Rajoelina Andry

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="mg">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>mgwiki</dbname>
    <base>https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Fandraisana</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Rakitra</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Manokana</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Dinika</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">Mpikambana</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">Dinika amin'ny mpikambana</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Dinika amin'ny Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">Sary</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">Dinika amin'ny sary</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">Dinika amin'ny MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Endrika</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Dinika amin'ny endrika</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Fanoroana</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Dinika amin'ny fanoroana</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Sokajy</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Dinika amin'ny sokajy</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Discussion module</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Rajoelina Andry</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3507</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1152746</id>
      <parentid>1152740</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-01T13:37:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HBoina</username>
        <id>40172</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Nanampy</comment>
      <origin>1152746</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="75875" sha1="0lmpep4xv099ybsa1gub89023qxqxle" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox olona|anarana=Andry Nirina Rajoelina
|asa=[[Filoham-pirenena]]
|firenena=Madagasikara
|anarana hafa=Andry Rajoelina
|sary=Andry Nirina Rajoelina|teraka=30 Mey 1974|toerana= [[Antsirabe]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ouest-france.fr/monde/madagascar/qui-est-andry-rajoelina-le-president-malgache-en-fuite-5a58b85c-a875-11f0-a399-70ff1c676380 Ouest France: Qui est Andry Rajoelina,]&lt;/ref&gt;
|seha-pitiavana=Manambady|image=|Asa fanampiny=Mpandraharaha|Orinasa=Printy Infojet 
Radio Viva sy fahitalavitra Viva|Anarany ray=Roger Yves Rajoelina|Asan'ny ray=Kolonely manam-boninahitra ny Tafika|Anaran'ny Reny=Rasoamalala Olga Rajoelina|Asan'ny reny=Mpandrahara|Zanaka=Telo, roa lahy, vavy tokana
Ilontsoa Rajoelina, Ilona Rajoelina, Arena Rajoelina|Asa niandohana faha tanorana=DJ, nanetana|Asa natao=Ben'ny Tanana Antananarivo|asa hafa=Serasera|karazana=Roa : Malagasy/Frantsay|Karazzn'ny Ray=Roa : Malagasy/ Frantsay|Firazanana=Merina, Antsirabe vakin'akaratra|Vady=Razakadisa Mialy
Mpandraharaha|Mpandraharaha=Ireo zanaka, 
Reny
Rafozambavy simista, 
Fianakaviana}}

'''Andry Nirina Rajoelina''' teraka tamin'ny 30 may 1974 tao amin'ny fianakaviana iray mpanakarena tao Antsirabe, ny rainy kolenely Roger Yves Rajoelina, dia nizaka ny zom-pirenena roa: Malagasy/Frantsay Ary nitady hoan'ny tafika frantsaynandritra ny adin'ny Algeria. manambady any Mialy Razakadisa ny taona 2000, mananjanaka telo dia Ilontsoa Rajoelina sy Ilona Rajoelina Ary Arena Rajoelina, mpanao politika no sady mpandraharaha tompon'ny orinasa mpanao pirity sy dokam-barotra Infojet, radio sy fahitan-davitra Viva, izay filohan'ny Fahena Avo n'y tetezamita Madagasikara nanomboka ny taona 2009 ka hatramin'ny 2014.

Mialy Razakandisa dia fianakaviana mpana-karena. Zanaky Nicole Razakandisa (maty  tamin'ny 2012), de finoana protestanta, simista sy vehivavy mpandraharaha izay tompony sy mpitantana ny orinasa mpamokatra zavatra simika.&lt;ref&gt;http://fr&lt;nowiki/&gt;.wikipedia.org&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny taona 1993, Téo amin'ny faha 19 taonany nangana ny orinasa kely atsoina hoe show Business izy. Talohan' ny nidiran-dRajoelina tamin' ny pôlitika dia mpikirakira irony kapila mangilatra na mpampandihy (DJ) izy ary efa nirotsaka tamin' ny fandraharahana teo amin' ny sehatra tsy miankina ihany koa i Rajoelina, anisan' izany ny orinasa mpanao pirinty sy dokam-barotra antsoina hoe ''Injet'' tamin' ny taona 1999 sy ny tambajotran' ny [[radiô]] sy [[fahitalavitra]] ''[[Viva Madagascar|Viva]]'' tamin' ny taona 2007.

Ny taona 2007, nividy ny orinasa radio sy fahita lavitra Ravinala izy Ary nanova ny anarany ho Viva Tv sy Viva FM

Ny taona 1999, nanangana ny Info Injet izy, orinasa manao printsy nomerika izay nitatra tamin'ny dokam-barotra amin'ny endrika lehibe amin'ny takelaka lehibe sy amin'ny takelaka lehibe tao Antananarivo. Mialy Razakadisa vadiny no nitantana ny orinasa mpanao dokam-barotra an-tseratsera Domapub izay any fianakaviany.

Ny taona 2007, nividy ny orinasa radio sy fahita lavitra Ravinala izy Ary nanova ny anarany ho Viva Tv sy Viva FM. Io taona izy no nanangana ny antoko pôlitika [[Tanora Gasy Vonona]] (TGV) ary lany tamin'ny vato 63,3% Raha 55% ny isan'ny mpifidy Tonga,  nandresy an'i Hery Rafalimanana, izay mpikambana ao amin'ny antoko TIM ka lany ho [[ben' ny tanànan' Antananarivo]] nandritra ny herintaona, nanomboka tamin' ny 12 Desambra 2007 hatramin' ny 3 Febroary 2009 mialoha ny namindrany ny fahefana amin' i [[Michèle Ratsivalaka]] izay nosoloina koa an' i [[Edgard Razafindravahy]] avy any [[Ambohimalaza]] toa an' i Rajoelina.


Ny tahirim-bolan'Antananarivo dia nanana trosa 8.2 lavitrisa [[Ariary]] Malagasy tokony eo amin'ny 4.6 tapitrisa dolara amerikana eo ho eo. Tamin'ny 4 Janoary 2008, noho ny trosa tsy voaloa tamin'ny [[Jiro sy Rano Malagasy|Jirama]], dia niharan'ny fahatapahan-drano ankapobeny ny tanànan'i Antananarivo, ary [[Brownout (electricity)|tapaka koa]] ny jiro teny an-dalam-be. osa novataniny tao io. Ny holan'ny Jirama sy ny fanjakana dia efa taona maro io Ary efa antitra ny fitaovana no tsy ampy ny filan'ny vahoaka intsony ny vokatra noho ny olana maro sedrain'ny Jirama.r&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://mg.wikipedia.org&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Nandritra izany dia nitarika hetsika nanoherana ny filoha [[Ravalomanana Marc|Marc Ravalomanana]] izy ka niafara tamin' ny krizy pôlitika tamin' ny taona 2009 izany. Notendren' ny filankevitra miaramila ho filohan' ny [[Fahefana Avon' ny Tetezamita]] (FAT) i Rajoelina&lt;ref&gt;https://mg.globalvoices.org/2023/12/14/167374/&lt;/ref&gt;, tamin' ny alalan' ny hetsika izay nosokajin' ny [[fianakaviambe iraisam-pirenena]] ho [[fanonganam-panjakana]]. Nanao fianianana amin'ny maha filohan' ny [[Fahefana Avon' ny Tetezamita|Tetezamita]] azy izy tamin' ny 21 Marsa 2009 na dia tsy nankatoavin' ny fianakaviam-be iraisam-pirenena aza izany. 

Noravan-dRajoelina ny [[Antenimierandoholona (Madagasikara)|Antenimieran-doholona]] sy ny [[Antenimierampirenena (Madagasikara)|Antenimieram-pirenena]]&lt;ref&gt;https://assemblee-nationale.mg/&lt;/ref&gt;, ary namindra ny fahefan' izy ireo tamin' ny rafitra vaovao isan-karazany miandraikitra ny fanaraha-maso ny tetezamita mankany amin' ny fahefana vaovao manaja ny [[Lalàmpanorenan' i Madagasikara|lalàmpanorenana]]. Nifanohitra tamin' ny dingana nateraky ny fanelanelanana iraisam-pirenena izay nikendry ny hananganana governemanta tetezamita izany. Nankatoavin' ny mpifidy ny lalàmpanorenana vaovao tamin' ny [[fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka]] nahabe resaka tamin' ny Nôvambra 2010, izay nampiditra an' i [[Madagasikara]] ao amin' ny [[Repoblika Fahefatra (Madagasikara)|Repoblika fahefatra]]. Nitana ny maha filohan' ny FAT azy hatramin' ny fifidianana [[solombavambahoaka]] tamin' ny taona 2013 i Andry Rajoelina ka tsy nametra-pialana raha tsy tamin' ny taona 2014. Nandrombaka ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena tamin' ny taona 2018 izy ary nanao fianianana ho filohan' i Madagasikara tamin' ny 19 Janoary 2019.

Tafiditra tao anatin' ny fe-potoam-piasany ny [[Valanaretin' ny coronavirus eto Madagasikara|valanaretina Covid-19 teto Madagasikara]], izay nampielezany vaovao diso sy nampandrosoany fitsaboana tsy voaporofo momba ity aretina ity. Namely ny firenena  koa ny krizy ara-tsakafo tamin' ny 2021 sy ny rivodoza Batsirai.

Lany fanindroany tamin' ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena i Andry Rajoelijna tamin' ny taona 2023. Tamin' ny taona 2025 izy dia lasa anisan' ny Troika mpitantana ny SADC.


Ny novembre sy décembre 2008, tafiditra anatin'ny tantara ratsy roa ny governemanta. Fifanarahana tamin'ny Jolay 2008 niarahanay tamin'ny Daewoo Logistics.mba hanofa ny antsasaky y tany azo volena amin'ny nosy ho any fambolena katsaka sy menaka palmier any Korean Atsimo, Ary ny faharoa tamin'ny décembre 2008, Boeing 737, izay mitetina 60 tapitrida dolara amerikana, izay nahatonga ny banky iraisam-pirenena sy ny FMI hampiato ny fanohanana ara-bola mitentina 35 tapitrida dolara ho any Madagasikara.&lt;ref&gt;http://mg.wikipedia.org&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanomboka tamin'ny 25 Septambra 2025 ny [[Hetsi-panoheran'ny 2025 eto Madagasikara|fihetsiketsehana manohitra ny fahatapahan']] [[Hetsi-panoheran'ny 2025 eto Madagasikara|ny rano sy ny herinaratra]] matetika ary nivadika ho fihetsiketsehana manohitra ny fitondran' i Andry Rajoelina izany. Tamin' ny 12 Oktobra 2025 dia nivoaka nefa tsy nety nitifitra ny vahoaka ny tafika avy ao amin' ny CAPSAT ary naneho ny fangorahany ny mpanao fihetsiketsehana, dia nandositra ny firenena i Andry Rajoelina avy eo, noho ny fanampian' ny tafika ana habakabaka frantsay, dia niondrana nankao [[La Réunion]] avy eo tany amin' ny toerana tsy fantatra. Taorian' io fandosirana io dia nanao latsabato fanongana azy ny [[Antenimierampirenena (Madagasikara)|Antenimiera-pirenena]] ka [[solombavambahoaka]] 130 tamin' ny 131 no nadany izany (raha 163 ny isan' ny solombavambahoaka rehetra). Nandray ny fahefana avy eo ny kôlônely [[Michaël Randrianirina]]. Nambaran' ny [[Fitsarana momba ny Lalàmpanorenana|Fitsarana]] [[Fitsarana momba ny Lalàmpanorenana|Avo momba ny Lalàmpanorenana]] fa banga ny toeran' ny filoham-pirenena ary nanasa azy handray ny toeran' ny filoham-pirenena. Tamin' ny 24 Oktobra 2025 dia namoy ny [[zom-pirenena malagasy]] i Andry Rajoelina, noho izy [[Zom-pirenena frantsay|lasa Frantsay]] tamin' ny taona 2014.

== Fiainana ivelan' ny pôlitika ==

=== Fianakaviana ===
Rajoelina Andry Nirina&lt;ref&gt;https://mg.globalvoices.org/2023/12/14/167374/&lt;/ref&gt; dia teraka tao amin' ny fianakaviana nanana ny ampy, tamin' ny 30 Mey 1974 tao [[Antsirabe]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Francis Kpatindé. &quot;[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20131016-madagascar-presidentielle-andry-rajoelina-il-dit-son-dernier-mot Andry Rajoelina a-t-il dit son dernier mot?] &quot;. ''RFI Afrique''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Merina]] avy ao afovoan-tanin' i [[Madagasikara]] izy. Manamboninahitra ao amin' ny tafika malagasy ny rainy, Kôlônely Roger Yves Rajoelina (izay niady tao amin' ny tafika frantsay ho an' i [[Frantsa]] nandritra ny [[Ady  tao Aljeria]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Rajoelina-pere-conseiller-de,13076.html Rajoelina père, conseiller de Sunpec] {{Wayback|url=https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Rajoelina-pere-conseiller-de,13076.html|date=20230619131307}}&quot;, Madagascar Tribune,‎ 19 novembre 2009 [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madagascar-tribune.com%2FRajoelina-pere-conseiller-de%2C13076.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&amp;tab=url tahiry]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Cole, Jennifer (2010). ''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=TnO3qxGouosC&amp;redir_esc=y Sex and Salvation: Imagining the Future in Madagascar]''. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 180–182. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780226113319&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; sy lasa miaramila mpampianatra tao amin' ny Akademia miaramila tao Antsirabe taty aoriana) sy i Olga Rakotomalala Rasoanjanahary. I Andry Rajoelina dia zanakalahy tokana, manana 04 anabavy efatra. Tao Antsirabe avy eo tao [[Antananarivo]] no nandaniany ny fahazazany.  [[Sary:Andry et Mialy Rajoelina, allée des Baobabs, 22 avril 2012.jpg|vignette|276x276px|Andry Rajoelina sy Mialy Rajoelina tamin'ny taona 2012]]I [[Mialy Razakandisa]], izay zanakavavin' i Nicole Razakandisa, vehivavy mpandraharaha (maty tamin' ny taona 2012) izy no vadiny. Talohan' ny nandehanan' i Mialy ho any [[Parisy|Paris]] ([[Frantsa]]) ka nitoerany any nandritra ny enin-taona tamin' ny fianarany momba ny fitantanana sy ny fitantanam-bola, no nanaovana ny fifamofoana. Tamin' ny taona 2000 no nanatanterahan' izy ireo ny fananambadiany. Teny amin' ny [[Katedralin'  Andohalo]] no nanatanterahana ny lanonana izay nahitana mofomamy mariazy mirefy 4 m miendrika lalamby. Manan-janaka miisa telo mianadahy izy ireo, roa lahy sy vavy tokana, dia i Arena (teraka tamin' ny taona 2001) sy i Ilontsoa (teraka tamin' ny taona 2004) ary i Andrialy (teraka tamin' ny taona 2005). 

