDA-Agenda-2063-conference-FINAL.pdf</ref><ref>https://chimpreports.com/photos-nsambu-marries-mp-nakawuki/</ref><ref>https://www.sqoop.co.ug/201408/four-one-one/mp-nakawuki-introduces-former-ict-minister-alintuma-nsambu.html</ref><ref name=":32">https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1169878/mp-nakawuki-eur-fiance-married</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa w'abweru wa Wikipedia == * [http://newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/501695/Nsambu Full Ministerial Cabinet List, June 2006]  * [http://newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/671730/Nsambu Full Ministerial Cabinet List, February 2009]  * [https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150208384704078&comments Full Ministerial Cabinet List, May 2011] 158fr04cwq95e79rhb1wwx45502jdmf 59784 59783 2026-07-09T03:58:32Z ESTHER NAKITENDE 9175 ntaddeko amatuluba 59784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alintuma Nsambu''' amanyikiddwa nga Alintuma Nsambu '''John Chrysostom''' [[Munnayuganda]] akiikirira eggwanga lye mu mawanga g'ebweru amalala, munnabyabufuzi era mubaka mu Paalamenti. Yaweerezako nga Minisita omubeezi ow'amawulire n'eby'empuliziganya okuva mu mwaka gwa 2006 okutuusa mu 2011.<ref>http://newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/501695/Nsambu</ref><ref name=":0">https://carleton.ca/africanstudies/wp-content/uploads/AGENDA-Agenda-2063-conference-FINAL.pdf</ref> Yakyusibwa okuva mu Kabineeti okuda mu buweereza bw'okukiikirira eggwanga mu mawanga amalala era nga yadda mu bigere bya [[:en:Nyombi_Thembo|Nyombi Thembo]] mu nkyukakyuka ezaakolebwa mu Kabineeti nga 27 Ogwokutaano 2011.<ref>https://www.facebook.com/note.php?http://dispatch.ug/2012/08/06/kings-dont-kill-dp-dp-will-kill-kings/note_id=10150208384704078&comments</ref> == Obuto bwe n'emisomo gye == Nsambu yasomera ku United States International University mu San Diego ne ku Technical University of Braunschweig mu Germany.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2014-07-27 |title=PHOTOS: Nsambu Marries MP Nakawuki |url=https://chimpreports.com/photos-nsambu-marries-mp-nakawuki/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref> == Emirimu == Okuva mu mwaka gwa 1996 okutuusa 2000, Nsambu yaweereza ng'omukulu era omukwanaganya wa Exchange Students’ Program eya European Union ku ttendekero lya Technical University of Braunschweig mu Germany.<ref name=":1">https://chimpreports.com/photos-nsambu-marries-mp-nakawuki/</ref> Nsambu yaweereza nga [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|mmemba wa Paalamenti]] omulonde akiikirira Essaza ly'e Bukoto mu buvanjuba mu [[:en:Masaka_District|Disitulikitti ye Masaka]] okuva 2001 okutuusa 2011. Mu kalulu ka bonna aka 2011, yawangulwa [[:en:Florence_Namayanja|Florence Namayanja]], owa [[:en:Democratic_Party_(Uganda)|Democratic Party]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120325004007/http://www.politicouganda.com/?p=1702</ref><ref>http://www.parliament.go.ug/index.php?option=com_wrapper&Itemid=37</ref> Nsambu yaweereza ng'ambassada wa Uganda mu Eritrea omulonde naye yafundikira aweereza nga Ambasada wa Uganda eri Canada.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Mu mwaka gwa 2013, yesimbawo ku bwa MP wa Konsityuwensi ya Bukoto ey'Obukiikaddyo mu Disitulikitti y'e Lwengo eyo nawangulwa Omugenzi Matia Nsubuga Birekerawo eyali omuwandiisi wa Democratic Party. Waliwo ekigambibwa nti okuwangulwa kwa Nsambu kwonna kwaleetebwaawo eyali omukulu wa Police, Gen.[[Kale Kayihura]] agambibwa okuba nga yakyuusa eby'ali ebivudde mu kulonda. Ng'akyaali Minisita, Nsambu ateberezebwa okuba nti yagaana okukiriza enguzi okuva eri Kayihura okuwa engule ya ID production project eri abakozi b'ekitongole kye mu Bufaransa. Ng'okulonda kwa kagwa, Pulezidenti Museveni yatuma Alintuma Nsambu nga Ambasada wa Uganda eri Canada, Cuba ne the Bahamas. Mu mwaka gwa 2016, Pulezidenti Museveni yasiindika Nsambu e Algiers nga Ambassador wa Uganda eri Maghreb region (Tunisia, Morocco, Mauritania, Algeria). == By'akoze == Alintuma Nsambu asinga kujukirwa mu mirimu gye egy'okuyamba okuzimba ebifo ebikuumirwamu Kompyuta mu masomero ga Uganda ng'ayambibwaako muwala wa Bill Gates - Jennifer Gates era n'amasomero g'omu Bellevue area schools mu Washington State. Nga Minisita, Alintuma Nsambu yawa Pulezidenti Museveni amagezi okuteekawo national data bank eya ba nansi ba Uganda era eno ye yali entandikwa ya National Identification Project eyambye buli Munnayuganda omukulu okubeera ne nanga muntu(National ID). Nga Minisita wa ICT, Alintuma Nsambu yatandikawo enkola y'okuyisa ensimbi ku masimu eyatuumibwa Mobile Money mu bitongole by'empuliziganya kati omukutu ogukyasinze okukozesebwa mu kusindika ssente mu Uganda. == Ebimukwatako eby'omunda == Nsambu yawasa [[:en:Susan_Nakawuki|Susan Nakawuki]] mu 2014.<ref>https://carleton.ca/africanstudies/wp-content/uploads/AGENDA-Agenda-2063-conference-FINAL.pdf</ref><ref>https://chimpreports.com/photos-nsambu-marries-mp-nakawuki/</ref><ref>https://www.sqoop.co.ug/201408/four-one-one/mp-nakawuki-introduces-former-ict-minister-alintuma-nsambu.html</ref><ref name=":32">https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1169878/mp-nakawuki-eur-fiance-married</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa w'abweru wa Wikipedia == * [http://newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/501695/Nsambu Full Ministerial Cabinet List, June 2006]  * [http://newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/671730/Nsambu Full Ministerial Cabinet List, February 2009]  * [https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150208384704078&comments Full Ministerial Cabinet List, May 2011] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Ababaka ba palamenti abakyala]] [[Category:Abaganda]] [[Category:Abava mu Masaka Disitulikiti]] [[Category:Ba minisita ba Uganda]] brlsmfu9ik1itanmoayeopcmkedo3a1 Akayanja ka Kabaka. 0 10747 59853 48517 2026-07-09T10:52:39Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Nterezezza oluganda 59853 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kabaka's_lake_in_Uganda.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ekifaananyi ekiraga ennyanja ya Kabaka mu Ndeeba]] [[File:Kabaka's_Lake_2.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Akayanja ka Kabaka mu Uganda]] [[File:Kabaka's_Lake.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ekifaananyi ekiraga ekizinga ekyakolebwa omuntu eky'enjawulo ekisinganibwa mu nyanja eyakolebwa abantu mu Bwakabaka bwa Buganda mu Ndeeba]] '''Akayanja ka Kabaka,''' nnyanja eyasimibwa n'emikono ng'esinganibwa mu [[Kampala]], ekibuga kya [[Yuganda|Uganda]] ekikulu. Ennyanja eno y'emu ku bifo eby'obulambuzi ebisinga etuttumu mu kibuga era etambulirako ebyafaayo eby'amaanyi naddala eri Abaganda n'obwakabaka era yamugaso eri eby'obuwangwa.<ref name=":0">https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/kabaka-s-lake-his-highness-mwanga-s-positive-legacy-1549042</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhlinBM3mQ4</ref> Ye nnyanja esinga okubeera enene nga yasimibwa na mikono.<ref name="auto">https://www.ganyanasafaris.com/blog/kabaka-lake-the-largest-man-made-lake-in-uganda/</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'enyanja ya Kabaka == Ennyanja ka Kabaka yasimibwa mu biseera by'ekyasa kyae 19 ku biragiro bya Kabaka Mwanga II eyali owa [[Buganda]], obwakabaka mu Uganda eriwo kati. Okusimwa kw'enyanja eno kwaliwo olw'okusika omuguwa kw'ani alina okubeera mu buyinza okwaliwo wakati wa Mwanga n'aba Kulisitaayo beyali afuga. Enyanja yasimwa okuwereza ng'ensimbuko y'amazzi agakozesebwa n'okutumbula eby'okwerinda by'olubiri lwa Kabaka.<ref name="auto" /><ref>https://ngaaliinflightmag.com/kabaka%c2%92s-lake-a-heritage-wonder/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://nbs.ug/2018/08/up-and-about-the-beauty-of-kabakas-lake-in-rubaga/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |archive-date=2023-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715172324/https://nbs.ug/2018/08/up-and-about-the-beauty-of-kabakas-lake-in-rubaga/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Enkula yaayo n'ebigisinganibwaako == Ennyanja ya Kabaka eriko obugazi bwa yiika 200 nga zino ze sikweeya kiromita 0.8, ng'erina obwanvu bwa mita 4.5 okuka wansi. Enzizi ez'obutonde n'amazzi g'enkuba agakulukuta geegayiwa amazzi mu nyanja eno. Enyanja esinganibwa mu bitundu eby'esuliridde ebali wa [[Kampala]] ebya Lubaga.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05|title=Kabaka's Lake: his highness Mwanga's positive legacy|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/kabaka-s-lake-his-highness-mwanga-s-positive-legacy-1549042|access-date=2023-06-15|website=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> == Ebikolebwako n'omugaso == Enyanja ya Kabaka erina emigaso egy'enjawulo eri abantu abagyetolodde. Ekola ng'ensibuko y'amazzi agakozesebwa mu kufukirira ebimera byabwe n'ebyetaago ebyabulijjo. Ennyanja eno era kifo kyabulambuzi, ng'esikiriza abantu b'omukitundu n'abalambuzi abakolerako ebintu ng'okuvugirako amaato, okuwumulirawo, n'okutambulirawo nadala kumbalama.<ref>https://www.bwindiugandagorillatrekking.com/kabakas-lake/</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Omugaso eri eby'obuwangwa == Ennyanja ya Kabaka erina emigaso egy'amaanyi eri eby'obuwangwa n'ebyafaayo eri abantu mu Uganda, nadala mu [[Buganda|bwakabaka bwa Buganda]]. Eno ettwalibwa okubeera akabonero k'ensibuko y'obwakabaka, ng'era ekozesebwa mu mikolo egy'enjawulo nadala ku bikujuko by'obuwangwa eby'omugaso. Akakwate k'ennyanja eno n'obwakabaka bwa Buganda n'abakulembezze b'obuwangwa ky'ongera okulaga omugaso gyekalina eri obuwangwa.<ref name=":0" /> == Laba ne bino == * [[Buganda|Obwakabaka bwa Buganda]] == Ebijjuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Buganda]] [[Category:Lakes]] [[Category:Man made lakes in Uganda]] fvnii40kubfu4400ab166siuq3j6f5y 59854 59853 2026-07-09T10:54:10Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Ngaseeko amatuluba 59854 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kabaka's_lake_in_Uganda.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ekifaananyi ekiraga ennyanja ya Kabaka mu Ndeeba]] [[File:Kabaka's_Lake_2.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Akayanja ka Kabaka mu Uganda]] [[File:Kabaka's_Lake.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ekifaananyi ekiraga ekizinga ekyakolebwa omuntu eky'enjawulo ekisinganibwa mu nyanja eyakolebwa abantu mu Bwakabaka bwa Buganda mu Ndeeba]] '''Akayanja ka Kabaka,''' nnyanja eyasimibwa n'emikono ng'esinganibwa mu [[Kampala]], ekibuga kya [[Yuganda|Uganda]] ekikulu. Ennyanja eno y'emu ku bifo eby'obulambuzi ebisinga etuttumu mu kibuga era etambulirako ebyafaayo eby'amaanyi naddala eri Abaganda n'obwakabaka era yamugaso eri eby'obuwangwa.<ref name=":0">https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/kabaka-s-lake-his-highness-mwanga-s-positive-legacy-1549042</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhlinBM3mQ4</ref> Ye nnyanja esinga okubeera enene nga yasimibwa na mikono.<ref name="auto">https://www.ganyanasafaris.com/blog/kabaka-lake-the-largest-man-made-lake-in-uganda/</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'enyanja ya Kabaka == Ennyanja ka Kabaka yasimibwa mu biseera by'ekyasa kyae 19 ku biragiro bya Kabaka Mwanga II eyali owa [[Buganda]], obwakabaka mu Uganda eriwo kati. Okusimwa kw'enyanja eno kwaliwo olw'okusika omuguwa kw'ani alina okubeera mu buyinza okwaliwo wakati wa Mwanga n'aba Kulisitaayo beyali afuga. Enyanja yasimwa okuwereza ng'ensimbuko y'amazzi agakozesebwa n'okutumbula eby'okwerinda by'olubiri lwa Kabaka.<ref name="auto" /><ref>https://ngaaliinflightmag.com/kabaka%c2%92s-lake-a-heritage-wonder/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://nbs.ug/2018/08/up-and-about-the-beauty-of-kabakas-lake-in-rubaga/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |archive-date=2023-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715172324/https://nbs.ug/2018/08/up-and-about-the-beauty-of-kabakas-lake-in-rubaga/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Enkula yaayo n'ebigisinganibwaako == Ennyanja ya Kabaka eriko obugazi bwa yiika 200 nga zino ze sikweeya kiromita 0.8, ng'erina obwanvu bwa mita 4.5 okuka wansi. Enzizi ez'obutonde n'amazzi g'enkuba agakulukuta geegayiwa amazzi mu nyanja eno. Enyanja esinganibwa mu bitundu eby'esuliridde ebali wa [[Kampala]] ebya Lubaga.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05|title=Kabaka's Lake: his highness Mwanga's positive legacy|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/kabaka-s-lake-his-highness-mwanga-s-positive-legacy-1549042|access-date=2023-06-15|website=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> == Ebikolebwako n'omugaso == Enyanja ya Kabaka erina emigaso egy'enjawulo eri abantu abagyetolodde. Ekola ng'ensibuko y'amazzi agakozesebwa mu kufukirira ebimera byabwe n'ebyetaago ebyabulijjo. Ennyanja eno era kifo kyabulambuzi, ng'esikiriza abantu b'omukitundu n'abalambuzi abakolerako ebintu ng'okuvugirako amaato, okuwumulirawo, n'okutambulirawo nadala kumbalama.<ref>https://www.bwindiugandagorillatrekking.com/kabakas-lake/</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Omugaso eri eby'obuwangwa == Ennyanja ya Kabaka erina emigaso egy'amaanyi eri eby'obuwangwa n'ebyafaayo eri abantu mu Uganda, nadala mu [[Buganda|bwakabaka bwa Buganda]]. Eno ettwalibwa okubeera akabonero k'ensibuko y'obwakabaka, ng'era ekozesebwa mu mikolo egy'enjawulo nadala ku bikujuko by'obuwangwa eby'omugaso. Akakwate k'ennyanja eno n'obwakabaka bwa Buganda n'abakulembezze b'obuwangwa ky'ongera okulaga omugaso gyekalina eri obuwangwa.<ref name=":0" /> == Laba ne bino == * [[Buganda|Obwakabaka bwa Buganda]] == Ebijjuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Enkula ya Kampala]] [[Category:Enyanja ezaakolebwa bantu ezisinganibwa mu Uganda]] [[Category:Buganda]] tglavrb55317i1rbg9bbf6dverpixqe 59860 59854 2026-07-09T10:56:27Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Samson Ssemakadde moved page [[Ennyanja ya Kabaka]] to [[Akayanja ya Kabaka]]: Misspelled title 59854 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kabaka's_lake_in_Uganda.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ekifaananyi ekiraga ennyanja ya Kabaka mu Ndeeba]] [[File:Kabaka's_Lake_2.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Akayanja ka Kabaka mu Uganda]] [[File:Kabaka's_Lake.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ekifaananyi ekiraga ekizinga ekyakolebwa omuntu eky'enjawulo ekisinganibwa mu nyanja eyakolebwa abantu mu Bwakabaka bwa Buganda mu Ndeeba]] '''Akayanja ka Kabaka,''' nnyanja eyasimibwa n'emikono ng'esinganibwa mu [[Kampala]], ekibuga kya [[Yuganda|Uganda]] ekikulu. Ennyanja eno y'emu ku bifo eby'obulambuzi ebisinga etuttumu mu kibuga era etambulirako ebyafaayo eby'amaanyi naddala eri Abaganda n'obwakabaka era yamugaso eri eby'obuwangwa.<ref name=":0">https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/kabaka-s-lake-his-highness-mwanga-s-positive-legacy-1549042</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhlinBM3mQ4</ref> Ye nnyanja esinga okubeera enene nga yasimibwa na mikono.<ref name="auto">https://www.ganyanasafaris.com/blog/kabaka-lake-the-largest-man-made-lake-in-uganda/</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'enyanja ya Kabaka == Ennyanja ka Kabaka yasimibwa mu biseera by'ekyasa kyae 19 ku biragiro bya Kabaka Mwanga II eyali owa [[Buganda]], obwakabaka mu Uganda eriwo kati. Okusimwa kw'enyanja eno kwaliwo olw'okusika omuguwa kw'ani alina okubeera mu buyinza okwaliwo wakati wa Mwanga n'aba Kulisitaayo beyali afuga. Enyanja yasimwa okuwereza ng'ensimbuko y'amazzi agakozesebwa n'okutumbula eby'okwerinda by'olubiri lwa Kabaka.<ref name="auto" /><ref>https://ngaaliinflightmag.com/kabaka%c2%92s-lake-a-heritage-wonder/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://nbs.ug/2018/08/up-and-about-the-beauty-of-kabakas-lake-in-rubaga/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |archive-date=2023-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715172324/https://nbs.ug/2018/08/up-and-about-the-beauty-of-kabakas-lake-in-rubaga/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Enkula yaayo n'ebigisinganibwaako == Ennyanja ya Kabaka eriko obugazi bwa yiika 200 nga zino ze sikweeya kiromita 0.8, ng'erina obwanvu bwa mita 4.5 okuka wansi. Enzizi ez'obutonde n'amazzi g'enkuba agakulukuta geegayiwa amazzi mu nyanja eno. Enyanja esinganibwa mu bitundu eby'esuliridde ebali wa [[Kampala]] ebya Lubaga.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05|title=Kabaka's Lake: his highness Mwanga's positive legacy|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/kabaka-s-lake-his-highness-mwanga-s-positive-legacy-1549042|access-date=2023-06-15|website=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> == Ebikolebwako n'omugaso == Enyanja ya Kabaka erina emigaso egy'enjawulo eri abantu abagyetolodde. Ekola ng'ensibuko y'amazzi agakozesebwa mu kufukirira ebimera byabwe n'ebyetaago ebyabulijjo. Ennyanja eno era kifo kyabulambuzi, ng'esikiriza abantu b'omukitundu n'abalambuzi abakolerako ebintu ng'okuvugirako amaato, okuwumulirawo, n'okutambulirawo nadala kumbalama.<ref>https://www.bwindiugandagorillatrekking.com/kabakas-lake/</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Omugaso eri eby'obuwangwa == Ennyanja ya Kabaka erina emigaso egy'amaanyi eri eby'obuwangwa n'ebyafaayo eri abantu mu Uganda, nadala mu [[Buganda|bwakabaka bwa Buganda]]. Eno ettwalibwa okubeera akabonero k'ensibuko y'obwakabaka, ng'era ekozesebwa mu mikolo egy'enjawulo nadala ku bikujuko by'obuwangwa eby'omugaso. Akakwate k'ennyanja eno n'obwakabaka bwa Buganda n'abakulembezze b'obuwangwa ky'ongera okulaga omugaso gyekalina eri obuwangwa.<ref name=":0" /> == Laba ne bino == * [[Buganda|Obwakabaka bwa Buganda]] == Ebijjuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Enkula ya Kampala]] [[Category:Enyanja ezaakolebwa bantu ezisinganibwa mu Uganda]] [[Category:Buganda]] tglavrb55317i1rbg9bbf6dverpixqe 59868 59860 2026-07-09T11:00:30Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Samson Ssemakadde moved page [[Akayanja ya Kabaka]] to [[Akayanja ka Kabaka.]]: Misspelled title 59854 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kabaka's_lake_in_Uganda.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ekifaananyi ekiraga ennyanja ya Kabaka mu Ndeeba]] [[File:Kabaka's_Lake_2.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Akayanja ka Kabaka mu Uganda]] [[File:Kabaka's_Lake.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ekifaananyi ekiraga ekizinga ekyakolebwa omuntu eky'enjawulo ekisinganibwa mu nyanja eyakolebwa abantu mu Bwakabaka bwa Buganda mu Ndeeba]] '''Akayanja ka Kabaka,''' nnyanja eyasimibwa n'emikono ng'esinganibwa mu [[Kampala]], ekibuga kya [[Yuganda|Uganda]] ekikulu. Ennyanja eno y'emu ku bifo eby'obulambuzi ebisinga etuttumu mu kibuga era etambulirako ebyafaayo eby'amaanyi naddala eri Abaganda n'obwakabaka era yamugaso eri eby'obuwangwa.<ref name=":0">https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/kabaka-s-lake-his-highness-mwanga-s-positive-legacy-1549042</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhlinBM3mQ4</ref> Ye nnyanja esinga okubeera enene nga yasimibwa na mikono.<ref name="auto">https://www.ganyanasafaris.com/blog/kabaka-lake-the-largest-man-made-lake-in-uganda/</ref> == Ebyafaayo by'enyanja ya Kabaka == Ennyanja ka Kabaka yasimibwa mu biseera by'ekyasa kyae 19 ku biragiro bya Kabaka Mwanga II eyali owa [[Buganda]], obwakabaka mu Uganda eriwo kati. Okusimwa kw'enyanja eno kwaliwo olw'okusika omuguwa kw'ani alina okubeera mu buyinza okwaliwo wakati wa Mwanga n'aba Kulisitaayo beyali afuga. Enyanja yasimwa okuwereza ng'ensimbuko y'amazzi agakozesebwa n'okutumbula eby'okwerinda by'olubiri lwa Kabaka.<ref name="auto" /><ref>https://ngaaliinflightmag.com/kabaka%c2%92s-lake-a-heritage-wonder/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://nbs.ug/2018/08/up-and-about-the-beauty-of-kabakas-lake-in-rubaga/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |archive-date=2023-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715172324/https://nbs.ug/2018/08/up-and-about-the-beauty-of-kabakas-lake-in-rubaga/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Enkula yaayo n'ebigisinganibwaako == Ennyanja ya Kabaka eriko obugazi bwa yiika 200 nga zino ze sikweeya kiromita 0.8, ng'erina obwanvu bwa mita 4.5 okuka wansi. Enzizi ez'obutonde n'amazzi g'enkuba agakulukuta geegayiwa amazzi mu nyanja eno. Enyanja esinganibwa mu bitundu eby'esuliridde ebali wa [[Kampala]] ebya Lubaga.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05|title=Kabaka's Lake: his highness Mwanga's positive legacy|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/kabaka-s-lake-his-highness-mwanga-s-positive-legacy-1549042|access-date=2023-06-15|website=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> == Ebikolebwako n'omugaso == Enyanja ya Kabaka erina emigaso egy'enjawulo eri abantu abagyetolodde. Ekola ng'ensibuko y'amazzi agakozesebwa mu kufukirira ebimera byabwe n'ebyetaago ebyabulijjo. Ennyanja eno era kifo kyabulambuzi, ng'esikiriza abantu b'omukitundu n'abalambuzi abakolerako ebintu ng'okuvugirako amaato, okuwumulirawo, n'okutambulirawo nadala kumbalama.<ref>https://www.bwindiugandagorillatrekking.com/kabakas-lake/</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Omugaso eri eby'obuwangwa == Ennyanja ya Kabaka erina emigaso egy'amaanyi eri eby'obuwangwa n'ebyafaayo eri abantu mu Uganda, nadala mu [[Buganda|bwakabaka bwa Buganda]]. Eno ettwalibwa okubeera akabonero k'ensibuko y'obwakabaka, ng'era ekozesebwa mu mikolo egy'enjawulo nadala ku bikujuko by'obuwangwa eby'omugaso. Akakwate k'ennyanja eno n'obwakabaka bwa Buganda n'abakulembezze b'obuwangwa ky'ongera okulaga omugaso gyekalina eri obuwangwa.<ref name=":0" /> == Laba ne bino == * [[Buganda|Obwakabaka bwa Buganda]] == Ebijjuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Enkula ya Kampala]] [[Category:Enyanja ezaakolebwa bantu ezisinganibwa mu Uganda]] [[Category:Buganda]] tglavrb55317i1rbg9bbf6dverpixqe Alex Kakuba 0 10955 59759 51250 2026-07-08T18:26:03Z Ssebuufu 9882 59759 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Alex Kakuba''' (yazaalibwa nga 12 Ogwomukaaga 1991) muzannyi wa mupiira [[Yuganda|mu Uganda]] era mu kiseera kino azannyira mu [[CD Cova da Piedade, omuwandiisi w’ebitabo|CD Cova da Piedade]] . ks399l9ufbv208ek9r1g7o120h5wzhn Adolf Mwesige 0 11033 59779 43227 2026-07-08T22:22:46Z 24RAY 11014 ngasseeko data box 59779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adolf Kasaija Mwesige''' (yazaalibwa nga 4 Ogwokuna 1966) munnamateeka, munnabyabufuzi, era y'omu ku bakozi ba palamenti ya [[Uganda]]. Mwesige aweerezaako mu bifo ebyenjawulo mu gavumenti ya Uganda era nga yaliko [[:en:Ministry_of_Defence_and_Veterans_Affairs_(Uganda)|Minisita avunaanyizibwa ku byokwerinda nensonga z'abaazirwanako]] mu [[Cabinet of Uganda|kabineti ya Uganda]] okuva nga 6 Ogwomukaaga 2016 okutuuka nga 8 Ogwomukaaga 2021.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf</ref> Yaliko Minisita wa Gavumenti ez’ebitundu okuva nga 18 Ogwokubiri 2009 okutuuka nga 6 Ogwomukaaga 2016. Abadde omubaka wa palamenti omulonde akiikirira e ssaza lya Bunyangabu mu disitulikiti y'e Kabarole okuva mu 1996.<ref name="Member">http://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=324</ref> Mu Gwomusaavu 2017, essaza lya Bunyangabu lyakutulwa ku Disitulikiti y’e Kabarole okukola [[:en:Bunyangabu_District|Disitulikiti y’e Bunyangabu]] .<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170812213653/http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kabarole-budgets-Shs12b-for-new-Bunyangabu-District/688334-3834108-10hon2mz/index.html </ref> == Obuvo bwe n'okusoma kwe == Yasomera ku [[:en:Nyakasura_School|ssomero lya Nyakasura]] e [[Fort Portal]] gyeyatuulira siniya ey'omukaaga. Mwesige alina [[:en:Bachelor_of_Laws|Diguli esooka mu mateeka]] okuva ku [[:en:Makerere_University|Yunivasite y'e Makerere]], yunivasite esinga obukadde mu Uganda. Alina ne [[:en:Legal_practice|dipulooma mu by'amateeka]] okuva mu ttendekero lya bannamateeka erya [[Law Development Centre]] mu [[Kampala]] . Alina dipulooma mu mateeka agali ku mutendera gwensi yonna okuva mu kitongole ki Public Administration Promotion Center e [[Berlin]] mu [[Girimane|Germany]] ne dipulooma mu mateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly’obuntu okuva mu [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|kitongole ky’amawanga amagatte ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly’obuntu]] e [[:en:Geneva,_Switzerland|Geneva mu Switzerland]].<ref name="Member" /> == Obumanyirivu mu mirimu == Mwesige yafuuka puliida mu Uganda mu mwaka 1994 era nga ali kuddaala erimukkiriza okuwoza mu kkooti enkulu mu Uganda. Wakati w'omwaka 1992 ne 1996, yali mukozi mu minisitule y’ensonga z’ebweru ng’omukungu avunaanyizibwa ku nsonga z’amateeka ne n'ebitebe by'amawanga amalala. Wakati wa 1996 ne 2001, yali akola ng'omukulembeze wamu n'abalala mu kkampuni eya bannamateeka mu Uganda eya ''Mwesige, Egunyu & Company Advocates''.<ref name="Data">https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1099893/attorney</ref> Yasooka okulondebwa ng'omubaka wa palamenti ya Uganda mu 1996, okiikirira essaza lya Bunyangabu mu Disitulikiti y’e Kabarole. Mwesige yaliko Minisita w’emirimu egy’enjawulo mu Ofiisi ya Ssabaminisita. Okuva mu Gwokubiri gwa 2009 Mwesige yalondebwa okuba minisita avunaanyizibwa ku gavumenti ez’ebitundu. Mu nkyukakyuka mu kabineti eyakolebwa nga 27 Ogwokutaano 2011, Mwesige yasigaza ekifo kye ekya gavumenti ez’ebitundu.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141211124001/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/755941</ref> Yakola ng’omumyuka wa ssentebe w’olukiiko oluvunaanyizibwa ku nsonga za gavumenti ez'ebitundu mu mawanga agali mu luse olumu ne Bugengereza oluyitibwa [[:en:Commonwealth_Local_Government_Forum|Commonwealth Local Government Forum]] obuvunaanyizibwa buno yabukola okutuusa lweyalondebwa ku bwa Minisita w’ebyokwerinda nga 6 Ogwomukaaga 2016 nga wano yasikira [[Crispus Kiyonga]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf</ref> Ekifo kino Mwesige yakimalamu ekisanja kimu era bwatyo nasikizibwa [[Vincent Ssempijja]] nga 8 Ogwomukaaga 2021. <ref>https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/105545</ref> Mwesige yalondebwa omukulembeze wa Uganda [[Yoweri Museveni]] okukola nga Kalaani wa Palamenti ya Uganda mu lungereza ayitibwa ''Clerk to Parliament'' era nga wano yasikira Jane Kibirige era natandika okukola emirimu gye mu butongole nga 18 Ogwomunaana 2021. Pulezidenti yazza bugya endagaano ye nga kalaani wa palamenti mu mwaka 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://spyreports.co.ug/museveni-reappoints-adolf-mwesige-clerk-to-parliament-despite-court-ruling-on-serviceawardscandal |access-date=2024-09-25 |archive-date=2024-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925182743/https://spyreports.co.ug/museveni-reappoints-adolf-mwesige-clerk-to-parliament-despite-court-ruling-on-serviceawardscandal |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.homelandmedia.co.ug/news/adolf-mwesige-assumes-office-as-clerk-to-parliament/</ref><ref>https://trumpetnews.co.ug/2021/08/18/adolf-mwesige-takes-over-office-as-clerk-to-parliament/</ref><ref>https://www.parliament.go.ug/news/5484/clerk-parliament-tips-new-staff-discipline-innovativeness</ref><ref>https://asgp.co/members/adolf-mwesige-kasaija-english/</ref><ref>https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2021/07/ex-minister-mwesige-who-recently-cried-out-for-a-job-named-clerk-to-parliament.html</ref> == Amaka == Adolf Mwesige musajja mufumbo era alina abaana. == Laba ne == * [[Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineti ya Uganda]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Palamenti ya Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references/> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == *[http://www.parliament.go.ug/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda] beica10cfafrskjt6m9dumad0326ha3 59780 59779 2026-07-08T23:32:54Z 24RAY 11014 Created by translating the section "2026 parliamentary Corruption investigations" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357561317|Adolf Mwesige]]" 59780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adolf Kasaija Mwesige''' (yazaalibwa nga 4 Ogwokuna 1966) munnamateeka, munnabyabufuzi, era y'omu ku bakozi ba palamenti ya [[Uganda]]. Mwesige aweerezaako mu bifo ebyenjawulo mu gavumenti ya Uganda era nga yaliko [[:en:Ministry_of_Defence_and_Veterans_Affairs_(Uganda)|Minisita avunaanyizibwa ku byokwerinda nensonga z'abaazirwanako]] mu [[Cabinet of Uganda|kabineti ya Uganda]] okuva nga 6 Ogwomukaaga 2016 okutuuka nga 8 Ogwomukaaga 2021.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf</ref> Yaliko Minisita wa Gavumenti ez’ebitundu okuva nga 18 Ogwokubiri 2009 okutuuka nga 6 Ogwomukaaga 2016. Abadde omubaka wa palamenti omulonde akiikirira e ssaza lya Bunyangabu mu disitulikiti y'e Kabarole okuva mu 1996.<ref name="Member">http://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=324</ref> Mu Gwomusaavu 2017, essaza lya Bunyangabu lyakutulwa ku Disitulikiti y’e Kabarole okukola [[:en:Bunyangabu_District|Disitulikiti y’e Bunyangabu]] .<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170812213653/http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kabarole-budgets-Shs12b-for-new-Bunyangabu-District/688334-3834108-10hon2mz/index.html </ref> == Obuvo bwe n'okusoma kwe == Yasomera ku [[:en:Nyakasura_School|ssomero lya Nyakasura]] e [[Fort Portal]] gyeyatuulira siniya ey'omukaaga. Mwesige alina [[:en:Bachelor_of_Laws|Diguli esooka mu mateeka]] okuva ku [[:en:Makerere_University|Yunivasite y'e Makerere]], yunivasite esinga obukadde mu Uganda. Alina ne [[:en:Legal_practice|dipulooma mu by'amateeka]] okuva mu ttendekero lya bannamateeka erya [[Law Development Centre]] mu [[Kampala]] . Alina dipulooma mu mateeka agali ku mutendera gwensi yonna okuva mu kitongole ki Public Administration Promotion Center e [[Berlin]] mu [[Girimane|Germany]] ne dipulooma mu mateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly’obuntu okuva mu [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|kitongole ky’amawanga amagatte ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly’obuntu]] e [[:en:Geneva,_Switzerland|Geneva mu Switzerland]].<ref name="Member" /> == Obumanyirivu mu mirimu == Mwesige yafuuka puliida mu Uganda mu mwaka 1994 era nga ali kuddaala erimukkiriza okuwoza mu kkooti enkulu mu Uganda. Wakati w'omwaka 1992 ne 1996, yali mukozi mu minisitule y’ensonga z’ebweru ng’omukungu avunaanyizibwa ku nsonga z’amateeka ne n'ebitebe by'amawanga amalala. Wakati wa 1996 ne 2001, yali akola ng'omukulembeze wamu n'abalala mu kkampuni eya bannamateeka mu Uganda eya ''Mwesige, Egunyu & Company Advocates''.<ref name="Data">https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1099893/attorney</ref> Yasooka okulondebwa ng'omubaka wa palamenti ya Uganda mu 1996, okiikirira essaza lya Bunyangabu mu Disitulikiti y’e Kabarole. Mwesige yaliko Minisita w’emirimu egy’enjawulo mu Ofiisi ya Ssabaminisita. Okuva mu Gwokubiri gwa 2009 Mwesige yalondebwa okuba minisita avunaanyizibwa ku gavumenti ez’ebitundu. Mu nkyukakyuka mu kabineti eyakolebwa nga 27 Ogwokutaano 2011, Mwesige yasigaza ekifo kye ekya gavumenti ez’ebitundu.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141211124001/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/755941</ref> Yakola ng’omumyuka wa ssentebe w’olukiiko oluvunaanyizibwa ku nsonga za gavumenti ez'ebitundu mu mawanga agali mu luse olumu ne Bugengereza oluyitibwa [[:en:Commonwealth_Local_Government_Forum|Commonwealth Local Government Forum]] obuvunaanyizibwa buno yabukola okutuusa lweyalondebwa ku bwa Minisita w’ebyokwerinda nga 6 Ogwomukaaga 2016 nga wano yasikira [[Crispus Kiyonga]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf</ref> Ekifo kino Mwesige yakimalamu ekisanja kimu era bwatyo nasikizibwa [[Vincent Ssempijja]] nga 8 Ogwomukaaga 2021. <ref>https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/105545</ref> Mwesige yalondebwa omukulembeze wa Uganda [[Yoweri Museveni]] okukola nga Kalaani wa Palamenti ya Uganda mu lungereza ayitibwa ''Clerk to Parliament'' era nga wano yasikira Jane Kibirige era natandika okukola emirimu gye mu butongole nga 18 Ogwomunaana 2021. Pulezidenti yazza bugya endagaano ye nga kalaani wa palamenti mu mwaka 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://spyreports.co.ug/museveni-reappoints-adolf-mwesige-clerk-to-parliament-despite-court-ruling-on-serviceawardscandal |access-date=2024-09-25 |archive-date=2024-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925182743/https://spyreports.co.ug/museveni-reappoints-adolf-mwesige-clerk-to-parliament-despite-court-ruling-on-serviceawardscandal |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.homelandmedia.co.ug/news/adolf-mwesige-assumes-office-as-clerk-to-parliament/</ref><ref>https://trumpetnews.co.ug/2021/08/18/adolf-mwesige-takes-over-office-as-clerk-to-parliament/</ref><ref>https://www.parliament.go.ug/news/5484/clerk-parliament-tips-new-staff-discipline-innovativeness</ref><ref>https://asgp.co/members/adolf-mwesige-kasaija-english/</ref><ref>https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2021/07/ex-minister-mwesige-who-recently-cried-out-for-a-job-named-clerk-to-parliament.html</ref> == Amaka == Adolf Mwesige musajja mufumbo era alina abaana. == 2026 parliamentary Corruption investigations == Mu Ogwokutaano 2026, Mwesige yali mu kwekenneenya kwa bonna bwe baali banoonyereza ku bigambibwa nti waliwo obuli bw’enguzi n’obutali butebenkevu mu by’ensimbi mu Paalamenti ya Uganda. Emikutu gy’amawulire gyategeeza nti ebibuuzo byali bibuuzibwa ku mulimu gwe nga Omulabirizi w'ebiwandiiko (Clerk) eri Paalamenti, kubanga kimanyiddwa nti Omulabirizi w'ebiwandiiko avunaanyizibwa ku kubala ebitabo era n’avunaanyizibwa ne ku kuwa olukusa n’okubala ensaasaanya y'ensimbi mu Paalamenti.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-18 |title=Secret Files Opened: Parliament’s Top Officials Clerk Adolf Mwesigye, Finance Boss Kunobwa, Communications Obore & Logist |url=https://theinvestigatornews.com/2026/05/secret-files-opened-parliaments-top-officials-clerk-adolf-mwesigye-finance-boss-kunobwa-communications-obore-logistics-waiswa-facing-investigation/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=The Investigator News |language=en-US}}</ref> Omubaka wa Paalamenti Yorke Odria Alioni mu Ssaza lya Aringa Mubugwanjuba bwa Uganda yasaba wabeewo okunoonyereza ku Mwesige n’abakungu abalala ab’oku ntikko mu paalamenti, ng’alumiriza nti waliwo obutali bwenkanya kunoonda ya bakozi, entambula y'e by’ensimbi, n’okuddukanya eby’obugagga bya paalamenti. Ebigambibwa bino tebyavamu musango gwonna guvunana Mwesige mu kiseera amawulire we gafulumira.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |date=2014-11-20 |title=Government apologizes for toddlers’ death - 93.3 KFM |url=https://www.kfm.co.ug/government-apologizes-for-toddlers-death/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> Nga 19 Ogwokutaano 2026, kigambibwa nti abasirikale b’ebyokwerinda n'abaanonyereza bagalawo ofiisi ya Mwesige ku Paalamenti ng’omu ku kaweefube w’okunoonya ebiwandiiko n’obuwandiiko obukozesa ebyuma bikalimagezi nga bikwatagana n’okunoonyereza okugenda mu maaso. Lipoota ezaddirira zaategeeza nti ttiimu ey’awamu eya bambega ba poliisi, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kulondoola gavumenti n’ababalirizi b’ebitabo baamaze essaawa eziwera nga banoonya ofiisi mu Palamenti omuli ne ofiisi ya Clerk nga tebannasitula n’ebikozesebwa okwekenneenya okunoonyereza ku misango. Ab’obuyinza baali tebannaba kulaga mu lujjudde omulimu gwennyini Mwesigye gwe yakola mu kunoonyereza kuno, era nga tewali kusingisibwa musango oba kuzuulibwa mu butongole ku ye.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Omara |first=Geoffrey |date=2026-05-20 |title=Police, IGG, Auditors Exit Parliament after 16-Hour Search |url=https://chimpreports.com/police-igg-auditors-exit-parliament-after-16-hour-search/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-22 |title=27 Years Jail Looms for Among if Investigations, Prove Corruption, Abuse of Office & Illegal Enrichment |url=https://mulengeranews.com/27-years-jail-looms-for-among-if-investigations-prove-corruption-abuse-of-office-illegal-enrichment/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=mulengeranews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Laba ne == * [[Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineti ya Uganda]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Palamenti ya Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references/> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == *[http://www.parliament.go.ug/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda] ilnvdfzdwta0trk1eeabdfxynouqvjx 59781 59780 2026-07-08T23:36:11Z 24RAY 11014 /* Amaka */ empandiika 59781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adolf Kasaija Mwesige''' (yazaalibwa nga 4 Ogwokuna 1966) munnamateeka, munnabyabufuzi, era y'omu ku bakozi ba palamenti ya [[Uganda]]. Mwesige aweerezaako mu bifo ebyenjawulo mu gavumenti ya Uganda era nga yaliko [[:en:Ministry_of_Defence_and_Veterans_Affairs_(Uganda)|Minisita avunaanyizibwa ku byokwerinda nensonga z'abaazirwanako]] mu [[Cabinet of Uganda|kabineti ya Uganda]] okuva nga 6 Ogwomukaaga 2016 okutuuka nga 8 Ogwomukaaga 2021.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf</ref> Yaliko Minisita wa Gavumenti ez’ebitundu okuva nga 18 Ogwokubiri 2009 okutuuka nga 6 Ogwomukaaga 2016. Abadde omubaka wa palamenti omulonde akiikirira e ssaza lya Bunyangabu mu disitulikiti y'e Kabarole okuva mu 1996.<ref name="Member">http://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=324</ref> Mu Gwomusaavu 2017, essaza lya Bunyangabu lyakutulwa ku Disitulikiti y’e Kabarole okukola [[:en:Bunyangabu_District|Disitulikiti y’e Bunyangabu]] .<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170812213653/http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kabarole-budgets-Shs12b-for-new-Bunyangabu-District/688334-3834108-10hon2mz/index.html </ref> == Obuvo bwe n'okusoma kwe == Yasomera ku [[:en:Nyakasura_School|ssomero lya Nyakasura]] e [[Fort Portal]] gyeyatuulira siniya ey'omukaaga. Mwesige alina [[:en:Bachelor_of_Laws|Diguli esooka mu mateeka]] okuva ku [[:en:Makerere_University|Yunivasite y'e Makerere]], yunivasite esinga obukadde mu Uganda. Alina ne [[:en:Legal_practice|dipulooma mu by'amateeka]] okuva mu ttendekero lya bannamateeka erya [[Law Development Centre]] mu [[Kampala]] . Alina dipulooma mu mateeka agali ku mutendera gwensi yonna okuva mu kitongole ki Public Administration Promotion Center e [[Berlin]] mu [[Girimane|Germany]] ne dipulooma mu mateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly’obuntu okuva mu [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|kitongole ky’amawanga amagatte ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly’obuntu]] e [[:en:Geneva,_Switzerland|Geneva mu Switzerland]].<ref name="Member" /> == Obumanyirivu mu mirimu == Mwesige yafuuka puliida mu Uganda mu mwaka 1994 era nga ali kuddaala erimukkiriza okuwoza mu kkooti enkulu mu Uganda. Wakati w'omwaka 1992 ne 1996, yali mukozi mu minisitule y’ensonga z’ebweru ng’omukungu avunaanyizibwa ku nsonga z’amateeka ne n'ebitebe by'amawanga amalala. Wakati wa 1996 ne 2001, yali akola ng'omukulembeze wamu n'abalala mu kkampuni eya bannamateeka mu Uganda eya ''Mwesige, Egunyu & Company Advocates''.<ref name="Data">https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1099893/attorney</ref> Yasooka okulondebwa ng'omubaka wa palamenti ya Uganda mu 1996, okiikirira essaza lya Bunyangabu mu Disitulikiti y’e Kabarole. Mwesige yaliko Minisita w’emirimu egy’enjawulo mu Ofiisi ya Ssabaminisita. Okuva mu Gwokubiri gwa 2009 Mwesige yalondebwa okuba minisita avunaanyizibwa ku gavumenti ez’ebitundu. Mu nkyukakyuka mu kabineti eyakolebwa nga 27 Ogwokutaano 2011, Mwesige yasigaza ekifo kye ekya gavumenti ez’ebitundu.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141211124001/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/755941</ref> Yakola ng’omumyuka wa ssentebe w’olukiiko oluvunaanyizibwa ku nsonga za gavumenti ez'ebitundu mu mawanga agali mu luse olumu ne Bugengereza oluyitibwa [[:en:Commonwealth_Local_Government_Forum|Commonwealth Local Government Forum]] obuvunaanyizibwa buno yabukola okutuusa lweyalondebwa ku bwa Minisita w’ebyokwerinda nga 6 Ogwomukaaga 2016 nga wano yasikira [[Crispus Kiyonga]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf</ref> Ekifo kino Mwesige yakimalamu ekisanja kimu era bwatyo nasikizibwa [[Vincent Ssempijja]] nga 8 Ogwomukaaga 2021. <ref>https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/105545</ref> Mwesige yalondebwa omukulembeze wa Uganda [[Yoweri Museveni]] okukola nga Kalaani wa Palamenti ya Uganda mu lungereza ayitibwa ''Clerk to Parliament'' era nga wano yasikira Jane Kibirige era natandika okukola emirimu gye mu butongole nga 18 Ogwomunaana 2021. Pulezidenti yazza bugya endagaano ye nga kalaani wa palamenti mu mwaka 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://spyreports.co.ug/museveni-reappoints-adolf-mwesige-clerk-to-parliament-despite-court-ruling-on-serviceawardscandal |access-date=2024-09-25 |archive-date=2024-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925182743/https://spyreports.co.ug/museveni-reappoints-adolf-mwesige-clerk-to-parliament-despite-court-ruling-on-serviceawardscandal |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.homelandmedia.co.ug/news/adolf-mwesige-assumes-office-as-clerk-to-parliament/</ref><ref>https://trumpetnews.co.ug/2021/08/18/adolf-mwesige-takes-over-office-as-clerk-to-parliament/</ref><ref>https://www.parliament.go.ug/news/5484/clerk-parliament-tips-new-staff-discipline-innovativeness</ref><ref>https://asgp.co/members/adolf-mwesige-kasaija-english/</ref><ref>https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2021/07/ex-minister-mwesige-who-recently-cried-out-for-a-job-named-clerk-to-parliament.html</ref> == Amaka == == 2026 parliamentary Corruption investigations == Mu Ogwokutaano 2026, Mwesige yali mu kwekenneenya kwa bonna bwe baali banoonyereza ku bigambibwa nti waliwo obuli bw’enguzi n’obutali butebenkevu mu by’ensimbi mu Paalamenti ya Uganda. Emikutu gy’amawulire gyategeeza nti ebibuuzo byali bibuuzibwa ku mulimu gwe nga Omulabirizi w'ebiwandiiko (Clerk) eri Paalamenti, kubanga kimanyiddwa nti Omulabirizi w'ebiwandiiko avunaanyizibwa ku kubala ebitabo era n’avunaanyizibwa ne ku kuwa olukusa n’okubala ensaasaanya y'ensimbi mu Paalamenti.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-18 |title=Secret Files Opened: Parliament’s Top Officials Clerk Adolf Mwesigye, Finance Boss Kunobwa, Communications Obore & Logist |url=https://theinvestigatornews.com/2026/05/secret-files-opened-parliaments-top-officials-clerk-adolf-mwesigye-finance-boss-kunobwa-communications-obore-logistics-waiswa-facing-investigation/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=The Investigator News |language=en-US}}</ref> Omubaka wa Paalamenti Yorke Odria Alioni mu Ssaza lya Aringa Mubugwanjuba bwa Uganda yasaba wabeewo okunoonyereza ku Mwesige n’abakungu abalala ab’oku ntikko mu paalamenti, ng’alumiriza nti waliwo obutali bwenkanya kunoonda ya bakozi, entambula y'e by’ensimbi, n’okuddukanya eby’obugagga bya paalamenti. Ebigambibwa bino tebyavamu musango gwonna guvunana Mwesige mu kiseera amawulire we gafulumira.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |date=2014-11-20 |title=Government apologizes for toddlers’ death - 93.3 KFM |url=https://www.kfm.co.ug/government-apologizes-for-toddlers-death/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> Nga 19 Ogwokutaano 2026, kigambibwa nti abasirikale b’ebyokwerinda n'abaanonyereza bagalawo ofiisi ya Mwesige ku Paalamenti ng’omu ku kaweefube w’okunoonya ebiwandiiko n’obuwandiiko obukozesa ebyuma bikalimagezi nga bikwatagana n’okunoonyereza okugenda mu maaso. Lipoota ezaddirira zaategeeza nti ttiimu ey’awamu eya bambega ba poliisi, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kulondoola gavumenti n’ababalirizi b’ebitabo baamaze essaawa eziwera nga banoonya ofiisi mu Palamenti omuli ne ofiisi ya Clerk nga tebannasitula n’ebikozesebwa okwekenneenya okunoonyereza ku misango. Ab’obuyinza baali tebannaba kulaga mu lujjudde omulimu gwennyini Mwesigye gwe yakola mu kunoonyereza kuno, era nga tewali kusingisibwa musango oba kuzuulibwa mu butongole ku ye.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Omara |first=Geoffrey |date=2026-05-20 |title=Police, IGG, Auditors Exit Parliament after 16-Hour Search |url=https://chimpreports.com/police-igg-auditors-exit-parliament-after-16-hour-search/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-22 |title=27 Years Jail Looms for Among if Investigations, Prove Corruption, Abuse of Office & Illegal Enrichment |url=https://mulengeranews.com/27-years-jail-looms-for-among-if-investigations-prove-corruption-abuse-of-office-illegal-enrichment/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=mulengeranews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Amaka == Adolf Mwesige musajja mufumbo era alina abaana == Laba ne == * [[Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineti ya Uganda]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Palamenti ya Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references/> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == *[http://www.parliament.go.ug/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda] 482gk2qk1wp4qqdstrrv15oz8jtcw01 59782 59781 2026-07-08T23:41:25Z 24RAY 11014 /* Amaka */ empandiika 59782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adolf Kasaija Mwesige''' (yazaalibwa nga 4 Ogwokuna 1966) munnamateeka, munnabyabufuzi, era y'omu ku bakozi ba palamenti ya [[Uganda]]. Mwesige aweerezaako mu bifo ebyenjawulo mu gavumenti ya Uganda era nga yaliko [[:en:Ministry_of_Defence_and_Veterans_Affairs_(Uganda)|Minisita avunaanyizibwa ku byokwerinda nensonga z'abaazirwanako]] mu [[Cabinet of Uganda|kabineti ya Uganda]] okuva nga 6 Ogwomukaaga 2016 okutuuka nga 8 Ogwomukaaga 2021.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf</ref> Yaliko Minisita wa Gavumenti ez’ebitundu okuva nga 18 Ogwokubiri 2009 okutuuka nga 6 Ogwomukaaga 2016. Abadde omubaka wa palamenti omulonde akiikirira e ssaza lya Bunyangabu mu disitulikiti y'e Kabarole okuva mu 1996.<ref name="Member">http://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=324</ref> Mu Gwomusaavu 2017, essaza lya Bunyangabu lyakutulwa ku Disitulikiti y’e Kabarole okukola [[:en:Bunyangabu_District|Disitulikiti y’e Bunyangabu]] .<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170812213653/http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kabarole-budgets-Shs12b-for-new-Bunyangabu-District/688334-3834108-10hon2mz/index.html </ref> == Obuvo bwe n'okusoma kwe == Yasomera ku [[:en:Nyakasura_School|ssomero lya Nyakasura]] e [[Fort Portal]] gyeyatuulira siniya ey'omukaaga. Mwesige alina [[:en:Bachelor_of_Laws|Diguli esooka mu mateeka]] okuva ku [[:en:Makerere_University|Yunivasite y'e Makerere]], yunivasite esinga obukadde mu Uganda. Alina ne [[:en:Legal_practice|dipulooma mu by'amateeka]] okuva mu ttendekero lya bannamateeka erya [[Law Development Centre]] mu [[Kampala]] . Alina dipulooma mu mateeka agali ku mutendera gwensi yonna okuva mu kitongole ki Public Administration Promotion Center e [[Berlin]] mu [[Girimane|Germany]] ne dipulooma mu mateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly’obuntu okuva mu [[Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́|kitongole ky’amawanga amagatte ekivunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly’obuntu]] e [[:en:Geneva,_Switzerland|Geneva mu Switzerland]].<ref name="Member" /> == Obumanyirivu mu mirimu == Mwesige yafuuka puliida mu Uganda mu mwaka 1994 era nga ali kuddaala erimukkiriza okuwoza mu kkooti enkulu mu Uganda. Wakati w'omwaka 1992 ne 1996, yali mukozi mu minisitule y’ensonga z’ebweru ng’omukungu avunaanyizibwa ku nsonga z’amateeka ne n'ebitebe by'amawanga amalala. Wakati wa 1996 ne 2001, yali akola ng'omukulembeze wamu n'abalala mu kkampuni eya bannamateeka mu Uganda eya ''Mwesige, Egunyu & Company Advocates''.<ref name="Data">https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1099893/attorney</ref> Yasooka okulondebwa ng'omubaka wa palamenti ya Uganda mu 1996, okiikirira essaza lya Bunyangabu mu Disitulikiti y’e Kabarole. Mwesige yaliko Minisita w’emirimu egy’enjawulo mu Ofiisi ya Ssabaminisita. Okuva mu Gwokubiri gwa 2009 Mwesige yalondebwa okuba minisita avunaanyizibwa ku gavumenti ez’ebitundu. Mu nkyukakyuka mu kabineti eyakolebwa nga 27 Ogwokutaano 2011, Mwesige yasigaza ekifo kye ekya gavumenti ez’ebitundu.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141211124001/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/755941</ref> Yakola ng’omumyuka wa ssentebe w’olukiiko oluvunaanyizibwa ku nsonga za gavumenti ez'ebitundu mu mawanga agali mu luse olumu ne Bugengereza oluyitibwa [[:en:Commonwealth_Local_Government_Forum|Commonwealth Local Government Forum]] obuvunaanyizibwa buno yabukola okutuusa lweyalondebwa ku bwa Minisita w’ebyokwerinda nga 6 Ogwomukaaga 2016 nga wano yasikira [[Crispus Kiyonga]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf</ref> Ekifo kino Mwesige yakimalamu ekisanja kimu era bwatyo nasikizibwa [[Vincent Ssempijja]] nga 8 Ogwomukaaga 2021. <ref>https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/105545</ref> Mwesige yalondebwa omukulembeze wa Uganda [[Yoweri Museveni]] okukola nga Kalaani wa Palamenti ya Uganda mu lungereza ayitibwa ''Clerk to Parliament'' era nga wano yasikira Jane Kibirige era natandika okukola emirimu gye mu butongole nga 18 Ogwomunaana 2021. Pulezidenti yazza bugya endagaano ye nga kalaani wa palamenti mu mwaka 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://spyreports.co.ug/museveni-reappoints-adolf-mwesige-clerk-to-parliament-despite-court-ruling-on-serviceawardscandal |access-date=2024-09-25 |archive-date=2024-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925182743/https://spyreports.co.ug/museveni-reappoints-adolf-mwesige-clerk-to-parliament-despite-court-ruling-on-serviceawardscandal |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.homelandmedia.co.ug/news/adolf-mwesige-assumes-office-as-clerk-to-parliament/</ref> == Okunoonyereza ku nguzi mu paalamenti ya 2026 == Mu Ogwokutaano 2026, Mwesige yali mu kwekenneenya kwa bonna bwe baali banoonyereza ku bigambibwa nti waliwo obuli bw’enguzi n’obutali butebenkevu mu by’ensimbi mu Paalamenti ya Uganda. Emikutu gy’amawulire gyategeeza nti ebibuuzo byali bibuuzibwa ku mulimu gwe nga Omulabirizi w'ebiwandiiko (Clerk) eri Paalamenti, kubanga kimanyiddwa nti Omulabirizi w'ebiwandiiko avunaanyizibwa ku kubala ebitabo era n’avunaanyizibwa ne ku kuwa olukusa n’okubala ensaasaanya y'ensimbi mu Paalamenti.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-05-18 |title=Secret Files Opened: Parliament’s Top Officials Clerk Adolf Mwesigye, Finance Boss Kunobwa, Communications Obore & Logist |url=https://theinvestigatornews.com/2026/05/secret-files-opened-parliaments-top-officials-clerk-adolf-mwesigye-finance-boss-kunobwa-communications-obore-logistics-waiswa-facing-investigation/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=The Investigator News |language=en-US}}</ref> Omubaka wa Paalamenti Yorke Odria Alioni mu Ssaza lya Aringa Mubugwanjuba bwa Uganda yasaba wabeewo okunoonyereza ku Mwesige n’abakungu abalala ab’oku ntikko mu paalamenti, ng’alumiriza nti waliwo obutali bwenkanya kunoonda ya bakozi, entambula y'e by’ensimbi, n’okuddukanya eby’obugagga bya paalamenti. Ebigambibwa bino tebyavamu musango gwonna guvunana Mwesige mu kiseera amawulire we gafulumira.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |date=2014-11-20 |title=Government apologizes for toddlers’ death - 93.3 KFM |url=https://www.kfm.co.ug/government-apologizes-for-toddlers-death/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> Nga 19 Ogwokutaano 2026, kigambibwa nti abasirikale b’ebyokwerinda n'abaanonyereza bagalawo ofiisi ya Mwesige ku Paalamenti ng’omu ku kaweefube w’okunoonya ebiwandiiko n’obuwandiiko obukozesa ebyuma bikalimagezi nga bikwatagana n’okunoonyereza okugenda mu maaso. Lipoota ezaddirira zaategeeza nti ttiimu ey’awamu eya bambega ba poliisi, ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kulondoola gavumenti n’ababalirizi b’ebitabo baamaze essaawa eziwera nga banoonya ofiisi mu Palamenti omuli ne ofiisi ya Clerk nga tebannasitula n’ebikozesebwa okwekenneenya okunoonyereza ku misango. Ab’obuyinza baali tebannaba kulaga mu lujjudde omulimu gwennyini Mwesigye gwe yakola mu kunoonyereza kuno, era nga tewali kusingisibwa musango oba kuzuulibwa mu butongole ku ye.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Omara |first=Geoffrey |date=2026-05-20 |title=Police, IGG, Auditors Exit Parliament after 16-Hour Search |url=https://chimpreports.com/police-igg-auditors-exit-parliament-after-16-hour-search/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-22 |title=27 Years Jail Looms for Among if Investigations, Prove Corruption, Abuse of Office & Illegal Enrichment |url=https://mulengeranews.com/27-years-jail-looms-for-among-if-investigations-prove-corruption-abuse-of-office-illegal-enrichment/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=mulengeranews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Amaka == Adolf Mwesige musajja mufumbo era alina abaana == Laba ne == * [[Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineti ya Uganda]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Palamenti ya Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references/> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == *[http://www.parliament.go.ug/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda] 3cr5d0r6y4fjg87tdmfuie4stisp1jv Wikipedia talk:Administrators 5 11095 59728 57665 2026-07-08T16:41:35Z Ssemmanda will 3837 /* Request for community approval: Updating the Cat-a-lot gadget */ new section 59728 wikitext text/x-wiki == Request for Luganda wikipedia administrator == Hello, I'm Ssegawa a native luganda speaker and member of wikimedia community user group Uganda. I am professional librarian that is passionate about free and quality information and I have been editing wikipedia both English and Luganda and I am one of the leading contributors. I therefore seek rights as an administrator lg.wikipedia.org to be able to ensure quality of the content on the luganda wikipedia and solve some gramatical errors evident on the interface. [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]] ([[User talk:Geossegawa|talk]]) 14:28, 4 Gwakkuminebiri 2024 (UTC) == Request for Adminship on Luganda Wikipedia == <small>Dear Wikimedians,</small> <small>My name is Ssemanda Willy (User: Ssemmanda will). I am the former Project Lead of Luganda Wikipedia (2022–2025) and currently serve as Community Manager of the Wikimedia Community User Group Uganda. I respectfully submit my request for Adminship on our Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>My motivation for seeking adminship is to: Maintain and improve the quality of Luganda Wikipedia articles, support the community by handling administrative tasks such as page protection, deletion, and combating vandalism, encourage new contributors by providing guidance and ensuring a safe, welcoming environment and strengthen Luganda Wikipedia as part of our broader mission to preserve and promote Ugandan languages online.</small> <small>I believe my experience in leadership, advocacy, editing, and training equips me to serve effectively as an administrator. I am committed to transparency, collaboration, and supporting the growth of Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>Thank you for considering my request. I welcome your feedback and look forward to continuing to work together to build a strong Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>Sincerely,</small> <small>User:</small>@<small>Ssemmanda will - [[Special:Contributions/Ssemmanda will|1,130]] Global edit count.</small> @ [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]], @[[User:Jose77|Jose77]], @[[User:Ssenkungu ivan|Ssenkungu ivan]], @[[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]], @[[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]], @[[User:Ice201|Ice201]], @[[User:MichealKal|MichealKal]], @[[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]], @[[User:Erinamukuta|Erinamukuta]], @[[User:B722N|B722N]], @[[User:Kyakwera|Kyakwera]], [[User:Tumbuka Arch@|Tumbuka Arch]] [[User:Kateregga1|Kateregga1]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 09:40, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second your request, @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]], I strongly believe that Luganda Wikipedia needs a local-language administrator who has a deep understanding of the language in both its spoken and written forms. [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 10:56, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you @[[User:B722N|B722N]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 12:09, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second Mr. Ssemmanda Wilson [[User:NKINZIK MARIE|NKINZIK MARIE]] ([[User talk:NKINZIK MARIE|talk]]) 16:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :i wholeheartedly support Sir Will. [[User:Rtr PK|Rtr PK]] ([[User talk:Rtr PK|talk]]) 19:12, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I highly endorse Ssemanda Will. His leadership and linguistic background in Luganda are essential to be admin of the language to manage the Wikipedia at large [[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]] ([[User talk:Owobusingye|talk]]) 13:49, 23 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you Mr @[[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 11:26, 24 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :Mr. Ssemmanda Will is even a teacher of the language so we are saafe in his hands as the editors of the language [[User:NKINZIK MARIE|NKINZIK MARIE]] ([[User talk:NKINZIK MARIE|talk]]) 16:37, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I fully support @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]]. It’s important for Luganda Wikipedia to have an administrator who truly understands the language both in its spoken and written forms to effectively guide and manage this Language Wikipedia and Willy was a Luganda project lead for several years. [[User:MichealKal|MichealKal]] ([[User talk:MichealKal|talk]]) 06:33, 31 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] request. He is one of the leading luganda wikipedia contributors and a good mentor to all contributors. Having him as an admin gives us the chance to improve the wikipedia more. [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]] ([[User talk:Geossegawa|talk]]) 16:53, 2 Gwakuna(Kafuumuulampawu) 2026 (UTC) :This was long overdue, I am in great support of this request. Localisation of content is quite cricial and having @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] as an administrator will go a long way in helping us improve our content. [[User:Brenda Namulinda|Brenda Namulinda]] ([[User talk:Brenda Namulinda|talk]]) 11:31, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :His dedication and enthusiasm towards the Luganda Wikipedia is exceptional. He is the perfect fit for an admin and I second his request @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] [[User:Nabukeera Dorothy|Nabukeera Dorothy]] ([[User talk:Nabukeera Dorothy|talk]]) 11:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I highly endorse Ssemanda Will. He has good leadership and a linguistic background in Luganda language. Being an admin of this language will further the growth luganda Wikipedia at large [[User:Kinenkey|Kinenkey]] ([[User talk:Kinenkey|talk]]) 12:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :i support Mr Ssemanda Will for luganda Wikipedia because i know he can promote our language through his leadership [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 12:40, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support the admin request by '''Wilson Ssemanda,''' for adminship on the Luganda Wikipedia. :Wilson’s current leadership role as the community manager of Uganda’s Usergroup makes him an ideal candidate. His knowledge of Luganda is much needed to support the growth of Luganda on Wikipedia. I trust Wilson to use admin tools responsibly and in the best interest of the Luganda Wikipedia community. [[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]] ([[User talk:Sisterian|talk]]) 13:06, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I support you will [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 14:24, 20 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support you @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] we definitely need this tool [[User:Kisakye Jane|Kisakye Jane]] ([[User talk:Kisakye Jane|talk]]) 17:42, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Having William as a local admin for Luganda Wikipedia will be of great importance to the wiki in management of the different inconsistencies and challenges that we face as editors of Luganda Wikipedia especially with the review of the articles that are published on the wiki. He is a technical person in Luganda as a language and he is an experienced editor with profound knowledge on the Dos and Don'ts on editing Wikipedia which places him in a better position for the role. :He is highly recommended for the role. [[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]] ([[User talk:Solomon Suubi|talk]]) 14:23, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Will's quest for Adminship rights on Luganda Wikipedia is a move I wholeheartedly support due to his commitment to improving, maintaining and promoting the growth of open knowledge through the Luganda Wikipedia project. He understands the language, this gives him a chance to ensure the authenticity and integrity of all activities done on the project.[[User: Charles Kalanzi|Charles Kalanzi]] == Request: Enable Cat-a-lot tool for Better Category Management == Dear Luganda Wikipedia Community,As part of our '''ongoing Quality Control Campaign''', I would like to request the activation of '''the Cat-a-lot gadget''' on Luganda Wikipedia.'''Cat-a-lot''' is a powerful tool that allows us to add or remove categories from multiple pages at once, Move pages between categories efficiently, and Organize and clean up our category structure more effectively. This tool will be very helpful in improving the organization of content across Luganda Wikipedia, especially during our quality control efforts. I kindly ask '''the community''' to support enabling Cat-a-lot. Thank you very much! CC:[[User:Geossegawa]],[[User:Ssenkungu ivan]],[[User:Solomon Suubi]], [[User:MichealKal]], [[User:B722N]], [[User:Owobusingye]], [[User:Rtr PK]], [[User:Brenda Namulinda]] Best regards[[User:Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will]]) [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 16:43, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :yes i support enabling Cat-a-lot [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 17:41, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I support cat-a-lot-gadget to be enabled on luganda Wikipedia [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 18:57, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support that this Gadget be added on Luganda Wikipedia [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 19:34, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I am in strong support that this Gadget be added on Luganda Wikipedia [[User:Kinenkey|Kinenkey]] ([[User talk:Kinenkey|talk]]) 07:26, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Your consideration for this request will improve on our work regarding management of categories on Luganda Wikipedia. Thanks [[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]] ([[User talk:Solomon Suubi|talk]]) 14:25, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :: {{done}}. [[User:Neriah|Neriah]] ([[User talk:Neriah|talk]]) 07:55, 1 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :::Thank you very much dear @[[User:Neriah|Neriah]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 12:12, 1 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) == Request for community approval: Updating the Cat-a-lot gadget == Hello everyone, I am working on improving the Cat-a-lot gadget to make it more useful for all editors. [[User:Neriah]] originally installed this gadget on our wiki, but it only works inside categories. I would like to update it so that it works properly on search results pages and regular articles, not only on category pages. For this global interface editor to help us and make it work better, It requires the approval from you colleagues. Your support of this request will help all editors of Luganda Wikipedia to manage categories more easily. Please let me know if you have any objections or suggestions. Thank you, [[User:Ssemmanda will]] Luganda Wikipedia Admin CC @[[User:B722N|B722N]], @[[User:Ssenkungu ivan|Ssenkungu ivan]], @[[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]], @[[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]], @[[User:24RAY|24RAY]], @[[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]], @[[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]], @[[User:Samson Ssemakadde|Samson Ssemakadde]], @[[User:Ssebuufu|Ssebuufu]], @[[User:NKIZIK MARIE|NKIZIK MARIE]]..... [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 16:41, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) b49oag4bmi00sqbxaqobj90dsbucvs0 59730 59728 2026-07-08T17:00:55Z Lillylove256 10862 /* Request for community approval: Updating the Cat-a-lot gadget */ Ekyokuddamu 59730 wikitext text/x-wiki == Request for Luganda wikipedia administrator == Hello, I'm Ssegawa a native luganda speaker and member of wikimedia community user group Uganda. I am professional librarian that is passionate about free and quality information and I have been editing wikipedia both English and Luganda and I am one of the leading contributors. I therefore seek rights as an administrator lg.wikipedia.org to be able to ensure quality of the content on the luganda wikipedia and solve some gramatical errors evident on the interface. [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]] ([[User talk:Geossegawa|talk]]) 14:28, 4 Gwakkuminebiri 2024 (UTC) == Request for Adminship on Luganda Wikipedia == <small>Dear Wikimedians,</small> <small>My name is Ssemanda Willy (User: Ssemmanda will). I am the former Project Lead of Luganda Wikipedia (2022–2025) and currently serve as Community Manager of the Wikimedia Community User Group Uganda. I respectfully submit my request for Adminship on our Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>My motivation for seeking adminship is to: Maintain and improve the quality of Luganda Wikipedia articles, support the community by handling administrative tasks such as page protection, deletion, and combating vandalism, encourage new contributors by providing guidance and ensuring a safe, welcoming environment and strengthen Luganda Wikipedia as part of our broader mission to preserve and promote Ugandan languages online.</small> <small>I believe my experience in leadership, advocacy, editing, and training equips me to serve effectively as an administrator. I am committed to transparency, collaboration, and supporting the growth of Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>Thank you for considering my request. I welcome your feedback and look forward to continuing to work together to build a strong Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>Sincerely,</small> <small>User:</small>@<small>Ssemmanda will - [[Special:Contributions/Ssemmanda will|1,130]] Global edit count.</small> @ [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]], @[[User:Jose77|Jose77]], @[[User:Ssenkungu ivan|Ssenkungu ivan]], @[[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]], @[[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]], @[[User:Ice201|Ice201]], @[[User:MichealKal|MichealKal]], @[[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]], @[[User:Erinamukuta|Erinamukuta]], @[[User:B722N|B722N]], @[[User:Kyakwera|Kyakwera]], [[User:Tumbuka Arch@|Tumbuka Arch]] [[User:Kateregga1|Kateregga1]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 09:40, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second your request, @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]], I strongly believe that Luganda Wikipedia needs a local-language administrator who has a deep understanding of the language in both its spoken and written forms. [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 10:56, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you @[[User:B722N|B722N]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 12:09, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second Mr. Ssemmanda Wilson [[User:NKINZIK MARIE|NKINZIK MARIE]] ([[User talk:NKINZIK MARIE|talk]]) 16:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :i wholeheartedly support Sir Will. [[User:Rtr PK|Rtr PK]] ([[User talk:Rtr PK|talk]]) 19:12, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I highly endorse Ssemanda Will. His leadership and linguistic background in Luganda are essential to be admin of the language to manage the Wikipedia at large [[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]] ([[User talk:Owobusingye|talk]]) 13:49, 23 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you Mr @[[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 11:26, 24 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :Mr. Ssemmanda Will is even a teacher of the language so we are saafe in his hands as the editors of the language [[User:NKINZIK MARIE|NKINZIK MARIE]] ([[User talk:NKINZIK MARIE|talk]]) 16:37, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I fully support @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]]. It’s important for Luganda Wikipedia to have an administrator who truly understands the language both in its spoken and written forms to effectively guide and manage this Language Wikipedia and Willy was a Luganda project lead for several years. [[User:MichealKal|MichealKal]] ([[User talk:MichealKal|talk]]) 06:33, 31 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] request. He is one of the leading luganda wikipedia contributors and a good mentor to all contributors. Having him as an admin gives us the chance to improve the wikipedia more. [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]] ([[User talk:Geossegawa|talk]]) 16:53, 2 Gwakuna(Kafuumuulampawu) 2026 (UTC) :This was long overdue, I am in great support of this request. Localisation of content is quite cricial and having @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] as an administrator will go a long way in helping us improve our content. [[User:Brenda Namulinda|Brenda Namulinda]] ([[User talk:Brenda Namulinda|talk]]) 11:31, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :His dedication and enthusiasm towards the Luganda Wikipedia is exceptional. He is the perfect fit for an admin and I second his request @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] [[User:Nabukeera Dorothy|Nabukeera Dorothy]] ([[User talk:Nabukeera Dorothy|talk]]) 11:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I highly endorse Ssemanda Will. He has good leadership and a linguistic background in Luganda language. Being an admin of this language will further the growth luganda Wikipedia at large [[User:Kinenkey|Kinenkey]] ([[User talk:Kinenkey|talk]]) 12:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :i support Mr Ssemanda Will for luganda Wikipedia because i know he can promote our language through his leadership [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 12:40, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support the admin request by '''Wilson Ssemanda,''' for adminship on the Luganda Wikipedia. :Wilson’s current leadership role as the community manager of Uganda’s Usergroup makes him an ideal candidate. His knowledge of Luganda is much needed to support the growth of Luganda on Wikipedia. I trust Wilson to use admin tools responsibly and in the best interest of the Luganda Wikipedia community. [[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]] ([[User talk:Sisterian|talk]]) 13:06, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I support you will [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 14:24, 20 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support you @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] we definitely need this tool [[User:Kisakye Jane|Kisakye Jane]] ([[User talk:Kisakye Jane|talk]]) 17:42, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Having William as a local admin for Luganda Wikipedia will be of great importance to the wiki in management of the different inconsistencies and challenges that we face as editors of Luganda Wikipedia especially with the review of the articles that are published on the wiki. He is a technical person in Luganda as a language and he is an experienced editor with profound knowledge on the Dos and Don'ts on editing Wikipedia which places him in a better position for the role. :He is highly recommended for the role. [[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]] ([[User talk:Solomon Suubi|talk]]) 14:23, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Will's quest for Adminship rights on Luganda Wikipedia is a move I wholeheartedly support due to his commitment to improving, maintaining and promoting the growth of open knowledge through the Luganda Wikipedia project. He understands the language, this gives him a chance to ensure the authenticity and integrity of all activities done on the project.[[User: Charles Kalanzi|Charles Kalanzi]] == Request: Enable Cat-a-lot tool for Better Category Management == Dear Luganda Wikipedia Community,As part of our '''ongoing Quality Control Campaign''', I would like to request the activation of '''the Cat-a-lot gadget''' on Luganda Wikipedia.'''Cat-a-lot''' is a powerful tool that allows us to add or remove categories from multiple pages at once, Move pages between categories efficiently, and Organize and clean up our category structure more effectively. This tool will be very helpful in improving the organization of content across Luganda Wikipedia, especially during our quality control efforts. I kindly ask '''the community''' to support enabling Cat-a-lot. Thank you very much! CC:[[User:Geossegawa]],[[User:Ssenkungu ivan]],[[User:Solomon Suubi]], [[User:MichealKal]], [[User:B722N]], [[User:Owobusingye]], [[User:Rtr PK]], [[User:Brenda Namulinda]] Best regards[[User:Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will]]) [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 16:43, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :yes i support enabling Cat-a-lot [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 17:41, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I support cat-a-lot-gadget to be enabled on luganda Wikipedia [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 18:57, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support that this Gadget be added on Luganda Wikipedia [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 19:34, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I am in strong support that this Gadget be added on Luganda Wikipedia [[User:Kinenkey|Kinenkey]] ([[User talk:Kinenkey|talk]]) 07:26, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Your consideration for this request will improve on our work regarding management of categories on Luganda Wikipedia. Thanks [[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]] ([[User talk:Solomon Suubi|talk]]) 14:25, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :: {{done}}. [[User:Neriah|Neriah]] ([[User talk:Neriah|talk]]) 07:55, 1 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :::Thank you very much dear @[[User:Neriah|Neriah]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 12:12, 1 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) == Request for community approval: Updating the Cat-a-lot gadget == Hello everyone, I am working on improving the Cat-a-lot gadget to make it more useful for all editors. [[User:Neriah]] originally installed this gadget on our wiki, but it only works inside categories. I would like to update it so that it works properly on search results pages and regular articles, not only on category pages. For this global interface editor to help us and make it work better, It requires the approval from you colleagues. Your support of this request will help all editors of Luganda Wikipedia to manage categories more easily. Please let me know if you have any objections or suggestions. Thank you, [[User:Ssemmanda will]] Luganda Wikipedia Admin CC @[[User:B722N|B722N]], @[[User:Ssenkungu ivan|Ssenkungu ivan]], @[[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]], @[[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]], @[[User:24RAY|24RAY]], @[[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]], @[[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]], @[[User:Samson Ssemakadde|Samson Ssemakadde]], @[[User:Ssebuufu|Ssebuufu]], @[[User:NKIZIK MARIE|NKIZIK MARIE]]..... [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 16:41, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly agree and support this proposal. [[User:Lillylove256|Lillylove256]] ([[User talk:Lillylove256|talk]]) 17:00, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) ey0yqqhmmump6179fmdq3ung9u1o4qa 59732 59730 2026-07-08T17:08:02Z B722N 6898 /* Request for community approval: Updating the Cat-a-lot gadget */ Ekyokuddamu 59732 wikitext text/x-wiki == Request for Luganda wikipedia administrator == Hello, I'm Ssegawa a native luganda speaker and member of wikimedia community user group Uganda. I am professional librarian that is passionate about free and quality information and I have been editing wikipedia both English and Luganda and I am one of the leading contributors. I therefore seek rights as an administrator lg.wikipedia.org to be able to ensure quality of the content on the luganda wikipedia and solve some gramatical errors evident on the interface. [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]] ([[User talk:Geossegawa|talk]]) 14:28, 4 Gwakkuminebiri 2024 (UTC) == Request for Adminship on Luganda Wikipedia == <small>Dear Wikimedians,</small> <small>My name is Ssemanda Willy (User: Ssemmanda will). I am the former Project Lead of Luganda Wikipedia (2022–2025) and currently serve as Community Manager of the Wikimedia Community User Group Uganda. I respectfully submit my request for Adminship on our Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>My motivation for seeking adminship is to: Maintain and improve the quality of Luganda Wikipedia articles, support the community by handling administrative tasks such as page protection, deletion, and combating vandalism, encourage new contributors by providing guidance and ensuring a safe, welcoming environment and strengthen Luganda Wikipedia as part of our broader mission to preserve and promote Ugandan languages online.</small> <small>I believe my experience in leadership, advocacy, editing, and training equips me to serve effectively as an administrator. I am committed to transparency, collaboration, and supporting the growth of Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>Thank you for considering my request. I welcome your feedback and look forward to continuing to work together to build a strong Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>Sincerely,</small> <small>User:</small>@<small>Ssemmanda will - [[Special:Contributions/Ssemmanda will|1,130]] Global edit count.</small> @ [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]], @[[User:Jose77|Jose77]], @[[User:Ssenkungu ivan|Ssenkungu ivan]], @[[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]], @[[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]], @[[User:Ice201|Ice201]], @[[User:MichealKal|MichealKal]], @[[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]], @[[User:Erinamukuta|Erinamukuta]], @[[User:B722N|B722N]], @[[User:Kyakwera|Kyakwera]], [[User:Tumbuka Arch@|Tumbuka Arch]] [[User:Kateregga1|Kateregga1]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 09:40, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second your request, @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]], I strongly believe that Luganda Wikipedia needs a local-language administrator who has a deep understanding of the language in both its spoken and written forms. [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 10:56, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you @[[User:B722N|B722N]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 12:09, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second Mr. Ssemmanda Wilson [[User:NKINZIK MARIE|NKINZIK MARIE]] ([[User talk:NKINZIK MARIE|talk]]) 16:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :i wholeheartedly support Sir Will. [[User:Rtr PK|Rtr PK]] ([[User talk:Rtr PK|talk]]) 19:12, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I highly endorse Ssemanda Will. His leadership and linguistic background in Luganda are essential to be admin of the language to manage the Wikipedia at large [[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]] ([[User talk:Owobusingye|talk]]) 13:49, 23 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you Mr @[[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 11:26, 24 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :Mr. Ssemmanda Will is even a teacher of the language so we are saafe in his hands as the editors of the language [[User:NKINZIK MARIE|NKINZIK MARIE]] ([[User talk:NKINZIK MARIE|talk]]) 16:37, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I fully support @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]]. It’s important for Luganda Wikipedia to have an administrator who truly understands the language both in its spoken and written forms to effectively guide and manage this Language Wikipedia and Willy was a Luganda project lead for several years. [[User:MichealKal|MichealKal]] ([[User talk:MichealKal|talk]]) 06:33, 31 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] request. He is one of the leading luganda wikipedia contributors and a good mentor to all contributors. Having him as an admin gives us the chance to improve the wikipedia more. [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]] ([[User talk:Geossegawa|talk]]) 16:53, 2 Gwakuna(Kafuumuulampawu) 2026 (UTC) :This was long overdue, I am in great support of this request. Localisation of content is quite cricial and having @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] as an administrator will go a long way in helping us improve our content. [[User:Brenda Namulinda|Brenda Namulinda]] ([[User talk:Brenda Namulinda|talk]]) 11:31, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :His dedication and enthusiasm towards the Luganda Wikipedia is exceptional. He is the perfect fit for an admin and I second his request @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] [[User:Nabukeera Dorothy|Nabukeera Dorothy]] ([[User talk:Nabukeera Dorothy|talk]]) 11:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I highly endorse Ssemanda Will. He has good leadership and a linguistic background in Luganda language. Being an admin of this language will further the growth luganda Wikipedia at large [[User:Kinenkey|Kinenkey]] ([[User talk:Kinenkey|talk]]) 12:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :i support Mr Ssemanda Will for luganda Wikipedia because i know he can promote our language through his leadership [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 12:40, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support the admin request by '''Wilson Ssemanda,''' for adminship on the Luganda Wikipedia. :Wilson’s current leadership role as the community manager of Uganda’s Usergroup makes him an ideal candidate. His knowledge of Luganda is much needed to support the growth of Luganda on Wikipedia. I trust Wilson to use admin tools responsibly and in the best interest of the Luganda Wikipedia community. [[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]] ([[User talk:Sisterian|talk]]) 13:06, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I support you will [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 14:24, 20 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support you @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] we definitely need this tool [[User:Kisakye Jane|Kisakye Jane]] ([[User talk:Kisakye Jane|talk]]) 17:42, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Having William as a local admin for Luganda Wikipedia will be of great importance to the wiki in management of the different inconsistencies and challenges that we face as editors of Luganda Wikipedia especially with the review of the articles that are published on the wiki. He is a technical person in Luganda as a language and he is an experienced editor with profound knowledge on the Dos and Don'ts on editing Wikipedia which places him in a better position for the role. :He is highly recommended for the role. [[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]] ([[User talk:Solomon Suubi|talk]]) 14:23, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Will's quest for Adminship rights on Luganda Wikipedia is a move I wholeheartedly support due to his commitment to improving, maintaining and promoting the growth of open knowledge through the Luganda Wikipedia project. He understands the language, this gives him a chance to ensure the authenticity and integrity of all activities done on the project.