=== Fandraharahana ===
Teo amin' ny faha-17 taonany, dia nanangana vondron-tanora tia mozika, dihy, kolontsaina ary fialamboly isan-karazany i Andry Rajoelina. Nitarika an' ity vondrona ity sady nanao hetsika ara-kolontsaina isan-karazany. Tamin' ny taona 1994 dia nanomboka ny asany amin' ny maha mpandraharaha hetsika azy i Andry Rajoelina. Izy no mikarakara ireo hetsika malaza ao [[Antananarivo]] ary nanomboka ny &quot;Live&quot; takariva&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/205281/politique/andry-rajoelina/ Fiche d'Andry Rajoelina]&quot; [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeuneafrique.com%2F205281%2Fpolitique%2Fandry-rajoelina%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&amp;tab=url tahiry]], ''jeuneafrique.com'', 11 février 2009.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamin' ny taona 1998, niaraka tamin' ny fanohanan' ny orinasa ''Fiaro'', sampan' ny orinasa fiantohana ''ARO'', izay an' ny fanjakana, dia namorona ny orinasam-panontana printy nomerika sy fitantanana takela-by fametahana dokam-barotra ''Injet'' izy, ary lasa tompony 100% taty aoriana. Ity no orinasa voalohany eto Madagasikara nahazo teknôlôjia fanontana printy amin' ny velarana lehibe dia lehibe, izay nahafahany nanjaka haingana eo amin’ ny tsenan’ ny fampirantiana dokam-barotra. Ny fahombiazan' ny ''Injet'' dia nahazoany fahatokisana tanteraka tamin-dRaharifidy tompon' ny ''DomaPub'', izay novidiny tamin' ny taona 2000, orinasa miompana amin' ny dokam-barotra sy ny fifandraisana&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Voafidin’ ny gazetiboky ''Eco-Austral'' ho mpitantana mahay indrindra tamin' ny taona 2000 izy.

Tamin' ny taona 2003 dia nosafidin' ny [[Banque Nationale de l'Industrie]] (BNI) ho mpitantana tsara indrindra tamin’ io taona io i Andry Rajoelina, ary nahazo findramam-bola amin' ny zana-bola aotra tamin’ ity banky ity ho valisoany. Avy eo izy dia nampiasa vola tao amin' ny valan-takela-by mazava fanaovana dokam-barotra ''Trivision'', saingy ny taona nanaraka dia nolavin' ny manampahefana malagasy ny fametrahana ireo karazana takela-by vaovao ireo&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.madagate.org/reportages/entreprendre/1936-andry-rajoelina-en-2002-et-2004-le-debut-de-la-fin-pour-ravalomanana.pdf Andry Rajoelina en 2002 et 2004 : Le début de la fin pour Ravalomanana] {{Wayback|url=https://www.madagate.org/reportages/entreprendre/1936-andry-rajoelina-en-2002-et-2004-le-debut-de-la-fin-pour-ravalomanana.pdf |date=20190523131954 }}&quot; [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madagate.org%2Freportages%2Fentreprendre%2F1936-andry-rajoelina-en-2002-et-2004-le-debut-de-la-fin-pour-ravalomanana.pdf%2Findex.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&amp;tab=url tahiry]], www.madagate.com, 6 juillet 2011.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Tamin' ny taona 2007 dia nanitatra ny fampiasam-bolany tamin' ny haino aman-jery i Andry Rajoelina tamin' ny nividianany ny radio sy fahitalavitra ''Ravinala'', izay an' ilay mpanao pôlitika [[Norbert Ratsirahonana]], ka nomeny anarana hoe ''Viva''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/205281/politique/andry-rajoelina/ Andry Rajoelina]&quot; [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeuneafrique.com%2F205281%2Fpolitique%2Fandry-rajoelina%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&amp;tab=url tahiry]], www.jeuneafrique.com, 11 février 2009.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Nahazo ny zom-pirenena frantsay ===
{{lahatsoratra antsipirihany|Fizakan' i Andry Rajoelina zom-pirenena frantsay}}
Nipetraka tany [[Frantsa]] ny fianakaviana Andry Rajoelina taorian' ny fanekeny ny hisitaka amin' ny fanaovana pôlitika mba hahafahan' ny firenena hiverina amin' ny lamina araka ny [[lalàmpanorenana]]. Tamin' ny taona 2013 no nanaovany fangatahana zom-pirenena frantsay ka [[Fizakan' i Andry Rajoelina zom-pirenena frantsay|tamin' ny taona 2014 no nahazoany izany]]. Nivoaka ny didim-panjakana nosoniavin' ny praiminisitra frantsay [[Manuel Valls]] sy ny minisitry ny atitany frantsay [[Bernard Cazeneuve]], tamin' ny 19 Nôvambra 2014 tamin' io taona io. Niseho tao amin' ny gazetim-panjakana frantsay tamin' ny 21 Nôvambra 2014 ny fanapahan-kevitra momba izany. I [[Mialy Rajoelina|Mialy Razakandisa]] vadiny sy ny zanany telo koa dia misitraka izany zom-pirenena frantsay izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/06/15/madagascar-le-president-rajoelina-est-bien-francais_6177722_3212.html Madagascar : le président Rajoelina est bien français]&quot;, ''Le Monde.fr'',‎ 15 juin 2023 (vakio eto [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2023%2F06%2F15%2Fmadagascar-le-president-rajoelina-est-bien-francais_6177722_3212.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&amp;tab=url tahiry]], notsidihina tamin' ny 15 juin 2023)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4f5473682.pdf Code de la nationalité malagasy] {{Wayback|url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4f5473682.pdf |date=20230917091221 }}&quot;, ''www.refworld.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[http://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Madagascar-Code-de-la-nationalit%C3%A9-mis-%C3%A0-jour-2017.pdf Code de la nationalité malagasy mise à jour, 2017]&quot;, ''citizenshiprightsafrica.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Tsy nambarany na tamin' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] izany ary tsy nanao fanambaràna momba izany koa izy tamin' ny fametrahany ny antontan-taratasy filatsahan-ko fidina ho filoham-pirenena ka afaka nilatsaka soa aman-tsara. Taty amin' ny volana Jona 2023 vao nivoaka tao amin' ny tambajotran-tserasera sy nohamafisin' ny fampahalalam-baovao frantsay ny porofo momba io fananany zom-pirenena frantsay nangatahina io. 

Niteraka resabe sy ady hevitra teo amin' ny mpanao pôlitika sy ny mpahay lalàna ary ny mpanaraka ny raharaham-pirenena malagasy izany zavatra izany, ka tao ny nanamaivana izany noho ny fiheverany fa efa tsy nampiharina hatry ny ela ny lalàna malagasy momba ny maha olom-pirenena, ka sady Malagasy no [[Frantsay (vahoaka)|Frantsay]] i Andry Rajoelina hoy izy ireo. Ao koa ireo nihevitra fa efa tsy Malagasy i Andry Rajoelina izay nanomboka nitondra an' i Madagaskara amin' ny maha filohan' ny Repoblika azy tamin' ny taona 2019, ka tokony hametra-pialana na hesorina fa mpamadika tanindrazana.

== Ben' ny tanànan' Antananarivo ==
[[Sary:Andry Rajoelina on April 28, 2024 (cropped).jpg|vignette|Andry Rajoelina]]

=== Fahalaniana ho ben' ny tanàna ===
Niroso amin' ny fifaninanana ho ben' ny tanànan' Antananarivo tao amin' ny fikambanana Tanora Gasy Vonona (TGV) i Andry Rajoelina, ka tamin' ny 12 Desambra 2007 dia voafidy ho ben' ny tanànan' Antananarivo izy tamin' ny vato 63,27 %, 

Tamin' ny 3 Nôvambra 2007 no nanambaran' i Andry Rajoelina fa kandida [[Ben' ny tanànan' Antananarivo|ben' ny tanànan']] ny renivohitr' i [[Madagasikara]] izy, ary namorona ny fikambanana ''Tanora Gasy Vonona'' na TGV. Nanambara ny tenany ho tsy miankina sy tsy mikambana amin' ny mpanohitra izy. Tamin' ny 12 Desambra 2007 no lany ho ben' ny tanànan' Antananarivo tamin' ny vato 63,27 % nanoloana ny kandidàn4 ny antokon' ny mpitondra ''[[Tiako i Madagasikara|Tiako I Madagasikara]]'' (TIM)&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;, na dia teo aza ny sakantsakana nataon' ny fitondran' i [[Ravalomanana Marc|Marc Ravalomanana]]. Ben' ny tanànan' Antananarivo izy hatramin' izay ka hatramin' ny 3 Febroary 2009, mialoha ny nametrahany ny fahefana amin' i [[Michèle Ratsivalaka]] izay nosoloina koa an' i [[Edgard Razafindravahy]] avy any [[Ambohimalaza]] toa azy.

Tamin' ny taona 2008 no nanombohany ny fanamboarana ny Lapan' ny Tanànana, izay nisy nandoro 36 taona talohan' izay, tamin' ny 13 Mey 1972 taorian' ny [[Tolon' ny mpianatra malagasy tamin' ny 13 Mey 1972|hetsiky ny mpianatra]] tamin' izany fotoana izany, ary nanolotra volavolam-panangonana tamin' ny filoham-pirenena [[Ravalomanana Marc]] izy mba hanangonana ny vola ilaina amin' ny asa famitana ny asa&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.madagate.org/reportages/photos/767-mamy-rajaobelina-a-propos-de-lhotel-de-ville.html Mamy Rajaobelina : à propos de l’Hôtel de Ville] {{Wayback|url=https://www.madagate.org/reportages/photos/767-mamy-rajaobelina-a-propos-de-lhotel-de-ville.html |date=20230619131307 }}&quot; [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madagate.org%2Freportages%2Fphotos%2F767-mamy-rajaobelina-a-propos-de-lhotel-de-ville.html#&amp; tahiry]], www.madagate.org, 1er décembre 2008.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nanomboka ny 17 Mey 2008 ny fanamboarana ny lapan' ny tanàna.

=== Tsy fifanarahana tamin' ny fitondram-panjakana ===
Ny fifandirana voalohany teo amin' i Andry Rajoelina sy ny filoha [[Ravalomanana Marc|Ravalomanana]] dia nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2003, raha nitaky ny fitondra-panjakana ny mba hanesorana ny takelaka fanaovana dokam-barotra ''Trivision'' voalohany teto [[Antananarivo]],  izay napetrak' i Rajoelina teo amin' ny rondronana lehibe iray tao an-drenivohitra.

Nanambara izy fa misakantsakana ny fanatanterahany ny andraikiny eo amin' ny fitantanan-draharaha sy ny fitantanam-bola ny zavatra ataon' ny fitondram-panjakana. Io no fiandohan' ny fifandonana teo amin' i Andry Rajoelina sy i [[Marc Ravalomanana]]. 

== Ny krizy pôlitika 2009 sy ny fitondrana tetezamita ==

=== Ny krizy tamin' ny taona 2009 ===
[[Sary:Antananarivo - P1090823.jpg|vignette|234x234px|Fihetsiketseham-panoherana notarihin' i Andry Rajoelina tamin' ny taona 2009 tao Antananarivo.]]
Nanozongozona ny fitondran' i [[Ravalomanana Marc|Marc Ravalomanana]] ny hetsi-panoherana tamin' ny taona 2008, taorian' ny nahazoan' ny filohan' ny Repoblika tamin' izany fiaramanidina vaovao mitentina 60 tapitrisa dôlara, sy ny fampindramana tany 1,3 tapitrisa hekitara ho an' ny orinasa ''Daewoo Logistics'', ary ny fampitsaharana ny fanampiana ara-tetibolan' ny kaominina avy amin' ny mpiara-miombon' antoka ara-teknika sy ara-bola. Tamin' ny 17 Desambra 2008, taorian' ny fanakatonan' ny fanjakana ny fahitalavitra ''Viva TV'', taorian' ny fandefasana ny tafatafa nataon' ny filoha teo aloha [[Didier Ratsiraka]], dia nitaky ny hanokafana an' ilay fahitalavitra i Andry Rajoelina ary namoaka teny fampitandremana farany, izay lany fe-potoana tamin' ny 13 Janoary 2009. Nitarika hetsika goavana hanoherana ny fitondran-dRavalomanana tao an-drenivohitra izy avy eo&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[http://www.politique-africaine.com/numeros/pdf/conjonctures/113152.pdf Madagascar : un conflit d’entrepreneurs ?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.politique-africaine.com/numeros/pdf/conjonctures/113152.pdf |date=20220814081107 }}&quot; [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politique-africaine.com%2Fnumeros%2Fpdf%2Fconjonctures%2F113152.pdf%2Findex.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&amp;tab=url tahiry]], www.politique-africaine.com, mars 2009.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, hetsika izay niafara tamin' ny [[fanonganam-panjakana]] sy nitarika ny fametraham-pialan' ny filohan' ny Repoblika tamin' ny 17 Marsa 2009 sy fidiran' ny firenena amin' ny Tetezamita tamin' ny 21 Marsa 2009 ka i Andry Rajoelina no filohan' ny [[Fahefana Avon' ny Tetezamita]] (FAT). Amin' ireo izay tsy momba azy ihany koa anefa dia betsaka ny olona maty noho ny nataony ary betsaka ny olon-dratsy izay nivoaka ny fonja noho izy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7947381.stm Pressure grows on Madagascar head]&quot; [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F7947381.stm#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&amp;tab=url tahiry]], 17 mars 2009, BBC&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Filohan' ny Tetezamita ===
Tamin' ny 17 Marsa 2009 dia lasa Filoha Avon' ny Tetezamita tao amin' ny Repoblikan' i Madagasikara i Andry Rajoelina ary nanao sonia ny ''didy hitsivolana faha-2009-003'' izay nametraka ny [[Fahefana Avon' ny Tetezamita]] (FAT) sy ny fanafoanana ny Antenimiera izay voafidim-bahoaka. Nanaiky ary nandraikitra izany famindràm-pahefana izany ny [[Fitsarana Avo momba ny Lalàmpanorenana]]&lt;ref&gt;''La Haute Cour constitutionnelle investit Andry Rajoelina'', L'Express de Madagascar, 19 Martsa 2009&lt;/ref&gt;. Nanao ny fianianana amin' ny maha filohan' ny Tetezamita azy i [[Andry Rajoelina]] tamin' ny 21 Marsa 2009 na dia tsy nankatoavin' ny [[fianakaviambe iraisam-pirenena]] aza izany. Nentiny tamin' izany ny taratasy avy amin' ny Fitsarana Avo momba ny Lalàmpanorenana izay tsy azo lazaina ho didy satria taratasy tsotra fa tsy didim-panjakana.