[[User: Charles Kalanzi|Charles Kalanzi]] == Request: Enable Cat-a-lot tool for Better Category Management == Dear Luganda Wikipedia Community,As part of our '''ongoing Quality Control Campaign''', I would like to request the activation of '''the Cat-a-lot gadget''' on Luganda Wikipedia.'''Cat-a-lot''' is a powerful tool that allows us to add or remove categories from multiple pages at once, Move pages between categories efficiently, and Organize and clean up our category structure more effectively. This tool will be very helpful in improving the organization of content across Luganda Wikipedia, especially during our quality control efforts. I kindly ask '''the community''' to support enabling Cat-a-lot. Thank you very much! CC:[[User:Geossegawa]],[[User:Ssenkungu ivan]],[[User:Solomon Suubi]], [[User:MichealKal]], [[User:B722N]], [[User:Owobusingye]], [[User:Rtr PK]], [[User:Brenda Namulinda]] Best regards[[User:Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will]]) [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 16:43, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :yes i support enabling Cat-a-lot [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 17:41, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I support cat-a-lot-gadget to be enabled on luganda Wikipedia [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 18:57, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support that this Gadget be added on Luganda Wikipedia [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 19:34, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I am in strong support that this Gadget be added on Luganda Wikipedia [[User:Kinenkey|Kinenkey]] ([[User talk:Kinenkey|talk]]) 07:26, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Your consideration for this request will improve on our work regarding management of categories on Luganda Wikipedia. Thanks [[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]] ([[User talk:Solomon Suubi|talk]]) 14:25, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :: {{done}}. [[User:Neriah|Neriah]] ([[User talk:Neriah|talk]]) 07:55, 1 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :::Thank you very much dear @[[User:Neriah|Neriah]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 12:12, 1 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) == Request for community approval: Updating the Cat-a-lot gadget == Hello everyone, I am working on improving the Cat-a-lot gadget to make it more useful for all editors. [[User:Neriah]] originally installed this gadget on our wiki, but it only works inside categories. I would like to update it so that it works properly on search results pages and regular articles, not only on category pages. For this global interface editor to help us and make it work better, It requires the approval from you colleagues. Your support of this request will help all editors of Luganda Wikipedia to manage categories more easily. Please let me know if you have any objections or suggestions. Thank you, [[User:Ssemmanda will]] Luganda Wikipedia Admin CC @[[User:B722N|B722N]], @[[User:Ssenkungu ivan|Ssenkungu ivan]], @[[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]], @[[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]], @[[User:24RAY|24RAY]], @[[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]], @[[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]], @[[User:Samson Ssemakadde|Samson Ssemakadde]], @[[User:Ssebuufu|Ssebuufu]], @[[User:NKIZIK MARIE|NKIZIK MARIE]]..... [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 16:41, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly agree and support this proposal. [[User:Lillylove256|Lillylove256]] ([[User talk:Lillylove256|talk]]) 17:00, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I support the request for updating the Cat-a-lot gadget [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 17:08, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) d8mz09r8ze0mh5nznb4m5u4f5d80umk 59735 59732 2026-07-08T17:11:12Z 24RAY 11014 /* Request for community approval: Updating the Cat-a-lot gadget */ Ekyokuddamu 59735 wikitext text/x-wiki == Request for Luganda wikipedia administrator == Hello, I'm Ssegawa a native luganda speaker and member of wikimedia community user group Uganda. I am professional librarian that is passionate about free and quality information and I have been editing wikipedia both English and Luganda and I am one of the leading contributors. I therefore seek rights as an administrator lg.wikipedia.org to be able to ensure quality of the content on the luganda wikipedia and solve some gramatical errors evident on the interface. [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]] ([[User talk:Geossegawa|talk]]) 14:28, 4 Gwakkuminebiri 2024 (UTC) == Request for Adminship on Luganda Wikipedia == <small>Dear Wikimedians,</small> <small>My name is Ssemanda Willy (User: Ssemmanda will). I am the former Project Lead of Luganda Wikipedia (2022–2025) and currently serve as Community Manager of the Wikimedia Community User Group Uganda. I respectfully submit my request for Adminship on our Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>My motivation for seeking adminship is to: Maintain and improve the quality of Luganda Wikipedia articles, support the community by handling administrative tasks such as page protection, deletion, and combating vandalism, encourage new contributors by providing guidance and ensuring a safe, welcoming environment and strengthen Luganda Wikipedia as part of our broader mission to preserve and promote Ugandan languages online.</small> <small>I believe my experience in leadership, advocacy, editing, and training equips me to serve effectively as an administrator. I am committed to transparency, collaboration, and supporting the growth of Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>Thank you for considering my request. I welcome your feedback and look forward to continuing to work together to build a strong Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>Sincerely,</small> <small>User:</small>@<small>Ssemmanda will - [[Special:Contributions/Ssemmanda will|1,130]] Global edit count.</small> @ [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]], @[[User:Jose77|Jose77]], @[[User:Ssenkungu ivan|Ssenkungu ivan]], @[[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]], @[[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]], @[[User:Ice201|Ice201]], @[[User:MichealKal|MichealKal]], @[[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]], @[[User:Erinamukuta|Erinamukuta]], @[[User:B722N|B722N]], @[[User:Kyakwera|Kyakwera]], [[User:Tumbuka Arch@|Tumbuka Arch]] [[User:Kateregga1|Kateregga1]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 09:40, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second your request, @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]], I strongly believe that Luganda Wikipedia needs a local-language administrator who has a deep understanding of the language in both its spoken and written forms. [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 10:56, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you @[[User:B722N|B722N]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 12:09, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second Mr. Ssemmanda Wilson [[User:NKINZIK MARIE|NKINZIK MARIE]] ([[User talk:NKINZIK MARIE|talk]]) 16:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :i wholeheartedly support Sir Will. [[User:Rtr PK|Rtr PK]] ([[User talk:Rtr PK|talk]]) 19:12, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I highly endorse Ssemanda Will. His leadership and linguistic background in Luganda are essential to be admin of the language to manage the Wikipedia at large [[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]] ([[User talk:Owobusingye|talk]]) 13:49, 23 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you Mr @[[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 11:26, 24 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :Mr. Ssemmanda Will is even a teacher of the language so we are saafe in his hands as the editors of the language [[User:NKINZIK MARIE|NKINZIK MARIE]] ([[User talk:NKINZIK MARIE|talk]]) 16:37, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I fully support @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]]. It’s important for Luganda Wikipedia to have an administrator who truly understands the language both in its spoken and written forms to effectively guide and manage this Language Wikipedia and Willy was a Luganda project lead for several years. [[User:MichealKal|MichealKal]] ([[User talk:MichealKal|talk]]) 06:33, 31 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] request. He is one of the leading luganda wikipedia contributors and a good mentor to all contributors. Having him as an admin gives us the chance to improve the wikipedia more. [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]] ([[User talk:Geossegawa|talk]]) 16:53, 2 Gwakuna(Kafuumuulampawu) 2026 (UTC) :This was long overdue, I am in great support of this request. Localisation of content is quite cricial and having @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] as an administrator will go a long way in helping us improve our content. [[User:Brenda Namulinda|Brenda Namulinda]] ([[User talk:Brenda Namulinda|talk]]) 11:31, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :His dedication and enthusiasm towards the Luganda Wikipedia is exceptional. He is the perfect fit for an admin and I second his request @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] [[User:Nabukeera Dorothy|Nabukeera Dorothy]] ([[User talk:Nabukeera Dorothy|talk]]) 11:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I highly endorse Ssemanda Will. He has good leadership and a linguistic background in Luganda language. Being an admin of this language will further the growth luganda Wikipedia at large [[User:Kinenkey|Kinenkey]] ([[User talk:Kinenkey|talk]]) 12:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :i support Mr Ssemanda Will for luganda Wikipedia because i know he can promote our language through his leadership [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 12:40, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support the admin request by '''Wilson Ssemanda,''' for adminship on the Luganda Wikipedia. :Wilson’s current leadership role as the community manager of Uganda’s Usergroup makes him an ideal candidate. His knowledge of Luganda is much needed to support the growth of Luganda on Wikipedia. I trust Wilson to use admin tools responsibly and in the best interest of the Luganda Wikipedia community. [[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]] ([[User talk:Sisterian|talk]]) 13:06, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I support you will [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 14:24, 20 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support you @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] we definitely need this tool [[User:Kisakye Jane|Kisakye Jane]] ([[User talk:Kisakye Jane|talk]]) 17:42, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Having William as a local admin for Luganda Wikipedia will be of great importance to the wiki in management of the different inconsistencies and challenges that we face as editors of Luganda Wikipedia especially with the review of the articles that are published on the wiki. He is a technical person in Luganda as a language and he is an experienced editor with profound knowledge on the Dos and Don'ts on editing Wikipedia which places him in a better position for the role. :He is highly recommended for the role. [[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]] ([[User talk:Solomon Suubi|talk]]) 14:23, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Will's quest for Adminship rights on Luganda Wikipedia is a move I wholeheartedly support due to his commitment to improving, maintaining and promoting the growth of open knowledge through the Luganda Wikipedia project. He understands the language, this gives him a chance to ensure the authenticity and integrity of all activities done on the project.[[User: Charles Kalanzi|Charles Kalanzi]] == Request: Enable Cat-a-lot tool for Better Category Management == Dear Luganda Wikipedia Community,As part of our '''ongoing Quality Control Campaign''', I would like to request the activation of '''the Cat-a-lot gadget''' on Luganda Wikipedia.'''Cat-a-lot''' is a powerful tool that allows us to add or remove categories from multiple pages at once, Move pages between categories efficiently, and Organize and clean up our category structure more effectively. This tool will be very helpful in improving the organization of content across Luganda Wikipedia, especially during our quality control efforts. I kindly ask '''the community''' to support enabling Cat-a-lot. Thank you very much! CC:[[User:Geossegawa]],[[User:Ssenkungu ivan]],[[User:Solomon Suubi]], [[User:MichealKal]], [[User:B722N]], [[User:Owobusingye]], [[User:Rtr PK]], [[User:Brenda Namulinda]] Best regards[[User:Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will]]) [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 16:43, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :yes i support enabling Cat-a-lot [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 17:41, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I support cat-a-lot-gadget to be enabled on luganda Wikipedia [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 18:57, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support that this Gadget be added on Luganda Wikipedia [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 19:34, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I am in strong support that this Gadget be added on Luganda Wikipedia [[User:Kinenkey|Kinenkey]] ([[User talk:Kinenkey|talk]]) 07:26, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Your consideration for this request will improve on our work regarding management of categories on Luganda Wikipedia. Thanks [[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]] ([[User talk:Solomon Suubi|talk]]) 14:25, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :: {{done}}. [[User:Neriah|Neriah]] ([[User talk:Neriah|talk]]) 07:55, 1 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :::Thank you very much dear @[[User:Neriah|Neriah]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 12:12, 1 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) == Request for community approval: Updating the Cat-a-lot gadget == Hello everyone, I am working on improving the Cat-a-lot gadget to make it more useful for all editors. [[User:Neriah]] originally installed this gadget on our wiki, but it only works inside categories. I would like to update it so that it works properly on search results pages and regular articles, not only on category pages. For this global interface editor to help us and make it work better, It requires the approval from you colleagues. Your support of this request will help all editors of Luganda Wikipedia to manage categories more easily. Please let me know if you have any objections or suggestions. Thank you, [[User:Ssemmanda will]] Luganda Wikipedia Admin CC @[[User:B722N|B722N]], @[[User:Ssenkungu ivan|Ssenkungu ivan]], @[[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]], @[[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]], @[[User:24RAY|24RAY]], @[[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]], @[[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]], @[[User:Samson Ssemakadde|Samson Ssemakadde]], @[[User:Ssebuufu|Ssebuufu]], @[[User:NKIZIK MARIE|NKIZIK MARIE]]..... [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 16:41, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly agree and support this proposal. [[User:Lillylove256|Lillylove256]] ([[User talk:Lillylove256|talk]]) 17:00, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I support the request for updating the Cat-a-lot gadget [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 17:08, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :i support the request for updating the Cat-a-lot gadget for better use thanks [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 17:11, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) p6en6e9cbs7ngut19d4fsmjmo4gmxg9 59751 59735 2026-07-08T17:48:58Z Nambogo Catharine 6408 /* Request for community approval: Updating the Cat-a-lot gadget */ Ekyokuddamu 59751 wikitext text/x-wiki == Request for Luganda wikipedia administrator == Hello, I'm Ssegawa a native luganda speaker and member of wikimedia community user group Uganda. I am professional librarian that is passionate about free and quality information and I have been editing wikipedia both English and Luganda and I am one of the leading contributors. I therefore seek rights as an administrator lg.wikipedia.org to be able to ensure quality of the content on the luganda wikipedia and solve some gramatical errors evident on the interface. [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]] ([[User talk:Geossegawa|talk]]) 14:28, 4 Gwakkuminebiri 2024 (UTC) == Request for Adminship on Luganda Wikipedia == <small>Dear Wikimedians,</small> <small>My name is Ssemanda Willy (User: Ssemmanda will). I am the former Project Lead of Luganda Wikipedia (2022–2025) and currently serve as Community Manager of the Wikimedia Community User Group Uganda. I respectfully submit my request for Adminship on our Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>My motivation for seeking adminship is to: Maintain and improve the quality of Luganda Wikipedia articles, support the community by handling administrative tasks such as page protection, deletion, and combating vandalism, encourage new contributors by providing guidance and ensuring a safe, welcoming environment and strengthen Luganda Wikipedia as part of our broader mission to preserve and promote Ugandan languages online.</small> <small>I believe my experience in leadership, advocacy, editing, and training equips me to serve effectively as an administrator. I am committed to transparency, collaboration, and supporting the growth of Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>Thank you for considering my request. I welcome your feedback and look forward to continuing to work together to build a strong Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>Sincerely,</small> <small>User:</small>@<small>Ssemmanda will - [[Special:Contributions/Ssemmanda will|1,130]] Global edit count.</small> @ [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]], @[[User:Jose77|Jose77]], @[[User:Ssenkungu ivan|Ssenkungu ivan]], @[[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]], @[[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]], @[[User:Ice201|Ice201]], @[[User:MichealKal|MichealKal]], @[[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]], @[[User:Erinamukuta|Erinamukuta]], @[[User:B722N|B722N]], @[[User:Kyakwera|Kyakwera]], [[User:Tumbuka Arch@|Tumbuka Arch]] [[User:Kateregga1|Kateregga1]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 09:40, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second your request, @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]], I strongly believe that Luganda Wikipedia needs a local-language administrator who has a deep understanding of the language in both its spoken and written forms. [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 10:56, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you @[[User:B722N|B722N]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 12:09, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second Mr. Ssemmanda Wilson [[User:NKINZIK MARIE|NKINZIK MARIE]] ([[User talk:NKINZIK MARIE|talk]]) 16:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :i wholeheartedly support Sir Will. [[User:Rtr PK|Rtr PK]] ([[User talk:Rtr PK|talk]]) 19:12, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I highly endorse Ssemanda Will. His leadership and linguistic background in Luganda are essential to be admin of the language to manage the Wikipedia at large [[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]] ([[User talk:Owobusingye|talk]]) 13:49, 23 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you Mr @[[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 11:26, 24 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :Mr. Ssemmanda Will is even a teacher of the language so we are saafe in his hands as the editors of the language [[User:NKINZIK MARIE|NKINZIK MARIE]] ([[User talk:NKINZIK MARIE|talk]]) 16:37, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I fully support @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]]. It’s important for Luganda Wikipedia to have an administrator who truly understands the language both in its spoken and written forms to effectively guide and manage this Language Wikipedia and Willy was a Luganda project lead for several years. [[User:MichealKal|MichealKal]] ([[User talk:MichealKal|talk]]) 06:33, 31 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] request. He is one of the leading luganda wikipedia contributors and a good mentor to all contributors. Having him as an admin gives us the chance to improve the wikipedia more. [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]] ([[User talk:Geossegawa|talk]]) 16:53, 2 Gwakuna(Kafuumuulampawu) 2026 (UTC) :This was long overdue, I am in great support of this request. Localisation of content is quite cricial and having @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] as an administrator will go a long way in helping us improve our content. [[User:Brenda Namulinda|Brenda Namulinda]] ([[User talk:Brenda Namulinda|talk]]) 11:31, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :His dedication and enthusiasm towards the Luganda Wikipedia is exceptional. He is the perfect fit for an admin and I second his request @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] [[User:Nabukeera Dorothy|Nabukeera Dorothy]] ([[User talk:Nabukeera Dorothy|talk]]) 11:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I highly endorse Ssemanda Will. He has good leadership and a linguistic background in Luganda language. Being an admin of this language will further the growth luganda Wikipedia at large [[User:Kinenkey|Kinenkey]] ([[User talk:Kinenkey|talk]]) 12:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :i support Mr Ssemanda Will for luganda Wikipedia because i know he can promote our language through his leadership [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 12:40, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support the admin request by '''Wilson Ssemanda,''' for adminship on the Luganda Wikipedia. :Wilson’s current leadership role as the community manager of Uganda’s Usergroup makes him an ideal candidate. His knowledge of Luganda is much needed to support the growth of Luganda on Wikipedia. I trust Wilson to use admin tools responsibly and in the best interest of the Luganda Wikipedia community. [[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]] ([[User talk:Sisterian|talk]]) 13:06, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I support you will [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 14:24, 20 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support you @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] we definitely need this tool [[User:Kisakye Jane|Kisakye Jane]] ([[User talk:Kisakye Jane|talk]]) 17:42, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Having William as a local admin for Luganda Wikipedia will be of great importance to the wiki in management of the different inconsistencies and challenges that we face as editors of Luganda Wikipedia especially with the review of the articles that are published on the wiki. He is a technical person in Luganda as a language and he is an experienced editor with profound knowledge on the Dos and Don'ts on editing Wikipedia which places him in a better position for the role. :He is highly recommended for the role. [[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]] ([[User talk:Solomon Suubi|talk]]) 14:23, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Will's quest for Adminship rights on Luganda Wikipedia is a move I wholeheartedly support due to his commitment to improving, maintaining and promoting the growth of open knowledge through the Luganda Wikipedia project. He understands the language, this gives him a chance to ensure the authenticity and integrity of all activities done on the project.[[User: Charles Kalanzi|Charles Kalanzi]] == Request: Enable Cat-a-lot tool for Better Category Management == Dear Luganda Wikipedia Community,As part of our '''ongoing Quality Control Campaign''', I would like to request the activation of '''the Cat-a-lot gadget''' on Luganda Wikipedia.'''Cat-a-lot''' is a powerful tool that allows us to add or remove categories from multiple pages at once, Move pages between categories efficiently, and Organize and clean up our category structure more effectively. This tool will be very helpful in improving the organization of content across Luganda Wikipedia, especially during our quality control efforts. I kindly ask '''the community''' to support enabling Cat-a-lot. Thank you very much! CC:[[User:Geossegawa]],[[User:Ssenkungu ivan]],[[User:Solomon Suubi]], [[User:MichealKal]], [[User:B722N]], [[User:Owobusingye]], [[User:Rtr PK]], [[User:Brenda Namulinda]] Best regards[[User:Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will]]) [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 16:43, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :yes i support enabling Cat-a-lot [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 17:41, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I support cat-a-lot-gadget to be enabled on luganda Wikipedia [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 18:57, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support that this Gadget be added on Luganda Wikipedia [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 19:34, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I am in strong support that this Gadget be added on Luganda Wikipedia [[User:Kinenkey|Kinenkey]] ([[User talk:Kinenkey|talk]]) 07:26, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Your consideration for this request will improve on our work regarding management of categories on Luganda Wikipedia. Thanks [[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]] ([[User talk:Solomon Suubi|talk]]) 14:25, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :: {{done}}. [[User:Neriah|Neriah]] ([[User talk:Neriah|talk]]) 07:55, 1 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :::Thank you very much dear @[[User:Neriah|Neriah]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 12:12, 1 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) == Request for community approval: Updating the Cat-a-lot gadget == Hello everyone, I am working on improving the Cat-a-lot gadget to make it more useful for all editors. [[User:Neriah]] originally installed this gadget on our wiki, but it only works inside categories. I would like to update it so that it works properly on search results pages and regular articles, not only on category pages. For this global interface editor to help us and make it work better, It requires the approval from you colleagues. Your support of this request will help all editors of Luganda Wikipedia to manage categories more easily. Please let me know if you have any objections or suggestions. Thank you, [[User:Ssemmanda will]] Luganda Wikipedia Admin CC @[[User:B722N|B722N]], @[[User:Ssenkungu ivan|Ssenkungu ivan]], @[[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]], @[[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]], @[[User:24RAY|24RAY]], @[[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]], @[[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]], @[[User:Samson Ssemakadde|Samson Ssemakadde]], @[[User:Ssebuufu|Ssebuufu]], @[[User:NKIZIK MARIE|NKIZIK MARIE]]..... [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 16:41, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly agree and support this proposal. [[User:Lillylove256|Lillylove256]] ([[User talk:Lillylove256|talk]]) 17:00, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I support the request for updating the Cat-a-lot gadget [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 17:08, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :i support the request for updating the Cat-a-lot gadget for better use thanks [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 17:11, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) ::Am in full support of this request towards the updating of 5he Cat-a-lot gadget. [[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]] ([[User talk:Nambogo Catharine|talk]]) 17:48, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) 6k8eld6th8or5lsph0uw3mg4murch8m 59771 59751 2026-07-08T20:27:12Z ESTHER NAKITENDE 9175 /* Request for community approval: Updating the Cat-a-lot gadget */ Ekyokuddamu 59771 wikitext text/x-wiki == Request for Luganda wikipedia administrator == Hello, I'm Ssegawa a native luganda speaker and member of wikimedia community user group Uganda. I am professional librarian that is passionate about free and quality information and I have been editing wikipedia both English and Luganda and I am one of the leading contributors. I therefore seek rights as an administrator lg.wikipedia.org to be able to ensure quality of the content on the luganda wikipedia and solve some gramatical errors evident on the interface. [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]] ([[User talk:Geossegawa|talk]]) 14:28, 4 Gwakkuminebiri 2024 (UTC) == Request for Adminship on Luganda Wikipedia == <small>Dear Wikimedians,</small> <small>My name is Ssemanda Willy (User: Ssemmanda will). I am the former Project Lead of Luganda Wikipedia (2022–2025) and currently serve as Community Manager of the Wikimedia Community User Group Uganda. I respectfully submit my request for Adminship on our Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>My motivation for seeking adminship is to: Maintain and improve the quality of Luganda Wikipedia articles, support the community by handling administrative tasks such as page protection, deletion, and combating vandalism, encourage new contributors by providing guidance and ensuring a safe, welcoming environment and strengthen Luganda Wikipedia as part of our broader mission to preserve and promote Ugandan languages online.</small> <small>I believe my experience in leadership, advocacy, editing, and training equips me to serve effectively as an administrator. I am committed to transparency, collaboration, and supporting the growth of Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>Thank you for considering my request. I welcome your feedback and look forward to continuing to work together to build a strong Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>Sincerely,</small> <small>User:</small>@<small>Ssemmanda will - [[Special:Contributions/Ssemmanda will|1,130]] Global edit count.</small> @ [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]], @[[User:Jose77|Jose77]], @[[User:Ssenkungu ivan|Ssenkungu ivan]], @[[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]], @[[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]], @[[User:Ice201|Ice201]], @[[User:MichealKal|MichealKal]], @[[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]], @[[User:Erinamukuta|Erinamukuta]], @[[User:B722N|B722N]], @[[User:Kyakwera|Kyakwera]], [[User:Tumbuka Arch@|Tumbuka Arch]] [[User:Kateregga1|Kateregga1]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 09:40, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second your request, @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]], I strongly believe that Luganda Wikipedia needs a local-language administrator who has a deep understanding of the language in both its spoken and written forms. [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 10:56, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you @[[User:B722N|B722N]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 12:09, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second Mr. Ssemmanda Wilson [[User:NKINZIK MARIE|NKINZIK MARIE]] ([[User talk:NKINZIK MARIE|talk]]) 16:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :i wholeheartedly support Sir Will. [[User:Rtr PK|Rtr PK]] ([[User talk:Rtr PK|talk]]) 19:12, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I highly endorse Ssemanda Will. His leadership and linguistic background in Luganda are essential to be admin of the language to manage the Wikipedia at large [[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]] ([[User talk:Owobusingye|talk]]) 13:49, 23 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you Mr @[[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 11:26, 24 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :Mr. Ssemmanda Will is even a teacher of the language so we are saafe in his hands as the editors of the language [[User:NKINZIK MARIE|NKINZIK MARIE]] ([[User talk:NKINZIK MARIE|talk]]) 16:37, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I fully support @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]]. It’s important for Luganda Wikipedia to have an administrator who truly understands the language both in its spoken and written forms to effectively guide and manage this Language Wikipedia and Willy was a Luganda project lead for several years. [[User:MichealKal|MichealKal]] ([[User talk:MichealKal|talk]]) 06:33, 31 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] request. He is one of the leading luganda wikipedia contributors and a good mentor to all contributors. Having him as an admin gives us the chance to improve the wikipedia more. [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]] ([[User talk:Geossegawa|talk]]) 16:53, 2 Gwakuna(Kafuumuulampawu) 2026 (UTC) :This was long overdue, I am in great support of this request. Localisation of content is quite cricial and having @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] as an administrator will go a long way in helping us improve our content. [[User:Brenda Namulinda|Brenda Namulinda]] ([[User talk:Brenda Namulinda|talk]]) 11:31, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :His dedication and enthusiasm towards the Luganda Wikipedia is exceptional. He is the perfect fit for an admin and I second his request @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] [[User:Nabukeera Dorothy|Nabukeera Dorothy]] ([[User talk:Nabukeera Dorothy|talk]]) 11:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I highly endorse Ssemanda Will. He has good leadership and a linguistic background in Luganda language. Being an admin of this language will further the growth luganda Wikipedia at large [[User:Kinenkey|Kinenkey]] ([[User talk:Kinenkey|talk]]) 12:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :i support Mr Ssemanda Will for luganda Wikipedia because i know he can promote our language through his leadership [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 12:40, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support the admin request by '''Wilson Ssemanda,''' for adminship on the Luganda Wikipedia. :Wilson’s current leadership role as the community manager of Uganda’s Usergroup makes him an ideal candidate. His knowledge of Luganda is much needed to support the growth of Luganda on Wikipedia. I trust Wilson to use admin tools responsibly and in the best interest of the Luganda Wikipedia community. [[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]] ([[User talk:Sisterian|talk]]) 13:06, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I support you will [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 14:24, 20 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support you @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] we definitely need this tool [[User:Kisakye Jane|Kisakye Jane]] ([[User talk:Kisakye Jane|talk]]) 17:42, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Having William as a local admin for Luganda Wikipedia will be of great importance to the wiki in management of the different inconsistencies and challenges that we face as editors of Luganda Wikipedia especially with the review of the articles that are published on the wiki. He is a technical person in Luganda as a language and he is an experienced editor with profound knowledge on the Dos and Don'ts on editing Wikipedia which places him in a better position for the role. :He is highly recommended for the role. [[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]] ([[User talk:Solomon Suubi|talk]]) 14:23, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Will's quest for Adminship rights on Luganda Wikipedia is a move I wholeheartedly support due to his commitment to improving, maintaining and promoting the growth of open knowledge through the Luganda Wikipedia project. He understands the language, this gives him a chance to ensure the authenticity and integrity of all activities done on the project.[[User: Charles Kalanzi|Charles Kalanzi]] == Request: Enable Cat-a-lot tool for Better Category Management == Dear Luganda Wikipedia Community,As part of our '''ongoing Quality Control Campaign''', I would like to request the activation of '''the Cat-a-lot gadget''' on Luganda Wikipedia.'''Cat-a-lot''' is a powerful tool that allows us to add or remove categories from multiple pages at once, Move pages between categories efficiently, and Organize and clean up our category structure more effectively. This tool will be very helpful in improving the organization of content across Luganda Wikipedia, especially during our quality control efforts. I kindly ask '''the community''' to support enabling Cat-a-lot. Thank you very much! CC:[[User:Geossegawa]],[[User:Ssenkungu ivan]],[[User:Solomon Suubi]], [[User:MichealKal]], [[User:B722N]], [[User:Owobusingye]], [[User:Rtr PK]], [[User:Brenda Namulinda]] Best regards[[User:Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will]]) [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 16:43, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :yes i support enabling Cat-a-lot [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 17:41, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I support cat-a-lot-gadget to be enabled on luganda Wikipedia [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 18:57, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support that this Gadget be added on Luganda Wikipedia [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 19:34, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I am in strong support that this Gadget be added on Luganda Wikipedia [[User:Kinenkey|Kinenkey]] ([[User talk:Kinenkey|talk]]) 07:26, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Your consideration for this request will improve on our work regarding management of categories on Luganda Wikipedia. Thanks [[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]] ([[User talk:Solomon Suubi|talk]]) 14:25, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :: {{done}}. [[User:Neriah|Neriah]] ([[User talk:Neriah|talk]]) 07:55, 1 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :::Thank you very much dear @[[User:Neriah|Neriah]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 12:12, 1 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) == Request for community approval: Updating the Cat-a-lot gadget == Hello everyone, I am working on improving the Cat-a-lot gadget to make it more useful for all editors. [[User:Neriah]] originally installed this gadget on our wiki, but it only works inside categories. I would like to update it so that it works properly on search results pages and regular articles, not only on category pages. For this global interface editor to help us and make it work better, It requires the approval from you colleagues. Your support of this request will help all editors of Luganda Wikipedia to manage categories more easily. Please let me know if you have any objections or suggestions. Thank you, [[User:Ssemmanda will]] Luganda Wikipedia Admin CC @[[User:B722N|B722N]], @[[User:Ssenkungu ivan|Ssenkungu ivan]], @[[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]], @[[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]], @[[User:24RAY|24RAY]], @[[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]], @[[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]], @[[User:Samson Ssemakadde|Samson Ssemakadde]], @[[User:Ssebuufu|Ssebuufu]], @[[User:NKIZIK MARIE|NKIZIK MARIE]]..... [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 16:41, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly agree and support this proposal. [[User:Lillylove256|Lillylove256]] ([[User talk:Lillylove256|talk]]) 17:00, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I support the request for updating the Cat-a-lot gadget [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 17:08, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :i support the request for updating the Cat-a-lot gadget for better use thanks [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 17:11, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) ::Am in full support of this request towards the updating of 5he Cat-a-lot gadget. [[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]] ([[User talk:Nambogo Catharine|talk]]) 17:48, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :i support this proposal [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 20:27, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) b085i8j64gheeza3h3utenv2gvqhmlw 59786 59771 2026-07-09T06:00:26Z Charles Kalanzi 9748 59786 wikitext text/x-wiki == Request for Luganda wikipedia administrator == Hello, I'm Ssegawa a native luganda speaker and member of wikimedia community user group Uganda. I am professional librarian that is passionate about free and quality information and I have been editing wikipedia both English and Luganda and I am one of the leading contributors. I therefore seek rights as an administrator lg.wikipedia.org to be able to ensure quality of the content on the luganda wikipedia and solve some gramatical errors evident on the interface. [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]] ([[User talk:Geossegawa|talk]]) 14:28, 4 Gwakkuminebiri 2024 (UTC) == Request for Adminship on Luganda Wikipedia == <small>Dear Wikimedians,</small> <small>My name is Ssemanda Willy (User: Ssemmanda will). I am the former Project Lead of Luganda Wikipedia (2022–2025) and currently serve as Community Manager of the Wikimedia Community User Group Uganda. I respectfully submit my request for Adminship on our Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>My motivation for seeking adminship is to: Maintain and improve the quality of Luganda Wikipedia articles, support the community by handling administrative tasks such as page protection, deletion, and combating vandalism, encourage new contributors by providing guidance and ensuring a safe, welcoming environment and strengthen Luganda Wikipedia as part of our broader mission to preserve and promote Ugandan languages online.</small> <small>I believe my experience in leadership, advocacy, editing, and training equips me to serve effectively as an administrator. I am committed to transparency, collaboration, and supporting the growth of Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>Thank you for considering my request. I welcome your feedback and look forward to continuing to work together to build a strong Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>Sincerely,</small> <small>User:</small>@<small>Ssemmanda will - [[Special:Contributions/Ssemmanda will|1,130]] Global edit count.</small> @ [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]], @[[User:Jose77|Jose77]], @[[User:Ssenkungu ivan|Ssenkungu ivan]], @[[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]], @[[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]], @[[User:Ice201|Ice201]], @[[User:MichealKal|MichealKal]], @[[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]], @[[User:Erinamukuta|Erinamukuta]], @[[User:B722N|B722N]], @[[User:Kyakwera|Kyakwera]], [[User:Tumbuka Arch@|Tumbuka Arch]] [[User:Kateregga1|Kateregga1]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 09:40, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second your request, @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]], I strongly believe that Luganda Wikipedia needs a local-language administrator who has a deep understanding of the language in both its spoken and written forms. [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 10:56, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you @[[User:B722N|B722N]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 12:09, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second Mr. Ssemmanda Wilson [[User:NKINZIK MARIE|NKINZIK MARIE]] ([[User talk:NKINZIK MARIE|talk]]) 16:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :i wholeheartedly support Sir Will. [[User:Rtr PK|Rtr PK]] ([[User talk:Rtr PK|talk]]) 19:12, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I highly endorse Ssemanda Will. His leadership and linguistic background in Luganda are essential to be admin of the language to manage the Wikipedia at large [[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]] ([[User talk:Owobusingye|talk]]) 13:49, 23 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you Mr @[[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 11:26, 24 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :Mr. Ssemmanda Will is even a teacher of the language so we are saafe in his hands as the editors of the language [[User:NKINZIK MARIE|NKINZIK MARIE]] ([[User talk:NKINZIK MARIE|talk]]) 16:37, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I fully support @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]]. It’s important for Luganda Wikipedia to have an administrator who truly understands the language both in its spoken and written forms to effectively guide and manage this Language Wikipedia and Willy was a Luganda project lead for several years. [[User:MichealKal|MichealKal]] ([[User talk:MichealKal|talk]]) 06:33, 31 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] request. He is one of the leading luganda wikipedia contributors and a good mentor to all contributors. Having him as an admin gives us the chance to improve the wikipedia more. [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]] ([[User talk:Geossegawa|talk]]) 16:53, 2 Gwakuna(Kafuumuulampawu) 2026 (UTC) :This was long overdue, I am in great support of this request. Localisation of content is quite cricial and having @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] as an administrator will go a long way in helping us improve our content. [[User:Brenda Namulinda|Brenda Namulinda]] ([[User talk:Brenda Namulinda|talk]]) 11:31, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :His dedication and enthusiasm towards the Luganda Wikipedia is exceptional. He is the perfect fit for an admin and I second his request @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] [[User:Nabukeera Dorothy|Nabukeera Dorothy]] ([[User talk:Nabukeera Dorothy|talk]]) 11:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I highly endorse Ssemanda Will. He has good leadership and a linguistic background in Luganda language. Being an admin of this language will further the growth luganda Wikipedia at large [[User:Kinenkey|Kinenkey]] ([[User talk:Kinenkey|talk]]) 12:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :i support Mr Ssemanda Will for luganda Wikipedia because i know he can promote our language through his leadership [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 12:40, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support the admin request by '''Wilson Ssemanda,''' for adminship on the Luganda Wikipedia. :Wilson’s current leadership role as the community manager of Uganda’s Usergroup makes him an ideal candidate. His knowledge of Luganda is much needed to support the growth of Luganda on Wikipedia. I trust Wilson to use admin tools responsibly and in the best interest of the Luganda Wikipedia community. [[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]] ([[User talk:Sisterian|talk]]) 13:06, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I support you will [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 14:24, 20 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support you @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] we definitely need this tool [[User:Kisakye Jane|Kisakye Jane]] ([[User talk:Kisakye Jane|talk]]) 17:42, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Having William as a local admin for Luganda Wikipedia will be of great importance to the wiki in management of the different inconsistencies and challenges that we face as editors of Luganda Wikipedia especially with the review of the articles that are published on the wiki. He is a technical person in Luganda as a language and he is an experienced editor with profound knowledge on the Dos and Don'ts on editing Wikipedia which places him in a better position for the role. :He is highly recommended for the role. [[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]] ([[User talk:Solomon Suubi|talk]]) 14:23, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Will's quest for Adminship rights on Luganda Wikipedia is a move I wholeheartedly support due to his commitment to improving, maintaining and promoting the growth of open knowledge through the Luganda Wikipedia project. He understands the language, this gives him a chance to ensure the authenticity and integrity of all activities done on the project.[[User: Charles Kalanzi|Charles Kalanzi]] == Request: Enable Cat-a-lot tool for Better Category Management == Dear Luganda Wikipedia Community,As part of our '''ongoing Quality Control Campaign''', I would like to request the activation of '''the Cat-a-lot gadget''' on Luganda Wikipedia.'''Cat-a-lot''' is a powerful tool that allows us to add or remove categories from multiple pages at once, Move pages between categories efficiently, and Organize and clean up our category structure more effectively. This tool will be very helpful in improving the organization of content across Luganda Wikipedia, especially during our quality control efforts. I kindly ask '''the community''' to support enabling Cat-a-lot. Thank you very much! CC:[[User:Geossegawa]],[[User:Ssenkungu ivan]],[[User:Solomon Suubi]], [[User:MichealKal]], [[User:B722N]], [[User:Owobusingye]], [[User:Rtr PK]], [[User:Brenda Namulinda]] Best regards[[User:Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will]]) [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 16:43, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :yes i support enabling Cat-a-lot [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 17:41, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I support cat-a-lot-gadget to be enabled on luganda Wikipedia [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 18:57, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support that this Gadget be added on Luganda Wikipedia [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 19:34, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I am in strong support that this Gadget be added on Luganda Wikipedia [[User:Kinenkey|Kinenkey]] ([[User talk:Kinenkey|talk]]) 07:26, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Your consideration for this request will improve on our work regarding management of categories on Luganda Wikipedia. Thanks [[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]] ([[User talk:Solomon Suubi|talk]]) 14:25, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :: {{done}}. [[User:Neriah|Neriah]] ([[User talk:Neriah|talk]]) 07:55, 1 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :::Thank you very much dear @[[User:Neriah|Neriah]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 12:12, 1 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) == Request for community approval: Updating the Cat-a-lot gadget == Hello everyone, I am working on improving the Cat-a-lot gadget to make it more useful for all editors. [[User:Neriah]] originally installed this gadget on our wiki, but it only works inside categories. I would like to update it so that it works properly on search results pages and regular articles, not only on category pages. For this global interface editor to help us and make it work better, It requires the approval from you colleagues. Your support of this request will help all editors of Luganda Wikipedia to manage categories more easily. Please let me know if you have any objections or suggestions. Thank you, [[User:Ssemmanda will]] Luganda Wikipedia Admin CC @[[User:B722N|B722N]], @[[User:Ssenkungu ivan|Ssenkungu ivan]], @[[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]], @[[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]], @[[User:24RAY|24RAY]], @[[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]], @[[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]], @[[User:Samson Ssemakadde|Samson Ssemakadde]], @[[User:Ssebuufu|Ssebuufu]], @[[User:NKIZIK MARIE|NKIZIK MARIE]]..... [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 16:41, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly agree and support this proposal. [[User:Lillylove256|Lillylove256]] ([[User talk:Lillylove256|talk]]) 17:00, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I support the request for updating the Cat-a-lot gadget [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 17:08, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :i support the request for updating the Cat-a-lot gadget for better use thanks [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 17:11, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) ::Am in full support of this request towards the updating of 5he Cat-a-lot gadget. [[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]] ([[User talk:Nambogo Catharine|talk]]) 17:48, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :i support this proposal [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 20:27, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I support the request for updating the Cat-a-lot gadget for more efficiency and quality administration [[User: Charles Kalanzi|Charles Kalanzi]] ([[User talk: Charles Kalanzi|talk]]) 09:00, 9 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) 9g4lhyo2bw9me1h3v47o1bz4gr6dimx 59808 59786 2026-07-09T09:01:40Z Kinenkey 10423 /* Request for community approval: Updating the Cat-a-lot gadget */ Ekyokuddamu 59808 wikitext text/x-wiki == Request for Luganda wikipedia administrator == Hello, I'm Ssegawa a native luganda speaker and member of wikimedia community user group Uganda. I am professional librarian that is passionate about free and quality information and I have been editing wikipedia both English and Luganda and I am one of the leading contributors. I therefore seek rights as an administrator lg.wikipedia.org to be able to ensure quality of the content on the luganda wikipedia and solve some gramatical errors evident on the interface. [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]] ([[User talk:Geossegawa|talk]]) 14:28, 4 Gwakkuminebiri 2024 (UTC) == Request for Adminship on Luganda Wikipedia == <small>Dear Wikimedians,</small> <small>My name is Ssemanda Willy (User: Ssemmanda will). I am the former Project Lead of Luganda Wikipedia (2022–2025) and currently serve as Community Manager of the Wikimedia Community User Group Uganda. I respectfully submit my request for Adminship on our Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>My motivation for seeking adminship is to: Maintain and improve the quality of Luganda Wikipedia articles, support the community by handling administrative tasks such as page protection, deletion, and combating vandalism, encourage new contributors by providing guidance and ensuring a safe, welcoming environment and strengthen Luganda Wikipedia as part of our broader mission to preserve and promote Ugandan languages online.</small> <small>I believe my experience in leadership, advocacy, editing, and training equips me to serve effectively as an administrator. I am committed to transparency, collaboration, and supporting the growth of Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>Thank you for considering my request. I welcome your feedback and look forward to continuing to work together to build a strong Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>Sincerely,</small> <small>User:</small>@<small>Ssemmanda will - [[Special:Contributions/Ssemmanda will|1,130]] Global edit count.</small> @ [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]], @[[User:Jose77|Jose77]], @[[User:Ssenkungu ivan|Ssenkungu ivan]], @[[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]], @[[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]], @[[User:Ice201|Ice201]], @[[User:MichealKal|MichealKal]], @[[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]], @[[User:Erinamukuta|Erinamukuta]], @[[User:B722N|B722N]], @[[User:Kyakwera|Kyakwera]], [[User:Tumbuka Arch@|Tumbuka Arch]] [[User:Kateregga1|Kateregga1]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 09:40, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second your request, @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]], I strongly believe that Luganda Wikipedia needs a local-language administrator who has a deep understanding of the language in both its spoken and written forms. [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 10:56, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you @[[User:B722N|B722N]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 12:09, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second Mr. Ssemmanda Wilson [[User:NKINZIK MARIE|NKINZIK MARIE]] ([[User talk:NKINZIK MARIE|talk]]) 16:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :i wholeheartedly support Sir Will. [[User:Rtr PK|Rtr PK]] ([[User talk:Rtr PK|talk]]) 19:12, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I highly endorse Ssemanda Will. His leadership and linguistic background in Luganda are essential to be admin of the language to manage the Wikipedia at large [[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]] ([[User talk:Owobusingye|talk]]) 13:49, 23 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you Mr @[[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 11:26, 24 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :Mr. Ssemmanda Will is even a teacher of the language so we are saafe in his hands as the editors of the language [[User:NKINZIK MARIE|NKINZIK MARIE]] ([[User talk:NKINZIK MARIE|talk]]) 16:37, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I fully support @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]]. It’s important for Luganda Wikipedia to have an administrator who truly understands the language both in its spoken and written forms to effectively guide and manage this Language Wikipedia and Willy was a Luganda project lead for several years. [[User:MichealKal|MichealKal]] ([[User talk:MichealKal|talk]]) 06:33, 31 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] request. He is one of the leading luganda wikipedia contributors and a good mentor to all contributors. Having him as an admin gives us the chance to improve the wikipedia more. [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]] ([[User talk:Geossegawa|talk]]) 16:53, 2 Gwakuna(Kafuumuulampawu) 2026 (UTC) :This was long overdue, I am in great support of this request. Localisation of content is quite cricial and having @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] as an administrator will go a long way in helping us improve our content. [[User:Brenda Namulinda|Brenda Namulinda]] ([[User talk:Brenda Namulinda|talk]]) 11:31, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :His dedication and enthusiasm towards the Luganda Wikipedia is exceptional. He is the perfect fit for an admin and I second his request @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] [[User:Nabukeera Dorothy|Nabukeera Dorothy]] ([[User talk:Nabukeera Dorothy|talk]]) 11:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I highly endorse Ssemanda Will. He has good leadership and a linguistic background in Luganda language. Being an admin of this language will further the growth luganda Wikipedia at large [[User:Kinenkey|Kinenkey]] ([[User talk:Kinenkey|talk]]) 12:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :i support Mr Ssemanda Will for luganda Wikipedia because i know he can promote our language through his leadership [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 12:40, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support the admin request by '''Wilson Ssemanda,''' for adminship on the Luganda Wikipedia. :Wilson’s current leadership role as the community manager of Uganda’s Usergroup makes him an ideal candidate. His knowledge of Luganda is much needed to support the growth of Luganda on Wikipedia. I trust Wilson to use admin tools responsibly and in the best interest of the Luganda Wikipedia community. [[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]] ([[User talk:Sisterian|talk]]) 13:06, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I support you will [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 14:24, 20 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support you @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] we definitely need this tool [[User:Kisakye Jane|Kisakye Jane]] ([[User talk:Kisakye Jane|talk]]) 17:42, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Having William as a local admin for Luganda Wikipedia will be of great importance to the wiki in management of the different inconsistencies and challenges that we face as editors of Luganda Wikipedia especially with the review of the articles that are published on the wiki. He is a technical person in Luganda as a language and he is an experienced editor with profound knowledge on the Dos and Don'ts on editing Wikipedia which places him in a better position for the role. :He is highly recommended for the role. [[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]] ([[User talk:Solomon Suubi|talk]]) 14:23, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Will's quest for Adminship rights on Luganda Wikipedia is a move I wholeheartedly support due to his commitment to improving, maintaining and promoting the growth of open knowledge through the Luganda Wikipedia project. He understands the language, this gives him a chance to ensure the authenticity and integrity of all activities done on the project.[[User: Charles Kalanzi|Charles Kalanzi]] == Request: Enable Cat-a-lot tool for Better Category Management == Dear Luganda Wikipedia Community,As part of our '''ongoing Quality Control Campaign''', I would like to request the activation of '''the Cat-a-lot gadget''' on Luganda Wikipedia.'''Cat-a-lot''' is a powerful tool that allows us to add or remove categories from multiple pages at once, Move pages between categories efficiently, and Organize and clean up our category structure more effectively. This tool will be very helpful in improving the organization of content across Luganda Wikipedia, especially during our quality control efforts. I kindly ask '''the community''' to support enabling Cat-a-lot. Thank you very much! CC:[[User:Geossegawa]],[[User:Ssenkungu ivan]],[[User:Solomon Suubi]], [[User:MichealKal]], [[User:B722N]], [[User:Owobusingye]], [[User:Rtr PK]], [[User:Brenda Namulinda]] Best regards[[User:Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will]]) [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 16:43, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :yes i support enabling Cat-a-lot [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 17:41, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I support cat-a-lot-gadget to be enabled on luganda Wikipedia [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 18:57, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support that this Gadget be added on Luganda Wikipedia [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 19:34, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I am in strong support that this Gadget be added on Luganda Wikipedia [[User:Kinenkey|Kinenkey]] ([[User talk:Kinenkey|talk]]) 07:26, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Your consideration for this request will improve on our work regarding management of categories on Luganda Wikipedia. Thanks [[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]] ([[User talk:Solomon Suubi|talk]]) 14:25, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :: {{done}}. [[User:Neriah|Neriah]] ([[User talk:Neriah|talk]]) 07:55, 1 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :::Thank you very much dear @[[User:Neriah|Neriah]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 12:12, 1 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) == Request for community approval: Updating the Cat-a-lot gadget == Hello everyone, I am working on improving the Cat-a-lot gadget to make it more useful for all editors. [[User:Neriah]] originally installed this gadget on our wiki, but it only works inside categories. I would like to update it so that it works properly on search results pages and regular articles, not only on category pages. For this global interface editor to help us and make it work better, It requires the approval from you colleagues. Your support of this request will help all editors of Luganda Wikipedia to manage categories more easily. Please let me know if you have any objections or suggestions. Thank you, [[User:Ssemmanda will]] Luganda Wikipedia Admin CC @[[User:B722N|B722N]], @[[User:Ssenkungu ivan|Ssenkungu ivan]], @[[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]], @[[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]], @[[User:24RAY|24RAY]], @[[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]], @[[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]], @[[User:Samson Ssemakadde|Samson Ssemakadde]], @[[User:Ssebuufu|Ssebuufu]], @[[User:NKIZIK MARIE|NKIZIK MARIE]]..... [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 16:41, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly agree and support this proposal. [[User:Lillylove256|Lillylove256]] ([[User talk:Lillylove256|talk]]) 17:00, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I support the request for updating the Cat-a-lot gadget [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 17:08, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :i support the request for updating the Cat-a-lot gadget for better use thanks [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 17:11, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) ::Am in full support of this request towards the updating of 5he Cat-a-lot gadget. [[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]] ([[User talk:Nambogo Catharine|talk]]) 17:48, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :i support this proposal [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 20:27, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I support the request for updating the Cat-a-lot gadget for more efficiency and quality administration [[User: Charles Kalanzi|Charles Kalanzi]] ([[User talk: Charles Kalanzi|talk]]) 09:00, 9 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I back the proposal to upgrade with the Cat-a-lot gadget, which will streamline administrative workflows and ensure higher quality outcomes. [[User:Kinenkey|Kinenkey]] ([[User talk:Kinenkey|talk]]) 09:01, 9 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) 40svo8boc9zl9vuzqqk1tomhidbo1dj 59811 59808 2026-07-09T09:10:29Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 /* Request for community approval: Updating the Cat-a-lot gadget */ Ekyokuddamu 59811 wikitext text/x-wiki == Request for Luganda wikipedia administrator == Hello, I'm Ssegawa a native luganda speaker and member of wikimedia community user group Uganda. I am professional librarian that is passionate about free and quality information and I have been editing wikipedia both English and Luganda and I am one of the leading contributors. I therefore seek rights as an administrator lg.wikipedia.org to be able to ensure quality of the content on the luganda wikipedia and solve some gramatical errors evident on the interface. [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]] ([[User talk:Geossegawa|talk]]) 14:28, 4 Gwakkuminebiri 2024 (UTC) == Request for Adminship on Luganda Wikipedia == <small>Dear Wikimedians,</small> <small>My name is Ssemanda Willy (User: Ssemmanda will). I am the former Project Lead of Luganda Wikipedia (2022–2025) and currently serve as Community Manager of the Wikimedia Community User Group Uganda. I respectfully submit my request for Adminship on our Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>My motivation for seeking adminship is to: Maintain and improve the quality of Luganda Wikipedia articles, support the community by handling administrative tasks such as page protection, deletion, and combating vandalism, encourage new contributors by providing guidance and ensuring a safe, welcoming environment and strengthen Luganda Wikipedia as part of our broader mission to preserve and promote Ugandan languages online.</small> <small>I believe my experience in leadership, advocacy, editing, and training equips me to serve effectively as an administrator. I am committed to transparency, collaboration, and supporting the growth of Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>Thank you for considering my request. I welcome your feedback and look forward to continuing to work together to build a strong Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>Sincerely,</small> <small>User:</small>@<small>Ssemmanda will - [[Special:Contributions/Ssemmanda will|1,130]] Global edit count.</small> @ [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]], @[[User:Jose77|Jose77]], @[[User:Ssenkungu ivan|Ssenkungu ivan]], @[[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]], @[[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]], @[[User:Ice201|Ice201]], @[[User:MichealKal|MichealKal]], @[[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]], @[[User:Erinamukuta|Erinamukuta]], @[[User:B722N|B722N]], @[[User:Kyakwera|Kyakwera]], [[User:Tumbuka Arch@|Tumbuka Arch]] [[User:Kateregga1|Kateregga1]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 09:40, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second your request, @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]], I strongly believe that Luganda Wikipedia needs a local-language administrator who has a deep understanding of the language in both its spoken and written forms. [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 10:56, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you @[[User:B722N|B722N]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 12:09, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second Mr. Ssemmanda Wilson [[User:NKINZIK MARIE|NKINZIK MARIE]] ([[User talk:NKINZIK MARIE|talk]]) 16:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :i wholeheartedly support Sir Will. [[User:Rtr PK|Rtr PK]] ([[User talk:Rtr PK|talk]]) 19:12, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I highly endorse Ssemanda Will. His leadership and linguistic background in Luganda are essential to be admin of the language to manage the Wikipedia at large [[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]] ([[User talk:Owobusingye|talk]]) 13:49, 23 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you Mr @[[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 11:26, 24 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :Mr. Ssemmanda Will is even a teacher of the language so we are saafe in his hands as the editors of the language [[User:NKINZIK MARIE|NKINZIK MARIE]] ([[User talk:NKINZIK MARIE|talk]]) 16:37, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I fully support @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]]. It’s important for Luganda Wikipedia to have an administrator who truly understands the language both in its spoken and written forms to effectively guide and manage this Language Wikipedia and Willy was a Luganda project lead for several years. [[User:MichealKal|MichealKal]] ([[User talk:MichealKal|talk]]) 06:33, 31 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] request. He is one of the leading luganda wikipedia contributors and a good mentor to all contributors. Having him as an admin gives us the chance to improve the wikipedia more. [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]] ([[User talk:Geossegawa|talk]]) 16:53, 2 Gwakuna(Kafuumuulampawu) 2026 (UTC) :This was long overdue, I am in great support of this request. Localisation of content is quite cricial and having @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] as an administrator will go a long way in helping us improve our content. [[User:Brenda Namulinda|Brenda Namulinda]] ([[User talk:Brenda Namulinda|talk]]) 11:31, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :His dedication and enthusiasm towards the Luganda Wikipedia is exceptional. He is the perfect fit for an admin and I second his request @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] [[User:Nabukeera Dorothy|Nabukeera Dorothy]] ([[User talk:Nabukeera Dorothy|talk]]) 11:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I highly endorse Ssemanda Will. He has good leadership and a linguistic background in Luganda language. Being an admin of this language will further the growth luganda Wikipedia at large [[User:Kinenkey|Kinenkey]] ([[User talk:Kinenkey|talk]]) 12:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :i support Mr Ssemanda Will for luganda Wikipedia because i know he can promote our language through his leadership [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 12:40, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support the admin request by '''Wilson Ssemanda,''' for adminship on the Luganda Wikipedia. :Wilson’s current leadership role as the community manager of Uganda’s Usergroup makes him an ideal candidate. His knowledge of Luganda is much needed to support the growth of Luganda on Wikipedia. I trust Wilson to use admin tools responsibly and in the best interest of the Luganda Wikipedia community. [[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]] ([[User talk:Sisterian|talk]]) 13:06, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I support you will [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 14:24, 20 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support you @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] we definitely need this tool [[User:Kisakye Jane|Kisakye Jane]] ([[User talk:Kisakye Jane|talk]]) 17:42, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Having William as a local admin for Luganda Wikipedia will be of great importance to the wiki in management of the different inconsistencies and challenges that we face as editors of Luganda Wikipedia especially with the review of the articles that are published on the wiki. He is a technical person in Luganda as a language and he is an experienced editor with profound knowledge on the Dos and Don'ts on editing Wikipedia which places him in a better position for the role. :He is highly recommended for the role. [[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]] ([[User talk:Solomon Suubi|talk]]) 14:23, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Will's quest for Adminship rights on Luganda Wikipedia is a move I wholeheartedly support due to his commitment to improving, maintaining and promoting the growth of open knowledge through the Luganda Wikipedia project. He understands the language, this gives him a chance to ensure the authenticity and integrity of all activities done on the project.[[User: Charles Kalanzi|Charles Kalanzi]] == Request: Enable Cat-a-lot tool for Better Category Management == Dear Luganda Wikipedia Community,As part of our '''ongoing Quality Control Campaign''', I would like to request the activation of '''the Cat-a-lot gadget''' on Luganda Wikipedia.'''Cat-a-lot''' is a powerful tool that allows us to add or remove categories from multiple pages at once, Move pages between categories efficiently, and Organize and clean up our category structure more effectively. This tool will be very helpful in improving the organization of content across Luganda Wikipedia, especially during our quality control efforts. I kindly ask '''the community''' to support enabling Cat-a-lot. Thank you very much! CC:[[User:Geossegawa]],[[User:Ssenkungu ivan]],[[User:Solomon Suubi]], [[User:MichealKal]], [[User:B722N]], [[User:Owobusingye]], [[User:Rtr PK]], [[User:Brenda Namulinda]] Best regards[[User:Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will]]) [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 16:43, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :yes i support enabling Cat-a-lot [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 17:41, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I support cat-a-lot-gadget to be enabled on luganda Wikipedia [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 18:57, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support that this Gadget be added on Luganda Wikipedia [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 19:34, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I am in strong support that this Gadget be added on Luganda Wikipedia [[User:Kinenkey|Kinenkey]] ([[User talk:Kinenkey|talk]]) 07:26, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Your consideration for this request will improve on our work regarding management of categories on Luganda Wikipedia. Thanks [[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]] ([[User talk:Solomon Suubi|talk]]) 14:25, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :: {{done}}. [[User:Neriah|Neriah]] ([[User talk:Neriah|talk]]) 07:55, 1 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :::Thank you very much dear @[[User:Neriah|Neriah]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 12:12, 1 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) == Request for community approval: Updating the Cat-a-lot gadget == Hello everyone, I am working on improving the Cat-a-lot gadget to make it more useful for all editors. [[User:Neriah]] originally installed this gadget on our wiki, but it only works inside categories. I would like to update it so that it works properly on search results pages and regular articles, not only on category pages. For this global interface editor to help us and make it work better, It requires the approval from you colleagues. Your support of this request will help all editors of Luganda Wikipedia to manage categories more easily. Please let me know if you have any objections or suggestions. Thank you, [[User:Ssemmanda will]] Luganda Wikipedia Admin CC @[[User:B722N|B722N]], @[[User:Ssenkungu ivan|Ssenkungu ivan]], @[[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]], @[[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]], @[[User:24RAY|24RAY]], @[[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]], @[[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]], @[[User:Samson Ssemakadde|Samson Ssemakadde]], @[[User:Ssebuufu|Ssebuufu]], @[[User:NKIZIK MARIE|NKIZIK MARIE]]..... [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 16:41, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly agree and support this proposal. [[User:Lillylove256|Lillylove256]] ([[User talk:Lillylove256|talk]]) 17:00, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I support the request for updating the Cat-a-lot gadget [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 17:08, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :i support the request for updating the Cat-a-lot gadget for better use thanks [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 17:11, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) ::Am in full support of this request towards the updating of 5he Cat-a-lot gadget. [[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]] ([[User talk:Nambogo Catharine|talk]]) 17:48, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :i support this proposal [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 20:27, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I support the request for updating the Cat-a-lot gadget for more efficiency and quality administration [[User: Charles Kalanzi|Charles Kalanzi]] ([[User talk: Charles Kalanzi|talk]]) 09:00, 9 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I back the proposal to upgrade with the Cat-a-lot gadget, which will streamline administrative workflows and ensure higher quality outcomes. [[User:Kinenkey|Kinenkey]] ([[User talk:Kinenkey|talk]]) 09:01, 9 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) ::I approve [[User:Samson Ssemakadde|Samson Ssemakadde]] ([[User talk:Samson Ssemakadde|talk]]) 09:10, 9 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) i40gmsru8hd7pjwzg00ggsn09ztlucx 59812 59811 2026-07-09T09:23:14Z Solomon Suubi 6901 /* Request for community approval: Updating the Cat-a-lot gadget */ Ekyokuddamu 59812 wikitext text/x-wiki == Request for Luganda wikipedia administrator == Hello, I'm Ssegawa a native luganda speaker and member of wikimedia community user group Uganda. I am professional librarian that is passionate about free and quality information and I have been editing wikipedia both English and Luganda and I am one of the leading contributors. I therefore seek rights as an administrator lg.wikipedia.org to be able to ensure quality of the content on the luganda wikipedia and solve some gramatical errors evident on the interface. [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]] ([[User talk:Geossegawa|talk]]) 14:28, 4 Gwakkuminebiri 2024 (UTC) == Request for Adminship on Luganda Wikipedia == <small>Dear Wikimedians,</small> <small>My name is Ssemanda Willy (User: Ssemmanda will). I am the former Project Lead of Luganda Wikipedia (2022–2025) and currently serve as Community Manager of the Wikimedia Community User Group Uganda. I respectfully submit my request for Adminship on our Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>My motivation for seeking adminship is to: Maintain and improve the quality of Luganda Wikipedia articles, support the community by handling administrative tasks such as page protection, deletion, and combating vandalism, encourage new contributors by providing guidance and ensuring a safe, welcoming environment and strengthen Luganda Wikipedia as part of our broader mission to preserve and promote Ugandan languages online.</small> <small>I believe my experience in leadership, advocacy, editing, and training equips me to serve effectively as an administrator. I am committed to transparency, collaboration, and supporting the growth of Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>Thank you for considering my request. I welcome your feedback and look forward to continuing to work together to build a strong Luganda Wikipedia.</small> <small>Sincerely,</small> <small>User:</small>@<small>Ssemmanda will - [[Special:Contributions/Ssemmanda will|1,130]] Global edit count.</small> @ [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]], @[[User:Jose77|Jose77]], @[[User:Ssenkungu ivan|Ssenkungu ivan]], @[[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]], @[[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]], @[[User:Ice201|Ice201]], @[[User:MichealKal|MichealKal]], @[[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]], @[[User:Erinamukuta|Erinamukuta]], @[[User:B722N|B722N]], @[[User:Kyakwera|Kyakwera]], [[User:Tumbuka Arch@|Tumbuka Arch]] [[User:Kateregga1|Kateregga1]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 09:40, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second your request, @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]], I strongly believe that Luganda Wikipedia needs a local-language administrator who has a deep understanding of the language in both its spoken and written forms. [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 10:56, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you @[[User:B722N|B722N]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 12:09, 18 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second Mr. Ssemmanda Wilson [[User:NKINZIK MARIE|NKINZIK MARIE]] ([[User talk:NKINZIK MARIE|talk]]) 16:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :i wholeheartedly support Sir Will. [[User:Rtr PK|Rtr PK]] ([[User talk:Rtr PK|talk]]) 19:12, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I highly endorse Ssemanda Will. His leadership and linguistic background in Luganda are essential to be admin of the language to manage the Wikipedia at large [[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]] ([[User talk:Owobusingye|talk]]) 13:49, 23 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you Mr @[[User:Owobusingye|Owobusingye]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 11:26, 24 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :Mr. Ssemmanda Will is even a teacher of the language so we are saafe in his hands as the editors of the language [[User:NKINZIK MARIE|NKINZIK MARIE]] ([[User talk:NKINZIK MARIE|talk]]) 16:37, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I fully support @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]]. It’s important for Luganda Wikipedia to have an administrator who truly understands the language both in its spoken and written forms to effectively guide and manage this Language Wikipedia and Willy was a Luganda project lead for several years. [[User:MichealKal|MichealKal]] ([[User talk:MichealKal|talk]]) 06:33, 31 Gwakusatu(Mugulansigo) 2026 (UTC) :I second @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] request. He is one of the leading luganda wikipedia contributors and a good mentor to all contributors. Having him as an admin gives us the chance to improve the wikipedia more. [[User:Geossegawa|Geossegawa]] ([[User talk:Geossegawa|talk]]) 16:53, 2 Gwakuna(Kafuumuulampawu) 2026 (UTC) :This was long overdue, I am in great support of this request. Localisation of content is quite cricial and having @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] as an administrator will go a long way in helping us improve our content. [[User:Brenda Namulinda|Brenda Namulinda]] ([[User talk:Brenda Namulinda|talk]]) 11:31, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :His dedication and enthusiasm towards the Luganda Wikipedia is exceptional. He is the perfect fit for an admin and I second his request @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] [[User:Nabukeera Dorothy|Nabukeera Dorothy]] ([[User talk:Nabukeera Dorothy|talk]]) 11:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I highly endorse Ssemanda Will. He has good leadership and a linguistic background in Luganda language. Being an admin of this language will further the growth luganda Wikipedia at large [[User:Kinenkey|Kinenkey]] ([[User talk:Kinenkey|talk]]) 12:33, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :i support Mr Ssemanda Will for luganda Wikipedia because i know he can promote our language through his leadership [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 12:40, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support the admin request by '''Wilson Ssemanda,''' for adminship on the Luganda Wikipedia. :Wilson’s current leadership role as the community manager of Uganda’s Usergroup makes him an ideal candidate. His knowledge of Luganda is much needed to support the growth of Luganda on Wikipedia. I trust Wilson to use admin tools responsibly and in the best interest of the Luganda Wikipedia community. [[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]] ([[User talk:Sisterian|talk]]) 13:06, 19 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I support you will [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 14:24, 20 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support you @[[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] we definitely need this tool [[User:Kisakye Jane|Kisakye Jane]] ([[User talk:Kisakye Jane|talk]]) 17:42, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Having William as a local admin for Luganda Wikipedia will be of great importance to the wiki in management of the different inconsistencies and challenges that we face as editors of Luganda Wikipedia especially with the review of the articles that are published on the wiki. He is a technical person in Luganda as a language and he is an experienced editor with profound knowledge on the Dos and Don'ts on editing Wikipedia which places him in a better position for the role. :He is highly recommended for the role. [[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]] ([[User talk:Solomon Suubi|talk]]) 14:23, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Will's quest for Adminship rights on Luganda Wikipedia is a move I wholeheartedly support due to his commitment to improving, maintaining and promoting the growth of open knowledge through the Luganda Wikipedia project. He understands the language, this gives him a chance to ensure the authenticity and integrity of all activities done on the project.[[User: Charles Kalanzi|Charles Kalanzi]] == Request: Enable Cat-a-lot tool for Better Category Management == Dear Luganda Wikipedia Community,As part of our '''ongoing Quality Control Campaign''', I would like to request the activation of '''the Cat-a-lot gadget''' on Luganda Wikipedia.'''Cat-a-lot''' is a powerful tool that allows us to add or remove categories from multiple pages at once, Move pages between categories efficiently, and Organize and clean up our category structure more effectively. This tool will be very helpful in improving the organization of content across Luganda Wikipedia, especially during our quality control efforts. I kindly ask '''the community''' to support enabling Cat-a-lot. Thank you very much! CC:[[User:Geossegawa]],[[User:Ssenkungu ivan]],[[User:Solomon Suubi]], [[User:MichealKal]], [[User:B722N]], [[User:Owobusingye]], [[User:Rtr PK]], [[User:Brenda Namulinda]] Best regards[[User:Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will]]) [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 16:43, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :yes i support enabling Cat-a-lot [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 17:41, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I support cat-a-lot-gadget to be enabled on luganda Wikipedia [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 18:57, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly support that this Gadget be added on Luganda Wikipedia [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 19:34, 29 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :I am in strong support that this Gadget be added on Luganda Wikipedia [[User:Kinenkey|Kinenkey]] ([[User talk:Kinenkey|talk]]) 07:26, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :Your consideration for this request will improve on our work regarding management of categories on Luganda Wikipedia. Thanks [[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]] ([[User talk:Solomon Suubi|talk]]) 14:25, 30 Gwamukaaga(Ssebaaseka) 2026 (UTC) :: {{done}}. [[User:Neriah|Neriah]] ([[User talk:Neriah|talk]]) 07:55, 1 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :::Thank you very much dear @[[User:Neriah|Neriah]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 12:12, 1 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) == Request for community approval: Updating the Cat-a-lot gadget == Hello everyone, I am working on improving the Cat-a-lot gadget to make it more useful for all editors. [[User:Neriah]] originally installed this gadget on our wiki, but it only works inside categories. I would like to update it so that it works properly on search results pages and regular articles, not only on category pages. For this global interface editor to help us and make it work better, It requires the approval from you colleagues. Your support of this request will help all editors of Luganda Wikipedia to manage categories more easily. Please let me know if you have any objections or suggestions. Thank you, [[User:Ssemmanda will]] Luganda Wikipedia Admin CC @[[User:B722N|B722N]], @[[User:Ssenkungu ivan|Ssenkungu ivan]], @[[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]], @[[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]], @[[User:24RAY|24RAY]], @[[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]], @[[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]], @[[User:Samson Ssemakadde|Samson Ssemakadde]], @[[User:Ssebuufu|Ssebuufu]], @[[User:NKIZIK MARIE|NKIZIK MARIE]]..... [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 16:41, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I strongly agree and support this proposal. [[User:Lillylove256|Lillylove256]] ([[User talk:Lillylove256|talk]]) 17:00, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I support the request for updating the Cat-a-lot gadget [[User:B722N|B722N]] ([[User talk:B722N|talk]]) 17:08, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :i support the request for updating the Cat-a-lot gadget for better use thanks [[User:24RAY|24RAY]] ([[User talk:24RAY|talk]]) 17:11, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) ::Am in full support of this request towards the updating of 5he Cat-a-lot gadget. [[User:Nambogo Catharine|Nambogo Catharine]] ([[User talk:Nambogo Catharine|talk]]) 17:48, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :i support this proposal [[User:ESTHER NAKITENDE|ESTHER NAKITENDE]] ([[User talk:ESTHER NAKITENDE|talk]]) 20:27, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I support the request for updating the Cat-a-lot gadget for more efficiency and quality administration [[User: Charles Kalanzi|Charles Kalanzi]] ([[User talk: Charles Kalanzi|talk]]) 09:00, 9 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I back the proposal to upgrade with the Cat-a-lot gadget, which will streamline administrative workflows and ensure higher quality outcomes. [[User:Kinenkey|Kinenkey]] ([[User talk:Kinenkey|talk]]) 09:01, 9 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) ::I approve [[User:Samson Ssemakadde|Samson Ssemakadde]] ([[User talk:Samson Ssemakadde|talk]]) 09:10, 9 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) :I support this request for better and effective organisation of articles on Luganda Wikipedia under categories. We appreciate your consideration always. [[User:Solomon Suubi|Solomon Suubi]] ([[User talk:Solomon Suubi|talk]]) 09:23, 9 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) 0zs1zqr5fymfl7dahdcyzrkg2ts24qb Evelyn Nabunya 0 11169 59680 42349 2026-07-08T14:49:47Z Ssemmanda will 3837 Ntereezezzaamu katono 59680 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Evelyn Christine Nabunya''' [[:en:Gynecologist|musawo w'abakyala]] era mukugu mu k[[:en:Obstetrician|uwabula abakyala kuzonga ezikwatagana ku kuzaala]] mu [[:en:Ministry_of_Health_(Uganda)|Minisitule y'ebyomulamu eya Uganda]], awereza nga omukulu w'eddwaliro lya Mulago erikola ku bakyala n'abaana abato ([[:en:Mulago_Women's_Referral_Hospital|Mulago Women's and Neonatal Referral Hospital]]) eririna ebitanda 450. Yatandika okuddukannya eddwaliro lino nga 9 August wa 2018.<ref>https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1483111/health-ministry-appoints-city-hospital-bosses</ref> == Ensibuko n'ebyenjigiriza == Yazaalibwa mu [[Buganda]] mu Uganda mu mwaka gwa 1968. Weyamaliriza emisomogye mu Uganda yaweebwa ekifo mu University of Dar es Salam, gye yasomera obusawo. Yafuna [[:en:Doctor_of_Medicine|ddiguli mu busawo]] mu mwaka gwa 1993. Oluvannyuma lw'emyaka etaano, yafuna ddiguli eyokubiri mu busawo (Master of Medicine) oba (MMed) ddiguli mu [[:en:Obstetrics_and_Gynecology|Obstertrics and Gynecology,]] eyamuwebwa [[:en:Makerere_University|Makerere University]] esangibwa e [[Kampala]], ekibuga kya Uganda [[:en:Capital_city|ekikulu]] era ekisinga obunene.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180810204922/http://www.musawoug.com/musawo/Specialist_Details/320</ref> == Omulimu == Nabunya musawo mukugu mu kuwabula abakyala ku nsonga z'okuzaala era musawo w'abakya omutendeke ku [[:en:Mulago_Hospital|Mulago National Referral Hospital]], kigambibwa nti waadi eno yesinga omuwendo gw'abaana oguzaalibwa mu nsi yonna. ng'abaana abasuuka mu 30,000 bazalibwa nga balamu buli mwaka, mu myaka esatu tebaka wansi wa 32,654 okuva nga 1 January wa 2011 okutuuka nga 31 December wa 2013. Omuwendo guno gulaga okuzaalibwa kw'abaana 90 ku buli lunaku, oba okuzaalibwa 3.7 buli ssawa, nga ogasseko [[:en:Caesarean_section|n'abakyala abalongosebwa nga bazaala]].<ref>https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1319539/mulago-world-busiest-labour-suite</ref> 2018 yagenda okutuuka, Dr. Nabunya yali alinnye eddala nafuuka omuwi w'amagezi omukulu ku nsonga z'ekikyala, era naweereza ng'omukulu wa Directorate of Obstetrics and Gynecology ku Mulago National Referral Hospital Complex.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://observer.ug/lifestyle/57848-new-mulago-maternal-and-neonatal-hospital-is-a-game-changer.html |access-date=2025-04-23 |archive-date=2023-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112152013/https://observer.ug/lifestyle/57848-new-mulago-maternal-and-neonatal-hospital-is-a-game-changer.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200219050641/http://chs.mak.ac.ug/obsgyn/who-we-are</ref> Mu August wa 2018, Minisitule y'ebyobulamu mu Uganda yalonda Evelyn Nabunya MD, MMed (Obs &Gyn), nga omukulu w'eddwaliro lya mulago mupya erya Mulago Specialised Maternal and Neonatal Hospital. Addirirwa Dr. [[:en:Jolly_Nankunda|Jolly Kaharuza Nankunda]], omusawo w'abaana.<ref>http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Govt-appoints-directors-Kiruddu-Kawempe-hospitals/688334-4706006-15qy4up/index.html</ref> == Ensibuko n’obuyigirize == Yazaalibwa mu mu kitundu Kya Buganda mu Uganda circa 1968. Oluvannyuma lw’okusoma mu masomero g’omu kitundu, yakkirizibwa mu Yunivasite y’e Dar es Salaam, gye yasomera obusawo bw’abantu. Yatikkirwa diguli ya Dokita mu busawo (MD) mu mwaka gwa 1993. Nga wayise emyaka etaano, yaweebwa diguli eyookubiri mu by’obusawo (MMed) mu by’okuzaala n’abakyala, okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite e Makerere]], mu [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu ekya Uganda, era ekisinga obunene. <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Musawo Uganda |date=10 August 2018 |title=Profile of Dr. Evelyn Christine Nabunya |url=http://www.musawoug.com/musawo/Specialist_Details/320 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810204922/http://www.musawoug.com/musawo/Specialist_Details/320 |archive-date=10 August 2018 |access-date=10 August 2018 |publisher=Musawo Uganda}}</ref> == Omulimu == Nabunya musawo omukulu omukugu mu by’okuzaala n’abakyala mu [[Mulago National Specialised Hospital|ddwaaliro lya Mulago National Referral Hospital]], nga kigambibwa nti lye lisinga okubeera n’ekifo awazaarirwa abaana mu nsi yonna, ng’abaana abazaalibwa nga balamu abasoba mu 30,000 buli mwaka, nga buli mwaka bazaalibwa 32,654 mu myaka esatu okuva nga 1 ogwokusooka mu 2011 okutuuka nga 31 ogwekkumi n'ebiri mu 2013. Kino kitegeeza nti buli lunaku bazaala emirundi nga 90, oba abaana 3.7 buli ssaawa, nga mw’otwalidde n’okulongoosebwa emirundi nga 20 ku 25 buli lunaku . <ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Violet Nabatanzi |first=and Gloria Nakajubi |date=23 January 2015 |title=Mulago: The World's Busiest Labour Suite |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1319539/mulago-world-busiest-labour-suite |access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2018, Dr. Nabunya yali alinnye ku ddaala ly'omuwabuzi omukulu era nga y’akulira ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okuzaala n’abakyala ku Mulago National Referral Hospital Complex. <ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Lyatuu |first=Justus |date=5 June 2018 |title=New Mulago Maternal and Neonatal Hospital Is A Game-Changer |url=https://observer.ug/lifestyle/57848-new-mulago-maternal-and-neonatal-hospital-is-a-game-changer.html |access-date=10 August 2018 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112152013/https://observer.ug/lifestyle/57848-new-mulago-maternal-and-neonatal-hospital-is-a-game-changer.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Makerere University College of Health Sciences |date=10 August 2018 |title=About The Directorate of Obstetrics and Gynaecology At Mulago National Referral Hospital |url=http://chs.mak.ac.ug/obsgyn/who-we-are |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219050641/http://chs.mak.ac.ug/obsgyn/who-we-are |archive-date=19 February 2020 |access-date=10 August 2018 |publisher=[[Makerere University College of Health Sciences]]}}</ref> Mu gw'omunaana mu 2018, Minisitule y’ebyobulamu mu Uganda, yalonda Evelyn Nabunya MD, MMed (Obs & Gyn), nga dayirekita ow’ekiseera ''ow’eddwaliro eppya erya Mulago Specialized Maternal and Neonatal Hospital'' . Amyukiddwa Dr. [[Jolly Nankunda|Jolly Kaharuza Nankunda]], omusawo w’abaana omuwi w’amagezi. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Namagembe |first=Lilian |date=10 August 2018 |title=Government Appoints Directors for Kiruddu, Kawempe Hospitals |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Govt-appoints-directors-Kiruddu-Kawempe-hospitals/688334-4706006-15qy4up/index.html |access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref> == Laba ne bino == * [[Makerere University School of Medicine|Makerere University Essomero ly'obusawo]] * [[Mulago National Referral Hospital|Eddwaaliro ly'egwanga Mulago Hospital]] frfnxis8jrun1s5bg5u3cxq2qikrlf4 59681 59680 2026-07-08T14:50:45Z Ssemmanda will 3837 added the reference Section 59681 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Evelyn Christine Nabunya''' [[:en:Gynecologist|musawo w'abakyala]] era mukugu mu k[[:en:Obstetrician|uwabula abakyala kuzonga ezikwatagana ku kuzaala]] mu [[:en:Ministry_of_Health_(Uganda)|Minisitule y'ebyomulamu eya Uganda]], awereza nga omukulu w'eddwaliro lya Mulago erikola ku bakyala n'abaana abato ([[:en:Mulago_Women's_Referral_Hospital|Mulago Women's and Neonatal Referral Hospital]]) eririna ebitanda 450. Yatandika okuddukannya eddwaliro lino nga 9 August wa 2018.<ref>https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1483111/health-ministry-appoints-city-hospital-bosses</ref> == Ensibuko n'ebyenjigiriza == Yazaalibwa mu [[Buganda]] mu Uganda mu mwaka gwa 1968. Weyamaliriza emisomogye mu Uganda yaweebwa ekifo mu University of Dar es Salam, gye yasomera obusawo. Yafuna [[:en:Doctor_of_Medicine|ddiguli mu busawo]] mu mwaka gwa 1993. Oluvannyuma lw'emyaka etaano, yafuna ddiguli eyokubiri mu busawo (Master of Medicine) oba (MMed) ddiguli mu [[:en:Obstetrics_and_Gynecology|Obstertrics and Gynecology,]] eyamuwebwa [[:en:Makerere_University|Makerere University]] esangibwa e [[Kampala]], ekibuga kya Uganda [[:en:Capital_city|ekikulu]] era ekisinga obunene.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180810204922/http://www.musawoug.com/musawo/Specialist_Details/320</ref> == Omulimu == Nabunya musawo mukugu mu kuwabula abakyala ku nsonga z'okuzaala era musawo w'abakya omutendeke ku [[:en:Mulago_Hospital|Mulago National Referral Hospital]], kigambibwa nti waadi eno yesinga omuwendo gw'abaana oguzaalibwa mu nsi yonna. ng'abaana abasuuka mu 30,000 bazalibwa nga balamu buli mwaka, mu myaka esatu tebaka wansi wa 32,654 okuva nga 1 January wa 2011 okutuuka nga 31 December wa 2013. Omuwendo guno gulaga okuzaalibwa kw'abaana 90 ku buli lunaku, oba okuzaalibwa 3.7 buli ssawa, nga ogasseko [[:en:Caesarean_section|n'abakyala abalongosebwa nga bazaala]].<ref>https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1319539/mulago-world-busiest-labour-suite</ref> 2018 yagenda okutuuka, Dr. Nabunya yali alinnye eddala nafuuka omuwi w'amagezi omukulu ku nsonga z'ekikyala, era naweereza ng'omukulu wa Directorate of Obstetrics and Gynecology ku Mulago National Referral Hospital Complex.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://observer.ug/lifestyle/57848-new-mulago-maternal-and-neonatal-hospital-is-a-game-changer.html |access-date=2025-04-23 |archive-date=2023-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112152013/https://observer.ug/lifestyle/57848-new-mulago-maternal-and-neonatal-hospital-is-a-game-changer.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200219050641/http://chs.mak.ac.ug/obsgyn/who-we-are</ref> Mu August wa 2018, Minisitule y'ebyobulamu mu Uganda yalonda Evelyn Nabunya MD, MMed (Obs &Gyn), nga omukulu w'eddwaliro lya mulago mupya erya Mulago Specialised Maternal and Neonatal Hospital. Addirirwa Dr. [[:en:Jolly_Nankunda|Jolly Kaharuza Nankunda]], omusawo w'abaana.<ref>http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Govt-appoints-directors-Kiruddu-Kawempe-hospitals/688334-4706006-15qy4up/index.html</ref> == Ensibuko n’obuyigirize == Yazaalibwa mu mu kitundu Kya Buganda mu Uganda circa 1968. Oluvannyuma lw’okusoma mu masomero g’omu kitundu, yakkirizibwa mu Yunivasite y’e Dar es Salaam, gye yasomera obusawo bw’abantu. Yatikkirwa diguli ya Dokita mu busawo (MD) mu mwaka gwa 1993. Nga wayise emyaka etaano, yaweebwa diguli eyookubiri mu by’obusawo (MMed) mu by’okuzaala n’abakyala, okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite e Makerere]], mu [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu ekya Uganda, era ekisinga obunene. <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Musawo Uganda |date=10 August 2018 |title=Profile of Dr. Evelyn Christine Nabunya |url=http://www.musawoug.com/musawo/Specialist_Details/320 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810204922/http://www.musawoug.com/musawo/Specialist_Details/320 |archive-date=10 August 2018 |access-date=10 August 2018 |publisher=Musawo Uganda}}</ref> == Omulimu == Nabunya musawo omukulu omukugu mu by’okuzaala n’abakyala mu [[Mulago National Specialised Hospital|ddwaaliro lya Mulago National Referral Hospital]], nga kigambibwa nti lye lisinga okubeera n’ekifo awazaarirwa abaana mu nsi yonna, ng’abaana abazaalibwa nga balamu abasoba mu 30,000 buli mwaka, nga buli mwaka bazaalibwa 32,654 mu myaka esatu okuva nga 1 ogwokusooka mu 2011 okutuuka nga 31 ogwekkumi n'ebiri mu 2013. Kino kitegeeza nti buli lunaku bazaala emirundi nga 90, oba abaana 3.7 buli ssaawa, nga mw’otwalidde n’okulongoosebwa emirundi nga 20 ku 25 buli lunaku . <ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Violet Nabatanzi |first=and Gloria Nakajubi |date=23 January 2015 |title=Mulago: The World's Busiest Labour Suite |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1319539/mulago-world-busiest-labour-suite |access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2018, Dr. Nabunya yali alinnye ku ddaala ly'omuwabuzi omukulu era nga y’akulira ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okuzaala n’abakyala ku Mulago National Referral Hospital Complex. <ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Lyatuu |first=Justus |date=5 June 2018 |title=New Mulago Maternal and Neonatal Hospital Is A Game-Changer |url=https://observer.ug/lifestyle/57848-new-mulago-maternal-and-neonatal-hospital-is-a-game-changer.html |access-date=10 August 2018 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112152013/https://observer.ug/lifestyle/57848-new-mulago-maternal-and-neonatal-hospital-is-a-game-changer.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Makerere University College of Health Sciences |date=10 August 2018 |title=About The Directorate of Obstetrics and Gynaecology At Mulago National Referral Hospital |url=http://chs.mak.ac.ug/obsgyn/who-we-are |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219050641/http://chs.mak.ac.ug/obsgyn/who-we-are |archive-date=19 February 2020 |access-date=10 August 2018 |publisher=[[Makerere University College of Health Sciences]]}}</ref> Mu gw'omunaana mu 2018, Minisitule y’ebyobulamu mu Uganda, yalonda Evelyn Nabunya MD, MMed (Obs & Gyn), nga dayirekita ow’ekiseera ''ow’eddwaliro eppya erya Mulago Specialized Maternal and Neonatal Hospital'' . Amyukiddwa Dr. [[Jolly Nankunda|Jolly Kaharuza Nankunda]], omusawo w’abaana omuwi w’amagezi. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Namagembe |first=Lilian |date=10 August 2018 |title=Government Appoints Directors for Kiruddu, Kawempe Hospitals |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Govt-appoints-directors-Kiruddu-Kawempe-hospitals/688334-4706006-15qy4up/index.html |access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref> == Laba ne bino == * [[Makerere University School of Medicine|Makerere University Essomero ly'obusawo]] * [[Mulago National Referral Hospital|Eddwaaliro ly'egwanga Mulago Hospital]] == Ebijuliziddwa == jxocpv6j5hih14kzt6nf7jeisvznf1c 59683 59681 2026-07-08T15:00:53Z Ssemmanda will 3837 ngasseeko databox 59683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Evelyn Christine Nabunya''' [[:en:Gynecologist|musawo w'abakyala]] era mukugu mu k[[:en:Obstetrician|uwabula abakyala kuzonga ezikwatagana ku kuzaala]] mu [[:en:Ministry_of_Health_(Uganda)|Minisitule y'ebyomulamu eya Uganda]], awereza nga omukulu w'eddwaliro lya Mulago erikola ku bakyala n'abaana abato ([[:en:Mulago_Women's_Referral_Hospital|Mulago Women's and Neonatal Referral Hospital]]) eririna ebitanda 450. Yatandika okuddukannya eddwaliro lino nga 9 August wa 2018.<ref>https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1483111/health-ministry-appoints-city-hospital-bosses</ref> == Ensibuko n'ebyenjigiriza == Yazaalibwa mu [[Buganda]] mu Uganda mu mwaka gwa 1968. Weyamaliriza emisomogye mu Uganda yaweebwa ekifo mu University of Dar es Salam, gye yasomera obusawo. Yafuna [[:en:Doctor_of_Medicine|ddiguli mu busawo]] mu mwaka gwa 1993. Oluvannyuma lw'emyaka etaano, yafuna ddiguli eyokubiri mu busawo (Master of Medicine) oba (MMed) ddiguli mu [[:en:Obstetrics_and_Gynecology|Obstertrics and Gynecology,]] eyamuwebwa [[:en:Makerere_University|Makerere University]] esangibwa e [[Kampala]], ekibuga kya Uganda [[:en:Capital_city|ekikulu]] era ekisinga obunene.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180810204922/http://www.musawoug.com/musawo/Specialist_Details/320</ref> == Omulimu == Nabunya musawo mukugu mu kuwabula abakyala ku nsonga z'okuzaala era musawo w'abakya omutendeke ku [[:en:Mulago_Hospital|Mulago National Referral Hospital]], kigambibwa nti waadi eno yesinga omuwendo gw'abaana oguzaalibwa mu nsi yonna. ng'abaana abasuuka mu 30,000 bazalibwa nga balamu buli mwaka, mu myaka esatu tebaka wansi wa 32,654 okuva nga 1 January wa 2011 okutuuka nga 31 December wa 2013. Omuwendo guno gulaga okuzaalibwa kw'abaana 90 ku buli lunaku, oba okuzaalibwa 3.7 buli ssawa, nga ogasseko [[:en:Caesarean_section|n'abakyala abalongosebwa nga bazaala]].<ref>https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1319539/mulago-world-busiest-labour-suite</ref> 2018 yagenda okutuuka, Dr. Nabunya yali alinnye eddala nafuuka omuwi w'amagezi omukulu ku nsonga z'ekikyala, era naweereza ng'omukulu wa Directorate of Obstetrics and Gynecology ku Mulago National Referral Hospital Complex.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://observer.ug/lifestyle/57848-new-mulago-maternal-and-neonatal-hospital-is-a-game-changer.html |access-date=2025-04-23 |archive-date=2023-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112152013/https://observer.ug/lifestyle/57848-new-mulago-maternal-and-neonatal-hospital-is-a-game-changer.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200219050641/http://chs.mak.ac.ug/obsgyn/who-we-are</ref> Mu August wa 2018, Minisitule y'ebyobulamu mu Uganda yalonda Evelyn Nabunya MD, MMed (Obs &Gyn), nga omukulu w'eddwaliro lya mulago mupya erya Mulago Specialised Maternal and Neonatal Hospital. Addirirwa Dr. [[:en:Jolly_Nankunda|Jolly Kaharuza Nankunda]], omusawo w'abaana.<ref>http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Govt-appoints-directors-Kiruddu-Kawempe-hospitals/688334-4706006-15qy4up/index.html</ref> == Ensibuko n’obuyigirize == Yazaalibwa mu mu kitundu Kya Buganda mu Uganda circa 1968. Oluvannyuma lw’okusoma mu masomero g’omu kitundu, yakkirizibwa mu Yunivasite y’e Dar es Salaam, gye yasomera obusawo bw’abantu. Yatikkirwa diguli ya Dokita mu busawo (MD) mu mwaka gwa 1993. Nga wayise emyaka etaano, yaweebwa diguli eyookubiri mu by’obusawo (MMed) mu by’okuzaala n’abakyala, okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite e Makerere]], mu [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu ekya Uganda, era ekisinga obunene. <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Musawo Uganda |date=10 August 2018 |title=Profile of Dr. Evelyn Christine Nabunya |url=http://www.musawoug.com/musawo/Specialist_Details/320 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810204922/http://www.musawoug.com/musawo/Specialist_Details/320 |archive-date=10 August 2018 |access-date=10 August 2018 |publisher=Musawo Uganda}}</ref> == Omulimu == Nabunya musawo omukulu omukugu mu by’okuzaala n’abakyala mu [[Mulago National Specialised Hospital|ddwaaliro lya Mulago National Referral Hospital]], nga kigambibwa nti lye lisinga okubeera n’ekifo awazaarirwa abaana mu nsi yonna, ng’abaana abazaalibwa nga balamu abasoba mu 30,000 buli mwaka, nga buli mwaka bazaalibwa 32,654 mu myaka esatu okuva nga 1 ogwokusooka mu 2011 okutuuka nga 31 ogwekkumi n'ebiri mu 2013. Kino kitegeeza nti buli lunaku bazaala emirundi nga 90, oba abaana 3.7 buli ssaawa, nga mw’otwalidde n’okulongoosebwa emirundi nga 20 ku 25 buli lunaku . <ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Violet Nabatanzi |first=and Gloria Nakajubi |date=23 January 2015 |title=Mulago: The World's Busiest Labour Suite |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1319539/mulago-world-busiest-labour-suite |access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref> Mu mwaka gwa 2018, Dr. Nabunya yali alinnye ku ddaala ly'omuwabuzi omukulu era nga y’akulira ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okuzaala n’abakyala ku Mulago National Referral Hospital Complex. <ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Lyatuu |first=Justus |date=5 June 2018 |title=New Mulago Maternal and Neonatal Hospital Is A Game-Changer |url=https://observer.ug/lifestyle/57848-new-mulago-maternal-and-neonatal-hospital-is-a-game-changer.html |access-date=10 August 2018 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112152013/https://observer.ug/lifestyle/57848-new-mulago-maternal-and-neonatal-hospital-is-a-game-changer.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Makerere University College of Health Sciences |date=10 August 2018 |title=About The Directorate of Obstetrics and Gynaecology At Mulago National Referral Hospital |url=http://chs.mak.ac.ug/obsgyn/who-we-are |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219050641/http://chs.mak.ac.ug/obsgyn/who-we-are |archive-date=19 February 2020 |access-date=10 August 2018 |publisher=[[Makerere University College of Health Sciences]]}}</ref> Mu gw'omunaana mu 2018, Minisitule y’ebyobulamu mu Uganda, yalonda Evelyn Nabunya MD, MMed (Obs & Gyn), nga dayirekita ow’ekiseera ''ow’eddwaliro eppya erya Mulago Specialized Maternal and Neonatal Hospital'' . Amyukiddwa Dr. [[Jolly Nankunda|Jolly Kaharuza Nankunda]], omusawo w’abaana omuwi w’amagezi. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Namagembe |first=Lilian |date=10 August 2018 |title=Government Appoints Directors for Kiruddu, Kawempe Hospitals |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Govt-appoints-directors-Kiruddu-Kawempe-hospitals/688334-4706006-15qy4up/index.html |access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref> == Laba ne bino == * [[Makerere University School of Medicine|Makerere University Essomero ly'obusawo]] * [[Mulago National Referral Hospital|Eddwaaliro ly'egwanga Mulago Hospital]] == Ebijuliziddwa == tsjgzddwffxdt5ctk91ninotpujzsdw 59690 59683 2026-07-08T15:18:50Z Ssemmanda will 3837 fixed references 59690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Evelyn Christine Nabunya''' [[:en:Gynecologist|musawo w'abakyala]] era mukugu mu k[[:en:Obstetrician|uwabula abakyala kuzonga ezikwatagana ku kuzaala]] mu [[:en:Ministry_of_Health_(Uganda)|Minisitule y'ebyomulamu eya Uganda]], awereza nga omukulu w'eddwaliro lya Mulago erikola ku bakyala n'abaana abato ([[:en:Mulago_Women's_Referral_Hospital|Mulago Women's and Neonatal Referral Hospital]]) eririna ebitanda 450. Yatandika okuddukannya eddwaliro lino nga 9 August wa 2018.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|title=Health Ministry Appoints New City Hospital Bosses|newspaper=[[New Vision]]|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1483111/health-ministry-appoints-city-hospital-bosses|date=9 August 2018|last=Nabatanzi|first=Violet|location=Kampala|access-date=9 August 2018}}</ref> == Ensibuko n'ebyenjigiriza == Yazaalibwa mu [[Buganda]] mu Uganda mu mwaka gwa 1968. Weyamaliriza emisomogye mu Uganda yaweebwa ekifo mu University of Dar es Salam, gye yasomera obusawo. Yafuna [[:en:Doctor_of_Medicine|ddiguli mu busawo]] mu mwaka gwa 1993. Oluvannyuma lw'emyaka etaano, yafuna ddiguli eyokubiri mu busawo (Master of Medicine) oba (MMed) ddiguli mu [[:en:Obstetrics_and_Gynecology|Obstertrics and Gynecology,]] eyamuwebwa [[:en:Makerere_University|Makerere University]] esangibwa e [[Kampala]], ekibuga kya Uganda [[:en:Capital_city|ekikulu]] era ekisinga obunene.<ref name="2R2">{{cite web |title=Profile of Dr. Evelyn Christine Nabunya|access-date=10 August 2018|date=10 August 2018|publisher=Musawo Uganda|url=http://www.musawoug.com/musawo/Specialist_Details/320|author=Musawo Uganda|location=Kampala|archive-date=10 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810204922/http://www.musawoug.com/musawo/Specialist_Details/320|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Omulimu == Nabunya musawo mukugu mu kuwabula abakyala ku nsonga z'okuzaala era musawo w'abakya omutendeke ku [[:en:Mulago_Hospital|Mulago National Referral Hospital]], kigambibwa nti waadi eno yesinga omuwendo gw'abaana oguzaalibwa mu nsi yonna. ng'abaana abasuuka mu 30,000 bazalibwa nga balamu buli mwaka, mu myaka esatu tebaka wansi wa 32,654 okuva nga 1 January wa 2011 okutuuka nga 31 December wa 2013. Omuwendo guno gulaga okuzaalibwa kw'abaana 90 ku buli lunaku, oba okuzaalibwa 3.7 buli ssawa, nga ogasseko [[:en:Caesarean_section|n'abakyala abalongosebwa nga bazaala]].<ref name="3R2">{{cite web|title=Mulago: The World's Busiest Labour Suite|date=23 January 2015|access-date=10 August 2018|newspaper=[[New Vision]]|first=and Gloria Nakajubi|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1319539/mulago-world-busiest-labour-suite|last=Violet Nabatanzi|location=Kampala}}</ref> 2018 yagenda okutuuka, Dr. Nabunya yali alinnye eddala nafuuka omuwi w'amagezi omukulu ku nsonga z'ekikyala, era naweereza ng'omukulu wa Directorate of Obstetrics and Gynecology ku Mulago National Referral Hospital Complex.<ref name="4R2">{{cite web|title=New Mulago Maternal and Neonatal Hospital Is A Game-Changer |url=https://observer.ug/lifestyle/57848-new-mulago-maternal-and-neonatal-hospital-is-a-game-changer.html |access-date=10 August 2018 |date=5 June 2018|first=Justus|last=Lyatuu|newspaper=[[The Observer (Uganda)]]|location=Kampala}}</ref><ref name="5R2">{{cite web |date=10 August 2018|url=http://chs.mak.ac.ug/obsgyn/who-we-are|title=About The Directorate of Obstetrics and Gynaecology At Mulago National Referral Hospital|publisher=[[Makerere University College of Health Sciences]]|author=Makerere University College of Health Sciences|access-date=10 August 2018|location=Kampala|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219050641/http://chs.mak.ac.ug/obsgyn/who-we-are|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu August wa 2018, Minisitule y'ebyobulamu mu Uganda yalonda Evelyn Nabunya MD, MMed (Obs &Gyn), nga omukulu w'eddwaliro lya mulago mupya erya Mulago Specialised Maternal and Neonatal Hospital. Addirirwa Dr. [[:en:Jolly_Nankunda|Jolly Kaharuza Nankunda]], omusawo w'abaana.<ref name="6R2">{{cite web|access-date=10 August 2018|date=10 August 2018|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Govt-appoints-directors-Kiruddu-Kawempe-hospitals/688334-4706006-15qy4up/index.html|title=Government Appoints Directors for Kiruddu, Kawempe Hospitals|last=Namagembe|first=Lilian|newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]]|location=Kampala}}</ref> == Laba ne bino == * [[Makerere University School of Medicine|Makerere University Essomero ly'obusawo]] * [[Mulago National Referral Hospital|Eddwaliro Ekkuli erya Mulago Hospital]] == Ebijuliziddwa == msotaafag00obtzvcdq4fam6xq4fqaf 59694 59690 2026-07-08T15:23:53Z Ssemmanda will 3837 Added a category 59694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Evelyn Christine Nabunya''' [[:en:Gynecologist|musawo w'abakyala]] era mukugu mu k[[:en:Obstetrician|uwabula abakyala kuzonga ezikwatagana ku kuzaala]] mu [[:en:Ministry_of_Health_(Uganda)|Minisitule y'ebyomulamu eya Uganda]], awereza nga omukulu w'eddwaliro lya Mulago erikola ku bakyala n'abaana abato ([[:en:Mulago_Women's_Referral_Hospital|Mulago Women's and Neonatal Referral Hospital]]) eririna ebitanda 450. Yatandika okuddukannya eddwaliro lino nga 9 August wa 2018.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|title=Health Ministry Appoints New City Hospital Bosses|newspaper=[[New Vision]]|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1483111/health-ministry-appoints-city-hospital-bosses|date=9 August 2018|last=Nabatanzi|first=Violet|location=Kampala|access-date=9 August 2018}}</ref> == Ensibuko n'ebyenjigiriza == Yazaalibwa mu [[Buganda]] mu Uganda mu mwaka gwa 1968. Weyamaliriza emisomogye mu Uganda yaweebwa ekifo mu University of Dar es Salam, gye yasomera obusawo. Yafuna [[:en:Doctor_of_Medicine|ddiguli mu busawo]] mu mwaka gwa 1993. Oluvannyuma lw'emyaka etaano, yafuna ddiguli eyokubiri mu busawo (Master of Medicine) oba (MMed) ddiguli mu [[:en:Obstetrics_and_Gynecology|Obstertrics and Gynecology,]] eyamuwebwa [[:en:Makerere_University|Makerere University]] esangibwa e [[Kampala]], ekibuga kya Uganda [[:en:Capital_city|ekikulu]] era ekisinga obunene.<ref name="2R2">{{cite web |title=Profile of Dr. Evelyn Christine Nabunya|access-date=10 August 2018|date=10 August 2018|publisher=Musawo Uganda|url=http://www.musawoug.com/musawo/Specialist_Details/320|author=Musawo Uganda|location=Kampala|archive-date=10 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810204922/http://www.musawoug.com/musawo/Specialist_Details/320|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Omulimu == Nabunya musawo mukugu mu kuwabula abakyala ku nsonga z'okuzaala era musawo w'abakya omutendeke ku [[:en:Mulago_Hospital|Mulago National Referral Hospital]], kigambibwa nti waadi eno yesinga omuwendo gw'abaana oguzaalibwa mu nsi yonna. ng'abaana abasuuka mu 30,000 bazalibwa nga balamu buli mwaka, mu myaka esatu tebaka wansi wa 32,654 okuva nga 1 January wa 2011 okutuuka nga 31 December wa 2013. Omuwendo guno gulaga okuzaalibwa kw'abaana 90 ku buli lunaku, oba okuzaalibwa 3.7 buli ssawa, nga ogasseko [[:en:Caesarean_section|n'abakyala abalongosebwa nga bazaala]].<ref name="3R2">{{cite web|title=Mulago: The World's Busiest Labour Suite|date=23 January 2015|access-date=10 August 2018|newspaper=[[New Vision]]|first=and Gloria Nakajubi|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1319539/mulago-world-busiest-labour-suite|last=Violet Nabatanzi|location=Kampala}}</ref> 2018 yagenda okutuuka, Dr. Nabunya yali alinnye eddala nafuuka omuwi w'amagezi omukulu ku nsonga z'ekikyala, era naweereza ng'omukulu wa Directorate of Obstetrics and Gynecology ku Mulago National Referral Hospital Complex.<ref name="4R2">{{cite web|title=New Mulago Maternal and Neonatal Hospital Is A Game-Changer |url=https://observer.ug/lifestyle/57848-new-mulago-maternal-and-neonatal-hospital-is-a-game-changer.html |access-date=10 August 2018 |date=5 June 2018|first=Justus|last=Lyatuu|newspaper=[[The Observer (Uganda)]]|location=Kampala}}</ref><ref name="5R2">{{cite web |date=10 August 2018|url=http://chs.mak.ac.ug/obsgyn/who-we-are|title=About The Directorate of Obstetrics and Gynaecology At Mulago National Referral Hospital|publisher=[[Makerere University College of Health Sciences]]|author=Makerere University College of Health Sciences|access-date=10 August 2018|location=Kampala|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219050641/http://chs.mak.ac.ug/obsgyn/who-we-are|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu August wa 2018, Minisitule y'ebyobulamu mu Uganda yalonda Evelyn Nabunya MD, MMed (Obs &Gyn), nga omukulu w'eddwaliro lya mulago mupya erya Mulago Specialised Maternal and Neonatal Hospital. Addirirwa Dr. [[:en:Jolly_Nankunda|Jolly Kaharuza Nankunda]], omusawo w'abaana.<ref name="6R2">{{cite web|access-date=10 August 2018|date=10 August 2018|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Govt-appoints-directors-Kiruddu-Kawempe-hospitals/688334-4706006-15qy4up/index.html|title=Government Appoints Directors for Kiruddu, Kawempe Hospitals|last=Namagembe|first=Lilian|newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]]|location=Kampala}}</ref> == Laba ne bino == * [[Makerere University School of Medicine|Makerere University Essomero ly'obusawo]] * [[Mulago National Referral Hospital|Eddwaliro Ekkuli erya Mulago Hospital]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Abasawo]] [[Category:Abasawo b'abakyala mu Uganda]] [[Category:Abasawo abakyala mu Uganda]] [[Category:Abasawo mu Uganda]] 0m2kj1qml4i5l3wfqysvwj99ct4iqf5 Eliphaz Maari 0 11506 59904 41137 2026-07-09T11:39:15Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 59904 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eliphaz Maari''' (yazaalibwa 1954) [[Bishop|mulabirizi wa]] [[Anglican]] mu Uganda era nga yaweereza nga [[Ekkanisa ya Uganda mu Buganda|Assistant Bishop w’essaza ly’e Kampala]] okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 2004, era yakola emirimu egy’obukulembeze egy’oku ntikko mu kusomesa eby’eddiini mu kkanisa y'Abakulisitaayo oba Anglican. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=History - Uganda Christian University |url=https://ucu.ac.ug/history/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Provincial Secretary and CMS official named new bishops in Uganda |url=https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2004/08/provincial-secretary-and-cms-official-named-new-bishops-in-uganda.aspx |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=www.anglicannews.org}}</ref> Era yeeyali akulira [[Univasite ya Ugabda Christian University|yunivasite ya Uganda Christian University]]. == Ebijuliziddwa == # {{Reflist}}[https://allafrica.com/stories/200809250261.html All Africa] # [https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2004/08/provincial-secretary-and-cms-official-named-new-bishops-in-uganda.aspx Anglican News] # "Anglican Communion in Crisis: How Episcopal Dissidents and Their African" Hassett, M.K. p217: New Jersey; [[:en:Princeton_University_Press|Princeton University Press]]; 2009 {{ISBN|9780691125183}} csds64r415tj2vfvuyh1a399x2v7gsz 59905 59904 2026-07-09T11:40:43Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added a new heading and new paragraph 59905 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eliphaz Maari''' (yazaalibwa 1954) [[Bishop|mulabirizi wa]] [[Anglican]] mu Uganda era nga yaweereza nga [[Ekkanisa ya Uganda mu Buganda|Assistant Bishop w’essaza ly’e Kampala]] okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 2004, era yakola emirimu egy’obukulembeze egy’oku ntikko mu kusomesa eby’eddiini mu kkanisa y'Abakulisitaayo oba Anglican.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=History - Uganda Christian University |url=https://ucu.ac.ug/history/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Provincial Secretary and CMS official named new bishops in Uganda |url=https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2004/08/provincial-secretary-and-cms-official-named-new-bishops-in-uganda.aspx |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=www.anglicannews.org}}</ref> Era yeeyali akulira [[Univasite ya Ugabda Christian University|yunivasite ya Uganda Christian University]]. == Obuto n’okusoma kwe == == Ebijuliziddwa == # {{Reflist}}[https://allafrica.com/stories/200809250261.html All Africa] # [https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2004/08/provincial-secretary-and-cms-official-named-new-bishops-in-uganda.aspx Anglican News] # "Anglican Communion in Crisis: How Episcopal Dissidents and Their African" Hassett, M.K. p217: New Jersey; [[:en:Princeton_University_Press|Princeton University Press]]; 2009 {{ISBN|9780691125183}} k8pqo7hkcw334fvsqzpbp8uj0nccqsb 59906 59905 2026-07-09T11:41:55Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 59906 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eliphaz Maari''' (yazaalibwa 1954) [[Bishop|mulabirizi wa]] [[Anglican]] mu Uganda era nga yaweereza nga [[Ekkanisa ya Uganda mu Buganda|Assistant Bishop w’essaza ly’e Kampala]] okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 2004, era yakola emirimu egy’obukulembeze egy’oku ntikko mu kusomesa eby’eddiini mu kkanisa y'Abakulisitaayo oba Anglican.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=History - Uganda Christian University |url=https://ucu.ac.ug/history/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Provincial Secretary and CMS official named new bishops in Uganda |url=https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2004/08/provincial-secretary-and-cms-official-named-new-bishops-in-uganda.aspx |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=www.anglicannews.org}}</ref> Era yeeyali akulira [[Univasite ya Ugabda Christian University|yunivasite ya Uganda Christian University]]. == Obuto n’okusoma kwe == Maari yazaalibwa mu 1945 era yatendekebwa mu by’eddiini n’obuweereza nga tannatuuzibwa. Yeenyigira mu kusomesa obusumba n’obukulembeze bw’Ekkanisa ku ntandikwa y’omulimu gwe, okukkakkana ng’alina obuvunaanyizibwa obw’amaanyi mu by’ensoma n’eby’ekkanisa mu [[Kkanisa ya Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://survey-smiles.com/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=survey-smiles.com}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == # {{Reflist}}[https://allafrica.com/stories/200809250261.html All Africa] # [https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2004/08/provincial-secretary-and-cms-official-named-new-bishops-in-uganda.aspx Anglican News] # "Anglican Communion in Crisis: How Episcopal Dissidents and Their African" Hassett, M.K. p217: New Jersey; [[:en:Princeton_University_Press|Princeton University Press]]; 2009 {{ISBN|9780691125183}} ghmnjvp7ch0kacvrkmmjmtrxdllg2nc 59908 59906 2026-07-09T11:43:56Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 59908 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eliphaz Maari''' (yazaalibwa 1954) [[Bishop|mulabirizi wa]] [[Anglican]] mu Uganda era nga yaweereza nga [[Ekkanisa ya Uganda mu Buganda|Assistant Bishop w’essaza ly’e Kampala]] okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 2004, era yakola emirimu egy’obukulembeze egy’oku ntikko mu kusomesa eby’eddiini mu kkanisa y'Abakulisitaayo oba Anglican.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=History - Uganda Christian University |url=https://ucu.ac.ug/history/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Provincial Secretary and CMS official named new bishops in Uganda |url=https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2004/08/provincial-secretary-and-cms-official-named-new-bishops-in-uganda.aspx |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=www.anglicannews.org}}</ref> Era yeeyali akulira [[Univasite ya Ugabda Christian University|yunivasite ya Uganda Christian University]]. == Obuto n’okusoma kwe == Maari yazaalibwa mu 1945 era yatendekebwa mu by’eddiini n’obuweereza nga tannatuuzibwa. Yeenyigira mu kusomesa obusumba n’obukulembeze bw’Ekkanisa ku ntandikwa y’omulimu gwe, okukkakkana ng’alina obuvunaanyizibwa obw’amaanyi mu by’ensoma n’eby’ekkanisa mu [[Kkanisa ya Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://survey-smiles.com/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=survey-smiles.com}}</ref> == Obuweereza bwe == Mu 1997, Maari yalondebwa okuba Omumyuka w'Omulabirirzi w'obulabirizi bwa Kampala, ng’aweereza wamu ne Ssaabalabirizi [[Livingstone Mpalanyi Nkoyoyo]] ng’omu ku bakulembeze ab’oku ntikko mu kkanisa y’amasaza. Mu kiseera kye eky’obulabirizi, yakola ku kulondoola bannaddiini, okulabirira abasumba, n’okuddukanya obulabirizi okutuusa lwe yawummula ekifo kino mu 2004.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ivan |first=Naijuka |date=19 December 2025 |title=The Consecration Magazine |url=https://allsaintskampala.org/download/TheConsecrationMagazine.pdf?utm}}</ref><ref>"Anglican Communion in Crisis: How Episcopal Dissidents and Their African" Hassett, M.K. p217: New Jersey; [[Princeton University Press]]; 2009 {{ISBN|9780691125183}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == # {{Reflist}}[https://allafrica.com/stories/200809250261.html All Africa] # [https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2004/08/provincial-secretary-and-cms-official-named-new-bishops-in-uganda.aspx Anglican News] # "Anglican Communion in Crisis: How Episcopal Dissidents and Their African" Hassett, M.K. p217: New Jersey; [[:en:Princeton_University_Press|Princeton University Press]]; 2009 {{ISBN|9780691125183}} nvy4mdn680mc4iv0s8xgrgdyy51f1nb 59909 59908 2026-07-09T11:45:31Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 added new heading 59909 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eliphaz Maari''' (yazaalibwa 1954) [[Bishop|mulabirizi wa]] [[Anglican]] mu Uganda era nga yaweereza nga [[Ekkanisa ya Uganda mu Buganda|Assistant Bishop w’essaza ly’e Kampala]] okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 2004, era yakola emirimu egy’obukulembeze egy’oku ntikko mu kusomesa eby’eddiini mu kkanisa y'Abakulisitaayo oba Anglican.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=History - Uganda Christian University |url=https://ucu.ac.ug/history/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Provincial Secretary and CMS official named new bishops in Uganda |url=https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2004/08/provincial-secretary-and-cms-official-named-new-bishops-in-uganda.aspx |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=www.anglicannews.org}}</ref> Era yeeyali akulira [[Univasite ya Ugabda Christian University|yunivasite ya Uganda Christian University]]. == Obuto n’okusoma kwe == Maari yazaalibwa mu 1945 era yatendekebwa mu by’eddiini n’obuweereza nga tannatuuzibwa. Yeenyigira mu kusomesa obusumba n’obukulembeze bw’Ekkanisa ku ntandikwa y’omulimu gwe, okukkakkana ng’alina obuvunaanyizibwa obw’amaanyi mu by’ensoma n’eby’ekkanisa mu [[Kkanisa ya Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://survey-smiles.com/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=survey-smiles.com}}</ref> == Obuweereza bwe == Mu 1997, Maari yalondebwa okuba Omumyuka w'Omulabirirzi w'obulabirizi bwa Kampala, ng’aweereza wamu ne Ssaabalabirizi [[Livingstone Mpalanyi Nkoyoyo]] ng’omu ku bakulembeze ab’oku ntikko mu kkanisa y’amasaza. Mu kiseera kye eky’obulabirizi, yakola ku kulondoola bannaddiini, okulabirira abasumba, n’okuddukanya obulabirizi okutuusa lwe yawummula ekifo kino mu 2004.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ivan |first=Naijuka |date=19 December 2025 |title=The Consecration Magazine |url=https://allsaintskampala.org/download/TheConsecrationMagazine.pdf?utm}}</ref><ref>"Anglican Communion in Crisis: How Episcopal Dissidents and Their African" Hassett, M.K. p217: New Jersey; [[Princeton University Press]]; 2009 {{ISBN|9780691125183}}</ref> == Obukulembeze bwe mu Uganda Christian University == == Ebijuliziddwa == # {{Reflist}}[https://allafrica.com/stories/200809250261.html All Africa] # [https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2004/08/provincial-secretary-and-cms-official-named-new-bishops-in-uganda.aspx Anglican News] # "Anglican Communion in Crisis: How Episcopal Dissidents and Their African" Hassett, M.K. p217: New Jersey; [[:en:Princeton_University_Press|Princeton University Press]]; 2009 {{ISBN|9780691125183}} 7iesrkf91runwkc29bpb012amupivtb 59912 59909 2026-07-09T11:49:34Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 59912 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eliphaz Maari''' (yazaalibwa 1954) [[Bishop|mulabirizi wa]] [[Anglican]] mu Uganda era nga yaweereza nga [[Ekkanisa ya Uganda mu Buganda|Assistant Bishop w’essaza ly’e Kampala]] okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 2004, era yakola emirimu egy’obukulembeze egy’oku ntikko mu kusomesa eby’eddiini mu kkanisa y'Abakulisitaayo oba Anglican.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=History - Uganda Christian University |url=https://ucu.ac.ug/history/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Provincial Secretary and CMS official named new bishops in Uganda |url=https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2004/08/provincial-secretary-and-cms-official-named-new-bishops-in-uganda.aspx |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=www.anglicannews.org}}</ref> Era yeeyali akulira [[Univasite ya Ugabda Christian University|yunivasite ya Uganda Christian University]]. == Obuto n’okusoma kwe == Maari yazaalibwa mu 1945 era yatendekebwa mu by’eddiini n’obuweereza nga tannatuuzibwa. Yeenyigira mu kusomesa obusumba n’obukulembeze bw’Ekkanisa ku ntandikwa y’omulimu gwe, okukkakkana ng’alina obuvunaanyizibwa obw’amaanyi mu by’ensoma n’eby’ekkanisa mu [[Kkanisa ya Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://survey-smiles.com/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=survey-smiles.com}}</ref> == Obuweereza bwe == Mu 1997, Maari yalondebwa okuba Omumyuka w'Omulabirirzi w'obulabirizi bwa Kampala, ng’aweereza wamu ne Ssaabalabirizi [[Livingstone Mpalanyi Nkoyoyo]] ng’omu ku bakulembeze ab’oku ntikko mu kkanisa y’amasaza. Mu kiseera kye eky’obulabirizi, yakola ku kulondoola bannaddiini, okulabirira abasumba, n’okuddukanya obulabirizi okutuusa lwe yawummula ekifo kino mu 2004.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ivan |first=Naijuka |date=19 December 2025 |title=The Consecration Magazine |url=https://allsaintskampala.org/download/TheConsecrationMagazine.pdf?utm}}</ref><ref>"Anglican Communion in Crisis: How Episcopal Dissidents and Their African" Hassett, M.K. p217: New Jersey; [[Princeton University Press]]; 2009 {{ISBN|9780691125183}}</ref> == Obukulembeze bwe mu Uganda Christian University == Maari yakola kinene nnyo mu kutondawo ne mu bukulembeze obwasooka obwa [[Uganda Christian University]] (UCU). UCU bwe yatandikibwawo mu 1997, ng’ava mu [[Uganda Christian University|Bishop Tucker Theological College]], Maari yaweereza nga Omumyuka w'womukulu wa yunivasite ow'ekiseera mu myaka gya yunivasite eno nga etandika, n’ayamba okulungamya enkyukakyuka yaayo okufuuka yunivasite y’Ekikulisitaayo erina ekiwandiiko ekigikkiriza oba charter. Ebyafaayo bya UCU ebitongole biwandiika omulimu gwe ogw’obukulembeze mu kiseera yunivasite eno bwe yali etandika okukula. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|date=2023-09-13|title=History - Uganda Christian University|url=https://ucu.ac.ug/history/|access-date=2025-12-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == # {{Reflist}}[https://allafrica.com/stories/200809250261.html All Africa] # [https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2004/08/provincial-secretary-and-cms-official-named-new-bishops-in-uganda.aspx Anglican News] # "Anglican Communion in Crisis: How Episcopal Dissidents and Their African" Hassett, M.K. p217: New Jersey; [[:en:Princeton_University_Press|Princeton University Press]]; 2009 {{ISBN|9780691125183}} oc9wo0ghld0hk16sn7zdaeq5kjzg6fq 59914 59912 2026-07-09T11:50:38Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 59914 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eliphaz Maari''' (yazaalibwa 1954) [[Bishop|mulabirizi wa]] [[Anglican]] mu Uganda era nga yaweereza nga [[Ekkanisa ya Uganda mu Buganda|Assistant Bishop w’essaza ly’e Kampala]] okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 2004, era yakola emirimu egy’obukulembeze egy’oku ntikko mu kusomesa eby’eddiini mu kkanisa y'Abakulisitaayo oba Anglican.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=History - Uganda Christian University |url=https://ucu.ac.ug/history/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Provincial Secretary and CMS official named new bishops in Uganda |url=https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2004/08/provincial-secretary-and-cms-official-named-new-bishops-in-uganda.aspx |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=www.anglicannews.org}}</ref> Era yeeyali akulira [[Univasite ya Ugabda Christian University|yunivasite ya Uganda Christian University]]. == Obuto n’okusoma kwe == Maari yazaalibwa mu 1945 era yatendekebwa mu by’eddiini n’obuweereza nga tannatuuzibwa. Yeenyigira mu kusomesa obusumba n’obukulembeze bw’Ekkanisa ku ntandikwa y’omulimu gwe, okukkakkana ng’alina obuvunaanyizibwa obw’amaanyi mu by’ensoma n’eby’ekkanisa mu [[Kkanisa ya Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://survey-smiles.com/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=survey-smiles.com}}</ref> == Obuweereza bwe == Mu 1997, Maari yalondebwa okuba Omumyuka w'Omulabirirzi w'obulabirizi bwa Kampala, ng’aweereza wamu ne Ssaabalabirizi [[Livingstone Mpalanyi Nkoyoyo]] ng’omu ku bakulembeze ab’oku ntikko mu kkanisa y’amasaza. Mu kiseera kye eky’obulabirizi, yakola ku kulondoola bannaddiini, okulabirira abasumba, n’okuddukanya obulabirizi okutuusa lwe yawummula ekifo kino mu 2004.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ivan |first=Naijuka |date=19 December 2025 |title=The Consecration Magazine |url=https://allsaintskampala.org/download/TheConsecrationMagazine.pdf?utm}}</ref><ref>"Anglican Communion in Crisis: How Episcopal Dissidents and Their African" Hassett, M.K. p217: New Jersey; [[Princeton University Press]]; 2009 {{ISBN|9780691125183}}</ref> == Obukulembeze bwe mu Uganda Christian University == Maari yakola kinene nnyo mu kutondawo ne mu bukulembeze obwasooka obwa [[Uganda Christian University]] (UCU). UCU bwe yatandikibwawo mu 1997, ng’ava mu [[Uganda Christian University|Bishop Tucker Theological College]]. Maari yaweereza nga Omumyuka w'omukulu wa yunivasite ow'ekiseera mu myaka gya yunivasite eno nga etandika, n’ayamba okulungamya enkyukakyuka yaayo okufuuka yunivasite y’Ekikulisitaayo erina ekiwandiiko ekigikkiriza oba charter. Ebyafaayo bya UCU ebitongole biwandiika ku mulimu gwe ogw’obukulembeze mu kiseera yunivasite eno bwe yali ng'etandika okukula. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|date=2023-09-13|title=History - Uganda Christian University|url=https://ucu.ac.ug/history/|access-date=2025-12-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == # {{Reflist}}[https://allafrica.com/stories/200809250261.html All Africa] # [https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2004/08/provincial-secretary-and-cms-official-named-new-bishops-in-uganda.aspx Anglican News] # "Anglican Communion in Crisis: How Episcopal Dissidents and Their African" Hassett, M.K. p217: New Jersey; [[:en:Princeton_University_Press|Princeton University Press]]; 2009 {{ISBN|9780691125183}} mo5pgr11sn5fh78fg7btl2ayyg9ppu1 Arthur Ssegwanyi 0 11625 59745 53800 2026-07-08T17:41:40Z Berniter 10779 /* References */ 59745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arthur Ssegwanyi''' (yazaalibwa Ogwokusatu 12, 1988),muzannyi wa [[:en:Chess|muzannyo gwa chess]] mu Uganda. == Ebikwata ku bulamu bwe == EKitongole kya FIDE kyamuwa ekitiibwa kya master w'ensi yonna (IM) mu 2015 oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula empaka za sekinnoomu eza zone 4.2 mu mwaka gwegumu. <ref>http://www.chess-results.com/tnr169589.aspx</ref> Obuwanguzi buno era bwamuyisaawo okuzannya mu [[:en:Chess_World_Cup_2015|mpaka z'ensi yonna eza FIDE mu 2015]] . <ref>http://transparentnigeria.com/news_entries/19616/International-Master-Ssegwanyi-to-make-debut-at-Chess-World-Cup</ref> <ref>http://www.monitor.co.ug/Sports/OtherSport/Ssegwanyi-wins-zonal-event--earns-WC-ticket/690284-2698208-bxfdbb/index.html</ref> Mu mpaka zino, yakwatagana n'empaka za fourth seed, [[:en:Anish_Giri|Anish Giri]] . Ssegwanyi yagwa amaliri mu mupiira ogwasooka mu nsamba 158, <ref>https://chess24.com/en/read/news/baku-world-cup-1-1-upsets-and-unlikely-heroes</ref> <ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201509140830.html</ref> <ref>https://www.kawowo.com/2015/09/13/uganda-s-ssegwanyi-holds-dutch-grand-master-giri-in-6-hour-duel-chess-world-cup/</ref> <ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1409311/chess-world-cup-ssegwanyi-holds-giri-draw</ref> olwo n’awangulwa mu mupiira ogw'okubiri era ekyaddirira kugobwa mu mpaka zino. <ref>https://chess24.com/en/read/news/baku-world-cup-1-2-statistics</ref> <ref>http://www.monitor.co.ug/Sports/OtherSport/Ssegwanyi-eliminated-from-Chess-W--Cup/690284-2869064-o2lv9b/index.html</ref> Mu 2016, yawangula empaka za Tanzania Open Chess Championship e [[:en:Dar_es_Salaam|Dar es Salaam]] . <ref>https://ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=91365</ref> Ssegwanyi azannyidde ttiimu ya Uganda mu [[:en:Chess_Olympiad|mpaka za Chess Olympiad]] okuva mu 2012. == REbijuliziddwa == 1b39au6dodos8fwz4993g2q4iy8r0pz 59747 59745 2026-07-08T17:43:36Z Berniter 10779 59747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arthur Ssegwanyi''' (yazaalibwa Ogwokusatu 12, 1988),Munnayuganda era muzannyi wa chess. == Ebikwata ku bulamu bwe == EKitongole kya FIDE kyamuwa ekitiibwa kya master w'ensi yonna (IM) mu 2015 oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula empaka za sekinnoomu eza zone 4.2 mu mwaka gwegumu. <ref>http://www.chess-results.com/tnr169589.aspx</ref> Obuwanguzi buno era bwamuyisaawo okuzannya mu [[:en:Chess_World_Cup_2015|mpaka z'ensi yonna eza FIDE mu 2015]] . <ref>http://transparentnigeria.com/news_entries/19616/International-Master-Ssegwanyi-to-make-debut-at-Chess-World-Cup</ref> <ref>http://www.monitor.co.ug/Sports/OtherSport/Ssegwanyi-wins-zonal-event--earns-WC-ticket/690284-2698208-bxfdbb/index.html</ref> Mu mpaka zino, yakwatagana n'empaka za fourth seed, [[:en:Anish_Giri|Anish Giri]] . Ssegwanyi yagwa amaliri mu mupiira ogwasooka mu nsamba 158, <ref>https://chess24.com/en/read/news/baku-world-cup-1-1-upsets-and-unlikely-heroes</ref> <ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201509140830.html</ref> <ref>https://www.kawowo.com/2015/09/13/uganda-s-ssegwanyi-holds-dutch-grand-master-giri-in-6-hour-duel-chess-world-cup/</ref> <ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1409311/chess-world-cup-ssegwanyi-holds-giri-draw</ref> olwo n’awangulwa mu mupiira ogw'okubiri era ekyaddirira kugobwa mu mpaka zino. <ref>https://chess24.com/en/read/news/baku-world-cup-1-2-statistics</ref> <ref>http://www.monitor.co.ug/Sports/OtherSport/Ssegwanyi-eliminated-from-Chess-W--Cup/690284-2869064-o2lv9b/index.html</ref> Mu 2016, yawangula empaka za Tanzania Open Chess Championship e [[:en:Dar_es_Salaam|Dar es Salaam]] . <ref>https://ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=91365</ref> Ssegwanyi azannyidde ttiimu ya Uganda mu [[:en:Chess_Olympiad|mpaka za Chess Olympiad]] okuva mu 2012. == REbijuliziddwa == 7x2rl638harq49w6540cuwcv4rinuhy 59748 59747 2026-07-08T17:44:15Z Berniter 10779 /* REbijuliziddwa */ 59748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arthur Ssegwanyi''' (yazaalibwa Ogwokusatu 12, 1988),Munnayuganda era muzannyi wa chess. == Ebikwata ku bulamu bwe == EKitongole kya FIDE kyamuwa ekitiibwa kya master w'ensi yonna (IM) mu 2015 oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula empaka za sekinnoomu eza zone 4.2 mu mwaka gwegumu. <ref>http://www.chess-results.com/tnr169589.aspx</ref> Obuwanguzi buno era bwamuyisaawo okuzannya mu [[:en:Chess_World_Cup_2015|mpaka z'ensi yonna eza FIDE mu 2015]] . <ref>http://transparentnigeria.com/news_entries/19616/International-Master-Ssegwanyi-to-make-debut-at-Chess-World-Cup</ref> <ref>http://www.monitor.co.ug/Sports/OtherSport/Ssegwanyi-wins-zonal-event--earns-WC-ticket/690284-2698208-bxfdbb/index.html</ref> Mu mpaka zino, yakwatagana n'empaka za fourth seed, [[:en:Anish_Giri|Anish Giri]] . Ssegwanyi yagwa amaliri mu mupiira ogwasooka mu nsamba 158, <ref>https://chess24.com/en/read/news/baku-world-cup-1-1-upsets-and-unlikely-heroes</ref> <ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201509140830.html</ref> <ref>https://www.kawowo.com/2015/09/13/uganda-s-ssegwanyi-holds-dutch-grand-master-giri-in-6-hour-duel-chess-world-cup/</ref> <ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1409311/chess-world-cup-ssegwanyi-holds-giri-draw</ref> olwo n’awangulwa mu mupiira ogw'okubiri era ekyaddirira kugobwa mu mpaka zino. <ref>https://chess24.com/en/read/news/baku-world-cup-1-2-statistics</ref> <ref>http://www.monitor.co.ug/Sports/OtherSport/Ssegwanyi-eliminated-from-Chess-W--Cup/690284-2869064-o2lv9b/index.html</ref> Mu 2016, yawangula empaka za Tanzania Open Chess Championship e [[:en:Dar_es_Salaam|Dar es Salaam]] . <ref>https://ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=91365</ref> Ssegwanyi azannyidde ttiimu ya Uganda mu [[:en:Chess_Olympiad|mpaka za Chess Olympiad]] okuva mu 2012. == Ebijuliziddwa == 2qtbqtx0lly1ln4h1rku29l0brbfxkh 59750 59748 2026-07-08T17:46:59Z Berniter 10779 /* Ebikwata ku bulamu bwe */ 59750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arthur Ssegwanyi''' (yazaalibwa Ogwokusatu 12, 1988),Munnayuganda era muzannyi wa chess. == Ebikwata ku bulamu bwe == EKitongole kya FIDE kyamuwa ekitiibwa kya master w'ensi yonna (IM) mu 2015 oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula empaka za sekinnoomu eza zone 4.2 mu mwaka gwegumu. <ref>http://www.chess-results.com/tnr169589.aspx</ref> Obuwanguzi buno bwamusobozesa okuzannya mu [[:en:Chess_World_Cup_2015|mpaka z'ensi yonna eza FIDE mu 2015]] . <ref>http://transparentnigeria.com/news_entries/19616/International-Master-Ssegwanyi-to-make-debut-at-Chess-World-Cup</ref> <ref>http://www.monitor.co.ug/Sports/OtherSport/Ssegwanyi-wins-zonal-event--earns-WC-ticket/690284-2698208-bxfdbb/index.html</ref> Mu mpaka zino, yakwatagana n'empaka za fourth seed, [[:en:Anish_Giri|Anish Giri]] . Ssegwanyi yagwa amaliri mu mupiira ogwasooka mu nsamba 158, <ref>https://chess24.com/en/read/news/baku-world-cup-1-1-upsets-and-unlikely-heroes</ref> <ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201509140830.html</ref> <ref>https://www.kawowo.com/2015/09/13/uganda-s-ssegwanyi-holds-dutch-grand-master-giri-in-6-hour-duel-chess-world-cup/</ref> <ref>http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1409311/chess-world-cup-ssegwanyi-holds-giri-draw</ref> olwo n’awangulwa mu mupiira ogw'okubiri era ekyaddirira kugobwa mu mpaka zino. <ref>https://chess24.com/en/read/news/baku-world-cup-1-2-statistics</ref> <ref>http://www.monitor.co.ug/Sports/OtherSport/Ssegwanyi-eliminated-from-Chess-W--Cup/690284-2869064-o2lv9b/index.html</ref> Mu 2016, yawangula empaka za Tanzania Open Chess Championship e [[:en:Dar_es_Salaam|Dar es Salaam]] . <ref>https://ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=91365</ref> Ssegwanyi azannyidde ttiimu ya Uganda mu [[:en:Chess_Olympiad|mpaka za Chess Olympiad]] okuva mu 2012. == Ebijuliziddwa == kxcss4s8b9enxx4ssyonwa8vlr8fnvt Isaac Kiprop 0 11691 59706 58599 2026-07-08T15:44:52Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59706 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isaac Kiprop''' (yazaalibwa nga 10 ogwomwenda 1986) Munnyuganda [[muddusi wa nsozi|omuddusi w'ensozi]] eyawangula [[empaka z'ensi yonna ez'okudduka ku nsozi]] omulundi gumu(2014).<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Trophy (1991-2008)/World Championships (2009 on) |url=http://www.wmra.ch/index.php/results/world-trophy-championships |access-date=23 October 2017 |publisher=wmra.ch}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [[Isaac Kiprop]] ku [[misinde gy'ensi yonna]] * [https://more.arrs.run/runner/26844 Isaac Kiprop] ku [[Association of Road Racing Statisticians]] r8fp83fzv9gcfbpf5ymrzxab7c89hy7 Uganda Revenue Authority 0 11891 59678 41676 2026-07-08T14:32:46Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 59678 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Commissioner_General_Doris_Akol.jpg|alt=Commissioner General Doris Akol.|thumb|201x201px|Kaminsona General Doris Akol, Yazze mu bigere bya Allen Kagina eyawumula oluvannyuma lw’okumala ebisanja bibiri eby'emyaka etaano eby’omuddiring’anwa ng’akulira URA. Akpol yeegatta ku URA, nga munamateeka 1995]] '''Uganda Revenue Authority''' ( '''URA''' ) kitongole kya gavumenti ekisolooza omusolo ekyatandikibwawo [[Parliament of Uganda|Palamenti ya Uganda]]. Kikolera wansi wa [[:en:Ministry_of_Finance,_Planning_and_Economic_Development_(Uganda)|Minisitule y’Eby'ensimbi, Okuteekateeka n’Enkulaakulana y’Eby'enfuna]], URA evunaanyizibwa ku kusa mu nkola, okwekeneenya, okukung’aanya, n’okubala emisolo egy’enjawulo egyateekebwawo mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ismail Musa Ladu |date=7 June 2016 |title=Uganda revenue collection {{as written|sup|ressed [sic]}} by narrow tax base |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Prosper/Uganda-revenue-collection-supressed-by-narrow-tax-base/688616-3235162-20m481z/index.html |access-date=15 October 2016}}</ref> == Wekisingaanibwa == Ekitebe kya URA ekikulu kisingaanibwa ku kizimbe kya myaliro 22, ekimanyiddwa nga [[:en:URA_House|Uganda Revenue Authority House]] (URA Tower), kisangibwa ku Plot M 193/4 Kinnawataka Road e Nakawa mu Industrial Area, mu [[:en:Nakawa_Division|Divizoni y'e Nakawa]] mu [[Kampala]], ekibuga ekikulu ekya Uganda era ekisinga obunene. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pat Robert Larubi |date=5 December 2018 |title=URA Headquarters To Move Into New Building In January |url=https://www.softpower.ug/ura-headquarters-to-move-into-new-building-in-january/ |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Ekifo kino kiriko kiromita 6.5 (4 mi), ng'okozeseza luguudo, mu buvanjuba ng'ova mu kibuga wakati. Endagiriro z'ekitebe ky'ekitongole kino ziri 0°19'48.0"N 32°37'10.0"E (Latitude:0.330000; Longitude:32.619444). <ref name="LocR" /> == Ebikikwatako == [[Allen Kagina]] yaleetawo enkyuukakyuuka nnene mu kulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi mu URA bwe yalondebwa ng'akulira ekitongole kino 2004. [[:en:Minister_of_Information|Minisita w'Ebyamawulire]] [[Rose Namayanja]] yagambye nti, "Mu bukulembeze bwa Muky Allen Kagina, tufunye obuwanguzi mu kuyonja URA era n'okusolooza omusolo buli mwaka kulinnye. Embeera si mbi nga bwe yali." Okusinziira ku lupapula lwa [[:en:Daily_Monitor|''Daily Monitor'']] endowooza eno yagabanibwa na [[:en:President_of_Uganda|pulezidenti wa Uganda]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mugerwa |first=Yasiin |date=10 April 2014 |title=AG unearths graft at URA |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Auditor-General-uncovers-corruption-at-URA/-/688334/2272828/-/item/0/-/hccr92/-/index.html |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610091059/http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Auditor-General-uncovers-corruption-at-URA/-/688334/2272828/-/item/0/-/hccr92/-/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Engeri gyekizze kikolamu emirimu gyakyo == Mu 1991, URA bwe yatandikibwaawo, okusolooza omusolo kwali ebitundu 6.8 ku 100 ebya [[GDP]], nga kwali kubalibwaamu obuwuumbi 133. Mu 2015, emisolo egyakunganyizibwa gyali ebitundu 13 ku 100 egya GDP, nga gyali gibalibwaamu obutabalika bwa ssente 11.2 trillion. URA yali egenderera kwongeza okusolooza omusolo okutuuka ku bitundu 16 ku buli 100 egya GDP okutuuka mu 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Adengo |date=7 October 2016 |title=URA Tasked To Increase Revenue To Shs34 Trillion |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/URA-increase-revenue-Shs34-trillion/688322-3407592-bw051d/index.html |access-date=15 October 2016}}</ref> == Enzirukanya y’emirimu == Nga 29 Ogwokusatu 2020, Pulezidenti wa Uganda HE Gen. Yoweri Kaguta Museveni yalonda John Musinguzi Rujoki ku ky'okukulira ekitongole kino. Yadda mu bigere bya munnamateeka [[Doris Akol]] eyalondebwa nga 27 Ogwekumi 2014 Minisita w'Ebyensimbi mu Uganda mu kiseera ekyo [[Maria Kiwanuka]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Monitor |first=Reporter |date=27 October 2014 |title=Doris Akol Appointed Kagina's Replacement At URA |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Doris-Akol-appointed--Kagina-s-replacement-at-URA/-/688334/2500850/-/ktxvg7z/-/index.html |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref> Allen Kagina eyaweereza ku ntikko ya URA okumala ebisanja bibiri eby’omuddiring’anwa eby’emyaka etaano nga Doris Akol tannawumula. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yasiin Mugerwa |first=and Ismail Musa Ladu |date=24 July 2014 |title=URA Boss Kagina Leaves Office This October |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/URA-boss-Kagina-leaves-office-this-October/-/688334/2395052/-/bij6ir/-/index.html |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref> Okusobola okulabirira abakozi baakyo abasinga obungi mu kifo ekimu, URA yazimba omunaala ogw’emyaliro 22 nga guliraanye ekitebe kyayo e Nakawa, guno gwagwa mu 2018, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernard Busuulwa |date=24 September 2016 |title=High-end office space in high demand in Uganda |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/High-end-office-space-in-high-demand-in-Uganda-/2560-3393662-sfck18/index.html |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> era ne gutandika okukola mu butongole mu Ogwolubereberye 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul Ampurire |date=20 January 2019 |title=Museveni Commissions Shs139 Billion URA Tower, Talks Tough On Bureaucracy |url=https://www.softpower.ug/museveni-commissions-shs-139bn-ura-tower-talks-tough-on-bureaucracy/ |access-date=3 June 2020 |publisher=Softpower Uganda}}</ref> == Abazze bakikulembera == Ekimeeza wamaagna kiraga abazze bakulembera ekitongole kino okuva lwekyatandikibwaawo mu 1991. <ref name="12R">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2020 |title=The story of URA and why Doris Akol had to be sacked |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/OpEd/Commentary/The-story-of-URA-and-why-Doris-Akol-had-to-be-sacked/689364-5515004-4wqpvuz/index.html |access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |+Abazze bakulira ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa mu kusolooza omusolo okuva lwekyatandikibwaawo mu ! Eddaala !Eyali akikulira ! Okuva ! Mpaka nga ! Ebiwandiiko |- | 1. 1. |Edward Larbi Siaw |1991 | 1997 | <ref name="12R"/> |- | 2. 2. | Elly Rwakakooko | 1997 |2000 | <ref name="12R" /> |- | 3. 3. |Stephen Besweri Akabway |2000 | 2001 |Mu busoobozi bw'okukola<ref name="12R" /> |- | 4. 4. |Annebritt Aslund | 2001 | 2004 | <ref name="12R" /> |- | 5. 5. | [[Allen Kagina]] | 2004 | 2014 | <ref name="12R" /> |- | 6. 6. |[[:en:Doris_Akol|Doris Akol]] | 2014 | 2020 | <ref name="12R" /> |- | 7. 7. | [[John Musinguzi Rujoki]] | 2020 |N'okutuusa kati | <ref name="12R" /> |- |} == Olukiiko olufuzi == Ekitongole kya gavumenti kirabirirwa olukiiko olufuzi olw’abantu musanvu, nga baalondebwa minisita wa Uganda ow’ebyensimbi. <ref name="14R">{{Cite web |last=Frederic Musisi |date=15 January 2017 |title=Government Doubles Pay for URA Board Members |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Government--URA--board-members--Kasaija-Finance/688334-3517272-myksv3z/index.html |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref> Okuva mu Gwomukaaga 2020, ekimeeza wansi kiraga enkola y’olukiiko olufuzi olwa URA. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |+Abakiise ku lukiiko olufuzi olwa olw'ekitongole Ekiwooza Omusolo mu Uganda ! Eddaala ! Erinnya lye ! Omugaso ! Emirimu Emirala ! Ebiwandiiko |- | 1. 1. | [[Juma Kisaame]] | Ssentebe | Eyali akulira [[DFCU Bank|bbanka ya DFCU]] | |- | 2. 2. | [[John Musinguzi Rujoki]] |Kamisona genero | | <ref name="15R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower Uganda |date=2 April 2020 |title=New Era At URA As Musinguzi Rujoki Assumes Office As 6th Commissioner General |url=https://www.softpower.ug/new-era-at-ura-as-musinguzi-rujoki-assumes-office-as-6th-commissioner-general/ |access-date=3 June 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> |- | 3. 3. |[[:en:Patience_Tumusiime_Rubagumya|Patience Tumusiime Rubagumya]] | Omuwandiisi w’olukiiko olufuzi |Kamisona wa URA avunaanyizibwa ku by'Amateeka n'Ensonga z'abatuula ku kakiiko | <ref name="16R">{{Cite web |last=Daily Monitor |date=4 February 2015 |title=Ms Rubagumya has worked for the Authority for 14 years |url=https://www.ugandanewsreleases.com/%EF%BB%BFms-rubagumya-has-worked-for-the-authority-for-14-years/ |url-status=dead |access-date=3 June 2020 |publisher=Ugandanewsreleases.com Quoting [[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref> |- | 4. 4. | Ramatham Ggobi | Omuwandiisi w’eggwanika | Omuwandiisi ow’enkalakkalira mu minisitule y’ebyensimbi | <ref name="14R"/> |- | 5. 5. |Helen Awidi | Memba | | <ref name="14R" /> |- | 6. 6. | Loy Tumusiime | Memba | | <ref name="17R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda Revenue Authority |date=2016 |title=Board Members for Financial Year 2016/2017 |url=https://www.ura.go.ug/Resources/webuploads/GNRART/Annual%20Report%20FY%2015-16.pdf |access-date=3 June 2020 |publisher=Uganda Revenue Authority |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603083912/https://www.ura.go.ug/Resources/webuploads/GNRART/Annual%20Report%20FY%2015-16.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | 7. 7. | Michael Wamibu | Memba | | <ref name="14R" /> |- |} == Laba nebino == * [[:en:URA_House|Ekizimbe kya URA House]] * [[:en:Economy_of_Uganda|Eby'enfuna bya Uganda]] * [[:en:Ministry_of_Finance,_Planning_and_Economic_Development_(Uganda)|Minisitule y’Eby'ensimbi, Enteekateeka n’Enkulaakulana y’Eby'enfuna mu Uganda]] == Ebijulizidwaamu == {{Reflist}} == Ewalala w'oyinza okubigya == * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URA_House * [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Shs195-billion-paint-deal-URA-Nakalema-Kateshumbwa/688334-5568814-c37rlo/index.html Shs195 billion paint deal led to URA shake-up] h134odqnpxvn8e2ybw00o2kyjgulz3b Abraham Byandaala 0 12020 59772 59574 2026-07-08T21:17:51Z 24RAY 11014 /* Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe */ empandiika 59772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Abraham James Byandala</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 14 Ogwolubereberye 1950) yinginiya, munnabyabufuzi era [[Munnayuganda]]. Ono ye yali [[Minisita w'Emirimu n'Entambula]] mu [[Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineti ya Uganda]]. Yalondebwa mu kifo ekyo nga 27 Ogwokutaano 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukasa |first=Henry |date=28 May 2011 |title=Museveni Names New Cabinet |url=http://newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/755941 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211084313/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/755941 |archive-date=11 December 2014 |access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref> Yadda mu bigere bya [[John Nasasira]], eyalondebwa okubeera Nampala wa Gavumenti (Chief Whip).<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=Comprehensive List of New Cabinet Appointments And Dropped Ministers |url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/the-new-vision/comprehensive-list-of-new-cabinet-appointments-dropped-ministers/10150208384704078 |access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref> Byandala era yaweerezako nga Omubaka wa Paalamenti omulonde owa Essaza ly'e Katikamu Mubukika kkono bwa Uganda , mu [[Luweero (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Luweero]] mu [[paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekkumi]] (okuva 2016 okutuuka 2021).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Byandala Abraham James - 2016 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2016-election/candidates/byandala-abraham-james-6499/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Abraham Byandala yazaalibwa mu Disitulikiti y’e Luweero nga 14 Ogwolubereberye mu 1950. Alina Diguli esooka mu bwa Yinginiya bw'Okuzimba (BSc.Civ.Eng.), gyeyafuna okuva ku [[Makerere University, Uganda|Yunivasite y'e Makerere]], yunivasite ya gavumenti esinga obukadde era esinga obunene mu Uganda. Diguli ye ey'Okubiri mu bwa Yinginiya bw'Okuzimba (MSc.Civ.Eng.), yagifunira ku [[Yunivasite y’e Strathclyde]], e Glasgow mu Scotland. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Parliament of Uganda: Profile of Engineer Byandala Abraham James, MP for Katikamu County North, Luweero District |url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=464&const=Katikamu+County+North&dist_id=4&distname=Luwero |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032043/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=464&const=Katikamu+County+North&dist_id=4&distname=Luwero |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=1 September 2014 |publisher=Parliament of Uganda}}</ref> == Emirimu gye == Ebyafaayo by’emirimu gye biweza emyaka egisukka mu 40 mu by'enguudo za Uganda. Nga tannalondebwa ku bwa Minisita w’Eby'entambula n’Emirimu, yaliko Yinginiya era Omupunta w’ekibuga Kampala. Waliwo ekiseera bweyaliko [[:en:Chairman|ssentebe]] w’Akakiiko ka gavumenti akavunaanyizibwa ku bizimbe n'enguudo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nalumansi |first=Angela |date=15 August 2011 |title=Court Dismisses Election Petition Against Byandala |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/19/762728 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140901020155/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/19/762728 |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref> Mu 2016, Byandala yeesimbawo ku bw'Omubaka bwa Paalamenti, ng'akiikirira Katikamu County North, mu Disitulikiti y'e Liweero wansi w'ekibiina ky'eby'obufuzi ekya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]], n'awangula ng'ekisanja kye kyali kitandikira mu 2016 okutuusa mu 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=European |date=2 October 2012 |title=Minister Abraham Byandala: Transport And Works Minister Committed To Service Delivery |url=http://www.european-times.com/countries/minister-abraham-byandala/ |access-date=1 September 2014 |website=The European Times |publisher=European Times |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135236/http://www.european-times.com/countries/minister-abraham-byandala/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":0"/>[[National Resistance Movement|​]] == Laba ne == * [[Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineeti ya Uganda]] * [[Parliament of Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] * [[Kampala Capital City Authority|Ekitongole kya Kampala Capital City Authority]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1170806/-/c0y8sbz/-/index.html Olukalala olujudde olwa baminisita ba kabineti ya Uganda Ogwokutaano 2011] [[Category:Abaazaalibwa mu 1950]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Baminisita b'ebyentambula mu Uganda]] [[Category:Abantu abasibuka mu Disitulikiti y'e Luweero]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Baminisita b'emirimu gy'eggwanga mu Uganda]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Paalamenti ya Uganda eyoomwenda]] [[Category:Abaganda]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekkumi]] [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi abali mukibina ekiri mubuyinza (NRM)]] 6g58n0f6a23xtq4s3sfz9jfu5m994ov 59773 59772 2026-07-08T21:50:52Z 24RAY 11014 /* Emirimu gye */empandiika 59773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Abraham James Byandala</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 14 Ogwolubereberye 1950) yinginiya, munnabyabufuzi era [[Munnayuganda]]. Ono ye yali [[Minisita w'Emirimu n'Entambula]] mu [[Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineti ya Uganda]]. Yalondebwa mu kifo ekyo nga 27 Ogwokutaano 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukasa |first=Henry |date=28 May 2011 |title=Museveni Names New Cabinet |url=http://newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/755941 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211084313/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/755941 |archive-date=11 December 2014 |access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref> Yadda mu bigere bya [[John Nasasira]], eyalondebwa okubeera Nampala wa Gavumenti (Chief Whip).<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=Comprehensive List of New Cabinet Appointments And Dropped Ministers |url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/the-new-vision/comprehensive-list-of-new-cabinet-appointments-dropped-ministers/10150208384704078 |access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref> Byandala era yaweerezako nga Omubaka wa Paalamenti omulonde owa Essaza ly'e Katikamu Mubukika kkono bwa Uganda , mu [[Luweero (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Luweero]] mu [[paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekkumi]] (okuva 2016 okutuuka 2021).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Byandala Abraham James - 2016 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2016-election/candidates/byandala-abraham-james-6499/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Abraham Byandala yazaalibwa mu Disitulikiti y’e Luweero nga 14 Ogwolubereberye mu 1950. Alina Ddiguli esooka mu bwa Yinginiya bw'Okuzimba (BSc.Civ.Eng.), gyeyafuna okuva ku [[Makerere University, Uganda|Yunivasite y'e Makerere]], yunivasite ya gavumenti esinga obukadde era esinga obunene mu Uganda. Ddiguli ye ey'Okubiri mu bwa Yinginiya bw'Okuzimba (MSc.Civ.Eng.), yagifunira ku [[Yunivasite y’e Strathclyde]], e Glasgow mu Scotland. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Parliament of Uganda: Profile of Engineer Byandala Abraham James, MP for Katikamu County North, Luweero District |url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=464&const=Katikamu+County+North&dist_id=4&distname=Luwero |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032043/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=464&const=Katikamu+County+North&dist_id=4&distname=Luwero |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=1 September 2014 |publisher=Parliament of Uganda}}</ref> == Emirimu gye == Ebyafaayo by’emirimu gye biweza emyaka egisukka mu 40 mu By'entambula /By'enguudo za Uganda. Nga tannalondebwa ku bwa Minisita w’Eby'entambula n’Emirimu, yakolako nga Yinginiya era nakola nga Omupimi w'ettaka (Omupunta) w’ekibuga Kampala. Ebiseera ebimu yaweerezako nga Ssentebe w’Akakiiko ka gavumenti akavunaanyizibwa ku bizimbe n'enguudo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nalumansi |first=Angela |date=15 August 2011 |title=Court Dismisses Election Petition Against Byandala |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/19/762728 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140901020155/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/19/762728 |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref> Mu 2016, Byandala yeesimbawo ku bw'Omubaka bwa Paalamenti, ng'akiikirira Essaza lya Katikamu mu Bukika kkono bwa Uganda, mu Disitulikiti y'e Luweero wansi w'ekibiina ekiri mubuyinza kya National Resistance Movement era yawangula, ekisanja kye kyatandika 2016 okutuusa 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=European |date=2 October 2012 |title=Minister Abraham Byandala: Transport And Works Minister Committed To Service Delivery |url=http://www.european-times.com/countries/minister-abraham-byandala/ |access-date=1 September 2014 |website=The European Times |publisher=European Times |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135236/http://www.european-times.com/countries/minister-abraham-byandala/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0"/>[[National Resistance Movement|​]] == Laba ne == * [[Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineeti ya Uganda]] * [[Parliament of Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] * [[Kampala Capital City Authority|Ekitongole kya Kampala Capital City Authority]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1170806/-/c0y8sbz/-/index.html Olukalala olujudde olwa baminisita ba kabineti ya Uganda Ogwokutaano 2011] [[Category:Abaazaalibwa mu 1950]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Baminisita b'ebyentambula mu Uganda]] [[Category:Abantu abasibuka mu Disitulikiti y'e Luweero]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Baminisita b'emirimu gy'eggwanga mu Uganda]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Paalamenti ya Uganda eyoomwenda]] [[Category:Abaganda]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekkumi]] [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi abali mukibina ekiri mubuyinza (NRM)]] npd8lsxan60kk73c1f17peauqolj4nn 59774 59773 2026-07-08T21:55:08Z 24RAY 11014 /* Emirimu gye */ Ngasseeko obutindo 59774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Abraham James Byandala</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 14 Ogwolubereberye 1950) yinginiya, munnabyabufuzi era [[Munnayuganda]]. Ono ye yali [[Minisita w'Emirimu n'Entambula]] mu [[Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineti ya Uganda]]. Yalondebwa mu kifo ekyo nga 27 Ogwokutaano 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukasa |first=Henry |date=28 May 2011 |title=Museveni Names New Cabinet |url=http://newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/755941 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211084313/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/755941 |archive-date=11 December 2014 |access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref> Yadda mu bigere bya [[John Nasasira]], eyalondebwa okubeera Nampala wa Gavumenti (Chief Whip).<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=Comprehensive List of New Cabinet Appointments And Dropped Ministers |url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/the-new-vision/comprehensive-list-of-new-cabinet-appointments-dropped-ministers/10150208384704078 |access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref> Byandala era yaweerezako nga Omubaka wa Paalamenti omulonde owa Essaza ly'e Katikamu Mubukika kkono bwa Uganda , mu [[Luweero (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Luweero]] mu [[paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekkumi]] (okuva 2016 okutuuka 2021).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Byandala Abraham James - 2016 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2016-election/candidates/byandala-abraham-james-6499/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Abraham Byandala yazaalibwa mu Disitulikiti y’e Luweero nga 14 Ogwolubereberye mu 1950. Alina Ddiguli esooka mu bwa Yinginiya bw'Okuzimba (BSc.Civ.Eng.), gyeyafuna okuva ku [[Makerere University, Uganda|Yunivasite y'e Makerere]], yunivasite ya gavumenti esinga obukadde era esinga obunene mu Uganda. Ddiguli ye ey'Okubiri mu bwa Yinginiya bw'Okuzimba (MSc.Civ.Eng.), yagifunira ku [[Yunivasite y’e Strathclyde]], e Glasgow mu Scotland. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Parliament of Uganda: Profile of Engineer Byandala Abraham James, MP for Katikamu County North, Luweero District |url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=464&const=Katikamu+County+North&dist_id=4&distname=Luwero |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032043/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=464&const=Katikamu+County+North&dist_id=4&distname=Luwero |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=1 September 2014 |publisher=Parliament of Uganda}}</ref> == Emirimu gye == Ebyafaayo by’emirimu gye biweza emyaka egisukka mu 40 mu By'entambula /By'enguudo za Uganda. Nga tannalondebwa ku bwa Minisita w’Eby'entambula n’Emirimu, yakolako nga Yinginiya era nakola nga Omupimi w'ettaka (Omupunta) w’ekibuga Kampala. Ebiseera ebimu yaweerezako nga [[Ssentebe]] w’Akakiiko ka gavumenti akavunaanyizibwa ku bizimbe n'enguudo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nalumansi |first=Angela |date=15 August 2011 |title=Court Dismisses Election Petition Against Byandala |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/19/762728 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140901020155/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/19/762728 |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref> Mu 2016, Byandala yeesimbawo ku bw'Omubaka bwa Paalamenti, ng'akiikirira Essaza lya Katikamu mu Bukika kkono bwa Uganda, mu Disitulikiti y'e Luweero wansi w'[[National Resistance Movement|ekibiina ekiri mubuyinza]] kya National Resistance Movement era yawangula, ekisanja kye kyatandika 2016 okutuusa 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=European |date=2 October 2012 |title=Minister Abraham Byandala: Transport And Works Minister Committed To Service Delivery |url=http://www.european-times.com/countries/minister-abraham-byandala/ |access-date=1 September 2014 |website=The European Times |publisher=European Times |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135236/http://www.european-times.com/countries/minister-abraham-byandala/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0"/>[[National Resistance Movement|​]] == Laba ne == * [[Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineeti ya Uganda]] * [[Parliament of Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] * [[Kampala Capital City Authority|Ekitongole kya Kampala Capital City Authority]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1170806/-/c0y8sbz/-/index.html Olukalala olujudde olwa baminisita ba kabineti ya Uganda Ogwokutaano 2011] [[Category:Abaazaalibwa mu 1950]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Baminisita b'ebyentambula mu Uganda]] [[Category:Abantu abasibuka mu Disitulikiti y'e Luweero]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Baminisita b'emirimu gy'eggwanga mu Uganda]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Paalamenti ya Uganda eyoomwenda]] [[Category:Abaganda]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekkumi]] [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi abali mukibina ekiri mubuyinza (NRM)]] n1exghmzt78llccosuk2q39j324h043 59775 59774 2026-07-08T21:57:45Z 24RAY 11014 /* Laba ne */ 59775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Abraham James Byandala</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 14 Ogwolubereberye 1950) yinginiya, munnabyabufuzi era [[Munnayuganda]]. Ono ye yali [[Minisita w'Emirimu n'Entambula]] mu [[Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineti ya Uganda]]. Yalondebwa mu kifo ekyo nga 27 Ogwokutaano 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukasa |first=Henry |date=28 May 2011 |title=Museveni Names New Cabinet |url=http://newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/755941 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211084313/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/755941 |archive-date=11 December 2014 |access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref> Yadda mu bigere bya [[John Nasasira]], eyalondebwa okubeera Nampala wa Gavumenti (Chief Whip).