Lasa filohan' ny Tetezamita izy taorian' ny fifampiraharahana teo ambany fanelanelanan' ny mpitarika ny [[Fiombonan' ny Fiangonana Kristiana eto Madagasikara]] (FFKM) aloha, avy eo teo ambany fanelanelanan' ny fianakaviambe iraisam-pirenena tao [[Antananarivo]], tany [[Addis-Abeba|Addis Abeba]] ([[Etiôpia]]), tany [[Pretoria]] ([[Afrika Atsimo]]), tany [[Sandton (Afrika Atsimo)|Sandton]] ([[Afrika Atsimo]]) ary tany [[Gaborone]] ([[Bôtsoana]]).

Nananatanterahana fifidianana lalàmpanorenana vaovao i Andry Rajoelina tamin' ny alalan' ny [[fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka]] izay nahalany ny &quot;Eny&quot; tamin' ny 74 % amin' ny isam-bato, koa dia teraka tamin' ny 11 Desambra 2010 ny [[Repoblika Fahefatra (Madagasikara)|Repoblika fahefatra]] izay. Tamin' ny taona 2011, ny fanapahan-kevitra ny amin' ny hisian' ny fiaraha-mitantana araka ny sori-dalana nasain' ny fianakaviambe iraisam-pirenena nohajaina. Naato vokatr' izany ny fampiharana ilay lalàmpanorenana vao lany teo. Ankolafy pôlitika miisa efatra no nitarika ny firenena, dia ny ankolafy Ravalomanana, ny ankolafy Didier Ratsiraka, ny ankolafy Zafy Albert ary ny ankolafy Andry Rajoelina, ka i Andry Rajoelina no ny filohan' ny Tetezamita.

Ny volana Janoary 2012, noho ny fivoahan' ny NOTAM (fanafohezana ny hoe: ''notice to airmen,'' &quot;''Filazana ho an' ny mpamily fiaramanidina''&quot;) izay tsy nahafanan' ny fiaramanidina nitondra ny filoha teo aloha [[Marc Ravalomanana]] niditra eto [[Madagasikara]], voatery niverina tany [[Afrika Atsimo]] ilay filoham-pirenena taloha. Tsy nanaiky nidina tamin' ilay fiaramanidina i Ravalomanana. Ho an' ny mpikambana ao amin' ny antoko pôlitika TIM, dia tsy fanajana ny tondrozotra (&quot;''feuille de route''&quot;) i''zany &lt;ref name=&quot;rfi&quot;&gt;[http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/5min/20120121-marc-ravalomanana-empeche-atterrir-antananarivo-madagascar Madagascar: l'avion de Marc Ravalomanana empêché md'atterrir à Antananarivo]&lt;/ref&gt;.'' Ary na dia nilaza aza izy fa tsy izany no antony namoahany ny NOTAM, dia heverin' ny mpanohitra azy fa noho izy no tsy nahafahan' ny filoha taloha Marc Ravalomanana tonga teto Madagasikara ny volana Janoary 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;rfi&quot; /&gt;. Araka ny filohan' ny tetezamita dia &quot;tsy tokony hanindry ny firenentsika na lalàna na firenena&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=« Aucun pays et aucune loi ne doivent faire pression sur notre pays… » |url=http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Aucun-pays-et-aucune-loi-ne,17005.html |access-date=2012-07-02 |archive-date=2012-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411170316/http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Aucun-pays-et-aucune-loi-ne,17005.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny mety ho tanjony namoahany io NOTAM io dia hahamora ny fisamborana ny filoha Ravalomanana (izay voasazy hanao asa an-terivozona mandrapahafaty&lt;ref&gt;[http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:BGyj6q_5nd0J:www.laverite.mg/index.php/inona-no-vaovao/20234-raharaha-7-febroary-asa-an-terivozona-mandra-pahafaty-no-sazin-ny-filoha-teo-aloha-+&amp;cd=3&amp;hl=fr&amp;ct=clnk&amp;gl=fr Raharaha 7 febroary - Asa an-terivozona mandra-pahafaty no sazin ’ ny Filoha teo aloha  -- Laverite.mg]&lt;/ref&gt;). Ho an' ny tale jeneralin' i [[Aviaton civil de Madagascar]] (ACM) indray dia mampatahotra io fampiasana amin' ny tanjona ara-pôlitika ny NOTAM io; satria araka ny lazain' ny ''Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale'' (OACI), dia tokony ampiasaina amin' ny tanjona aerônaotika, amin' ny fizorana sy ny filaminana ihany izany &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Délivrance de NOTAM à titre politique : le DG de l’ACM s’inquiète |url=http://www.tananews.com/2012/02/delivrance-de-notam-a-titre-politique-le-dg-de-lacm-sinquiete/ |accessdate=2012-07-02 |archivedate=2012-06-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602224017/http://www.tananews.com/2012/02/delivrance-de-notam-a-titre-politique-le-dg-de-lacm-sinquiete/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nahazao anarana hoe &quot;[[Fahefana Avon' ny Tetezamita|Tetezamiitatra]]&quot; ity vanim-potoana ity noho ny faharetany nandritra ny dimy taona, mitovy faharetana amin' ny fotoam-piasan' ny filohan' ny Repoblika voafodim-bahoaka ara-dalàna. 

== Tsy fahafaha-milatsaka ho filoham-pirenena tamin' ny 2013 ==

=== Filatsahan-ko fidina tsy neken' ny fianakaviambe iraisam-pirenena ===
[[Sary:Andry Rajoelina greeting crowd (cropped).jpg|vignette|178x178px|Andry Rajoelina]]
Noho ny tsy faneken' ny [[Fianakaviambe iraisam-pirenena]] sy ny fanajanonana ny fanampiana ara-bola vokatr' izany, dia nahemotra ho amin' ny 25 Ôktôbra ny fihodinana voalohany amin' ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elections présidentielles - 1er tour le 25 octobre, 2nd tour le 20 décembre|url=http://www.laverite.mg/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1478%3Aelections-presidentielles-1er-tour-le-25-octobre-2nd-tour-le-20-decembre&amp;catid=1%3Apolitique&amp;Itemid=21|accessdate=2013-09-24|archivedate=2013-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202747/http://www.laverite.mg/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1478%3Aelections-presidentielles-1er-tour-le-25-octobre-2nd-tour-le-20-decembre&amp;catid=1%3Apolitique&amp;Itemid=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin' ny 20 Desambra 2013 ny fihodinana faharoa. Efa niova im-betsaka ny datin' ny fihodinana voalohany: Mey 2011, Septambra 2011, May 2012, Nôvambra 2012, Mey 2013, Jolay 2013 ary Aogositra 2013&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Madagascar: Rajoelina could throw in the towel of the Malagasy presidential race&quot;. Indian Ocean Times. 5 August 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin' ny 8 Avrily hatramin' ny 28 Avrily ny daty fametrahana ny kandidatiora any amin' ny Filankevitra Manokana momba ny Fifidianana (''Conseil Economique Spécial'' -- CES)&lt;ref name=&quot;RFI&quot;&gt;[http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20130408-madagascar-ouverture-officielle-depot-candidatures-election-presidentielle-razafindravahy Madagascar: ouverture officielle du dépôt des candidatures à l'élection présidentielle de juillet]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Tamin' ny 15 Janoary 2013 dia nilaza i Andry Rajoelina fa tsy hirotsaka ho kandidà amin' ny [[Fifidianana filoham-pirenena ao Madagasikara 2013|fifidianana filoham-pirenena 2013]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2013/01/15/97001-20130115FILWWW00723-madagascar-rajoelina-renonce.php &lt;small&gt;Madagascar: Rajoelina renonce&lt;/small&gt;]&lt;small&gt;, ''le Figaro''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, alohan' ny fivadi-keviny tamin' ny 3 Mey 2013 &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aoraha.com/fifidianana-filoha-kandida%E2%80%88tsy%E2%80%88nampoizina%E2%80%88tamin-ny%E2%80%88ora%E2%80%88farany%E2%80%88rajoelina%E2%80%88andry/ &lt;small&gt;Fifidianana filoha – Kandidà tsy nampoizina tamin’ ny ora farany Rajoelina Andry&lt;/small&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;. Nandiso fanantenana an' i [[Frantsa]] ny fiovan-kevitr' i Rajoelina sy ny fanekena ny kandidatioran' i [[Didier Ratsiraka]] sy [[Lalao Ravalomanana]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/06/21/21-contre-3-la-presidentielle-se-polarise-a-madagascar_3434504_3212.html &lt;small&gt;21 contre 3 : la présidentielle se polarise à Madagascar&lt;/small&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;. Noteren' ny [[fianakaviambe iraisam-pirenena]] hanaisotra ny firotsahany hofidiana, niaraka tamin' ny an' i [[Lalao Ravalomanana]] sy ny an-[[Ratsiraka Didier|dRatsiraka Didier Ignace]], i Andry Rajoelina.

Tamin' ny volana Jolay 2013, taorian' ny fifanolanana momba ny fiverenan-dRavalomanana an-tanindrazana sy ny fikasan' ireo lohandohan' ny ankolafy mpandray anjara amin' ny fitantanana ny firenena, dia nanambara ny tenany hirotsaka hofidiana koa i Andry Rajoelina. Niditra an-tsehatra ny [[Southern African Development Community]]  (SADC) tamin' ny alalan' ny fanolorana vahaolana hafa hamahana ny fahasahiranana ara-pôlitika malagasy:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Fisintonana ny filatsahan-kofidan' ny kandidà rehetra mampiady hevitra, dia i Didier Ratsiraka sy i Lalao Ravalomanana, vadin' ny filoha teo aloha ary i Andry Rajoelina tenany ary miaraka amin’ ny tolo-kevitra mazava: Raha sintominao ny filatsahan-kofidina napetrakao Andriamatoa Andry Rajoelina, dia tsy misy olona, na ny SADC, na ny [[Vondrona Afrikana]], na ny fianakaviambe iraisam-pirenena amin’ ny ankapobeny, hahasakana ny filatsahan-kofidinao amin' ny taona 2018. Fahendrena sy mendri-piderana ho anao izany raha mitana ny teninao tsy ho kandidà ianao&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;« ''Retrait de candidature de tous les candidats controversés à savoir Didier Ratsiraka, Lalao Ravalomanana épouse de l’ancien président et Andry Rajoelina lui-même et avec une proposition claire : Si vous retirez votre candidature M Andry Rajoelina, personne, ni la SADC, ni l’Union Africaine, ni la Communauté Internationale en général, ne pourra empêcher votre candidature en 2018. Il serait sage et louable pour vous de tenir votre parole en n’étant pas candidat.'' »&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Tamin' ny 13 Jolay, dia nambanan' ny SADC ny sazy hahazo ny firenena raha tsy esorina ireo kandidatiora telo ireo. Tamin' ny 17 Aogositra dia voaesotra miaraka amin' ny kandidatiora dimy hafa ireo kandidatiora ireo &lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/08/17/madagascar-annulation-de-trois-candidatures-a-la-presidentielle-contestees_3462888_3212.html &quot;Madagascar fait un pas vers la présidentielle]&quot;, ''Le Monde''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fanolorana kandidà mpisolo toerana ===
Ho setrin' ireo tolo-kevitra naroson' ny SADEC ireo dia nanaiky ny hiala amin' ny filatsahana ho filoham-pirenena malagasy i Andry Rajoelina ary ny kandidà hafa rehetra tsy azo fidina ireo dia afaka manendry olona ho kandidà mpisolo azy ireo. Izany no nahatonga ny filatsahan-kofidin' i [[Rajaonarimampianina Hery|Hery Rajaonarimampianina]], kandidà mpisolo toerana an' i Andry Rajoelina sy i [[Robinson Jean-Louis|Jean Louis Robinson]], kandidà mpisolo toerana an' i [[Lalao Ravalomanana]].

Ny kandidà Hery Rajaonarimampianina no tohanan' ny filohan' ny Tetezamita Andry Rajoelina amin' ny fomba tsy ôfisialy, ary nilaza ny filohan' ny Tetezamita fa i H. Rajaonarimampianina no ho tohanan' ny antoko [[Tanora Gasy Vonona]] (TGV) amin' ny fihodinana faharoa&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{Cite web|title=kopian'ny arisiva|url=http://www.madagate.com/politique-madagascar/dossier/3658-andry-rajoelina-soutenir-hery-rajaonarimampianina-nest-pas-se-substituer-a-lui.html|accessdate=2013-11-15|archivedate=2013-11-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111112626/http://www.madagate.com/politique-madagascar/dossier/3658-andry-rajoelina-soutenir-hery-rajaonarimampianina-nest-pas-se-substituer-a-lui.html}}&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nisy anefa ny fepetra nifanarahana teo amin' i Andry Rajoelina sy i Hery Rajaonarimampianina amin' ny maha kandidà mpisolo toerana azy: tsy fahazoana manangana antoko pôlitika, fanendrena praiminisitra avy amin’ ny antokon’ ny maro anisa ao amin’ ny Antenimierampirenena, ny fanohanana ny solombavambahoaka maro anisa voafidy tamin’ ny antokon’ i Andry Rajoelina, tsy filatsahan-kofidin' i Hery Rajaonarimampianina ho filoham-pirenena amin’ ny taona 2018.