<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=Comprehensive List of New Cabinet Appointments And Dropped Ministers |url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/the-new-vision/comprehensive-list-of-new-cabinet-appointments-dropped-ministers/10150208384704078 |access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref> Byandala era yaweerezako nga Omubaka wa Paalamenti omulonde owa Essaza ly'e Katikamu Mubukika kkono bwa Uganda , mu [[Luweero (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Luweero]] mu [[paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekkumi]] (okuva 2016 okutuuka 2021).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Byandala Abraham James - 2016 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2016-election/candidates/byandala-abraham-james-6499/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Abraham Byandala yazaalibwa mu Disitulikiti y’e Luweero nga 14 Ogwolubereberye mu 1950. Alina Ddiguli esooka mu bwa Yinginiya bw'Okuzimba (BSc.Civ.Eng.), gyeyafuna okuva ku [[Makerere University, Uganda|Yunivasite y'e Makerere]], yunivasite ya gavumenti esinga obukadde era esinga obunene mu Uganda. Ddiguli ye ey'Okubiri mu bwa Yinginiya bw'Okuzimba (MSc.Civ.Eng.), yagifunira ku [[Yunivasite y’e Strathclyde]], e Glasgow mu Scotland. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Parliament of Uganda: Profile of Engineer Byandala Abraham James, MP for Katikamu County North, Luweero District |url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=464&const=Katikamu+County+North&dist_id=4&distname=Luwero |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032043/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=464&const=Katikamu+County+North&dist_id=4&distname=Luwero |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=1 September 2014 |publisher=Parliament of Uganda}}</ref> == Emirimu gye == Ebyafaayo by’emirimu gye biweza emyaka egisukka mu 40 mu By'entambula /By'enguudo za Uganda. Nga tannalondebwa ku bwa Minisita w’Eby'entambula n’Emirimu, yakolako nga Yinginiya era nakola nga Omupimi w'ettaka (Omupunta) w’ekibuga Kampala. Ebiseera ebimu yaweerezako nga [[Ssentebe]] w’Akakiiko ka gavumenti akavunaanyizibwa ku bizimbe n'enguudo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nalumansi |first=Angela |date=15 August 2011 |title=Court Dismisses Election Petition Against Byandala |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/19/762728 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140901020155/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/19/762728 |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref> Mu 2016, Byandala yeesimbawo ku bw'Omubaka bwa Paalamenti, ng'akiikirira Essaza lya Katikamu mu Bukika kkono bwa Uganda, mu Disitulikiti y'e Luweero wansi w'[[National Resistance Movement|ekibiina ekiri mubuyinza]] kya National Resistance Movement era yawangula, ekisanja kye kyatandika 2016 okutuusa 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=European |date=2 October 2012 |title=Minister Abraham Byandala: Transport And Works Minister Committed To Service Delivery |url=http://www.european-times.com/countries/minister-abraham-byandala/ |access-date=1 September 2014 |website=The European Times |publisher=European Times |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135236/http://www.european-times.com/countries/minister-abraham-byandala/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0"/>[[National Resistance Movement|​]] == Laba ne == * [[Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineeti ya Uganda]] * [[Parliament of Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] * [[Kampala Capital City Authority|Ekitongole kya Kampala Capital City Authority]] * Ekibiina ekiri mubuyinza ekya(NRM) * Yunivasite y'e Makerere == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1170806/-/c0y8sbz/-/index.html Olukalala olujudde olwa baminisita ba kabineti ya Uganda Ogwokutaano 2011] [[Category:Abaazaalibwa mu 1950]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Baminisita b'ebyentambula mu Uganda]] [[Category:Abantu abasibuka mu Disitulikiti y'e Luweero]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Baminisita b'emirimu gy'eggwanga mu Uganda]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Paalamenti ya Uganda eyoomwenda]] [[Category:Abaganda]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekkumi]] [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi abali mukibina ekiri mubuyinza (NRM)]] kzpku6jkm51cxok61x8o0likv410qpe 59776 59775 2026-07-08T21:58:48Z 24RAY 11014 /* Laba ne */ Ngasseeko obutindo 59776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Abraham James Byandala</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 14 Ogwolubereberye 1950) yinginiya, munnabyabufuzi era [[Munnayuganda]]. Ono ye yali [[Minisita w'Emirimu n'Entambula]] mu [[Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineti ya Uganda]]. Yalondebwa mu kifo ekyo nga 27 Ogwokutaano 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukasa |first=Henry |date=28 May 2011 |title=Museveni Names New Cabinet |url=http://newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/755941 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211084313/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/755941 |archive-date=11 December 2014 |access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref> Yadda mu bigere bya [[John Nasasira]], eyalondebwa okubeera Nampala wa Gavumenti (Chief Whip).<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=Comprehensive List of New Cabinet Appointments And Dropped Ministers |url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/the-new-vision/comprehensive-list-of-new-cabinet-appointments-dropped-ministers/10150208384704078 |access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref> Byandala era yaweerezako nga Omubaka wa Paalamenti omulonde owa Essaza ly'e Katikamu Mubukika kkono bwa Uganda , mu [[Luweero (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Luweero]] mu [[paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekkumi]] (okuva 2016 okutuuka 2021).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Byandala Abraham James - 2016 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2016-election/candidates/byandala-abraham-james-6499/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Abraham Byandala yazaalibwa mu Disitulikiti y’e Luweero nga 14 Ogwolubereberye mu 1950. Alina Ddiguli esooka mu bwa Yinginiya bw'Okuzimba (BSc.Civ.Eng.), gyeyafuna okuva ku [[Makerere University, Uganda|Yunivasite y'e Makerere]], yunivasite ya gavumenti esinga obukadde era esinga obunene mu Uganda. Ddiguli ye ey'Okubiri mu bwa Yinginiya bw'Okuzimba (MSc.Civ.Eng.), yagifunira ku [[Yunivasite y’e Strathclyde]], e Glasgow mu Scotland. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Parliament of Uganda: Profile of Engineer Byandala Abraham James, MP for Katikamu County North, Luweero District |url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=464&const=Katikamu+County+North&dist_id=4&distname=Luwero |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032043/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=464&const=Katikamu+County+North&dist_id=4&distname=Luwero |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=1 September 2014 |publisher=Parliament of Uganda}}</ref> == Emirimu gye == Ebyafaayo by’emirimu gye biweza emyaka egisukka mu 40 mu By'entambula /By'enguudo za Uganda. Nga tannalondebwa ku bwa Minisita w’Eby'entambula n’Emirimu, yakolako nga Yinginiya era nakola nga Omupimi w'ettaka (Omupunta) w’ekibuga Kampala. Ebiseera ebimu yaweerezako nga [[Ssentebe]] w’Akakiiko ka gavumenti akavunaanyizibwa ku bizimbe n'enguudo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nalumansi |first=Angela |date=15 August 2011 |title=Court Dismisses Election Petition Against Byandala |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/19/762728 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140901020155/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/19/762728 |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref> Mu 2016, Byandala yeesimbawo ku bw'Omubaka bwa Paalamenti, ng'akiikirira Essaza lya Katikamu mu Bukika kkono bwa Uganda, mu Disitulikiti y'e Luweero wansi w'[[National Resistance Movement|ekibiina ekiri mubuyinza]] kya National Resistance Movement era yawangula, ekisanja kye kyatandika 2016 okutuusa 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=European |date=2 October 2012 |title=Minister Abraham Byandala: Transport And Works Minister Committed To Service Delivery |url=http://www.european-times.com/countries/minister-abraham-byandala/ |access-date=1 September 2014 |website=The European Times |publisher=European Times |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135236/http://www.european-times.com/countries/minister-abraham-byandala/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0"/>[[National Resistance Movement|​]] == Laba ne == * [[Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineeti ya Uganda]] * [[Parliament of Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] * [[Kampala Capital City Authority|Ekitongole kya Kampala Capital City Authority]] * [[National Resistance Movement|Ekibiina ekiri mubuyinza ekya(NRM)]] * Yunivasite y'e Makerere == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1170806/-/c0y8sbz/-/index.html Olukalala olujudde olwa baminisita ba kabineti ya Uganda Ogwokutaano 2011] [[Category:Abaazaalibwa mu 1950]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Baminisita b'ebyentambula mu Uganda]] [[Category:Abantu abasibuka mu Disitulikiti y'e Luweero]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Baminisita b'emirimu gy'eggwanga mu Uganda]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Paalamenti ya Uganda eyoomwenda]] [[Category:Abaganda]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekkumi]] [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi abali mukibina ekiri mubuyinza (NRM)]] 27wevbz1w5e69pr86xn855ocu83tp9s 59777 59776 2026-07-08T21:59:38Z 24RAY 11014 /* Laba ne */ Ngasseeko obutindo 59777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Abraham James Byandala</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 14 Ogwolubereberye 1950) yinginiya, munnabyabufuzi era [[Munnayuganda]]. Ono ye yali [[Minisita w'Emirimu n'Entambula]] mu [[Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineti ya Uganda]]. Yalondebwa mu kifo ekyo nga 27 Ogwokutaano 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukasa |first=Henry |date=28 May 2011 |title=Museveni Names New Cabinet |url=http://newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/755941 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211084313/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/755941 |archive-date=11 December 2014 |access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref> Yadda mu bigere bya [[John Nasasira]], eyalondebwa okubeera Nampala wa Gavumenti (Chief Whip).<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=Comprehensive List of New Cabinet Appointments And Dropped Ministers |url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/the-new-vision/comprehensive-list-of-new-cabinet-appointments-dropped-ministers/10150208384704078 |access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref> Byandala era yaweerezako nga Omubaka wa Paalamenti omulonde owa Essaza ly'e Katikamu Mubukika kkono bwa Uganda , mu [[Luweero (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Luweero]] mu [[paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekkumi]] (okuva 2016 okutuuka 2021).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Byandala Abraham James - 2016 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2016-election/candidates/byandala-abraham-james-6499/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Abraham Byandala yazaalibwa mu Disitulikiti y’e Luweero nga 14 Ogwolubereberye mu 1950. Alina Ddiguli esooka mu bwa Yinginiya bw'Okuzimba (BSc.Civ.Eng.), gyeyafuna okuva ku [[Makerere University, Uganda|Yunivasite y'e Makerere]], yunivasite ya gavumenti esinga obukadde era esinga obunene mu Uganda. Ddiguli ye ey'Okubiri mu bwa Yinginiya bw'Okuzimba (MSc.Civ.Eng.), yagifunira ku [[Yunivasite y’e Strathclyde]], e Glasgow mu Scotland. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Parliament of Uganda: Profile of Engineer Byandala Abraham James, MP for Katikamu County North, Luweero District |url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=464&const=Katikamu+County+North&dist_id=4&distname=Luwero |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032043/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=464&const=Katikamu+County+North&dist_id=4&distname=Luwero |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=1 September 2014 |publisher=Parliament of Uganda}}</ref> == Emirimu gye == Ebyafaayo by’emirimu gye biweza emyaka egisukka mu 40 mu By'entambula /By'enguudo za Uganda. Nga tannalondebwa ku bwa Minisita w’Eby'entambula n’Emirimu, yakolako nga Yinginiya era nakola nga Omupimi w'ettaka (Omupunta) w’ekibuga Kampala. Ebiseera ebimu yaweerezako nga [[Ssentebe]] w’Akakiiko ka gavumenti akavunaanyizibwa ku bizimbe n'enguudo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nalumansi |first=Angela |date=15 August 2011 |title=Court Dismisses Election Petition Against Byandala |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/19/762728 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140901020155/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/19/762728 |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref> Mu 2016, Byandala yeesimbawo ku bw'Omubaka bwa Paalamenti, ng'akiikirira Essaza lya Katikamu mu Bukika kkono bwa Uganda, mu Disitulikiti y'e Luweero wansi w'[[National Resistance Movement|ekibiina ekiri mubuyinza]] kya National Resistance Movement era yawangula, ekisanja kye kyatandika 2016 okutuusa 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=European |date=2 October 2012 |title=Minister Abraham Byandala: Transport And Works Minister Committed To Service Delivery |url=http://www.european-times.com/countries/minister-abraham-byandala/ |access-date=1 September 2014 |website=The European Times |publisher=European Times |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135236/http://www.european-times.com/countries/minister-abraham-byandala/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0"/>[[National Resistance Movement|​]] == Laba ne == * [[Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineeti ya Uganda]] * [[Parliament of Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] * [[Kampala Capital City Authority|Ekitongole kya Kampala Capital City Authority]] * [[National Resistance Movement|Ekibiina ekiri mubuyinza ekya(NRM)]] * [[Makerere University, Uganda|Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1170806/-/c0y8sbz/-/index.html Olukalala olujudde olwa baminisita ba kabineti ya Uganda Ogwokutaano 2011] [[Category:Abaazaalibwa mu 1950]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Baminisita b'ebyentambula mu Uganda]] [[Category:Abantu abasibuka mu Disitulikiti y'e Luweero]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Baminisita b'emirimu gy'eggwanga mu Uganda]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Paalamenti ya Uganda eyoomwenda]] [[Category:Abaganda]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekkumi]] [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi abali mukibina ekiri mubuyinza (NRM)]] pvuxm5ish7d0ldp7hj3qln7jzuf927d 59778 59777 2026-07-08T22:10:46Z 24RAY 11014 /* Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia */ Ngasseeko obutindo 59778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Abraham James Byandala</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 14 Ogwolubereberye 1950) yinginiya, munnabyabufuzi era [[Munnayuganda]]. Ono ye yali [[Minisita w'Emirimu n'Entambula]] mu [[Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineti ya Uganda]]. Yalondebwa mu kifo ekyo nga 27 Ogwokutaano 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukasa |first=Henry |date=28 May 2011 |title=Museveni Names New Cabinet |url=http://newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/755941 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211084313/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/755941 |archive-date=11 December 2014 |access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref> Yadda mu bigere bya [[John Nasasira]], eyalondebwa okubeera Nampala wa Gavumenti (Chief Whip).<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=Comprehensive List of New Cabinet Appointments And Dropped Ministers |url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/the-new-vision/comprehensive-list-of-new-cabinet-appointments-dropped-ministers/10150208384704078 |access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref> Byandala era yaweerezako nga Omubaka wa Paalamenti omulonde owa Essaza ly'e Katikamu Mubukika kkono bwa Uganda , mu [[Luweero (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Luweero]] mu [[paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekkumi]] (okuva 2016 okutuuka 2021).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Byandala Abraham James - 2016 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2016-election/candidates/byandala-abraham-james-6499/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}</ref> == Obuto bwe n'okusoma kwe == Abraham Byandala yazaalibwa mu Disitulikiti y’e Luweero nga 14 Ogwolubereberye mu 1950. Alina Ddiguli esooka mu bwa Yinginiya bw'Okuzimba (BSc.Civ.Eng.), gyeyafuna okuva ku [[Makerere University, Uganda|Yunivasite y'e Makerere]], yunivasite ya gavumenti esinga obukadde era esinga obunene mu Uganda. Ddiguli ye ey'Okubiri mu bwa Yinginiya bw'Okuzimba (MSc.Civ.Eng.), yagifunira ku [[Yunivasite y’e Strathclyde]], e Glasgow mu Scotland. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Parliament of Uganda: Profile of Engineer Byandala Abraham James, MP for Katikamu County North, Luweero District |url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=464&const=Katikamu+County+North&dist_id=4&distname=Luwero |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032043/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=464&const=Katikamu+County+North&dist_id=4&distname=Luwero |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=1 September 2014 |publisher=Parliament of Uganda}}</ref> == Emirimu gye == Ebyafaayo by’emirimu gye biweza emyaka egisukka mu 40 mu By'entambula /By'enguudo za Uganda. Nga tannalondebwa ku bwa Minisita w’Eby'entambula n’Emirimu, yakolako nga Yinginiya era nakola nga Omupimi w'ettaka (Omupunta) w’ekibuga Kampala. Ebiseera ebimu yaweerezako nga [[Ssentebe]] w’Akakiiko ka gavumenti akavunaanyizibwa ku bizimbe n'enguudo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nalumansi |first=Angela |date=15 August 2011 |title=Court Dismisses Election Petition Against Byandala |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/19/762728 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140901020155/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/19/762728 |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref> Mu 2016, Byandala yeesimbawo ku bw'Omubaka bwa Paalamenti, ng'akiikirira Essaza lya Katikamu mu Bukika kkono bwa Uganda, mu Disitulikiti y'e Luweero wansi w'[[National Resistance Movement|ekibiina ekiri mubuyinza]] kya National Resistance Movement era yawangula, ekisanja kye kyatandika 2016 okutuusa 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=European |date=2 October 2012 |title=Minister Abraham Byandala: Transport And Works Minister Committed To Service Delivery |url=http://www.european-times.com/countries/minister-abraham-byandala/ |access-date=1 September 2014 |website=The European Times |publisher=European Times |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135236/http://www.european-times.com/countries/minister-abraham-byandala/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0"/>[[National Resistance Movement|​]] == Laba ne == * [[Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineeti ya Uganda]] * [[Parliament of Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] * [[Kampala Capital City Authority|Ekitongole kya Kampala Capital City Authority]] * [[National Resistance Movement|Ekibiina ekiri mubuyinza ekya(NRM)]] * [[Makerere University, Uganda|Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1170806/-/c0y8sbz/-/index.html Olukalala olujudde olwa Baminisita ba kabineti ya Uganda ey'Ogwokutaano 2011] [[Category:Abaazaalibwa mu 1950]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Baminisita b'ebyentambula mu Uganda]] [[Category:Abantu abasibuka mu Disitulikiti y'e Luweero]] [[Category:Abayizi abaasomera ku Yunivasite y'e Makerere]] [[Category:Baminisita b'emirimu gy'eggwanga mu Uganda]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Paalamenti ya Uganda eyoomwenda]] [[Category:Abaganda]] [[Category:Ababaka ba Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekkumi]] [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi abali mukibina ekiri mubuyinza (NRM)]] kw358aqc6tpx4ynxqulrhsl5jeqwsy6 Elijah Mushemeza 0 12066 59876 42348 2026-07-09T11:09:16Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added a Databox 59876 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elijah Dickens Mushemeza''' nga yazaalibwa 26 Ogwokubiri mu 1964, mu [[Sheema (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Sheema]], mu bitundu by'Omubugwanjuba bwa [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], nga muyivu, muwandiisi, era munnabyabufuzi abuteeka munkola. Ono Pulofeesa mu Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n’Okuddukanya Enkulaakulana, nga bino abisomesa ku Yuniivasite y’e Ankole esinganibwa mu Gwanjuba bwa Uganda, era nga ye muwi w’amagezi omukulu mu ACODE. Emabegako yaliko akulira etendekero ewasinganibwa abasomesa abayigiriza Eby’obusuubuzi n'emisomo gy'enkulaakulana ku Bishop Stuart University e Mbarara mu Uganda. Ye pulofeesa omugenyi mu [[:en:Bishop_Stuart_University|Bishop Stuart University.]] Yafuna diguli Mu by'emisomo egy'enjawulo mu By’obulamu, Diguli ey'okubiri mu By'enjigiriza eby'enjawulo mu By’enkulaakulana, ne Diguli ey'Okusatu mu Sayaansi W'eby'obufuzi ku Makerere University. Yeebuzibwaako ku by’enjigiriza, enfuga, obwavu, eby'obufuzi, entalo, okukaka abantu okusenguka, eby'okwerinda, amafuta ne gaasi, n’ensonga z’enkulaakulana, ng'okutwaliza awamu mu kitundu kya Great Lakes mu Afrika. Emabegako yaliko omukwanaganya wa pulogulaamu ya MA mu nkolagana y’ensi yonna n’okusoma kw'abakungu mu kitongole kya Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n'Ezirukanya y’Emirimu gya Gavumenti ku Makerere University. Asomesezaako mu Yunivasite y’e Mbarara eya Sayaansi ne Tekinologiya. Mushemeza yaliko ku kakiiko akafuzi ak’enjawulo aka Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. Afulumizza ebiwandiiko ebiwerako mu butabo bw'ensi yonna. Ye musunsuzi w'ebiwandikibwa mu kitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . Ebweru w’eby’enjigiriza, Mushemeza akola nnyo munabyabufuzi mu Uganda. Yali memba mu lukiiko lwa ssemateeka olwa 1994 ne 95 olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo amateeka, n’okulangirira ssemateeka wa Uganda, era nga Mubaka wa Paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yali muwabuzi wa pulezidenti ku ddaala lya minisita omukulu mu kabineeti era nga mu myuka wa ssentebe w’akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya National Resistance Movement, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza mu Uganda okuva mu 2010, okutuusa mu 2015. Mu kitabo kye, ''The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda, 1959–2001'', <ref>{{Cite book |last=Mushemeza |first=E. D. |year=2007 |title=The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda 1959–2001 |publisher=Fountain Publishers |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mushemeza anoonyereza ku ngeri ababundabunda Banyarwanda gye baatuuka ku mitendera egy’ensonga egy’okwegatta mu bantu ba Uganda olw’engeri gyebayingira mu by'embeera z’abantu, eby'enfuna, n’obuwangwa eby'efanaanyirizi eby’abantu ba Uganda mu bitundu gye baasenga. Singa gavumenti ya Uganda "teyalemererwa" ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1970 ne 1980, ababundabunda bano bandibadde baafulibwa batuuze ba ggwanga. Wadde nga kumpi ababuundabuunda bonna aba Hutu n’Abatutsi baatuuka ku mitendera egy’amakulu egy’okwegatta (nga abamu bwe baayisibwa obubi era nga batulugunyizibwa n’olulimi lw'okuyisaamu amaaso), abakulembeze baabwe n’abamu ku bakulu tebagwaamu ssuubi lya kirooto kyabwe eky'okuddayo ewaka. Omukisa gw’okuddayo gwatuuka negujja mu mbeera y’olutalo lw’omunda mu Uganda olwaliwo okuva mu 1981 okutuusa mu 1986. Abanyarwanda ababuundabuunda ku kukozesa eryaanyi n'obutabanguko bwa NRM/NRA ekyabasobozessa okufuna eby'obufuzi, obukungu, n’obukugu mu by'amagye, bye baakozesa mungeri enaambulukufu okutuukiriza ebigendererwa byabwe eby’okunyweza. Mushemeza afulumizza nnyo ebiwandiiko mu butabo obuli ku mutendera gw'ensi yonna ne mu ggwanga omuli CODESRIA, ACODE <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207174054/http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2016 |access-date=7 January 2014}}</ref> ne CEWIGO. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328060125/http://www.cewigo.org/Publications/CEWIGO%20research-impact%20assessement-women2.pdf "Monitor implementation of the National Action Plan for UNSCR 1325, 1820 and Goma Declaration"], CEWIGO.</ref> Era ye Musunsuzi w'ekitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . Wabweru wa yunivasite, Mushemeza ali nnyo mu by'obufuzi bya Uganda. Yali memba w’Olukiiko Olufuzi olwa Ssemateeka 1994–95) olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo n’okulangirira Ssemateeka wa Uganda, era yali memba wa paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yaliko Omumyuka wa Ssentebe w’Akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement]], <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121020085604/http://allafrica.com/stories/201010250060.html Emmanuel Mulondo, "Uganda: Museveni Appoints New NRM Electoral Commission"], ''The Monitor'', 25 October 2010. AllAfrica.</ref> ekibiina ekifuga mu Uganda. == Obulamu bwe == Elijah Mushemeza abadde mufumbo ne Irene Mushemeza okuva mu 1994. Beebazadde b’abaana bataano. == Ebijuliziddwaamu == {{Reflist}} == Ewalala w'oyinza okubigya == * [http://www.nrm.ug/ Omukutu gwa National Resistance Movement omukutu gwa yintaneeti] * [http://bsu.ac.ug/ Omukutu gwa Bishop Stuart University] * [http://codesria.org/ Omukutu gwa CODESRIA] * [http://www.acode-u.org/ Omukutu gwa ACODE] * [http://www.ellapracticalaction.org]  h6h6ayr84v1osvqivvg1e84zgs772yn 59877 59876 2026-07-09T11:10:14Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 de-wikilinked 59877 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elijah Dickens Mushemeza''' nga yazaalibwa 26 Ogwokubiri mu 1964, mu [[Sheema (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Sheema]], mu bitundu by'Omubugwanjuba bwa [[Yuganda|Uganda]], nga muyivu, muwandiisi, era munnabyabufuzi abuteeka munkola. Ono Pulofeesa mu Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n’Okuddukanya Enkulaakulana, nga bino abisomesa ku Yuniivasite y’e Ankole esinganibwa mu Gwanjuba bwa Uganda, era nga ye muwi w’amagezi omukulu mu ACODE. Emabegako yaliko akulira etendekero ewasinganibwa abasomesa abayigiriza Eby’obusuubuzi n'emisomo gy'enkulaakulana ku Bishop Stuart University e Mbarara mu Uganda. Ye pulofeesa omugenyi mu [[Bishop Stuart University|Bishop Stuart University.]] Yafuna diguli Mu by'emisomo egy'enjawulo mu By’obulamu, Diguli ey'okubiri mu By'enjigiriza eby'enjawulo mu By’enkulaakulana, ne Diguli ey'Okusatu mu Sayaansi W'eby'obufuzi ku Makerere University. Yeebuzibwaako ku by’enjigiriza, enfuga, obwavu, eby'obufuzi, entalo, okukaka abantu okusenguka, eby'okwerinda, amafuta ne gaasi, n’ensonga z’enkulaakulana, ng'okutwaliza awamu mu kitundu kya Great Lakes mu Afrika. Emabegako yaliko omukwanaganya wa pulogulaamu ya MA mu nkolagana y’ensi yonna n’okusoma kw'abakungu mu kitongole kya Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n'Ezirukanya y’Emirimu gya Gavumenti ku Makerere University. Asomesezaako mu Yunivasite y’e Mbarara eya Sayaansi ne Tekinologiya. Mushemeza yaliko ku kakiiko akafuzi ak’enjawulo aka Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. Afulumizza ebiwandiiko ebiwerako mu butabo bw'ensi yonna. Ye musunsuzi w'ebiwandikibwa mu kitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . Ebweru w’eby’enjigiriza, Mushemeza akola nnyo munabyabufuzi mu Uganda. Yali memba mu lukiiko lwa ssemateeka olwa 1994 ne 95 olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo amateeka, n’okulangirira ssemateeka wa Uganda, era nga Mubaka wa Paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yali muwabuzi wa pulezidenti ku ddaala lya minisita omukulu mu kabineeti era nga mu myuka wa ssentebe w’akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya National Resistance Movement, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza mu Uganda okuva mu 2010, okutuusa mu 2015. Mu kitabo kye, ''The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda, 1959–2001'', <ref>{{Cite book |last=Mushemeza |first=E. D. |year=2007 |title=The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda 1959–2001 |publisher=Fountain Publishers |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mushemeza anoonyereza ku ngeri ababundabunda Banyarwanda gye baatuuka ku mitendera egy’ensonga egy’okwegatta mu bantu ba Uganda olw’engeri gyebayingira mu by'embeera z’abantu, eby'enfuna, n’obuwangwa eby'efanaanyirizi eby’abantu ba Uganda mu bitundu gye baasenga. Singa gavumenti ya Uganda "teyalemererwa" ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1970 ne 1980, ababundabunda bano bandibadde baafulibwa batuuze ba ggwanga. Wadde nga kumpi ababuundabuunda bonna aba Hutu n’Abatutsi baatuuka ku mitendera egy’amakulu egy’okwegatta (nga abamu bwe baayisibwa obubi era nga batulugunyizibwa n’olulimi lw'okuyisaamu amaaso), abakulembeze baabwe n’abamu ku bakulu tebagwaamu ssuubi lya kirooto kyabwe eky'okuddayo ewaka. Omukisa gw’okuddayo gwatuuka negujja mu mbeera y’olutalo lw’omunda mu Uganda olwaliwo okuva mu 1981 okutuusa mu 1986. Abanyarwanda ababuundabuunda ku kukozesa eryaanyi n'obutabanguko bwa NRM/NRA ekyabasobozessa okufuna eby'obufuzi, obukungu, n’obukugu mu by'amagye, bye baakozesa mungeri enaambulukufu okutuukiriza ebigendererwa byabwe eby’okunyweza. Mushemeza afulumizza nnyo ebiwandiiko mu butabo obuli ku mutendera gw'ensi yonna ne mu ggwanga omuli CODESRIA, ACODE <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207174054/http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2016 |access-date=7 January 2014}}</ref> ne CEWIGO. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328060125/http://www.cewigo.org/Publications/CEWIGO%20research-impact%20assessement-women2.pdf "Monitor implementation of the National Action Plan for UNSCR 1325, 1820 and Goma Declaration"], CEWIGO.</ref> Era ye Musunsuzi w'ekitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . Wabweru wa yunivasite, Mushemeza ali nnyo mu by'obufuzi bya Uganda. Yali memba w’Olukiiko Olufuzi olwa Ssemateeka 1994–95) olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo n’okulangirira Ssemateeka wa Uganda, era yali memba wa paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yaliko Omumyuka wa Ssentebe w’Akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement]], <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121020085604/http://allafrica.com/stories/201010250060.html Emmanuel Mulondo, "Uganda: Museveni Appoints New NRM Electoral Commission"], ''The Monitor'', 25 October 2010. AllAfrica.</ref> ekibiina ekifuga mu Uganda. == Obulamu bwe == Elijah Mushemeza abadde mufumbo ne Irene Mushemeza okuva mu 1994. Beebazadde b’abaana bataano. == Ebijuliziddwaamu == {{Reflist}} == Ewalala w'oyinza okubigya == * [http://www.nrm.ug/ Omukutu gwa National Resistance Movement omukutu gwa yintaneeti] * [http://bsu.ac.ug/ Omukutu gwa Bishop Stuart University] * [http://codesria.org/ Omukutu gwa CODESRIA] * [http://www.acode-u.org/ Omukutu gwa ACODE] * [http://www.ellapracticalaction.org]  iliw9fe08h9756kpmf9ofro0aplupl1 59878 59877 2026-07-09T11:15:29Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 added new heading 59878 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elijah Dickens Mushemeza''' nga yazaalibwa 26 Ogwokubiri mu 1964, mu [[Sheema (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Sheema]], mu bitundu by'Omubugwanjuba bwa [[Yuganda|Uganda]], nga muyivu, muwandiisi, era munnabyabufuzi abuteeka munkola. Ono Pulofeesa mu Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n’Okuddukanya Enkulaakulana, nga bino abisomesa ku Yuniivasite y’e Ankole esinganibwa mu Gwanjuba bwa Uganda, era nga ye muwi w’amagezi omukulu mu ACODE. Emabegako yaliko akulira etendekero ewasinganibwa abasomesa abayigiriza Eby’obusuubuzi n'emisomo gy'enkulaakulana ku Bishop Stuart University e Mbarara mu Uganda. Ye pulofeesa omugenyi mu [[Bishop Stuart University|Bishop Stuart University.]] == Okusoma kwe == Yafuna diguli Mu by'emisomo egy'enjawulo mu By’obulamu, Diguli ey'okubiri mu By'enjigiriza eby'enjawulo mu By’enkulaakulana, ne Diguli ey'Okusatu mu Sayaansi W'eby'obufuzi ku Makerere University. Yeebuzibwaako ku by’enjigiriza, enfuga, obwavu, eby'obufuzi, entalo, okukaka abantu okusenguka, eby'okwerinda, amafuta ne gaasi, n’ensonga z’enkulaakulana, ng'okutwaliza awamu mu kitundu kya Great Lakes mu Afrika. Emabegako yaliko omukwanaganya wa pulogulaamu ya MA mu nkolagana y’ensi yonna n’okusoma kw'abakungu mu kitongole kya Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n'Ezirukanya y’Emirimu gya Gavumenti ku Makerere University. Asomesezaako mu Yunivasite y’e Mbarara eya Sayaansi ne Tekinologiya. Mushemeza yaliko ku kakiiko akafuzi ak’enjawulo aka Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. Afulumizza ebiwandiiko ebiwerako mu butabo bw'ensi yonna. Ye musunsuzi w'ebiwandikibwa mu kitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . Ebweru w’eby’enjigiriza, Mushemeza akola nnyo munabyabufuzi mu Uganda. Yali memba mu lukiiko lwa ssemateeka olwa 1994 ne 95 olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo amateeka, n’okulangirira ssemateeka wa Uganda, era nga Mubaka wa Paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yali muwabuzi wa pulezidenti ku ddaala lya minisita omukulu mu kabineeti era nga mu myuka wa ssentebe w’akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya National Resistance Movement, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza mu Uganda okuva mu 2010, okutuusa mu 2015. Mu kitabo kye, ''The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda, 1959–2001'', <ref>{{Cite book |last=Mushemeza |first=E. D. |year=2007 |title=The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda 1959–2001 |publisher=Fountain Publishers |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mushemeza anoonyereza ku ngeri ababundabunda Banyarwanda gye baatuuka ku mitendera egy’ensonga egy’okwegatta mu bantu ba Uganda olw’engeri gyebayingira mu by'embeera z’abantu, eby'enfuna, n’obuwangwa eby'efanaanyirizi eby’abantu ba Uganda mu bitundu gye baasenga. Singa gavumenti ya Uganda "teyalemererwa" ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1970 ne 1980, ababundabunda bano bandibadde baafulibwa batuuze ba ggwanga. Wadde nga kumpi ababuundabuunda bonna aba Hutu n’Abatutsi baatuuka ku mitendera egy’amakulu egy’okwegatta (nga abamu bwe baayisibwa obubi era nga batulugunyizibwa n’olulimi lw'okuyisaamu amaaso), abakulembeze baabwe n’abamu ku bakulu tebagwaamu ssuubi lya kirooto kyabwe eky'okuddayo ewaka. Omukisa gw’okuddayo gwatuuka negujja mu mbeera y’olutalo lw’omunda mu Uganda olwaliwo okuva mu 1981 okutuusa mu 1986. Abanyarwanda ababuundabuunda ku kukozesa eryaanyi n'obutabanguko bwa NRM/NRA ekyabasobozessa okufuna eby'obufuzi, obukungu, n’obukugu mu by'amagye, bye baakozesa mungeri enaambulukufu okutuukiriza ebigendererwa byabwe eby’okunyweza. Mushemeza afulumizza nnyo ebiwandiiko mu butabo obuli ku mutendera gw'ensi yonna ne mu ggwanga omuli CODESRIA, ACODE <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207174054/http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2016 |access-date=7 January 2014}}</ref> ne CEWIGO. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328060125/http://www.cewigo.org/Publications/CEWIGO%20research-impact%20assessement-women2.pdf "Monitor implementation of the National Action Plan for UNSCR 1325, 1820 and Goma Declaration"], CEWIGO.</ref> Era ye Musunsuzi w'ekitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . Wabweru wa yunivasite, Mushemeza ali nnyo mu by'obufuzi bya Uganda. Yali memba w’Olukiiko Olufuzi olwa Ssemateeka 1994–95) olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo n’okulangirira Ssemateeka wa Uganda, era yali memba wa paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yaliko Omumyuka wa Ssentebe w’Akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement]], <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121020085604/http://allafrica.com/stories/201010250060.html Emmanuel Mulondo, "Uganda: Museveni Appoints New NRM Electoral Commission"], ''The Monitor'', 25 October 2010. AllAfrica.</ref> ekibiina ekifuga mu Uganda. == Obulamu bwe == Elijah Mushemeza abadde mufumbo ne Irene Mushemeza okuva mu 1994. Beebazadde b’abaana bataano. == Ebijuliziddwaamu == {{Reflist}} == Ewalala w'oyinza okubigya == * [http://www.nrm.ug/ Omukutu gwa National Resistance Movement omukutu gwa yintaneeti] * [http://bsu.ac.ug/ Omukutu gwa Bishop Stuart University] * [http://codesria.org/ Omukutu gwa CODESRIA] * [http://www.acode-u.org/ Omukutu gwa ACODE] * [http://www.ellapracticalaction.org]  kdshahplwc2adgx5rocvgatm9hl69ll 59881 59878 2026-07-09T11:17:29Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 added new heading 59881 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elijah Dickens Mushemeza''' nga yazaalibwa 26 Ogwokubiri mu 1964, mu [[Sheema (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Sheema]], mu bitundu by'Omubugwanjuba bwa [[Yuganda|Uganda]], nga muyivu, muwandiisi, era munnabyabufuzi abuteeka munkola. Ono Pulofeesa mu Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n’Okuddukanya Enkulaakulana, nga bino abisomesa ku Yuniivasite y’e Ankole esinganibwa mu Gwanjuba bwa Uganda, era nga ye muwi w’amagezi omukulu mu ACODE. Emabegako yaliko akulira etendekero ewasinganibwa abasomesa abayigiriza Eby’obusuubuzi n'emisomo gy'enkulaakulana ku Bishop Stuart University e Mbarara mu Uganda. Ye pulofeesa omugenyi mu [[Bishop Stuart University|Bishop Stuart University.]] == Okusoma kwe == Yafuna diguli Mu by'emisomo egy'enjawulo mu By’obulamu, Diguli ey'okubiri mu By'enjigiriza eby'enjawulo mu By’enkulaakulana, ne Diguli ey'Okusatu mu Sayaansi W'eby'obufuzi ku Makerere University. Yeebuzibwaako ku by’enjigiriza, enfuga, obwavu, eby'obufuzi, entalo, okukaka abantu okusenguka, eby'okwerinda, amafuta ne gaasi, n’ensonga z’enkulaakulana, ng'okutwaliza awamu mu kitundu kya Great Lakes mu Afrika. == Obuvo bw'obukugu bwe == Emabegako yaliko omukwanaganya wa pulogulaamu ya MA mu nkolagana y’ensi yonna n’okusoma kw'abakungu mu kitongole kya Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n'Ezirukanya y’Emirimu gya Gavumenti ku Makerere University. Asomesezaako mu Yunivasite y’e Mbarara eya Sayaansi ne Tekinologiya. Mushemeza yaliko ku kakiiko akafuzi ak’enjawulo aka Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. Afulumizza ebiwandiiko ebiwerako mu butabo bw'ensi yonna. Ye musunsuzi w'ebiwandikibwa mu kitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . Ebweru w’eby’enjigiriza, Mushemeza akola nnyo munabyabufuzi mu Uganda. Yali memba mu lukiiko lwa ssemateeka olwa 1994 ne 95 olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo amateeka, n’okulangirira ssemateeka wa Uganda, era nga Mubaka wa Paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yali muwabuzi wa pulezidenti ku ddaala lya minisita omukulu mu kabineeti era nga mu myuka wa ssentebe w’akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya National Resistance Movement, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza mu Uganda okuva mu 2010, okutuusa mu 2015. Mu kitabo kye, ''The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda, 1959–2001'', <ref>{{Cite book |last=Mushemeza |first=E. D. |year=2007 |title=The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda 1959–2001 |publisher=Fountain Publishers |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mushemeza anoonyereza ku ngeri ababundabunda Banyarwanda gye baatuuka ku mitendera egy’ensonga egy’okwegatta mu bantu ba Uganda olw’engeri gyebayingira mu by'embeera z’abantu, eby'enfuna, n’obuwangwa eby'efanaanyirizi eby’abantu ba Uganda mu bitundu gye baasenga. Singa gavumenti ya Uganda "teyalemererwa" ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1970 ne 1980, ababundabunda bano bandibadde baafulibwa batuuze ba ggwanga. Wadde nga kumpi ababuundabuunda bonna aba Hutu n’Abatutsi baatuuka ku mitendera egy’amakulu egy’okwegatta (nga abamu bwe baayisibwa obubi era nga batulugunyizibwa n’olulimi lw'okuyisaamu amaaso), abakulembeze baabwe n’abamu ku bakulu tebagwaamu ssuubi lya kirooto kyabwe eky'okuddayo ewaka. Omukisa gw’okuddayo gwatuuka negujja mu mbeera y’olutalo lw’omunda mu Uganda olwaliwo okuva mu 1981 okutuusa mu 1986. Abanyarwanda ababuundabuunda ku kukozesa eryaanyi n'obutabanguko bwa NRM/NRA ekyabasobozessa okufuna eby'obufuzi, obukungu, n’obukugu mu by'amagye, bye baakozesa mungeri enaambulukufu okutuukiriza ebigendererwa byabwe eby’okunyweza. Mushemeza afulumizza nnyo ebiwandiiko mu butabo obuli ku mutendera gw'ensi yonna ne mu ggwanga omuli CODESRIA, ACODE <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207174054/http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2016 |access-date=7 January 2014}}</ref> ne CEWIGO. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328060125/http://www.cewigo.org/Publications/CEWIGO%20research-impact%20assessement-women2.pdf "Monitor implementation of the National Action Plan for UNSCR 1325, 1820 and Goma Declaration"], CEWIGO.</ref> Era ye Musunsuzi w'ekitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . Wabweru wa yunivasite, Mushemeza ali nnyo mu by'obufuzi bya Uganda. Yali memba w’Olukiiko Olufuzi olwa Ssemateeka 1994–95) olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo n’okulangirira Ssemateeka wa Uganda, era yali memba wa paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yaliko Omumyuka wa Ssentebe w’Akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement]], <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121020085604/http://allafrica.com/stories/201010250060.html Emmanuel Mulondo, "Uganda: Museveni Appoints New NRM Electoral Commission"], ''The Monitor'', 25 October 2010. AllAfrica.</ref> ekibiina ekifuga mu Uganda. == Obulamu bwe == Elijah Mushemeza abadde mufumbo ne Irene Mushemeza okuva mu 1994. Beebazadde b’abaana bataano. == Ebijuliziddwaamu == {{Reflist}} == Ewalala w'oyinza okubigya == * [http://www.nrm.ug/ Omukutu gwa National Resistance Movement omukutu gwa yintaneeti] * [http://bsu.ac.ug/ Omukutu gwa Bishop Stuart University] * [http://codesria.org/ Omukutu gwa CODESRIA] * [http://www.acode-u.org/ Omukutu gwa ACODE] * [http://www.ellapracticalaction.org]  ruhi7xy8v0thmhbt4k0u6j5cxets2bq 59883 59881 2026-07-09T11:18:20Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 added new heading 59883 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elijah Dickens Mushemeza''' nga yazaalibwa 26 Ogwokubiri mu 1964, mu [[Sheema (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Sheema]], mu bitundu by'Omubugwanjuba bwa [[Yuganda|Uganda]], nga muyivu, muwandiisi, era munnabyabufuzi abuteeka munkola. Ono Pulofeesa mu Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n’Okuddukanya Enkulaakulana, nga bino abisomesa ku Yuniivasite y’e Ankole esinganibwa mu Gwanjuba bwa Uganda, era nga ye muwi w’amagezi omukulu mu ACODE. Emabegako yaliko akulira etendekero ewasinganibwa abasomesa abayigiriza Eby’obusuubuzi n'emisomo gy'enkulaakulana ku Bishop Stuart University e Mbarara mu Uganda. Ye pulofeesa omugenyi mu [[Bishop Stuart University|Bishop Stuart University.]] == Okusoma kwe == Yafuna diguli Mu by'emisomo egy'enjawulo mu By’obulamu, Diguli ey'okubiri mu By'enjigiriza eby'enjawulo mu By’enkulaakulana, ne Diguli ey'Okusatu mu Sayaansi W'eby'obufuzi ku Makerere University. Yeebuzibwaako ku by’enjigiriza, enfuga, obwavu, eby'obufuzi, entalo, okukaka abantu okusenguka, eby'okwerinda, amafuta ne gaasi, n’ensonga z’enkulaakulana, ng'okutwaliza awamu mu kitundu kya Great Lakes mu Afrika. == Obuvo bw'obukugu bwe == Emabegako yaliko omukwanaganya wa pulogulaamu ya MA mu nkolagana y’ensi yonna n’okusoma kw'abakungu mu kitongole kya Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n'Ezirukanya y’Emirimu gya Gavumenti ku Makerere University. Asomesezaako mu Yunivasite y’e Mbarara eya Sayaansi ne Tekinologiya. Mushemeza yaliko ku kakiiko akafuzi ak’enjawulo aka Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. Afulumizza ebiwandiiko ebiwerako mu butabo bw'ensi yonna. Ye musunsuzi w'ebiwandikibwa mu kitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . Ebweru w’eby’enjigiriza, Mushemeza akola nnyo munabyabufuzi mu Uganda. Yali memba mu lukiiko lwa ssemateeka olwa 1994 ne 95 olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo amateeka, n’okulangirira ssemateeka wa Uganda, era nga Mubaka wa Paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yali muwabuzi wa pulezidenti ku ddaala lya minisita omukulu mu kabineeti era nga mu myuka wa ssentebe w’akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya National Resistance Movement, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza mu Uganda okuva mu 2010, okutuusa mu 2015. == Byawandiise == Mu kitabo kye, ''The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda, 1959–2001'', <ref>{{Cite book |last=Mushemeza |first=E. D. |year=2007 |title=The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda 1959–2001 |publisher=Fountain Publishers |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mushemeza anoonyereza ku ngeri ababundabunda Banyarwanda gye baatuuka ku mitendera egy’ensonga egy’okwegatta mu bantu ba Uganda olw’engeri gyebayingira mu by'embeera z’abantu, eby'enfuna, n’obuwangwa eby'efanaanyirizi eby’abantu ba Uganda mu bitundu gye baasenga. Singa gavumenti ya Uganda "teyalemererwa" ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1970 ne 1980, ababundabunda bano bandibadde baafulibwa batuuze ba ggwanga. Wadde nga kumpi ababuundabuunda bonna aba Hutu n’Abatutsi baatuuka ku mitendera egy’amakulu egy’okwegatta (nga abamu bwe baayisibwa obubi era nga batulugunyizibwa n’olulimi lw'okuyisaamu amaaso), abakulembeze baabwe n’abamu ku bakulu tebagwaamu ssuubi lya kirooto kyabwe eky'okuddayo ewaka. Omukisa gw’okuddayo gwatuuka negujja mu mbeera y’olutalo lw’omunda mu Uganda olwaliwo okuva mu 1981 okutuusa mu 1986. Abanyarwanda ababuundabuunda ku kukozesa eryaanyi n'obutabanguko bwa NRM/NRA ekyabasobozessa okufuna eby'obufuzi, obukungu, n’obukugu mu by'amagye, bye baakozesa mungeri enaambulukufu okutuukiriza ebigendererwa byabwe eby’okunyweza. Mushemeza afulumizza nnyo ebiwandiiko mu butabo obuli ku mutendera gw'ensi yonna ne mu ggwanga omuli CODESRIA, ACODE <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207174054/http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2016 |access-date=7 January 2014}}</ref> ne CEWIGO. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328060125/http://www.cewigo.org/Publications/CEWIGO%20research-impact%20assessement-women2.pdf "Monitor implementation of the National Action Plan for UNSCR 1325, 1820 and Goma Declaration"], CEWIGO.</ref> Era ye Musunsuzi w'ekitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . Wabweru wa yunivasite, Mushemeza ali nnyo mu by'obufuzi bya Uganda. Yali memba w’Olukiiko Olufuzi olwa Ssemateeka 1994–95) olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo n’okulangirira Ssemateeka wa Uganda, era yali memba wa paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yaliko Omumyuka wa Ssentebe w’Akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement]], <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121020085604/http://allafrica.com/stories/201010250060.html Emmanuel Mulondo, "Uganda: Museveni Appoints New NRM Electoral Commission"], ''The Monitor'', 25 October 2010. AllAfrica.</ref> ekibiina ekifuga mu Uganda. == Obulamu bwe == Elijah Mushemeza abadde mufumbo ne Irene Mushemeza okuva mu 1994. Beebazadde b’abaana bataano. == Ebijuliziddwaamu == {{Reflist}} == Ewalala w'oyinza okubigya == * [http://www.nrm.ug/ Omukutu gwa National Resistance Movement omukutu gwa yintaneeti] * [http://bsu.ac.ug/ Omukutu gwa Bishop Stuart University] * [http://codesria.org/ Omukutu gwa CODESRIA] * [http://www.acode-u.org/ Omukutu gwa ACODE] * [http://www.ellapracticalaction.org]  t4z017dngzk7qifoth5bhjfv2a6klda 59885 59883 2026-07-09T11:20:13Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 added new heading 59885 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elijah Dickens Mushemeza''' nga yazaalibwa 26 Ogwokubiri mu 1964, mu [[Sheema (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Sheema]], mu bitundu by'Omubugwanjuba bwa [[Yuganda|Uganda]], nga muyivu, muwandiisi, era munnabyabufuzi abuteeka munkola. Ono Pulofeesa mu Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n’Okuddukanya Enkulaakulana, nga bino abisomesa ku Yuniivasite y’e Ankole esinganibwa mu Gwanjuba bwa Uganda, era nga ye muwi w’amagezi omukulu mu ACODE. Emabegako yaliko akulira etendekero ewasinganibwa abasomesa abayigiriza Eby’obusuubuzi n'emisomo gy'enkulaakulana ku Bishop Stuart University e Mbarara mu Uganda. Ye pulofeesa omugenyi mu [[Bishop Stuart University|Bishop Stuart University.]] == Okusoma kwe == Yafuna diguli Mu by'emisomo egy'enjawulo mu By’obulamu, Diguli ey'okubiri mu By'enjigiriza eby'enjawulo mu By’enkulaakulana, ne Diguli ey'Okusatu mu Sayaansi W'eby'obufuzi ku Makerere University. Yeebuzibwaako ku by’enjigiriza, enfuga, obwavu, eby'obufuzi, entalo, okukaka abantu okusenguka, eby'okwerinda, amafuta ne gaasi, n’ensonga z’enkulaakulana, ng'okutwaliza awamu mu kitundu kya Great Lakes mu Afrika. == Obuvo bw'obukugu bwe == Emabegako yaliko omukwanaganya wa pulogulaamu ya MA mu nkolagana y’ensi yonna n’okusoma kw'abakungu mu kitongole kya Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n'Ezirukanya y’Emirimu gya Gavumenti ku Makerere University. Asomesezaako mu Yunivasite y’e Mbarara eya Sayaansi ne Tekinologiya. Mushemeza yaliko ku kakiiko akafuzi ak’enjawulo aka Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. Afulumizza ebiwandiiko ebiwerako mu butabo bw'ensi yonna. Ye musunsuzi w'ebiwandikibwa mu kitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . Ebweru w’eby’enjigiriza, Mushemeza akola nnyo munabyabufuzi mu Uganda. Yali memba mu lukiiko lwa ssemateeka olwa 1994 ne 95 olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo amateeka, n’okulangirira ssemateeka wa Uganda, era nga Mubaka wa Paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yali muwabuzi wa pulezidenti ku ddaala lya minisita omukulu mu kabineeti era nga mu myuka wa ssentebe w’akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya National Resistance Movement, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza mu Uganda okuva mu 2010, okutuusa mu 2015. == Byawandiise == Mu kitabo kye, ''The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda, 1959–2001'', <ref>{{Cite book |last=Mushemeza |first=E. D. |year=2007 |title=The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda 1959–2001 |publisher=Fountain Publishers |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mushemeza anoonyereza ku ngeri ababundabunda Banyarwanda gye baatuuka ku mitendera egy’ensonga egy’okwegatta mu bantu ba Uganda olw’engeri gyebayingira mu by'embeera z’abantu, eby'enfuna, n’obuwangwa eby'efanaanyirizi eby’abantu ba Uganda mu bitundu gye baasenga. Singa gavumenti ya Uganda "teyalemererwa" ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1970 ne 1980, ababundabunda bano bandibadde baafulibwa batuuze ba ggwanga. Wadde nga kumpi ababuundabuunda bonna aba Hutu n’Abatutsi baatuuka ku mitendera egy’amakulu egy’okwegatta (nga abamu bwe baayisibwa obubi era nga batulugunyizibwa n’olulimi lw'okuyisaamu amaaso), abakulembeze baabwe n’abamu ku bakulu tebagwaamu ssuubi lya kirooto kyabwe eky'okuddayo ewaka. Omukisa gw’okuddayo gwatuuka negujja mu mbeera y’olutalo lw’omunda mu Uganda olwaliwo okuva mu 1981 okutuusa mu 1986. Abanyarwanda ababuundabuunda ku kukozesa eryaanyi n'obutabanguko bwa NRM/NRA ekyabasobozessa okufuna eby'obufuzi, obukungu, n’obukugu mu by'amagye, bye baakozesa mungeri enaambulukufu okutuukiriza ebigendererwa byabwe eby’okunyweza. Mushemeza afulumizza nnyo ebiwandiiko mu butabo obuli ku mutendera gw'ensi yonna ne mu ggwanga omuli CODESRIA, ACODE <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207174054/http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2016 |access-date=7 January 2014}}</ref> ne CEWIGO. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328060125/http://www.cewigo.org/Publications/CEWIGO%20research-impact%20assessement-women2.pdf "Monitor implementation of the National Action Plan for UNSCR 1325, 1820 and Goma Declaration"], CEWIGO.</ref> Era ye Musunsuzi w'ekitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . == Obumanyirivu bwe obulala == Wabweru wa yunivasite, Mushemeza ali nnyo mu by'obufuzi bya Uganda. Yali memba w’Olukiiko Olufuzi olwa Ssemateeka 1994–95) olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo n’okulangirira Ssemateeka wa Uganda, era yali memba wa paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yaliko Omumyuka wa Ssentebe w’Akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement]], <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121020085604/http://allafrica.com/stories/201010250060.html Emmanuel Mulondo, "Uganda: Museveni Appoints New NRM Electoral Commission"], ''The Monitor'', 25 October 2010. AllAfrica.</ref> ekibiina ekifuga mu Uganda. == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Elijah Mushemeza abadde mufumbo ne Irene Mushemeza okuva mu 1994. Beebazadde b’abaana bataano. == Ebijuliziddwaamu == {{Reflist}} == Ewalala w'oyinza okubigya == * [http://www.nrm.ug/ Omukutu gwa National Resistance Movement omukutu gwa yintaneeti] * [http://bsu.ac.ug/ Omukutu gwa Bishop Stuart University] * [http://codesria.org/ Omukutu gwa CODESRIA] * [http://www.acode-u.org/ Omukutu gwa ACODE] * [http://www.ellapracticalaction.org]  3dlnnz3t450yaxhpp3jnimdh2nhdnz5 59887 59885 2026-07-09T11:22:35Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar and punctuations and spellings 59887 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elijah Dickens Mushemeza''' nga yazaalibwa 26 Ogwokubiri mu 1964, mu [[Sheema (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Sheema]], mu bitundu by'Omubugwanjuba bwa [[Yuganda|Uganda]], nga muyivu, muwandiisi, era munnabyabufuzi abuteeka munkola. Ono Pulofeesa mu Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n’Okuddukanya Enkulaakulana, nga bino abisomesa ku Yuniivasite y’e Ankole esinganibwa mu Gwanjuba bwa Uganda, era nga ye muwi w’amagezi omukulu mu ACODE. Emabegako yaliko akulira etendekero ewasinganibwa abasomesa abayigiriza Eby’obusuubuzi n'emisomo gy'enkulaakulana ku Bishop Stuart University e Mbarara mu Uganda. Ye pulofeesa omugenyi mu [[Bishop Stuart University|Bishop Stuart University.]] == Okusoma kwe == Yafuna diguli Mu by'emisomo egy'enjawulo mu By’obulamu, Diguli ey'okubiri mu By'enjigiriza eby'enjawulo mu By’enkulaakulana, ne Diguli ey'Okusatu mu Sayaansi W'eby'obufuzi ku Makerere University. Yeebuzibwaako ku by’enjigiriza, enfuga, obwavu, eby'obufuzi, entalo, okukaka abantu okusenguka, eby'okwerinda, amafuta ne gaasi, n’ensonga z’enkulaakulana, ng'okutwaliza awamu mu kitundu kya Great Lakes mu Afrika. == Obuvo bw'obukugu bwe == Emabegako yaliko omukwanaganya wa pulogulaamu ya MA mu nkolagana y’ensi yonna n’okusoma kw'abakungu mu kitongole kya Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n'Ezirukanya y’Emirimu gya Gavumenti ku Makerere University. Asomesezaako mu Yunivasite y’e Mbarara eya Sayaansi ne Tekinologiya. Mushemeza yaliko ku kakiiko akafuzi ak’enjawulo aka Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. Afulumizza ebiwandiiko ebiwerako mu butabo bw'ensi yonna. Ye musunsuzi w'ebiwandikibwa mu kitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . Ebweru w’eby’enjigiriza, Mushemeza akola nnyo munabyabufuzi mu Uganda. Yali memba mu lukiiko lwa ssemateeka olwa 1994 ne 95 olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo amateeka, n’okulangirira ssemateeka wa Uganda, era nga Mubaka wa Paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yali muwabuzi wa pulezidenti ku ddaala lya minisita omukulu mu kabineeti era nga mu myuka wa ssentebe w’akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya National Resistance Movement, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza mu Uganda okuva mu 2010, okutuusa mu 2015. == Byawandiise == Mu kitabo kye, ''The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda, 1959–2001'', <ref>{{Cite book |last=Mushemeza |first=E. D. |year=2007 |title=The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda 1959–2001 |publisher=Fountain Publishers |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mushemeza anoonyereza ku ngeri ababundabunda Banyarwanda gye baatuuka ku mitendera egy’ensonga egy’okwegatta mu bantu ba Uganda olw’engeri gyebayingira mu by'embeera z’abantu, eby'enfuna, n’obuwangwa eby'efanaanyirizi eby’abantu ba Uganda mu bitundu gye baasenga. Singa gavumenti ya Uganda "teyalemererwa" ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1970 ne 1980, ababundabunda bano bandibadde baafulibwa batuuze ba ggwanga. Wadde nga kumpi ababuundabuunda bonna aba Hutu n’Abatutsi baatuuka ku mitendera egy’amakulu egy’okwegatta (nga abamu bwe baayisibwa obubi era nga batulugunyizibwa n’olulimi lw'okuyisaamu amaaso), abakulembeze baabwe n’abamu ku bakulu tebagwaamu ssuubi lya kirooto kyabwe eky'okuddayo ewaka. Omukisa gw’okuddayo gwatuuka negujja mu mbeera y’olutalo lw’omunda mu Uganda olwaliwo okuva mu 1981 okutuusa mu 1986. Abanyarwanda ababuundabuunda ku kukozesa eryaanyi n'obutabanguko bwa NRM/NRA ekyabasobozessa okufuna eby'obufuzi, obukungu, n’obukugu mu by'amagye, bye baakozesa mungeri enaambulukufu okutuukiriza ebigendererwa byabwe eby’okunyweza. Mushemeza afulumizza nnyo ebiwandiiko mu butabo obuli ku mutendera gw'ensi yonna ne mu ggwanga omuli CODESRIA, ACODE <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207174054/http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2016 |access-date=7 January 2014}}</ref> ne CEWIGO. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328060125/http://www.cewigo.org/Publications/CEWIGO%20research-impact%20assessement-women2.pdf "Monitor implementation of the National Action Plan for UNSCR 1325, 1820 and Goma Declaration"], CEWIGO.</ref> Era ye Musunsuzi w'ekitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . == Obumanyirivu bwe obulala == Wabweru wa yunivasite, Mushemeza ali nnyo mu by'obufuzi bya Uganda. Yali memba w’Olukiiko Olufuzi olwa Ssemateeka 1994–95) olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo n’okulangirira Ssemateeka wa Uganda, era yali memba wa paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yaliko Omumyuka wa Ssentebe w’Akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement]], <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121020085604/http://allafrica.com/stories/201010250060.html Emmanuel Mulondo, "Uganda: Museveni Appoints New NRM Electoral Commission"], ''The Monitor'', 25 October 2010. AllAfrica.</ref> ekibiina ekifuga mu Uganda. == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Elijah Mushemeza abadde mufumbo ne Irene Mushemeza okuva mu 1994. Beebazadde b’abaana bataano. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.nrm.ug/ Omukutu gwa National Resistance Movement omukutu gwa yintaneeti] * [http://bsu.ac.ug/ Omukutu gwa Bishop Stuart University] * [http://codesria.org/ Omukutu gwa CODESRIA] * [http://www.acode-u.org/ Omukutu gwa ACODE] * [http://www.ellapracticalaction.org]  6x13qj1ye1t80hs0ozu5she3sit23lc 59889 59887 2026-07-09T11:23:44Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 59889 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elijah Dickens Mushemeza''' nga yazaalibwa 26 Ogwokubiri mu 1964, mu [[Sheema (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Sheema]], mu bitundu by'Omubugwanjuba bwa [[Yuganda|Uganda]], nga muyivu, muwandiisi, era munnabyabufuzi abuteeka munkola. Ono Pulofeesa mu Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n’Okuddukanya Enkulaakulana, nga bino abisomesa ku Yuniivasite y’e Ankole esinganibwa mu Gwanjuba bwa Uganda, era nga ye muwi w’amagezi omukulu mu ACODE. Emabegako yaliko akulira etendekero ewasinganibwa abasomesa abayigiriza Eby’obusuubuzi n'emisomo gy'enkulaakulana ku Bishop Stuart University e Mbarara mu Uganda. Ye pulofeesa omugenyi mu [[Bishop Stuart University|Bishop Stuart University.]] == Okusoma kwe == Yafuna diguli Mu by'emisomo egy'enjawulo mu By’obulamu, Diguli ey'okubiri mu By'enjigiriza eby'enjawulo mu By’enkulaakulana, ne Diguli ey'Okusatu mu Sayaansi W'eby'obufuzi ku Makerere University. Yeebuzibwaako ku by’enjigiriza, enfuga, obwavu, eby'obufuzi, entalo, okukaka abantu okusenguka, eby'okwerinda, amafuta ne gaasi, n’ensonga z’enkulaakulana, ng'okutwaliza awamu mu kitundu kya Great Lakes mu Afrika. == Obuvo bw'obukugu bwe == Emabegako yaliko omukwanaganya wa pulogulaamu ya MA mu nkolagana y’ensi yonna n’okusoma kw'abakungu mu kitongole kya Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n'Ezirukanya y’Emirimu gya Gavumenti ku Makerere University. Asomesezaako mu Yunivasite y’e Mbarara eya Sayaansi ne Tekinologiya. Mushemeza yaliko ku kakiiko akafuzi ak’enjawulo aka Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. Afulumizza ebiwandiiko ebiwerako mu butabo bw'ensi yonna. Ye musunsuzi w'ebiwandikibwa mu kitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . Ebweru w’eby’enjigiriza, Mushemeza akola nnyo munabyabufuzi mu Uganda. Yali memba mu lukiiko lwa ssemateeka olwa 1994 ne 95 olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo amateeka, n’okulangirira ssemateeka wa Uganda, era nga Mubaka wa Paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yali muwabuzi wa pulezidenti ku ddaala lya minisita omukulu mu kabineeti era nga mu myuka wa ssentebe w’akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya National Resistance Movement, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza mu Uganda okuva mu 2010, okutuusa mu 2015. == Byawandiise == Mu kitabo kye, ''The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda, 1959–2001'', <ref>{{Cite book |last=Mushemeza |first=E. D. |year=2007 |title=The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda 1959–2001 |publisher=Fountain Publishers |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mushemeza anoonyereza ku ngeri ababundabunda Banyarwanda gye baatuuka ku mitendera egy’ensonga egy’okwegatta mu bantu ba Uganda olw’engeri gyebayingira mu by'embeera z’abantu, eby'enfuna, n’obuwangwa eby'efanaanyirizi eby’abantu ba Uganda mu bitundu gye baasenga. Singa gavumenti ya Uganda "teyalemererwa" ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1970 ne 1980, ababundabunda bano bandibadde baafulibwa batuuze ba ggwanga. Wadde nga kumpi ababuundabuunda bonna aba Hutu n’Abatutsi baatuuka ku mitendera egy’amakulu egy’okwegatta (nga abamu bwe baayisibwa obubi era nga batulugunyizibwa n’olulimi lw'okuyisaamu amaaso), abakulembeze baabwe n’abamu ku bakulu tebagwaamu ssuubi lya kirooto kyabwe eky'okuddayo ewaka. Omukisa gw’okuddayo gwatuuka negujja mu mbeera y’olutalo lw’omunda mu Uganda olwaliwo okuva mu 1981 okutuusa mu 1986. Abanyarwanda ababuundabuunda ku kukozesa eryaanyi n'obutabanguko bwa NRM/NRA ekyabasobozessa okufuna eby'obufuzi, obukungu, n’obukugu mu by'amagye, bye baakozesa mungeri enaambulukufu okutuukiriza ebigendererwa byabwe eby’okunyweza. Mushemeza afulumizza nnyo ebiwandiiko mu butabo obuli ku mutendera gw'ensi yonna ne mu ggwanga omuli CODESRIA, ACODE <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207174054/http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2016 |access-date=7 January 2014}}</ref> ne CEWIGO. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328060125/http://www.cewigo.org/Publications/CEWIGO%20research-impact%20assessement-women2.pdf "Monitor implementation of the National Action Plan for UNSCR 1325, 1820 and Goma Declaration"], CEWIGO.</ref> Era ye Musunsuzi w'ekitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . == Obumanyirivu bwe obulala == Wabweru wa yunivasite, Mushemeza ali nnyo mu by'obufuzi bya Uganda. Yali memba w’Olukiiko Olufuzi olwa Ssemateeka 1994–95) olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo n’okulangirira Ssemateeka wa Uganda, era yali memba wa paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yaliko Omumyuka wa Ssentebe w’Akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement]], <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121020085604/http://allafrica.com/stories/201010250060.html Emmanuel Mulondo, "Uganda: Museveni Appoints New NRM Electoral Commission"], ''The Monitor'', 25 October 2010. AllAfrica.</ref> ekibiina ekifuga mu Uganda. == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Elijah Mushemeza abadde mufumbo ne Irene Mushemeza okuva mu 1994. Beebazadde b’abaana bataano. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.nrm.ug/ Omukutu gwa National Resistance Movement omukutu gwa yintaneeti] * [http://bsu.ac.ug/ Omukutu gwa Bishop Stuart University] * [http://codesria.org/ Omukutu gwa CODESRIA] * [http://www.acode-u.org/ Omukutu gwa ACODE] * [http://www.ellapracticalaction.org]  [[Category:Abazaale ba 1964]] ja8b5eb33sgpk7v52rwmebuefrbrfe7 59891 59889 2026-07-09T11:24:14Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 59891 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elijah Dickens Mushemeza''' nga yazaalibwa 26 Ogwokubiri mu 1964, mu [[Sheema (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Sheema]], mu bitundu by'Omubugwanjuba bwa [[Yuganda|Uganda]], nga muyivu, muwandiisi, era munnabyabufuzi abuteeka munkola. Ono Pulofeesa mu Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n’Okuddukanya Enkulaakulana, nga bino abisomesa ku Yuniivasite y’e Ankole esinganibwa mu Gwanjuba bwa Uganda, era nga ye muwi w’amagezi omukulu mu ACODE. Emabegako yaliko akulira etendekero ewasinganibwa abasomesa abayigiriza Eby’obusuubuzi n'emisomo gy'enkulaakulana ku Bishop Stuart University e Mbarara mu Uganda. Ye pulofeesa omugenyi mu [[Bishop Stuart University|Bishop Stuart University.]] == Okusoma kwe == Yafuna diguli Mu by'emisomo egy'enjawulo mu By’obulamu, Diguli ey'okubiri mu By'enjigiriza eby'enjawulo mu By’enkulaakulana, ne Diguli ey'Okusatu mu Sayaansi W'eby'obufuzi ku Makerere University. Yeebuzibwaako ku by’enjigiriza, enfuga, obwavu, eby'obufuzi, entalo, okukaka abantu okusenguka, eby'okwerinda, amafuta ne gaasi, n’ensonga z’enkulaakulana, ng'okutwaliza awamu mu kitundu kya Great Lakes mu Afrika. == Obuvo bw'obukugu bwe == Emabegako yaliko omukwanaganya wa pulogulaamu ya MA mu nkolagana y’ensi yonna n’okusoma kw'abakungu mu kitongole kya Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n'Ezirukanya y’Emirimu gya Gavumenti ku Makerere University. Asomesezaako mu Yunivasite y’e Mbarara eya Sayaansi ne Tekinologiya. Mushemeza yaliko ku kakiiko akafuzi ak’enjawulo aka Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. Afulumizza ebiwandiiko ebiwerako mu butabo bw'ensi yonna. Ye musunsuzi w'ebiwandikibwa mu kitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . Ebweru w’eby’enjigiriza, Mushemeza akola nnyo munabyabufuzi mu Uganda. Yali memba mu lukiiko lwa ssemateeka olwa 1994 ne 95 olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo amateeka, n’okulangirira ssemateeka wa Uganda, era nga Mubaka wa Paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yali muwabuzi wa pulezidenti ku ddaala lya minisita omukulu mu kabineeti era nga mu myuka wa ssentebe w’akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya National Resistance Movement, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza mu Uganda okuva mu 2010, okutuusa mu 2015. == Byawandiise == Mu kitabo kye, ''The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda, 1959–2001'', <ref>{{Cite book |last=Mushemeza |first=E. D. |year=2007 |title=The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda 1959–2001 |publisher=Fountain Publishers |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mushemeza anoonyereza ku ngeri ababundabunda Banyarwanda gye baatuuka ku mitendera egy’ensonga egy’okwegatta mu bantu ba Uganda olw’engeri gyebayingira mu by'embeera z’abantu, eby'enfuna, n’obuwangwa eby'efanaanyirizi eby’abantu ba Uganda mu bitundu gye baasenga. Singa gavumenti ya Uganda "teyalemererwa" ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1970 ne 1980, ababundabunda bano bandibadde baafulibwa batuuze ba ggwanga. Wadde nga kumpi ababuundabuunda bonna aba Hutu n’Abatutsi baatuuka ku mitendera egy’amakulu egy’okwegatta (nga abamu bwe baayisibwa obubi era nga batulugunyizibwa n’olulimi lw'okuyisaamu amaaso), abakulembeze baabwe n’abamu ku bakulu tebagwaamu ssuubi lya kirooto kyabwe eky'okuddayo ewaka. Omukisa gw’okuddayo gwatuuka negujja mu mbeera y’olutalo lw’omunda mu Uganda olwaliwo okuva mu 1981 okutuusa mu 1986. Abanyarwanda ababuundabuunda ku kukozesa eryaanyi n'obutabanguko bwa NRM/NRA ekyabasobozessa okufuna eby'obufuzi, obukungu, n’obukugu mu by'amagye, bye baakozesa mungeri enaambulukufu okutuukiriza ebigendererwa byabwe eby’okunyweza. Mushemeza afulumizza nnyo ebiwandiiko mu butabo obuli ku mutendera gw'ensi yonna ne mu ggwanga omuli CODESRIA, ACODE <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207174054/http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2016 |access-date=7 January 2014}}</ref> ne CEWIGO. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328060125/http://www.cewigo.org/Publications/CEWIGO%20research-impact%20assessement-women2.pdf "Monitor implementation of the National Action Plan for UNSCR 1325, 1820 and Goma Declaration"], CEWIGO.</ref> Era ye Musunsuzi w'ekitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . == Obumanyirivu bwe obulala == Wabweru wa yunivasite, Mushemeza ali nnyo mu by'obufuzi bya Uganda. Yali memba w’Olukiiko Olufuzi olwa Ssemateeka 1994–95) olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo n’okulangirira Ssemateeka wa Uganda, era yali memba wa paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yaliko Omumyuka wa Ssentebe w’Akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement]], <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121020085604/http://allafrica.com/stories/201010250060.html Emmanuel Mulondo, "Uganda: Museveni Appoints New NRM Electoral Commission"], ''The Monitor'', 25 October 2010. AllAfrica.</ref> ekibiina ekifuga mu Uganda. == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Elijah Mushemeza abadde mufumbo ne Irene Mushemeza okuva mu 1994. Beebazadde b’abaana bataano. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.nrm.ug/ Omukutu gwa National Resistance Movement omukutu gwa yintaneeti] * [http://bsu.ac.ug/ Omukutu gwa Bishop Stuart University] * [http://codesria.org/ Omukutu gwa CODESRIA] * [http://www.acode-u.org/ Omukutu gwa ACODE] * [http://www.ellapracticalaction.org]  [[Category:Abazaale ba 1964]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] f19ep72g35yen68g6bwkyeive9vmd16 59893 59891 2026-07-09T11:25:24Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 59893 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elijah Dickens Mushemeza''' nga yazaalibwa 26 Ogwokubiri mu 1964, mu [[Sheema (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Sheema]], mu bitundu by'Omubugwanjuba bwa [[Yuganda|Uganda]], nga muyivu, muwandiisi, era munnabyabufuzi abuteeka munkola. Ono Pulofeesa mu Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n’Okuddukanya Enkulaakulana, nga bino abisomesa ku Yuniivasite y’e Ankole esinganibwa mu Gwanjuba bwa Uganda, era nga ye muwi w’amagezi omukulu mu ACODE. Emabegako yaliko akulira etendekero ewasinganibwa abasomesa abayigiriza Eby’obusuubuzi n'emisomo gy'enkulaakulana ku Bishop Stuart University e Mbarara mu Uganda. Ye pulofeesa omugenyi mu [[Bishop Stuart University|Bishop Stuart University.]] == Okusoma kwe == Yafuna diguli Mu by'emisomo egy'enjawulo mu By’obulamu, Diguli ey'okubiri mu By'enjigiriza eby'enjawulo mu By’enkulaakulana, ne Diguli ey'Okusatu mu Sayaansi W'eby'obufuzi ku Makerere University. Yeebuzibwaako ku by’enjigiriza, enfuga, obwavu, eby'obufuzi, entalo, okukaka abantu okusenguka, eby'okwerinda, amafuta ne gaasi, n’ensonga z’enkulaakulana, ng'okutwaliza awamu mu kitundu kya Great Lakes mu Afrika. == Obuvo bw'obukugu bwe == Emabegako yaliko omukwanaganya wa pulogulaamu ya MA mu nkolagana y’ensi yonna n’okusoma kw'abakungu mu kitongole kya Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n'Ezirukanya y’Emirimu gya Gavumenti ku Makerere University. Asomesezaako mu Yunivasite y’e Mbarara eya Sayaansi ne Tekinologiya. Mushemeza yaliko ku kakiiko akafuzi ak’enjawulo aka Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. Afulumizza ebiwandiiko ebiwerako mu butabo bw'ensi yonna. Ye musunsuzi w'ebiwandikibwa mu kitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . Ebweru w’eby’enjigiriza, Mushemeza akola nnyo munabyabufuzi mu Uganda. Yali memba mu lukiiko lwa ssemateeka olwa 1994 ne 95 olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo amateeka, n’okulangirira ssemateeka wa Uganda, era nga Mubaka wa Paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yali muwabuzi wa pulezidenti ku ddaala lya minisita omukulu mu kabineeti era nga mu myuka wa ssentebe w’akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya National Resistance Movement, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza mu Uganda okuva mu 2010, okutuusa mu 2015. == Byawandiise == Mu kitabo kye, ''The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda, 1959–2001'', <ref>{{Cite book |last=Mushemeza |first=E. D. |year=2007 |title=The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda 1959–2001 |publisher=Fountain Publishers |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mushemeza anoonyereza ku ngeri ababundabunda Banyarwanda gye baatuuka ku mitendera egy’ensonga egy’okwegatta mu bantu ba Uganda olw’engeri gyebayingira mu by'embeera z’abantu, eby'enfuna, n’obuwangwa eby'efanaanyirizi eby’abantu ba Uganda mu bitundu gye baasenga. Singa gavumenti ya Uganda "teyalemererwa" ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1970 ne 1980, ababundabunda bano bandibadde baafulibwa batuuze ba ggwanga. Wadde nga kumpi ababuundabuunda bonna aba Hutu n’Abatutsi baatuuka ku mitendera egy’amakulu egy’okwegatta (nga abamu bwe baayisibwa obubi era nga batulugunyizibwa n’olulimi lw'okuyisaamu amaaso), abakulembeze baabwe n’abamu ku bakulu tebagwaamu ssuubi lya kirooto kyabwe eky'okuddayo ewaka. Omukisa gw’okuddayo gwatuuka negujja mu mbeera y’olutalo lw’omunda mu Uganda olwaliwo okuva mu 1981 okutuusa mu 1986. Abanyarwanda ababuundabuunda ku kukozesa eryaanyi n'obutabanguko bwa NRM/NRA ekyabasobozessa okufuna eby'obufuzi, obukungu, n’obukugu mu by'amagye, bye baakozesa mungeri enaambulukufu okutuukiriza ebigendererwa byabwe eby’okunyweza. Mushemeza afulumizza nnyo ebiwandiiko mu butabo obuli ku mutendera gw'ensi yonna ne mu ggwanga omuli CODESRIA, ACODE <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207174054/http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2016 |access-date=7 January 2014}}</ref> ne CEWIGO. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328060125/http://www.cewigo.org/Publications/CEWIGO%20research-impact%20assessement-women2.pdf "Monitor implementation of the National Action Plan for UNSCR 1325, 1820 and Goma Declaration"], CEWIGO.</ref> Era ye Musunsuzi w'ekitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . == Obumanyirivu bwe obulala == Wabweru wa yunivasite, Mushemeza ali nnyo mu by'obufuzi bya Uganda. Yali memba w’Olukiiko Olufuzi olwa Ssemateeka 1994–95) olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo n’okulangirira Ssemateeka wa Uganda, era yali memba wa paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yaliko Omumyuka wa Ssentebe w’Akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement]], <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121020085604/http://allafrica.com/stories/201010250060.html Emmanuel Mulondo, "Uganda: Museveni Appoints New NRM Electoral Commission"], ''The Monitor'', 25 October 2010. AllAfrica.</ref> ekibiina ekifuga mu Uganda. == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Elijah Mushemeza abadde mufumbo ne Irene Mushemeza okuva mu 1994. Beebazadde b’abaana bataano. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.nrm.ug/ Omukutu gwa National Resistance Movement omukutu gwa yintaneeti] * [http://bsu.ac.ug/ Omukutu gwa Bishop Stuart University] * [http://codesria.org/ Omukutu gwa CODESRIA] * [http://www.acode-u.org/ Omukutu gwa ACODE] * [http://www.ellapracticalaction.org]  [[Category:Abazaale ba 1964]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abakola ku ludda lw'ebyensoma mu Ankole Western University]] pix04b5eipdidi1bk6tlt5lhloumro6 59895 59893 2026-07-09T11:26:27Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 59895 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elijah Dickens Mushemeza''' nga yazaalibwa 26 Ogwokubiri mu 1964, mu [[Sheema (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Sheema]], mu bitundu by'Omubugwanjuba bwa [[Yuganda|Uganda]], nga muyivu, muwandiisi, era munnabyabufuzi abuteeka munkola. Ono Pulofeesa mu Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n’Okuddukanya Enkulaakulana, nga bino abisomesa ku Yuniivasite y’e Ankole esinganibwa mu Gwanjuba bwa Uganda, era nga ye muwi w’amagezi omukulu mu ACODE. Emabegako yaliko akulira etendekero ewasinganibwa abasomesa abayigiriza Eby’obusuubuzi n'emisomo gy'enkulaakulana ku Bishop Stuart University e Mbarara mu Uganda. Ye pulofeesa omugenyi mu [[Bishop Stuart University|Bishop Stuart University.]] == Okusoma kwe == Yafuna diguli Mu by'emisomo egy'enjawulo mu By’obulamu, Diguli ey'okubiri mu By'enjigiriza eby'enjawulo mu By’enkulaakulana, ne Diguli ey'Okusatu mu Sayaansi W'eby'obufuzi ku Makerere University. Yeebuzibwaako ku by’enjigiriza, enfuga, obwavu, eby'obufuzi, entalo, okukaka abantu okusenguka, eby'okwerinda, amafuta ne gaasi, n’ensonga z’enkulaakulana, ng'okutwaliza awamu mu kitundu kya Great Lakes mu Afrika. == Obuvo bw'obukugu bwe == Emabegako yaliko omukwanaganya wa pulogulaamu ya MA mu nkolagana y’ensi yonna n’okusoma kw'abakungu mu kitongole kya Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n'Ezirukanya y’Emirimu gya Gavumenti ku Makerere University. Asomesezaako mu Yunivasite y’e Mbarara eya Sayaansi ne Tekinologiya. Mushemeza yaliko ku kakiiko akafuzi ak’enjawulo aka Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. Afulumizza ebiwandiiko ebiwerako mu butabo bw'ensi yonna. Ye musunsuzi w'ebiwandikibwa mu kitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . Ebweru w’eby’enjigiriza, Mushemeza akola nnyo munabyabufuzi mu Uganda. Yali memba mu lukiiko lwa ssemateeka olwa 1994 ne 95 olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo amateeka, n’okulangirira ssemateeka wa Uganda, era nga Mubaka wa Paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yali muwabuzi wa pulezidenti ku ddaala lya minisita omukulu mu kabineeti era nga mu myuka wa ssentebe w’akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya National Resistance Movement, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza mu Uganda okuva mu 2010, okutuusa mu 2015. == Byawandiise == Mu kitabo kye, ''The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda, 1959–2001'', <ref>{{Cite book |last=Mushemeza |first=E. D. |year=2007 |title=The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda 1959–2001 |publisher=Fountain Publishers |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mushemeza anoonyereza ku ngeri ababundabunda Banyarwanda gye baatuuka ku mitendera egy’ensonga egy’okwegatta mu bantu ba Uganda olw’engeri gyebayingira mu by'embeera z’abantu, eby'enfuna, n’obuwangwa eby'efanaanyirizi eby’abantu ba Uganda mu bitundu gye baasenga. Singa gavumenti ya Uganda "teyalemererwa" ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1970 ne 1980, ababundabunda bano bandibadde baafulibwa batuuze ba ggwanga. Wadde nga kumpi ababuundabuunda bonna aba Hutu n’Abatutsi baatuuka ku mitendera egy’amakulu egy’okwegatta (nga abamu bwe baayisibwa obubi era nga batulugunyizibwa n’olulimi lw'okuyisaamu amaaso), abakulembeze baabwe n’abamu ku bakulu tebagwaamu ssuubi lya kirooto kyabwe eky'okuddayo ewaka. Omukisa gw’okuddayo gwatuuka negujja mu mbeera y’olutalo lw’omunda mu Uganda olwaliwo okuva mu 1981 okutuusa mu 1986. Abanyarwanda ababuundabuunda ku kukozesa eryaanyi n'obutabanguko bwa NRM/NRA ekyabasobozessa okufuna eby'obufuzi, obukungu, n’obukugu mu by'amagye, bye baakozesa mungeri enaambulukufu okutuukiriza ebigendererwa byabwe eby’okunyweza. Mushemeza afulumizza nnyo ebiwandiiko mu butabo obuli ku mutendera gw'ensi yonna ne mu ggwanga omuli CODESRIA, ACODE <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207174054/http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2016 |access-date=7 January 2014}}</ref> ne CEWIGO. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328060125/http://www.cewigo.org/Publications/CEWIGO%20research-impact%20assessement-women2.pdf "Monitor implementation of the National Action Plan for UNSCR 1325, 1820 and Goma Declaration"], CEWIGO.</ref> Era ye Musunsuzi w'ekitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . == Obumanyirivu bwe obulala == Wabweru wa yunivasite, Mushemeza ali nnyo mu by'obufuzi bya Uganda. Yali memba w’Olukiiko Olufuzi olwa Ssemateeka 1994–95) olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo n’okulangirira Ssemateeka wa Uganda, era yali memba wa paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yaliko Omumyuka wa Ssentebe w’Akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement]], <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121020085604/http://allafrica.com/stories/201010250060.html Emmanuel Mulondo, "Uganda: Museveni Appoints New NRM Electoral Commission"], ''The Monitor'', 25 October 2010. AllAfrica.</ref> ekibiina ekifuga mu Uganda. == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Elijah Mushemeza abadde mufumbo ne Irene Mushemeza okuva mu 1994. Beebazadde b’abaana bataano. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.nrm.ug/ Omukutu gwa National Resistance Movement omukutu gwa yintaneeti] * [http://bsu.ac.ug/ Omukutu gwa Bishop Stuart University] * [http://codesria.org/ Omukutu gwa CODESRIA] * [http://www.acode-u.org/ Omukutu gwa ACODE] * [http://www.ellapracticalaction.org]  [[Category:Abazaale ba 1964]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abakola ku ludda lw'ebyensoma mu Ankole Western University]] [[Category:Abakozi ku ludda lw'ebyensoma ku Bishop Stuart University]] 3sy8gai00j1dtrue8shdsoh9xu5yctx 59896 59895 2026-07-09T11:27:53Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 59896 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elijah Dickens Mushemeza''' nga yazaalibwa 26 Ogwokubiri mu 1964, mu [[Sheema (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Sheema]], mu bitundu by'Omubugwanjuba bwa [[Yuganda|Uganda]], nga muyivu, muwandiisi, era munnabyabufuzi abuteeka munkola. Ono Pulofeesa mu Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n’Okuddukanya Enkulaakulana, nga bino abisomesa ku Yuniivasite y’e Ankole esinganibwa mu Gwanjuba bwa Uganda, era nga ye muwi w’amagezi omukulu mu ACODE. Emabegako yaliko akulira etendekero ewasinganibwa abasomesa abayigiriza Eby’obusuubuzi n'emisomo gy'enkulaakulana ku Bishop Stuart University e Mbarara mu Uganda. Ye pulofeesa omugenyi mu [[Bishop Stuart University|Bishop Stuart University.]] == Okusoma kwe == Yafuna diguli Mu by'emisomo egy'enjawulo mu By’obulamu, Diguli ey'okubiri mu By'enjigiriza eby'enjawulo mu By’enkulaakulana, ne Diguli ey'Okusatu mu Sayaansi W'eby'obufuzi ku Makerere University. Yeebuzibwaako ku by’enjigiriza, enfuga, obwavu, eby'obufuzi, entalo, okukaka abantu okusenguka, eby'okwerinda, amafuta ne gaasi, n’ensonga z’enkulaakulana, ng'okutwaliza awamu mu kitundu kya Great Lakes mu Afrika. == Obuvo bw'obukugu bwe == Emabegako yaliko omukwanaganya wa pulogulaamu ya MA mu nkolagana y’ensi yonna n’okusoma kw'abakungu mu kitongole kya Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n'Ezirukanya y’Emirimu gya Gavumenti ku Makerere University. Asomesezaako mu Yunivasite y’e Mbarara eya Sayaansi ne Tekinologiya. Mushemeza yaliko ku kakiiko akafuzi ak’enjawulo aka Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. Afulumizza ebiwandiiko ebiwerako mu butabo bw'ensi yonna. Ye musunsuzi w'ebiwandikibwa mu kitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . Ebweru w’eby’enjigiriza, Mushemeza akola nnyo munabyabufuzi mu Uganda. Yali memba mu lukiiko lwa ssemateeka olwa 1994 ne 95 olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo amateeka, n’okulangirira ssemateeka wa Uganda, era nga Mubaka wa Paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yali muwabuzi wa pulezidenti ku ddaala lya minisita omukulu mu kabineeti era nga mu myuka wa ssentebe w’akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya National Resistance Movement, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza mu Uganda okuva mu 2010, okutuusa mu 2015. == Byawandiise == Mu kitabo kye, ''The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda, 1959–2001'', <ref>{{Cite book |last=Mushemeza |first=E. D. |year=2007 |title=The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda 1959–2001 |publisher=Fountain Publishers |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mushemeza anoonyereza ku ngeri ababundabunda Banyarwanda gye baatuuka ku mitendera egy’ensonga egy’okwegatta mu bantu ba Uganda olw’engeri gyebayingira mu by'embeera z’abantu, eby'enfuna, n’obuwangwa eby'efanaanyirizi eby’abantu ba Uganda mu bitundu gye baasenga. Singa gavumenti ya Uganda "teyalemererwa" ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1970 ne 1980, ababundabunda bano bandibadde baafulibwa batuuze ba ggwanga. Wadde nga kumpi ababuundabuunda bonna aba Hutu n’Abatutsi baatuuka ku mitendera egy’amakulu egy’okwegatta (nga abamu bwe baayisibwa obubi era nga batulugunyizibwa n’olulimi lw'okuyisaamu amaaso), abakulembeze baabwe n’abamu ku bakulu tebagwaamu ssuubi lya kirooto kyabwe eky'okuddayo ewaka. Omukisa gw’okuddayo gwatuuka negujja mu mbeera y’olutalo lw’omunda mu Uganda olwaliwo okuva mu 1981 okutuusa mu 1986. Abanyarwanda ababuundabuunda ku kukozesa eryaanyi n'obutabanguko bwa NRM/NRA ekyabasobozessa okufuna eby'obufuzi, obukungu, n’obukugu mu by'amagye, bye baakozesa mungeri enaambulukufu okutuukiriza ebigendererwa byabwe eby’okunyweza. Mushemeza afulumizza nnyo ebiwandiiko mu butabo obuli ku mutendera gw'ensi yonna ne mu ggwanga omuli CODESRIA, ACODE <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207174054/http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2016 |access-date=7 January 2014}}</ref> ne CEWIGO. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328060125/http://www.cewigo.org/Publications/CEWIGO%20research-impact%20assessement-women2.pdf "Monitor implementation of the National Action Plan for UNSCR 1325, 1820 and Goma Declaration"], CEWIGO.</ref> Era ye Musunsuzi w'ekitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . == Obumanyirivu bwe obulala == Wabweru wa yunivasite, Mushemeza ali nnyo mu by'obufuzi bya Uganda. Yali memba w’Olukiiko Olufuzi olwa Ssemateeka 1994–95) olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo n’okulangirira Ssemateeka wa Uganda, era yali memba wa paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yaliko Omumyuka wa Ssentebe w’Akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement]], <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121020085604/http://allafrica.com/stories/201010250060.html Emmanuel Mulondo, "Uganda: Museveni Appoints New NRM Electoral Commission"], ''The Monitor'', 25 October 2010. AllAfrica.</ref> ekibiina ekifuga mu Uganda. == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Elijah Mushemeza abadde mufumbo ne Irene Mushemeza okuva mu 1994. Beebazadde b’abaana bataano. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.nrm.ug/ Omukutu gwa National Resistance Movement omukutu gwa yintaneeti] * [http://bsu.ac.ug/ Omukutu gwa Bishop Stuart University] * [http://codesria.org/ Omukutu gwa CODESRIA] * [http://www.acode-u.org/ Omukutu gwa ACODE] * [http://www.ellapracticalaction.org]  [[Category:Abazaale ba 1964]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abakola ku ludda lw'ebyensoma mu Ankole Western University]] [[Category:Abakozi ku ludda lw'ebyensoma ku Bishop Stuart University]] [[Category:Bannanyabufuzi abatalina bibiina mu Uganda]] rpmlq948q5jxf5tqwgtkrrbl4dssnm8 59897 59896 2026-07-09T11:29:01Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 59897 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elijah Dickens Mushemeza''' nga yazaalibwa 26 Ogwokubiri mu 1964, mu [[Sheema (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Sheema]], mu bitundu by'Omubugwanjuba bwa [[Yuganda|Uganda]], nga muyivu, muwandiisi, era munnabyabufuzi abuteeka munkola. Ono Pulofeesa mu Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n’Okuddukanya Enkulaakulana, nga bino abisomesa ku Yuniivasite y’e Ankole esinganibwa mu Gwanjuba bwa Uganda, era nga ye muwi w’amagezi omukulu mu ACODE. Emabegako yaliko akulira etendekero ewasinganibwa abasomesa abayigiriza Eby’obusuubuzi n'emisomo gy'enkulaakulana ku Bishop Stuart University e Mbarara mu Uganda. Ye pulofeesa omugenyi mu [[Bishop Stuart University|Bishop Stuart University.]] == Okusoma kwe == Yafuna diguli Mu by'emisomo egy'enjawulo mu By’obulamu, Diguli ey'okubiri mu By'enjigiriza eby'enjawulo mu By’enkulaakulana, ne Diguli ey'Okusatu mu Sayaansi W'eby'obufuzi ku Makerere University. Yeebuzibwaako ku by’enjigiriza, enfuga, obwavu, eby'obufuzi, entalo, okukaka abantu okusenguka, eby'okwerinda, amafuta ne gaasi, n’ensonga z’enkulaakulana, ng'okutwaliza awamu mu kitundu kya Great Lakes mu Afrika. == Obuvo bw'obukugu bwe == Emabegako yaliko omukwanaganya wa pulogulaamu ya MA mu nkolagana y’ensi yonna n’okusoma kw'abakungu mu kitongole kya Sayaansi w’Eby'obufuzi n'Ezirukanya y’Emirimu gya Gavumenti ku Makerere University. Asomesezaako mu Yunivasite y’e Mbarara eya Sayaansi ne Tekinologiya. Mushemeza yaliko ku kakiiko akafuzi ak’enjawulo aka Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. Afulumizza ebiwandiiko ebiwerako mu butabo bw'ensi yonna. Ye musunsuzi w'ebiwandikibwa mu kitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . Ebweru w’eby’enjigiriza, Mushemeza akola nnyo munabyabufuzi mu Uganda. Yali memba mu lukiiko lwa ssemateeka olwa 1994 ne 95 olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo amateeka, n’okulangirira ssemateeka wa Uganda, era nga Mubaka wa Paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yali muwabuzi wa pulezidenti ku ddaala lya minisita omukulu mu kabineeti era nga mu myuka wa ssentebe w’akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya National Resistance Movement, ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza mu Uganda okuva mu 2010, okutuusa mu 2015. == Byawandiise == Mu kitabo kye, ''The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda, 1959–2001'', <ref>{{Cite book |last=Mushemeza |first=E. D. |year=2007 |title=The Politics and Empowerment of Banyarwanda Refugees in Uganda 1959–2001 |publisher=Fountain Publishers |location=Kampala}}</ref> Mushemeza anoonyereza ku ngeri ababundabunda Banyarwanda gye baatuuka ku mitendera egy’ensonga egy’okwegatta mu bantu ba Uganda olw’engeri gyebayingira mu by'embeera z’abantu, eby'enfuna, n’obuwangwa eby'efanaanyirizi eby’abantu ba Uganda mu bitundu gye baasenga. Singa gavumenti ya Uganda "teyalemererwa" ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1970 ne 1980, ababundabunda bano bandibadde baafulibwa batuuze ba ggwanga. Wadde nga kumpi ababuundabuunda bonna aba Hutu n’Abatutsi baatuuka ku mitendera egy’amakulu egy’okwegatta (nga abamu bwe baayisibwa obubi era nga batulugunyizibwa n’olulimi lw'okuyisaamu amaaso), abakulembeze baabwe n’abamu ku bakulu tebagwaamu ssuubi lya kirooto kyabwe eky'okuddayo ewaka. Omukisa gw’okuddayo gwatuuka negujja mu mbeera y’olutalo lw’omunda mu Uganda olwaliwo okuva mu 1981 okutuusa mu 1986. Abanyarwanda ababuundabuunda ku kukozesa eryaanyi n'obutabanguko bwa NRM/NRA ekyabasobozessa okufuna eby'obufuzi, obukungu, n’obukugu mu by'amagye, bye baakozesa mungeri enaambulukufu okutuukiriza ebigendererwa byabwe eby’okunyweza. Mushemeza afulumizza nnyo ebiwandiiko mu butabo obuli ku mutendera gw'ensi yonna ne mu ggwanga omuli CODESRIA, ACODE <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207174054/http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PRS_31.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2016 |access-date=7 January 2014}}</ref> ne CEWIGO. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328060125/http://www.cewigo.org/Publications/CEWIGO%20research-impact%20assessement-women2.pdf "Monitor implementation of the National Action Plan for UNSCR 1325, 1820 and Goma Declaration"], CEWIGO.</ref> Era ye Musunsuzi w'ekitabo ''ekiyitibwa Journal of Development Issues'' . == Obumanyirivu bwe obulala == Wabweru wa yunivasite, Mushemeza ali nnyo mu by'obufuzi bya Uganda. Yali memba w’Olukiiko Olufuzi olwa Ssemateeka 1994–95) olwakubaganya ebirowoozo, okwekenneenya, okusaawo n’okulangirira Ssemateeka wa Uganda, era yali memba wa paalamenti ya Uganda mu 1996. Yaliko Omumyuka wa Ssentebe w’Akakiiko k’Eby'okulonda mu kibiina kya [[National Resistance Movement]], <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121020085604/http://allafrica.com/stories/201010250060.html Emmanuel Mulondo, "Uganda: Museveni Appoints New NRM Electoral Commission"], ''The Monitor'', 25 October 2010. AllAfrica.</ref> ekibiina ekifuga mu Uganda. == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Elijah Mushemeza abadde mufumbo ne Irene Mushemeza okuva mu 1994. Beebazadde b’abaana bataano. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [http://www.nrm.ug/ Omukutu gwa National Resistance Movement omukutu gwa yintaneeti] * [http://bsu.ac.ug/ Omukutu gwa Bishop Stuart University] * [http://codesria.org/ Omukutu gwa CODESRIA] * [http://www.acode-u.org/ Omukutu gwa ACODE] * [http://www.ellapracticalaction.org]  [[Category:Abazaale ba 1964]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abakola ku ludda lw'ebyensoma mu Ankole Western University]] [[Category:Abakozi ku ludda lw'ebyensoma ku Bishop Stuart University]] [[Category:Bannanyabufuzi abatalina bibiina mu Uganda]] [[Category:Ba mmemba ba palamenti ya Uganda eyekkumineemu]] mceaoawjyxqwqdilv3lu46xa0t2x3uq Tumusiime Rubagumya 0 12096 59675 42311 2026-07-08T14:15:18Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 59675 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Patience Emily Tumusiime Rubagumya''', (née '''Patience Tumusiime''' ), [[:en:Uganda|munnamateeka Munnayuganda]] eyalondebwa ng'omulamuzi mu [[:en:High_Court_of_Uganda|kkooti enkulu mu Uganda]] mu mwezi ggwomusanvu mu mwaka gwa 2023. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Steven Denis Matege |date=18 July 2023 |title=MPs To Vet Acting High Court Judge Appointees On Friday |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/mps-to-vet-acting-high-court-judge-appointees-NV_165297 |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> Yasooka kusindikibwa ku katebe kano yali mu kitongole ky'ebyobusuubuzi ekya kkooti enkulu. <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Charles Etukuri |date=1 September 2023 |title=Eleven Newly Appointed High Court Judges Deployed |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/eleven-newly-appointed-high-court-judges-depl-NV_169011 |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> Ekyo nga tekinnatuuka, okuva mu mwezi gw'ekkumin'ogumu mumwaka gwa 2022 okutuuka mu mwaka gwa 2023 yaliko omuwandiisi w’ekitongole era akulira ensonga z’amateeka mu [[:en:Uganda_Airlines|kkampuni y’ennyonyi eya Uganda Airlines]], emmeeri y’eggwanga ey’eggwanga. <ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=The Independent |date=25 November 2022 |title=URA boss leaving for Uganda Airlines |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/ura-boss-leaving-for-uganda-airlines/ |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]}}</ref> Ekyo nga tekinnabawo, okuva mu mwezi gw'okubbiri mu mwaka gwa 2015 okutuuka mu gw'ekkuminogumu mu mwaka gwa 2022, yaliko Kaminsona avunaanyizibwa ku by’amateeka n’ensonga z’olukiiko olufuzi mu [[:en:Uganda_Revenue_Authority|kitongole kya Uganda Revenue Authority]] (URA), ekitongole kya Uganda ekisolooza ssente. <ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Ismail Musa Ladu |date=4 February 2015 |title=Ms Rubagumya has worked for the Authority for 14 years |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Ms-Rubagumya-has-worked-for-the-Authority-for-14-years/-/688322/2611942/-/g05yqv/-/index.html |access-date=6 February 2019 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref> Yalondebwa ku kifo ekyo nga 1 Omwezi ogwokubbiri mu mwaka gwa 2015, n'adda mu bigere bya [[:en:Doris_Akol|Doris Akol,]] eyalondebwa okuba Kaminsona General wa URA. Rubagumya era yakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ng’omuwandiisi wa Kampuni mu kitongole ky’emisolo. <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Daily Monitor |date=4 February 2015 |title=Ms Rubagumya has worked for the Authority for 14 years |url=https://www.ugandanewsreleases.com/%EF%BB%BFms-rubagumya-has-worked-for-the-authority-for-14-years/ |access-date=6 February 2019 |website=Ugandanewsreleases.com |format=Quoting [[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref> == Ensibuko n’obuyigirize == Yazaalibwa mu Uganda era yasomera mu masomero ga pulayimale ne siniya mu kitundu. Alina diguli mu by'amateeka[[:en:Bachelor_of_Laws|,]] ewereddwa [[:en:Makerere_University|Makerere Yunivaasite]], [[:en:Public_university|yunivasite ya gavumenti]] esinga obukadde mu Uganda era esinga obunene . Oluvannyuma yafuna [[:en:Legal_practice|Dipuloma mu by'amateeka]], okuva mu kifo kye kitongole ekikulaakulanya amateeka . Olwo n’akkirizibwa mu bbaala ya Uganda, nga munnamateeka akola. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Halima Abdallah |date=21 August 2017 |title=URA shuts Nakumatt's three stores over taxes |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Uganda-shuts-Nakumatt-s-three-stores-over-taxes-/2560-4064808-3ygd7c/index.html |access-date=6 February 2019 |website=[[The EastAfrican]]}}</ref> Diguli ye eya [[:en:Master_of_Laws|Bakama b'amateeka mu Mafuta ne Gaasi,]] yafunibwa okuva mu [[:en:Robert_Gordon_University|Robert Gordon Yunivaasite]], mu Scotland. Alina ne [[:en:Taxation|diguli eyookubiri mu by’emisolo n’okuddukanya omusolo]], ewereddwa ''essomero ly'okutendeka ekitongole ekisolooza omusolo Uganda'', mu Kampala. Ye munnakitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku bawandiisi n'abaddukanya emirimu mu gwanga lya[[:en:England|Bungereza]] .u <ref name="5R"/> == Omulimu == Mukyala Rubagumya yamala emyaka egisoba mu 20 mu kitongole ky’omusolo ekya Uganda Revenue Authority, ng’amazeeyo emirimu mu mwaka gwa 2001. Yasituka ng’ayita mu madaala mu kitongole kino era nga yaliko Omuyambi wa Kamisona ''Board Affairs, Policy ne Rulings'' mu URA. Yasaliddwawo ng’asinga okusaba mu mulimu gw’abantu bana abaabuuzizza ku kifo kya Kaminsona, Board Matters ne Legal Affairs. <ref name="5R"/> Mu gw'omunaana mu mwaka gwa 2017 mu URA, yali yeenyigira mu kuggalawo amatabi asatu aga [[:en:Nakumatt|Nakumatt Supermarkets]] esangibwa mu ggwanga ly'eKenya Kenya, olw'omusolo ogwali gubanjibwa "waakiri obukadde bwa ssente nga USh300 (eza Uganda 86,000), nga tobaliddeemu magoba agaakung'aanyiziddwa mu myaka etaano egiyise". Ekikolwa ekyo mu butuufu kyagoba Nakumatt mu Uganda. <ref name="6R"/> == Ebirala by’olina okulowoozaako == Mu kifo kye nga "Komisona wa Legal Services ne Board Affairs", yaliko mmemba wa "Siniya Management" mu URA. <ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda Revenue Authority |date=6 February 2019 |title=URA Senior Management Members |url=https://www.ura.go.ug/Resources/webuploads/GNRART/URA%20Senior%20Management%20Members.pdf |access-date=6 February 2019 |website=[[Uganda Revenue Authority]] (URA) |archive-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020133/https://www.ura.go.ug/Resources/webuploads/GNRART/URA%20Senior%20Management%20Members.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu kifo kye nga Kampani Sekulitale, yali mmemba ku lukiiko olufuzi olw’ekitongole ky’omusolo. <ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda Revenue Authority |date=6 February 2019 |title=Uganda Revenue Authority Board Members |url=https://www.ura.go.ug/Resources/webuploads/GNRART/Board-members_2019.jpg |access-date=6 February 2019 |website=[[Uganda Revenue Authority]] (URA) |format=JPG |archive-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015809/https://www.ura.go.ug/Resources/webuploads/GNRART/Board-members_2019.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Laba ne == * Simon Kagugube * Samallie Kiyingi * Ebyenfuna bya Uganda == Emmeeza y’okuddirira == {{s-start}} {{succession box|before=[[Doris Akol]]|title=Commissioner for Legal Services and Board Affairs at [[Uganda Revenue Authority]]|years=4 February 2015 - 25 November 2022|after=TBA}} {{s-end}} == Ebiwandiiko ebikozesebwa == {{Reflist}} ko0r37dfzr0zuwspg99jocnhgu3tkcw Els de Temmerman 0 12129 59754 59414 2026-07-08T18:11:41Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected spellings 59754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }}'''Els De Temmerman''' (yazaalibwa 10 Ogwokubiri 1962, mu [[Oudenaarde]] ) ye yali [[Journalist|munnamawulire]] Omubirigi eyatandikawo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |access-date=28 August 2006}}</ref> ekibiina ekigenderera okukomya okuyingiza abaana, okuwa obuyambi mu by'obwongo n'ebyenjigiriza nga bayita mu [[Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|kuddaabiriza]] [[Child soldier|abaana abajaasi]] mu Africa abakola okufuna ssente ezibeezaawo obulamu bwabwe okwewala okuyingizibwa mu magye mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Era ye muwandiisi w'ekitabo ekiyitibwa ''[[Aboke Girls]]'', ekikwata ku [[Aboke abductions|kuwambibwa kw'abaana abawala mu Aboke]] mu 1996 mu [[Northern Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . == Emirimu gye == Wakati wa 1984 ne 1987, Temmerman yali [[Lecturer|Musomesa]] mu [[Feng Chia University]], [[Taichung]] mu [[Republic of China]]. Yakola nga omuyambi mu [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] mu [[Sudaani|Sudan]], okuva mu 1987 okutuuka mu 1988. Okuva mu 1988 okutuuka mu 1990, yakola nga omusasi w’abakozi mu [[Het Volk (newspaper)|Het Volk]]. Yasigala musasi w'abakozi mu Wereldwijd, magazini y’enkulaakulana eya Bubirigi, okuva mu 1990 okutuuka mu 1992. Yaweereza ng’omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa De Volkskrant news mu [[Netherlands|Budaaki]] ne BRT- leediyo ne Ttivvi ya Bubirigi ng’asinziira e [[Nairobi]], okuva mu 1992 okutuuka mu 1995. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Temmerman yali muwabuzi wa minisita wa Bubirigi [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana y’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Brussels]], wakati wa 1995 ne 1996. Okuva mu 1996 okutuuka mu 1997, yakola nga omusasi wa Afrika-era mu [[De Volkskrant]] ne BRT mu [[Kampala]] ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] . Era okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 1999, omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa [[De Morgen]] -Belgian daily ne VTM Flemish television ng’asinziira mu [[South Africa]] . Nga mu mwaka gwa 2000 ne 2002, yali mu kuwanaganya mu lupapula lwa De standard- Belgian daily, [[Lecturer|Omusomesa]] ku [[Afirika|Africa]] era omuyambi mu [[European Parliament|Palamenti ya Bulaaya]] n’olukiiko [[ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly|lwa Palamenti olw’awamu olwa ACP-EU.]] Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2000 upto date, ye mutandisi era [[Executive director]] wa Sponsoring children Uganda. Yali mukwanaganya wa Rachele Rehabilitation Center e [[Lira, Uganda]], okuva mu 2003 okutuuka mu 2006. Oluvannyuma okuva mu 2006 okutuuka mu 2010, yakola nga [[Editor-in-chief|Editor-in-Chief]] mu [[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]] . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Nga 12 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2006, yalondebwa okuba omusunsuzi omukulu ow’olupapula lw’amawulire olusangibwa mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]], ''[[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]]''. Okulondebwa kuno kwatandika okukola nga 1 Ogwekkumineebiri 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archive-date=9 January 2010 |access-date=27 January 2010}}</ref> Yalekulira mu Gwekkumi 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> Mu 2010, ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte kyesigisa Els De Temmerman okutandikawo ekifo ekibudamya abaana abato abayingizibwa mu buserikale bw'ekiyeekera mu bukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bwa Congo, kye yaggulawo mu 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}}</ref> Els De Temmerman mufumbo ne mufumbo eyawasa [[Johan Van Hecke]] munnabyabufuzi Omubirigi abeera mu [[Oosterzele]] . Mu 2008, ye ne Van Hecke baafuuka bannannyini wooteeri ya Cassia Lodge mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] . Nga 7th Omwezi ogwomusanvu 2011, yazaala abaana ab’obuwala ababiri . Mu 2018, De Temmerman ne Van Hecke baatunda Cassia Lodge, oluvannyuma n’atandikawo wooteeri empya eyitibwa Kaazi Beach Resort. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{DEFAULTSORT:De Temmerman, Els}} # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # [https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20220622_96799041 Cath Luyten bezoekt voormalig CD&V-voorzitter Johan Van Hecke in Oeganda] nk5gxthlwgzpkhgk56hjfq5x3pmgpq4 59755 59754 2026-07-08T18:16:48Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar and punctuations 59755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }}'''Els De Temmerman''' (yazaalibwa 10 Ogwokubiri 1962, mu [[Oudenaarde]] ) ye yali [[Journalist|munnamawulire]] Omubirigi eyatandikawo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |access-date=28 August 2006}}</ref> ekibiina ekigenderera okukomya okuyingiza abaana, okuwa obuyambi mu by'obwongo n'ebyenjigiriza nga bayita mu [[Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|kuddaabiriza]] [[Child soldier|abaana abajaasi]] mu Africa abakola okufuna ssente ezibeezaawo obulamu bwabwe okwewala okuyingizibwa mu magye mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Era ye muwandiisi w'ekitabo ekiyitibwa ''[[Aboke Girls]]'', ekikwata ku [[Aboke abductions|kuwambibwa kw'abaana abawala mu Aboke]] mu 1996 mu [[Northern Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . == Emirimu gye == Wakati wa 1984 ne 1987, Temmerman yali [[Lecturer|Musomesa]] mu [[Feng Chia University]], [[Taichung]] mu [[Republic of China]]. Yakola nga omuyambi mu [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] mu [[Sudaani|Sudan]], okuva mu 1987 okutuuka mu 1988. Okuva mu 1988 okutuuka mu 1990, yakola nga omusasi w’abakozi mu [[Het Volk (newspaper)|Het Volk]]. Yasigala musasi w'abakozi mu Wereldwijd, magazini y’enkulaakulana eya Bubirigi, okuva mu 1990 okutuuka mu 1992. Yaweereza ng’omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa De Volkskrant news mu [[Netherlands|Budaaki]] ne BRT- leediyo ne Ttivvi ya Bubirigi ng’asinziira e [[Nairobi]], okuva mu 1992 okutuuka mu 1995. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Temmerman yali muwabuzi wa minisita wa Bubirigi [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ezikwata ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Brussels]], wakati wa 1995 ne 1996. Okuva mu 1996 okutuuka mu 1997, yakola nga omusasi w'amawulire agakwata ku Afrika-era mu [[De Volkskrant]] ne BRT mu [[Kampala]] ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] . Era okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 1999, yeeyali omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa [[De Morgen]] -Belgian daily ne VTM Flemish television ng’asinziira mu [[South Africa]] . Nga mu mwaka gwa 2000 ne 2002, yali mu kwanaganya mu lupapula lwa De standard- Belgian daily, [[Lecturer|Omusomesa]] ku [[Afirika|Africa]] era omuyambi mu [[European Parliament|Palamenti ya Bulaaya]] n’olukiiko [[ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly|lwa Palamenti olw’awamu olwa ACP-EU.]] Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2000 okutuusa leero ye mutandisi era [[Executive director]] wa Sponsoring children Uganda. Yali mukwanaganya wa Rachele Rehabilitation Center e [[Lira, Uganda]], okuva mu 2003 okutuuka mu 2006. Oluvannyuma okuva mu 2006 okutuuka mu 2010, yakola nga [[Editor-in-chief|Editor-in-Chief]] mu kkampuni ya [[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]] . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Nga 12 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2006, yalondebwa okuba omusunsuzi omukulu ow’olupapula lw’amawulire olusangibwa mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]], ''[[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]]''. Okulondebwa kuno kwatandika okukola nga 1 Ogwekkumineebiri 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archive-date=9 January 2010 |access-date=27 January 2010}}</ref> Yalekulira mu Gwekkumi 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> Mu 2010, ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte kyesigisa Els De Temmerman okutandikawo ekifo ekibudamya abaana abato abayingizibwa mu buserikale bw'ekiyeekera mu bukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bwa Congo, kye yaggulawo mu 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}}</ref> Els De Temmerman mufumbo ne mufumbo eyawasa [[Johan Van Hecke]] munnabyabufuzi Omubirigi abeera mu [[Oosterzele]] . Mu 2008, ye ne Van Hecke baafuuka bannannyini wooteeri ya Cassia Lodge mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] . Nga 7th Omwezi ogwomusanvu 2011, yazaala abaana ab’obuwala ababiri . Mu 2018, De Temmerman ne Van Hecke baatunda Cassia Lodge, oluvannyuma n’atandikawo wooteeri empya eyitibwa Kaazi Beach Resort. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{DEFAULTSORT:De Temmerman, Els}} # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # [https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20220622_96799041 Cath Luyten bezoekt voormalig CD&V-voorzitter Johan Van Hecke in Oeganda] 7pcxj1iqkn15mvrsy5augzfgou16pdv 59758 59755 2026-07-08T18:22:14Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 added new heading 59758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }}'''Els De Temmerman''' (yazaalibwa 10 Ogwokubiri 1962, mu [[Oudenaarde]] ) ye yali [[Journalist|munnamawulire]] Omubirigi eyatandikawo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |access-date=28 August 2006}}</ref> ekibiina ekigenderera okukomya okuyingiza abaana, okuwa obuyambi mu by'obwongo n'ebyenjigiriza nga bayita mu [[Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|kuddaabiriza]] [[Child soldier|abaana abajaasi]] mu Africa abakola okufuna ssente ezibeezaawo obulamu bwabwe okwewala okuyingizibwa mu magye mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Era ye muwandiisi w'ekitabo ekiyitibwa ''[[Aboke Girls]]'', ekikwata ku [[Aboke abductions|kuwambibwa kw'abaana abawala mu Aboke]] mu 1996 mu [[Northern Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . == Emirimu gye == Wakati wa 1984 ne 1987, Temmerman yali [[Lecturer|Musomesa]] mu [[Feng Chia University]], [[Taichung]] mu [[Republic of China]]. Yakola nga omuyambi mu [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] mu [[Sudaani|Sudan]], okuva mu 1987 okutuuka mu 1988. Okuva mu 1988 okutuuka mu 1990, yakola nga omusasi w’abakozi mu [[Het Volk (newspaper)|Het Volk]]. Yasigala musasi w'abakozi mu Wereldwijd, magazini y’enkulaakulana eya Bubirigi, okuva mu 1990 okutuuka mu 1992. Yaweereza ng’omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa De Volkskrant news mu [[Netherlands|Budaaki]] ne BRT- leediyo ne Ttivvi ya Bubirigi ng’asinziira e [[Nairobi]], okuva mu 1992 okutuuka mu 1995. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Temmerman yali muwabuzi wa minisita wa Bubirigi [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ezikwata ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Brussels]], wakati wa 1995 ne 1996. Okuva mu 1996 okutuuka mu 1997, yakola nga omusasi w'amawulire agakwata ku Afrika-era mu [[De Volkskrant]] ne BRT mu [[Kampala]] ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] . Era okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 1999, yeeyali omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa [[De Morgen]] -Belgian daily ne VTM Flemish television ng’asinziira mu [[South Africa]] . Nga mu mwaka gwa 2000 ne 2002, yali mu kwanaganya mu lupapula lwa De standard- Belgian daily, [[Lecturer|Omusomesa]] ku [[Afirika|Africa]] era omuyambi mu [[European Parliament|Palamenti ya Bulaaya]] n’olukiiko [[ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly|lwa Palamenti olw’awamu olwa ACP-EU.]] Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2000 okutuusa leero ye mutandisi era [[Executive director]] wa Sponsoring children Uganda. Yali mukwanaganya wa Rachele Rehabilitation Center e [[Lira, Uganda]], okuva mu 2003 okutuuka mu 2006. Oluvannyuma okuva mu 2006 okutuuka mu 2010, yakola nga [[Editor-in-chief|Editor-in-Chief]] mu kkampuni ya [[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]] . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Nga 12 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2006, yalondebwa okuba omusunsuzi omukulu ow’olupapula lw’amawulire olusangibwa mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]], ''[[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]]''. Okulondebwa kuno kwatandika okukola nga 1 Ogwekkumineebiri 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archive-date=9 January 2010 |access-date=27 January 2010}}</ref> Yalekulira mu Gwekkumi 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> Mu 2010, ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte kyesigisa Els De Temmerman okutandikawo ekifo ekibudamya abaana abato abayingizibwa mu buserikale bw'ekiyeekera mu bukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bwa Congo, kye yaggulawo mu 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}}</ref> == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Els De Temmerman mufumbo ne mufumbo eyawasa [[Johan Van Hecke]] munnabyabufuzi Omubirigi abeera mu [[Oosterzele]] . Mu 2008, ye ne Van Hecke baafuuka bannannyini wooteeri ya Cassia Lodge mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] . Nga 7th Omwezi ogwomusanvu 2011, yazaala abaana ab’obuwala ababiri . Mu 2018, De Temmerman ne Van Hecke baatunda Cassia Lodge, oluvannyuma n’atandikawo wooteeri empya eyitibwa Kaazi Beach Resort. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{DEFAULTSORT:De Temmerman, Els}} # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # [https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20220622_96799041 Cath Luyten bezoekt voormalig CD&V-voorzitter Johan Van Hecke in Oeganda] 36iwjugktutsyv6pdocfsy7033vlhmv 59761 59758 2026-07-08T18:56:36Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 added new heading 59761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }}'''Els De Temmerman''' (yazaalibwa 10 Ogwokubiri 1962, mu [[Oudenaarde]] ) ye yali [[Journalist|munnamawulire]] Omubirigi eyatandikawo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |access-date=28 August 2006}}</ref> ekibiina ekigenderera okukomya okuyingiza abaana, okuwa obuyambi mu by'obwongo n'ebyenjigiriza nga bayita mu [[Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|kuddaabiriza]] [[Child soldier|abaana abajaasi]] mu Africa abakola okufuna ssente ezibeezaawo obulamu bwabwe okwewala okuyingizibwa mu magye mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Era ye muwandiisi w'ekitabo ekiyitibwa ''[[Aboke Girls]]'', ekikwata ku [[Aboke abductions|kuwambibwa kw'abaana abawala mu Aboke]] mu 1996 mu [[Northern Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . == Emirimu gye == Wakati wa 1984 ne 1987, Temmerman yali [[Lecturer|Musomesa]] mu [[Feng Chia University]], [[Taichung]] mu [[Republic of China]]. Yakola nga omuyambi mu [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] mu [[Sudaani|Sudan]], okuva mu 1987 okutuuka mu 1988. Okuva mu 1988 okutuuka mu 1990, yakola nga omusasi w’abakozi mu [[Het Volk (newspaper)|Het Volk]]. Yasigala musasi w'abakozi mu Wereldwijd, magazini y’enkulaakulana eya Bubirigi, okuva mu 1990 okutuuka mu 1992. Yaweereza ng’omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa De Volkskrant news mu [[Netherlands|Budaaki]] ne BRT- leediyo ne Ttivvi ya Bubirigi ng’asinziira e [[Nairobi]], okuva mu 1992 okutuuka mu 1995. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Temmerman yali muwabuzi wa minisita wa Bubirigi [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ezikwata ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Brussels]], wakati wa 1995 ne 1996. Okuva mu 1996 okutuuka mu 1997, yakola nga omusasi w'amawulire agakwata ku Afrika-era mu [[De Volkskrant]] ne BRT mu [[Kampala]] ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] . Era okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 1999, yeeyali omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa [[De Morgen]] -Belgian daily ne VTM Flemish television ng’asinziira mu [[South Africa]] . Nga mu mwaka gwa 2000 ne 2002, yali mu kwanaganya mu lupapula lwa De standard- Belgian daily, [[Lecturer|Omusomesa]] ku [[Afirika|Africa]] era omuyambi mu [[European Parliament|Palamenti ya Bulaaya]] n’olukiiko [[ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly|lwa Palamenti olw’awamu olwa ACP-EU.]] Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2000 okutuusa leero ye mutandisi era [[Executive director]] wa Sponsoring children Uganda. Yali mukwanaganya wa Rachele Rehabilitation Center e [[Lira, Uganda]], okuva mu 2003 okutuuka mu 2006. Oluvannyuma okuva mu 2006 okutuuka mu 2010, yakola nga [[Editor-in-chief|Editor-in-Chief]] mu kkampuni ya [[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]] . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Nga 12 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2006, yalondebwa okuba omusunsuzi omukulu ow’olupapula lw’amawulire olusangibwa mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]], ''[[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]]''. Okulondebwa kuno kwatandika okukola nga 1 Ogwekkumineebiri 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archive-date=9 January 2010 |access-date=27 January 2010}}</ref> Yalekulira mu Gwekkumi 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> Mu 2010, ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte kyesigisa Els De Temmerman okutandikawo ekifo ekibudamya abaana abato abayingizibwa mu buserikale bw'ekiyeekera mu bukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bwa Congo, kye yaggulawo mu 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}}</ref> == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Els De Temmerman mufumbo ne mufumbo eyawasa [[Johan Van Hecke]] munnabyabufuzi Omubirigi abeera mu [[Oosterzele]] . Mu 2008, ye ne Van Hecke baafuuka bannannyini wooteeri ya Cassia Lodge mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] . Nga 7th Omwezi ogwomusanvu 2011, yazaala abaana ab’obuwala ababiri . Mu 2018, De Temmerman ne Van Hecke baatunda Cassia Lodge, oluvannyuma n’atandikawo wooteeri empya eyitibwa Kaazi Beach Resort. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{DEFAULTSORT:De Temmerman, Els}} # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # [https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20220622_96799041 Cath Luyten bezoekt voormalig CD&V-voorzitter Johan Van Hecke in Oeganda] <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == 2vulu6z6mxftzr3pb8pn9svotmes47u 59762 59761 2026-07-08T19:00:49Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 59762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }}'''Els De Temmerman''' (yazaalibwa 10 Ogwokubiri 1962, mu [[Oudenaarde]] ) ye yali [[Journalist|munnamawulire]] Omubirigi eyatandikawo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |access-date=28 August 2006}}</ref> ekibiina ekigenderera okukomya okuyingiza abaana, okuwa obuyambi mu by'obwongo n'ebyenjigiriza nga bayita mu [[Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|kuddaabiriza]] [[Child soldier|abaana abajaasi]] mu Africa abakola okufuna ssente ezibeezaawo obulamu bwabwe okwewala okuyingizibwa mu magye mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Era ye muwandiisi w'ekitabo ekiyitibwa ''[[Aboke Girls]]'', ekikwata ku [[Aboke abductions|kuwambibwa kw'abaana abawala mu Aboke]] mu 1996 mu [[Northern Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . == Emirimu gye == Wakati wa 1984 ne 1987, Temmerman yali [[Lecturer|Musomesa]] mu [[Feng Chia University]], [[Taichung]] mu [[Republic of China]]. Yakola nga omuyambi mu [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] mu [[Sudaani|Sudan]], okuva mu 1987 okutuuka mu 1988. Okuva mu 1988 okutuuka mu 1990, yakola nga omusasi w’abakozi mu [[Het Volk (newspaper)|Het Volk]]. Yasigala musasi w'abakozi mu Wereldwijd, magazini y’enkulaakulana eya Bubirigi, okuva mu 1990 okutuuka mu 1992. Yaweereza ng’omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa De Volkskrant news mu [[Netherlands|Budaaki]] ne BRT- leediyo ne Ttivvi ya Bubirigi ng’asinziira e [[Nairobi]], okuva mu 1992 okutuuka mu 1995. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Temmerman yali muwabuzi wa minisita wa Bubirigi [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ezikwata ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Brussels]], wakati wa 1995 ne 1996. Okuva mu 1996 okutuuka mu 1997, yakola nga omusasi w'amawulire agakwata ku Afrika-era mu [[De Volkskrant]] ne BRT mu [[Kampala]] ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] . Era okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 1999, yeeyali omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa [[De Morgen]] -Belgian daily ne VTM Flemish television ng’asinziira mu [[South Africa]] . Nga mu mwaka gwa 2000 ne 2002, yali mu kwanaganya mu lupapula lwa De standard- Belgian daily, [[Lecturer|Omusomesa]] ku [[Afirika|Africa]] era omuyambi mu [[European Parliament|Palamenti ya Bulaaya]] n’olukiiko [[ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly|lwa Palamenti olw’awamu olwa ACP-EU.]] Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2000 okutuusa leero ye mutandisi era [[Executive director]] wa Sponsoring children Uganda. Yali mukwanaganya wa Rachele Rehabilitation Center e [[Lira, Uganda]], okuva mu 2003 okutuuka mu 2006. Oluvannyuma okuva mu 2006 okutuuka mu 2010, yakola nga [[Editor-in-chief|Editor-in-Chief]] mu kkampuni ya [[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]] . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Nga 12 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2006, yalondebwa okuba omusunsuzi omukulu ow’olupapula lw’amawulire olusangibwa mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]], ''[[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]]''. Okulondebwa kuno kwatandika okukola nga 1 Ogwekkumineebiri 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archive-date=9 January 2010 |access-date=27 January 2010}}</ref> Yalekulira mu Gwekkumi 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> Mu 2010, ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte kyesigisa Els De Temmerman okutandikawo ekifo ekibudamya abaana abato abayingizibwa mu buserikale bw'ekiyeekera mu bukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bwa Congo, kye yaggulawo mu 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}}</ref> == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Els De Temmerman mufumbo ne mufumbo eyawasa [[Johan Van Hecke]] munnabyabufuzi Omubirigi abeera mu [[Oosterzele]] . Mu 2008, ye ne Van Hecke baafuuka bannannyini wooteeri ya Cassia Lodge mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] . Nga 7th Omwezi ogwomusanvu 2011, yazaala abaana ab’obuwala ababiri . Mu 2018, De Temmerman ne Van Hecke baatunda Cassia Lodge, oluvannyuma n’atandikawo wooteeri empya eyitibwa Kaazi Beach Resort. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{DEFAULTSORT:De Temmerman, Els}} # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # [https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20220622_96799041 Cath Luyten bezoekt voormalig CD&V-voorzitter Johan Van Hecke in Oeganda] <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman Journalism] [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman fund Europe] * [https://africanbookscollective.com/contributor/els-de-temmerman/ African books collective] * [https://www.villamedia.nl/artikel/els-de-temmerman-met-de-dood-bedreigd Villa media] {{Authority control}} cte67vxi298gjyszvxv9aem1xsuh4oj 59763 59762 2026-07-08T19:29:05Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar and punctuations 59763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }}'''Els De Temmerman''' (yazaalibwa 10 Ogwokubiri 1962, mu [[Oudenaarde]] ) ye yali [[Journalist|munnamawulire]] Omubirigi eyatandikawo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |access-date=28 August 2006}}</ref> ekibiina ekigenderera okukomya okuyingiza abaana, okuwa obuyambi mu by'obwongo n'ebyenjigiriza nga bayita mu [[Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|kuddaabiriza]] [[Child soldier|abaana abajaasi]] mu Africa abakola okufuna ssente ezibeezaawo obulamu bwabwe okwewala okuyingizibwa mu magye mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Era ye muwandiisi w'ekitabo ekiyitibwa ''[[Aboke Girls]]'', ekikwata ku [[Aboke abductions|kuwambibwa kw'abaana abawala mu Aboke]] mu 1996 mu [[Northern Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . == Emirimu gye == Wakati wa 1984 ne 1987, Temmerman yali [[Lecturer|Musomesa]] mu [[Feng Chia University]], [[Taichung]] mu [[Republic of China]]. Yakola nga omuyambi mu [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] mu [[Sudaani|Sudan]], okuva mu 1987 okutuuka mu 1988. Okuva mu 1988 okutuuka mu 1990, yakola nga omusasi w’abakozi mu [[Het Volk (newspaper)|Het Volk]]. Yasigala musasi w'abakozi mu Wereldwijd, magazini y’enkulaakulana eya Bubirigi, okuva mu 1990 okutuuka mu 1992. Yaweereza ng’omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa De Volkskrant news mu [[Netherlands|Budaaki]] ne BRT- leediyo ne Ttivvi ya Bubirigi ng’asinziira e [[Nairobi]], okuva mu 1992 okutuuka mu 1995. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Temmerman yali muwabuzi wa minisita wa Bubirigi [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ezikwata ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Brussels]], wakati wa 1995 ne 1996. Okuva mu 1996 okutuuka mu 1997, yakola nga omusasi w'amawulire agakwata ku Afrika-era mu [[De Volkskrant]] ne BRT mu [[Kampala]] ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] . Era okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 1999, yeeyali omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa [[De Morgen]] -Belgian daily ne VTM Flemish television ng’asinziira mu [[South Africa]] . Nga mu mwaka gwa 2000 ne 2002, yali mu kwanaganya mu lupapula lwa De standard- Belgian daily, [[Lecturer|Omusomesa]] ku [[Afirika|Africa]] era omuyambi mu [[European Parliament|Palamenti ya Bulaaya]] n’olukiiko [[ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly|lwa Palamenti olw’awamu olwa ACP-EU.]] Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2000 okutuusa leero ye mutandisi era [[Executive director]] wa Sponsoring children Uganda. Yali mukwanaganya wa Rachele Rehabilitation Center e [[Lira, Uganda]], okuva mu 2003 okutuuka mu 2006. Oluvannyuma okuva mu 2006 okutuuka mu 2010, yakola nga [[Editor-in-chief|Editor-in-Chief]] mu kkampuni ya [[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]] . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Nga 12 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2006, yalondebwa okuba omusunsuzi omukulu ow’olupapula lw’amawulire olusangibwa mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]], ''[[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]]''. Okulondebwa kuno kwatandika okukola nga 1 Ogwekkumineebiri 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archive-date=9 January 2010 |access-date=27 January 2010}}</ref> Yalekulira mu Gwekkumi 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> Mu 2010, ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte kyesigisa Els De Temmerman okutandikawo ekifo ekibudamya abaana abato abayingizibwa mu buserikale bw'ekiyeekera mu bukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bwa Congo, kye yaggulawo mu 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}}</ref> == Bye yawandiika == * The Horn of Agony, [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]], [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] and [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] ''[[:en:Davidsfonds|Davidsfonds]], [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 1992'' * The Dead are Alive : [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]], an eyewitness ''[[:en:De_Arbeiderspers|De Arbeiderspers]], The [[:en:Netherlands|Netherlands]], 1994 (yali firimu)'' * [[:en:Africa|Africa]], [[:en:Continents_in_Motion|Continents in Motion]] ''Icarus/[[:en:De_Standaard|De Standaard]], [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 1997'' * [[:en:Africa|Africa]] in a Vicious Circle ''Muller Lecture for the [[:en:Diplomatic_corps|Diplomatic Corps]] in the [[:en:The_Hague|Hague]], the [[:en:Netherlands|Netherlands]], 2000'' * [[:en:Aboke_girls|Aboke Girls]], [[:en:Abducted_children|abducted Children]] in [[:en:Northern_Uganda|northern Uganda]] ''Scoop, [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 2000/[[:en:Fountain_Publishers|Fountain Publishers]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], 2001'' (also translated in [[:en:Spanish_language|Spanish]], [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]] and [[:en:French_language|French]]) * Open letter on Globalisation, The Debate ''Cabinet of the [[:en:Belgian_Prime_Minister|Belgian Prime Minister]], 2001'' * And then I had to bite to death my brother ''Houtekiet, 200'' == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Els De Temmerman mufumbo eri [[Johan Van Hecke|Johan Van Hecke,]] munnabyabufuzi Omubirigi abeera mu [[Oosterzele]]. Mu 2008, ye ne Van Hecke baafuuka bannannyini wooteeri ya Cassia Lodge mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]]. Nga 7 Ogwomusanvu 2011, yazaala abaana ab’obuwala babiri. Mu 2018, De Temmerman ne Van Hecke baatunda Cassia Lodge, oluvannyuma n’atandikawo wooteeri empya eyitibwa Kaazi Beach Resort. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{DEFAULTSORT:De Temmerman, Els}} # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # [https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20220622_96799041 Cath Luyten bezoekt voormalig CD&V-voorzitter Johan Van Hecke in Oeganda] <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman Journalism] [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman fund Europe] * [https://africanbookscollective.com/contributor/els-de-temmerman/ African books collective] * [https://www.villamedia.nl/artikel/els-de-temmerman-met-de-dood-bedreigd Villa media] {{Authority control}} 0flyl0yx3jb2s9sq1r60oiikizv64lw 59764 59763 2026-07-08T19:35:57Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added a new heading and new paragraph 59764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }}'''Els De Temmerman''' (yazaalibwa 10 Ogwokubiri 1962, mu [[Oudenaarde]] ) ye yali [[Journalist|munnamawulire]] Omubirigi eyatandikawo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |access-date=28 August 2006}}</ref> ekibiina ekigenderera okukomya okuyingiza abaana, okuwa obuyambi mu by'obwongo n'ebyenjigiriza nga bayita mu [[Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|kuddaabiriza]] [[Child soldier|abaana abajaasi]] mu Africa abakola okufuna ssente ezibeezaawo obulamu bwabwe okwewala okuyingizibwa mu magye mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Era ye muwandiisi w'ekitabo ekiyitibwa ''[[Aboke Girls]]'', ekikwata ku [[Aboke abductions|kuwambibwa kw'abaana abawala mu Aboke]] mu 1996 mu [[Northern Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . == Emirimu gye == Wakati wa 1984 ne 1987, Temmerman yali [[Lecturer|Musomesa]] mu [[Feng Chia University]], [[Taichung]] mu [[Republic of China]]. Yakola nga omuyambi mu [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] mu [[Sudaani|Sudan]], okuva mu 1987 okutuuka mu 1988. Okuva mu 1988 okutuuka mu 1990, yakola nga omusasi w’abakozi mu [[Het Volk (newspaper)|Het Volk]]. Yasigala musasi w'abakozi mu Wereldwijd, magazini y’enkulaakulana eya Bubirigi, okuva mu 1990 okutuuka mu 1992. Yaweereza ng’omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa De Volkskrant news mu [[Netherlands|Budaaki]] ne BRT- leediyo ne Ttivvi ya Bubirigi ng’asinziira e [[Nairobi]], okuva mu 1992 okutuuka mu 1995. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Temmerman yali muwabuzi wa minisita wa Bubirigi [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ezikwata ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Brussels]], wakati wa 1995 ne 1996. Okuva mu 1996 okutuuka mu 1997, yakola nga omusasi w'amawulire agakwata ku Afrika-era mu [[De Volkskrant]] ne BRT mu [[Kampala]] ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] . Era okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 1999, yeeyali omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa [[De Morgen]] -Belgian daily ne VTM Flemish television ng’asinziira mu [[South Africa]] . Nga mu mwaka gwa 2000 ne 2002, yali mu kwanaganya mu lupapula lwa De standard- Belgian daily, [[Lecturer|Omusomesa]] ku [[Afirika|Africa]] era omuyambi mu [[European Parliament|Palamenti ya Bulaaya]] n’olukiiko [[ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly|lwa Palamenti olw’awamu olwa ACP-EU.]] Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2000 okutuusa leero ye mutandisi era [[Executive director]] wa Sponsoring children Uganda. Yali mukwanaganya wa Rachele Rehabilitation Center e [[Lira, Uganda]], okuva mu 2003 okutuuka mu 2006. Oluvannyuma okuva mu 2006 okutuuka mu 2010, yakola nga [[Editor-in-chief|Editor-in-Chief]] mu kkampuni ya [[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]] . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Nga 12 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2006, yalondebwa okuba omusunsuzi omukulu ow’olupapula lw’amawulire olusangibwa mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]], ''[[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]]''. Okulondebwa kuno kwatandika okukola nga 1 Ogwekkumineebiri 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archive-date=9 January 2010 |access-date=27 January 2010}}</ref> Yalekulira mu Gwekkumi 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> Mu 2010, ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte kyesigisa Els De Temmerman okutandikawo ekifo ekibudamya abaana abato abayingizibwa mu buserikale bw'ekiyeekera mu bukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bwa Congo, kye yaggulawo mu 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}}</ref> == Awaadi ze == Temmerman received Dick Scherpenzeel Award from the Dutch Minister of [[:en:Development_cooperation|Development Cooperation]] in [[:en:Netherlands|Netherlands]], 1994. She was the media person of the year in [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 1994 and Woman of the year-Belgium in 1995. She got the prize of the Dutch Daily Press-Netherlands in 1995. She also received the Award of the [[:en:Catholic_University|Catholic University]] of [[:en:Kortrijk|Kortrijk]] in [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 2001 and Gulden spoor Award, 2004.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW|url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html|access-date=2025-12-17|website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> She got Guinness power of goodness award in [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], 2004. She received vocational service award from the Rotary Club Kampala for outstanding community service through [[:en:Journalism|Journalism]] in [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] from 2004 to 2005.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW|url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html|access-date=2025-12-17|website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> == Bye yafulumya == * The Horn of Agony, [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]], [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] and [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] ''[[:en:Davidsfonds|Davidsfonds]], [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 1992'' * The Dead are Alive : [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]], an eyewitness ''[[:en:De_Arbeiderspers|De Arbeiderspers]], The [[:en:Netherlands|Netherlands]], 1994 (yali firimu)'' * [[:en:Africa|Africa]], [[:en:Continents_in_Motion|Continents in Motion]] ''Icarus/[[:en:De_Standaard|De Standaard]], [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 1997'' * [[:en:Africa|Africa]] in a Vicious Circle ''Muller Lecture for the [[:en:Diplomatic_corps|Diplomatic Corps]] in the [[:en:The_Hague|Hague]], the [[:en:Netherlands|Netherlands]], 2000'' * [[:en:Aboke_girls|Aboke Girls]], [[:en:Abducted_children|abducted Children]] in [[:en:Northern_Uganda|northern Uganda]] ''Scoop, [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 2000/[[:en:Fountain_Publishers|Fountain Publishers]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], 2001'' (also translated in [[:en:Spanish_language|Spanish]], [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]] and [[:en:French_language|French]]) * Open letter on Globalisation, The Debate ''Cabinet of the [[:en:Belgian_Prime_Minister|Belgian Prime Minister]], 2001'' * And then I had to bite to death my brother ''Houtekiet, 200'' == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Els De Temmerman mufumbo eri [[Johan Van Hecke|Johan Van Hecke,]] munnabyabufuzi Omubirigi abeera mu [[Oosterzele]]. Mu 2008, ye ne Van Hecke baafuuka bannannyini wooteeri ya Cassia Lodge mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]]. Nga 7 Ogwomusanvu 2011, yazaala abaana ab’obuwala babiri. Mu 2018, De Temmerman ne Van Hecke baatunda Cassia Lodge, oluvannyuma n’atandikawo wooteeri empya eyitibwa Kaazi Beach Resort. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{DEFAULTSORT:De Temmerman, Els}} # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # [https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20220622_96799041 Cath Luyten bezoekt voormalig CD&V-voorzitter Johan Van Hecke in Oeganda] <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman Journalism] [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman fund Europe] * [https://africanbookscollective.com/contributor/els-de-temmerman/ African books collective] * [https://www.villamedia.nl/artikel/els-de-temmerman-met-de-dood-bedreigd Villa media] {{Authority control}} dehowcmcffn05ipsnzymgo0bai18plz 59765 59764 2026-07-08T19:41:21Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 59765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }}'''Els De Temmerman''' (yazaalibwa 10 Ogwokubiri 1962, mu [[Oudenaarde]] ) ye yali [[Journalist|munnamawulire]] Omubirigi eyatandikawo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |access-date=28 August 2006}}</ref> ekibiina ekigenderera okukomya okuyingiza abaana, okuwa obuyambi mu by'obwongo n'ebyenjigiriza nga bayita mu [[Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|kuddaabiriza]] [[Child soldier|abaana abajaasi]] mu Africa abakola okufuna ssente ezibeezaawo obulamu bwabwe okwewala okuyingizibwa mu magye mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Era ye muwandiisi w'ekitabo ekiyitibwa ''[[Aboke Girls]]'', ekikwata ku [[Aboke abductions|kuwambibwa kw'abaana abawala mu Aboke]] mu 1996 mu [[Northern Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . == Emirimu gye == Wakati wa 1984 ne 1987, Temmerman yali [[Lecturer|Musomesa]] mu [[Feng Chia University]], [[Taichung]] mu [[Republic of China]]. Yakola nga omuyambi mu [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] mu [[Sudaani|Sudan]], okuva mu 1987 okutuuka mu 1988. Okuva mu 1988 okutuuka mu 1990, yakola nga omusasi w’abakozi mu [[Het Volk (newspaper)|Het Volk]]. Yasigala musasi w'abakozi mu Wereldwijd, magazini y’enkulaakulana eya Bubirigi, okuva mu 1990 okutuuka mu 1992. Yaweereza ng’omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa De Volkskrant news mu [[Netherlands|Budaaki]] ne BRT- leediyo ne Ttivvi ya Bubirigi ng’asinziira e [[Nairobi]], okuva mu 1992 okutuuka mu 1995. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Temmerman yali muwabuzi wa minisita wa Bubirigi [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ezikwata ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Brussels]], wakati wa 1995 ne 1996. Okuva mu 1996 okutuuka mu 1997, yakola nga omusasi w'amawulire agakwata ku Afrika-era mu [[De Volkskrant]] ne BRT mu [[Kampala]] ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] . Era okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 1999, yeeyali omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa [[De Morgen]] -Belgian daily ne VTM Flemish television ng’asinziira mu [[South Africa]] . Nga mu mwaka gwa 2000 ne 2002, yali mu kwanaganya mu lupapula lwa De standard- Belgian daily, [[Lecturer|Omusomesa]] ku [[Afirika|Africa]] era omuyambi mu [[European Parliament|Palamenti ya Bulaaya]] n’olukiiko [[ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly|lwa Palamenti olw’awamu olwa ACP-EU.]] Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2000 okutuusa leero ye mutandisi era [[Executive director]] wa Sponsoring children Uganda. Yali mukwanaganya wa Rachele Rehabilitation Center e [[Lira, Uganda]], okuva mu 2003 okutuuka mu 2006. Oluvannyuma okuva mu 2006 okutuuka mu 2010, yakola nga [[Editor-in-chief|Editor-in-Chief]] mu kkampuni ya [[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]] . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Nga 12 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2006, yalondebwa okuba omusunsuzi omukulu ow’olupapula lw’amawulire olusangibwa mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]], ''[[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]]''. Okulondebwa kuno kwatandika okukola nga 1 Ogwekkumineebiri 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archive-date=9 January 2010 |access-date=27 January 2010}}</ref> Yalekulira mu Gwekkumi 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> Mu 2010, ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte kyesigisa Els De Temmerman okutandikawo ekifo ekibudamya abaana abato abayingizibwa mu buserikale bw'ekiyeekera mu bukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bwa Congo, kye yaggulawo mu 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}}</ref> == Awaadi ze == Temmerman yafuna awaadi ya Dick Scherpenzeel okuva ewa Minisita wa Budaaki [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Netherlands]], mu 1994. Yali muntu w’amawulire ow’omwaka mu [[Bubirigi]], 1994 n’omukyala ow’omwaka-Belgium mu 1995. Yafuna awaadi ya Dutch Daily Press-Netherlands mu 1995. Era yafuna awaadi ya [[Catholic University|Yunivasite y’Abakatoliki]] ey’e [[Kortrijk]] mu [[Bubirigi]]. 2001 ne awaadi ya Gulden spoor, 2004. <ref name=":05">{{Cite web|title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW|url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html|access-date=2025-12-17|website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> She got Guinness power of goodness award in [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], 2004. She received vocational service award from the Rotary Club Kampala for outstanding community service through [[:en:Journalism|Journalism]] in [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] from 2004 to 2005.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW|url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html|access-date=2025-12-17|website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> == Bye yafulumya == * The Horn of Agony, [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]], [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] and [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] ''[[:en:Davidsfonds|Davidsfonds]], [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 1992'' * The Dead are Alive : [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]], an eyewitness ''[[:en:De_Arbeiderspers|De Arbeiderspers]], The [[:en:Netherlands|Netherlands]], 1994 (yali firimu)'' * [[:en:Africa|Africa]], [[:en:Continents_in_Motion|Continents in Motion]] ''Icarus/[[:en:De_Standaard|De Standaard]], [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 1997'' * [[:en:Africa|Africa]] in a Vicious Circle ''Muller Lecture for the [[:en:Diplomatic_corps|Diplomatic Corps]] in the [[:en:The_Hague|Hague]], the [[:en:Netherlands|Netherlands]], 2000'' * [[:en:Aboke_girls|Aboke Girls]], [[:en:Abducted_children|abducted Children]] in [[:en:Northern_Uganda|northern Uganda]] ''Scoop, [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 2000/[[:en:Fountain_Publishers|Fountain Publishers]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], 2001'' (also translated in [[:en:Spanish_language|Spanish]], [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]] and [[:en:French_language|French]]) * Open letter on Globalisation, The Debate ''Cabinet of the [[:en:Belgian_Prime_Minister|Belgian Prime Minister]], 2001'' * And then I had to bite to death my brother ''Houtekiet, 200'' == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Els De Temmerman mufumbo eri [[Johan Van Hecke|Johan Van Hecke,]] munnabyabufuzi Omubirigi abeera mu [[Oosterzele]]. Mu 2008, ye ne Van Hecke baafuuka bannannyini wooteeri ya Cassia Lodge mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]]. Nga 7 Ogwomusanvu 2011, yazaala abaana ab’obuwala babiri. Mu 2018, De Temmerman ne Van Hecke baatunda Cassia Lodge, oluvannyuma n’atandikawo wooteeri empya eyitibwa Kaazi Beach Resort. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{DEFAULTSORT:De Temmerman, Els}} # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # [https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20220622_96799041 Cath Luyten bezoekt voormalig CD&V-voorzitter Johan Van Hecke in Oeganda] <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman Journalism] [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman fund Europe] * [https://africanbookscollective.com/contributor/els-de-temmerman/ African books collective] * [https://www.villamedia.nl/artikel/els-de-temmerman-met-de-dood-bedreigd Villa media] {{Authority control}} dta4eilhmj6krdaym4tkp3igno0b1hl 59766 59765 2026-07-08T19:41:59Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new paragraph 59766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }}'''Els De Temmerman''' (yazaalibwa 10 Ogwokubiri 1962, mu [[Oudenaarde]] ) ye yali [[Journalist|munnamawulire]] Omubirigi eyatandikawo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |access-date=28 August 2006}}</ref> ekibiina ekigenderera okukomya okuyingiza abaana, okuwa obuyambi mu by'obwongo n'ebyenjigiriza nga bayita mu [[Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|kuddaabiriza]] [[Child soldier|abaana abajaasi]] mu Africa abakola okufuna ssente ezibeezaawo obulamu bwabwe okwewala okuyingizibwa mu magye mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Era ye muwandiisi w'ekitabo ekiyitibwa ''[[Aboke Girls]]'', ekikwata ku [[Aboke abductions|kuwambibwa kw'abaana abawala mu Aboke]] mu 1996 mu [[Northern Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . == Emirimu gye == Wakati wa 1984 ne 1987, Temmerman yali [[Lecturer|Musomesa]] mu [[Feng Chia University]], [[Taichung]] mu [[Republic of China]]. Yakola nga omuyambi mu [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] mu [[Sudaani|Sudan]], okuva mu 1987 okutuuka mu 1988. Okuva mu 1988 okutuuka mu 1990, yakola nga omusasi w’abakozi mu [[Het Volk (newspaper)|Het Volk]]. Yasigala musasi w'abakozi mu Wereldwijd, magazini y’enkulaakulana eya Bubirigi, okuva mu 1990 okutuuka mu 1992. Yaweereza ng’omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa De Volkskrant news mu [[Netherlands|Budaaki]] ne BRT- leediyo ne Ttivvi ya Bubirigi ng’asinziira e [[Nairobi]], okuva mu 1992 okutuuka mu 1995. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Temmerman yali muwabuzi wa minisita wa Bubirigi [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ezikwata ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Brussels]], wakati wa 1995 ne 1996. Okuva mu 1996 okutuuka mu 1997, yakola nga omusasi w'amawulire agakwata ku Afrika-era mu [[De Volkskrant]] ne BRT mu [[Kampala]] ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] . Era okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 1999, yeeyali omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa [[De Morgen]] -Belgian daily ne VTM Flemish television ng’asinziira mu [[South Africa]] . Nga mu mwaka gwa 2000 ne 2002, yali mu kwanaganya mu lupapula lwa De standard- Belgian daily, [[Lecturer|Omusomesa]] ku [[Afirika|Africa]] era omuyambi mu [[European Parliament|Palamenti ya Bulaaya]] n’olukiiko [[ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly|lwa Palamenti olw’awamu olwa ACP-EU.]] Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2000 okutuusa leero ye mutandisi era [[Executive director]] wa Sponsoring children Uganda. Yali mukwanaganya wa Rachele Rehabilitation Center e [[Lira, Uganda]], okuva mu 2003 okutuuka mu 2006. Oluvannyuma okuva mu 2006 okutuuka mu 2010, yakola nga [[Editor-in-chief|Editor-in-Chief]] mu kkampuni ya [[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]] . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Nga 12 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2006, yalondebwa okuba omusunsuzi omukulu ow’olupapula lw’amawulire olusangibwa mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]], ''[[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]]''. Okulondebwa kuno kwatandika okukola nga 1 Ogwekkumineebiri 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archive-date=9 January 2010 |access-date=27 January 2010}}</ref> Yalekulira mu Gwekkumi 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> Mu 2010, ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte kyesigisa Els De Temmerman okutandikawo ekifo ekibudamya abaana abato abayingizibwa mu buserikale bw'ekiyeekera mu bukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bwa Congo, kye yaggulawo mu 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}}</ref> == Awaadi ze == Temmerman yafuna awaadi ya Dick Scherpenzeel okuva ewa Minisita wa Budaaki [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Netherlands]], mu 1994. Yali muntu w’amawulire ow’omwaka mu [[Bubirigi]], 1994 n’omukyala ow’omwaka-Belgium mu 1995. Yafuna awaadi ya Dutch Daily Press-Netherlands mu 1995. Era yafuna awaadi ya [[Catholic University|Yunivasite y’Abakatoliki]] ey’e [[Kortrijk]] mu [[Bubirigi]]. 2001 ne awaadi ya Gulden spoor, 2004. <ref name=":05">{{Cite web|title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW|url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html|access-date=2025-12-17|website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Yafuna awaadi ya Guinness power of goodness award mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]], 2004. Yafuna awaadi y'emirimu gy'emikono okuva mu Rotary Club Kampala olw'okuweereza abantu mu ngeri ey'enjawulo ng'ayita mu [[Journalism|Bannamawulire]] mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] okuva mu 2004 okutuuka mu 2005. <ref name=":03">{{Cite web|title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW|url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html|access-date=2025-12-17|website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> == Bye yafulumya == * The Horn of Agony, [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]], [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] and [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] ''[[:en:Davidsfonds|Davidsfonds]], [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 1992'' * The Dead are Alive : [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]], an eyewitness ''[[:en:De_Arbeiderspers|De Arbeiderspers]], The [[:en:Netherlands|Netherlands]], 1994 (yali firimu)'' * [[:en:Africa|Africa]], [[:en:Continents_in_Motion|Continents in Motion]] ''Icarus/[[:en:De_Standaard|De Standaard]], [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 1997'' * [[:en:Africa|Africa]] in a Vicious Circle ''Muller Lecture for the [[:en:Diplomatic_corps|Diplomatic Corps]] in the [[:en:The_Hague|Hague]], the [[:en:Netherlands|Netherlands]], 2000'' * [[:en:Aboke_girls|Aboke Girls]], [[:en:Abducted_children|abducted Children]] in [[:en:Northern_Uganda|northern Uganda]] ''Scoop, [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 2000/[[:en:Fountain_Publishers|Fountain Publishers]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], 2001'' (also translated in [[:en:Spanish_language|Spanish]], [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]] and [[:en:French_language|French]]) * Open letter on Globalisation, The Debate ''Cabinet of the [[:en:Belgian_Prime_Minister|Belgian Prime Minister]], 2001'' * And then I had to bite to death my brother ''Houtekiet, 200'' == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Els De Temmerman mufumbo eri [[Johan Van Hecke|Johan Van Hecke,]] munnabyabufuzi Omubirigi abeera mu [[Oosterzele]]. Mu 2008, ye ne Van Hecke baafuuka bannannyini wooteeri ya Cassia Lodge mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]]. Nga 7 Ogwomusanvu 2011, yazaala abaana ab’obuwala babiri. Mu 2018, De Temmerman ne Van Hecke baatunda Cassia Lodge, oluvannyuma n’atandikawo wooteeri empya eyitibwa Kaazi Beach Resort. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{DEFAULTSORT:De Temmerman, Els}} # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # [https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20220622_96799041 Cath Luyten bezoekt voormalig CD&V-voorzitter Johan Van Hecke in Oeganda] <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman Journalism] [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman fund Europe] * [https://africanbookscollective.com/contributor/els-de-temmerman/ African books collective] * [https://www.villamedia.nl/artikel/els-de-temmerman-met-de-dood-bedreigd Villa media] {{Authority control}} cy3wm0nmemnvnz88vndj0cnd2662e95 59767 59766 2026-07-08T19:47:10Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar 59767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }}'''Els De Temmerman''' (yazaalibwa 10 Ogwokubiri 1962, mu [[Oudenaarde]] ) ye yali [[Journalist|munnamawulire]] Omubirigi eyatandikawo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |access-date=28 August 2006}}</ref> ekibiina ekigenderera okukomya okuyingiza abaana, okuwa obuyambi mu by'obwongo n'ebyenjigiriza nga bayita mu [[Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|kuddaabiriza]] [[Child soldier|abaana abajaasi]] mu Africa abakola okufuna ssente ezibeezaawo obulamu bwabwe okwewala okuyingizibwa mu magye mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Era ye muwandiisi w'ekitabo ekiyitibwa ''[[Aboke Girls]]'', ekikwata ku [[Aboke abductions|kuwambibwa kw'abaana abawala mu Aboke]] mu 1996 mu [[Northern Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . == Emirimu gye == Wakati wa 1984 ne 1987, Temmerman yali [[Lecturer|Musomesa]] mu [[Feng Chia University]], [[Taichung]] mu [[Republic of China]]. Yakola nga omuyambi mu [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] mu [[Sudaani|Sudan]], okuva mu 1987 okutuuka mu 1988. Okuva mu 1988 okutuuka mu 1990, yakola nga omusasi w’abakozi mu [[Het Volk (newspaper)|Het Volk]]. Yasigala musasi w'abakozi mu Wereldwijd, magazini y’enkulaakulana eya Bubirigi, okuva mu 1990 okutuuka mu 1992. Yaweereza ng’omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa De Volkskrant news mu [[Netherlands|Budaaki]] ne BRT- leediyo ne Ttivvi ya Bubirigi ng’asinziira e [[Nairobi]], okuva mu 1992 okutuuka mu 1995. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Temmerman yali muwabuzi wa minisita wa Bubirigi [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ezikwata ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Brussels]], wakati wa 1995 ne 1996. Okuva mu 1996 okutuuka mu 1997, yakola nga omusasi w'amawulire agakwata ku Afrika-era mu [[De Volkskrant]] ne BRT mu [[Kampala]] ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] . Era okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 1999, yeeyali omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa [[De Morgen]] -Belgian daily ne VTM Flemish television ng’asinziira mu [[South Africa]] . Nga mu mwaka gwa 2000 ne 2002, yali mu kwanaganya mu lupapula lwa De standard- Belgian daily, [[Lecturer|Omusomesa]] ku [[Afirika|Africa]] era omuyambi mu [[European Parliament|Palamenti ya Bulaaya]] n’olukiiko [[ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly|lwa Palamenti olw’awamu olwa ACP-EU.]] Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2000 okutuusa leero ye mutandisi era [[Executive director]] wa Sponsoring children Uganda. Yali mukwanaganya wa Rachele Rehabilitation Center e [[Lira, Uganda]], okuva mu 2003 okutuuka mu 2006. Oluvannyuma okuva mu 2006 okutuuka mu 2010, yakola nga [[Editor-in-chief|Editor-in-Chief]] mu kkampuni ya [[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]] . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Nga 12 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2006, yalondebwa okuba omusunsuzi omukulu ow’olupapula lw’amawulire olusangibwa mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]], ''[[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]]''. Okulondebwa kuno kwatandika okukola nga 1 Ogwekkumineebiri 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archive-date=9 January 2010 |access-date=27 January 2010}}</ref> Yalekulira mu Gwekkumi 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> Mu 2010, ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte kyesigisa Els De Temmerman okutandikawo ekifo ekibudamya abaana abato abayingizibwa mu buserikale bw'ekiyeekera mu bukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bwa Congo, kye yaggulawo mu 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}}</ref> == Awaadi ze == Temmerman yafuna awaadi ya Dick Scherpenzeel okuva ewa Minisita wa Budaaki [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Netherlands]], mu 1994. Yali muntu w’amawulire ow’omwaka mu [[Bubirigi]], 1994 n’omukyala ow’omwaka-Belgium mu 1995. Yafuna awaadi ya Dutch Daily Press-Netherlands mu 1995. Era yafuna awaadi ya [[Catholic University|Yunivasite y’Abakatoliki]] ey’e [[Kortrijk]] mu [[Bubirigi]]. 2001 ne awaadi ya Gulden spoor, 2004. <ref name=":05">{{Cite web|title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW|url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html|access-date=2025-12-17|website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Yafuna awaadi ya Guinness power of goodness award mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]], 2004. Yafuna awaadi y'emirimu gy'emikono okuva mu Rotary Club Kampala olw'okuweereza abantu mu ngeri ey'enjawulo ng'ayita mu [[Journalism|Bannamawulire]] mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] okuva mu 2004 okutuuka mu 2005. <ref name=":03">{{Cite web|title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW|url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html|access-date=2025-12-17|website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> == Bye yafulumya == * The Horn of Agony, [[Sudaani|Sudan]], Ethiopia and Somalia ''Davidsfonds, Belgium, 1992'' * The Dead are Alive : Rwanda, an eyewitness ''De Arbeiderspers, The Netherlands, 1994 (yali firimu)'' * [[Afirika|Africa]], Continents in Motion ''Icarus/[[De Standaard]], [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 1997'' * [[:en:Africa|Africa]] in a Vicious Circle ''Muller Lecture for the [[:en:Diplomatic_corps|Diplomatic Corps]] in the [[:en:The_Hague|Hague]], the [[:en:Netherlands|Netherlands]], 2000'' * [[Aboke Girls]], [[abducted Children]] in northern Uganda ''Scoop, [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 2000/[[:en:Fountain_Publishers|Fountain Publishers]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], 2001'' (also translated in [[:en:Spanish_language|Spanish]], [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]] and [[:en:French_language|French]]) * Open letter on Globalisation, The Debate ''Cabinet of the [[:en:Belgian_Prime_Minister|Belgian Prime Minister]], 2001'' * And then I had to bite to death my brother ''Houtekiet, 200'' == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Els De Temmerman mufumbo eri [[Johan Van Hecke|Johan Van Hecke,]] munnabyabufuzi Omubirigi abeera mu [[Oosterzele]]. Mu 2008, ye ne Van Hecke baafuuka bannannyini wooteeri ya Cassia Lodge mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]]. Nga 7 Ogwomusanvu 2011, yazaala abaana ab’obuwala babiri. Mu 2018, De Temmerman ne Van Hecke baatunda Cassia Lodge, oluvannyuma n’atandikawo wooteeri empya eyitibwa Kaazi Beach Resort. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{DEFAULTSORT:De Temmerman, Els}} # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011 # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # [https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20220622_96799041 Cath Luyten bezoekt voormalig CD&V-voorzitter Johan Van Hecke in Oeganda] <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman Journalism] [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman fund Europe] * [https://africanbookscollective.com/contributor/els-de-temmerman/ African books collective] * [https://www.villamedia.nl/artikel/els-de-temmerman-met-de-dood-bedreigd Villa media] {{Authority control}} 8gdvw748ek6s7hww80n3xyptclw7qd3 59768 59767 2026-07-08T19:52:03Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 59768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }}'''Els De Temmerman''' (yazaalibwa 10 Ogwokubiri 1962, mu [[Oudenaarde]] ) ye yali [[Journalist|munnamawulire]] Omubirigi eyatandikawo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |access-date=28 August 2006}}</ref> ekibiina ekigenderera okukomya okuyingiza abaana, okuwa obuyambi mu by'obwongo n'ebyenjigiriza nga bayita mu [[Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|kuddaabiriza]] [[Child soldier|abaana abajaasi]] mu Africa abakola okufuna ssente ezibeezaawo obulamu bwabwe okwewala okuyingizibwa mu magye mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Era ye muwandiisi w'ekitabo ekiyitibwa ''[[Aboke Girls]]'', ekikwata ku [[Aboke abductions|kuwambibwa kw'abaana abawala mu Aboke]] mu 1996 mu [[Northern Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . == Emirimu gye == Wakati wa 1984 ne 1987, Temmerman yali [[Lecturer|Musomesa]] mu [[Feng Chia University]], [[Taichung]] mu [[Republic of China]]. Yakola nga omuyambi mu [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] mu [[Sudaani|Sudan]], okuva mu 1987 okutuuka mu 1988. Okuva mu 1988 okutuuka mu 1990, yakola nga omusasi w’abakozi mu [[Het Volk (newspaper)|Het Volk]]. Yasigala musasi w'abakozi mu Wereldwijd, magazini y’enkulaakulana eya Bubirigi, okuva mu 1990 okutuuka mu 1992. Yaweereza ng’omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa De Volkskrant news mu [[Netherlands|Budaaki]] ne BRT- leediyo ne Ttivvi ya Bubirigi ng’asinziira e [[Nairobi]], okuva mu 1992 okutuuka mu 1995. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Temmerman yali muwabuzi wa minisita wa Bubirigi [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ezikwata ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Brussels]], wakati wa 1995 ne 1996. Okuva mu 1996 okutuuka mu 1997, yakola nga omusasi w'amawulire agakwata ku Afrika-era mu [[De Volkskrant]] ne BRT mu [[Kampala]] ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] . Era okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 1999, yeeyali omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa [[De Morgen]] -Belgian daily ne VTM Flemish television ng’asinziira mu [[South Africa]] . Nga mu mwaka gwa 2000 ne 2002, yali mu kwanaganya mu lupapula lwa De standard- Belgian daily, [[Lecturer|Omusomesa]] ku [[Afirika|Africa]] era omuyambi mu [[European Parliament|Palamenti ya Bulaaya]] n’olukiiko [[ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly|lwa Palamenti olw’awamu olwa ACP-EU.]] Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2000 okutuusa leero ye mutandisi era [[Executive director]] wa Sponsoring children Uganda. Yali mukwanaganya wa Rachele Rehabilitation Center e [[Lira, Uganda]], okuva mu 2003 okutuuka mu 2006. Oluvannyuma okuva mu 2006 okutuuka mu 2010, yakola nga [[Editor-in-chief|Editor-in-Chief]] mu kkampuni ya [[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]] . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Nga 12 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2006, yalondebwa okuba omusunsuzi omukulu ow’olupapula lw’amawulire olusangibwa mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]], ''[[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]]''. Okulondebwa kuno kwatandika okukola nga 1 Ogwekkumineebiri 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archive-date=9 January 2010 |access-date=27 January 2010}}</ref> Yalekulira mu Gwekkumi 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> Mu 2010, ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte kyesigisa Els De Temmerman okutandikawo ekifo ekibudamya abaana abato abayingizibwa mu buserikale bw'ekiyeekera mu bukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bwa Congo, kye yaggulawo mu 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}}</ref> == Awaadi ze == Temmerman yafuna awaadi ya Dick Scherpenzeel okuva ewa Minisita wa Budaaki [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Netherlands]], mu 1994. Yali muntu w’amawulire ow’omwaka mu [[Bubirigi]], 1994 n’omukyala ow’omwaka-Belgium mu 1995. Yafuna awaadi ya Dutch Daily Press-Netherlands mu 1995. Era yafuna awaadi ya [[Catholic University|Yunivasite y’Abakatoliki]] ey’e [[Kortrijk]] mu [[Bubirigi]]. 2001 ne awaadi ya Gulden spoor, 2004. <ref name=":05">{{Cite web|title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW|url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html|access-date=2025-12-17|website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Yafuna awaadi ya Guinness power of goodness award mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]], 2004. Yafuna awaadi y'emirimu gy'emikono okuva mu Rotary Club Kampala olw'okuweereza abantu mu ngeri ey'enjawulo ng'ayita mu [[Journalism|Bannamawulire]] mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] okuva mu 2004 okutuuka mu 2005. <ref name=":03">{{Cite web|title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW|url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html|access-date=2025-12-17|website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> == Bye yafulumya == * The Horn of Agony, [[Sudaani|Sudan]], Ethiopia and Somalia ''Davidsfonds, Belgium, 1992'' * The Dead are Alive : Rwanda, an eyewitness ''De Arbeiderspers, The Netherlands, 1994 (yali firimu)'' * [[Afirika|Africa]], Continents in Motion ''Icarus/[[De Standaard]], [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 1997'' * [[:en:Africa|Africa]] in a Vicious Circle ''Muller Lecture for the [[:en:Diplomatic_corps|Diplomatic Corps]] in the [[:en:The_Hague|Hague]], the [[:en:Netherlands|Netherlands]], 2000'' * [[Aboke Girls]], [[abducted Children]] in northern Uganda ''Scoop, [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 2000/[[:en:Fountain_Publishers|Fountain Publishers]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], 2001'' (also translated in [[:en:Spanish_language|Spanish]], [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]] and [[:en:French_language|French]]) * Open letter on Globalisation, The Debate ''Cabinet of the [[:en:Belgian_Prime_Minister|Belgian Prime Minister]], 2001'' * And then I had to bite to death my brother ''Houtekiet, 200'' == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Els De Temmerman mufumbo eri [[Johan Van Hecke|Johan Van Hecke,]] munnabyabufuzi Omubirigi abeera mu [[Oosterzele]]. Mu 2008, ye ne Van Hecke baafuuka bannannyini wooteeri ya Cassia Lodge mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]]. Nga 7 Ogwomusanvu 2011, yazaala abaana ab’obuwala babiri. Mu 2018, De Temmerman ne Van Hecke baatunda Cassia Lodge, oluvannyuma n’atandikawo wooteeri empya eyitibwa Kaazi Beach Resort. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{DEFAULTSORT:De Temmerman, Els}} # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011 # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # [https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20220622_96799041 Cath Luyten bezoekt voormalig CD&V-voorzitter Johan Van Hecke in Oeganda] <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman Journalism] [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman fund Europe] * [https://africanbookscollective.com/contributor/els-de-temmerman/ African books collective] * [https://www.villamedia.nl/artikel/els-de-temmerman-met-de-dood-bedreigd Villa media] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Abaazalibwa mu 1962]] hdvfldhhwp4wpwohsjxf625pwbyuvek 59770 59768 2026-07-08T20:04:53Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 59770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }}'''Els De Temmerman''' (yazaalibwa 10 Ogwokubiri 1962, mu [[Oudenaarde]] ) ye yali [[Journalist|munnamawulire]] Omubirigi eyatandikawo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |access-date=28 August 2006}}</ref> ekibiina ekigenderera okukomya okuyingiza abaana, okuwa obuyambi mu by'obwongo n'ebyenjigiriza nga bayita mu [[Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|kuddaabiriza]] [[Child soldier|abaana abajaasi]] mu Africa abakola okufuna ssente ezibeezaawo obulamu bwabwe okwewala okuyingizibwa mu magye mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Era ye muwandiisi w'ekitabo ekiyitibwa ''[[Aboke Girls]]'', ekikwata ku [[Aboke abductions|kuwambibwa kw'abaana abawala mu Aboke]] mu 1996 mu [[Northern Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . == Emirimu gye == Wakati wa 1984 ne 1987, Temmerman yali [[Lecturer|Musomesa]] mu [[Feng Chia University]], [[Taichung]] mu [[Republic of China]]. Yakola nga omuyambi mu [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] mu [[Sudaani|Sudan]], okuva mu 1987 okutuuka mu 1988. Okuva mu 1988 okutuuka mu 1990, yakola nga omusasi w’abakozi mu [[Het Volk (newspaper)|Het Volk]]. Yasigala musasi w'abakozi mu Wereldwijd, magazini y’enkulaakulana eya Bubirigi, okuva mu 1990 okutuuka mu 1992. Yaweereza ng’omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa De Volkskrant news mu [[Netherlands|Budaaki]] ne BRT- leediyo ne Ttivvi ya Bubirigi ng’asinziira e [[Nairobi]], okuva mu 1992 okutuuka mu 1995. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Temmerman yali muwabuzi wa minisita wa Bubirigi [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ezikwata ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Brussels]], wakati wa 1995 ne 1996. Okuva mu 1996 okutuuka mu 1997, yakola nga omusasi w'amawulire agakwata ku Afrika-era mu [[De Volkskrant]] ne BRT mu [[Kampala]] ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] . Era okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 1999, yeeyali omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa [[De Morgen]] -Belgian daily ne VTM Flemish television ng’asinziira mu [[South Africa]] . Nga mu mwaka gwa 2000 ne 2002, yali mu kwanaganya mu lupapula lwa De standard- Belgian daily, [[Lecturer|Omusomesa]] ku [[Afirika|Africa]] era omuyambi mu [[European Parliament|Palamenti ya Bulaaya]] n’olukiiko [[ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly|lwa Palamenti olw’awamu olwa ACP-EU.]] Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2000 okutuusa leero ye mutandisi era [[Executive director]] wa Sponsoring children Uganda. Yali mukwanaganya wa Rachele Rehabilitation Center e [[Lira, Uganda]], okuva mu 2003 okutuuka mu 2006. Oluvannyuma okuva mu 2006 okutuuka mu 2010, yakola nga [[Editor-in-chief|Editor-in-Chief]] mu kkampuni ya [[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]] . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Nga 12 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2006, yalondebwa okuba omusunsuzi omukulu ow’olupapula lw’amawulire olusangibwa mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]], ''[[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]]''. Okulondebwa kuno kwatandika okukola nga 1 Ogwekkumineebiri 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archive-date=9 January 2010 |access-date=27 January 2010}}</ref> Yalekulira mu Gwekkumi 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> Mu 2010, ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte kyesigisa Els De Temmerman okutandikawo ekifo ekibudamya abaana abato abayingizibwa mu buserikale bw'ekiyeekera mu bukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bwa Congo, kye yaggulawo mu 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}}</ref> == Awaadi ze == Temmerman yafuna awaadi ya Dick Scherpenzeel okuva ewa Minisita wa Budaaki [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Netherlands]], mu 1994. Yali muntu w’amawulire ow’omwaka mu [[Bubirigi]], 1994 n’omukyala ow’omwaka-Belgium mu 1995. Yafuna awaadi ya Dutch Daily Press-Netherlands mu 1995. Era yafuna awaadi ya [[Catholic University|Yunivasite y’Abakatoliki]] ey’e [[Kortrijk]] mu [[Bubirigi]]. 2001 ne awaadi ya Gulden spoor, 2004. <ref name=":05">{{Cite web|title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW|url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html|access-date=2025-12-17|website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Yafuna awaadi ya Guinness power of goodness award mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]], 2004. Yafuna awaadi y'emirimu gy'emikono okuva mu Rotary Club Kampala olw'okuweereza abantu mu ngeri ey'enjawulo ng'ayita mu [[Journalism|Bannamawulire]] mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] okuva mu 2004 okutuuka mu 2005. <ref name=":03">{{Cite web|title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW|url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html|access-date=2025-12-17|website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> == Bye yafulumya == * The Horn of Agony, [[Sudaani|Sudan]], Ethiopia and Somalia ''Davidsfonds, Belgium, 1992'' * The Dead are Alive : Rwanda, an eyewitness ''De Arbeiderspers, The Netherlands, 1994 (yali firimu)'' * [[Afirika|Africa]], Continents in Motion ''Icarus/[[De Standaard]], [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 1997'' * [[:en:Africa|Africa]] in a Vicious Circle ''Muller Lecture for the [[:en:Diplomatic_corps|Diplomatic Corps]] in the [[:en:The_Hague|Hague]], the [[:en:Netherlands|Netherlands]], 2000'' * [[Aboke Girls]], [[abducted Children]] in northern Uganda ''Scoop, [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 2000/[[:en:Fountain_Publishers|Fountain Publishers]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], 2001'' (also translated in [[:en:Spanish_language|Spanish]], [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]] and [[:en:French_language|French]]) * Open letter on Globalisation, The Debate ''Cabinet of the [[:en:Belgian_Prime_Minister|Belgian Prime Minister]], 2001'' * And then I had to bite to death my brother ''Houtekiet, 200'' == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Els De Temmerman mufumbo eri [[Johan Van Hecke|Johan Van Hecke,]] munnabyabufuzi Omubirigi abeera mu [[Oosterzele]]. Mu 2008, ye ne Van Hecke baafuuka bannannyini wooteeri ya Cassia Lodge mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]]. Nga 7 Ogwomusanvu 2011, yazaala abaana ab’obuwala babiri. Mu 2018, De Temmerman ne Van Hecke baatunda Cassia Lodge, oluvannyuma n’atandikawo wooteeri empya eyitibwa Kaazi Beach Resort. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{DEFAULTSORT:De Temmerman, Els}} # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011 # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # [https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20220622_96799041 Cath Luyten bezoekt voormalig CD&V-voorzitter Johan Van Hecke in Oeganda] <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman Journalism] [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman fund Europe] * [https://africanbookscollective.com/contributor/els-de-temmerman/ African books collective] * [https://www.villamedia.nl/artikel/els-de-temmerman-met-de-dood-bedreigd Villa media] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Abaazalibwa mu 1962]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] kuggjahq3p8fz5wa997n5wld7pq2n31 59827 59770 2026-07-09T10:07:52Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar and punctuations 59827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }}'''Els De Temmerman''' (yazaalibwa 10 Ogwokubiri 1962, mu [[Oudenaarde]] ) ye yali [[Journalist|munnamawulire]] Omubirigi eyatandikawo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |access-date=28 August 2006}}</ref> ekibiina ekigenderera okukomya okuyingiza abaana, okuwa obuyambi mu by'obwongo n'ebyenjigiriza nga bayita mu [[Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|kuddaabiriza]] [[Child soldier|abaana abajaasi]] mu Africa abakola okufuna ssente ezibeezaawo obulamu bwabwe okwewala okuyingizibwa mu magye mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Era ye muwandiisi w'ekitabo ekiyitibwa ''[[Aboke Girls]]'', ekikwata ku [[Aboke abductions|kuwambibwa kw'abaana abawala mu Aboke]] mu 1996 mu [[Northern Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . == Emirimu gye == Wakati wa 1984 ne 1987, Temmerman yali [[Lecturer|Musomesa]] mu [[Feng Chia University]], [[Taichung]] mu [[Republic of China]]. Yakola nga omuyambi mu [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] mu [[Sudaani|Sudan]], okuva mu 1987 okutuuka mu 1988. Okuva mu 1988 okutuuka mu 1990, yakola nga omusasi w’abakozi mu [[Het Volk (newspaper)|Het Volk]]. Yasigala musasi w'abakozi mu Wereldwijd, magazini y’enkulaakulana eya Bubirigi, okuva mu 1990 okutuuka mu 1992. Yaweereza ng’omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa De Volkskrant news mu [[Netherlands|Budaaki]] ne BRT- leediyo ne Ttivvi ya Bubirigi ng’asinziira e [[Nairobi]], okuva mu 1992 okutuuka mu 1995. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Temmerman yali muwabuzi wa minisita wa Bubirigi [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ezikwata ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Brussels]], wakati wa 1995 ne 1996. Okuva mu 1996 okutuuka mu 1997, yakola nga omusasi w'amawulire agakwata ku Afrika-era mu [[De Volkskrant]] ne BRT mu [[Kampala]] ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] . Era okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 1999, yeeyali omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa [[De Morgen]] -Belgian daily ne VTM Flemish television ng’asinziira mu [[South Africa]] . Nga mu mwaka gwa 2000 ne 2002, yali mu kwanaganya mu lupapula lwa De standard- Belgian daily, [[Lecturer|Omusomesa]] ku [[Afirika|Africa]] era omuyambi mu [[European Parliament|Palamenti ya Bulaaya]] n’olukiiko [[ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly|lwa Palamenti olw’awamu olwa ACP-EU.]] Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2000 okutuusa leero ye mutandisi era [[Executive director]] wa Sponsoring children Uganda. Yali mukwanaganya wa Rachele Rehabilitation Center e [[Lira, Uganda]], okuva mu 2003 okutuuka mu 2006. Oluvannyuma okuva mu 2006 okutuuka mu 2010, yakola nga [[Editor-in-chief|Editor-in-Chief]] mu kkampuni ya [[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]] . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Nga 12 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2006, yalondebwa okuba omusunsuzi omukulu ow’olupapula lw’amawulire olusangibwa mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]], ''[[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]]''. Okulondebwa kuno kwatandika okukola nga 1 Ogwekkumineebiri 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archive-date=9 January 2010 |access-date=27 January 2010}}</ref> Yalekulira mu Gwekkumi 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> Mu 2010, ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte kyesigisa Els De Temmerman okutandikawo ekifo ekibudamya abaana abato abayingizibwa mu buserikale bw'ekiyeekera mu bukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bwa Congo, kye yaggulawo mu 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}}</ref> == Awaadi ze == Temmerman yafuna awaadi ya Dick Scherpenzeel okuva ewa Minisita wa Budaaki [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Netherlands]], mu 1994. Yali muntu w’amawulire ow’omwaka mu [[Bubirigi]], 1994 n’omukyala ow’omwaka-Belgium mu 1995. Yafuna awaadi ya Dutch Daily Press-Netherlands mu 1995. Era yafuna awaadi ya [[Catholic University|Yunivasite y’Abakatoliki]] ey’e [[Kortrijk]] mu [[Bubirigi]]. 2001 ne awaadi ya Gulden spoor, 2004. <ref name=":05">{{Cite web|title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW|url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html|access-date=2025-12-17|website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Yafuna awaadi ya Guinness power of goodness award mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu 2004. Yafuna awaadi y'emirimu gy'emikono okuva mu Rotary Club Kampala olw'okuweereza abantu mu ngeri ey'enjawulo ng'ayita mu [[Journalism|Bannamawulire]] mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] okuva mu 2004 okutuuka mu 2005. <ref name=":03">{{Cite web|title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW|url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html|access-date=2025-12-17|website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> == Bye yafulumya == * The Horn of Agony, [[Sudaani|Sudan]], Ethiopia and Somalia ''Davidsfonds, Belgium, 1992'' * The Dead are Alive : Rwanda, an eyewitness ''De Arbeiderspers, The Netherlands, 1994 (yali firimu)'' * [[Afirika|Africa]], Continents in Motion ''Icarus/[[De Standaard]], [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 1997'' * [[:en:Africa|Africa]] in a Vicious Circle ''Muller Lecture for the [[:en:Diplomatic_corps|Diplomatic Corps]] in the [[:en:The_Hague|Hague]], the [[:en:Netherlands|Netherlands]], 2000'' * [[Aboke Girls]], [[abducted Children]] in northern Uganda ''Scoop, [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 2000/[[:en:Fountain_Publishers|Fountain Publishers]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], 2001'' (nga kivvuunuddwa ne mu nnimi omuli olwa [[:en:Spanish_language|Spanish]], [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]] ne [[:en:French_language|French]]) * Open letter on Globalisation, The Debate ''Cabinet of the [[:en:Belgian_Prime_Minister|Belgian Prime Minister]], 2001'' * And then I had to bite to death my brother ''Houtekiet, 200'' == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Els De Temmerman mufumbo eri [[Johan Van Hecke|Johan Van Hecke,]] munnabyabufuzi Omubirigi abeera mu [[Oosterzele]]. Mu 2008, ye ne Van Hecke baafuuka bannannyini wooteeri ya Cassia Lodge mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]]. Nga 7 Ogwomusanvu 2011, yazaala abaana ab’obuwala babiri. Mu 2018, De Temmerman ne Van Hecke baatunda Cassia Lodge, oluvannyuma n’atandikawo wooteeri empya eyitibwa Kaazi Beach Resort. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{DEFAULTSORT:De Temmerman, Els}} # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011 # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # [https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20220622_96799041 Cath Luyten bezoekt voormalig CD&V-voorzitter Johan Van Hecke in Oeganda] <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman Journalism] [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman fund Europe] * [https://africanbookscollective.com/contributor/els-de-temmerman/ African books collective] * [https://www.villamedia.nl/artikel/els-de-temmerman-met-de-dood-bedreigd Villa media] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Abaazalibwa mu 1962]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] 5572udj8nwmk6ul49tcdx7gkzjbsuh2 59830 59827 2026-07-09T10:11:49Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 59830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }}'''Els De Temmerman''' (yazaalibwa 10 Ogwokubiri 1962, mu [[Oudenaarde]] ) ye yali [[Journalist|munnamawulire]] Omubirigi eyatandikawo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |access-date=28 August 2006}}</ref> ekibiina ekigenderera okukomya okuyingiza abaana, okuwa obuyambi mu by'obwongo n'ebyenjigiriza nga bayita mu [[Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|kuddaabiriza]] [[Child soldier|abaana abajaasi]] mu Africa abakola okufuna ssente ezibeezaawo obulamu bwabwe okwewala okuyingizibwa mu magye mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Era ye muwandiisi w'ekitabo ekiyitibwa ''[[Aboke Girls]]'', ekikwata ku [[Aboke abductions|kuwambibwa kw'abaana abawala mu Aboke]] mu 1996 mu [[Northern Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . == Emirimu gye == Wakati wa 1984 ne 1987, Temmerman yali [[Lecturer|Musomesa]] mu [[Feng Chia University]], [[Taichung]] mu [[Republic of China]]. Yakola nga omuyambi mu [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] mu [[Sudaani|Sudan]], okuva mu 1987 okutuuka mu 1988. Okuva mu 1988 okutuuka mu 1990, yakola nga omusasi w’abakozi mu [[Het Volk (newspaper)|Het Volk]]. Yasigala musasi w'abakozi mu Wereldwijd, magazini y’enkulaakulana eya Bubirigi, okuva mu 1990 okutuuka mu 1992. Yaweereza ng’omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa De Volkskrant news mu [[Netherlands|Budaaki]] ne BRT- leediyo ne Ttivvi ya Bubirigi ng’asinziira e [[Nairobi]], okuva mu 1992 okutuuka mu 1995. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Temmerman yali muwabuzi wa minisita wa Bubirigi [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ezikwata ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Brussels]], wakati wa 1995 ne 1996. Okuva mu 1996 okutuuka mu 1997, yakola nga omusasi w'amawulire agakwata ku Afrika-era mu [[De Volkskrant]] ne BRT mu [[Kampala]] ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] . Era okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 1999, yeeyali omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa [[De Morgen]] -Belgian daily ne VTM Flemish television ng’asinziira mu [[South Africa]] . Nga mu mwaka gwa 2000 ne 2002, yali mu kwanaganya mu lupapula lwa De standard- Belgian daily, [[Lecturer|Omusomesa]] ku [[Afirika|Africa]] era omuyambi mu [[European Parliament|Palamenti ya Bulaaya]] n’olukiiko [[ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly|lwa Palamenti olw’awamu olwa ACP-EU.]] Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2000 okutuusa leero ye mutandisi era [[Executive director]] wa Sponsoring children Uganda. Yali mukwanaganya wa Rachele Rehabilitation Center e [[Lira, Uganda]], okuva mu 2003 okutuuka mu 2006. Oluvannyuma okuva mu 2006 okutuuka mu 2010, yakola nga [[Editor-in-chief|Editor-in-Chief]] mu kkampuni ya [[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]] . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Nga 12 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2006, yalondebwa okuba omusunsuzi omukulu ow’olupapula lw’amawulire olusangibwa mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]], ''[[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]]''. Okulondebwa kuno kwatandika okukola nga 1 Ogwekkumineebiri 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archive-date=9 January 2010 |access-date=27 January 2010}}</ref> Yalekulira mu Gwekkumi 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> Mu 2010, ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte kyesigisa Els De Temmerman okutandikawo ekifo ekibudamya abaana abato abayingizibwa mu buserikale bw'ekiyeekera mu bukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bwa Congo, kye yaggulawo mu 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}}</ref> == Awaadi ze == Temmerman yafuna awaadi ya Dick Scherpenzeel okuva ewa Minisita wa Budaaki [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Netherlands]], mu 1994. Yali muntu w’amawulire ow’omwaka mu [[Bubirigi]], 1994 n’omukyala ow’omwaka-Belgium mu 1995. Yafuna awaadi ya Dutch Daily Press-Netherlands mu 1995. Era yafuna awaadi ya [[Catholic University|Yunivasite y’Abakatoliki]] ey’e [[Kortrijk]] mu [[Bubirigi]]. 2001 ne awaadi ya Gulden spoor, 2004. <ref name=":05">{{Cite web|title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW|url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html|access-date=2025-12-17|website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Yafuna awaadi ya Guinness power of goodness award mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu 2004. Yafuna awaadi y'emirimu gy'emikono okuva mu Rotary Club Kampala olw'okuweereza abantu mu ngeri ey'enjawulo ng'ayita mu [[Journalism|Bannamawulire]] mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] okuva mu 2004 okutuuka mu 2005. <ref name=":03">{{Cite web|title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW|url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html|access-date=2025-12-17|website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> == Bye yafulumya == * The Horn of Agony, [[Sudaani|Sudan]], Ethiopia and Somalia ''Davidsfonds, Belgium, 1992'' * The Dead are Alive : Rwanda, an eyewitness ''De Arbeiderspers, The Netherlands, 1994 (yali firimu)'' * [[Afirika|Africa]], Continents in Motion ''Icarus/[[De Standaard]], [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 1997'' * [[:en:Africa|Africa]] in a Vicious Circle ''Muller Lecture for the [[:en:Diplomatic_corps|Diplomatic Corps]] in the [[:en:The_Hague|Hague]], the [[:en:Netherlands|Netherlands]], 2000'' * [[Aboke Girls]], [[abducted Children]] in northern Uganda ''Scoop, [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 2000/[[:en:Fountain_Publishers|Fountain Publishers]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], 2001'' (nga kivvuunuddwa ne mu nnimi omuli olwa [[:en:Spanish_language|Spanish]], [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]] ne [[:en:French_language|French]]) * Open letter on Globalisation, The Debate ''Cabinet of the [[:en:Belgian_Prime_Minister|Belgian Prime Minister]], 2001'' * And then I had to bite to death my brother ''Houtekiet, 200'' == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Els De Temmerman mufumbo eri [[Johan Van Hecke|Johan Van Hecke,]] munnabyabufuzi Omubirigi abeera mu [[Oosterzele]]. Mu 2008, ye ne Van Hecke baafuuka bannannyini wooteeri ya Cassia Lodge mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]]. Nga 7 Ogwomusanvu 2011, yazaala abaana ab’obuwala babiri. Mu 2018, De Temmerman ne Van Hecke baatunda Cassia Lodge, oluvannyuma n’atandikawo wooteeri empya eyitibwa Kaazi Beach Resort. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{DEFAULTSORT:De Temmerman, Els}} # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011 # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # [https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20220622_96799041 Cath Luyten bezoekt voormalig CD&V-voorzitter Johan Van Hecke in Oeganda] <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman Journalism] [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman fund Europe] * [https://africanbookscollective.com/contributor/els-de-temmerman/ African books collective] * [https://www.villamedia.nl/artikel/els-de-temmerman-met-de-dood-bedreigd Villa media] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Abaazalibwa mu 1962]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] [[Category:Ababirigi bannamawulire]] 8o8oiwe0avzuauhm7sevnojqndd3zv3 59832 59830 2026-07-09T10:13:44Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar 59832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }}'''Els De Temmerman''' (yazaalibwa 10 Ogwokubiri 1962, mu [[Oudenaarde]] ) ye yali [[Journalist|munnamawulire]] Omubirigi eyatandikawo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |access-date=28 August 2006}}</ref> ekibiina ekigenderera okukomya okuyingiza abaana, okuwa obuyambi mu by'obwongo n'ebyenjigiriza nga bayita mu [[Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|kuddaabiriza]] [[Child soldier|abaana abajaasi]] mu Africa abakola okufuna ssente ezibeezaawo obulamu bwabwe okwewala okuyingizibwa mu magye mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Era ye muwandiisi w'ekitabo ekiyitibwa ''[[Aboke Girls]]'', ekikwata ku [[Aboke abductions|kuwambibwa kw'abaana abawala mu Aboke]] mu 1996 mu [[Northern Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . == Emirimu gye == Wakati wa 1984 ne 1987, Temmerman yali [[Lecturer|Musomesa]] mu [[Feng Chia University]], [[Taichung]] mu [[Republic of China]]. Yakola nga omuyambi mu [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] mu [[Sudaani|Sudan]], okuva mu 1987 okutuuka mu 1988. Okuva mu 1988 okutuuka mu 1990, yakola nga omusasi w’abakozi mu [[Het Volk (newspaper)|Het Volk]]. Yasigala musasi w'abakozi mu Wereldwijd, magazini y’enkulaakulana eya Bubirigi, okuva mu 1990 okutuuka mu 1992. Yaweereza ng’omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa De Volkskrant news mu [[Netherlands|Budaaki]] ne BRT- leediyo ne Ttivvi ya Bubirigi ng’asinziira e [[Nairobi]], okuva mu 1992 okutuuka mu 1995. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Temmerman yali muwabuzi wa minisita wa Bubirigi [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ezikwata ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Brussels]], wakati wa 1995 ne 1996. Okuva mu 1996 okutuuka mu 1997, yakola nga omusasi w'amawulire agakwata ku Afrika-era mu [[De Volkskrant]] ne BRT mu [[Kampala]] ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] . Era okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 1999, yeeyali omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa [[De Morgen]] -Belgian daily ne VTM Flemish television ng’asinziira mu [[South Africa]] . Nga mu mwaka gwa 2000 ne 2002, yali mu kwanaganya mu lupapula lwa De standard- Belgian daily, [[Lecturer|Omusomesa]] ku [[Afirika|Africa]] era omuyambi mu [[European Parliament|Palamenti ya Bulaaya]] n’olukiiko [[ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly|lwa Palamenti olw’awamu olwa ACP-EU.]] Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2000 okutuusa leero ye mutandisi era [[Executive director]] wa Sponsoring children Uganda. Yali mukwanaganya wa Rachele Rehabilitation Center e [[Lira, Uganda]], okuva mu 2003 okutuuka mu 2006. Oluvannyuma okuva mu 2006 okutuuka mu 2010, yakola nga [[Editor-in-chief|Editor-in-Chief]] mu kkampuni ya [[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]] . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Nga 12 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2006, yalondebwa okuba omusunsuzi omukulu ow’olupapula lw’amawulire olusangibwa mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]], ''[[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]]''. Okulondebwa kuno kwatandika okukola nga 1 Ogwekkumineebiri 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archive-date=9 January 2010 |access-date=27 January 2010}}</ref> Yalekulira mu Gwekkumi 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> Mu 2010, ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte kyesigisa Els De Temmerman okutandikawo ekifo ekibudamya abaana abato abayingizibwa mu buserikale bw'ekiyeekera mu bukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bwa Congo, kye yaggulawo mu 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}}</ref> == Awaadi ze == Temmerman yafuna awaadi ya Dick Scherpenzeel okuva ewa Minisita wa Budaaki [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Netherlands]], mu 1994. Yali muntu w’amawulire ow’omwaka mu [[Bubirigi]], 1994 n’omukyala ow’omwaka-Belgium mu 1995. Yafuna awaadi ya Dutch Daily Press-Netherlands mu 1995. Era yafuna awaadi ya [[Catholic University|Yunivasite y’Abakatoliki]] ey’e [[Kortrijk]] mu [[Bubirigi]]. 2001 ne awaadi ya Gulden spoor, 2004. <ref name=":05">{{Cite web|title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW|url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html|access-date=2025-12-17|website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Yafuna awaadi ya Guinness power of goodness award mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu 2004. Yafuna awaadi y'emirimu gy'emikono okuva mu Rotary Club Kampala, olw'okuweereza abantu mu ngeri ey'enjawulo ng'ayita mu [[Journalism|Bannamawulire]] mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] okuva mu 2004 okutuuka mu 2005. <ref name=":03">{{Cite web|title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW|url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html|access-date=2025-12-17|website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> == Bye yafulumya == * The Horn of Agony, [[Sudaani|Sudan]], Ethiopia and Somalia ''Davidsfonds, Belgium, 1992'' * The Dead are Alive : Rwanda, an eyewitness ''De Arbeiderspers, The Netherlands, 1994 (yali firimu)'' * [[Afirika|Africa]], Continents in Motion ''Icarus/[[De Standaard]], [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 1997'' * [[:en:Africa|Africa]] in a Vicious Circle ''Muller Lecture for the [[:en:Diplomatic_corps|Diplomatic Corps]] in the [[:en:The_Hague|Hague]], the [[:en:Netherlands|Netherlands]], 2000'' * [[Aboke Girls]], [[abducted Children]] in northern Uganda ''Scoop, [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 2000/[[:en:Fountain_Publishers|Fountain Publishers]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], 2001'' (nga kivvuunuddwa ne mu nnimi omuli olwa [[:en:Spanish_language|Spanish]], [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]] ne [[:en:French_language|French]]) * Open letter on Globalisation, The Debate ''Cabinet of the [[:en:Belgian_Prime_Minister|Belgian Prime Minister]], 2001'' * And then I had to bite to death my brother ''Houtekiet, 200'' == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Els De Temmerman mufumbo eri [[Johan Van Hecke|Johan Van Hecke,]] munnabyabufuzi Omubirigi abeera mu [[Oosterzele]]. Mu 2008, ye ne Van Hecke baafuuka bannannyini wooteeri ya Cassia Lodge mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]]. Nga 7 Ogwomusanvu 2011, yazaala abaana ab’obuwala babiri. Mu 2018, De Temmerman ne Van Hecke baatunda Cassia Lodge, oluvannyuma n’atandikawo wooteeri empya eyitibwa Kaazi Beach Resort. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{DEFAULTSORT:De Temmerman, Els}} # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011 # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # [https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20220622_96799041 Cath Luyten bezoekt voormalig CD&V-voorzitter Johan Van Hecke in Oeganda] <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman Journalism] [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman fund Europe] * [https://africanbookscollective.com/contributor/els-de-temmerman/ African books collective] * [https://www.villamedia.nl/artikel/els-de-temmerman-met-de-dood-bedreigd Villa media] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Abaazalibwa mu 1962]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] [[Category:Ababirigi bannamawulire]] f33sw9cde4po3tf2ovud7rb324ncfbr 59833 59832 2026-07-09T10:14:52Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 59833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }}'''Els De Temmerman''' (yazaalibwa 10 Ogwokubiri 1962, mu [[Oudenaarde]] ) ye yali [[Journalist|munnamawulire]] Omubirigi eyatandikawo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |access-date=28 August 2006}}</ref> ekibiina ekigenderera okukomya okuyingiza abaana, okuwa obuyambi mu by'obwongo n'ebyenjigiriza nga bayita mu [[Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|kuddaabiriza]] [[Child soldier|abaana abajaasi]] mu Africa abakola okufuna ssente ezibeezaawo obulamu bwabwe okwewala okuyingizibwa mu magye mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Era ye muwandiisi w'ekitabo ekiyitibwa ''[[Aboke Girls]]'', ekikwata ku [[Aboke abductions|kuwambibwa kw'abaana abawala mu Aboke]] mu 1996 mu [[Northern Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . == Emirimu gye == Wakati wa 1984 ne 1987, Temmerman yali [[Lecturer|Musomesa]] mu [[Feng Chia University]], [[Taichung]] mu [[Republic of China]]. Yakola nga omuyambi mu [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] mu [[Sudaani|Sudan]], okuva mu 1987 okutuuka mu 1988. Okuva mu 1988 okutuuka mu 1990, yakola nga omusasi w’abakozi mu [[Het Volk (newspaper)|Het Volk]]. Yasigala musasi w'abakozi mu Wereldwijd, magazini y’enkulaakulana eya Bubirigi, okuva mu 1990 okutuuka mu 1992. Yaweereza ng’omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa De Volkskrant news mu [[Netherlands|Budaaki]] ne BRT- leediyo ne Ttivvi ya Bubirigi ng’asinziira e [[Nairobi]], okuva mu 1992 okutuuka mu 1995. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Temmerman yali muwabuzi wa minisita wa Bubirigi [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ezikwata ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Brussels]], wakati wa 1995 ne 1996. Okuva mu 1996 okutuuka mu 1997, yakola nga omusasi w'amawulire agakwata ku Afrika-era mu [[De Volkskrant]] ne BRT mu [[Kampala]] ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] . Era okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 1999, yeeyali omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa [[De Morgen]] -Belgian daily ne VTM Flemish television ng’asinziira mu [[South Africa]] . Nga mu mwaka gwa 2000 ne 2002, yali mu kwanaganya mu lupapula lwa De standard- Belgian daily, [[Lecturer|Omusomesa]] ku [[Afirika|Africa]] era omuyambi mu [[European Parliament|Palamenti ya Bulaaya]] n’olukiiko [[ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly|lwa Palamenti olw’awamu olwa ACP-EU.]] Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2000 okutuusa leero ye mutandisi era [[Executive director]] wa Sponsoring children Uganda. Yali mukwanaganya wa Rachele Rehabilitation Center e [[Lira, Uganda]], okuva mu 2003 okutuuka mu 2006. Oluvannyuma okuva mu 2006 okutuuka mu 2010, yakola nga [[Editor-in-chief|Editor-in-Chief]] mu kkampuni ya [[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]] . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Nga 12 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2006, yalondebwa okuba omusunsuzi omukulu ow’olupapula lw’amawulire olusangibwa mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]], ''[[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]]''. Okulondebwa kuno kwatandika okukola nga 1 Ogwekkumineebiri 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archive-date=9 January 2010 |access-date=27 January 2010}}</ref> Yalekulira mu Gwekkumi 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> Mu 2010, ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte kyesigisa Els De Temmerman okutandikawo ekifo ekibudamya abaana abato abayingizibwa mu buserikale bw'ekiyeekera mu bukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bwa Congo, kye yaggulawo mu 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}}</ref> == Awaadi ze == Temmerman yafuna awaadi ya Dick Scherpenzeel okuva ewa Minisita wa Budaaki [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Netherlands]], mu 1994. Yali muntu w’amawulire ow’omwaka mu [[Bubirigi]], 1994 n’omukyala ow’omwaka-Belgium mu 1995. Yafuna awaadi ya Dutch Daily Press-Netherlands mu 1995. Era yafuna awaadi ya [[Catholic University|Yunivasite y’Abakatoliki]] ey’e [[Kortrijk]] mu [[Bubirigi]]. 2001 ne awaadi ya Gulden spoor, 2004. <ref name=":05">{{Cite web|title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW|url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html|access-date=2025-12-17|website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Yafuna awaadi ya Guinness power of goodness award mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu 2004. Yafuna awaadi y'emirimu gy'emikono okuva mu Rotary Club Kampala, olw'okuweereza abantu mu ngeri ey'enjawulo ng'ayita mu [[Journalism|Bannamawulire]] mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] okuva mu 2004 okutuuka mu 2005. <ref name=":03">{{Cite web|title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW|url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html|access-date=2025-12-17|website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> == Bye yafulumya == * The Horn of Agony, [[Sudaani|Sudan]], Ethiopia and Somalia ''Davidsfonds, Belgium, 1992'' * The Dead are Alive : Rwanda, an eyewitness ''De Arbeiderspers, The Netherlands, 1994 (yali firimu)'' * [[Afirika|Africa]], Continents in Motion ''Icarus/[[De Standaard]], [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 1997'' * [[:en:Africa|Africa]] in a Vicious Circle ''Muller Lecture for the [[:en:Diplomatic_corps|Diplomatic Corps]] in the [[:en:The_Hague|Hague]], the [[:en:Netherlands|Netherlands]], 2000'' * [[Aboke Girls]], [[abducted Children]] in northern Uganda ''Scoop, [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 2000/[[:en:Fountain_Publishers|Fountain Publishers]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], 2001'' (nga kivvuunuddwa ne mu nnimi omuli olwa [[:en:Spanish_language|Spanish]], [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]] ne [[:en:French_language|French]]) * Open letter on Globalisation, The Debate ''Cabinet of the [[:en:Belgian_Prime_Minister|Belgian Prime Minister]], 2001'' * And then I had to bite to death my brother ''Houtekiet, 200'' == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Els De Temmerman mufumbo eri [[Johan Van Hecke|Johan Van Hecke,]] munnabyabufuzi Omubirigi abeera mu [[Oosterzele]]. Mu 2008, ye ne Van Hecke baafuuka bannannyini wooteeri ya Cassia Lodge mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]]. Nga 7 Ogwomusanvu 2011, yazaala abaana ab’obuwala babiri. Mu 2018, De Temmerman ne Van Hecke baatunda Cassia Lodge, oluvannyuma n’atandikawo wooteeri empya eyitibwa Kaazi Beach Resort. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{DEFAULTSORT:De Temmerman, Els}} # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011 # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # [https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20220622_96799041 Cath Luyten bezoekt voormalig CD&V-voorzitter Johan Van Hecke in Oeganda] <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman Journalism] [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman fund Europe] * [https://africanbookscollective.com/contributor/els-de-temmerman/ African books collective] * [https://www.villamedia.nl/artikel/els-de-temmerman-met-de-dood-bedreigd Villa media] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Abaazalibwa mu 1962]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] [[Category:Ababirigi bannamawulire]] [[Category:Ababirigi bannamawulire abakazi]] n3cwttrth30m39z27dru23z7gro5wsx 59835 59833 2026-07-09T10:16:26Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 59835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox }}'''Els De Temmerman''' (yazaalibwa 10 Ogwokubiri 1962, mu [[Oudenaarde]] ) ye yali [[Journalist|munnamawulire]] Omubirigi eyatandikawo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |access-date=28 August 2006}}</ref> ekibiina ekigenderera okukomya okuyingiza abaana, okuwa obuyambi mu by'obwongo n'ebyenjigiriza nga bayita mu [[Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|kuddaabiriza]] [[Child soldier|abaana abajaasi]] mu Africa abakola okufuna ssente ezibeezaawo obulamu bwabwe okwewala okuyingizibwa mu magye mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Era ye muwandiisi w'ekitabo ekiyitibwa ''[[Aboke Girls]]'', ekikwata ku [[Aboke abductions|kuwambibwa kw'abaana abawala mu Aboke]] mu 1996 mu [[Northern Uganda|Bukiikakkono bwa Uganda]] . == Emirimu gye == Wakati wa 1984 ne 1987, Temmerman yali [[Lecturer|Musomesa]] mu [[Feng Chia University]], [[Taichung]] mu [[Republic of China]]. Yakola nga omuyambi mu [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] mu [[Sudaani|Sudan]], okuva mu 1987 okutuuka mu 1988. Okuva mu 1988 okutuuka mu 1990, yakola nga omusasi w’abakozi mu [[Het Volk (newspaper)|Het Volk]]. Yasigala musasi w'abakozi mu Wereldwijd, magazini y’enkulaakulana eya Bubirigi, okuva mu 1990 okutuuka mu 1992. Yaweereza ng’omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa De Volkskrant news mu [[Netherlands|Budaaki]] ne BRT- leediyo ne Ttivvi ya Bubirigi ng’asinziira e [[Nairobi]], okuva mu 1992 okutuuka mu 1995. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Temmerman yali muwabuzi wa minisita wa Bubirigi [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ezikwata ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Brussels]], wakati wa 1995 ne 1996. Okuva mu 1996 okutuuka mu 1997, yakola nga omusasi w'amawulire agakwata ku Afrika-era mu [[De Volkskrant]] ne BRT mu [[Kampala]] ekibuga ekikulu era ekisinga obunene mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] . Era okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 1999, yeeyali omusasi wa Africa mu lupapula lwa [[De Morgen]] -Belgian daily ne VTM Flemish television ng’asinziira mu [[South Africa]] . Nga mu mwaka gwa 2000 ne 2002, yali mu kwanaganya mu lupapula lwa De standard- Belgian daily, [[Lecturer|Omusomesa]] ku [[Afirika|Africa]] era omuyambi mu [[European Parliament|Palamenti ya Bulaaya]] n’olukiiko [[ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly|lwa Palamenti olw’awamu olwa ACP-EU.]] Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2000 okutuusa leero ye mutandisi era [[Executive director]] wa Sponsoring children Uganda. Yali mukwanaganya wa Rachele Rehabilitation Center e [[Lira, Uganda]], okuva mu 2003 okutuuka mu 2006. Oluvannyuma okuva mu 2006 okutuuka mu 2010, yakola nga [[Editor-in-chief|Editor-in-Chief]] mu kkampuni ya [[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]] . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW |url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Nga 12 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2006, yalondebwa okuba omusunsuzi omukulu ow’olupapula lw’amawulire olusangibwa mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]], ''[[New Vision (olupapula lw'amawulire)|New Vision]]''. Okulondebwa kuno kwatandika okukola nga 1 Ogwekkumineebiri 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archive-date=9 January 2010 |access-date=27 January 2010}}</ref> Yalekulira mu Gwekkumi 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}}</ref> Mu 2010, ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte kyesigisa Els De Temmerman okutandikawo ekifo ekibudamya abaana abato abayingizibwa mu buserikale bw'ekiyeekera mu bukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba bwa Congo, kye yaggulawo mu 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}}</ref> == Awaadi ze == Temmerman yafuna awaadi ya Dick Scherpenzeel okuva ewa Minisita wa Budaaki [[Development cooperation|ow’enkolagana ku by’enkulaakulana]] mu [[Netherlands]], mu 1994. Yali muntu w’amawulire ow’omwaka mu [[Bubirigi]], 1994 n’omukyala ow’omwaka-Belgium mu 1995. Yafuna awaadi ya Dutch Daily Press-Netherlands mu 1995. Era yafuna awaadi ya [[Catholic University|Yunivasite y’Abakatoliki]] ey’e [[Kortrijk]] mu [[Bubirigi]]. 2001 ne awaadi ya Gulden spoor, 2004. <ref name=":05">{{Cite web|title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW|url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html|access-date=2025-12-17|website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> Yafuna awaadi ya Guinness power of goodness award mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu 2004. Yafuna awaadi y'emirimu gy'emikono okuva mu Rotary Club Kampala, olw'okuweereza abantu mu ngeri ey'enjawulo ng'ayita mu [[Journalism|Bannamawulire]] mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]] okuva mu 2004 okutuuka mu 2005. <ref name=":03">{{Cite web|title=CV Els De Temmerman - Child Soldiers VZW|url=https://www.childsoldiers.net/cv-els-de-temmerman.html|access-date=2025-12-17|website=www.childsoldiers.net}}</ref> == Bye yafulumya == * The Horn of Agony, [[Sudaani|Sudan]], Ethiopia and Somalia ''Davidsfonds, Belgium, 1992'' * The Dead are Alive : Rwanda, an eyewitness ''De Arbeiderspers, The Netherlands, 1994 (yali firimu)'' * [[Afirika|Africa]], Continents in Motion ''Icarus/[[De Standaard]], [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 1997'' * [[:en:Africa|Africa]] in a Vicious Circle ''Muller Lecture for the [[:en:Diplomatic_corps|Diplomatic Corps]] in the [[:en:The_Hague|Hague]], the [[:en:Netherlands|Netherlands]], 2000'' * [[Aboke Girls]], [[abducted Children]] in northern Uganda ''Scoop, [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]], 2000/[[:en:Fountain_Publishers|Fountain Publishers]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], 2001'' (nga kivvuunuddwa ne mu nnimi omuli olwa [[:en:Spanish_language|Spanish]], [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]] ne [[:en:French_language|French]]) * Open letter on Globalisation, The Debate ''Cabinet of the [[:en:Belgian_Prime_Minister|Belgian Prime Minister]], 2001'' * And then I had to bite to death my brother ''Houtekiet, 200'' == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Els De Temmerman mufumbo eri [[Johan Van Hecke|Johan Van Hecke,]] munnabyabufuzi Omubirigi abeera mu [[Oosterzele]]. Mu 2008, ye ne Van Hecke baafuuka bannannyini wooteeri ya Cassia Lodge mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]]. Nga 7 Ogwomusanvu 2011, yazaala abaana ab’obuwala babiri. Mu 2018, De Temmerman ne Van Hecke baatunda Cassia Lodge, oluvannyuma n’atandikawo wooteeri empya eyitibwa Kaazi Beach Resort. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{DEFAULTSORT:De Temmerman, Els}} # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011 # {{cite web |title=Childsoldiers.net |url=http://www.childsoldiers.net/ |accessdate=28 August 2006}} # {{cite web |title=New Vision: Staff |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092050/http://www.newvision.co.ug/V/S/4 |archivedate=9 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=De Temmerman stapt op als hoofdredactrice Oegandese krant - Buitenland - De Morgen |url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/464280/2008/10/24/De-Temmerman-stapt-op-als-hoofdredactrice-Oegandese-krant.dhtml |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Demorgen.be |language=Dutch}} # {{cite web |author= |date= |title=Els De Temmerman stapt op als Oegandese krantenbaas - Het Nieuwsblad |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=PA2279JH |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |language=Dutch}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # {{Cite web |last=Knack |first=Redactie |date=2013-01-29 |title='AFRIKA, IK ZAL ER NOOIT VAN GENEZEN' |url=https://www.knack.be/magazine/afrika-ik-zal-er-nooit-van-genezen/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Knack |language=nl}} # [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324000915/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/q43cebs6 Els De Temmerman (49) mama van Lara en Maya]; ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 7 juli 2011] # [https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20220622_96799041 Cath Luyten bezoekt voormalig CD&V-voorzitter Johan Van Hecke in Oeganda] <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == * [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman Journalism] [https://www.journalismfund.eu/journalists/els-de-temmerman fund Europe] * [https://africanbookscollective.com/contributor/els-de-temmerman/ African books collective] * [https://www.villamedia.nl/artikel/els-de-temmerman-met-de-dood-bedreigd Villa media] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Abaazalibwa mu 1962]] [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] [[Category:Ababirigi bannamawulire]] [[Category:Ababirigi bannamawulire abakazi]] [[Category:Abakozi abaava mu Belgium okujja okukolera mu Uganda]] jf9k3ibzmrpobawl727x8fyc7ycfquy Zakaria Labib 0 12487 59700 58082 2026-07-08T15:26:43Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 59700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zakaria Labib''' ( mu Luwarabbu : زكريا لبيب; yazaalibwa nga 28 Ogwokubiri mu 2003) muzannyi wa mupiira gw'ekikugu omu Morocco era azannya ng'omuzibizi wa kkono mu kiraabu ya Botola JS Soualem.<ref name=":0">https://www.transfermarkt.com/zakaria-labib/profil/spieler/1056145</ref> == Emirimu gye mu Kilaabu == Labib yazaalibwa nga 28 Ogwokubiri 2003 mu Casablanca. Ku myaka emito y'egatta ku kiraabu y'abavubuka eya Raja Club Athletics mu Oasis complex.<ref>https://www.sofascore.com/football/player/zakaria-labib/1410431</ref> Nga 9 Ogwomwenda 2022, yazannya omupiira gwe ogwasooka bwe yadda mu kifo kya Abdelilah Madkour bwe baali bazannya ne US Touareg nga bawangulwa ne goolo emu ku bwereere (1-0). Nga 18 Ogwokusatu 2023, yasamba omupiira gwe ogwasooka mu liigi y'ababinywera bwe baali bazannya ne Vipers SC era yayambako mu ku kuteeba ggoolo omulundi ogwasooka nga yazannya ne Soufiane Benjdida ng'omupiira gwaggwa n'amaliri ga ggoolo (1 -1)<ref>https://www.fotmob.com/matches/raja-casablanca-vs-vipers-sc/gdiy2n2</ref> Nga 15 Ogwomusanvu 2023, Raja yatuuka ku fiyino z'ekikopo kya Throne Cup nga yali ezannya ne RS Berkane nga bano omupiira b'ebaguwangula mu ddakiika ezaali z'ongeddwa ku kisaawe kya Moulay Abdellah Stadium (1-0).<ref name=":0" /> == Emirimu gye ku mutendera gw'ensi yonna == Labib yayitibwa omulundi gwe ogwasooka okwegatta ku ttiimu y'abazannyi abali wansi w'emyaka 17 eya [[Morocco]] eya [[Morocco U17]] mu 2020. Mu 2022, yaitibwa okwegatta ku Ttiimu y'eggwanga ey'abali wansi w'emyaka 20 (National U20 team) era n'azannya emipiira gy'omukwano ne [[Romania]] nga bano baagwa maliri (2-2), [[Sudaani|Sudan]] nga bawangula ne goolo (4-2) saako ne Palestine nga bano babawangula ne ggoolo (1-0). Nga 9 Ogwomukaaga 2023, yali omu kubazannyi ba Botola abalabikira ku lukalala lw'abo abaali bagenda okuzannyira ttiimu ya Issame Charai mu mpaka z'abali wansi w'emyaka 23 mu kikopo kya Africa eza 2023 U-23 Africa Cup of Nations mu Morocco.<ref>{{cite web |title=CAN U23: la liste des Lionceaux dévoilée, avec El Khannouss et Ezzalzouli |url=https://sport.le360.ma//maroc/can-u23-la-liste-des-lionceaux-devoilee-avec-el-khannouss-et-ezzalzouli-104477 |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=Le360 Sport |language=fr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 June 2023 |title=Maroc : la liste pour la CAN U23 avec 2 Mondialistes et un ancien joueur de l'OM |url=https://www.afrik-foot.com/maroc-la-liste-pour-la-can-u23-avec-2-mondialistes-et-un-ancien-joueur-de-l-om |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=www.afrik-foot.com |language=fr-FR}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Mu kibinja ky'abwe mwalimu ttiimu zino wammanga Guinea, Ghana, Congo. Ono teyazannya mu mupiira ogwali guggulawo empaka bwe baali bazannya ne Guinea nga bawangula ne goolo (2-1), bwe baali bazannya ne Ghana yadda ku kifo kya Oussama EI Azzouzi era ne besogga empaka eziddirira z'akamalirizo oluvannyuma lw'obuwanguzi bwaabwe nga baawangula ne goolo (5-1).<ref>{{cite web |title=Maroc-Ghana (CAN U23): les notes de Coach Charaï et ses Lionceaux |url=https://sport.le360.ma//football/maroc-ghana-can-u23-les-notes-de-coach-charai-et-ses-lionceaux-104815 |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=Le360 Sport |language=fr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web |last=m.drissi |title=CAN U23 : Le Maroc étrille le Ghana et se qualifie en demie |url=http://www.menara.ma/fr/article/can-u23-le-maroc-etrille-le-ghana-et-se-qualifie-en-demie |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=www.menara.ma |language=fr |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708004817/https://www.menara.ma/fr/article/can-u23-le-maroc-etrille-le-ghana-et-se-qualifie-en-demie |url-status=dead }}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Teyasamba mu mupiira gwe baalina ne Mali nga guno Morocco yaguwangulira mu penetii oluvannyuma lw'okugwa amaliri ga goolo 2-2 era kino ky'abayisaamu okwetaba mu mpaka z'emizannyo eza [[2024 Olympics Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2023 |title=CAN U23: Morocco join Egypt in the final and qualify for the Olympic Games |url=https://en.hespress.com/66921-can-u23-morocco-join-egypt-in-the-final-and-qualify-for-the-olympic-games.html |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=HESPRESS English - Morocco News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Football |first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du |title=Morocco triumphs over Mali to reach final, seal Olympics berth {{!}} Total U-23 Africa Cup of Nations 2023 |url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-u23-africa-cup-of-nations/2023/news/morocco-triumphs-over-mali-to-reach-final-secures-olympics-berth |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=CAFOnline.com |language=en}}</ref> Aba Atlas Lions bebawangula ku fayinolo nga baali bazannya ne Egypt era beebaza omutendesi waabwe Oussama Targhalline olw'obuwanguzi obwo (2-1).<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2023 |title=Morocco's U23 team crowned with African Cup of Nations |url=https://en.hespress.com/67148-moroccos-u23-team-crowned-with-african-cup-of-nations.html |access-date=9 July 2023 |website=HESPRESS English - Morocco News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Football |first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du |title=Morocco win maiden TotalEnergies U-23 Africa Cup of Nations title with victory over Egypt {{!}} Total U-23 Africa Cup of Nations 2023 |url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-u23-africa-cup-of-nations/2023/news/morocco-win-maiden-totalenergies-u-23-africa-cup-of-nations-title-with-victory-o |access-date=9 July 2023 |website=CAFOnline.com |language=en}}</ref> Ttiimu yayozayozebwa Kabaka waabwe [[Mohammed VI]] olw'obuwanguzi bwe batuukako.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2023 |title=King Mohammed VI congratulates national U23 team for their victory, qualification to Paris '24 Olympics |url=https://en.hespress.com/67162-king-mohammed-vi-congratulates-national-u23-team-for-their-victory-qualification-to-paris-24-olympics.html |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=HESPRESS English - Morocco News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasraoui |first=Safaa |title=U-23 AFCON: King Mohammed VI Congratulates Atlas Lions |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/07/356361/u-23-afcon-king-mohammed-vi-congratulates-atlas-lions |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=moroccoworldnews |language=en}}</ref> == Ebitiibwa == '''Raja CA''' * [[Botola Pro: 2023-24]] * [[Moroccan Throne Cup: 2022-23]] '''Morocco U23''' * [[U-23 Africa Cup of Nations: 2023]] == Laba ne == * Omupiira gw'e Morocco. * Ttiimu y'eggwanga lya Morrocco. * Ttiimu ya Morocco ey'abali wansi w'emyaka 23. == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> [[Category:Abazaalibwa mu 2003]] [[Category:Abantu abalamu]] [[Category:Abasambi b'omupiira abava mu Casablanca]] reiwdhivwzp5al85bppxyert0px80vz Bulasio Mukasa 0 12915 59817 59399 2026-07-09T09:33:15Z Solomon Suubi 6901 Nzigyemu amabanga, obuyungo ku wiki y'Olungereza n'okutereeza mu mpandiika y'Oluganda, replaced: → (2), == Ebijuliziddwamu == → == Ebijuliziddwa ==, Ebijuliziddwamu → Ebijuliziddwa, wikipidiya → Wikipedia using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 59817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambaali Bulasio Mukasa''' Munnayuganda, [[omusomi w'amawulire]], era omukugu mu by'empuliziganya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20190723/72959/nbs-poaches-news-anchor-mukasa-zambali-from-bbs.html|title=Nbs poaches news anchor Mukasa Zambali from BBS|date=July 23, 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunrise.ug/news/201907/nbs-poaches-cbs-terefayinas-zambaali.html|title=NBS poaches CBS/Terefayina's Zambaali – Sunrise|first=Sunrise|last=Reporter|date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/life/my-grandmother-taught-me-luganda-zambaali-1858374|title=My grandmother taught me Luganda – Zambaali|date=January 8, 2021|website=Daily Monitor}}</ref> Musomi w'amawulire ag'Oluganda agayitibwa Amasengejje era akubiriza pulogulaamu ya Barometer Akasameeme, pulogulaamu omukubaganyizibwa ebirowoozo ku by'obufuzi mu Luganda ku terefayina eya [[NBS Television (Uganda)]]<ref name="auto42">{{Cite web|url=https://www.spyuganda.com/nbs-tv-fish-zambaali-blasio-mukasa-from-bbs-terefayina/|title=NBS TV Poaches Zambaali Blasio Mukasa from BBS Terefayina|date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto22">{{Cite web|date=July 23, 2019 |title=NBS strikes again, poaches BBS TV Anchor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2019/07/nbs-strikes-again-poaches-bbs-tv-anchor.html }}</ref> Yalondebwa okuba omubaka wa Paalamenti mu Munisipaali y’e Nansana mu Disitulikiti y’e Wakiso mu Paalamenti ya Uganda ey’ekkuminebbiri wansi w’ekibiina ky’ebyobufuzi ekya National Unity Platform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |date=2026-01-19 |title=List: NUP MPs who Made It to Twelfth Parliament |url=https://dailystar.co.ug/list-nup-mps-who-made-it-to-twelfth-parliament/ |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Daily Star |language=en-US}}</ref> == Obulamu bwe n'okusoma kwe == Zambaali yazaalibwa omugenzi John Wilson Segawole ne Florence Sarah Nakalembe Namusisi. Yakula ne jjajjaawe Asinansi Nasimbwa e Mugomola mu Semuto.<ref name="auto1" /> Yatuula ebigezo bye ebyakamalirizo ku ddaala erya pulayimale mu ssomero lya Kijaguzo Primary School. Mu mwaka gwa 2002, yamaliriza [[omutendera gwa siniya ey'okuna]] mu ssomero lya St. Denis Sebugwawo Kijaguzo Secondary School era n’amaliriza [[ebigezo ebya siniya ey'omukaaga]] mu Kazo Hill College School Kampala mu 2004. Yasoma diguli esooka mu by’obulambuzi okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] kyokka n’atagimaliriza (2005–2007). Yatikkirwa dipilooma mu by'amawulire n'empuliziganya mu mwaka gwa 2011 okuva ku UMCAT School of Journalism and Mass Communication.<ref name="auto22" /> Era alina diguli esooka mu by’enkolagana n’abantu okuva mu Yunivasite y’e Ndejje.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Byemboijana |first=Muhamadi |date=29 July 2019 |title=Muyanga Lutaaya to replace Zambali at BBS Telefayina – Sunrise |url=http://www.sunrise.ug/gossip/201907/muyanga-lutaaya-to-replace-zambali-at-bbs-telefayina.html}}</ref> == Emirimu gye == Yatandika omulimu gwe ogw'obusasi bw'amawulire ku Tiger FM ng'[[omusomi w'amawulire]] era omwanjuzi wa pulogulaamu okuva mu 2007 okutuuka mu 2008.<ref name="auto3" /> Okuva olwo, yaweereza ng'omusomi w'amawulire era omwanjuzi wa pulogulaamu ku mikutu gy'amawulire egy'enjawulo, omuli Metro FM 90.8 (2008–2011), ne Beat FM ne Capital FM (2011–2012), gye yakolera ng'[[omusomi w'amawulire]] era [[omuweereza w'amawulire]].<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://businessfocus.co.ug/nbs-tv-unveils-news-anchor-zambaali-bulasio-mukasa/|title=NBS TV Unveils News Anchor Zambaali Bulasio Mukasa » Business Focus|date=July 23, 2019}}</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2012, yegatta ku leediyo za CBS FM Buganda 88.8 ne CBS FM Emmanduso 89.2&nbsp;ng’omwanjula wa pulogulaamu, omuduumizi w’emboozi z’oku mpewo era [[omusomi w’amawulire]] mu pulogulaamu nga Ag’Okumpi Newala, Tumutendereze, ne Ebifa mu Nsi n’Obwengula (2012–2020).<ref name="auto62">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3SBVQX1m3U|title=ZAMBAALI BULASIO MUKASA _ When time comes, I will speak the truth why I left CBS FM #Extradigestshow|date=14 September 2021|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref name="auto82">{{Cite web|url=https://flashugnews.com/zambaali-bulasio-mukasa-biography-education-and-life-of-a-ugandan-male-tv-radio-personality/|title=Zambaali Bulasio Mukasa: Biography, Education and Life of a Ugandan Male TV/Radio Personality|first=Flash|last=Uganda|date=December 1, 2019|website=Flash Uganda Media}}</ref> Wakati wa 2016 ne mu Gwomusanvu 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blizz.co.ug/277/NBS-TV-Snatches-BBS-TVs-Zambali-Bulasio-Luganda-News-Caster|title=NBS TV Snatches BBS TV's Zambali Bulasio Luganda News Caster|website=blizz.co.ug}}</ref> Zambaali yaweereza ng'[[omusomi w'amawulire]] era omuduumizi wa pulogulaamu ez'ebyobufuzi ku [[BBS Terefayina]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=Grapevine |date=July 25, 2019 |title=How Greedy Men Are Failing Kabaka Radio And TV: We Are Paid Peanuts And It Comes Late, The Bosses Are Running Away With Sacks – Zambali Departure From BBS TV To Nbs Exposes Rot At Bulange |url=https://www.thegrapevine.co.ug/how-greedy-men-are-failing-kabaka-radio-and-tv-we-are-paid-peanuts-and-it-comes-late-the-bosses-are-running-away-with-sacks-zambali-departure-from-bbs-tv-to-nbs-exposes-rot-at-bulange/ |website=Grapevine News}}</ref><ref name="auto52">{{Cite web |title=Meet Zambaali Bulasio Mukasa's Family, Amazing Facts You Didn't Know About the Deep Voiced Caster |url=https://blizz.co.ug/5355/Meet-Zambaali-Bulasio-Mukasas-Family-Amazing-Facts-You-Didnt-Know-About-the-Deep-Voiced-Caster |website=blizz.co.ug}}</ref> Zambaali yeegatta ku [[NBS Terefayina (Uganda)]] mu mwezi ogw'omunaana omwaka gwa 2019&nbsp;ng’omusomi w’amawulire Amasengejje.<ref name="auto42" /><ref name="auto52" /> era ng'omukubiriza wa pulogulaamu y'emboozi ''Barometer – Akaasameeme'', pulogulaamu ey'ensonga z'eggwanga mu Luganda, ewerezebwa buli Lwakubiri ku ssaawa 4:00 ez'ekiro (22:00 EAT) ku [[NBS Television (Uganda)|NBS Television]].<ref name="auto4" /><ref name="auto72">{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2019 |title=NBS TV Snatches Another Media Personality From BBS TV |url=https://newslexpoint.com/nbs-tv-snatches-media-personality/ |website=Newslex Point}}</ref> == Ebirala ebikulu == Wakati w'omwaka gwa 2005 ne 2010, Zambaali yaweereza ng’omusomesa wa banne mu Kiyita Alliance for Development, Nabweru Orphan Support Project, Makerere Women Development Association era nga Ssentebe wa Nabweru Youth Health Club, era nga omuwandiisi wa Nansana Youth Parish.<ref name="auto22" /><ref name="auto72" /> Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2020, Zambaali akola nga Pulezidenti w’ekibiina ekigatta bannamawulire mu kkanisa ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 8, 2013 |title=CBS news caster Zambali rumored to join NTV |url=https://bigeye.ug/cbs-news-caster-zambali-rumored-to-join-ntv/}}</ref> Ye dayirekita wa Zabama Investment Limited kampuni eteekateeka embaga.<ref name="auto62" /> == Ebimukwatako ebyomunda == Zambaali mufumbo era alina abaana basatu.<ref name="auto1" /><ref name="auto82" /> Mu myaka gya 2018 ne 2019, yaweebwa engule ya Dan Kyazze ey’omuweereza w’amawulire ku leediyo y’Oluganda asinga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2015 |title=Media Challenge Awards Winners 2015 |url=https://bigeye.ug/media-challenge-awards-winners-2015/}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Bulasio Mukasa, Zambaali}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] 0h1pkru9s0ogfdppov8mdwqch6h1dvi 59822 59817 2026-07-09T09:45:41Z Solomon Suubi 6901 Ntereezezza mu kiwandiiko 59822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambaali Bulasio Mukasa''' Munnayuganda, [[omusomi w'amawulire]], era omukugu mu by'empuliziganya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20190723/72959/nbs-poaches-news-anchor-mukasa-zambali-from-bbs.html|title=Nbs poaches news anchor Mukasa Zambali from BBS|date=July 23, 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunrise.ug/news/201907/nbs-poaches-cbs-terefayinas-zambaali.html|title=NBS poaches CBS/Terefayina's Zambaali – Sunrise|first=Sunrise|last=Reporter|date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/life/my-grandmother-taught-me-luganda-zambaali-1858374|title=My grandmother taught me Luganda – Zambaali|date=January 8, 2021|website=Daily Monitor}}</ref> Musomi w'amawulire ag'Oluganda agayitibwa Amasengejje era akubiriza pulogulaamu ya Barometer Akasameeme, pulogulaamu omukubaganyizibwa ebirowoozo ku by'obufuzi mu Luganda ku terefayina eya [[NBS Television (Uganda)]]<ref name="auto42">{{Cite web|url=https://www.spyuganda.com/nbs-tv-fish-zambaali-blasio-mukasa-from-bbs-terefayina/|title=NBS TV Poaches Zambaali Blasio Mukasa from BBS Terefayina|date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto22">{{Cite web|date=July 23, 2019 |title=NBS strikes again, poaches BBS TV Anchor |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2019/07/nbs-strikes-again-poaches-bbs-tv-anchor.html }}</ref> Yalondebwa okuba omubaka wa Paalamenti mu Munisipaali y’e Nansana mu Disitulikiti y’e Wakiso mu Paalamenti ya Uganda ey’ekkuminebbiri wansi w’ekibiina ky’ebyobufuzi ekya National Unity Platform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |date=2026-01-19 |title=List: NUP MPs who Made It to Twelfth Parliament |url=https://dailystar.co.ug/list-nup-mps-who-made-it-to-twelfth-parliament/ |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Daily Star |language=en-US}}</ref> == Obulamu bwe n'okusoma kwe == Zambaali yazaalibwa omugenzi John Wilson Segawole ne Florence Sarah Nakalembe Namusisi. Yakula ne jjajjaawe Asinansi Nasimbwa e Mugomola mu Semuto.<ref name="auto1" /> Yatuula ebigezo bye ebyakamalirizo ku ddaala erya pulayimale mu ssomero lya Kijaguzo Primary School. Mu mwaka gwa 2002, yamaliriza [[omutendera gwa siniya ey'okuna]] mu ssomero lya St. Denis Sebugwawo Kijaguzo Secondary School era n’amaliriza [[ebigezo ebya siniya ey'omukaaga]] mu Kazo Hill College School Kampala mu 2004. Yasoma diguli esooka mu by’obulambuzi okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] kyokka n’atagimaliriza (2005–2007). Yatikkirwa dipilooma mu by'amawulire n'empuliziganya mu mwaka gwa 2011 okuva ku UMCAT School of Journalism and Mass Communication.<ref name="auto22" /> Era alina diguli esooka mu by’enkolagana n’abantu okuva mu Yunivasite y’e Ndejje.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Byemboijana |first=Muhamadi |date=29 July 2019 |title=Muyanga Lutaaya to replace Zambali at BBS Telefayina – Sunrise |url=http://www.sunrise.ug/gossip/201907/muyanga-lutaaya-to-replace-zambali-at-bbs-telefayina.html}}</ref> == Emirimu gye == Yatandika omulimu gwe ogw'obusasi bw'amawulire ku Tiger FM ng'[[omusomi w'amawulire]] era omwanjuzi wa pulogulaamu okuva mu 2007 okutuuka mu 2008.<ref name="auto3" /> Okuva olwo, yaweereza ng'omusomi w'amawulire era omwanjuzi wa pulogulaamu ku mikutu gy'amawulire egy'enjawulo, omuli Metro FM 90.8 (2008–2011), ne Beat FM ne Capital FM (2011–2012), gye yakolera ng'omusomi w'amawulire era [[omuweereza w'amawulire]].<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://businessfocus.co.ug/nbs-tv-unveils-news-anchor-zambaali-bulasio-mukasa/|title=NBS TV Unveils News Anchor Zambaali Bulasio Mukasa » Business Focus|date=July 23, 2019}}</ref> Mu Gwomunaana 2012, yegatta ku leediyo za CBS FM Buganda 88.8 ne CBS FM Emmanduso 89.2&nbsp;ng’omwanjula wa pulogulaamu, omuduumizi w’emboozi z’oku mpewo era omusomi w’amawulire mu pulogulaamu nga Ag’Okumpi Newala, Tumutendereze, ne Ebifa mu Nsi n’Obwengula (2012–2020).<ref name="auto62">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3SBVQX1m3U|title=ZAMBAALI BULASIO MUKASA _ When time comes, I will speak the truth why I left CBS FM #Extradigestshow|date=14 September 2021|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref name="auto82">{{Cite web|url=https://flashugnews.com/zambaali-bulasio-mukasa-biography-education-and-life-of-a-ugandan-male-tv-radio-personality/|title=Zambaali Bulasio Mukasa: Biography, Education and Life of a Ugandan Male TV/Radio Personality|first=Flash|last=Uganda|date=December 1, 2019|website=Flash Uganda Media}}</ref> Wakati wa 2016 ne mu Gwomusanvu 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blizz.co.ug/277/NBS-TV-Snatches-BBS-TVs-Zambali-Bulasio-Luganda-News-Caster|title=NBS TV Snatches BBS TV's Zambali Bulasio Luganda News Caster|website=blizz.co.ug}}</ref> Zambaali yaweereza ng'omusomi w'amawulire era omuduumizi wa pulogulaamu ez'ebyobufuzi ku [[BBS Terefayina]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=Grapevine |date=July 25, 2019 |title=How Greedy Men Are Failing Kabaka Radio And TV: We Are Paid Peanuts And It Comes Late, The Bosses Are Running Away With Sacks – Zambali Departure From BBS TV To Nbs Exposes Rot At Bulange |url=https://www.thegrapevine.co.ug/how-greedy-men-are-failing-kabaka-radio-and-tv-we-are-paid-peanuts-and-it-comes-late-the-bosses-are-running-away-with-sacks-zambali-departure-from-bbs-tv-to-nbs-exposes-rot-at-bulange/ |website=Grapevine News}}</ref><ref name="auto52">{{Cite web |title=Meet Zambaali Bulasio Mukasa's Family, Amazing Facts You Didn't Know About the Deep Voiced Caster |url=https://blizz.co.ug/5355/Meet-Zambaali-Bulasio-Mukasas-Family-Amazing-Facts-You-Didnt-Know-About-the-Deep-Voiced-Caster |website=blizz.co.ug}}</ref> Zambaali yeegatta ku [[NBS Terefayina (Uganda)]] mu mwezi ogw'omunaana omwaka gwa 2019&nbsp;ng’omusomi w’amawulire Amasengejje.<ref name="auto42" /><ref name="auto52" /> era ng'omukubiriza wa pulogulaamu y'emboozi ''Barometer – Akaasameeme'', pulogulaamu ey'ensonga z'eggwanga mu Luganda, ewerezebwa buli Lwakubiri ku ssaawa 4:00 ez'ekiro (22:00 EAT) ku [[NBS Television (Uganda)|NBS Television]].<ref name="auto4" /><ref name="auto72">{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2019 |title=NBS TV Snatches Another Media Personality From BBS TV |url=https://newslexpoint.com/nbs-tv-snatches-media-personality/ |website=Newslex Point}}</ref> == Ebirala ebikulu == Wakati w'omwaka gwa 2005 ne 2010, Zambaali yaweereza ng’omusomesa wa banne mu Kiyita Alliance for Development, Nabweru Orphan Support Project, Makerere Women Development Association era nga Ssentebe wa Nabweru Youth Health Club, era nga omuwandiisi wa Nansana Youth Parish.<ref name="auto22" /><ref name="auto72" /> Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2020, Zambaali akola nga Pulezidenti w’ekibiina ekigatta bannamawulire mu kkanisa ya Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 8, 2013 |title=CBS news caster Zambali rumored to join NTV |url=https://bigeye.ug/cbs-news-caster-zambali-rumored-to-join-ntv/}}</ref> Ye dayirekita wa Zabama Investment Limited kampuni eteekateeka embaga.<ref name="auto62" /> == Ebimukwatako ebyomunda == Zambaali mufumbo era alina abaana basatu.<ref name="auto1" /><ref name="auto82" /> Mu myaka gya 2018 ne 2019, yaweebwa engule ya Dan Kyazze ey’omuweereza w’amawulire ku leediyo y’Oluganda asinga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2015 |title=Media Challenge Awards Winners 2015 |url=https://bigeye.ug/media-challenge-awards-winners-2015/}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Bulasio Mukasa, Zambaali}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] 39gc1lesa2eu4l7d971pjyl52xp5qhf Elton Joseph Mabirizi 0 12982 59840 48067 2026-07-09T10:24:14Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar 59840 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Elton Joseph Mabirizi''' era amanyiddwa nga Joseph Mabirizi (yazaalibwa Ogw'omusanvu, 1975) Munnayuganda [[:en:Politician|munnabyabufuzi]] omukurisitu omukulembeze, era [[:en:Electrical_engineer|yinginiya w'amasannyalaze]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}</ref>​ . Ono yaakutte bendera y'ekibiina [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|kya Conservative Party (Uganda)]] ku bwa pulezidenti [[Akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026|bw'akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtezza2020">Ntezza, Michael (2020-02-14). [https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ "Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again"]. ''ChimpReports''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAtukunda2025">Atukunda, Rogers (2025-09-24). [https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ "'Mabreezy' is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race"]. ''SoftPower News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Obuto bwe n’okusoma kwe == Mabirizi yazaalibwa mu Mwezi ogwomusanvu mu 1975 mu [[Mpigi (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y’e Mpigi]], mu Uganda eri Nalongo Alice Nabulya (Nnyina) ng’omwana addirira asembayo mu maka g’abaana kkumi n’omu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}}</ref> Yasomera mu ku ssomero lya pulayimale erya Katwe Primary School nga tannaba kwegatta ku ssomero lya siniya erya St. John's Secondary School mu [[Mityana (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mityana]] okusoma omutendera gwa siniya eyokuna (O-level) n'ogwa siniya ey'omukaaga (A-Level.) <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Olwo yagenda ku ttendekero lya Aldram Institute of Theology and Counseling gye yafunira Dipuloma mu kubudaabuda abantu nga tanneegatta ku ttendekero lya Mengo Technical Institute gye yasomera Obwayinginiya bw'amasannyalaze. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Era yafuna Dipulooma eya waggulu mu Sayansi w’obwayinginiya bw'amasannyalaze okuva mu [[:en:City_and_Guilds_of_London_Institute|City and Guild]] mu [[Great Britain|Bungereza]], ne dipuloma endala okuva mu Bloemfontein mu South Africa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> == Emirimu gye == Nga tannaba kwegatta mu byabufuzi, Mabirizi yakolako nga omukugu mu by’amasannyalaze wansi w’ekitongole kya Uganda Electricity Board okumala emyaka munaana n’oluvannyuma n’akola ng’omuwi w’amagezi mu Uganda ne South Africa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKiva2025">Kiva, Nelson (2025-09-25). [https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to "Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation"]. ''Bukedde Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wamu n’emirimu gye egy’ekikugu, yeetaba mu nteekateeka z’okubunyisa obukkiriza ezesigamiziddwa ku n'okwogera mu lujjudde ye ng’omutandisi w'ekkanisa Ambassadors of Jesus Christ Church. <ref name=":0" /> == Emirimu gy’ebyobufuzi == === Okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2026 === Mu Mwezi ogw'omenda ogwa 2025, Mabirizi yasunsulwa era n’alagibwa ng’owokuvuganya ku bwa pulezidenti ow’ekibiina [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|kya Conservative Party]] mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2026. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAtukunda2025">Atukunda, Rogers (2025-09-24). [https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ "'Mabreezy' is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race"]. ''SoftPower News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mabirizi finally nominated after minor hiccup |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mabirizi-finally-nominated-after-minor-hiccup-5203088 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Okulondebwa kwe kusinga kukwata ku nnongoosereza mu byobufuzi, okuddamu okwekenneenya ssemateeka, n'okutegeka enfuga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alan |title=Mabirizi Promises Bunyoro Regional Autonomy |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2026-election-watch/291676/mabirizi-promises-bunyoro-regional-autonomy |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}</ref> Asabye okwetaba mu kulonda n’okunoonya akalulu ku nkola mu kiseera ky’okulonda ekya 2026 mweyalaze omukago n’ekibinja ky’abaali beesimbyewo ku bwapulezidenti okutegeka okusoomooza okwawamu okulwanyisa [[Yoweri Museveni]] owa Uganda aludde ng’aweereza . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=2026 polls: Disqualified presidential candidates form alliance to 'uproot' Museveni govt |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/2026-polls-disqualified-presidential-candidates-form-alliance-to-uproot-museveni-govt-5247668 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> === Okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2016 === Mabirizi yavuganya mu kalulu ka Pulezidenti aka 2016 nga namunigina mwe yafunira obululu 24,498 (0.25%). == Obulamu bwe obw'obuntu == Mabirizi mufumbo ne Winnie Mabirizi era mukurisitaayo atandise amakanisa agawerako okwetoloola Uganda. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Laba ne == * [[Ken Lukyamuzi]] * [[:en:Munyagwa_Mubarak_Sserunga|Munyagwa Mubarak Sserunga]] * [[:en:Politics_of_Uganda|Eby'obufuzi bwa Uganda]] * [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda) .]] * [[Akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026]] * [[Olukalala lw'ebibiina by'obufuzi mu Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == # {{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}} # {{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}} # {{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}} # [https://www.ec.or.ug/2016-general-elections-summary 2016 General Elections Summary] # {{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}} # {{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mabirizi finally nominated after minor hiccup |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mabirizi-finally-nominated-after-minor-hiccup-5203088 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}} # {{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alan |title=Mabirizi Promises Bunyoro Regional Autonomy |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2026-election-watch/291676/mabirizi-promises-bunyoro-regional-autonomy |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}} # {{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=2026 polls: Disqualified presidential candidates form alliance to 'uproot' Museveni govt |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/2026-polls-disqualified-presidential-candidates-form-alliance-to-uproot-museveni-govt-5247668 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] oa9uuliyze4eb91k8z0ofxicb65oy1r 59841 59840 2026-07-09T10:36:04Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar and punctuations and spellings 59841 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elton Joseph Mabirizi''' era amanyiddwa nga Joseph Mabirizi (yazaalibwa Ogw'omusanvu, 1975) Munnayuganda [[:en:Politician|munnabyabufuzi]] omukurisitu omukulembeze, era [[:en:Electrical_engineer|yinginiya w'amasannyalaze]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}</ref>​ . Ono yaakutte bendera y'ekibiina [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|kya Conservative Party (Uganda)]] ku bwa pulezidenti [[Akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026|bw'akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtezza2020">Ntezza, Michael (2020-02-14). [https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ "Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again"]. ''ChimpReports''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAtukunda2025">Atukunda, Rogers (2025-09-24). [https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ "'Mabreezy' is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race"]. ''SoftPower News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Obuto bwe n’okusoma kwe == Mabirizi yazaalibwa mu Mwezi ogwomusanvu mu 1975 mu [[Mpigi (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y’e Mpigi]], mu Uganda eri Nalongo Alice Nabulya (Nnyina) ng’omwana addirira asembayo mu maka g’abaana kkumi n’omu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}}</ref> Yasomera mu ku ssomero lya pulayimale erya Katwe Primary School nga tannaba kwegatta ku ssomero lya siniya erya St. John's Secondary School mu [[Mityana (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mityana]] okusoma omutendera gwa siniya eyokuna (O-level) n'ogwa siniya ey'omukaaga (A-Level.) <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Olwo yagenda ku ttendekero lya Aldram Institute of Theology and Counseling gye yafunira Dipuloma mu kubudaabuda abantu nga tanneegatta ku ttendekero lya Mengo Technical Institute gye yasomera Obwayinginiya bw'amasannyalaze. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Era yafuna Dipulooma eya waggulu mu Sayansi w’obwayinginiya bw'amasannyalaze okuva mu [[:en:City_and_Guilds_of_London_Institute|City and Guild]] mu [[Great Britain|Bungereza]], ne dipuloma endala okuva mu Bloemfontein mu South Africa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> == Emirimu gye == Nga tannaba kwegatta mu byabufuzi, Mabirizi yakolako nga omukugu mu by’amasannyalaze wansi w’ekitongole kya Uganda Electricity Board okumala emyaka munaana n’oluvannyuma n’akola ng’omuwi w’amagezi mu Uganda ne South Africa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKiva2025">Kiva, Nelson (2025-09-25). [https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to "Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation"]. ''Bukedde Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wamu n’emirimu gye egy’ekikugu, yeetaba mu nteekateeka z’okubunyisa obukkiriza ezesigamiziddwa ku n'okwogera mu lujjudde ye ng’omutandisi w'ekkanisa Ambassadors of Jesus Christ Church. <ref name=":0" /> == Emirimu gy’ebyobufuzi == === Okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2026 === Mu Mwezi ogw'omenda ogwa 2025, Mabirizi yasunsulwa era n’alagibwa ng’owokuvuganya ku bwa pulezidenti ow’ekibiina [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|kya Conservative Party]] mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2026. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAtukunda2025">Atukunda, Rogers (2025-09-24). [https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ "'Mabreezy' is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race"]. ''SoftPower News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mabirizi finally nominated after minor hiccup |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mabirizi-finally-nominated-after-minor-hiccup-5203088 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Okulondebwa kwe kusinga kukwata ku nnongoosereza mu byobufuzi, okuddamu okwekenneenya ssemateeka, n'okutegeka enfuga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alan |title=Mabirizi Promises Bunyoro Regional Autonomy |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2026-election-watch/291676/mabirizi-promises-bunyoro-regional-autonomy |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}</ref> Asabye okwetaba mu kulonda n’okunoonya akalulu ku nkola mu kiseera ky’okulonda ekya 2026 mweyalaze omukago n’ekibinja ky’abaali beesimbyewo ku bwapulezidenti okutegeka okusoomooza okwawamu okulwanyisa [[Yoweri Museveni]] owa Uganda aludde ng’aweereza . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=2026 polls: Disqualified presidential candidates form alliance to 'uproot' Museveni govt |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/2026-polls-disqualified-presidential-candidates-form-alliance-to-uproot-museveni-govt-5247668 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> === Okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2016 === Mabirizi yavuganya mu kalulu ka Pulezidenti aka 2016 nga namunigina mwe yafunira obululu 24,498 (0.25%). == Obulamu bwe obw'obuntu == Mabirizi mufumbo ne Winnie Mabirizi era mukurisitaayo atandise amakanisa agawerako okwetoloola Uganda. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Laba ne == * [[Ken Lukyamuzi]] * [[:en:Munyagwa_Mubarak_Sserunga|Munyagwa Mubarak Sserunga]] * [[:en:Politics_of_Uganda|Eby'obufuzi bwa Uganda]] * [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda) .]] * [[Akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026]] * [[Olukalala lw'ebibiina by'obufuzi mu Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == # {{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}} # {{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}} # {{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}} # [https://www.ec.or.ug/2016-general-elections-summary 2016 General Elections Summary] # {{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}} # {{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mabirizi finally nominated after minor hiccup |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mabirizi-finally-nominated-after-minor-hiccup-5203088 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}} # {{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alan |title=Mabirizi Promises Bunyoro Regional Autonomy |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2026-election-watch/291676/mabirizi-promises-bunyoro-regional-autonomy |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}} # {{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=2026 polls: Disqualified presidential candidates form alliance to 'uproot' Museveni govt |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/2026-polls-disqualified-presidential-candidates-form-alliance-to-uproot-museveni-govt-5247668 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] 5ofcxvg2v8wv8l13ovtxp60oeq7xase 59843 59841 2026-07-09T10:41:04Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar and punctuations and spellings 59843 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elton Joseph Mabirizi''' era amanyiddwa nga Joseph Mabirizi (yazaalibwa Ogw'omusanvu, 1975) Munnayuganda [[:en:Politician|munnabyabufuzi]] omukurisitu omukulembeze, era [[:en:Electrical_engineer|yinginiya w'amasannyalaze]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}</ref>​ . Ono yaakutte bendera y'ekibiina kya [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|Conservative Party (Uganda)]] ku bwa pulezidenti [[Akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026|bw'akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtezza2020">Ntezza, Michael (2020-02-14). [https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ "Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again"]. ''ChimpReports''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAtukunda2025">Atukunda, Rogers (2025-09-24). [https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ "'Mabreezy' is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race"]. ''SoftPower News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Obuto bwe n’okusoma kwe == Mabirizi yazaalibwa mu Gwomusanvu mu 1975 mu [[Mpigi (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y’e Mpigi]], mu Uganda eri Nalongo Alice Nabulya(Nnyina) nga ye mwana addirira asembayo mu maka ag’abaana ekkumi n’omu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}}</ref> Yasomera mu ku ssomero lya pulayimale erya Katwe Primary School nga tannaba kwegatta ku ssomero lya siniya erya St. John's Secondary School mu [[Mityana (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mityana]] okusoma omutendera gwa siniya eyokuna (O-level) n'ogwa siniya ey'omukaaga (A-Level.) <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Olwo yagenda ku ttendekero lya Aldram Institute of Theology and Counseling gye yafunira Dipuloma mu kubudaabuda abantu nga tanneegatta ku ttendekero lya Mengo Technical Institute gye yasomera Obwayinginiya bw'amasannyalaze. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Era yafuna Dipulooma eya waggulu mu Sayansi w’obwayinginiya bw'amasannyalaze okuva mu [[:en:City_and_Guilds_of_London_Institute|City and Guild]] mu [[Great Britain|Bungereza]], ne dipuloma endala okuva mu Bloemfontein mu South Africa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> == Emirimu gye == Nga tannaba kwegatta mu byabufuzi, Mabirizi yakolako nga omukugu mu by’amasannyalaze wansi w’ekitongole kya Uganda Electricity Board okumala emyaka munaana n’oluvannyuma n’akola ng’omuwi w’amagezi mu Uganda ne South Africa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKiva2025">Kiva, Nelson (2025-09-25). [https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to "Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation"]. ''Bukedde Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wamu n’emirimu gye egy’ekikugu, yeetaba mu nteekateeka z’okubunyisa obukkiriza ezesigamiziddwa ku n'okwogera mu lujjudde ye ng’omutandisi w'ekkanisa Ambassadors of Jesus Christ Church. <ref name=":0" /> == Emirimu gy’ebyobufuzi == === Okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2026 === Mu Mwezi ogw'omenda ogwa 2025, Mabirizi yasunsulwa era n’alagibwa ng’owokuvuganya ku bwa pulezidenti ow’ekibiina [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|kya Conservative Party]] mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2026. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAtukunda2025">Atukunda, Rogers (2025-09-24). [https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ "'Mabreezy' is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race"]. ''SoftPower News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mabirizi finally nominated after minor hiccup |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mabirizi-finally-nominated-after-minor-hiccup-5203088 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Okulondebwa kwe kusinga kukwata ku nnongoosereza mu byobufuzi, okuddamu okwekenneenya ssemateeka, n'okutegeka enfuga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alan |title=Mabirizi Promises Bunyoro Regional Autonomy |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2026-election-watch/291676/mabirizi-promises-bunyoro-regional-autonomy |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}</ref> Asabye okwetaba mu kulonda n’okunoonya akalulu ku nkola mu kiseera ky’okulonda ekya 2026 mweyalaze omukago n’ekibinja ky’abaali beesimbyewo ku bwapulezidenti okutegeka okusoomooza okwawamu okulwanyisa [[Yoweri Museveni]] owa Uganda aludde ng’aweereza . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=2026 polls: Disqualified presidential candidates form alliance to 'uproot' Museveni govt |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/2026-polls-disqualified-presidential-candidates-form-alliance-to-uproot-museveni-govt-5247668 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> === Okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2016 === Mabirizi yavuganya mu kalulu ka Pulezidenti aka 2016 nga namunigina mwe yafunira obululu 24,498 (0.25%). == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Mabirizi mufumbo ne Winnie Mabirizi era mukurisitaayo atandise amakanisa agawerako okwetoloola Uganda. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Laba ne == * [[Ken Lukyamuzi]] * [[:en:Munyagwa_Mubarak_Sserunga|Munyagwa Mubarak Sserunga]] * [[:en:Politics_of_Uganda|Eby'obufuzi bwa Uganda]] * [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda) .]] * [[Akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026]] * [[Olukalala lw'ebibiina by'obufuzi mu Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == # {{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}} # {{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}} # {{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}} # [https://www.ec.or.ug/2016-general-elections-summary 2016 General Elections Summary] # {{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}} # {{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mabirizi finally nominated after minor hiccup |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mabirizi-finally-nominated-after-minor-hiccup-5203088 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}} # {{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alan |title=Mabirizi Promises Bunyoro Regional Autonomy |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2026-election-watch/291676/mabirizi-promises-bunyoro-regional-autonomy |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}} # {{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=2026 polls: Disqualified presidential candidates form alliance to 'uproot' Museveni govt |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/2026-polls-disqualified-presidential-candidates-form-alliance-to-uproot-museveni-govt-5247668 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] 0h1mdm5p7kthcino472gzderkmjs6h9 59844 59843 2026-07-09T10:42:46Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 59844 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elton Joseph Mabirizi''' era amanyiddwa nga Joseph Mabirizi (yazaalibwa Ogw'omusanvu, 1975) Munnayuganda [[:en:Politician|munnabyabufuzi]] omukurisitu omukulembeze, era [[:en:Electrical_engineer|yinginiya w'amasannyalaze]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}</ref>​ . Ono yaakutte bendera y'ekibiina kya [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|Conservative Party (Uganda)]] ku bwa pulezidenti [[Akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026|bw'akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtezza2020">Ntezza, Michael (2020-02-14). [https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ "Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again"]. ''ChimpReports''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAtukunda2025">Atukunda, Rogers (2025-09-24). [https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ "'Mabreezy' is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race"]. ''SoftPower News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Obuto bwe n’okusoma kwe == Mabirizi yazaalibwa mu Gwomusanvu mu 1975 mu [[Mpigi (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y’e Mpigi]], mu Uganda eri Nalongo Alice Nabulya(Nnyina) nga ye mwana addirira asembayo mu maka ag’abaana ekkumi n’omu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}}</ref> Yasomera mu ku ssomero lya pulayimale erya Katwe Primary School nga tannaba kwegatta ku ssomero lya siniya erya St. John's Secondary School mu [[Mityana (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mityana]] okusoma omutendera gwa siniya eyokuna (O-level) n'ogwa siniya ey'omukaaga (A-Level.) <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Olwo yagenda ku ttendekero lya Aldram Institute of Theology and Counseling gye yafunira Dipuloma mu kubudaabuda abantu nga tanneegatta ku ttendekero lya Mengo Technical Institute gye yasomera Obwayinginiya bw'amasannyalaze. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Era yafuna Dipulooma eya waggulu mu Sayansi w’obwayinginiya bw'amasannyalaze okuva mu [[:en:City_and_Guilds_of_London_Institute|City and Guild]] mu [[Great Britain|Bungereza]], ne dipuloma endala okuva mu Bloemfontein mu South Africa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> == Emirimu gye == Nga tannaba kwegatta mu byabufuzi, Mabirizi yakolako nga omukugu mu by’amasannyalaze wansi w’ekitongole kya Uganda Electricity Board okumala emyaka munaana n’oluvannyuma n’akola ng’omuwi w’amagezi mu Uganda ne South Africa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKiva2025">Kiva, Nelson (2025-09-25). [https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to "Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation"]. ''Bukedde Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wamu n’emirimu gye egy’ekikugu, yeetaba mu nteekateeka z’okubunyisa obukkiriza ezesigamiziddwa ku n'okwogera mu lujjudde ye ng’omutandisi w'ekkanisa Ambassadors of Jesus Christ Church. <ref name=":0" /> == Emirimu gy’ebyobufuzi == === Okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2026 === Mu Mwezi ogw'omenda ogwa 2025, Mabirizi yasunsulwa era n’alagibwa ng’owokuvuganya ku bwa pulezidenti ow’ekibiina [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|kya Conservative Party]] mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2026. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAtukunda2025">Atukunda, Rogers (2025-09-24). [https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ "'Mabreezy' is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race"]. ''SoftPower News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mabirizi finally nominated after minor hiccup |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mabirizi-finally-nominated-after-minor-hiccup-5203088 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Okulondebwa kwe kusinga kukwata ku nnongoosereza mu byobufuzi, okuddamu okwekenneenya ssemateeka, n'okutegeka enfuga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alan |title=Mabirizi Promises Bunyoro Regional Autonomy |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2026-election-watch/291676/mabirizi-promises-bunyoro-regional-autonomy |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}</ref> Asabye okwetaba mu kulonda n’okunoonya akalulu ku nkola mu kiseera ky’okulonda ekya 2026 mweyalaze omukago n’ekibinja ky’abaali beesimbyewo ku bwapulezidenti okutegeka okusoomooza okwawamu okulwanyisa [[Yoweri Museveni]] owa Uganda aludde ng’aweereza . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=2026 polls: Disqualified presidential candidates form alliance to 'uproot' Museveni govt |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/2026-polls-disqualified-presidential-candidates-form-alliance-to-uproot-museveni-govt-5247668 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> === Okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2016 === Mabirizi yavuganya mu kalulu ka Pulezidenti aka 2016 nga namunigina mwe yafunira obululu 24,498 (0.25%). == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Mabirizi mufumbo ne Winnie Mabirizi era mukurisitaayo atandise amakanisa agawerako okwetoloola Uganda. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Laba ne == * [[Ken Lukyamuzi]] * [[:en:Munyagwa_Mubarak_Sserunga|Munyagwa Mubarak Sserunga]] * [[:en:Politics_of_Uganda|Eby'obufuzi bwa Uganda]] * [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda) .]] * [[Akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026]] * [[Olukalala lw'ebibiina by'obufuzi mu Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == # {{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}} # {{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}} # {{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}} # [https://www.ec.or.ug/2016-general-elections-summary 2016 General Elections Summary] # {{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}} # {{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mabirizi finally nominated after minor hiccup |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mabirizi-finally-nominated-after-minor-hiccup-5203088 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}} # {{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alan |title=Mabirizi Promises Bunyoro Regional Autonomy |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2026-election-watch/291676/mabirizi-promises-bunyoro-regional-autonomy |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}} # {{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=2026 polls: Disqualified presidential candidates form alliance to 'uproot' Museveni govt |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/2026-polls-disqualified-presidential-candidates-form-alliance-to-uproot-museveni-govt-5247668 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1975]] hso4ij8626rjp6o7w4cuo36b062flgt 59847 59844 2026-07-09T10:44:24Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 59847 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elton Joseph Mabirizi''' era amanyiddwa nga Joseph Mabirizi (yazaalibwa Ogw'omusanvu, 1975) Munnayuganda [[:en:Politician|munnabyabufuzi]] omukurisitu omukulembeze, era [[:en:Electrical_engineer|yinginiya w'amasannyalaze]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}</ref>​ . Ono yaakutte bendera y'ekibiina kya [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|Conservative Party (Uganda)]] ku bwa pulezidenti [[Akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026|bw'akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtezza2020">Ntezza, Michael (2020-02-14). [https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ "Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again"]. ''ChimpReports''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAtukunda2025">Atukunda, Rogers (2025-09-24). [https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ "'Mabreezy' is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race"]. ''SoftPower News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Obuto bwe n’okusoma kwe == Mabirizi yazaalibwa mu Gwomusanvu mu 1975 mu [[Mpigi (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y’e Mpigi]], mu Uganda eri Nalongo Alice Nabulya(Nnyina) nga ye mwana addirira asembayo mu maka ag’abaana ekkumi n’omu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}}</ref> Yasomera mu ku ssomero lya pulayimale erya Katwe Primary School nga tannaba kwegatta ku ssomero lya siniya erya St. John's Secondary School mu [[Mityana (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mityana]] okusoma omutendera gwa siniya eyokuna (O-level) n'ogwa siniya ey'omukaaga (A-Level.) <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Olwo yagenda ku ttendekero lya Aldram Institute of Theology and Counseling gye yafunira Dipuloma mu kubudaabuda abantu nga tanneegatta ku ttendekero lya Mengo Technical Institute gye yasomera Obwayinginiya bw'amasannyalaze. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Era yafuna Dipulooma eya waggulu mu Sayansi w’obwayinginiya bw'amasannyalaze okuva mu [[:en:City_and_Guilds_of_London_Institute|City and Guild]] mu [[Great Britain|Bungereza]], ne dipuloma endala okuva mu Bloemfontein mu South Africa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> == Emirimu gye == Nga tannaba kwegatta mu byabufuzi, Mabirizi yakolako nga omukugu mu by’amasannyalaze wansi w’ekitongole kya Uganda Electricity Board okumala emyaka munaana n’oluvannyuma n’akola ng’omuwi w’amagezi mu Uganda ne South Africa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKiva2025">Kiva, Nelson (2025-09-25). [https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to "Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation"]. ''Bukedde Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wamu n’emirimu gye egy’ekikugu, yeetaba mu nteekateeka z’okubunyisa obukkiriza ezesigamiziddwa ku n'okwogera mu lujjudde ye ng’omutandisi w'ekkanisa Ambassadors of Jesus Christ Church. <ref name=":0" /> == Emirimu gy’ebyobufuzi == === Okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2026 === Mu Mwezi ogw'omenda ogwa 2025, Mabirizi yasunsulwa era n’alagibwa ng’owokuvuganya ku bwa pulezidenti ow’ekibiina [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|kya Conservative Party]] mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2026. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAtukunda2025">Atukunda, Rogers (2025-09-24). [https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ "'Mabreezy' is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race"]. ''SoftPower News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mabirizi finally nominated after minor hiccup |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mabirizi-finally-nominated-after-minor-hiccup-5203088 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Okulondebwa kwe kusinga kukwata ku nnongoosereza mu byobufuzi, okuddamu okwekenneenya ssemateeka, n'okutegeka enfuga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alan |title=Mabirizi Promises Bunyoro Regional Autonomy |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2026-election-watch/291676/mabirizi-promises-bunyoro-regional-autonomy |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}</ref> Asabye okwetaba mu kulonda n’okunoonya akalulu ku nkola mu kiseera ky’okulonda ekya 2026 mweyalaze omukago n’ekibinja ky’abaali beesimbyewo ku bwapulezidenti okutegeka okusoomooza okwawamu okulwanyisa [[Yoweri Museveni]] owa Uganda aludde ng’aweereza . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=2026 polls: Disqualified presidential candidates form alliance to 'uproot' Museveni govt |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/2026-polls-disqualified-presidential-candidates-form-alliance-to-uproot-museveni-govt-5247668 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> === Okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2016 === Mabirizi yavuganya mu kalulu ka Pulezidenti aka 2016 nga namunigina mwe yafunira obululu 24,498 (0.25%). == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Mabirizi mufumbo ne Winnie Mabirizi era mukurisitaayo atandise amakanisa agawerako okwetoloola Uganda. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Laba ne == * [[Ken Lukyamuzi]] * [[:en:Munyagwa_Mubarak_Sserunga|Munyagwa Mubarak Sserunga]] * [[:en:Politics_of_Uganda|Eby'obufuzi bwa Uganda]] * [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda) .]] * [[Akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026]] * [[Olukalala lw'ebibiina by'obufuzi mu Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == # {{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}} # {{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}} # {{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}} # [https://www.ec.or.ug/2016-general-elections-summary 2016 General Elections Summary] # {{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}} # {{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mabirizi finally nominated after minor hiccup |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mabirizi-finally-nominated-after-minor-hiccup-5203088 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}} # {{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alan |title=Mabirizi Promises Bunyoro Regional Autonomy |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2026-election-watch/291676/mabirizi-promises-bunyoro-regional-autonomy |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}} # {{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=2026 polls: Disqualified presidential candidates form alliance to 'uproot' Museveni govt |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/2026-polls-disqualified-presidential-candidates-form-alliance-to-uproot-museveni-govt-5247668 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1975]] [[Category:Bannayuganda bannabyabufuzi]] 9jzyr0m2pacq96fk29no9d9522b6vgu 59849 59847 2026-07-09T10:46:25Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 59849 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elton Joseph Mabirizi''' era amanyiddwa nga Joseph Mabirizi (yazaalibwa Ogw'omusanvu, 1975) Munnayuganda [[:en:Politician|munnabyabufuzi]] omukurisitu omukulembeze, era [[:en:Electrical_engineer|yinginiya w'amasannyalaze]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}</ref>​ . Ono yaakutte bendera y'ekibiina kya [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|Conservative Party (Uganda)]] ku bwa pulezidenti [[Akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026|bw'akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtezza2020">Ntezza, Michael (2020-02-14). [https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ "Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again"]. ''ChimpReports''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAtukunda2025">Atukunda, Rogers (2025-09-24). [https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ "'Mabreezy' is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race"]. ''SoftPower News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Obuto bwe n’okusoma kwe == Mabirizi yazaalibwa mu Gwomusanvu mu 1975 mu [[Mpigi (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y’e Mpigi]], mu Uganda eri Nalongo Alice Nabulya(Nnyina) nga ye mwana addirira asembayo mu maka ag’abaana ekkumi n’omu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}}</ref> Yasomera mu ku ssomero lya pulayimale erya Katwe Primary School nga tannaba kwegatta ku ssomero lya siniya erya St. John's Secondary School mu [[Mityana (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mityana]] okusoma omutendera gwa siniya eyokuna (O-level) n'ogwa siniya ey'omukaaga (A-Level.) <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Olwo yagenda ku ttendekero lya Aldram Institute of Theology and Counseling gye yafunira Dipuloma mu kubudaabuda abantu nga tanneegatta ku ttendekero lya Mengo Technical Institute gye yasomera Obwayinginiya bw'amasannyalaze. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Era yafuna Dipulooma eya waggulu mu Sayansi w’obwayinginiya bw'amasannyalaze okuva mu [[:en:City_and_Guilds_of_London_Institute|City and Guild]] mu [[Great Britain|Bungereza]], ne dipuloma endala okuva mu Bloemfontein mu South Africa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> == Emirimu gye == Nga tannaba kwegatta mu byabufuzi, Mabirizi yakolako nga omukugu mu by’amasannyalaze wansi w’ekitongole kya Uganda Electricity Board okumala emyaka munaana n’oluvannyuma n’akola ng’omuwi w’amagezi mu Uganda ne South Africa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKiva2025">Kiva, Nelson (2025-09-25). [https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to "Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation"]. ''Bukedde Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wamu n’emirimu gye egy’ekikugu, yeetaba mu nteekateeka z’okubunyisa obukkiriza ezesigamiziddwa ku n'okwogera mu lujjudde ye ng’omutandisi w'ekkanisa Ambassadors of Jesus Christ Church. <ref name=":0" /> == Emirimu gy’ebyobufuzi == === Okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2026 === Mu Mwezi ogw'omenda ogwa 2025, Mabirizi yasunsulwa era n’alagibwa ng’owokuvuganya ku bwa pulezidenti ow’ekibiina [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|kya Conservative Party]] mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2026. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAtukunda2025">Atukunda, Rogers (2025-09-24). [https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ "'Mabreezy' is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race"]. ''SoftPower News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mabirizi finally nominated after minor hiccup |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mabirizi-finally-nominated-after-minor-hiccup-5203088 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Okulondebwa kwe kusinga kukwata ku nnongoosereza mu byobufuzi, okuddamu okwekenneenya ssemateeka, n'okutegeka enfuga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alan |title=Mabirizi Promises Bunyoro Regional Autonomy |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2026-election-watch/291676/mabirizi-promises-bunyoro-regional-autonomy |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}</ref> Asabye okwetaba mu kulonda n’okunoonya akalulu ku nkola mu kiseera ky’okulonda ekya 2026 mweyalaze omukago n’ekibinja ky’abaali beesimbyewo ku bwapulezidenti okutegeka okusoomooza okwawamu okulwanyisa [[Yoweri Museveni]] owa Uganda aludde ng’aweereza . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=2026 polls: Disqualified presidential candidates form alliance to 'uproot' Museveni govt |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/2026-polls-disqualified-presidential-candidates-form-alliance-to-uproot-museveni-govt-5247668 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> === Okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2016 === Mabirizi yavuganya mu kalulu ka Pulezidenti aka 2016 nga namunigina mwe yafunira obululu 24,498 (0.25%). == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Mabirizi mufumbo ne Winnie Mabirizi era mukurisitaayo atandise amakanisa agawerako okwetoloola Uganda. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Laba ne == * [[Ken Lukyamuzi]] * [[:en:Munyagwa_Mubarak_Sserunga|Munyagwa Mubarak Sserunga]] * [[:en:Politics_of_Uganda|Eby'obufuzi bwa Uganda]] * [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda) .]] * [[Akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026]] * [[Olukalala lw'ebibiina by'obufuzi mu Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == # {{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}} # {{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}} # {{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}} # [https://www.ec.or.ug/2016-general-elections-summary 2016 General Elections Summary] # {{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}} # {{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mabirizi finally nominated after minor hiccup |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mabirizi-finally-nominated-after-minor-hiccup-5203088 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}} # {{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alan |title=Mabirizi Promises Bunyoro Regional Autonomy |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2026-election-watch/291676/mabirizi-promises-bunyoro-regional-autonomy |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}} # {{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=2026 polls: Disqualified presidential candidates form alliance to 'uproot' Museveni govt |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/2026-polls-disqualified-presidential-candidates-form-alliance-to-uproot-museveni-govt-5247668 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1975]] [[Category:Bannayuganda bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Bannayuganda ba yinginiya ab'ekyasa ky'abirimwekimu]] cqr455am8tfwmio0w9mkljuqqpesd1y 59851 59849 2026-07-09T10:49:20Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 59851 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elton Joseph Mabirizi''' era amanyiddwa nga Joseph Mabirizi (yazaalibwa Ogw'omusanvu, 1975) Munnayuganda [[:en:Politician|munnabyabufuzi]] omukurisitu omukulembeze, era [[:en:Electrical_engineer|yinginiya w'amasannyalaze]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}</ref>​ . Ono yaakutte bendera y'ekibiina kya [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|Conservative Party (Uganda)]] ku bwa pulezidenti [[Akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026|bw'akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtezza2020">Ntezza, Michael (2020-02-14). [https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ "Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again"]. ''ChimpReports''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAtukunda2025">Atukunda, Rogers (2025-09-24). [https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ "'Mabreezy' is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race"]. ''SoftPower News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Obuto bwe n’okusoma kwe == Mabirizi yazaalibwa mu Gwomusanvu mu 1975 mu [[Mpigi (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y’e Mpigi]], mu Uganda eri Nalongo Alice Nabulya(Nnyina) nga ye mwana addirira asembayo mu maka ag’abaana ekkumi n’omu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}}</ref> Yasomera mu ku ssomero lya pulayimale erya Katwe Primary School nga tannaba kwegatta ku ssomero lya siniya erya St. John's Secondary School mu [[Mityana (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mityana]] okusoma omutendera gwa siniya eyokuna (O-level) n'ogwa siniya ey'omukaaga (A-Level.) <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Olwo yagenda ku ttendekero lya Aldram Institute of Theology and Counseling gye yafunira Dipuloma mu kubudaabuda abantu nga tanneegatta ku ttendekero lya Mengo Technical Institute gye yasomera Obwayinginiya bw'amasannyalaze. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Era yafuna Dipulooma eya waggulu mu Sayansi w’obwayinginiya bw'amasannyalaze okuva mu [[:en:City_and_Guilds_of_London_Institute|City and Guild]] mu [[Great Britain|Bungereza]], ne dipuloma endala okuva mu Bloemfontein mu South Africa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> == Emirimu gye == Nga tannaba kwegatta mu byabufuzi, Mabirizi yakolako nga omukugu mu by’amasannyalaze wansi w’ekitongole kya Uganda Electricity Board okumala emyaka munaana n’oluvannyuma n’akola ng’omuwi w’amagezi mu Uganda ne South Africa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKiva2025">Kiva, Nelson (2025-09-25). [https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to "Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation"]. ''Bukedde Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wamu n’emirimu gye egy’ekikugu, yeetaba mu nteekateeka z’okubunyisa obukkiriza ezesigamiziddwa ku n'okwogera mu lujjudde ye ng’omutandisi w'ekkanisa Ambassadors of Jesus Christ Church. <ref name=":0" /> == Emirimu gy’ebyobufuzi == === Okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2026 === Mu Mwezi ogw'omenda ogwa 2025, Mabirizi yasunsulwa era n’alagibwa ng’owokuvuganya ku bwa pulezidenti ow’ekibiina [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|kya Conservative Party]] mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2026. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAtukunda2025">Atukunda, Rogers (2025-09-24). [https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ "'Mabreezy' is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race"]. ''SoftPower News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mabirizi finally nominated after minor hiccup |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mabirizi-finally-nominated-after-minor-hiccup-5203088 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Okulondebwa kwe kusinga kukwata ku nnongoosereza mu byobufuzi, okuddamu okwekenneenya ssemateeka, n'okutegeka enfuga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alan |title=Mabirizi Promises Bunyoro Regional Autonomy |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2026-election-watch/291676/mabirizi-promises-bunyoro-regional-autonomy |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}</ref> Asabye okwetaba mu kulonda n’okunoonya akalulu ku nkola mu kiseera ky’okulonda ekya 2026 mweyalaze omukago n’ekibinja ky’abaali beesimbyewo ku bwapulezidenti okutegeka okusoomooza okwawamu okulwanyisa [[Yoweri Museveni]] owa Uganda aludde ng’aweereza . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=2026 polls: Disqualified presidential candidates form alliance to 'uproot' Museveni govt |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/2026-polls-disqualified-presidential-candidates-form-alliance-to-uproot-museveni-govt-5247668 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> === Okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2016 === Mabirizi yavuganya mu kalulu ka Pulezidenti aka 2016 nga namunigina mwe yafunira obululu 24,498 (0.25%). == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Mabirizi mufumbo ne Winnie Mabirizi era mukurisitaayo atandise amakanisa agawerako okwetoloola Uganda. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Laba ne == * [[Ken Lukyamuzi]] * [[:en:Munyagwa_Mubarak_Sserunga|Munyagwa Mubarak Sserunga]] * [[:en:Politics_of_Uganda|Eby'obufuzi bwa Uganda]] * [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda) .]] * [[Akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026]] * [[Olukalala lw'ebibiina by'obufuzi mu Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == # {{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}} # {{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}} # {{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}} # [https://www.ec.or.ug/2016-general-elections-summary 2016 General Elections Summary] # {{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}} # {{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mabirizi finally nominated after minor hiccup |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mabirizi-finally-nominated-after-minor-hiccup-5203088 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}} # {{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alan |title=Mabirizi Promises Bunyoro Regional Autonomy |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2026-election-watch/291676/mabirizi-promises-bunyoro-regional-autonomy |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}} # {{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=2026 polls: Disqualified presidential candidates form alliance to 'uproot' Museveni govt |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/2026-polls-disqualified-presidential-candidates-form-alliance-to-uproot-museveni-govt-5247668 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1975]] [[Category:Bannayuganda bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Bannayuganda ba yinginiya ab'ekyasa ky'abirimwekimu]] [[Category:Ab'esimbawo ku kifo ky'omukulembeze w'eggwanga]] meooh76houvm6zl7y45pwb5k22hqqbl 59852 59851 2026-07-09T10:51:39Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar and punctuations 59852 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elton Joseph Mabirizi''' era amanyiddwa nga Joseph Mabirizi (yazaalibwa Ogw'omusanvu, 1975) Munnayuganda [[munnabyabufuzi]] omukurisitu omukulembeze, era [[yinginiya w'amasannyalaze]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}</ref>​ . Ono yaakutte bendera y'ekibiina kya [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|Conservative Party (Uganda)]] ku bwa pulezidenti [[Akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026|bw'akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtezza2020">Ntezza, Michael (2020-02-14). [https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ "Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again"]. ''ChimpReports''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAtukunda2025">Atukunda, Rogers (2025-09-24). [https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ "'Mabreezy' is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race"]. ''SoftPower News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Obuto bwe n’okusoma kwe == Mabirizi yazaalibwa mu Gwomusanvu mu 1975 mu [[Mpigi (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y’e Mpigi]], mu Uganda eri Nalongo Alice Nabulya(Nnyina) nga ye mwana addirira asembayo mu maka ag’abaana ekkumi n’omu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}}</ref> Yasomera mu ku ssomero lya pulayimale erya Katwe Primary School nga tannaba kwegatta ku ssomero lya siniya erya St. John's Secondary School mu [[Mityana (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mityana]] okusoma omutendera gwa siniya eyokuna (O-level) n'ogwa siniya ey'omukaaga (A-Level.) <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Olwo yagenda ku ttendekero lya Aldram Institute of Theology and Counseling gye yafunira Dipuloma mu kubudaabuda abantu nga tanneegatta ku ttendekero lya Mengo Technical Institute gye yasomera Obwayinginiya bw'amasannyalaze. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Era yafuna Dipulooma eya waggulu mu Sayansi w’obwayinginiya bw'amasannyalaze okuva mu [[:en:City_and_Guilds_of_London_Institute|City and Guild]] mu [[Great Britain|Bungereza]], ne dipuloma endala okuva mu Bloemfontein mu South Africa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> == Emirimu gye == Nga tannaba kwegatta mu byabufuzi, Mabirizi yakolako nga omukugu mu by’amasannyalaze wansi w’ekitongole kya Uganda Electricity Board okumala emyaka munaana n’oluvannyuma n’akola ng’omuwi w’amagezi mu Uganda ne South Africa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKiva2025">Kiva, Nelson (2025-09-25). [https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to "Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation"]. ''Bukedde Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wamu n’emirimu gye egy’ekikugu, yeetaba mu nteekateeka z’okubunyisa obukkiriza ezesigamiziddwa ku n'okwogera mu lujjudde ye ng’omutandisi w'ekkanisa Ambassadors of Jesus Christ Church. <ref name=":0" /> == Emirimu gy’ebyobufuzi == === Okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2026 === Mu Mwezi ogw'omenda ogwa 2025, Mabirizi yasunsulwa era n’alagibwa ng’owokuvuganya ku bwa pulezidenti ow’ekibiina [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|kya Conservative Party]] mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2026. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAtukunda2025">Atukunda, Rogers (2025-09-24). [https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ "'Mabreezy' is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race"]. ''SoftPower News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mabirizi finally nominated after minor hiccup |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mabirizi-finally-nominated-after-minor-hiccup-5203088 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Okulondebwa kwe kusinga kukwata ku nnongoosereza mu byobufuzi, okuddamu okwekenneenya ssemateeka, n'okutegeka enfuga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alan |title=Mabirizi Promises Bunyoro Regional Autonomy |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2026-election-watch/291676/mabirizi-promises-bunyoro-regional-autonomy |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}</ref> Asabye okwetaba mu kulonda n’okunoonya akalulu ku nkola mu kiseera ky’okulonda ekya 2026 mweyalaze omukago n’ekibinja ky’abaali beesimbyewo ku bwapulezidenti okutegeka okusoomooza okwawamu okulwanyisa [[Yoweri Museveni]] owa Uganda aludde ng’aweereza . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=2026 polls: Disqualified presidential candidates form alliance to 'uproot' Museveni govt |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/2026-polls-disqualified-presidential-candidates-form-alliance-to-uproot-museveni-govt-5247668 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> === Okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2016 === Mabirizi yavuganya mu kalulu ka Pulezidenti aka 2016 nga namunigina mwe yafunira obululu 24,498 (0.25%). == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Mabirizi mufumbo ne Winnie Mabirizi era mukurisitaayo atandise amakanisa agawerako okwetoloola Uganda. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Laba ne == * [[Ken Lukyamuzi]] * [[:en:Munyagwa_Mubarak_Sserunga|Munyagwa Mubarak Sserunga]] * [[:en:Politics_of_Uganda|Eby'obufuzi bwa Uganda]] * [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda) .]] * [[Akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026]] * [[Olukalala lw'ebibiina by'obufuzi mu Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == # {{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}} # {{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}} # {{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}} # [https://www.ec.or.ug/2016-general-elections-summary 2016 General Elections Summary] # {{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}} # {{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mabirizi finally nominated after minor hiccup |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mabirizi-finally-nominated-after-minor-hiccup-5203088 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}} # {{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alan |title=Mabirizi Promises Bunyoro Regional Autonomy |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2026-election-watch/291676/mabirizi-promises-bunyoro-regional-autonomy |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}} # {{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=2026 polls: Disqualified presidential candidates form alliance to 'uproot' Museveni govt |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/2026-polls-disqualified-presidential-candidates-form-alliance-to-uproot-museveni-govt-5247668 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1975]] [[Category:Bannayuganda bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Bannayuganda ba yinginiya ab'ekyasa ky'abirimwekimu]] [[Category:Ab'esimbawo ku kifo ky'omukulembeze w'eggwanga]] 7nt9tkfkunk9jxzk6hhm1ff6w5tz5fy 59856 59852 2026-07-09T10:55:02Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 de-wikilinked and wikilinked 59856 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elton Joseph Mabirizi''' era amanyiddwa nga Joseph Mabirizi (yazaalibwa Ogw'omusanvu, 1975) Munnayuganda [[munnabyabufuzi]] omukurisitu omukulembeze, era [[yinginiya w'amasannyalaze]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}</ref>​ . Ono ye yakwata bendera y'ekibiina kya [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|Conservative Party (Uganda)]] ku bwa pulezidenti [[Akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026|bw'akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtezza2020">Ntezza, Michael (2020-02-14). [https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ "Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again"]. ''ChimpReports''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAtukunda2025">Atukunda, Rogers (2025-09-24). [https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ "'Mabreezy' is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race"]. ''SoftPower News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Obuto bwe n’okusoma kwe == Mabirizi yazaalibwa mu Gwomusanvu mu 1975 mu [[Mpigi (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y’e Mpigi]], mu Uganda eri Nalongo Alice Nabulya(Nnyina) nga ye mwana addirira asembayo mu maka ag’abaana ekkumi n’omu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}}</ref> Yasomera mu ku ssomero lya pulayimale erya Katwe Primary School nga tannaba kwegatta ku ssomero lya siniya erya St. John's Secondary School mu [[Mityana (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mityana]] okusoma omutendera gwa siniya eyokuna (O-level) n'ogwa siniya ey'omukaaga (A-Level.) <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Olwo yagenda ku ttendekero lya Aldram Institute of Theology and Counseling gye yafunira Dipuloma mu kubudaabuda abantu nga tanneegatta ku ttendekero lya Mengo Technical Institute gye yasomera Obwayinginiya bw'amasannyalaze. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Era yafuna Dipulooma eya waggulu mu Sayansi w’obwayinginiya bw'amasannyalaze okuva mu [[City and Guild]] mu [[Great Britain|Bungereza]], ne dipuloma endala okuva mu Bloemfontein mu South Africa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> == Emirimu gye == Nga tannaba kwegatta mu byabufuzi, Mabirizi yakolako nga omukugu mu by’amasannyalaze wansi w’ekitongole kya Uganda Electricity Board okumala emyaka munaana n’oluvannyuma n’akola ng’omuwi w’amagezi mu Uganda ne South Africa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKiva2025">Kiva, Nelson (2025-09-25). [https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to "Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation"]. ''Bukedde Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wamu n’emirimu gye egy’ekikugu, yeetaba mu nteekateeka z’okubunyisa obukkiriza ezesigamiziddwa ku n'okwogera mu lujjudde ye ng’omutandisi w'ekkanisa Ambassadors of Jesus Christ Church. <ref name=":0" /> == Emirimu gy’ebyobufuzi == === Okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2026 === Mu Mwezi ogw'omenda ogwa 2025, Mabirizi yasunsulwa era n’alagibwa ng’owokuvuganya ku bwa pulezidenti ow’ekibiina [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|kya Conservative Party]] mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2026. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAtukunda2025">Atukunda, Rogers (2025-09-24). [https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ "'Mabreezy' is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race"]. ''SoftPower News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mabirizi finally nominated after minor hiccup |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mabirizi-finally-nominated-after-minor-hiccup-5203088 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Okulondebwa kwe kusinga kukwata ku nnongoosereza mu byobufuzi, okuddamu okwekenneenya ssemateeka, n'okutegeka enfuga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alan |title=Mabirizi Promises Bunyoro Regional Autonomy |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2026-election-watch/291676/mabirizi-promises-bunyoro-regional-autonomy |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}</ref> Asabye okwetaba mu kulonda n’okunoonya akalulu ku nkola mu kiseera ky’okulonda ekya 2026 mweyalaze omukago n’ekibinja ky’abaali beesimbyewo ku bwapulezidenti okutegeka okusoomooza okwawamu okulwanyisa [[Yoweri Museveni]] owa Uganda aludde ng’aweereza . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=2026 polls: Disqualified presidential candidates form alliance to 'uproot' Museveni govt |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/2026-polls-disqualified-presidential-candidates-form-alliance-to-uproot-museveni-govt-5247668 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> === Okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2016 === Mabirizi yavuganya mu kalulu ka Pulezidenti aka 2016 nga namunigina mwe yafunira obululu 24,498 (0.25%). == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Mabirizi mufumbo ne Winnie Mabirizi era mukurisitaayo atandise amakanisa agawerako okwetoloola Uganda. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Laba ne == * [[Ken Lukyamuzi]] * [[:en:Munyagwa_Mubarak_Sserunga|Munyagwa Mubarak Sserunga]] * [[:en:Politics_of_Uganda|Eby'obufuzi bwa Uganda]] * [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda) .]] * [[Akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026]] * [[Olukalala lw'ebibiina by'obufuzi mu Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == # {{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}} # {{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}} # {{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}} # [https://www.ec.or.ug/2016-general-elections-summary 2016 General Elections Summary] # {{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}} # {{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mabirizi finally nominated after minor hiccup |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mabirizi-finally-nominated-after-minor-hiccup-5203088 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}} # {{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alan |title=Mabirizi Promises Bunyoro Regional Autonomy |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2026-election-watch/291676/mabirizi-promises-bunyoro-regional-autonomy |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}} # {{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=2026 polls: Disqualified presidential candidates form alliance to 'uproot' Museveni govt |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/2026-polls-disqualified-presidential-candidates-form-alliance-to-uproot-museveni-govt-5247668 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1975]] [[Category:Bannayuganda bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Bannayuganda ba yinginiya ab'ekyasa ky'abirimwekimu]] [[Category:Ab'esimbawo ku kifo ky'omukulembeze w'eggwanga]] foeq5lt58x8rr79ecublb6g6479i1o4 59863 59856 2026-07-09T10:56:40Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 de-wikilinked and wikilinked 59863 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elton Joseph Mabirizi''' era amanyiddwa nga Joseph Mabirizi (yazaalibwa Ogw'omusanvu, 1975) Munnayuganda [[munnabyabufuzi]] omukurisitu omukulembeze, era [[yinginiya w'amasannyalaze]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}</ref>​ . Ono ye yakwata bendera y'ekibiina kya [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|Conservative Party (Uganda)]] ku bwa pulezidenti [[Akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026|bw'akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtezza2020">Ntezza, Michael (2020-02-14). [https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ "Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again"]. ''ChimpReports''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAtukunda2025">Atukunda, Rogers (2025-09-24). [https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ "'Mabreezy' is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race"]. ''SoftPower News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Obuto bwe n’okusoma kwe == Mabirizi yazaalibwa mu Gwomusanvu mu 1975 mu [[Mpigi (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y’e Mpigi]], mu Uganda eri Nalongo Alice Nabulya(Nnyina) nga ye mwana addirira asembayo mu maka ag’abaana ekkumi n’omu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}}</ref> Yasomera mu ku ssomero lya pulayimale erya Katwe Primary School nga tannaba kwegatta ku ssomero lya siniya erya St. John's Secondary School mu [[Mityana (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mityana]] okusoma omutendera gwa siniya eyokuna (O-level) n'ogwa siniya ey'omukaaga (A-Level.) <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Olwo yagenda ku ttendekero lya Aldram Institute of Theology and Counseling gye yafunira Dipuloma mu kubudaabuda abantu nga tanneegatta ku ttendekero lya Mengo Technical Institute gye yasomera Obwayinginiya bw'amasannyalaze. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Era yafuna Dipulooma eya waggulu mu Sayansi w’obwayinginiya bw'amasannyalaze okuva mu [[City and Guild]] mu [[Great Britain|Bungereza]], ne dipuloma endala okuva mu Bloemfontein mu South Africa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> == Emirimu gye == Nga tannaba kwegatta mu by'abufuzi, Mabirizi yakolako nga omukugu mu by’amasannyalaze wansi w’ekitongole kya Uganda Electricity Board okumala emyaka munaana n’oluvannyuma n’akola ng’omuwi w’amagezi mu Uganda ne South Africa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKiva2025">Kiva, Nelson (2025-09-25). [https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to "Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation"]. ''Bukedde Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wamu n’emirimu gye egy’ekikugu, yeetaba mu nteekateeka z’okubunyisa obukkiriza ezesigamiziddwa ku n'okwogera mu lujjudde ye ng’omutandisi w'ekkanisa Ambassadors of Jesus Christ Church. <ref name=":0" /> == Emirimu gy’ebyobufuzi == === Okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2026 === Mu Mwezi ogw'omenda ogwa 2025, Mabirizi yasunsulwa era n’alagibwa ng’owokuvuganya ku bwa pulezidenti ow’ekibiina [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|kya Conservative Party]] mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2026. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAtukunda2025">Atukunda, Rogers (2025-09-24). [https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ "'Mabreezy' is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race"]. ''SoftPower News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mabirizi finally nominated after minor hiccup |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mabirizi-finally-nominated-after-minor-hiccup-5203088 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Okulondebwa kwe kusinga kukwata ku nnongoosereza mu byobufuzi, okuddamu okwekenneenya ssemateeka, n'okutegeka enfuga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alan |title=Mabirizi Promises Bunyoro Regional Autonomy |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2026-election-watch/291676/mabirizi-promises-bunyoro-regional-autonomy |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}</ref> Asabye okwetaba mu kulonda n’okunoonya akalulu ku nkola mu kiseera ky’okulonda ekya 2026 mweyalaze omukago n’ekibinja ky’abaali beesimbyewo ku bwapulezidenti okutegeka okusoomooza okwawamu okulwanyisa [[Yoweri Museveni]] owa Uganda aludde ng’aweereza . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=2026 polls: Disqualified presidential candidates form alliance to 'uproot' Museveni govt |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/2026-polls-disqualified-presidential-candidates-form-alliance-to-uproot-museveni-govt-5247668 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> === Okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2016 === Mabirizi yavuganya mu kalulu ka Pulezidenti aka 2016 nga namunigina mwe yafunira obululu 24,498 (0.25%). == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Mabirizi mufumbo ne Winnie Mabirizi era mukurisitaayo atandise amakanisa agawerako okwetoloola Uganda. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Laba ne == * [[Ken Lukyamuzi]] * [[Munyagwa Mubarak Sserunga]] * [[Eby'obufuzi bwa Uganda]] * [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda) .]] * [[Akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026]] * [[Olukalala lw'ebibiina by'obufuzi mu Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == # {{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}} # {{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}} # {{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}} # [https://www.ec.or.ug/2016-general-elections-summary 2016 General Elections Summary] # {{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}} # {{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mabirizi finally nominated after minor hiccup |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mabirizi-finally-nominated-after-minor-hiccup-5203088 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}} # {{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alan |title=Mabirizi Promises Bunyoro Regional Autonomy |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2026-election-watch/291676/mabirizi-promises-bunyoro-regional-autonomy |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}} # {{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=2026 polls: Disqualified presidential candidates form alliance to 'uproot' Museveni govt |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/2026-polls-disqualified-presidential-candidates-form-alliance-to-uproot-museveni-govt-5247668 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1975]] [[Category:Bannayuganda bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Bannayuganda ba yinginiya ab'ekyasa ky'abirimwekimu]] [[Category:Ab'esimbawo ku kifo ky'omukulembeze w'eggwanga]] kajq56qcnnmgab68uv4wydbeoukooxq 59870 59863 2026-07-09T11:00:34Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added new category 59870 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elton Joseph Mabirizi''' era amanyiddwa nga Joseph Mabirizi (yazaalibwa Ogw'omusanvu, 1975) Munnayuganda [[munnabyabufuzi]] omukurisitu omukulembeze, era [[yinginiya w'amasannyalaze]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}</ref>​ . Ono ye yakwata bendera y'ekibiina kya [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|Conservative Party (Uganda)]] ku bwa pulezidenti [[Akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026|bw'akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtezza2020">Ntezza, Michael (2020-02-14). [https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ "Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again"]. ''ChimpReports''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAtukunda2025">Atukunda, Rogers (2025-09-24). [https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ "'Mabreezy' is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race"]. ''SoftPower News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Obuto bwe n’okusoma kwe == Mabirizi yazaalibwa mu Gwomusanvu mu 1975 mu [[Mpigi (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y’e Mpigi]], mu Uganda eri Nalongo Alice Nabulya(Nnyina) nga ye mwana addirira asembayo mu maka ag’abaana ekkumi n’omu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}}</ref> Yasomera mu ku ssomero lya pulayimale erya Katwe Primary School nga tannaba kwegatta ku ssomero lya siniya erya St. John's Secondary School mu [[Mityana (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mityana]] okusoma omutendera gwa siniya eyokuna (O-level) n'ogwa siniya ey'omukaaga (A-Level.) <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Olwo yagenda ku ttendekero lya Aldram Institute of Theology and Counseling gye yafunira Dipuloma mu kubudaabuda abantu nga tanneegatta ku ttendekero lya Mengo Technical Institute gye yasomera Obwayinginiya bw'amasannyalaze. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Era yafuna Dipulooma eya waggulu mu Sayansi w’obwayinginiya bw'amasannyalaze okuva mu [[City and Guild]] mu [[Great Britain|Bungereza]], ne dipuloma endala okuva mu Bloemfontein mu South Africa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> == Emirimu gye == Nga tannaba kwegatta mu by'abufuzi, Mabirizi yakolako nga omukugu mu by’amasannyalaze wansi w’ekitongole kya Uganda Electricity Board okumala emyaka munaana n’oluvannyuma n’akola ng’omuwi w’amagezi mu Uganda ne South Africa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKiva2025">Kiva, Nelson (2025-09-25). [https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to "Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation"]. ''Bukedde Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wamu n’emirimu gye egy’ekikugu, yeetaba mu nteekateeka z’okubunyisa obukkiriza ezesigamiziddwa ku n'okwogera mu lujjudde ye ng’omutandisi w'ekkanisa Ambassadors of Jesus Christ Church. <ref name=":0" /> == Emirimu gy’ebyobufuzi == === Okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2026 === Mu Mwezi ogw'omenda ogwa 2025, Mabirizi yasunsulwa era n’alagibwa ng’owokuvuganya ku bwa pulezidenti ow’ekibiina [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|kya Conservative Party]] mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2026. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAtukunda2025">Atukunda, Rogers (2025-09-24). [https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ "'Mabreezy' is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race"]. ''SoftPower News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mabirizi finally nominated after minor hiccup |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mabirizi-finally-nominated-after-minor-hiccup-5203088 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Okulondebwa kwe kusinga kukwata ku nnongoosereza mu byobufuzi, okuddamu okwekenneenya ssemateeka, n'okutegeka enfuga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alan |title=Mabirizi Promises Bunyoro Regional Autonomy |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2026-election-watch/291676/mabirizi-promises-bunyoro-regional-autonomy |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}</ref> Asabye okwetaba mu kulonda n’okunoonya akalulu ku nkola mu kiseera ky’okulonda ekya 2026 mweyalaze omukago n’ekibinja ky’abaali beesimbyewo ku bwapulezidenti okutegeka okusoomooza okwawamu okulwanyisa [[Yoweri Museveni]] owa Uganda aludde ng’aweereza . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=2026 polls: Disqualified presidential candidates form alliance to 'uproot' Museveni govt |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/2026-polls-disqualified-presidential-candidates-form-alliance-to-uproot-museveni-govt-5247668 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> === Okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2016 === Mabirizi yavuganya mu kalulu ka Pulezidenti aka 2016 nga namunigina mwe yafunira obululu 24,498 (0.25%). == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Mabirizi mufumbo ne Winnie Mabirizi era mukurisitaayo atandise amakanisa agawerako okwetoloola Uganda. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Laba ne == * [[Ken Lukyamuzi]] * [[Munyagwa Mubarak Sserunga]] * [[Eby'obufuzi bwa Uganda]] * [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda) .]] * [[Akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026]] * [[Olukalala lw'ebibiina by'obufuzi mu Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == # {{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}} # {{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}} # {{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}} # [https://www.ec.or.ug/2016-general-elections-summary 2016 General Elections Summary] # {{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}} # {{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mabirizi finally nominated after minor hiccup |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mabirizi-finally-nominated-after-minor-hiccup-5203088 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}} # {{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alan |title=Mabirizi Promises Bunyoro Regional Autonomy |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2026-election-watch/291676/mabirizi-promises-bunyoro-regional-autonomy |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}} # {{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=2026 polls: Disqualified presidential candidates form alliance to 'uproot' Museveni govt |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/2026-polls-disqualified-presidential-candidates-form-alliance-to-uproot-museveni-govt-5247668 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1975]] [[Category:Bannayuganda bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Bannayuganda ba yinginiya ab'ekyasa ky'abirimwekimu]] [[Category:Ab'esimbawo ku kifo ky'omukulembeze w'eggwanga]] [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi wansi w'ekibiina kya Conservative Party mu Uganda]] 12qi7upecb13gbi40s61y2paivughh7 59872 59870 2026-07-09T11:03:44Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 corrected grammar 59872 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{ Databox }} '''Elton Joseph Mabirizi''' era amanyiddwa nga Joseph Mabirizi (yazaalibwa Ogw'omusanvu, 1975) Munnayuganda [[munnabyabufuzi]] omukulisitu omukulembeze, era [[yinginiya w'amasannyalaze]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}</ref>​ . Ono ye yakwata bendera y'ekibiina kya [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|Conservative Party (Uganda)]] ku bwa pulezidenti [[Akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026|bw'akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtezza2020">Ntezza, Michael (2020-02-14). [https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ "Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again"]. ''ChimpReports''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAtukunda2025">Atukunda, Rogers (2025-09-24). [https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ "'Mabreezy' is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race"]. ''SoftPower News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Obuto bwe n’okusoma kwe == Mabirizi yazaalibwa mu Gwomusanvu mu 1975 mu [[Mpigi (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y’e Mpigi]], mu Uganda eri Nalongo Alice Nabulya(Nnyina) nga ye mwana addirira asembayo mu maka ag’abaana ekkumi n’omu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}}</ref> Yasomera mu ku ssomero lya pulayimale erya Katwe Primary School nga tannaba kwegatta ku ssomero lya siniya erya St. John's Secondary School mu [[Mityana (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mityana]] okusoma omutendera gwa siniya eyokuna (O-level) n'ogwa siniya ey'omukaaga (A-Level.) <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Olwo yagenda ku ttendekero lya Aldram Institute of Theology and Counseling gye yafunira Dipuloma mu kubudaabuda abantu nga tanneegatta ku ttendekero lya Mengo Technical Institute gye yasomera Obwayinginiya bw'amasannyalaze. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Era yafuna Dipulooma eya waggulu mu Sayansi w’obwayinginiya bw'amasannyalaze okuva mu [[City and Guild]] mu [[Great Britain|Bungereza]], ne dipuloma endala okuva mu Bloemfontein mu South Africa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> == Emirimu gye == Nga tannaba kwegatta mu by'abufuzi, Mabirizi yakolako nga omukugu mu by’amasannyalaze wansi w’ekitongole kya Uganda Electricity Board okumala emyaka munaana n’oluvannyuma n’akola ng’omuwi w’amagezi mu Uganda ne South Africa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKiva2025">Kiva, Nelson (2025-09-25). [https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to "Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation"]. ''Bukedde Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wamu n’emirimu gye egy’ekikugu, yeetaba mu nteekateeka z’okubunyisa obukkiriza ezesigamiziddwa ku n'okwogera mu lujjudde ye ng’omutandisi w'ekkanisa Ambassadors of Jesus Christ Church. <ref name=":0" /> == Emirimu gy’ebyobufuzi == === Okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2026 === Mu Mwezi ogw'omenda ogwa 2025, Mabirizi yasunsulwa era n’alagibwa ng’owokuvuganya ku bwa pulezidenti ow’ekibiina [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|kya Conservative Party]] mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2026. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAtukunda2025">Atukunda, Rogers (2025-09-24). [https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ "'Mabreezy' is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race"]. ''SoftPower News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mabirizi finally nominated after minor hiccup |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mabirizi-finally-nominated-after-minor-hiccup-5203088 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Okulondebwa kwe kusinga kukwata ku nnongoosereza mu byobufuzi, okuddamu okwekenneenya ssemateeka, n'okutegeka enfuga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alan |title=Mabirizi Promises Bunyoro Regional Autonomy |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2026-election-watch/291676/mabirizi-promises-bunyoro-regional-autonomy |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}</ref> Asabye okwetaba mu kulonda n’okunoonya akalulu ku nkola mu kiseera ky’okulonda ekya 2026 mweyalaze omukago n’ekibinja ky’abaali beesimbyewo ku bwapulezidenti okutegeka okusoomooza okwawamu okulwanyisa [[Yoweri Museveni]] owa Uganda aludde ng’aweereza . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=2026 polls: Disqualified presidential candidates form alliance to 'uproot' Museveni govt |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/2026-polls-disqualified-presidential-candidates-form-alliance-to-uproot-museveni-govt-5247668 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> === Okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2016 === Mabirizi yavuganya mu kalulu ka Pulezidenti aka 2016 nga namunigina mwe yafunira obululu 24,498 (0.25%). == Obulamu bwe obw'omunda == Mabirizi mufumbo ne Winnie Mabirizi era mukurisitaayo atandise amakanisa agawerako okwetoloola Uganda. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 "Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party | 2026 Elections"]. ''New Vision''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Laba ne == * [[Ken Lukyamuzi]] * [[Munyagwa Mubarak Sserunga]] * [[Eby'obufuzi bwa Uganda]] * [[Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda)|Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (Uganda) .]] * [[Akalulu ka Uganda aka 2026]] * [[Olukalala lw'ebibiina by'obufuzi mu Uganda]] == Ebijuliziddwa == # {{Cite web |title=Mr Joseph Mabirizi - Conservative Party {{!}} 2026 Elections |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/election-portal/candidates/4 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=New Vision}} # {{Cite web |last=Ntezza |first=Michael |date=2020-02-14 |title=Joseph Mabirizi to Run for President Again |url=https://chimpreports.com/joseph-mabirizi-to-run-for-president-again/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}} # {{Cite web |last=Atukunda |first=Rogers |date=2025-09-24 |title=‘Mabreezy’ is Back: Elton Joseph Mabirizi Joins 2026 Presidential Race |url=https://softpower.ug/mabreezy-is-back-elton-joseph-mabirizi-joins-2026-presidential-race/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SoftPower News |language=en-US}} # [https://www.ec.or.ug/2016-general-elections-summary 2016 General Elections Summary] # {{Cite web |last=Kiva |first=Nelson |date=2025-09-25 |title=Presidential candidate Eng. Mabirizi dares to dream again, fronts federal system, institutional representation |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/politics/NV_219285/presidential-candidate-eng-mabirizi-dares-to |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Bukedde Online}} # {{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mabirizi finally nominated after minor hiccup |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mabirizi-finally-nominated-after-minor-hiccup-5203088 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}} # {{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alan |title=Mabirizi Promises Bunyoro Regional Autonomy |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2026-election-watch/291676/mabirizi-promises-bunyoro-regional-autonomy |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}} # {{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=2026 polls: Disqualified presidential candidates form alliance to 'uproot' Museveni govt |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/2026-polls-disqualified-presidential-candidates-form-alliance-to-uproot-museveni-govt-5247668 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Abazaale ba 1975]] [[Category:Bannayuganda bannabyabufuzi]] [[Category:Bannayuganda ba yinginiya ab'ekyasa ky'abirimwekimu]] [[Category:Ab'esimbawo ku kifo ky'omukulembeze w'eggwanga]] [[Category:Bannabyabufuzi wansi w'ekibiina kya Conservative Party mu Uganda]] 7n4gewev7n9xf1dgvkr26pw1x640v2c Solome Bossa 0 13153 59670 49283 2026-07-08T13:10:41Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 59670 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Solome Balungi Bossa''' (era '''Hon. Lady Justice Solomy B. Bossa;''' yazaalibwa 14 omwezi ogwokuna1956) mulamuzi [[Yuganda|wa Uganda]] ku [[:en:International_Criminal_Court|kkooti y'ensi yonna ey'emisango]] . Nga tannalondebwa mu kkooti eno, yali mmemba wa [[:en:Court_of_Appeal_of_Uganda|kkooti ejulirwamu mu Uganda]], era nga eno ekola emirundi ebiri nga kkooti ya Ssemateeka mu [[:en:Judiciary_of_Uganda|kitongole ekiramuzi ekya Uganda]] . Yalondebwa ku kisanja kya myaka mwenda nga 5 omwezi gwekkumineebiri 2017<ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Butagira |first=Tabu |date=5 December 2017 |title=Justice Solome Bossa elected ICC judge |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Justice-Solome-Bossa-elected-International-Criminal-Court-judge/688334-4216348-153vcvkz/index.html |access-date=6 December 2017}} </ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=judge |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtStructure/Pages/judge.aspx?name=Judge%20Solomy%20Balungi%20Bossa |access-date=2018-03-09 |website=www.icc-cpi.int |language=en-GB |archive-date=2018-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930231238/https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtStructure/Pages/judge.aspx?name=Judge%20Solomy%20Balungi%20Bossa |url-status=dead }}</ref> era n’alayizibwa nga 9 omwezi gwoksatu 2018.<ref name="UN">{{Cite web |title=Judge Solomy Balungi Bossa |url=http://www.unmict.org/en/about/judges/judge-solomy-balungi-bossa |publisher=United Nations Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals}} </ref> Emabegako yalondebwa ku kisanja kya myaka mukaaga ku [[:en:African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples'_Rights|kkooti ya Afrika evunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly’obuntu n’abantu]] mu 2014. == Obuto bwe n’okusoma == Solome Bossa yazaalibwa nga 14 omwezi ogwokuna 1956 mu [[Eddwaaliro ly'e Nsambya|ddwaaliro e Nsambya]], mu kibuga ekikulu ekya [[Kampala]] mu Uganda.<ref name="UN" /> Kitaawe Stanley Walusimbi Ssesanga yali munnamateeka ate nnyina yali mukyala wa waka.<ref name="Prof">{{Cite web |last=Nantume |first=Gillian |date=4 February 2018 |title=Justice Bossa at a glance |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Justice-Bossa-glance/689842-4289612-vi85mfz/index.html |access-date=4 February 2018}} </ref> <ref name="Four">{{Cite web |date=6 December 2017 |title=United Nations Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals: Judge Solomy Balungi Bossa |url=http://www.unmict.org/en/about/judges/judge-solomy-balungi-bossa |access-date=6 December 2017 |publisher=United Nations Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals}} </ref> Bossa yasomera mu masomero ga Uganda mu pulayimale ne siniya. Mu 1976, yakkirizibwa mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]], mu Kampala, okusoma amateeka. Yatikkirwa diguli ya [[:en:Bachelor_of_Laws|Bachelor of Laws]] (LLB) mu 1979. Yafuna [[:en:Legal_practice|Dipuloma mu by’amateeka]] okuva mu [[Law Development Centre|Law Development Center]] mu Kampala. Mu 1987, yafuna [[:en:Law_reporting|satifikeeti mu by’okukola lipoota mu mateeka]], okuva mu [[:en:Commonwealth_Youth_Programme|kitongole ky’abavubuka ekya Commonwealth]], e [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]], [[Zambia]] . Oluvannyuma, mu 2016, yaweebwa diguli ya [[:en:Master_of_Laws|diguli ey'okubiri mumateeka]] (LLM), okuva mu [[:en:University_of_London|Yunivasite y’e London]], ng’akuguka mu [[:en:Public_International_Law|mateeka ga Public International Law]] .<ref name="Two">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=International Association of Women Judges: Pioneering Women Judges on International Courts: Honourable Solomy Balungi Bossa |url=https://iawj-womenjudges.org/hon-solomy-bossa/ |access-date=6 December 2017 |website=IAWJ: Pioneering Women Judges on International Courts |publisher=International Association of Women Judges |archive-date=23 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923145050/https://iawj-womenjudges.org/hon-solomy-bossa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Three">{{Cite web |title=African Court on Human and People's Rights: Justice Solomy Balungi Bossa – Uganda |url=http://en.african-court.org/index.php/2-uncategorised/38-justice-solomy-balungi-bossa-uganda |publisher=African Court on Human and People's Rights |access-date=2026-05-02 |archive-date=2018-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924085544/http://en.african-court.org/index.php/2-uncategorised/38-justice-solomy-balungi-bossa-uganda |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Okulwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu == Bossa abadde mulwanirizi w’eddembe ly’obuntu okuva mu 1980 era yatandikawo ekibiina ekitali kya magoba omuli ekitongole kya East African Centre for Constitutional Development, Uganda Network on HIV, AIDS, Ethics and the Law wamu ne Uganda Law Society.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Justice Solomy Balungi Bossa - Uganda |url=http://en.african-court.org/index.php/2-uncategorised/38-justice-solomy-balungi-bossa-uganda |publisher=African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights |access-date=2026-05-02 |archive-date=2018-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924085544/http://en.african-court.org/index.php/2-uncategorised/38-justice-solomy-balungi-bossa-uganda |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="UN" /> == Emirimu gye == Bossa yali musomesa mu Law Development Centre of Uganda okuva mu 1981 okutuuka mu 1997.<ref name="bio" /> Yali munnamateeka okuva mu 1988 okutuuka mu 1997, ng’akiikirira abakyala abataliiko mwasirizi n’okugaziya obuyambi bw’amateeka, omuli n’okuweereza nga pulezidenti w’ekibiina ekigatta bannamateeka ekya Uganda Law Society.<ref name="ICC">{{Cite web |title=Bossa, Solomy Balungi (Uganda) |url=https://asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/Elections/EJ2017/ICC-ASP-EJ2017-UGA-ST-ENG.pdf |publisher=International Criminal Court}}</ref> Yakola nga Omulamuzi mu kkooti enkulu mu Uganda okuva mu 1997 okutuuka mu 2013. Bossa yali mmemba mu kkooti y’obuvanjuba bwa Afrika okumala emyaka etaano, okuva mu 2001 okutuuka mu 2006. Yali mmemba mu kkooti y’ensi yonna evunaanyizibwa ku buuzzi bw’emisango mu Rwanda (UNICTR) okuva mu 2003 okutuuka mu 2013.<ref name="Two" /> <ref name="Three" /> <ref name="Four" /> <ref name="bio" /> Bossa yali mulamuzi ku [[:en:East_African_Court_of_Justice|kkooti y’obuvanjuba bwa Afrika y'obwenkanya]] okuva mu 2001 okutuuka mu 2006 ne ku [[:en:International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda|kkooti y’ensi yonna evunaanyizibwa ku buuzzi bw’emisango mu Rwanda]] okuva mu 2003 okutuuka mu 2013.<ref name="Four" /> Yalondebwa mu kkooti ya Ssemateeka ya Uganda mu 2013. <ref name="Four" /> Mu 2014, Bossa yalondebwa okuba Omulamuzi wa [[:en:African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples’_Rights|kkooti ya Africa evunaanyizibwa ku ddembe ly’obuntu n’abantu]], okumala ekisanja kya myaka mukaaga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon. Lady Justice Solomy Balungi Bossa Appointed to the African Court on Human and Peoples Rights |url=http://www.judiciary.go.ug/data/news/121/4514/Hon.%20Lady%20Justice%20Solomy%20Balungi%20Bossa%20Appointed%20to%20the%20African%20Court%20on%20Human%20and%20Peoples%EF%BF%BD%20Rights..html |publisher=Judiciary of Uganda}} </ref> Mu 2014, Bossa y’omu ku balamuzi abaasazaamu etteeka lya Uganda erirwanyisa ebisiyaga olw’obutayisibwa n’omuwendo gw’ababaka ogwetaagisa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wesaka |first=Anthony |date=30 September 2014 |title=We have received public backlash for annulling antigay law- judge |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/We-have-received-public-backlash-for-annulling-antigay-law/688334-2469726-jxprxhz/index.html |access-date=23 September 2017 |website=Daily Monitor}} </ref> Yafuna [[:en:Death_threats|okutiisibwatisiibwa okumutta]] ku [[:en:Social_media|mikutu gya yintaneeti]] .<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2014 |title=Uganda: Judge Who Annulled Anti-Gay Law Faced Death Threats |url=http://www.mambaonline.com/2014/10/01/uganda-judge-annulled-anti-gay-law-faced-death-threats/ |access-date=23 September 2017 |website=Mamba}} </ref> Mu 2017, Bossa yafuuka omuntu agenda okuvuganya ku [[:en:International_Criminal_Court|kkooti y’ensi yonna]] era n’alondebwa ku nkomerero y’omwaka ogwo.<ref name="ICC" /> == Ebibonerezo by'a Amerika == Mu June 2025, yali omu ku 4 [[:en:Judges_of_the_International_Criminal_Court|abalamuzi aba kkooti y’ensi yonna]] abbo [[:en:United_States_government_sanctions|abavunaanibwa]] eyali [[:en:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump|gavumenti ya Trump]] . Ye ne munne, omulamuzi [[:en:Luz_del_Carmen_Ibáñez_Carranza|Ibanez Carranza]], baali batunuuliddwa okubeera omu ku balamuzi 5 ab’olukiiko olujulira mu 2020 olukusa [[:en:Prosecutor_of_the_International_Criminal_Court|omuwaabi wa ICC]] okugenda mu maaso n’okunoonyereza [[:en:International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Afghanistan|ku mbeera eri mu Afghanistan]], omuli n’abakozi ba Amerika ne NATO - enkola eno eyawakanyizibwa Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imposing Sanctions in Response to the ICC's Illegitimate Actions Targeting the United States and Israel |url=https://www.state.gov/imposing-sanctions-in-response-to-the-iccs-illegitimate-actions-targeting-the-united-states-and-israel/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=United States Department of State |language=en}} </ref> == Emirimu emirala == * [[:en:International_Commission_of_Jurists|Akakiiko k’ensi yonna ak’abakugu mu by’amateeka]], Memba * [[:en:International_Association_of_Women_Judges|Ekibiina ky'ensi yonna ekigatta abalamuzi abakyala]], Memba * Ekibiina ekigatta abalamuzi n’abalamuzi mu buvanjuba bwa Afrika, Memba * Ekibiina ekigatta abalamuzi abakyala mu ggwanga, Memba * Ekibiina ekigatta abalamuzi n'abalamuzi mu Uganda, Member <ref name="UN" /> == Obulamu bwe == Bossa abadde mufumbo eri Joseph Bossa, munnamateeka era munnabyabufuzi [[Uganda People's Congress|mu kibiina kya Uganda People's Congress]] okuva mu 1981. Maama w'abaana bana.<ref name="Prof" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kakaire |first=Sulaiman |date=16 May 2013 |title=Who are the new judges? |url=http://www.observer.ug/component/content/article/57-features/feature/25325-who-are-the-new-judges |access-date=15 December 2017 |archive-date=20 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920085058/http://www.observer.ug/component/content/article/57-features/feature/25325-who-are-the-new-judges |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ebifulumizibwa == * {{Cite book |last=Bossa |first=Solomy Balungi |year=2010 |title=Protecting Humanity: Essays in International Law and Policy in Honour of Navanethem Pillay |url=http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/books/10.1163/ej.9789004183780.i-882.72/ |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=9789004189577 |editor-last=C. Eboe-Osuji |pages=333–348 |chapter=A Critique of the East African Court of Justice As A Human Rights Court |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004183780.i-882.72}} * {{Cite journal |last=Bossa |first=Solomy Balungi |year=2006 |title=Towards a protocol extending the jurisdiction of the East African Court of Justice |journal=East African Journal of Human Rights & Democracy |volume=4 |page=31}} == Laba ne == * [[Julia Sebutinde]] == Ebijuliziddwa == == Ebijuliziddwa == * [https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1046715/demolish-wall-kcc-tells-justice-bossa Mumenye Bbugwe, KCC Ategeezezza Omulamuzi Bossa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170923145050/https://iawj-womenjudges.org/hon-solomy-bossa/ Ekibiina ky'ensi yonna ekigatta abalamuzi abakyala profile and video] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] r273jv8j1bsoesmamu9pt6w8vdmoo9q Solome Nakaweesi Kimbugwe 0 13755 59671 51793 2026-07-08T13:12:50Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 59671 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Solome Nakaweesi Kimbugwe''' Munnayuganda omulwanirizi w’abakyala, omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana y’ensi yonna, era omukulembeze w’endowooza ng’alina obumanyirivu obusoba mu makumi asatu mu kutumbula eddembe ly’abakyala, obwenkanya mu kikula ky’abantu, n’obwenkanya mu bantu okwetoloola Africa. Abaddeko mu bifo by’obukulembeze mu bibiina ebinene ebirwanirira eddembe ly’abakyala era ne mu kukola enkola, okuzimba okutambula, n’okusomesa abakyala. <ref name="NewVisionProfile"/> == Obuto n’okusoma kwe == Solome Nakaweesi Kimbugwe yazaalibwa Sarah Naiga‐Muwayira n’omugenzi Gaster Muwayire‐Nakana Kimbugwe. <ref name="NewVisionProfile"/> Pulayimale yagisomera ku ssomero lya [[Uganda Martyrs]] Namugongo, Siniya naagisomerako ku Gombe Secondary School, era naagimaliririza ku [[Trinity College Nabbingo]] . <ref name="NewVisionProfile" /> Yafuna diguli esooka eya [[Bachelor of Social Science]] okuva mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]] mu 1997 ne diguli eyookubiri mu by’enkulaakulana okuva mu yunivasite ya [[University of East Africa Anglia]], Norwich, Bungereza, mu 2000. <ref name="NewVisionProfile">https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1172090/career-cost-nakaweesi-family</ref> <ref name="FOWODE">https://fowode.org/our_board/111/</ref> == Omulimu gwe == === Emirimu egyasooka ne UWONET === Nakaweesi yatandika okulwanirira eddembe mu myaka gya 1990. Yaliko omukwanaganya w’ekibiina kya Uganda Women’s Network (UWONET), omukago ogukulembedde mu kulwanirira abakyala n’okubanoonyeza emikisa mu Uganda. Mu kifo ekyo, yasiimibwa olw’okugaziya enkolagana ng’ayita mu nkolagana n’emikutu gy’amawulire n’okuddukanya abantu oluusi abaali abazibu bookukolagana nabo n’obukugu. <ref name="NewVisionProfile"/> <ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/200501280669.html</ref> Yafuuka muttutumufu okusingawo mu 2006, ngali wamu n’ekibinja ky’abakyala abalwanirizi b’eddembe, baayanjula era ne balwanirira nnyo omuzannyo ogwasooka mu Uganda ogwa ''The Vagina Monologues'' – omuzannyo ogukwata ku butabanguko mu by’okwegatta ku bakyala. Okufulumya kuno kwawerebwa olukiiko lw’amawulire, kyokka kampeyini eno yaleetawo okukubaganya ebirowoozo okunene ku ddembe ly’abakyala mu by’okwegatta n’obutabanguko obwekuusa ku kikula ky’abantu. <ref name="NewVisionProfile"/> Nga yeefumiitirizza ku kitundu ekyo, oluvannyuma Nakaweesi yawandiika nti kampeyini eno “yasumulula omuwendo gw'okuwakanyizibwa omunene” era n’eguteeka akabi ak’amaanyi eri ekibiina ky’abakyala, wabula ate kyawaliriza emboozi eyali yeetaagisa mu bantu ku by’okwegatta n’okufugibwa kw’abakyala. <ref name="JustAssociates">https://justassociates.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/women_navigate_power-stories_of_rights_to_work.pdf</ref> === Akina Maama wa Afrika === Ku ntandikwa ya 2007, Nakaweesi yalondebwa okuba Executive Director w'ekitongole kya [[Akina Maama wa Afrika|Akina Mama wa Afrika]], ekitongole ekigatta abakyala ba African nga ekitebe kyabwe ekikulu kiri London (oluvannyuma ne kigenda e Kampala). Ono ye mukyala Munnayuganda eyasooka okukwata ekifo kino, kye yayogerako ng’ekyalimu okuvuganya okw’amaanyi. <ref name="NewVisionProfile"/> <ref>https://pambazuka.org/governance/akina-mama-wa-afrika-appoint-new-ed</ref> Mu kiseera kye, yakulembera enteekateeka mu kukulaakulanya obukulembeze bw’abakyala, okubunyisa enkola, n’okuzimba entambula okwetoloola ssemazinga. Era yawagira emirimu gya ofiisi ya Akina Mama ey’ekitundu eyali mu Kampala, ng’agenda mu maaso n’okufuga emirimu gy’eddembe ly’abakyala mu Uganda. <ref name="NewVisionProfile"/> <ref>https://www.afyanahaki.org/team/solome-nakaweesi/</ref> === Ekitongole kya Nabagereka Development Foundation === Oluvannyuma Nakaweesi yaweereza ng’akulira ekitongole kya Nabagereka Development Foundation, ekyatandikibwawo nga kiri wansi w'okulungamizibwa kwa [[Nnaabagereka wa Buganda|Nnabagereka wa Buganda]], [[Sylvia Nagginda]]. Mu kifo kino, yalabirira pulogulaamu ezikwata ku kugonjoola ensonga y'okufuna embuto mu bavubuka, okusomesa abawala, n’okutumbula amaka. <ref name="URN_Teenage">https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/nabagereka-foundation-out-to-curb-teenage-pregnancy?districtId=732</ref> <ref>https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/nabagereka-foundation-to-focus-on-teenage-pregnancies-1574508</ref> Omulimu gwe gwalagibwa mu mikutu gy’amawulire mu Uganda, omuli kaweefube w’okuyunga abawala n’abantu be beegomba n’okusiga empisa mu bavubuka. <ref>https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/entertainment/girls-connect-with-role-models-at-imara-festi-NV_170433</ref> === Okwebuuza, okusomesa n’obukulembeze obulimu okulowooza === Okuva lwe yava mu mirimu gy’obukulembeze obukulu, Nakaweesi abadde akola ng’omuwi w’amagezi ku nkulaakulana y’ensi yonna eyeetongodde, ng’atadde essira ku kuzimba enteekateeka z’embeera z’abantu ezibatwala mu maaso, okubaga enkola, n’okulwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu. <ref>https://www.psi.org/sctg-leadership/solome-nakaweesi-kimbugwe/</ref> Yaweereza ng’omukiise w’eggwanga mu kitongole kya [[Robert Bosch Stiftung]], ng’akola ku pulojekiti z’okutumbula abakyala mu kukola okusalawo mu bitongole bya gavumenti. <ref name="Bosch">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bosch-stiftung.de/en/publication/country-analysis-leadership-advancing-womens-rights-public-decision-making-pocesses |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-05-18 |archive-date=2026-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260421073403/https://www.bosch-stiftung.de/en/publication/country-analysis-leadership-advancing-womens-rights-public-decision-making-pocesses |url-status=dead }}</ref> Asomesezzaako ne mu [[Makerere University, Uganda|yunivasite y’e Makerere]], ne mu [[Nkumba University|yunivasite y’e Nkumba]] era ng’akola ng’omulungamya w’abanoonyereza mu Noragric University (kati ekitundu ku [[Norwegian University of Life Sciences|Norway University of Life Sciences]] ). <ref name="FOWODE"/> Mu mboozi ey’akafubo ne ''New Vision mu 2020'', Nakaweesi mu yakkaatirizza obukulu bw’okusiga ssente mu bukulembeze bw’abakyala, ng’agamba nti: “Tulina okussa ssente mu bukulembeze ng’abakyala. Tukooye abakyala okukola okumala emyaka egisukka mu 30, ne bawummulira mu bwavu.Abakyala bwe basituka, ensi yonna esituka.” <ref name="NewVisionEOC">https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1523584/eoc-calls-women-senior-government-positions</ref> == Okubunyisa amawulire kwe n’ebifo mwabadde == === Eddembe ly'abakyala mu LBQ === Nakaweesi abadde awagira nnyo obutasosola bakazi abaagala bakazi bannaabwe, n’abakazi abaagala abasajja n'abakazi omulundi ogumu, wamu naabo abeeyisa mu ngeri etakwatagana n'ambeera z'abantu baabulijjo (LBQ), mu lutalo lw’okulwanyisa obutabanguko obwekuusa ku kikula ky’abantu. Mu ndowooza gye yawa mu 2018 eri ''Kuchu Times'' yagamba nti “abakyala bano abatono mu kikula boolekedde okuyisibwa obubi ennyo olw’obunafu bwaffe” era n’asaba okukola “ng’ekibiina ekigazi n’okubuna ebibiina” okulaba ng’abakyala bonna bayisibwa kimu. <ref>https://www.kuchutimes.com/2018/10/opinion-inclusion-of-lbq-women-in-the-struggle-against-gender-based-violence-in-uganda/</ref> Mu 2009, yawandiika ekiwandiiko ngali ne Frank Mugisha ng’alabula nti ekiteeso ky’etteeka erirwanyisa ebisiyaga lyanditondawo “omulembe omuli embeera y'obukambwe ku bantu” erimu abantu okuwalirizibwa okubega bannaabwe. <ref>https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/ugandan-gays-and-muslim-womena-common-struggle-to-redefine-family/</ref> === Abakyala abali mu mirimu gya gavumenti === Ng’ayita mu mirimu gy’akoze n’akakiiko k'obwenkanya aka Equal Opportunities Commission, wamu ne pulojekiti ya Women in Public Sector (WiPS), Nakaweesi abadde awagira okweyongera kw'okukiikirira mu abakyala mu bifo eby’awaggulu mu gavumenti. Yalaga enjawulo eriwo mu kwetaba kw’abakyala mu mirimu gya gavumenti, n’asaba okuzimba obusobozi okusobozesa abakyala okulwanirira eddembe lyabwe n’okukuuma ebifo byabwe. <ref name="NewVisionEOC"/> === Okuzimba ekibiina ky’abakyala === Nakaweesi akoze kinene mu kugaziya eddoboozi ku nsonga z’abakyala ng’ayita mu kuwandiika kwe. Awandiikidde ''[[openDemocracy]]'' <ref>https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/author/solome-nakaweesi-kimbugwe/</ref> ne ''[[Pambazuka News]]'' <ref>https://www.pambazuka.org/index.php/author/solome-nakaweesi-kimbugwe</ref> ku miramwa egyekuusa ku bwenkanya mu kikula ky’abantu n’enkulaakulana. == By'afulumizza wamu n'entereeza ze mu mirimu gy’okuwandiika == Ebiwandiiko bya Nakaweesi bifulumidde mu bitabo by’abayizi ebiwerako n’ebitabo ebikuŋŋaanyiziddwa. Omulimu gwe gujuliziddwa mu: ''Gender and Development in Africa''<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6GHaAAAAMAAJ&q=solome+nakaweesi</ref> ''Women and Power in Africa''<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MKbqAAAAMAAJ&q=solome+nakaweesi</ref> ''The Palgrave Handbook of African Women’s Studies''<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_PiEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123</ref> ''Regional Consultative Meeting on Women’s Leadership Report'' (co-editor)<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QugWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA216</ref> == Okulabikira kwe ku mikutu gy’amawulire == Nakaweesi alabiseeko ku ttivvi y'eggwanga lya Uganda ne ku mikutu gy’ensi yonna. Yeetaba mu pulogulaamu ya AfricaLink podcast ku [[Deutsche Welle|DW]], ng’ayogera ku nsonga z’ensangi zino ezikwata ku bakyala n’amaka. <ref>https://www.dw.com/en/whats-pushing-so-many-wives-to-walk-away/av-62699464</ref> Ebigambo bye ku ky'omwenkanonkano mu kikula ky'abantu n'okutumbula ebyenfuna bibadde bifulumizibwa ekitongole kya ''New Vision'', ''The Monitor'', ne [[Uganda Radio Network]] . <ref name="NewVisionProfile"/> == Obulamu bwe obw’omunda == Nakaweesi maama w’abaana babiri. Mu mboozi gye yawa mu 2007, yayogera nti okufumbirwa taata w’abaana be ng’akyali muyizi wa yunivasite, n’oluvannyuma n’asalawo okusoma e Bungereza wadde nga bba yasooka kumuwakanya, kyali kikulu nnyo mu kukola omulimu gwe. Agamba nti by’atuuseeko byazibula bba amaaso n’amulaba ng’omubeezi okusinga “akawala akatono ke yali yawasa”. <ref name="NewVisionProfile"/> Ayogeddeko mu lujjudde ku kitaawe omugenzi, Gaster Muwayire‐Nakana Kimbugwe, n’engeri famire ye gye yayambamu mu mirimu gye. <ref name="NewVisionProfile"/> Mu kwogera kwe okukulu mu musomo gw’ekitundu ogwa 2009 ku balwanirizi b’eddembe ly’obuntu, yaggumiza obukulu bw’okwefaako, okukuza enkolagana ez’obuyambi, n’okukozesa “amaanyi g’ennyambala, sitayiro n’okukwatagana” ng’ebikozesebwa mu kulwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu. <ref name="EHAHRDP2009">https://www.defenddefenders.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Report-of-Regional-Workshop-on-Women-and-Minority-Human-Rights-.pdf</ref> Ebweru w’emirimu egy'ekikugu, ayagala nnyo emisono era awagira abayiiya n’abakozi b’emisono mu Africa, ng’atunuulira okutumbula ebyenfuna n'enkwatagana yaabyo n’okujaguza okwolesebwa kw’obuwangwa ng’ayita mu bya art and design. == Laba ne == [[Winnie Byanyima|Omuyimbi Winnie Byanyima]], [[Patricia Munabi Babiiha]], [[Rita Aciro]] ,[[Tezira Jamwa]], [[Esther Opoti Dhugira]]. == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa wikipedia == [https://ug.linkedin.com/in/solome-nakaweesi-she-her-8552652a LinkedIn profile] [https://x.com/SonaKimb Akawunti ya Twitter/X] [https://www.instagram.com/solomenakaweesi/ Instagram Profile] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3mjlrdno1qijuie6yc1kbeoytybqfxe Moses Aliwa 0 14412 59726 57486 2026-07-08T16:37:19Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59726 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moses Aliwa''' (yazaalibwa nga 02.04.1986 mi wa mpaka mpanvu.u [[Kapchorwa (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Kapchorwa]]) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omuddusi.<ref>myUganda - Uganda Sports & Games Detail {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215181704/http://www.myuganda.co.ug/sports/details.php?category=Athletics&unique=82|date=2004-12-15}}</ref> Yamalira mu kyamukaaga mu [[mmita 10,000]] mu [[mpaka z'ensi yonna ez'abato mu 2004]]. Mu [[World Cross Country Championships eza 2007]] yamalira mu kifo kya kkumi n’omwenda mu mpaka z’abakulu, ate ttiimu ya Uganda gye yalimu n’ewangula omudaali gw’ekikomo. == Ebisinga obulungi ku bubwe == * [[Mmita 5000]] - eddakiika 14:26.72 (2004) * [[Mmita 10,000]] - eddakiika 28:53.75 (2004) == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [[Moses Aliwa]] ku [[kudduka kw'ensi yonna]] jhuz3yhrkzmnqr8qrobo3uwn5q3m1t4 Jesse Ssengonzi 0 14420 59859 57541 2026-07-09T10:55:47Z Solomon Suubi 6901 Ntereezezza mu kiwandiiko 59859 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jesse Ssengonzi''' (yazaalibwa nga 27 Ogwomunaana 2002) muwuzi Munnayuganda. Ssengonzi yawuga mu ttendekero ekkulu mu yunivasite y’e Chicago, gye yali nnantameggwa emirundi ebiri ow’empaka za NCAA Division III ez’abasajja eza mmita 100.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Watkins |first=Nicole |date=2024-08-14 |title=Living their Olympic dreams: UChicago alumni relish moments on world stage {{!