Niaraka tamin' ny fifidianana solom-bavam-bahoaka ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena. Eran' i Madagasikara dia niorina ireo komity mpanohana ny kandidàn' ny fihodinana faharoa. Araka ny nolazain' i Andry Rajoelina dia eo amin' ny 55 % eo ho eo ny isa manontolon' ireo kandidà manohana ny ''Revôlisiôna'' ''Laoranjy'' izay nanongana ny governemantan' i [[Ravalomanana Marc|Marc Ravalomanana]] tamin' ny Marsa 2009&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Les candidats de la « révolution » orange à 55% vraiment ?|url=http://www.tananews.com/asides/les-candidats-de-la-revolution-orange-55-vraiment/|accessdate=2013-11-15|archivedate=2013-11-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115003616/http://www.tananews.com/asides/les-candidats-de-la-revolution-orange-55-vraiment/}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Tamin' ny fihodinana faharoa dia nitarika ny kandidà Hery Rajaonarimampianina. Tamin' ny 17 Janoary 2014 no nambaran' ny [[Fitsaràna Avo momba ny Lalàmpanorenana (Madagasikara)|Fitsarana Avo momba ny Lalampanorenana]] tamin' ny valim-pifidianana filohan' ny Repoblika tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy izy, ka 53,49 % amin' ny vato no azon' i [[Rajaonarimampianina Hery|Hery Rajaonarimampianina]] manoloana an' i [[Jean-Louis Robinson]], mpifanandrina taminy, izay nahazo 46,51 % n' ny vato&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[http://www.hcc.gov.mg/election/arret/arret-n10-cesar-du-17-janvier-2014-portant-proclamation-des-resultats-definitifs-du-second-tour-de-lelection-presidentielle-du-20-decembre-2013/ Arrêt &lt;abbr&gt;no&lt;/abbr&gt; 10 de la Cour électorale spéciale portant proclamation des résultats définitifs du second tour de l'élection présidentielle du 20 décembre 2013] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hcc.gov.mg/election/arret/arret-n10-cesar-du-17-janvier-2014-portant-proclamation-des-resultats-definitifs-du-second-tour-de-lelection-presidentielle-du-20-decembre-2013/|date=20150204073537}} [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcc.gov.mg%2Felection%2Farret%2Farret-n10-cesar-du-17-janvier-2014-portant-proclamation-des-resultats-definitifs-du-second-tour-de-lelection-presidentielle-du-20-decembre-2013%2F tahiry]].&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Nandritra ny fitondran' i Hery Rajaonarimampianina ==

=== Tsy fifanarahana nisy tamin-dRajaonarimampianina ===
[[Sary:HE Hery Rajaonarimampianina, President of the Republic of Madagascar (22748490939).jpg|vignette|Hery Rajaonarimampianina]]
Naniry ny hanendry ny praiminisitra i Andry Rajoelina nefa tsy neken' i [[Rajaonarimampianina Hery|Hery Rajaonarimampianina]] izany. Nihevitra i Andry Rajoelina fa tsy nohajain' i Hery Rajaonarimampianina ny fifanarahana nifanaovan' izy roa lahy talohan' ny naha kandidà mpisolo toerana azy. Amin' i Andry Rajoelina dia tsy lany Rajaonarimampianina raha tsy teo ny fanohanany. Tsy nanaiky ny fitsabahan' i Andry Rajoelina amin' ny fitondrana i Hery Rajaonarimamianina.

Tapaka tamin' ny 21 Febroary 2014 ny fifandraisana teo amin' i Hery Rajaonarimampianina sy i Andry Rajoelina. Tamin' izany koa no nahaterahan' ny ''[[Initiative pour l’émergence de Madagascar|Initiative pour l'Emergence de Madagascar]]'' (IEM). Tamin' ity taona ity ihany koa no [[Fizakan' i Andry Rajoelina zom-pirenena frantsay|nahazoan' i Andry Rakoelina ny zom-pirenena frantsay]] izay tsy nisy mpahalala firy raha tsy efa taty amin' ny taona 2023..

=== Krizy pôlitika ===
Raikitra ny fanoheran' ny antokon' i Andry Rajoelina an' i Hery Rajaonarimampianina, izay tsy nanana solombavambahoaka avy amin' ny antokony [[Hery Vaovao ho an' i Madagasikara]] (HVM) tao amin' ny Antenimierampirenena&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/ « Vote de destitution : analyse des causes »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2015%2F05%2F26%2Fmadagascar-les-deputes-votent-la-destitution-du-president_4641093_3212.html tahiry]] ''Francetvinfo''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamin' ny 26 Mey 2015 no nandatsa-bato handroahana an-dRajaonarimampianina ny solombavambahoaka&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/05/26/madagascar-les-deputes-votent-la-destitution-du-president_4641093_3212.html « Destitution du président »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2015%2F05%2F26%2Fmadagascar-les-deputes-votent-la-destitution-du-president_4641093_3212.html tahiry]].&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamin' ny 26 Avrily 2018, nangataka ny Fitsarana Avio momba ny Lalàm-panorenena ny mpanohitra mba hanesorana ny filoha&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://www.france24.com/fr/20180425-madagascar-manifestation-bollore-mis-examen-rsf-classement-afrique-2018 « Tensions à Madagascar : l'opposition demande la destitution du président »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Ffr%2F20180425-madagascar-manifestation-bollore-mis-examen-rsf-classement-afrique-2018#&amp; tahiry]], France 24.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nolavin' ny Fitsarana Avo momba ny Lalàmpanorenana ny 13 Jona 2015 ilay fangatahana fandroahana ny filoha&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://imazpress.com/a-la-une/madagascar-la-haute-cour-constitutionnelle-rejette-la-demande-de-destitution-du-president « Madagascar : la haute cour constitutionnelle rejette la demande de destitution du président »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipreunion.com%2Fphoto-du-jour%2Freportage%2F2015%2F06%2F13%2Fhery-rajaonarimampianina-reste-en-place-madagascar-la-haute-cour-constitutionnelle-rejette-la-demande-de-destitution-du-president%2C31178.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&amp;tab=url tahiry]], ipreunion.com.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Sary:Кристиан Нтсай (22-12-2020).jpg|vignette|212x212px|Ny praiminisitra [[Christian Ntsay]]]]
Na dia izany aza, tamin' ny 25 Mey 2018 dia nomena folo andro ny filoha mba ny handrava ny governemanta, hanendry governemantan' ny firaisam-pirenena, hanendry praiminisitra vaovao atolotry ny maro anisa, sy hanomana  fifidianana filoham-pirenena mialoha ny fotoana amin' ny taona 2018 ary hametra-pialana ao anatin' ny enimpolo andro mialoha ny fifidianana mba hisorohana ny krizy aorian' ny fifidianana&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/562750/politique/madagascar-la-cour-constitutionnelle-ordonne-la-nomination-dun-gouvernement-dunion-nationale/ « Madagascar : la Cour constitutionnelle ordonne la nomination d’un gouvernement d’union nationale »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Ffr%2F20180425-madagascar-manifestation-bollore-mis-examen-rsf-classement-afrique-2018 tahiry]], ''JeuneAfrique.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Tamin' ny 11 Jona 2018 dia voatsangana ny governemanta vaovao notarihin' ny &quot;praiminisitry ny marimaritra iraisana&quot; mba hialana amin' ny krizy pôlitika&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/06/04/crise-politique-a-madagascar-le-premier-ministre-annonce-sa-demission_5309184_3212.html « Crise politique à Madagascar : le premier ministre annonce sa démission »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2018%2F06%2F04%2Fcrise-politique-a-madagascar-le-premier-ministre-annonce-sa-demission_5309184_3212.html#&amp; tahiry]], ''Le Monde.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. I [[Christian Ntsay]] izany praiminisitra izany&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/emission/20140427-christian-ntsay-directeur-bureau-oitpour-ocean-indien « Cap Océan Indien - Christian Ntsay, directeur du bureau de l'OIT pour l’océan Indien »], RFI,‎ 27 avril 2014 [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Femission%2F20140427-christian-ntsay-directeur-bureau-oitpour-ocean-indien#&amp; tahiry]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Filoham-pirenena ==

=== Fifidianana filoham-pirenena tamin' ny 2018 ===
[[Sary:AndryCampaign2018-1.jpg|vignette|187x187px|Fampielezan-kevitra tamin' ny taona 2018.]]
Tamin' ny fiandohan' ny volana Agositra 2018, i Andry Rajoelina no voalohany nanoratra ny firotsahany hofidiana amin' ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena tamin' ny taona 2018 &lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-madagascar-politics/madagascars-former-leader-andry-rajoelina-says-to-seek-presidency-again-idUSKBN1KM5UG Madagascar's former leader Andry Rajoelina says to seek presidency again]&quot;. ''Reuters.com''. 1 August 2018.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Talohan' ny famtahany ny atotan-taratasy filatsahan-ko fidina dia efa nampahafantatra mialoha ny ''[[Initiative pour l’émergence de Madagascar]]'' (IEM) izay mamaritra ny fandaharan' asany nenti-namaboana ny mpifidy. Anisan' ny fampanantenana tamin' ny fampielezan-kevitra ny fanafoanana ny Antenimieran-doholona mba hahafahana mitsitsy vola hananganana oniversite. Nampanantenainy ihany koa ny fampitomboana ny fahazoana herinaratra, ny fiezahana ho amin' ny fizakan-tena ara-tsakafo sy amin' ny fambolena, ary ny fampitomboana ny fandriam-pahalemana &lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Eric Topona (7 August 2018). [https://www.dw.com/en/andry-rajoelina-plans-political-comeback-in-madagascar/a-44984197 &quot;Andry Rajoelina plans political comeback in Madagascar&quot;]. Wd.com.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nanomboka tamin' ny volana Ôktôbra 2018 ny fampielezan-kevitra, izay nifanandreman' i Andry Rajoelina tamin' i [[Ravalomanana Marc|Marc Ravalomanana]] sy tamin' i [[Rajaonarimampianina Hery|Hery Rajaonarimampianina]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[http://www.africanews.com/2018/10/09/election-campaigning-begins-in-madagascar/ &quot;Election campaigning begins in Madagascar&quot;]. Africanews.com. 9 October 2018.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, ireo natanjaka indrindra tamin' ny fampielezan-kevitry ny kandidà miisa 46 &lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://www.news24.com/News24/46-candidates-bid-to-contest-madagascar-presidency-20180821 &quot;46 candidates bid to contest Madagascar presidency&quot;]. News24.com. 21 August 2018.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamin' ny fihodinana voalohany tamin' ny fifidianana natao tamin' ny 7 Nôvambra 2018 dia izy no nitarika tamin' ny vato 39,19 % (vato 1 949 851) raha 35,29 % (vato 1 755 855) kosa ny an-dRavalomana &lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/africa/Madagascar-former-presidents-in-round-two-race/4552902-4872530-trej7az/index.html &quot;Madagascar ex-presidents to contest run-off vote&quot;]. ''Theeastafrican.co.ke''. 28 November 2018.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Rakotomalala (13 December 2018). [https://globalvoices.org/2018/12/13/in-madagasgar-costly-presidential-campaigns-dont-add-up-to-a-better-life-for-citizens/ &quot;In Madagascar, costly presidential campaigns don't add up to a better life for citizens&quot;]. ''Globalvoices.org''..&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nalefa mivantana tamin' ny 10 Desambra ny adihevitra tamin' ny fahitalavitra teo amin' ireo kandidà roa farany&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://allafrica.com/stories/201812110662.html &quot;Madagascar Presidential Vote - Rajoelina, Ravalomanana Debate&quot;]. ''Allafrica.com''. 11 December 2018.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nahazo vato 55,66 % tamin' ny fihodinana faharoa i Rajoelina&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://news.un.org/fr/story/2019/01/1033382 &quot;Elections à Madagascar : Guterres félicite le Président élu Andry Rajoelina | ONU Info&quot;]. ''news.un.org''. 8 January 2019.&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;, nanoloana an' i Marc Ravalomanana izay nahazo 44,34 %, araka ny fanapahan-kevitry ny Fitsarana Avo momba ny Lalàmpanorenana tamin' ny ny 08 Janoary 2019. 

Tontosa tamin' ny 19 Janoary 2019 teny amin' ny kianjan' i Mahamasina ny lanonana fametrahana an' i Andry Rajoelina eo amin' ny toeran' ny filohan' ny Repoblika, izay natrehin' ny solontena vahiny sy ny filohan' ny Repoblika rehetra teo aloha teto Madagasikara sy ny vahoaka malagasy, ary nanomboka ny asa maha filoham-pirenena azy i Andry Rajoelina tamin' io andro io&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Oteng, Eric (19 January 2019). [http://www.africanews.com/2019/01/19/madagascar-president-andry-rajoelina-sworn-into-office/ &quot;Madagascar president Andry Rajoelina sworn into office&quot;]. Africanews.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nandritra ny fitodran' i Andry Rajoelina, rehefa lany ho filoham-mpirenena tamin' ny taona 2019, dia i [[Christian Ntsay]] hatrany no nitazona ny toeran' ny praiminisitra.

=== Ny olana natrehin' ny fitondrana Rajoelina ===
Ny fifidianana natao tamin' ny ny volana Desambra 2018 no nitondra an' i Andry Rajoelina teo amin' ny fitondrana ny firenena mandritra ny dimy taona. Nandrombaka ny fandresena tamin' ny fifidianana solombavam-bahoaka tamin' ny volana Mey 2019 ihany koa izy ary nahazo ny maro anisa tanteraka tao amin' ny [[Antenimierampirenena (Madagasikara)|Antenimieram-pirenena]]. Nanamarika ny fitondran' i Andry Rajoelina ny olana sy fahasahiranana ara-tsôsialy sy ara-toekarena nianjady amin' ny firenena vokatry ny zava-mitranga ivelany sy anatiny amin' ny fitondrana, na dia misy aza ny zava-bita momba ny fananganana [[fotodrafitrasa]].

==== Valanaretin' ny Covid-19 ====
[[Sary:Covid Organics By Garreth Brown.jpg|vignette|148x148px|Tavoahangy misy [[Covid Organics|CVO]]]]
Tamin' ny 20 Marsa 2020 vao fantatra amin' ny fomba ôfisialy ny fisian' ny [[valanaretin' ny coronavirus eto Madagasikara]], araka ny fanambaràna nataon' ny fitondram-panjakana malagasy. Niantraika amin' ny [[toekarena malagasy]] ny fepetra noraisin' ny fitondram-panjakana izay nanidy ny toeram-pivarotana sy ny orinasa mpamokatra ary ny fitaterana manerana an' i [[Madagasikara]]. Anisan' ny tsy voatsinjo koa ny fianaran' ny zaza malagasy tamin' ny fanakatonana aloha loatra ny sekoly rehetra manerana an' i Madagasikara, eny na dia mbola tsy nidiran' ilay valanaretina aza ny [[Faritra eto Madagasikara|faritra]] maro raha tsy taty aoriana be.

Naiditra am-ponja tamin' ny 4 Avrily 2020 i [[Arphine Rahelisoa]], talen' ny famoahana ny [[gazety]] ''Ny Valosoa'', raha nivoaka tao ny fitsikerana ny fomba fintantanan' ny fitondram-panjakana malagasy ny ady amin' ny valanaretina coronavirus&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/04/16/coronavirus-a-madagascar-une-journaliste-en-prison-pour-avoir-critique-la-gestion-de-l-epidemie_6036761_3212.html &quot;Coronavirus : à Madagascar, une journaliste en prison pour avoir critiqué la gestion de l’épidémie&quot;], ''Le Monde'', 16 Avrily 2020.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nampanahy ny [[Reporters sans frontières]] (RSF) ny tsy fisian' ny fahalalahan' ny asa fanaovan-gazety eto Madagasikara noho izany&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://ewa.mg/news/news-afrika-tatitra-sy-filaharana-taona-2020-manahy-ny-hoavinny-fahalalahanny-asa-fanaovan-gazety-ny-rsf/ &quot;Afrika – Tatitra sy filaharana taona 2020: manahy ny hoavin’ny fahalalahan’ny asa fanaovan-gazety ny RSF&quot;], ''ewa.mg'', 22 Avrily 2020.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Tamin' ny 08 Avrily 2020 ny filoham-pirenena malagasy dia nanao fanambaràna momba ny fahitana tambavy fisorohana ny Covid-19 sy fanasitranana ny marary, nomena ny anarana hoe [[Covid Organics]] (na CVO), izay fifangaroan-tsinga avy amin' ny zavamaniry ''[[Artemisia annua]]'' sy zavamaniry hafa (anisan' izany ny [[ravintsara]]) fanao [[tambavy]] koa&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.lci.fr/international/coronavirus-covid-19-le-president-de-madagascar-affirme-connaitre-un-remede-a-base-de-plantes-2150496.html Coronavirus : le président de Madagascar affirme connaître un remède à base de plantes]&quot; [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lci.fr%2Finternational%2Fcoronavirus-covid-19-le-president-de-madagascar-affirme-connaitre-un-remede-a-base-de-plantes-2150496.html tahiry]], in ''LCI'' (Notsidihina ny 08 Jona 2020)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/937000/societe/tribune-artemisia-chloroquine-et-azithromycine-le-covid-organics-symbole-de-la-recherche-malgache/ &lt;nowiki&gt;[Tribune] Artemisia et plantes médicinales&lt;/nowiki&gt; : le « Covid-Organics », symbole de la recherche malgache – Jeune Afrique]&quot; [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeuneafrique.com%2F937000%2Fsociete%2Ftribune-artemisia-chloroquine-et-azithromycine-le-covid-organics-symbole-de-la-recherche-malgache%2F tahiry]], sur ''JeuneAfrique.com'', 30 Avrily 2020 (Notsidihina ny 08 Jona 2020)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mitaky ny hisian' ny fangaraharana sy ny fitantanana madio ny vola ampiasaina mandritra ny fahamehana ara-pahasalamana vokatry ny Covid-19 ny olom-pirenena malagasy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/politique/2020/06/13/aides-liees-au-covid-19-le-gouvernement-accule-sur-la-transparence/ &quot;Aides liées au Covid-19 : Le gouvernement acculé sur la transparence&quot;], ''MidiMadagascar'', 13 Jona 2020.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, indrindra ireo mpanao pôlitika mpanohitra&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://madagascar-tribune.com/Gestion-Covid-19-Tirs-croises-a-l-endroit-du-regime-26023.html &quot;Gestion Covid-19 : Tirs croisés à l’endroit du régime&quot;] {{Wayback|url=https://madagascar-tribune.com/Gestion-Covid-19-Tirs-croises-a-l-endroit-du-regime-26023.html |date=20210226093724 }}, ''MadagascarTribune'', 25 Jolay 2020.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nitranga ilay [[raharaha &quot;Bobons sucettes&quot;]] izay niampangana ny minisitry ny fanabeazam-pirenena, tamin' ny fividianana [[vatomamy]] mitentina 80&amp;nbsp;000 tapitrisa Ariary hoentin' ny mpianatra hanala ny fangidin' ny CVO izay nasaina nosotroin' izy ireo &lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-52954768 &quot;Une ministre malgache limogée pour des bonbons-sucettes&quot;], ''BBC News Afrique'', 7 Jona 2020.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/madagascar/a-madagascar-la-ministre-de-leducation-limogee-pour-une-affaire-de-bonbons_4000753.html &quot; A Madagascar, la ministre de l’Education limogée pour une &quot;affaire&quot; de bonbons&quot; &quot;], ''Franceinfo'', 8 Jona 2020.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Tao koa ny [[raharaha &quot;Ecran plat&quot;]]: fanomezana avy amin' ny [[Fandaharan' Asan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Fampandrosoana|PNUD]] namidy an' ilay &quot;Ecran plat&quot; izay mitentina 200 tapitrisa Ariary &lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://www.madaplus.info/Madagascar-Polemique-autour-des-achats-ou-de-don-obtenu-par-le-CCOC_a13561.html &quot;Madagascar : Polémique autour des achats ou de don obtenu par le CCOC&quot;] {{Wayback|url=https://www.madaplus.info/Madagascar-Polemique-autour-des-achats-ou-de-don-obtenu-par-le-CCOC_a13561.html |date=20250527200455 }}, ''Madaplus'', 19 Aogositra 2020.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://www.tiatanindrazana.mg/covid-19/raharaha-ecran-plat-cco-tonga-ny-valin-kafatry-ny-pnud-45019.php &quot;Raharaha “écran plat CCO” Tonga ny valin-kafatry ny PNUD&quot;], ''Tia Tanindrazana'', 19 Aogositra 2020.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nanao fanadihadiana ny Birao Mahaleotena Miady amin' ny Kolikoly ([[Bureau Indépendant Anti-Corruption|BIANCO]])&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Affaire-ecran-plat-le-Bianco-ouvre-une-enquete.html &quot;Affaire écran plat : le Bianco ouvre une enquête&quot;] {{Wayback|url=https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Affaire-ecran-plat-le-Bianco-ouvre-une-enquete.html |date=20210126224038 }}, ''MadagascarTribune'', 3 Septambra 2020.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

==== Ny kere eto Madagasikara nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2021 ====
Tamin' ny volana Jona 2021 dia nisy hain-tany mahery vaika nahatonga olona an' aliny, izay tombanana ho olona maherin' ny iray tapitrisa, no mijaly noho ny tsy fanjarian-tsakafo any atsimon' ny firenena. Niara-nanambara ny ny tetika hiadiana amin' ny hanoanana i Andry Rajoelina miaraka amin' i Michael Pelletier, masoivohon' i [[Etazonia]] eto Madagasikara&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://mg.usembassy.gov/u-s-government-provides-nearly-40-million-in-additional-emergency-assistance-for-southern-madagascar/ &quot;U.S. Government Provides Nearly $40 Million in Additional Emergency Assistance for Southern Madagascar&quot;] {{Wayback|url=https://mg.usembassy.gov/u-s-government-provides-nearly-40-million-in-additional-emergency-assistance-for-southern-madagascar/ |date=20210701044115 }}. www.mg.usembassy.gov. United States Embassy to Madagascar. 14 June 2021.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nampanantena ny hanohana ny vehivavy mandritra ny mosary i Rajoelina ary nambarany fa ny kere eto Madagasikara amin’ izao fotoana izao dia vokatry ny krizin’ ny toetr’andro &lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://www.linfo.re/ocean-indien/madagascar/famine-dans-le-sud-de-madagascar-la-periode-entre-octobre-et-decembre-2021-s-annonce-difficile &quot;Famine dans le Sud de Madagascar : la période entre octobre et décembre 2021 s'annonce difficile&quot;] . ''Linfo''. 19 July 2021 ;&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;.

Tamin' ny faran' ny volana Jona 2021, ny  [[Fandaharan' Asa maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo]] (WFP na PAM) dia nitatitra fa ny 75 % n' ny ankizy dia nandao ny sekoly ary lasa mangataka na nitady sakafo. Vao mainka nanaratsy ny toe-javatra ny tafio-drivotra mahery vaika mitondra fasika &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://www.preventionweb.net/news/drought-and-famine-stalk-desperate-madagascar « Drought and famine stalk desperate Madagascar »], ''Prevention Web'',‎ 23 juin 2021.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nampitandrina ny amin’ ny tsy fahampian-drano ihany koa ny sampan-draharaha maro misahana ny maha-olona ary ny fantson-drano notokanan’ ny [[Tahirim-Bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy]] (UNICEF) sy ny governemantan' i Madagasikara tamin’ ny taona 2019 dia tsy nanome rano madio ho an’ ny faritra sasany any atsimo, ka nahatonga ny olona handeha any amin' ny 15 km mahery mba hitady rano&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

I Gaëlle Borgia, mpikaroka mpanao fanadihadiana sady mpanao gazety, dia nilaza fa efa hita mialoha tamin’ ny taona 2020 ny famantarana ny tsy fanjarian-tsakafo ary nampitandrina fa na dia toa misalasala ny hanaiky ny zava-misy aza ny manampahefana malagasy, dia sarotra ny tsy hiraharaha ny fanairana marobe voarakitra nandritra ny volana maromaro, anisan' izany ny an' ny [[Firenena Mikambana]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://www.agenceecofin.com/sante/1007-89988-l-onu-estime-que-le-grand-sud-de-madagascar-se-trouve-en-situation-d-insecurite-alimentaire-grave « L'ONU estime que le Grand Sud de Madagascar se trouve en « situation d'insécurité alimentaire grave » »], ''Agence Ecofin'',‎ 10 juillet 2021.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamin' ny 23 Jona 2021, nitatitra ny PAM fa mihinana fotaka ny olona&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Elvis Adjetey, [https://africafeeds.com/2021/06/23/madagascar-families-eating-mud-due-to-worst-drought-in-40-years/ « Madagascar: Families eating mud due to worst drought in 40 years »], ''Africa Feeds'',‎ 23 juin 2021.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Tamin' ny Aogositra 2021, ny krizy ara-tsakafo dia noheverina ho ny mosary voalohany nateraky ny fiovaovan' ny toetrandro, hoy i [[Shelley Thakral]], tompon' andraikitra ao amin' WFP &lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/madagascar-is-hit-by-the-world-s-first-climate-change-famine-49491 &quot;Madagascar is hit by the world's first climate change famine&quot;] {{Wayback|url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/madagascar-is-hit-by-the-world-s-first-climate-change-famine-49491 |date=20210828131430 }}. ''TRT World''. 27 August 2021.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58303792 &quot;Madagascar on the brink of climate change-induced famine&quot;]. ''BBC''. 27 August 2021.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://www.ecowatch.com/madagascar-climate-fueled-famine-2654790233.html &quot;'Unprecedented': Madagascar on Verge of World's First Climate-Fueled Famine&quot;]. ''EcoWatch''. 25 August 2021&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nifanohitra tamin'ny fanadihadiana nivoaka tamin'ny 1 Desambra 2021 nataon' ny [[World Weather Attribution]] ny filazana ny mosary ho vokatry ny fiovaovan' ny toetradro&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Borenstein, Seth (1 December 2021). [https://apnews.com/article/climate-science-environment-and-nature-droughts-famine-ae7546e210d987352345704e160b3603 &quot;Study: Climate change not causing Madagascar drought, famine&quot;]. ''AP NEWS''.&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Ny tsy fandriam-pahalemana ====
Na dia eo aza ny fanehoam-piniavana nataon' ny fitondram-panjakana momba ny fampanjakana ny filaminana dia nirongatra izaitsizy ny tsy fandriam-pahalemana, na an-tanàn-dehibe na eny ambanivohitra. Nitombo ny [[halatra omby]] sy ny famonona ny tompon' ny biby fiompy ary ny fandoroana tanàna ataon' ny jiolahy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.malina.mg/Mlg/halatra-omby-tambazotra-mafy-orina-ao-analamanga/ Halatra omby: tambazotra mafy orina ao Analamanga] {{Wayback|url=https://www.malina.mg/Mlg/halatra-omby-tambazotra-mafy-orina-ao-analamanga/ |date=20250116060508 }}&quot;, ''Malina'', 12/02/2021&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.moov.mg/article/73543-mandoto-mirongotra-ny-halatra-omby Mandoto: Mirongotra ny halatra omby]&quot;, ''moov.mg'', 22/02/2023&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.freenews.mg/?p=1412 Famotsiana omby halatra: delege sy olom-boafidy no mpanamboatra ny taratasy] {{Wayback|url=https://www.freenews.mg/?p=1412 |date=20230618124638 }}&quot;, ''Free News'', 06/10/2020&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nirongatra ihany koa ny vaky trano sy ny vonoana olona miaraka amin' izany, ny fangalaram-bola sy famonoana ny tompon' andraikitra eny amin' ny toeram-pametrahana sy fisitonam-bola maro&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.tiatanindrazana.mg/fandriampahalemana/fandrobana-cash-point-telo-lahy-tratra-teny-67-ha-sy-ampitatafika-48314.php Fandrobana cash point Telo lahy tratra teny 67 ha sy Ampitatafika] {{Wayback|url=https://www.tiatanindrazana.mg/fandriampahalemana/fandrobana-cash-point-telo-lahy-tratra-teny-67-ha-sy-ampitatafika-48314.php |date=20230618124640 }}&quot;, ''Tia Tanindrazana'', 07/04/2021&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://newsmada.com/2022/11/22/braquage-de-cash-point-le-presume-fournisseur-darmes-apprehende/ Braquage de cash point : le présumé fournisseur d’armes appréhendé]&quot;, [https://newsmada.com/ newsmada.com], 22/11/2022&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nisy koa ny [[Hala-jaza eto Madagasikara|hala-jaza]] sy ny [[Halatra varira eto Madagasikara|halatra varira]] ary ny [[Halatra taova eto Madagasikara|halatra taova]] toy ny maso sy ny hafa, ankoatry ny [[Halatra taolam-paty eto Madagasikara|halatra taolana]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://aoraha.mg/23/12/2019/ahiahy-halatra-taova-lehilahy-iray-indray-nanesorana-maso-sy-taovam-pananahana/ Ahiahy halatra taova, lehilahy iray indray nanesorana maso sy taovam-pananahana] {{Wayback|url=https://aoraha.mg/23/12/2019/ahiahy-halatra-taova-lehilahy-iray-indray-nanesorana-maso-sy-taovam-pananahana/ |date=20230618124638 }}&quot;, ''Ao Raha'', 23/12/2019&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.jejoo.mg/actualites/zaza-varira-nisy-nanongotra-maso-fantany-ireo-nanao-habibiana-taminy-29533.php Zaza varira nisy naongotra maso: Fantany ireo nanao habibiana taminy] {{Wayback|url=https://www.jejoo.mg/actualites/zaza-varira-nisy-nanongotra-maso-fantany-ireo-nanao-habibiana-taminy-29533.php |date=20230618124639 }}&quot;, ''Jejoo'', 13/12/2021&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Lasa fanao mahazatra ny Malagasy ny [[fitsaram-bahoaka]] vokatry fihenan' ny fitokisany ny mpitandro filaminana sy ny fitsarana&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.tiatanindrazana.mg/fandriampahalemana/fiarahamonina-mahazo-vahana-indray-ny-fitsaram-bahoaka-49508.php Fiarahamonina: Mahazo vahana indray ny fitsaram-bahoaka] {{Wayback|url=https://www.tiatanindrazana.mg/fandriampahalemana/fiarahamonina-mahazo-vahana-indray-ny-fitsaram-bahoaka-49508.php |date=20230618124639 }}&quot;, ''Tia Tanindrazana'', 07/10/2021&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nitombo koa ny fidorohana [[zava-mahadomelina]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.freenews.mg/?p=6925 Zava-mahadomelina mahery vaika, lasibatry ny fiparitahan' ny &quot;Rôrô&quot; ny tanora eto an-drenivohitra] {{Wayback|url=https://www.freenews.mg/?p=6925 |date=20230618124638 }}&quot;, ''Free News'', 26/04/2023&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Tsy voara-maso ny fidiran' ny zava-mahadomelina sy ny fitaovam-piadiana sy fitaovana hafa tsy ara-dalàna avy any ivelan' i Madagasikara&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://lexpress.mg/23/11/2022/lutte-contre-linsecurite-le-seg-denonce-un-reseau-de-trafic-darmes/ Lutte contre l'insécurité, le SEG dénonce un réseau de trafic d'armes]&quot;, [https://lexpress.mg/ lexpress.mg], 23/11/2022&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Betsaka ny [[Harena an-kibon' ny tany|herena an-kibon' ny tany]], toy ny [[volamena]], misy manondrana an-tsokosoko any ivelany. Anisany Nalaza ny volamena 73,5 kilao lasa atsy [[Afrika Atsimo]] tamin' ny 31 Desambra 2020 &lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Afrique-du-Sud-73-5-Kg-de-lingots-d-or-en-provenance-de-Madagascar-saisis.html Afrique du Sud : 73,5 Kg de lingots d’or en provenance de Madagascar saisis] {{Wayback|url=https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Afrique-du-Sud-73-5-Kg-de-lingots-d-or-en-provenance-de-Madagascar-saisis.html |date=20230618124639 }}&quot;, ''madagascar-tribune.com'', 5/01/2021.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[http://www.gvalosoa.net/2021/02/27/raharaha-volamena-735-kg-fitsarana-vonjimaika-fangatahana-famotsorana/ Raharaha volamena 73,5 kg – Fitsaràna vonjimaika fangatahana famotsorana] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gvalosoa.net/2021/02/27/raharaha-volamena-735-kg-fitsarana-vonjimaika-fangatahana-famotsorana/ |date=20230618124640 }}&quot;, ''Ny Valosoa Vaovao'' (gvalosoa.net), 27/02/2021.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.freenews.mg/?p=5673 Raharaha volamena 73,5 kg: hiakatra fitsarana tsy ho ela ireo olona 32 voarohirohy] {{Wayback|url=https://www.freenews.mg/?p=5673 |date=20230618124637 }}&quot;, ''Free News'', 14/04/2022.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.tiatanindrazana.mg/actualites/raharaha-volamena-73-5kg-efa-eto-madagasikara-ny-tomponilay-fiaramanidina-49727.php Raharaha volamena 73,5 kg Efa eto Madagasikara ny tompon’ilay fiaramanidina ?] {{Wayback|url=https://www.tiatanindrazana.mg/actualites/raharaha-volamena-73-5kg-efa-eto-madagasikara-ny-tomponilay-fiaramanidina-49727.php |date=20230618124642 }}&quot;, Tia Tanindrazana, 5/11/2021;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nitombo ihany koa ny [[kolikoly]] avo lenta sy ny fanodinkodinam-bola amin' ny ministera sy sampan-draharaham-panjakana maro&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/CNaPS-le-DG-le-PCA-et-4-autres-personnes-en-prison.html CNaPS: le DG, le PCA et 4 autres personnes en prison] {{Wayback|url=https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/CNaPS-le-DG-le-PCA-et-4-autres-personnes-en-prison.html |date=20230618124637 }}&quot;, [https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/ madagascar-tribune.com], 16/03/2022.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.tiatanindrazana.mg/edito/very-finoana-55794.php Very finoana]&quot; (volamena nivadika vy, sns), ''Tia Tanindrazana'', 24/05/2023&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; na dia eo aza ny Fitsarana malagasy sy ny [[Pôles anti-corruption]] (PAC), indrindra ny [[BIANCO]].