}} University of Chicago News |url=https://news.uchicago.edu/story/living-their-olympic-dreams-uchicago-alumni-relish-moments-world-stage |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=news.uchicago.edu |language=en}}</ref> Yakiikirira [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu mpaka za Summer Olympics eza 2024, ng'avuganya mu misinde gya mmita 100 egy'abasajja; Wadde yamaliriza mu kifo kya 31 mu kuvuganya okwo, yateekawo likodi empya ey'eggwanga lya Uganda mu mpaka zino.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosado |first=Laura |date=2024-08-02 |title=2024 Paris Olympics: 2x D3 NCAA Champion Jesse Ssengonzi Lowers Own Ugandan Record in 100 Fly |url=https://swimswam.com/2024-paris-olympics-2x-d3-ncaa-champion-jesse-ssengonzi-lowers-own-ugandan-record-in-100-fly/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=SwimSwam |language=en-US}}</ref> == Obulamu bw’omuntu ku bubwe == Ssengonzi yatikkirwa mu yunivasite y’e Chicago mu 2024 n’afuna diguli mu sayansi wa kompyuta n’ebyenfuna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Watkins |first=Nicole |date=2024-08-14 |title=Living their Olympic dreams: UChicago alumni relish moments on world stage {{!}} University of Chicago News |url=https://news.uchicago.edu/story/living-their-olympic-dreams-uchicago-alumni-relish-moments-world-stage |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=news.uchicago.edu |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWatkins2024">Watkins, Nicole (2024-08-14). [https://news.uchicago.edu/story/living-their-olympic-dreams-uchicago-alumni-relish-moments-world-stage "Living their Olympic dreams: UChicago alumni relish moments on world stage | University of Chicago News"]. ''news.uchicago.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-11-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> Kitaawe Robert, omukugu mu by’abantu n’ebyobulamu era eyali akola mu kunoonyereza [[Siriimu|ku siriimu]], yafa mu 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watson-Fisher |first=Jadyn |date=15 July 2024 |title=How Cary's Jesse Ssengonzi earned a chance to swim at the Paris Olympics for Uganda |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/sports/article289978784.html |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=The News & Observer}}</ref> Yazaalibwa mu Raleigh, North Carolina era yakulira mu Cary, North Carolina kyokka bazadde be ne basigaza obutuuze bwa Uganda. == Laba ne == * [[Ugandan Americans|Enzaalwa z'Eyuganda ezibeera mu America]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} j902inimyc43c7rf3eppcutftsb7uat 59862 59859 2026-07-09T10:56:31Z Solomon Suubi 6901 Ntereezezza mu kiwandiiko 59862 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jesse Ssengonzi''' (yazaalibwa nga 27 Ogwomunaana 2002) muwuzi Munnayuganda. Ssengonzi yawuga mu ttendekero ekkulu mu yunivasite y’e Chicago, gye yali nnantameggwa emirundi ebiri ow’empaka za NCAA Division III ez’abasajja eza mmita 100.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Watkins |first=Nicole |date=2024-08-14 |title=Living their Olympic dreams: UChicago alumni relish moments on world stage {{!}} University of Chicago News |url=https://news.uchicago.edu/story/living-their-olympic-dreams-uchicago-alumni-relish-moments-world-stage |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=news.uchicago.edu |language=en}}</ref> Yakiikirira [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu mpaka za Summer Olympics eza 2024, ng'avuganya mu misinde gya mmita 100 egy'abasajja; Wadde yamaliriza mu kifo kya 31 mu kuvuganya okwo, yateekawo likodi empya ey'eggwanga lya Uganda mu mpaka zino.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosado |first=Laura |date=2024-08-02 |title=2024 Paris Olympics: 2x D3 NCAA Champion Jesse Ssengonzi Lowers Own Ugandan Record in 100 Fly |url=https://swimswam.com/2024-paris-olympics-2x-d3-ncaa-champion-jesse-ssengonzi-lowers-own-ugandan-record-in-100-fly/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=SwimSwam |language=en-US}}</ref> == Obulamu bw’omuntu ku bubwe == Ssengonzi yatikkirwa mu yunivasite y’e Chicago mu 2024 n’afuna diguli mu sayansi wa kompyuta n’ebyenfuna.<ref name=":0" /> Kitaawe Robert, omukugu mu by’abantu n’ebyobulamu era eyali akola mu kunoonyereza [[Siriimu|ku siriimu]], yafa mu 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watson-Fisher |first=Jadyn |date=15 July 2024 |title=How Cary's Jesse Ssengonzi earned a chance to swim at the Paris Olympics for Uganda |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/sports/article289978784.html |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=The News & Observer}}</ref> Yazaalibwa mu Raleigh, North Carolina era yakulira mu Cary, North Carolina kyokka bazadde be ne basigaza obutuuze bwa Uganda. == Laba ne == * [[Ugandan Americans|Enzaalwa z'Eyuganda ezibeera mu America]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} sawt2u5ap071co5c15bck03ufr04ygg 59867 59862 2026-07-09T10:57:42Z Solomon Suubi 6901 Ngaseeko Databox 59867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jesse Ssengonzi''' (yazaalibwa nga 27 Ogwomunaana 2002) muwuzi Munnayuganda. Ssengonzi yawuga mu ttendekero ekkulu mu yunivasite y’e Chicago, gye yali nnantameggwa emirundi ebiri ow’empaka za NCAA Division III ez’abasajja eza mmita 100.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Watkins |first=Nicole |date=2024-08-14 |title=Living their Olympic dreams: UChicago alumni relish moments on world stage {{!}} University of Chicago News |url=https://news.uchicago.edu/story/living-their-olympic-dreams-uchicago-alumni-relish-moments-world-stage |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=news.uchicago.edu |language=en}}</ref> Yakiikirira [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu mpaka za Summer Olympics eza 2024, ng'avuganya mu misinde gya mmita 100 egy'abasajja; Wadde yamaliriza mu kifo kya 31 mu kuvuganya okwo, yateekawo likodi empya ey'eggwanga lya Uganda mu mpaka zino.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosado |first=Laura |date=2024-08-02 |title=2024 Paris Olympics: 2x D3 NCAA Champion Jesse Ssengonzi Lowers Own Ugandan Record in 100 Fly |url=https://swimswam.com/2024-paris-olympics-2x-d3-ncaa-champion-jesse-ssengonzi-lowers-own-ugandan-record-in-100-fly/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=SwimSwam |language=en-US}}</ref> == Obulamu bw’omuntu ku bubwe == Ssengonzi yatikkirwa mu yunivasite y’e Chicago mu 2024 n’afuna diguli mu sayansi wa kompyuta n’ebyenfuna.<ref name=":0" /> Kitaawe Robert, omukugu mu by’abantu n’ebyobulamu era eyali akola mu kunoonyereza [[Siriimu|ku siriimu]], yafa mu 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watson-Fisher |first=Jadyn |date=15 July 2024 |title=How Cary's Jesse Ssengonzi earned a chance to swim at the Paris Olympics for Uganda |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/sports/article289978784.html |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=The News & Observer}}</ref> Yazaalibwa mu Raleigh, North Carolina era yakulira mu Cary, North Carolina kyokka bazadde be ne basigaza obutuuze bwa Uganda. == Laba ne == * [[Ugandan Americans|Enzaalwa z'Eyuganda ezibeera mu America]] == Ebijuliziddwa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} qe70xcpg70me43ioecpnibrcbtf78zm Mike Okot 0 14496 59725 58042 2026-07-08T16:31:49Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MedalTableTop}} {{MedalSport|Men's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}} {{MedalCountry|{{UGA}}}} {{MedalCompetition|[[African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]}} {{MedalBronze|[[1982 African Championships in Athletics|1982 Cairo]]|400 m}} {{MedalBronze|1982 Cairo|4×400 m}} {{MedalBottom}}{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- !colspan="6"|Representing {{UGA}} |- |1982 |[[1982 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |[[Cairo, Egypt]] |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |400 m |46.20s |}{{Reflist}}'''Michael “Mike” Okot''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 ogwekkumi n'ebiri 1958) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omuddusi eyawummula era nga yakuguka mu misinde gya mmita [[400 (ennamba)|400]] ne [[800 (ennamba)|800]]. Okot yamalira mu kyamusanvu mu [[misinde gya mmita 4 x 400]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy’omusana mu 1984]], nga yali wamu ne banne okuli [[John Goville]], [[Moses Kyeswa]] ne [[Peter Rwamuhanda]], mu kaseera ka likodi y’eggwanga ey’eddakiika 3:02.09.<ref>Commonwealth All-Time Lists (Men)</ref> Ku mutendera ssekinnoomu yeetaba mu misinde gya mmita 400 mu Olympics eza 1984 ne [[mmita 4 x 100 eza relay]] mu mizannyo [[gya Olympics egy’omusana mu 1988]] nga tatuuse ku fayinolo.<ref>Full Olympians</ref> Yawangula omudaali gw'ekikomo mu misinde gya mmita 400 mu [[mpaka za Afirika eza 1982]], era n'atuuka ku 'quarter' fayinolo mu [[mpaka z'ensi yonna eza 1983]].<ref>Helsinki 1983 Athletics World Championships</ref> Ng'asinziira mu [[Swiiden|Sweden]], yawangula empaka za Sweden ez'omunda mu 1988.<ref>Swedish Indoor Championships {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928050908/http://www.gbrolympics.com/nc/swei.htm|date=2007-09-28}}</ref> == Ebituukiddwaako == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- !colspan="6"|Representing {{UGA}} |- |1982 |[[1982 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |[[Cairo, Egypt]] |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |400 m |46.20s |} == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [[Mike Okot]] at [[emisinde gy'e nsi yonna]] ouo4uj6a23ca9w69f4eg7twm8jr7iax Francis Ogola 0 14515 59721 58145 2026-07-08T16:23:30Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59721 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Francis Ogola''' (yazaalibwa nga 1 ogwomusanvu 1973 e [[Lira]]) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omuddusi eyawummula era nga yakuguka mu misinde gya [[mmita 400]]. Ng’addukira mu ttiimu ya [[George Mason Patriots]], Ogola yadduka emisinde gya mmita 400 n’awangula empaka za [[distance medley relay eza 1997 mu mpaka za NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships]].<ref>"1997 NCAA INDOOR TRACK AND FIELD CHAMPIONSHIPS". ''Washington Post''. March 6, 1997. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref> Ebipimo bye byali sekonda 21.03 ku [[mmita 200]] (okuva mu 1995) ne s 45.47 ku [[mmita 400]] (okuva mu 1993). == Ebituukiddwaako == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- !colspan="6"|Representing {{UGA}} |- |1991 |[[Athletics at the 1991 All-Africa Games|All-Africa Games]] |[[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] |bgcolor="cc9966" align="center" | 3rd |400m |46.21 |- |1992 |[[1992 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]] |[[Seoul]], [[South Korea]] |bgcolor="cc9966"|3rd |400m |[[1992 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's 400 metres|46.16]] |} == Ebijuliziddwa == == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [[Francis Ogola]] ku [[misinde gy'e nsi yonna]] {{authority control}} dxhu71x5sjxij3mp72pnyen68hj1im5 59722 59721 2026-07-08T16:26:19Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59722 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Francis Ogola''' (yazaalibwa nga 1 ogwomusanvu 1973 e [[Lira]]) [[Yuganda|Munnayuganda]] omuddusi eyawummula era nga yakuguka mu misinde gya [[mmita 400]]. Ng’addukira mu ttiimu ya [[George Mason Patriots]], Ogola yadduka emisinde gya mmita 400 n’awangula empaka za [[distance medley relay eza 1997 mu mpaka za NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships]].<ref>"1997 NCAA INDOOR TRACK AND FIELD CHAMPIONSHIPS". ''Washington Post''. March 6, 1997. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref> Ebipimo bye byali sekonda 21.03 ku [[mmita 200]] (okuva mu 1995) ne s 45.47 ku [[mmita 400]] (okuva mu 1993). == Ebituukiddwaako == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- !colspan="6"|Representing {{UGA}} |- |1991 |[[Athletics at the 1991 All-Africa Games|All-Africa Games]] |[[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] |bgcolor="cc9966" align="center" | 3rd |400m |46.21 |- |1992 |[[1992 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]] |[[Seoul]], [[South Korea]] |bgcolor="cc9966"|3rd |400m |[[1992 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's 400 metres|46.16]] |} == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [[Francis Ogola]] ku [[misinde gy'e nsi yonna]] . o23d21uyt22f7j2qycrmilbsu4bjm4i Jolly Katongole 0 14529 59720 58186 2026-07-08T16:18:13Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59720 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Jolly''' Katongole (15 ogwekkumi n'ebiri 1985-14 Ogwokuttaano 2015) yali muzannyi wa bikonde okuva mu Uganda, eyenyigira mu Olympics z'omusana eza 2004 ku lw'ensi gy'azaalibwamu mu Afirica[[Yuganda|.]]​[[Afirika|​]]<ref name=":0">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Jolly Katongole". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2018.</ref> Katongole yasooka okuzannya ne ttiimu y'eggwanga ku myaka 16.<ref name=":1">Abdul-Nasser Ssemugabi (1 June 2016). "Jolly Katongole: how sorcery, drugs knocked out a gem". Daily Monitor.</ref> Yawangula omudaali gw'ekikomo mu [[mizannyo gya Afirika yonna egyali mu 2003]] mu [[kibuga Abuja ekya Nigeria]].<ref name=":1" /> Katongole yayitamu okugenda mu Olympics z'e Athens bwe yawangula omudaali gwa zaabu mu [[mpaka za AIBA eza 1st African 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament]] mu [[kibuga Casablanca ekya Morocco]]. Ku fayinolo y’empaka zino yawangura [[Redouane Bouchtouk]] owa Morocco.<ref name=":1" /> Mu Olympics, yayimirizibwa mu kitundu ekisooka eky’obuzito obutono ( &#x2013; 48kg) okugabanyaamu nga [[Buturuki|Turkey]] eyatuuka n'okukwata ekyokubiri [[Atagün Yalçınkaya]].<ref name=":0" /> Oluvanyuma lw'okuwangulwa, Katongole yava mu kibinja kya Uganda n'asigala mu Buyonaani mu ngeri emenya amateeka okutuusa lwe yagobwa mu nsi.<ref name=":1" /> Yalwanagana n'ensonga z'okukozesa ebiragalalagala okutuusa lwe yafa mu 2015, nga kigambibwa nti yalwala [[Okutana|tetanus]].<ref name=":1" /> == Ebijuliziddwa == hsyuz7pkrtlwgoze3d0did36pzmpnbr Fred Mutuweta 0 14531 59719 58196 2026-07-08T16:12:31Z Judithamos 10087 nterezeza mu kiwandiiko 59719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}  '''Fredrick Muteweta''' (yazaalibwa nga 4 Ogw'ekkumi n'ogumu 1971, mu [[Kampala]] ) [[muzannyi wa bikonde]] eyawummula okuva mu [[Yuganda|Uganda]], eyakiikirira ensi ye enzaalwa mu mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1988 e [[Seoul, South Korea]] mu buzito bwa [[light-flyweight]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2015 |title=Packing a punch in Seychelles |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/score/packing-a-punch-in-seychelles-1622278 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709214859/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/score/packing-a-punch-in-seychelles-1622278 |archive-date=9 July 2025 |website=[[The Monitor (Uganda)|The Monitor]]}}</ref> Eyo gye yawangulirwa mu kitundu ekyookubiri [[Wayne McCullough]] owa [[Ireland]] . Mu kibiina [[kya bantamweight]] mu [[1992 Summer Olympics]], yaddamu okuwangulwa mu lulwana lwe olwaggulwawo, nate Wayne McCullough.<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Fred Muteweta". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016.</ref> Era yakiikirira Uganda mu [[mizannyo gya All-Africa Games mu 1991]], n’awangula omudaali gwa zaabu nga bantamweight ne mu [[1994 Commonwealth Games]], n’awangula omudaali gw’ekikomo mu buzito bwa bantam. Muteweta yasooka kuzannya mupiira gwa pulofeesono mu 1996, n’awummula oluvannyuma lw’okuzannya emipiira kkumi egy’ekikugu, n’akubwa ettaano n’awangula ettaano. == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [[Boxing record]] for [[Fred Mutawetafro]] [[BoxRec]](okusayininga kwetagisa) * [[Fred Mutaweta]] ku [[Olympedia]] * [[Fred Mutaweta]] ku [[Olympics.com]] * [[Fred Mutaweta]] ku Olympic. org(archived) * [[Fred Mutaweta]] ku bugagga obwabulijjo 5uuuhndwb0krxboivqb7ug1rd6hotiv Virgil Okiring 0 14549 59718 58293 2026-07-08T16:10:01Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59718 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Virgil Okiring''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 ogwomwenda 1942) munnayuganda [[Omuzannyi w'ebikonde|omuzannyi w'ebikonde(hurdler)]]. Yavuganya mu [[misinde gy'abasajja egya mmita 110]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1964]].<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Virgil Okiring Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2017.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == 8wqnx4gv7r64ii6frd3r3pssd8549sk Jorem Ochana 0 14550 59715 58295 2026-07-08T16:06:41Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59715 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jorem Ochana''' (yazaalibwa nga 21 ogwomukaaga 1935) munnayuganda [[Muddusi w'ebikonde(hurdler)|omuddusi w'ebikonde(hurdler)]]. Yavuganya mu [[misinde gy'abasajja egya mmita 400]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1964]].<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Jorem Ochana Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2017.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == jvywx13oqar1tnjryp4rg8cp3pyqkr3 59716 59715 2026-07-08T16:07:39Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59716 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jorem Ochana''' (yazaalibwa nga 21 ogwomukaaga 1935) munnayuganda [[Muddusi w'ebikonde(hurdler)|omuzannyi w'ebikonde(hurdler)]]. Yavuganya mu [[misinde gy'abasajja egya mmita 400]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1964]].<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Jorem Ochana Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2017.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == b4e8of9c8h6a36pc7ng48v3w8aj4e89 Vitus Ashaba 0 14551 59714 58312 2026-07-08T16:04:38Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59714 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vitus Ashaba''' (21 ogwokuna 1943 &#x2013; 1985) yali [[Munnayuganda omuddusi mu mpaka za wakati|Munnayuganda omuddusi w'empaka za wakati]]. Yavuganya mu [[misinde gya mmita 1500 egy'abasajja]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1972]].<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Vitus Ashaba Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2017.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} 06ldg2ixyw9vdz8jc1utwywyvhbi54a Moses Musonge 0 14552 59713 58313 2026-07-08T16:01:46Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59713 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moses Musonge''' (yazaalibwa nga 10 ogwokuna 1968) Munnayuganda [[omuddusi]]. Yavuganya mu [[misinde gy'abasajja egya mmita 4 × 100]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1988]].<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Moses Musonge Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2017.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 4nq00xqixodqg0806rcfe7mq0zuqqzp Pius Olowo 0 14553 59712 58315 2026-07-08T15:59:24Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59712 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pius Olowo''' (yazaalibwa nga 21 ogwomukaaga 1948) Munnayuganda [[omuddusi.]] Yavuganya mu [[misinde gy'abasajja egya mmita 4 × 400]] mu [[Mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1980|mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1980.]]<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Pius Olowo Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2017.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == tvtxwij66pj78cr5e9kxvkc01rxr7lo Kyobe Jonah 0 14554 59837 58338 2026-07-09T10:17:21Z Solomon Suubi 6901 Ntereezezza mu kiwandiiko 59837 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Kyobe Jonah''' muzannyi wa bikonde mu Uganda. Ono mmemba wa ttiimu ya Uganda ey’ebikonde era avuganya mu divisoni ya featherweight . == Obuto bwe == Kyobe yazaalibwa n’akulira e Kazo, mu Division y’e Kawempe, mu [[Kampala]]. Ono ye mwana wa nnyina owookusatu mu baana bataano. Kyobe yava mu ssomero lya Bombo Army Secondary School mu Senior One olw’obuzibu bw’ensimbi. Ng’akyali mutiini, yakolera mu lufula e Kalerwe okusobola okweyimirizaawo. Atunda n’ebyuma eby’amasannyalaze era akozesa ssente z’afuna okuva mu ebyo n’okuva mu muzannyo gw’ebikonde okulabirira amaka ge.<ref name="monitor-early">{{Cite web |date=11 July 2022 |title=From offloading goats at abattoir, Kyobe dreams Birmingham glory |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/score/from-offloading-goats-at-abattoir-kyobe-dreams-birmingham-glory-3881246 |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=Daily Monitor}}</ref> Mu nzanya ye ey'ebikonde yakubirizibwa omusomesa we, Hamza Ssempewo, eyamuyigiriza nti omuzannyo guno gwandimuwa “okwekuuma n’erinnya.” Olulwana lwe olwasooka olwa amateur lwaliwo mu 2012. Mu mpaka za National Intermediates eza 2018 mwe yawangula engule y’abavubuka mu lightweight.<ref name="monitor-early" /> == Omulimu gw’ebikonde == Kyobe akiikirira Lukanga Boxing Club.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2022 |title=Bombers promised money for exceptional performance at 2022 Commonwealth Games |url=https://kawowo.com/2022/07/24/bombers-promised-money-for-exceptional-performance-at-2022-commonwealth-games/ |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=Kawowo Sports}}</ref> Yafuna omudaali gw’ekikomo(bronze) mu mpaka za Africa Boxing Championships eza 2022 ezaali e [[Maputo]] mu [[Mozambique]], gye yalwanira mu divisoni ya featherweight n’akubwa [[Armando Roberto Sigauque]] owa Mozambique ku semi fayinolo.<ref name="sports.mtn.co.ug">{{Cite web |date=17 September 2022 |title=Uganda settle for two bronze medals at Africa Boxing Championship |url=https://sports.mtn.co.ug/2022/09/17/uganda-settle-for-two-bronze-medals-at-africa-boxing-championship/ |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=MTN Sports Uganda}}</ref> Mu 2023, yaddamu okufuna omudaali gw’ekikomo(bronze) mu mpaka za Africa Boxing Championships (“AFBC”) e Maputo, n’afuna doola za Amerika 2,500 olw’omutindo gwe.<ref name="sports-bee.com">{{Cite web |date=2 March 2023 |title=Boxing: Nkobeza, Kyobe cash in Africa Boxing Championships prize Money |url=https://sports-bee.com/2023/03/boxing-nkobeza-kyobe-cash-in-africa-boxing-championships-prize-money/ |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=Sports-Bee Uganda}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2023 |title=Boxers Nkobeza, Kyobe Receive 2022 Africa Boxing Championships Prize Money |url=https://chimpreports.com/boxers-nkobeza-kyobe-receive-2022-africa-boxing-championships-prize-money/ |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=ChimpReports}}</ref> Kyobe yakomyewo okuva mu bulwadde/obuvune okuttunka ne [[Eliphaz Mbaziira]] mu Uganda Boxing Federation Champions League era n'awangula nga tewali amuwakanya.<ref name="nilepost.co.ug">{{Cite web |date=31 July 2023 |title=Kyobe Jonah proves his worth on return to Champions league action |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/166698 |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=Nile Post}}</ref> == Enzannya ye n’okumanyibwa == Kyobe amanyiddwa nnyo olw’okugumira embeera n’enzannya ye eya “inside-boxing”. Afunye okusiimibwa olw’okugumiikiriza mu kugattaganya emirimu (nga mw’otwalidde n’emirimu mu lufula) n’okutendekebwa wamu n’okuvuganya. Erinnya lye epaatiike ye “Military Puncher.”<ref name="monitor-early" /> == Enwana ezaamanyi == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Enwana ze ezaamanyi ! Omwaka ! Omukolo ! Omuvuganya ! Siteeji ! Alizaati ! Ebiwandiiko |- | 2022. 2022 | Empaka z'ebikonde za Afrika, Maputo | Armando Roberto Sigauque (Mozambique) nga ye muyimbi. | Semi ya fayinolo | Okufirwa | Omudaali gw'ekikomo ogwafunibwa<ref name="sports.mtn.co.ug" /> |- | 2023. 2023 | Empaka z'ebikonde za Afrika, Maputo | (tekirambikiddwa) | Semi ya fayinolo | Okufirwa | Omudaali gw’ekikomo; yawangula ekikomo ne ssente z'ebirabo<ref name="sports-bee.com" /> |- | 2023. 2023 | Uganda Boxing Champions League | Elifaazi Mbaziira | Sizoni eya bulijjo / Wiiki ya Champions League ey'omusanvu | Okusinga | Okulwana okudda oluvannyuma lw’okufuna obuvune/obulwadde<ref name="nilepost.co.ug" /> |} == Obulamu bwe obwa bulijjo == Jonah Kyobe yakulira mu bwavu era okuva mu buto ayogedde ku mirimu gy’eyakola (nga mw’otwalidde n’elufula) okusobola okulabirira amaka ge. Yasiramuka mu buto, n’atuumibwa erinnya Farouk.<ref name="monitor-early" /> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} a4nbcrkuowjijlxaiv0l031rbjdiykl 59839 59837 2026-07-09T10:19:48Z Solomon Suubi 6901 /* top */ Nzigyemu amabanga, obuyungo ku wiki y'Olungereza n'okutereeza mu mpandiika y'Oluganda, replaced: . → . using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 59839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kyobe Jonah''' muzannyi wa bikonde mu Uganda. Ono mmemba wa ttiimu ya Uganda ey’ebikonde era avuganya mu divisoni ya featherweight. == Obuto bwe == Kyobe yazaalibwa n’akulira e Kazo, mu Division y’e Kawempe, mu [[Kampala]]. Ono ye mwana wa nnyina owookusatu mu baana bataano. Kyobe yava mu ssomero lya Bombo Army Secondary School mu Senior One olw’obuzibu bw’ensimbi. Ng’akyali mutiini, yakolera mu lufula e Kalerwe okusobola okweyimirizaawo. Atunda n’ebyuma eby’amasannyalaze era akozesa ssente z’afuna okuva mu ebyo n’okuva mu muzannyo gw’ebikonde okulabirira amaka ge.<ref name="monitor-early">{{Cite web |date=11 July 2022 |title=From offloading goats at abattoir, Kyobe dreams Birmingham glory |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/score/from-offloading-goats-at-abattoir-kyobe-dreams-birmingham-glory-3881246 |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=Daily Monitor}}</ref> Mu nzanya ye ey'ebikonde yakubirizibwa omusomesa we, Hamza Ssempewo, eyamuyigiriza nti omuzannyo guno gwandimuwa “okwekuuma n’erinnya.” Olulwana lwe olwasooka olwa amateur lwaliwo mu 2012. Mu mpaka za National Intermediates eza 2018 mwe yawangula engule y’abavubuka mu lightweight.<ref name="monitor-early" /> == Omulimu gw’ebikonde == Kyobe akiikirira Lukanga Boxing Club.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2022 |title=Bombers promised money for exceptional performance at 2022 Commonwealth Games |url=https://kawowo.com/2022/07/24/bombers-promised-money-for-exceptional-performance-at-2022-commonwealth-games/ |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=Kawowo Sports}}</ref> Yafuna omudaali gw’ekikomo(bronze) mu mpaka za Africa Boxing Championships eza 2022 ezaali e [[Maputo]] mu [[Mozambique]], gye yalwanira mu divisoni ya featherweight n’akubwa [[Armando Roberto Sigauque]] owa Mozambique ku semi fayinolo.<ref name="sports.mtn.co.ug">{{Cite web |date=17 September 2022 |title=Uganda settle for two bronze medals at Africa Boxing Championship |url=https://sports.mtn.co.ug/2022/09/17/uganda-settle-for-two-bronze-medals-at-africa-boxing-championship/ |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=MTN Sports Uganda}}</ref> Mu 2023, yaddamu okufuna omudaali gw’ekikomo(bronze) mu mpaka za Africa Boxing Championships (“AFBC”) e Maputo, n’afuna doola za Amerika 2,500 olw’omutindo gwe.<ref name="sports-bee.com">{{Cite web |date=2 March 2023 |title=Boxing: Nkobeza, Kyobe cash in Africa Boxing Championships prize Money |url=https://sports-bee.com/2023/03/boxing-nkobeza-kyobe-cash-in-africa-boxing-championships-prize-money/ |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=Sports-Bee Uganda}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2023 |title=Boxers Nkobeza, Kyobe Receive 2022 Africa Boxing Championships Prize Money |url=https://chimpreports.com/boxers-nkobeza-kyobe-receive-2022-africa-boxing-championships-prize-money/ |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=ChimpReports}}</ref> Kyobe yakomyewo okuva mu bulwadde/obuvune okuttunka ne [[Eliphaz Mbaziira]] mu Uganda Boxing Federation Champions League era n'awangula nga tewali amuwakanya.<ref name="nilepost.co.ug">{{Cite web |date=31 July 2023 |title=Kyobe Jonah proves his worth on return to Champions league action |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/166698 |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=Nile Post}}</ref> == Enzannya ye n’okumanyibwa == Kyobe amanyiddwa nnyo olw’okugumira embeera n’enzannya ye eya “inside-boxing”. Afunye okusiimibwa olw’okugumiikiriza mu kugattaganya emirimu (nga mw’otwalidde n’emirimu mu lufula) n’okutendekebwa wamu n’okuvuganya. Erinnya lye epaatiike ye “Military Puncher.”<ref name="monitor-early" /> == Enwana ezaamanyi == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Enwana ze ezaamanyi ! Omwaka ! Omukolo ! Omuvuganya ! Siteeji ! Alizaati ! Ebiwandiiko |- | 2022. 2022 | Empaka z'ebikonde za Afrika, Maputo | Armando Roberto Sigauque (Mozambique) nga ye muyimbi. | Semi ya fayinolo | Okufirwa | Omudaali gw'ekikomo ogwafunibwa<ref name="sports.mtn.co.ug" /> |- | 2023. 2023 | Empaka z'ebikonde za Afrika, Maputo | (tekirambikiddwa) | Semi ya fayinolo | Okufirwa | Omudaali gw’ekikomo; yawangula ekikomo ne ssente z'ebirabo<ref name="sports-bee.com" /> |- | 2023. 2023 | Uganda Boxing Champions League | Elifaazi Mbaziira | Sizoni eya bulijjo / Wiiki ya Champions League ey'omusanvu | Okusinga | Okulwana okudda oluvannyuma lw’okufuna obuvune/obulwadde<ref name="nilepost.co.ug" /> |} == Obulamu bwe obwa bulijjo == Jonah Kyobe yakulira mu bwavu era okuva mu buto ayogedde ku mirimu gy’eyakola (nga mw’otwalidde n’elufula) okusobola okulabirira amaka ge. Yasiramuka mu buto, n’atuumibwa erinnya Farouk.<ref name="monitor-early" /> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} cfui0m5l96eaeqiymqstxm5i25xq2cy John Sentongo 0 14613 59710 58596 2026-07-08T15:55:14Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59710 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Makula Sentongo''' (yazaalibwa nga 1 ogwomunaana 1938) Munnayuganda eyali [[omukubi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu mpaka [[z'abasajja eza bantaweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1960]]. Mu mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1960, yasibulwa mu lawundi ya 64, kyokka yakubwa [[Brunon Bendig]] owa Poland mu lawundi ya 32.<ref name="SportsRef" /> == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == [[John Sentongo]] ku [[Olympedia]] [[John Sentongo]] ku intersportstats 0sh7qq5nswtu2ilrzllgq79b2yh4hd5 59711 59710 2026-07-08T15:57:00Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59711 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Makula Sentongo''' (yazaalibwa nga 1 ogwomunaana 1938) Munnayuganda eyali [[omukubi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu mpaka [[z'abasajja eza bantaweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1960]]. Mu mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1960, yasibulwa mu lawundi ya 64, kyokka yakubwa [[Brunon Bendig]] owa Poland mu lawundi ya 32.<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "John Sentongo Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2018.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == [[John Sentongo]] ku [[Olympedia]] [[John Sentongo]] ku intersportstats qhh2e6ywelc5ppbg36krzya7l2yrwx0 Franco Agentho 0 14614 59709 58597 2026-07-08T15:52:39Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59709 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Franco Agentho''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 ogwomunaana 1973) Munnayuganda [[Muzannyi wa bikonde|omukubi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu [[Mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1996|mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1996.]]<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Franco Agentho Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2018.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == kidelx702r59b3e35p2w2bffrz5666z Abraham Munabi 0 14615 59707 58598 2026-07-08T15:46:59Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59707 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abraham Munabi''' (yazaalibwa nga 19 ogw'ekkumi n'ebiri 1940) [[munnabyamizannyo]] Munnayuganda . Yavuganya mu [[Misinde gy'abasajja egy'okubuuka emirundi esatu|misinde gy'abasajja egy'okubuuka emirundi essatu]] mu [[Mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1972|mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1972.]]<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Abraham Munabi". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2017.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == [[Abraham Munabi]] ku [[misinde gy'ensi yonna]] [[Abraham Munabi]] ku [[Olympics.com]] [[Abraham Munabi]] ku [[Olympedia]] [[Abraham Munabi]] ku [[common wealth games Federation]](archivrd) [[Abraham Munabi]] ku InterSportStats 7gpe2iqmnvjh0q8qggcsg16jhrhf2pa 59708 59707 2026-07-08T15:50:49Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59708 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abraham Munabi''' (yazaalibwa nga 19 ogw'ekkumi n'ebiri 1940) Munnayuganda [[omuddusi]]. Yavuganya mu [[Misinde gy'abasajja egy'okubuuka emirundi esatu|misinde gy'abasajja egy'okubuuka emirundi essatu]] mu [[Mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1972|mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1972.]]<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Abraham Munabi". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2017.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == [[Abraham Munabi]] ku [[misinde gy'ensi yonna]] [[Abraham Munabi]] ku [[Olympics.com]] [[Abraham Munabi]] ku [[Olympedia]] [[Abraham Munabi]] ku [[common wealth games Federation]](archivrd) [[Abraham Munabi]] ku InterSportStats gqm4e4bo41t08eq5gdhxd43o26dykn4 Peter Odhiambo (omukubi w’ebikonde, yazaalibwa mu 1927 0 14616 59705 58602 2026-07-08T15:42:16Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59705 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Paul Odhiambo''' (yazaalibwa nga 9 ogwomwenda 1937) yali [[muzannyi wa bikonde]] mu Uganda enzaalwa y'e Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peter Odhiambo |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/8454 |access-date=26 March 2023 |website=Olympedia}}</ref> Yavuganya mu mpaka [[z'abasajja eza middleweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1960]] ne mu mpaka z'abasajja eza kkiro 75 mu [[mizannyo gya British Empire and Commonwealth Games mu 1962]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=7. Commonwealth Games - Perth, Australia - November 22 - December 1 1962 |url=http://amateur-boxing.strefa.pl/Championships/CommonwealthGames1962.html |access-date=11 March 2019 |website=amateur-boxing.strefa.pl}}</ref> Mu mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1960, yakubwa [[Eddie Crook Jr.]] owa Amerika.<ref name="SportsRef" /> == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == [[Peter Odhiambo]] ku [[commonwealth games Federation]] (archived) [[Peter Odhiambo]] ku [[Olympics.com]] [[Peter Odhiambo]] ku [[commonwealth games Federation]] (archived) afvmkfamyz33jys0vdyus5823ora7ho Omukisa Sseruwagi 0 14617 59704 58604 2026-07-08T15:39:14Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59704 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Grace Sseruwagi''' (30 ogwekkumi n'ebiri1933 &#x2013; 6 ogwokubiri 2018) yali Munnayuganda [[omuzannyi we bikonde]] era omutendesi wa ttiimu y'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2015 |title=Sseruwagi's hard punches knocked out Idi Amin |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/sseruwagi-s-hard-punches-knocked-out-idi-amin-1608868 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakama |first=James |title=Remembering boxing legend Peter Sseruwagi |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1471469 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Yavuganya mu mpaka z'abasajja [[eza welterweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1960]]. Mu mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1960, yakubwa Khalid Al-Karkhi owa Iraq.<ref name="SportsRef" /> == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [[Grace Seruwagi]] ku [[Olympedia]] atbs4d2kz6rxrrvs0ndmj058ct53vjx Alex Odhiambo 0 14618 59703 58609 2026-07-08T15:31:21Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59703 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alex Odhiambo''' (yazaalibwa nga 10 ogwekkumi 1943) Munnayuganda [[omuzannyi we bikonde]]. Yavuganya mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1964]] ne mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1968]].<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Alex Odhiambo Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2018.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == 704n74s40kwym6l0nv14ilk9fv12eop Ernest Mabwa 0 14619 59701 58614 2026-07-08T15:29:39Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59701 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ernest Powell Mabwa''' (yazaalibwa nga 26 ogw'olubereberye 1941) Munnayuganda [[omuzannyi we bikonde]]. Yavuganya mu mpaka z[['abasajja eza welterweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1964]].<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Ernest Mabwa Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2018.</ref> Mu mizannyo egyo, yawangula [[Maurice Frilot]] ne [[Constantin Niculescu]], nga tannakubwa [[Ričardas Tamulis]].<ref>"Ernest Mabwa". ''Olympedia''. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == [[Ernest Mabwa]] ku [[Olympedia]] [[Ernest Mabwa]] ku [[InterSportStats]] szi5qnu2e7fh2u7u2ctrh8bdg5vbysv Peter Paul Odhiambo 0 14620 59695 58615 2026-07-08T15:24:29Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59695 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Paul Odhiambo''' (yazaalibwa nga 9 ogw'omwenda 1937) Munnayuganda [[omuzannyi we bikonde]] mu Uganda. Yavuganya mu mpaka [[z'abasajja eza middleweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1964]].<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Peter Paul Odhiambo Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2018.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == tk57xk5y495gil8oyrts2k5rp9txn5t 59696 59695 2026-07-08T15:25:03Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59696 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Paul Odhiambo''' (yazaalibwa nga 9 ogwomwenda 1937) Munnayuganda [[omuzannyi we bikonde]] mu Uganda. Yavuganya mu mpaka [[z'abasajja eza middleweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1964]].<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Peter Paul Odhiambo Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2018.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == 426zjx7rc8ukbbfghcwnydlsdgs0962 Henry Mugwanya 0 14621 59693 58618 2026-07-08T15:22:53Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59693 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Henry Mugwanya''' (yazaalibwa nga 10 Ogwomunaana 1943) Munnayuganda [[omuzannyi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu mpaka [[z'abasajja eza heavyweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1964]].<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Henry Mugwanya Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2018.</ref> Mu mizannyo egyo, yakubwa [[Jürgen Schlegel]] owa United Team of Germany.<ref>"Henry Mugwanya". ''Olympedia''. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == jm70je767cgb35si2oictezz7n7qmq5 Douglas Ogada 0 14622 59689 58619 2026-07-08T15:16:17Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59689 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Douglas Ogada''' (yazaalibwa nga 11 Ogwekkumi n'ogumu 1948) Munnayuganda [[omuzannyi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu mpaka [[z'abasajja eza flyweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1968]]. Mu mizannyo egyo, yakubwa [[Jee Yong-ju]] owa South Korea.<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Douglas Ogada Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2018.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == fl0vcgajjzuu45g761e1t083zb2kdlo Andrew Kajjo 0 14623 59688 58620 2026-07-08T15:13:22Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59688 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Andrew Kajjo''' (yazaalibwa nga 4 Ogwomwenda 1948) Munnayuganda [[omuzannyi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu buzito [[bw'abasajja obwa welterweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1968]].<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Andrew Kajjo Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2018</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == k0hg3rkyd5043rbp0kxddbzxsz94pyd David Jackson (Munnayuganda omukubi w’ebikonde) 0 14624 59686 58621 2026-07-08T15:10:21Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59686 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Jackson''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwekkumi 1949) Munnayuganda omuzannyi w'ebikonde. Yavuganya mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1968]] ne mu mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1972.<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "David Jackson". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2018.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == [[David Jackson]] ku [[Olympics.com]] [[David Jackson]] ku [[Olympics.org]] (archived) [[David Jackson]] ku [[Olympedia]] 2vgrx0ni1mv7whu82wk92z9ln1rao37 59687 59686 2026-07-08T15:11:27Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59687 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Jackson''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwekkumi 1949) Munnayuganda omuzannyi w'ebikonde. Yavuganya mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1968]] ne mu mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1972.<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "David Jackson". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2018.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == [[David Jackson]] ku [[Olympics.com]] [[David Jackson]] ku [[Olympics.org]] (archived) [[David Jackson]] ku [[Olympedia]] isoae44nouh70qb31yf52wwkooarz04 James Odwori 0 14625 59685 58622 2026-07-08T15:06:06Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59685 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Odwori''' (yazaalibwa nga 23 Ogw'ekkumi 1951) Munnayuganda [[omuzannyi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu mpaka z'abasajja [[eza flyweight]] mu [[Mizannyo Olympics egy'omusana mu 1972|mizannyo Olympics egy'omusana mu 1972.]]<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "James Odwori Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2018.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == ezdzg55axhxqrfxpj2l7rlcdviw66jy Matthias Ouma 0 14626 59684 58623 2026-07-08T15:01:18Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59684 wikitext text/x-wiki '''George Matthias Ouma''' (yazaalibwa nga 3 ogwekkumi n'ebiri 1945) Munnayuganda [[omuzannyi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1968]] ne mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1972]]. Mu mizannyo egyo, yakubwa [[Imre Tóth]] mu lutalo lwe olwasooka. <ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Matthias Ouma Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2018.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == [[Mathias Ouma]] ku [[Olympedia]] [[Mathias Ouma]] ku [[Commonwealth games Federation|commonwealth]] [[Commonwealth games Federation|games Federation]] (archived) [[Mathias Ouma]] ku InterSportStats memp4nt7rrjahm78y2yhuorxnkl1zcr 59879 59684 2026-07-09T11:15:34Z Solomon Suubi 6901 Ntereezezza mu kiwandiiko 59879 wikitext text/x-wiki '''George Matthias Ouma''' (yazaalibwa nga 3 Ogwekkumineebiri 1945) Munnayuganda [[omuzannyi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1968]] ne mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1972]]. Mu mizannyo egyo, yakubwa [[Imre Tóth]] mu lutalo lwe olwasooka. <ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Matthias Ouma Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2018.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == [[Mathias Ouma]] ku [[Olympedia]] [[Mathias Ouma]] ku [[Commonwealth games Federation|commonwealth]] [[Commonwealth games Federation|games Federation]] (archived) [[Mathias Ouma]] ku InterSportStats r41yeb7uxumzuc8znkuz4wlq527jwg4 59880 59879 2026-07-09T11:15:59Z Solomon Suubi 6901 59880 wikitext text/x-wiki '''George Matthias Ouma''' (yazaalibwa nga 3 Ogwekkumineebiri 1945) Munnayuganda [[omuzannyi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1968]] ne mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1972]]. Mu mizannyo egyo, yakubwa [[Imre Tóth]] mu lutalo lwe olwasooka.<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Matthias Ouma Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2018.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == [[Mathias Ouma]] ku [[Olympedia]] [[Mathias Ouma]] ku [[Commonwealth games Federation|commonwealth]] [[Commonwealth games Federation|games Federation]] (archived) [[Mathias Ouma]] ku InterSportStats bd4dl94ap02pe3kyxjf3vjxwmc811re User:Ssemmanda will/common.js 2 14761 59691 59439 2026-07-08T15:20:44Z Ssemmanda will 3837 [[MediaWiki:Gadget-SettingsManager.js|SettingsManager]]: Updating user preferences using [[c:Help:Cat-a-lot|Cat-a-lot]] 59691 javascript text/javascript // === Aggressive Cat-a-lot load from Commons === mw.loader.load('//commons.wikimedia.org/w/load.php?modules=ext.gadget.Cat-a-lot&only=scripts'); window.catALotPrefs = { editpages: true, minor: true, docleanup: false, subcatcount: 100 }; // Force initialization on every page mw.hook('wikipage.content').add(function() { if (typeof window.catALot !== 'undefined' && typeof window.catALot.init === 'function') { setTimeout(window.catALot.init, 1000); } }); mw.hook('ajaxComplete').add(function() { if (typeof window.catALot !== 'undefined' && typeof window.catALot.init === 'function') { setTimeout(window.catALot.init, 800); } }); //catALot/////////////////////////////////////// ////////// Cat-a-lot user preferences ////////// window.catALotPrefs = {"disambig_category":"Disambiguation categories","redir_category":"","session_timeout":60,"watchlist":"preferences","minor":false,"editpages":true,"docleanup":false,"subcatcount":100,"uncat":false,"button":true,"missingcatalert":true}; ////////////////////////////////////catALotEnd// p6iphm1cfbi5dcvvyn0lffskcvh1ojc 59692 59691 2026-07-08T15:21:45Z Ssemmanda will 3837 [[MediaWiki:Gadget-SettingsManager.js|SettingsManager]]: Updating user preferences using [[c:Help:Cat-a-lot|Cat-a-lot]] 59692 javascript text/javascript // === Aggressive Cat-a-lot load from Commons === mw.loader.load('//commons.wikimedia.org/w/load.php?modules=ext.gadget.Cat-a-lot&only=scripts'); window.catALotPrefs = { editpages: true, minor: true, docleanup: false, subcatcount: 100 }; // Force initialization on every page mw.hook('wikipage.content').add(function() { if (typeof window.catALot !== 'undefined' && typeof window.catALot.init === 'function') { setTimeout(window.catALot.init, 1000); } }); mw.hook('ajaxComplete').add(function() { if (typeof window.catALot !== 'undefined' && typeof window.catALot.init === 'function') { setTimeout(window.catALot.init, 800); } }); //catALot/////////////////////////////////////// ////////// Cat-a-lot user preferences ////////// window.catALotPrefs = {"disambig_category":"Disambiguation categories","redir_category":"","session_timeout":60,"watchlist":"watch","minor":false,"editpages":true,"docleanup":false,"subcatcount":100,"uncat":false,"button":true,"missingcatalert":true}; ////////////////////////////////////catALotEnd// on2swuiq9gv1g7sgq7g2sdrapjkr1zz User talk:Neriah 3 14806 59677 2026-07-08T14:31:37Z Ssemmanda will 3837 /* Request for help enabling Cat-a-lot properly on all pages (lg.wikipedia) */ new section 59677 wikitext text/x-wiki == Request for help enabling Cat-a-lot properly on all pages (lg.wikipedia) == Hello Neriah, I am currently a temporary Administrator on Luganda Wikipedia. I'm trying to make the Cat-a-lot gadget work properly on search results pages and article pages (not just category pages).I have already tried adding it via common.js, but the tool box does not appear outside category pages.Could you please help enable it site-wide correctly? Specifically, we need the editpages: true option active so it works on all pages. Thank you very much for your help!Best regards, [[User:Ssemmanda will]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 14:31, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) mt6m3nbf982fyc8ykux2ihkqsdboof3 59682 59677 2026-07-08T14:51:56Z Neriah 6486 /* Request for help enabling Cat-a-lot properly on all pages (lg.wikipedia) */ reply ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 59682 wikitext text/x-wiki == Request for help enabling Cat-a-lot properly on all pages (lg.wikipedia) == Hello Neriah, I am currently a temporary Administrator on Luganda Wikipedia. I'm trying to make the Cat-a-lot gadget work properly on search results pages and article pages (not just category pages).I have already tried adding it via common.js, but the tool box does not appear outside category pages.Could you please help enable it site-wide correctly? Specifically, we need the editpages: true option active so it works on all pages. Thank you very much for your help!Best regards, [[User:Ssemmanda will]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 14:31, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) : This is defined in [[MediaWiki:Gadget-Cat-a-lot.js]]. Did the community's approval for installing the gadget cover this as well?<br> sorry to bother you about community approval; I am required to do so as a global interface editor... [[User:Neriah|Neriah]] ([[User talk:Neriah|talk]]) 14:51, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) f1vi3w3uuyi61dqnqryokwxo56q61yr 59717 59682 2026-07-08T16:08:28Z Ssemmanda will 3837 /* Request for help enabling Cat-a-lot properly on all pages (lg.wikipedia) */ Ekyokuddamu 59717 wikitext text/x-wiki == Request for help enabling Cat-a-lot properly on all pages (lg.wikipedia) == Hello Neriah, I am currently a temporary Administrator on Luganda Wikipedia. I'm trying to make the Cat-a-lot gadget work properly on search results pages and article pages (not just category pages).I have already tried adding it via common.js, but the tool box does not appear outside category pages.Could you please help enable it site-wide correctly? Specifically, we need the editpages: true option active so it works on all pages. Thank you very much for your help!Best regards, [[User:Ssemmanda will]] [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 14:31, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) : This is defined in [[MediaWiki:Gadget-Cat-a-lot.js]]. Did the community's approval for installing the gadget cover this as well?<br> sorry to bother you about community approval; I am required to do so as a global interface editor... [[User:Neriah|Neriah]] ([[User talk:Neriah|talk]]) 14:51, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) ::Not yet...Let me start it please [[User:Ssemmanda will|Ssemmanda will]] ([[User talk:Ssemmanda will|talk]]) 16:08, 8 Gwamusanvu(Kasambula) 2026 (UTC) s6o0epmq64oo83tc2ca3plkspn1zdxv Category:Abasawo b'abakyala mu Uganda 14 14807 59697 2026-07-08T15:25:10Z Ssemmanda will 3837 Ngasseeko ettuluba 59697 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Abasawo mu Uganda]] ttjcbly5jbnswngwxkzg7nv0my9azlc Category:Abasawo mu Uganda 14 14808 59698 2026-07-08T15:25:46Z Ssemmanda will 3837 Ngasseeko ettuluba 59698 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Abasawo]] 684ns5ugw3alrumlgiiykdxber0ftv2 Category:Abasawo 14 14809 59699 2026-07-08T15:26:41Z Ssemmanda will 3837 ngasseeko ennyonyonnyola 59699 wikitext text/x-wiki Abakugu abajjanjaba abantu n'ebisolo 81v7flrpvoq5jemni6aub1c91pwaow1 George Kabuto 0 14810 59727 2026-07-08T16:38:14Z Judithamos 10087 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1156527137|George Kabuto]]" 59727 wikitext text/x-wiki '''George Kabuto''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogw'ekkumi 1955) Munnayuganda [[Muzannyi wa bikonde|omuzannyi we bikonde]]. Yavuganya mu mpaka z'abasajja [[Eza middweight|eza middleweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1980]].<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/george-kabuto-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418043505/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/george-kabuto-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2020|title=George Kabuto Olympic Results|accessdate=26 December 2018}}Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "George Kabuto Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2018.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == 615e84kbk7berhv89pvcgphj5zhiai7 Grace Sseruwagi 0 14811 59729 2026-07-08T16:55:05Z Judithamos 10087 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1304793601|Grace Sseruwagi]]" 59729 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Grace Sseruwagi''' (30 ogwekkumi n'ebiri 1933 &#x2013; 6 Ogwokubiri 2018) yali [[muzannyi wa bikonde]] era omutendesi wa ttiimu y'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2015 |title=Sseruwagi's hard punches knocked out Idi Amin |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/sseruwagi-s-hard-punches-knocked-out-idi-amin-1608868 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakama |first=James |title=Remembering boxing legend Peter Sseruwagi |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1471469 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Yavuganya mu mpaka z'abasajja [[ez'obuzito bwa welterweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1960]].<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Grace Seruwagi Olympic Results".</ref> Mu mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1960, yakubwa Khalid Al-Karkhi owa Iraq.<ref name="SportsRef" /> == Ebijuliziddwa == == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [[Grace Seruwagi]] ku [[Olympedia]] 99efs47fbmiqx47yvbtj8muag80wrng 59816 59729 2026-07-09T09:32:59Z Judithamos 10087 ntererezeza mu kiwandiiko 59816 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Grace Sseruwagi''' (30 ogwekkumi n'ebiri 1933 &#x2013; 6 Ogwokubiri 2018) yali [[mukubi wa bikonde]] era omutendesi wa ttiimu y'eggwanga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2015 |title=Sseruwagi's hard punches knocked out Idi Amin |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/sseruwagi-s-hard-punches-knocked-out-idi-amin-1608868 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakama |first=James |title=Remembering boxing legend Peter Sseruwagi |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1471469 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Yavuganya mu mpaka z'abasajja [[ez'obuzito bwa welterweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1960]].<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Grace Seruwagi Olympic Results".</ref> Mu mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1960, yakubwa Khalid Al-Karkhi owa Iraq.<ref name="SportsRef" /> == Ebijuliziddwa == <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [[Grace Seruwagi]] ku [[Olympedia]] pachokxz2fgo5hj5f3h2xh0mn6c2b6h Wikipedia:Autoconfirmed users 4 14812 59731 2026-07-08T17:01:29Z B722N 6898 created this page 59731 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 John Siryakibbe 0 14813 59738 2026-07-08T17:28:26Z Judithamos 10087 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363035199|John Siryakibbe]]" 59738 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Siryakibbe''' (25 ogwekkumi n'ebiri 1962) Munnayuganda omuzannyi w'ebikonde eyawummula, nga yeetaba mu mizannyo gya Olympics egy’omusana emirundi ebiri.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=John Siryakibbe |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/john-siryakibbe-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418120023/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/john-siryakibbe-1.html |archive-date=18 April 2020 |access-date=3 June 2018 |website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com}}</ref> Siryakibbe yavuganya mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy’omusana mu 1980]] ng'alina emyaka 17 gyokka e Moscow, oluvannyuma lw’okusibulwa mu kitundu ekisooka eky’empaka za [[bantamweight]], yali avuganya ne [[Aleksandr Radev]] ow’e Bulgaria, Siryakibbe gwe yawangula nga refari ayimiriza empaka zino oluvannyuma lw’eddakiika ezisukka mu emu mu kitundu ekisooka, ekitundu ekyaddako yali attunka n’Omufaransa [[Ali Ben Moghenia]], kino kyayeyongerao n'omunnayuganda n'awangula ku bubonero 5-0, mu ‘quarter final’ yakubwa [[Bernardo Piñango]] oluvannyuma lw’okukubwa mu kitundu ekyokubiri.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=John Siryakibbe |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/john-siryakibbe-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418120023/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/john-siryakibbe-1.html |archive-date=18 April 2020 |access-date=3 June 2018 |website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com}}</ref> Nga wayise emyaka ebiri Siryakibbe yali mu Brisbane, ng’avuganya mu [[mizannyo gya commonwealth mu 1982,]] gye yamalira mu kifo kya 5 mu bantaweight,<ref>{{Cite book |last=GRAHAM. |first=GROOM |date=2017 |title=COMPLETE BOOK OF THE COMMONWEALTH GAMES. |publisher=LULU COM |isbn=978-0244940317 |page=165}}</ref> omwaka ogwaddako yawangula omudaali gwa zaabu mu mpaka za afirika ez'ebikonde ez'okunyumirwamu eza 1983 ezaali mu [[Kampala]], Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1983 Africa boxing championship medalists |url=http://kenyapage.net/commentary/kenya-sports-commentary/1983-africa-boxing-championships-medalists/ |access-date=3 June 2018 |website=kenyapage.net}}</ref> Ng’akyalina emyaka abiri mu gumu yavuganya mu [[Mizannyo gya Olympics egy’omusana|mizannyo egy'okubiri egya Olympics egy’omusana]] e Los Angeles, mu buzito bwebumu ng’emyaka ena egiyise, yakuba [[Manuel Vilchez]] okuva mu Venezuela mu kitundu ekisooka n’obubonero 3-2, kyokka mu mpaka z'ekitundu ekyokubiri yakubwa [[Pedro Nolasco]] okuva mu Dominican Republic ku bubonero 0-5.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=John Siryakibbe |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/john-siryakibbe-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418120023/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/john-siryakibbe-1.html |archive-date=18 April 2020 |access-date=3 June 2018 |website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == mp7xdexvwyvuthj5y8jtcdj6kl5bypy 59892 59738 2026-07-09T11:24:54Z Solomon Suubi 6901 Entereezezza mu kiwandiiko 59892 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Siryakibbe''' (Yazaalibwa nga 25 ogwekkumineebiri 1962) Munnayuganda omuzannyi w'ebikonde eyawummula, nga yeetaba mu mizannyo gya Olympics egy’omusana emirundi ebiri.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=John Siryakibbe |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/john-siryakibbe-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418120023/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/john-siryakibbe-1.html |archive-date=18 April 2020 |access-date=3 June 2018 |website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com}}</ref> Siryakibbe yavuganya mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy’omusana mu 1980]] ng'alina emyaka 17 gyokka e Moscow, oluvannyuma lw’okusibulwa mu kitundu ekisooka eky’empaka za [[bantamweight]], yali avuganya ne [[Aleksandr Radev]] ow’e Bulgaria, Siryakibbe gwe yawangula nga refari ayimiriza empaka zino oluvannyuma lw’eddakiika ezisukka mu emu mu kitundu ekisooka, ekitundu ekyaddako yali attunka n’Omufaransa [[Ali Ben Moghenia]], kino kyayeyongerao n'omunnayuganda n'awangula ku bubonero 5-0, mu ‘quarter final’ yakubwa [[Bernardo Piñango]] oluvannyuma lw’okukubwa mu kitundu ekyokubiri.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=John Siryakibbe |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/john-siryakibbe-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418120023/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/john-siryakibbe-1.html |archive-date=18 April 2020 |access-date=3 June 2018 |website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com}}</ref> Nga wayise emyaka ebiri Siryakibbe yali mu Brisbane, ng’avuganya mu [[mizannyo gya commonwealth mu 1982,]] gye yamalira mu kifo kya 5 mu bantaweight,<ref>{{Cite book |last=GRAHAM. |first=GROOM |date=2017 |title=COMPLETE BOOK OF THE COMMONWEALTH GAMES. |publisher=LULU COM |isbn=978-0244940317 |page=165}}</ref> omwaka ogwaddako yawangula omudaali gwa zaabu mu mpaka za afirika ez'ebikonde ez'okunyumirwamu eza 1983 ezaali mu [[Kampala]], Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1983 Africa boxing championship medalists |url=http://kenyapage.net/commentary/kenya-sports-commentary/1983-africa-boxing-championships-medalists/ |access-date=3 June 2018 |website=kenyapage.net}}</ref> Ng’akyalina emyaka abiri mu gumu yavuganya mu [[Mizannyo gya Olympics egy’omusana|mizannyo egy'okubiri egya Olympics egy’omusana]] e Los Angeles, mu buzito bwebumu ng’emyaka ena egiyise, yakuba [[Manuel Vilchez]] okuva mu Venezuela mu kitundu ekisooka n’obubonero 3-2, kyokka mu mpaka z'ekitundu ekyokubiri yakubwa [[Pedro Nolasco]] okuva mu Dominican Republic ku bubonero 0-5.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=John Siryakibbe |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/john-siryakibbe-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418120023/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/john-siryakibbe-1.html |archive-date=18 April 2020 |access-date=3 June 2018 |website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == jr058oe25r5l9sb98mg317k8s4v5fq3 Deogratias Musoke 0 14814 59742 2026-07-08T17:33:18Z Judithamos 10087 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1295548489|Deogratias Musoke]]" 59742 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Deogratias Musoke''' (yazaalibwa nga 20 Ogwomusanvu 1949) Munnayuganda [[omuzannyi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu mpaka z'abasajja [[eza featherweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1972]].<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Deogratias Musoke Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2018.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == cqksut16kym86xsp0cn41t40i9l05u4 Peter Odhiambo (omukubi w’ebikonde, yazaalibwa 1950) 0 14815 59743 2026-07-08T17:39:13Z Judithamos 10087 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1265678727|Peter Odhiambo (boxer, born 1950)]]" 59743 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Odhiambo''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogw'ekkumi n'ogumu 1950) Munnayuganda [[Mukubi wa bikonde|omukubi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu mpaka [[z'abasajja eza lightweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1972]].<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Peter Odhiambo Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2018.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} nj02xj40ositvg76730scbuj58afsow John Opio 0 14816 59746 2026-07-08T17:43:26Z Judithamos 10087 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1156527250|John Opio]]" 59746 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Opio''' (yazaalibwa nga 28 Ogwekkumi n'ogumu 1951) Munnayuganda [[omukubi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu mpaka z'abasajja [[eza middleweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1972]].<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "John Opio Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2018.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == 8kxjkir89u5p3t42a2oelrblb77m0z8 Geofrey Nyeko, omusajja omulala 0 14817 59752 2026-07-08T17:52:31Z Judithamos 10087 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1156527214|Geofrey Nyeko]]" 59752 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Geofrey Nyeko''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1959) Munnayuganda [[omukubi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1980]] ne [[Emizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusanaMu 1984|mu 1984]].<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Geofrey Nyeko Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2018.</ref> Yakubwa [[Richard Nowakowski]] owa East Germany mu mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1980.<ref name="SportsRef" /> == Ebijuliziddwa == pr6mra7meymy03u8xhb2rv5wtw3ww44 Geofrey Nyeko 0 14818 59753 2026-07-08T17:54:25Z Judithamos 10087 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1156527214|Geofrey Nyeko]]" 59753 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Geofrey Nyeko''' (yazaalibwa nga 2 Ogwokubiri 1959) Munnayuganda [[omukubi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1980]] ne [[Emizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusanaMu 1984|mu 1984]].<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Geofrey Nyeko Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2018.</ref> Yakubwa [[Richard Nowakowski]] owa East Germany mu mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1980.<ref name="SportsRef" /> == Ebijuliziddwa == pr6mra7meymy03u8xhb2rv5wtw3ww44 Category:Abaazalibwa mu 1962 14 14819 59769 2026-07-08T19:53:27Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added a description 59769 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano be bantu abaazaalibwa mu mwaka wa 1962. 2tbjh04oy9i1pimzgq0juu1tht05xc3 Category:Abava mu Masaka Disitulikiti 14 14820 59785 2026-07-09T04:17:02Z ESTHER NAKITENDE 9175 Created page with "bano be bantu abava mu masaka disitulikiti" 59785 wikitext text/x-wiki bano be bantu abava mu masaka disitulikiti 2gdm343f7q60bw18cvuywb9bf51e84w Shadrach Odhiambo 0 14821 59823 2026-07-09T09:50:30Z Judithamos 10087 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306627404|Shadrach Odhiambo]]" 59823 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shadrach Odhiambo''' (yazaalibwa nga 20 Ogwekkumi 1954) [[mukubi wa bikonde]] enzaalwa ya Uganda nga Musweden. Yavuganya mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1980]] ne [[Mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1984|1984]].<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Shadrach Odhiambo Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2018.</ref> Mu mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1980, yawangula [[Bogdan Gajda]] owa Poland, nga tannakubwa Tony Willis owa Bungereza.<ref name="SportsRef" /> == Ebijuliziddwa == == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [[Shadrach Odhiambo]] ku [[Swedish Olympic Committee]] (Swedish) * <span class="wd_p8286">[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/8177 Shadrach Odhiambo] ku [[:en:Olympedia|Olympedia]]<span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback" style="padding-left:.3em">[[d:Q6022529#P8286|[[File:Blue_pencil.svg|link=|text-top|10x10px|Edit on Wikidata]]]]</span></span> * <span class="wd_p14105">[https://intersportstats.com/athletes/3000519456 Shadrach Odhiambo] ku InterSportStats<span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback" style="padding-left:.3em">[[d:Q6022529#P14105|[[File:Blue_pencil.svg|link=|text-top|10x10px|Edit on Wikidata]]]]</span></span> hle35g1cagwmbsbw6216dhqnzzfhud4 59886 59823 2026-07-09T11:21:10Z Solomon Suubi 6901 Ntereezezza mu kiwandiiko 59886 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shadrach Odhiambo''' (yazaalibwa nga 20 Ogwekkumi 1954) [[mukubi wa bikonde]] enzaalwa ya Uganda nga Musweden. Yavuganya mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1980]] ne [[Mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1984|1984]].<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Shadrach Odhiambo Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2018.</ref> Mu mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1980, yawangula [[Bogdan Gajda]] owa Poland, nga tannakubwa Tony Willis owa Bungereza.<ref name="SportsRef" /> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [[Shadrach Odhiambo]] ku [[Swedish Olympic Committee]] (Swedish) * <span class="wd_p8286">[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/8177 Shadrach Odhiambo] ku [[:en:Olympedia|Olympedia]]<span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback" style="padding-left:.3em">[[d:Q6022529#P8286|[[File:Blue_pencil.svg|link=|text-top|10x10px|Edit on Wikidata]]]]</span></span> * <span class="wd_p14105">[https://intersportstats.com/athletes/3000519456 Shadrach Odhiambo] ku InterSportStats<span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback" style="padding-left:.3em">[[d:Q6022529#P14105|[[File:Blue_pencil.svg|link=|text-top|10x10px|Edit on Wikidata]]]]</span></span> huv6rw4admlh1xwd4rni6ouksb7vgv0 59888 59886 2026-07-09T11:23:14Z Solomon Suubi 6901 Ntereezezza mu kiwandiiko 59888 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shadrach Odhiambo''' (yazaalibwa nga 20 Ogwekkumi 1954) [[mukubi wa bikonde]] enzaalwa ya Uganda nga Musweden. Yavuganya mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1980]] ne [[Mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1984|1984]].<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Shadrach Odhiambo Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2018.</ref> Mu mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1980, yawangula [[Bogdan Gajda]] owa Poland, nga tannakubwa Tony Willis owa Bungereza.<ref name="SportsRef" /> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{reflist}} == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://sok.se/idrottare/idrottare/s/shadrach-odhiambo.html Shadrach Odhiambo] ku [[Swedish Olympic Committee]] (Swedish) * <span class="wd_p8286">[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/8177 Shadrach Odhiambo] ku [[:en:Olympedia|Olympedia]]</span> * <span class="wd_p14105">[https://intersportstats.com/athletes/3000519456 Shadrach Odhiambo] ku InterSportStats</span> d32fl5ma41jluwtdyyi657mogcd8sf8 John Munduga 0 14822 59826 2026-07-09T10:04:00Z Judithamos 10087 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326255079|John Munduga]]" 59826 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Munduga''' (15 Ogw'olubereberye 1961 – 13 Ogwomwenda 2025) yali [[mukubi w'ebikonde]] Omunnyuganda. Yavuganya mu mpaka [[Ez'obuzito bwa welterweight|z'abasajja ez'obuzito bwa welterweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1980]].<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "John Munduga Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2018.</ref> Munduga yafa nga 13 Ogwomwenda 2025, ku myaka 64. <ref>Persson, Per-ake (4 October 2025). "Uganda's John Munduga dies at 64". Boxing Scene. Retrieved 4 October 2025.</ref> <ref name="Olympedia">{{Olympedia|8444}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == p943u1beg8dbdc5sww0m1cbhb06o5he Category:Abantu Abalamu 14 14823 59828 2026-07-09T10:09:56Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added a description 59828 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano be bantu abakyassa. spgebczd1a0om2bn9xglt2tk4lyx5pk Peter Odhiambo (omukubi w’ebikonde, yazaalibwa 1958) 0 14824 59829 2026-07-09T10:10:03Z Judithamos 10087 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1265678736|Peter Odhiambo (boxer, born 1958)]]" 59829 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Odhiambo''' (yazaalibwa nga 11 Ogwokusatu 1958) Munnayuganda [[Mukubi w'ebikonde|omukubi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu mpaka [[z'abasajja ez'obuzito bwa middleweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1980]].<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Peter Odhiambo Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2018.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == n26hoessguf8tp60kc7pg3obdi4idpn Category:Ababirigi bannamawulire 14 14825 59831 2026-07-09T10:12:43Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added a description 59831 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano be bantu abasibuka mu ggwanga lya Belgium. fsxv4pibbsqeqipnkmt0fl23nags1ed William Bagonza 0 14826 59834 2026-07-09T10:15:56Z Judithamos 10087 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1156527120|William Bagonza]]" 59834 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Bagonza''' (12 Ogwekkumi n'ogumu 1960 &#x2013; 9 Ogwekkumi n'ebiri 2000) yali [[mukubi wa bikonde]] Omunnayuganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=William Bagonza |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/8427 |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=Olympedia}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Boxer dead |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1017749/boxer-dead |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Yavuganya mu mpaka [[z'abasajja ez'obuzito bwa flyweight]] mu mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1984.<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "William Bagonza Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2018.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == {{Reflist}} 45h3kgxq1sra9jdqa8pix5vmplnl3bi Category:Abakozi abaava mu Belgium okujja okukolera mu Uganda 14 14827 59836 2026-07-09T10:17:03Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added a description 59836 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano be bakozi abaava mu Belgium okujja okukolera mu Uganda. rrqo0f6e3v0yscpu17q0k4nr9er6jjc Category:Ababirigi bannamawulire abakazi 14 14828 59838 2026-07-09T10:19:17Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added a description 59838 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano be babirigi bannamawulire abakazi. 4cki5xdhlhpnvpxfcf3q4blrrckqh5m William Galiwango 0 14829 59842 2026-07-09T10:36:09Z Judithamos 10087 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1282147746|William Galiwango]]" 59842 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Galiwango''' (26 Ogwokubiri 1961 &#x2013; 2015) yali [[mukubi wa bikonde Omunnayuganda]]. Yavuganya mu mpaka [[z'abasajja ez'obuzito bwa welterweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1984]].<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "William Galiwango Olympic Results".</ref> Mu mizannyo gino, yawangula [[Anthony Rose]] owa [[Jamaica]], nga tannakubwa [[Charles Nwokolo]] owa [[Nigeria]].<ref name="SportsRef" /> == Ebijuliziddwa == 7a7m90fyk4exntaan020t6f7l4jadjf Category:Abazaale ba 1975 14 14830 59845 2026-07-09T10:43:38Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added a description 59845 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano be bantu abaazaalibwa mu mwaka gwa 1975. 23iqeh2dpdv41rptkc1azxlt9e4223z Peter Okumu 0 14831 59846 2026-07-09T10:44:03Z Judithamos 10087 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1156527246|Peter Okumu]]" 59846 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Okumu''' (yazaalibwa nga 9 Ogwekkumi 1962) Munnayuganda [[omukubi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu buzito [[bw'abasajja mu buzito bwa welterweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1984]].<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Peter Okumu Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2018.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == 292tnbd8nk6qun7izlfuwlfniamtj9z Category:Bannayuganda bannabyabufuzi 14 14832 59848 2026-07-09T10:44:55Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added a description 59848 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano be Bannayuganda bannabyabufuzi. d9zxdo2zzxkqheivoj7690frtmfzlxd Category:Bannayuganda ba yinginiya ab'ekyasa ky'abirimwekimu 14 14833 59850 2026-07-09T10:47:49Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added a description 59850 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano be Bannayuganda ba yinginiya ab'ekyasa ky'abirimwekimu. ftjquonqgktb9hjqkro4hkmrjrlt90z Category:Enkula ya Kampala 14 14834 59855 2026-07-09T10:54:45Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Ngaseeko amatuluba 59855 wikitext text/x-wiki Eno y'enkula ya Kampala bzobc4x8hflynllfrb3y5g2v1i5e2w9 Vicky Byarugaba 0 14835 59857 2026-07-09T10:55:25Z Judithamos 10087 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1316613916|Vicky Byarugaba]]" 59857 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Victor "Vicky" Byarugaba''' (yazaalibwa nga 17 Ogwekkumi n'ogumu 1954) Munnayuganda [[omukubi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu mpaka z'abasajja [[ez'obuzito bwa middleweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1984]].<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Vicky Byarugaba Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2018.</ref> == Emirimu gye == Byarugaba yakuba omukubi w'ebikonde Omuyisirayiri mu 1976 era kino kyacamula Ow'ekitiibwa Idi Amin kye yayita okwesasuza.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=The man who ‘avenged’ the 1976 raid |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/the-man-who-avenged-the-1976-raid-1658962 |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [[Vicky Byarugaba]] ku [[Olympedia]] 7f15ecwml4fyef5ms00n9fd7dhwd09z 59882 59857 2026-07-09T11:18:18Z Solomon Suubi 6901 59882 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Victor "Vicky" Byarugaba''' (yazaalibwa nga 17 Ogwekkumi n'ogumu 1954) Munnayuganda [[omukubi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu mpaka z'abasajja [[ez'obuzito bwa middleweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1984]].<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Vicky Byarugaba Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2018.</ref> == Emirimu gye == Byarugaba yakuba omukubi w'ebikonde Omuyisirayiri mu 1976 era kino kyacamula Ow'ekitiibwa Idi Amin kye yayita okwesasuza.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=The man who ‘avenged’ the 1976 raid |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/the-man-who-avenged-the-1976-raid-1658962 |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == <references/> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [[Vicky Byarugaba]] ku [[Olympedia]] nmlw153ky9zknm8ju3hedusymkk8p0d 59884 59882 2026-07-09T11:19:41Z Solomon Suubi 6901 Ntereezezza mu kiwandiiko 59884 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Victor "Vicky" Byarugaba''' (yazaalibwa nga 17 Ogwekkumi n'ogumu 1954) Munnayuganda [[omukubi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu mpaka z'abasajja [[ez'obuzito bwa middleweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1984]].<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Vicky Byarugaba Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2018.</ref> == Emirimu gye == Byarugaba yakuba omukubi w'ebikonde Omuyisirayiri mu 1976 era kino kyacamula Ow'ekitiibwa Idi Amin kye yayita okwesasuza.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=The man who ‘avenged’ the 1976 raid |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/the-man-who-avenged-the-1976-raid-1658962 |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == <references/> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/8428 Vicky Byarugaba] ku [[Olympedia]] p94ola0q3x1tuwa9qwc60i8xvh5gqqh Category:Enyanja ezaakolebwa bantu ezisinganibwa mu Uganda 14 14836 59858 2026-07-09T10:55:33Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Ngaseeko amatuluba 59858 wikitext text/x-wiki Eno y'emu ku nyanja ezaakolebwa bantu ezisinganibwa mu Uganda qv05uit82f7kv3v6oi6yrm2gqt130h2 Akayanja ka Kabaka 0 14837 59861 2026-07-09T10:56:27Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Samson Ssemakadde moved page [[Ennyanja ya Kabaka]] to [[Akayanja ya Kabaka]]: Misspelled title 59861 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Akayanja ya Kabaka]] dltdv6a7w6omo957gbwhvlygignrwy8 59864 59861 2026-07-09T10:57:13Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Samson Ssemakadde moved page [[Ennyanja ya Kabaka]] to [[Akayanja ka Kabaka]] over redirect: Misspelled title 59861 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Akayanja ya Kabaka]] dltdv6a7w6omo957gbwhvlygignrwy8 Ennyanja ya Kabaka 0 14838 59865 2026-07-09T10:57:13Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Samson Ssemakadde moved page [[Ennyanja ya Kabaka]] to [[Akayanja ka Kabaka]] over redirect: Misspelled title 59865 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Akayanja ka Kabaka]] 5d48tyzbt9kikoud0tr8tvxn5om8el9 Category:Ab'esimbawo ku kifo ky'omukulembeze w'eggwanga 14 14839 59866 2026-07-09T10:57:26Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added a description 59866 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano be bantu ab'esimbawo ku kifo ky'omukulembeze w'eggwanga. bf5nrwvzbhsh6xx7iywit0sth16hmfc Akayanja ya Kabaka 0 14840 59869 2026-07-09T11:00:30Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Samson Ssemakadde moved page [[Akayanja ya Kabaka]] to [[Akayanja ka Kabaka.]]: Misspelled title 59869 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Akayanja ka Kabaka.]] 0s3pqxby9mzuli3adpv83r3s80zg2wh Patrick Lihanda 0 14841 59871 2026-07-09T11:02:39Z Judithamos 10087 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1295835419|Patrick Lihanda]]" 59871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}'''Patrick Lihanda''' (yazaalibwa nga 11 Ogwokuna 1962) Munnayuganda [[omukubi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1984]] ne [[Mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1988|1988]].<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Patrick Lihanda Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2019.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == em9d86is5ybxiclcsmj383g7xkt1z0b Category:Bannabyabufuzi wansi w'ekibiina kya Conservative Party mu Uganda 14 14842 59873 2026-07-09T11:04:22Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added a description 59873 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano be bannabyabufuzi wansi w'ekibiina kya Conservative Party mu Uganda. 40blkcc8instgmbpnbz5y1vifo9zp6t Dodovic Owiny 0 14843 59875 2026-07-09T11:09:11Z Judithamos 10087 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1156527262|Dodovic Owiny]]" 59875 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Dodovic Owiny''' (yazaalibwa nga 8 Ogwokuttaano 1954) Munnayuganda [[omukubi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu mpaka [[z'abasajja eza heavyweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1984]].<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Dodovic Owiny Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2019.</ref> Mu lulwana lwe olwasooka, yakuba [[Michael Kenny]] owa New Zealand, nga tannakubwa [[Willie deWit]] owa Canada mu kitundu ekyaddako.<ref name="SportsRef" /> == Ebijuliziddwa == gvov9rfei6pbu7vuu2zpzay8bywvnr3 Charles Kizza 0 14844 59890 2026-07-09T11:23:45Z Judithamos 10087 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363030342|Charles Kizza]]" 59890 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles Bakule Kizza''' (yazaalibwa nga 18 Ogw'olubereberye 1974), amanyiddwa nga '''Charles Kizza''', Munnayuganda [[omukubi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu mpaka [[z'abasajja eza heavyweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1996]].<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Charles Kizza". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2019.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [[Charles Kizza]] at [[Olympics.com]] * [[Charles Kizza]] at the [[Commonwealth Games Federation]] (archived) hglqsk8wfr0d336lsx9cyr72q2vqho7 Category:Abazaale ba 1964 14 14845 59898 2026-07-09T11:29:36Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added a description 59898 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano be bantu abaazaalibwa mu 1964. 4wu3assazbcgg51su8s11pgzm8b1llx Category:Abakola ku ludda lw'ebyensoma mu Ankole Western University 14 14846 59899 2026-07-09T11:30:21Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added a description 59899 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano be bakozi ku ludda lw'ebyensoma mu Ankole Western University. inorbig8i88hb7mm5cxuxyv5n50687d Category:Abakozi ku ludda lw'ebyensoma ku Bishop Stuart University 14 14847 59900 2026-07-09T11:30:51Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added a description 59900 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano be bakozi ku ludda lw'ebyensoma ku Bishop Stuart University. k219jlj8bd7vlq679suwf0mjqwjvw7x Category:Bannanyabufuzi abatalina bibiina mu Uganda 14 14848 59901 2026-07-09T11:31:30Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added a description 59901 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano be bannanyabufuzi abatalina bibiina mu Uganda. oyvfdr48aiu4oygdv7ndpolvx00o8qp Category:Ba mmemba ba palamenti ya Uganda eyekkumineemu 14 14849 59902 2026-07-09T11:32:03Z NKINZIK MARIE 7432 Added a description 59902 wikitext text/x-wiki Bano be ba mmemba ba palamenti ya Uganda eyekkumineemu. loq7bgna1jyrhyu547ok1j9ltr9z78r Godfrey Wakaabu 0 14850 59903 2026-07-09T11:33:13Z Judithamos 10087 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1156527298|Godfrey Wakaabu]]" 59903 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Godfrey Wakaabu''' (yazaalibwa nga 1 Ogw'olubererye 1970) Munnayuganda [[Mukubi w'ebikonde|omukubi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu mpaka [[z'abasajja ez'obuzito bwa welterweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 1992]].<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Godfrey Wakaabu Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2019.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == [[Godfrey Wakaabu]] ku [[Olympedia]] [[Godfrey Wakaabu]] ku InterSportStats 7y7v1gj816jtoc0b6dr2agzjph5ori9 Kassim Napa Adam 0 14851 59907 2026-07-09T11:43:23Z Judithamos 10087 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1295836706|Kassim Napa Adam]]" 59907 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kassim Napa Adam''' (yazaalibwa nga 25 Ogw'ottaano 1976) Munnayuganda [[omukubi w'ebikonde]]. Yavuganya mu mpaka [[z'abasajja ez'obuzito bwa featherweight]] mu [[mizannyo gya Olympics egy'omusana mu 2000]].<ref name="SportsRef">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "Kassim Napa Adam Olympic Results". ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2019.</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == <span class="wd_p14105">[https://intersportstats.com/athletes/3000519669 Kassim Napa Adam] ku [[Olympia]]</span> <span class="wd_p14105">[https://intersportstats.com/athletes/3000519669 Kassim Napa Adam] at InterSportStats<span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback" style="padding-left:.3em">[[d:Q60687388#P14105|[[File:Blue_pencil.svg|link=|text-top|10x10px|Edit on Wikidata]]]]</span></span> gqnrrkpdxbsnay9lei9ix00vwm7vevi Benson Masanda 0 14852 59913 2026-07-09T11:50:27Z Judithamos 10087 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324078405|Benson Masanda]]" 59913 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Benson Masanda''' Munnayuganda eyali [[omukubi w'ebikonde eby'amateur]] era n'awangula omudaali gwa zaabu mu [[mizannyo gya British Commonwealth mu 1970]] n'ekikomo mu 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Benson Masanda {{!}} Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/results/athletes/43413 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408031125/https://thecgf.com/results/athletes/43413 |archive-date=8 April 2020 |access-date=8 April 2020 |website=thecgf.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == * [https://thecgf.com/results/athletes/43413 Benson Masanda] Archived 2020-04-08 mu [[kibiina ekifuga emizannyo ekya Commonwealth Games Federation]] 113oav6q20tt0dg2vl8wl05kat9lzl8 Category:Kampuni z'emikutu gya leediyo eziwereza mu Uganda 14 14853 59918 2026-07-09T11:58:50Z Samson Ssemakadde 6903 Ngaseeko amatuluba 59918 wikitext text/x-wiki Zino ze kampuni z'emikutu gya leediyo eziwereza mu Uganda ciu95y38cfpbaf3tvhbfa3z1lu9aul5