==== Fikasana famonoana ny filoham-pirenena tamin' ny taona 2021 ====
Tamin' ny 22 Jolay 2021 no nanambaran' ny fampanoavana malagasy fa nahafoana ny fikasana hamono an' i Andry Rajoelina izy ireo ary nisambotra olona &quot;Vahiny sy Malagasy&quot; maromaro, anisan' izany teratany frantsay roa, sy kôlônely iray teo anivon' ny tafika frantsay, Philippe François, araka ny loharanom-baovao diplômatika&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/07/22/madagascar-affirme-avoir-dejoue-une-tentative-d-assassinat-du-president-deux-francais-arretes_6089158_3212.html Madagascar affirme avoir déjoué une tentative d’assassinat du président, deux Français arrêtés]&quot; [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2021%2F07%2F22%2Fmadagascar-affirme-avoir-dejoue-une-tentative-d-assassinat-du-president-deux-francais-arretes_6089158_3212.html#&amp; tahiry]], ''lemonde.fr'', 22/07/2021.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/12/09/proces-du-coup-d-etat-presume-a-madagascar-le-militaire-francais-nie-toute-implication_6105300_3212.html Procès du coup d’Etat présumé à Madagascar : le militaire français nie toute implication]&quot;, ''Le Monde.fr'',‎ 9/12/2021 ([[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2021%2F12%2F09%2Fproces-du-coup-d-etat-presume-a-madagascar-le-militaire-francais-nie-toute-implication_6105300_3212.html#&amp; tahiry]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny anaran' i Paul Maillot Rafanoharana ihany koa dia natolotry ny mpanao famotorana; voatonona hisolo toerana ny praiminisitra [[Christian Ntsay]] izy raha hisy ny fanovana mpikambana ao amin' ny governemanta&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1207301/politique/madagascaraf-qui-est-derriere-la-tentative-de-coup-detat/ Madagascar : qui est derrière la tentative de coup d’État ?]&quot; [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeuneafrique.com%2F1207301%2Fpolitique%2Fmadagascaraf-qui-est-derriere-la-tentative-de-coup-detat%2F tahiry]], ''JeuneAfrique.com,'' 9/12/2021&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Filatsahan-ko fidina sy fahalaniana fanindroany ==

=== Filatsahan-ko fidina ho filoham-pirenena tamin' ny 2023 ===
Rehefa nohamafisin' ny [[Fitsaràna Avo momba ny Lalàmpanorenana (Madagasikara)|Fitsarana Avo momba ny Lalàmpanorenana]] ny firotsahan-kofidian' i Andry Rajoelina, na dia teo aza ny olana momba ny [[Fizakan' i Andry Rajoelina zom-pirenena frantsay|fananany zom-pirenena frantsay]], dia nametra-pialana tamin' ny 9 Septambra 2023 izy mba hahafahany milatsaka hofidiana indray, araka ny voalazan' ny [[Lalàmpanorenan' i Madagasikara|lalàmpanorenana]]. Nampifantoka amin' ny vokatra ara-tsôsialy sy ara-toekarena ny fampielezan-keviny i Rajoelina, izay nampifandrainy amin' ny Drafi-Pisandratan' i Madagasikara (''Plan d'Emergence de Madagascar'' na PEM).

Nanoloana ny zava-misy sy ny fanatanterahana ny fifidianana dia nanao fihetsiketsehana goavana ny fitambaran' ny kandidà mpanohitra 10 avy eo 11 tamin' izany, ka anisan' izany tamin' ny 21 Ôktôbra 2023 izay nahavory mpanohana efa ho 50&amp;nbsp;000 teo amin' ny Coliseum ao Antsonjombe, [[Antananarivo]].

=== Fahalaniana ===
Taorian' ny fampielezan-kevitra tamin' ny fifidianana izay voamariky ny fanaovan' ny mpanohitra ankivy dia nanambara ny fandresen' ny filoha lany tamin' ny fihodinana voalohany tamin' ny vato 58,96 % ny Vaomieram-Pirenena Mahaleotena Misahana ny Fifidianana (''Commission électorale nationale indépendante na'' CENI) tamin' ny 25 Nôvambra 2023 .

Tamin' ny 1 Desambra 2023 dia nohamafisin' ny [[Fitsarana momba ny Lalàmpanorenana|Fitsarana Avo momba ny Lalàmpanorenana]] ny fandresen' i Andry Rajoelina. Tamin' ny 16 Desambra ny fanokanana azy, teo anatrehan' ny filoha afrikanina toa an-dry [[Azali Assoumani]], [[Macky Sall]], [[Paul Kagame]], [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] ary [[Pravind Jugnauth]].

Nohamafisin' i Andry Rajoelina tamin' ny volana Mey 2025 ny fikasany hitsidika ireo Nosy Miparitaka,  ny nosy bodoin' ny Frantsay manamorona ny fari-dranomasin' i Madagasikara, sady manome vahana ny lalan' ny fifampiresahana hamahana ity disadisa naharitra am-polony taona maro ity, taorian' ny andron' ny emperora eoropeanina, taty Afrika.

== Fiafaran' ny fotoam-pitondrana faharoa ==

=== Lasa mpitarika ny SADC tamin' ny taona 2025 ===
Tamin' ny 17 Aogositra 2025, nandritra ny Fihaonana an-Tampony faha-45 nataon' ny lehibem-panjakana sy lehiben-governemantan' ny firenena mpikambana ao amin' ny [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) tao [[Antananarivo]], dia nandray tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy ny fiadidiana ny SADC i Madagasikara, ary i Andry Rajoelina, filohan' ny Repoblika malagasy, no filohan' ny SADC mandritra ny taona 2025-2026&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://sommet45-sadc.gov.mg/en/madagascar-assumes-sadc-chair-at-45th-summit-of-heads-of-state-and-government/ Madagascar Assumes SADC Chair at 45th Summit of Heads of State and Government]&quot;, ''sommet45-sadc.gov.mg''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://apanews.net/rajoelina-takes-sadc-helm-urges-industrial-drive Rajoelina takes SADC helm, urges industrial drive]&quot;, a''panews.net''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Izy no nandimby an' i [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] avy ao [[Zimbaboe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;. Ity fihaonana ity koa dia manamarika ny faha-20 taonan' ny maha mpikambana an' i [[Madagasikara]] ao amin' ny SADC (niditra tamin' ny volana Aogositra 2005)&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://sommet45-sadc.gov.mg/antananarivo-madagascar-accueillera-le-45e-sommet-ordinaire-de-la-sadc-du-03-au-18-aout-2025-et-son-excellence-monsieur-andry-rajoelina-president-de-la-republique-de-madagascar-prend-la-presidence-d/ 45ème Sommet des Chefs d’État et de Gouvernement de la SADC - Antananarivo - Madagascar] {{Wayback|url=https://sommet45-sadc.gov.mg/antananarivo-madagascar-accueillera-le-45e-sommet-ordinaire-de-la-sadc-du-03-au-18-aout-2025-et-son-excellence-monsieur-andry-rajoelina-president-de-la-republique-de-madagascar-prend-la-presidence-d/ |date=20250930090607 }}&quot;, ''sommet45-sadc.gov.mg''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Anisan' ny zavatra nomarihan' ny filoha fa sakana amin' ny fampandrosoana ara-toekarena ny halafosan' ny [[herinaratra]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sadc.int/latest-news/his-excellency-president-andry-rajoelina-officially-opens-8th-sadc-industrialization His Excellency President Andry Rajoelina officially opens the 8th SADC Industrialization Week]&quot;, ''www.sadc.int''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fionganana tamin' ny taona 2025 ===
Nanomboka tamin' ny 25 Septambra 2025 ny [[Hetsi-panoheran'ny 2025 eto Madagasikara|fihetsiketsehana manohitra ny fahatapahan']] [[Hetsi-panoheran'ny 2025 eto Madagasikara|ny rano sy ny herinaratra]] matetika ary nivadika ho fihetsiketsehana manohitra ny fitondran' i Andry Rajoelina izany&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2025/09/29/madagascar-s-anti-government-protests-flare-up-as-police-respond-with-tear-gas_6745896_124.html Madagascar president sacks government over deadly protests]&quot;. ''Le Monde''. 29 September 2025.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Famoretana mahery vaika no nasetrin' ny fitondram-panjakana izany, ka nahafaty olona teo amin' ny roapolo teo ho eo ary an-jatony no naratra&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2025/10/11/in-madagascar-repression-lies-behind-president-andry-rajoelina-s-call-for-dialogue_6746318_124.html In Madagascar: repression lies behind President Andry Rajoelina's call for dialogue]&quot;. ''Le Monde Africa''. 11 October 2025.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nivoaka ny tafika avy ao amin' ny CAPSAT tamin' ny 12 Oktobra 2025 nefa tsy nitifitra ny vahoaka  fa naneho ny fangorahany ny mpanao fihetsiketsehana&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1730376/politique/crise-a-madagascar-ce-que-lon-sait-des-officiers-qui-ont-pris-les-renes-de-larmee/ Crise à Madagascar : ce que l’on sait des officiers qui ont pris les rênes de l’armée]&quot;, ''Jeune Afrique''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nandositra ny firenena i Andry Rajoelina avy eo, noho ny fanampian' ny tafika ana habakabaka frantsay, ka niondrana nankao [[La Réunion]] avy eo tany amin' ny toerana tsy fantatra&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://la1ere.franceinfo.fr/reunion/madagascar-j-ai-du-quitter-le-pays-car-ma-vie-est-en-danger-le-president-andry-rajoelina-confirme-son-depart-de-la-grande-ile-1632644.html Madagascar : &quot;J'ai dû partir dans un lieu sûr car ma vie est en danger&quot;, confirme le président Andry Rajoelina]&quot;, ''AFP''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://la1ere.franceinfo.fr/reunion/madagascar-ou-est-passe-le-president-andry-rajoelina-1632422.html Madagascar : Andry Rajoelina exfiltré par un avion militaire français, Emmanuel Macron « ne confirme rien »]&quot;, ''Réunion première. France info''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Taorian' io fandosirana io dia nanao latsabato fanongana azy ny [[Antenimierampirenena (Madagasikara)|Antenimiera-pirenena]] ka [[solombavambahoaka]] 130 tamin' ny 131 no nadany izany (raha 163 ny isan' ny solombavambahoaka rehetra)&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20251015-madagascar-situation-institutionnelle-in%C3%A9dite-randrianirina-vacance-pouvoirs-d%C3%A9cryptage-christiane-rafidinarivo-cevipof Madagascar : situation institutionnelle inédite — Randrianirina, vacance des pouvoirs]&quot;, ''RFI'', 15 octobre 2025&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nandray ny fahefana avy eo ny kôlônely [[Michaël Randrianirina]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/10/14/madagascar-des-militaires-disent-prendre-le-pouvoir-apres-la-destitution-du-president-andry-rajoelina_6646603_3212.html Madagascar : des militaires annoncent « prendre le pouvoir » après la destitution du président Andry Rajoelina]&quot;, ''Le monde Afrique / AFP''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nambaran' ny [[Fitsarana momba ny Lalàmpanorenana|Fitsarana]] [[Fitsarana momba ny Lalàmpanorenana|Avo momba ny Lalàmpanorenana]] fa banga ny toeran' ny filoham-pirenena ary nanasa azy handray ny toeran' ny filoham-pirenena&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://la1ere.franceinfo.fr/reunion/madagascar-les-militaires-de-la-capsat-s-emparent-du-pouvoir-1632974.html Madagascar : la Haute Cour Constitutionnelle valide la destitution d'Andry Rajoelina]&quot;, ''Réunion la 1ère''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Very zom-pirenena malagasy ===
Tamin' ny 24 Oktobra 2025 dia nivoaka ny didim-panjakana manafoana ny fizakan' i Andry Rajoelina [[zom-pirenena malagasy]], noho izy [[Zom-pirenena frantsay|lasa Frantsay]] tamin' ny taona 2014&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20251024-l-ex-pr%C3%A9sident-andry-rajoelina-d%C3%A9chu-de-sa-nationalit%C3%A9-malgache L’ex-président Andry Rajoelina déchu de sa nationalité malgache]&quot;, ''RFI'', 24 octobre 2025&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://2424.mg/citoyennete-les-autorites-decretent-la-perte-de-la-nationalite-malgache-dandry-rajoelina/ Citoyenneté - Les autorités décrètent la perte de la nationalité malgache d’Andry Rajoelina]&quot;, ''2424.mg'', 24 octobre 2025&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Michaël Randrianirina]]

* [[Repoblikan' i Madagasikara (1992-2009)]]
* [[Krizy pôlitika teto Madagasikara tamin' ny 2009]]
* [[Repoblika Fahefatra (Madagasikara)|Repoblikan' i Madagasikara (2009-)]]
* [[Fahefana Avon' ny Tetezamita|Fahefana Avon' ny Tetezamita (2009-2014)]]
* [[Fizakan' i Andry Rajoelina zom-pirenena frantsay]]
* [[Hetsi-panoheran'ny 2025 eto Madagasikara|Hetsi-panoheran' ny 2025 eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Ravalomanana Marc]]
* [[Rajaonarimampianina Hery]]

{{Filohan'i Madagasikara}}
== Loharano sy fanamariana ==
{{Ref}}

{{Filohan'i Madagasikara}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajoelina, Andry}}

[[sokajy:biôgrafia]]
[[Sokajy:Politika ao Madagasikara]]
[[Sokajy:Mpanao politika malagasy]]
[[Sokajy:Filohan'i Madagasikara]]
[[Sokajy:Andry Rajoelina]]
[[Sokajy:Ben'ny tanànan' Antananarivo]]
[[Sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1974]]</text>
      <sha1>0lmpep4xv099ybsa1gub89023qxqxle</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>India</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3913</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1152753</id>
      <parentid>1151766</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-01T21:13:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HJ Mitchell</username>
        <id>41527</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Restored revision 1127716 by [[Special:Contributions/NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]): Spam (TwinkleGlobal)</comment>
      <origin>1152753</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="94296" sha1="5l4ohimdjmv14z0x0l2b3hsdadcwwky" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox_pays|
nom_local1=भारत गणराज्य|langue1=hi|
nom_local2=Bhārat Ganarājya|langue2=hi|
nom_local3=Republic of India |langue3=en|
nom_malgache=Repoblikan' India|
image_drapeau=Flag of India.svg |
lien_drapeau=Sainan' India |
image_blason=Emblem of India.svg |
lien_blason=Fanevan' India|
image_carte=India_in_its_region_(disputed).svg|
devise= ''सत्यमेव जयते'' (Satyamēva Jayatē)&lt;br /&gt;(avy amin'ny [[Sanskrity]] : Ny Marina ihany no izy) |
langues_officielles=[[fiteny hindi]], [[fiteny anglisy]], ary &lt;br /&gt;[[Lisitry ny teny ofisialy ny India|fiteny hafa miisa 21]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; |
capitale=[[New Delhi]] |
coordonnées_capitale=28° 34' N, 77° 07' E |
lien_villes=Tanànan'i India |
titre_plus_grande_ville=Tanàna ngeza indrindra |
plus_grande_ville=[[Mombay]] |
type_gouvernement=[[Repoblika]] [[hafederaly|federaly]] |titres_dirigeants=[[Filoham-pirenena]]&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- [[Praiminisitra]] |
noms_dirigeants=Droupadi Murmu &lt;br /&gt;[[Narendra Modi]] |
superficie_rang=7 |
superficie_totale=3&amp;nbsp;287&amp;nbsp;590 |
pourcentage_eau=9,5 % |
population_rang=2 |
population_totale=1 147 995 898 |
population_année=2008|
densité=349 |
type_indépendance=Daty&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- République |
pays_indépendance=Avy amin'ny [[Onaiteda Kingdoma]] |
date_indépendance=15 Aogositra 1947&lt;br /&gt;Febroary 1950 |
pays frontaliers={{CHN}}{{-}}{{PAK}}{{-}}{{MYA}}{{-}}{{BAN}}{{-}} {{NEP}}{{-}}{{BHU}}|
gentilé=Indianina | IDH={{augmentation}} 0,611
| IDH_année=2006
| IDH_catégorie=anelanelany
| IDH_rang=faha 126
| monnaie=[[Ropia]] |
code_monnaie=INR |
fuseau_horaire=+ 5,30 |
hymne_national=[[Jana-Gana-Mana]] |
Religion(s)=[[hindoisma]] |
domaine_internet=.in |
indicatif_téléphonique=91 |
}}

I '''India''' dia firenena ao [[Azia Atsimo]], i [[New Delhi]] no renivohiny ary i [[Bombay]] no tanàn-dehibe be mponina indrindra ao. Mirefy 3&amp;nbsp;287&amp;nbsp;263 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ny velarany ary miisa 1&amp;nbsp;429 tapitrisa ny [[mponina]] tao aminy tamin'ny taona 2023.

Avy amin' ny [[fiteny persana|teny persana]] hoe ''Sindhu'', izay anarana persanan' ny [[renirano]] [[Sindo|Indosy]] amin' ny [[fiteny sanskrity]], ny hoe ''India''. Mampiasa ny teny hoe ''Bharat'' (mpanjaka hindoa niaina tamin' ny [[Andro Taloha]]) ny [[anarana]] ôfisialy. Nampiasaina tamin' ny vanim-potoan' ny [[Empira Môgôly]] ny anarany fahatelo hoe ''Hindustan'' (&quot;''tanin' ny Hindoa''&quot; amin' ny fiteny persana), tsy ôfisialy intsony ankehitriny io teny hoe ''Hindustan'' io nefa ampiasaina matetika rehefa miresaka an' i India&lt;ref&gt;https://mg.globalvoices.org/2019/03/30/136653/&lt;/ref&gt;.[[Sary:Inde carte.png|vignette|Sarin-tanin' i India ]]
Mivelatra amin' ny halavana 7&amp;nbsp;000 km i India&lt;ref&gt;https://mg.globalvoices.org/2024/04/08/169061/&lt;/ref&gt;. Mizara sisintany amin' i [[Pakistàna]] izy any andrefana, sy amin' i [[Sina]], amin' i [[Nepaly]], amin' i [[Botàna]] any avaratra. I [[Bangladesy|Bangladesa]] sy i [[Mianmara]] no any atsinanana. Eo amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]] dia tsy lavitra azy ny [[Maldiva|Repoblikan' i Maldiva]] (any atsimo-andrefana) sy i [[Srilanka]] (any atsimo-atsinanana). Mizara sisin-tany amin' i [[Afganistàna]] koa i India any avaratra-atsinanana. Miavaka noho ny fisian' ny ampahany amin' i [[Himalaya]] ([[tandavan-tendrombohitra]] avo indrindra eran-tany) sy ny [[ony]] lehibe telo ny vohon-tanin' i India. Ireto ireo ony ireo: i [[Sindo|Indosy]] sy i Ganges (renirano manan-kasina ho an' ny [[Hindoisma|fivavahana hindoa]]) ary i [[Brahmaputra]]. Miavaka ny [[toetany]] noho ny fisian' ny rivotra mosôna (misy orana mahery amin' ny [[fahavaratra]]).

I India no firenena faharoa be [[Indiana (vahoaka)|mponina]] indrindra eran-tany (aorian' i [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]]): ny mponina ao aminy dia 17 % amin' ny mponina eran-tany. Vondrom-poko 1&amp;nbsp;600 mahery no miara-monina ao India. Miavaka ny fiarahamonina indiana noho ny fisian' ny [[sarangam-poko]] (kasta), izany hoe fandaminana ara-piarahamonina ahitana ambaratonga miankina indrindra amin' ny fandovana sy ny fivavahana.

Misy fiteny sy fitenim-paritra maherin' ny 3&amp;nbsp;000 ny ao India ka [[fiteny ôfisialy]] roapolo mahery no eken' ny lalàmpanorenana. Ny [[Fiteny hindỳ|fiteny hindy]] no [[fitenim-pirenena]]. Maro ny [[fivavahana]] teraka tao amin' io zana-kôntinenta io, ka anisan' izany ny [[bodisma]], ny [[jainisma]], ny [[hindoisma]] ary ny [[sikisma]].

Ny [[fambolena]] no sehatra lehibe amin' ny asa ara-toekarena ao India, izay faharoa amin' ny famokarana [[vary]] eran-tany. Nihanivoatra be i India tamin' ny dimy ambin' ny folo taona farany teo, indrindra tamin' ny fanombohana ny fiovana demôgrafika nisy hatry ny taona 1991.

Tamin' ny 22 Janoary 2007 dia niverina avy tany amin' ny habakabaka ny kapsily indiana tsy misy olona afaka 12 andro, izany nametraka marika siantifika sy teknika lehibe ho an' i India. Hatry ny taona 2008 dia anisan' ny firenena matanjaka ara-toekarena lehibe eto an-tany i India, izay nanakaiky an' i [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]] sy i [[Rosia]] ary i [[Brezila|Brezily]]; i India koa no hery ara-toekarena fahavalo eto an-tany.

Teo amin' ny tanin' i India no nisy ny [[sivilizasiôna]] tranainy indrindra eto an-tany: ny [[sivilizasiônan' i Indosy]], iray amin' ny voalohany fantatra tao amin' ny [[Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana|Saikinosy Indiana]], nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2500 ka hatramin' ny 1800 tal JK. any ho any. Ny tantaran' i India dia voamariky ny fananiham-bohitra nataon' ny [[Ariàna (vahoaka)|Ariana]]: olona avy any [[Azia Afovoany]] niandohan' ny rafitra misy [[sarangam-poko]]. Nivoatra tsikelikely ny fandaminana ara-pôlitika, ka nipoitra ny [[repoblika]] sy ny [[fanjakà-mpanjaka]] isan-karazany. Taorian' ny Fanjakan' i Magadha, izay niandohan' ny fampiraisana an' i India, dia maro ny tarana-mpanjaka nifandimby, indrindra fa ny Maurya sy ny Gupta (izay heverina ho andro volamenan' ny kolontsaina klasika tany India). Nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-11 ka hatramin' ny taonjato faha-17 ilay firenena no niharan' ny fananiham-bohitra nataon' ny [[Silamo|Mozilmana]] sy ny [[Empira Môgôly|Môgôly]]. Ny [[fanjanahantany]] eorôpeana (nataon' ny [[Pôrtogaly|Pôrtogey]], ny [[Hôlandy|Hôlandey]], ny [[Frantsa|Frantsay]] ary ny [[Britaina Lehibe|Britanika]]) dia nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-16. Tamin' ny farany dia ny [[Empira Britanika]] no nahavita nifehy tanteraka ilay firenena. Mandritra ny taonjato roa i India dia [[Fanjanahantany anglisy|zanatany anglisy]]; izy no zanatany britanika ngeza indrindra. Nitranga tamin' ny taona 1849 ny andiana fikomiana voalohany nanohitra io fahefana io. Notohizan' i [[Mohandas Gandhi]] izany tamin' ny taompolo 1920 sy 1930. Nahazo ny fahaleovan-tenany i India tamin' ny taona 1947. Tamin' io fotoana io dia naverina ho an' i India taorian' ny fahazoany ny fahaleovan-tena ny [[tobim-barotra]] (kôntoara) frantsay sy pôrtogey tao India. Na izany aza dia nisy ady ara-pivavahana sy ara-pizaràn-tany maro tao amin' ilay firenena.

== Tantara ==
Nipoitra tao India ny fiteny klasika roa ([[fiteny sanskrity]] sy [[fiteny tamily]]) misy eto amin' izao tontolo izao. Efa nampiasaina mandritry ny telo arivo taona ireo fiteny roa ireo. Namorona finoana antsoina hoe [[hindoisma]] ilay firenena, finoana izay mbola arahin' ny maro amin'ny Indiana amin' izao fotoana izao. Tamin' ny taona 300 tal. J.K., dia namorona ny empira sy ny Fiankohonana Maurya i Ashoka, izay nahavory ny ankamaroan' ny tanin' i [[Azia Atsimo]] ho anaty firenena iray. Tamin' ny taona 180 tal. J.K. dia voatafiky ny firenena maro samihafa i India na dia taty aoriana  aza (100 – 1100), dia nipoitra ireo fiankohonana indianina hafa: izay ahitana ny Chalukya, ny Chola, ny Pallava ary ny Pandya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South India&quot;. Suni System Ltd.. 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-19.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' izany fotoana izany dia nalaza tamin' ny siansa sy ny zavakanto ary ny asa soratra ny faritra atsimo ao India.

Maro ny fiankohonana nanjaka tao India nandritry ny taona arivo. Anisan' ireo ny [[Empira Môgôly|Empira Môgaly]], ny Empira Vijayanagara ary ny Empira Maratha. Tamin' ny taona 1600 dia notafihan' ny firenena eorôpeana i India, ary voazanaky ny [[Britaina Lehibe|Britanika]] tanteraka izy io nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1856 hatramin' ny taona 1947.

Taorian' ny taona 1947, i India dia nanana toekarena sôsialista voalahatra. Anisan' ny firenena mpikambana nanorina ny hetsiky ny &lt;u&gt;firenena tsy momba ny atsy na ny aroa&lt;/u&gt; ary ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] i India. Niatrika ady maro izy io taorian' ny fahaleovan-tenany tamin' ny [[Fanjakana Mitambatra|Fanjakana Mikambana]], anisan' izany ny ady tamin' ny taona 1957-58, 1965, 1971 ary 1999 tamin' i [[Pakistàna]] ary ny adin' ny 1962 tamin' i [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]]. Niady ihany koa izy io mba haka an' i Goa, izay seranana natsangan' ny [[Pôrtogaly|Pôrtogey]], ary tsy azon' i India raha tsy tamin' ny taona 1961. Nandà ny Pôrtogey ka voatery naka azy an-keriny ny Indiana. Nanao fanandramana nokleary ihany koa i India tamin' ny taona 1974 sy 1998, ary anisan' ny firenena vitsy manana fitaovam-piadiana nokleary. Anisan' ireo toekarena mitombo haingana indrindra eto an-tany ny toekaren' i India nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1991.

=== Taona taloha ===
=== Andron' ny reforma ===
=== India islamo ===
=== India Eoropeana ===
=== Lalan'ny fahaleovantena ===
=== Fizarana manaintaina ===

== Pôlitika ==
{| class=&quot;infobox borderless&quot;
|+ National symbols of the Republic of India (Official)
|-
! '''National animal'''
| 
| [[Image:2005-bandipur-tusker.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National bird'''
| 
| [[Image:Pavo muticus (Tierpark Berlin) - 1017-899-(118).jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National tree'''
| 
| [[Image:Banyan tree on the banks of Khadakwasla Dam.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National flower'''
| 
| [[Image:Sacred lotus Nelumbo nucifera.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National heritage animal'''
| 
| [[Image:Panthera tigris.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National aquatic marine mammal'''
| 
| [[Image:PlatanistaHardwicke.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National reptile'''
| 
| [[Image:King-Cobra.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National heritage mammal'''
| 
| [[Image:Hanuman Langur.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National fruit'''
| 
| [[Image:An Unripe Mango Of Ratnagiri (India).JPG|50px]]
|-
! '''National temple'''
| 
| [[Image:New Delhi Temple.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National river'''
| 
| [[Image:River Ganges.JPG|50px]]
|-
! '''National mountain'''
| 
| [[Image:Nanda Devi 2006.JPG|50px]]
|-
|}

== Jeôgrafia ==

Mivelatra amin' ny halavana 7&amp;nbsp;000 km i India. Mirefy 3&amp;nbsp;287&amp;nbsp;263 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ny velarany. Mizara sisintany amin' i [[Pakistàna]] izy any andrefana, sy i [[Sina]], i [[Nepaly]], i [[Botàna]] izy any avaratra. I [[Bangladesy|Bangladesa]] sy i [[Mianmara]] any atsinanana. Eo amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]], tsy lavitry ny [[Maldiva|Repoblikan' i Maldiva]] (any atsimo-andrefana), i [[Srilanka|Seilàna]] (any atsimo-atsinanana). Mizara sisintany amin' i [[Afganistàna]] koa i India any avaratra-atsinanany. Ny vohontanin' i India dia miavaka noho ny fisian' ny ampahany amin' i [[Himalaya]] ([[tandavan-tendrombohitra]] avo indrindra eran-tany) sy ny [[ony]] lehibe telo: i [[Sindo|Indosy]] sy i Ganges (renirano manan-kasina ho an' ny [[Hindoisma|Hindoa]]) ary i Brahmaputra. Miavaka ny [[toetany]] noho ny fisian' ny rivotra mosôna (misy orana mahery amin' ny fahavaratra).

An' i India ny ampahany be amin' ny [[Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana|Zana-Kôntinenta Indianina]]. Miraikitra amin' i [[Aostralia]] ilay zana-kôntintenta amin' ny resaka plaky: ny plaky [[Indô-Aostralianina]]. Mikasika kely ny tendrombohitra [[Himalaya]] ny avaratr' i India. Eo antsimon' i Himalaya dia misy saha tena mahavokatra indrindra any India: ny tany Indô-Ganjetìka no anaran' izy io. Any andrefana, misy ny [[Tanimatin'i Thar|tanimatin' i Thar]]. Any antsimo, dia misy [[lembalemba]] voafaritra any avarany amin' ny [[Gaty Andrefana]] sy any antsinanany amin' ny [[Gaty Antsinanana]].

=== Fizaràn' ny faritany ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Anarana || Renivohitra || Teny ofisialy || Velarantany (km²) || Isam-ponina (2001) || Natsangana tamin'ny
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || [[Hyderâbâd (India)|Hyderabad]]|| [[Fiteny telogo|Telogo]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:276754}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:76210007}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1956
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || [[Itanagar]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:83578}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1097968}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1987
|-
| [[Assam]] || [[Dispur]]|| [[Fiteny asamey|Asamey]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:78438}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:26655528}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1947
|-
| [[Bengala Andrefana]]|| [[Kolkata]] || [[Fiteny bengaly|Bengaly]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:88752}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:80176197}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1960
|-
| [[Bihar]] || [[Patna]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:94163}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:82998509}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1947
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]]|| [[Raipur]]|| [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:135133}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:20833803}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 2000
|-
| [[Goa]] || [[Panaji]] || [[Fiteny kônkany|Kônkany]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:3702}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1347668}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1987
|-
| [[Gujarat]] || [[Gandhinagar]] || [[Gujarati]] || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:196024}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:50671017}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1960
|-
| [[Haryana]]|| [[Chandigarh]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:44212}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:21144564}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1966
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]|| [[Shimla]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:55673}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:6077900}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1971
|-
| [[Jammu-sy-Kasimira]]|| [[Srinagar]] || [[Fiteny kashmiry|Kasmiry]], [[Fiteny ordò|ordo]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:222236}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:10143700}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1947
|-
| [[Jharkhand]]|| [[Ranchi]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:79714}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:26945829}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 2000
|-
| [[Karnataka]] || [[Bangalore]] || [[Fiteny kanada|Kanada]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:191791}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:52850562}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1956
|-
| [[Kerala]] || [[Trivandrum]] || [[Fiteny malaialama|Malaialama]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:38863}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:31841374}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1956
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] || [[Bhopal]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:308000}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:60348023}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1956
|-
| [[Maharashtra]] || [[Mumbai]] || [[Fiteny maraty|Maraty]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:308000}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:96878627}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1960
|-
| [[Manipur]] || [[Imphal]] || [[Fiteny manipory|manipory]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:22356}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2166788}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1972
|-
| [[Meghalaya]]|| [[Shillong]] || [[Fiteny garô|Garô]], [[Fiteny kasy|kasy]], [[Fiteny anglisy|anglisy]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:22489}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2318822}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1972
|-
| [[Mizoram]]|| [[Aizawl]] || [[Mizo]], [[anglisy]] || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:21087}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:888573}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1987
|-
| [[Nagaland]] || [[Kohima]] || [[Anglisy]] || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:16527}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1990036}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1963
|-
| [[Orissa]]|| [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Fiteny ôria|Ôria]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:155842}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:36804660}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1949
|-
| [[Penjab (India)|Penjab]]|| [[Chandigarh]] || [[Fiteny penjaby|Penjaby]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:50362}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:24358999}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1956
|-
| [[Rajasthan]] || [[Jaipur]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:342239}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:56507188}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1956
|-
| [[Sikkim]] || [[Gangtok]] || [[Fiteny nepaley|Nepaley]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:7107}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:540851}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1975
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Tamily]] || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:130058}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:62405679}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1956
|-
| [[Tripura]]|| [[Agartala]] || [[Fiteny bengaly|Bengaly]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:10477}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:3199203}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1972
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]] || [[Dehradun]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:53483}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:8489349}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 2000
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]|| [[Lucknow]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:236286}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:166197921}} || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1950
|}

== Kolontsaina ==

=== Fiteny ===
Maro dia maro ny [[fiteny any India]] izay ao amin' ny [[fianakaviam-piteny]] maro samihafa. Ny fanisana natao tamin' ny taona 2011 dia nahitana [[fiteny]] miisa 270, ka ny 122 dia fiteny lehibe (be mpampiasa). Manao ny 22 amin' ireo fiteny ireo ho [[fiteny ôfisialy]] ny lalàm-panorenana indiana. Miteny [[fiteny indô-ariana]] ny 77&amp;nbsp;%n' ny vahoaka indiana (ka ny be mpiteny indrindra dia ny [[Fiteny hindỳ|fiteny hindy]] izay fiteny nibeazan' ny olona miisa 422 tapitrisa, izany hoe 41 %n' ny mponina, sady fiteny ôfisialin' ny governemanta foibe), ny 20&amp;nbsp;%n' ny mponina no miteny amin' ireo [[Fianakaviam-piteny dravidiana|fiteny dravidiana]]. Ny fianakaviam-piteny hafa hita ao India dia ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny aostrôaziatika|aostrôaziatika]], ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny sinô-tibetana|sinô-tibetana]] ary ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny tay-kaday|tai-kaday]]. Ny [[fiteny anglisy]] dia fiteny voalohany na faharoa safidîn' ny 12&amp;nbsp;%n' ny mponina.

==== Ny fiteny indô-ariana ====
Sampana ao amin' ny [[Fiteny indo-iraniana|fiteny indô-iraniana]], izay ao anatin' ny [[Fiteny indô-eorôpeanina|fianakaviam-piteny indô-eorôpeana]], ny [[fiteny indô-ariana]]. Ao [[Azia Atsimo]] no tena ahitana olona maro miteny azy ireo, isan' izany ny ao India.

[[Fitenim-pirenena|Fitenim-pirenen]]' i India ny [[fiteny hindỳ]]. Misy 480 tapitrisa eo ho eo ny isan' ny olona mampiasa azy, 360 tapitrisa amin' ireo no manao ny fiteny hindỳ ho fitenin-dreny. Amin' ny tapany avaratra amin' i India no misy ny ankabeazan' ny mpiteny hindỳ. Mitovitovy amin' ny [[fiteny hindy]] ihany ny [[fiteny ordò]]. 

Fiteny ampiasaina indrindra any India atsinanana ny [[fiteny bengaly]], nefa tenenina koa any [[Bangladesy]], anisan' ny fiteny ôfisialin' i India, indrindra any amin' ny faritan' i [[Bengal Andrefana]] sy any Tripura.

Fitenin' ny olona miisa 75 tapitrisa any ho any India ny [[fiteny maraty]], indrindra ao amin' ny Fanjakan' i [[Maharashtra]] sy ao [[Goa]]. Iray amin' ny fiteny ôfisialy any India ny fiteny maraty.

Anisan' ny fiteny indô-ariana be mpapiasa ao India koa ny [[fiteny gojaraty]] sy ny [[fiteny ôdià]] (na ôrià) ary ny [[fiteny penjaby]]. Fitenin' ny tompontanin' i [[Gujarat]], izay ampiasain' ny olona miisa 46 tapitrisa any India sy maneran-tany, ny [[fiteny gojaraty]].

==== Ny fiteny dravidiana ====
[[Fianakaviam-piteny]] ahitana [[fiteny]] miisa 30 any ho any izay samy avy ao India avokoa ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny dravidiana|fiteny dravidiana]], izay ampiasaina indrindra ao amin' ny tapany atsimon' i India. Ny [[fiteny telogo]], ny [[fiteny tamily]], ny [[fiteny malaialama]] ary ny [[fiteny kanada]] no tena be mpampiasa.

Fitenin' ny olona miisa 70 tapitrisa any ho any ny [[fiteny telogo]], ampiasaina indrindra any amin' ny faritra [[Andhra Pradesh]], izay manao azy ho fiteny ôfisialy. Fiteny ôfisialy ihany koa izy any amin' ny faritra [[Karnataka]] sy [[Maharashtra]] ary any Orissa. Fiteny ôfisialin' i [[Tamil Nadu]] sy ny tananan' i [[Pondicherry (tanàna)|Pondichery]] ary Karîkâl ny [[fiteny tamily]].

Anisan' ny fiteny dravidiana be mpiteny koa ny [[fiteny kanada]] sy ny [[fiteny malaialama]]. Fiteny any amin' ny tapany atsimon' i India, fiteny ôfisialin' i [[Karnataka]], ampiasain' ny olona miisa 45 tapitrisa any ho any, ny fiteny kanada. Anisan' ny fiteny ampiasaina any amin' ny tapany atsimon' i India koa ny fiteny malaialama, izay fiteny ôfisialin' ny faritany mizakatenan' i [[Kerala]], fiteny ôfisialy ao amin' ny faritanin' i Lakshadweep sy any [[Pondicherry (tanàna)|Pondicherry]], fiteny ôfisialin' i India ihany koa, izay misy mpiteny miisa 35,9 tapitrisa any ho any.

==== Fiteny aostrôaziatika ====
Fianakaviam-piteny any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]] sy ao amin' ny faritra atsinanana any India ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny aostrôaziatika|fiteny aostrôaziatika]]. Miisa 10 tapitrisa ny mpiteny aostrôaziatika any India, 6 tapitrisa ny mpiteny [[Fianakaviam-piteny sinô-tibetana|sinô-tibetàna]], izany hoe 3&amp;nbsp;%n' ny mponina. Anisan' ny fiteny aostrôneziatika ny [[fiteny kasy]] (''khasi'') sy ny [[fiteny monda]] (''munda'') ary ny [[fiteny santaly]] (''santali''). Anisany koa ny fiteny ao amin' ny vondronosy [[Nikobara (nosy)|Nicobar]]. Ankoatry ny fiteny kasy sy ny fiteny santaly dia fiteny tandindomin-doza ny fiteny aostrôaziatika hafa ao India.

==== Fiteny sinô-tibetana ====
[[Fianakaviam-piteny]] any [[Azia Atsinanana]], any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]], any [[Azia Afovoany]] ary any [[Azia Atsimo]], izay misy mpiteny koa any India ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny sinô-tibetana|fiteny sinô-tibetana]].

==== Fiteny tai-kaday ====
[[Fianakaviam-piteny]] ampiasaina ao amin' ny saikanosin' i [[Indôsina]] sy any amin' ny faritra atsimo ao [[Sina]], izay misy mpampiasa koa any India, ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny tay-kaday|fiteny tai-kaday]].

==== Fiteny andamaney ====
Vondrom-piteny ao amin' ny [[nosy Andamàna]], ampiasain' ny tompon-tany [[Andamaney (vahoaka)|andamaney]] ny [[Vondrom-piteny any Andamàna|fiteny any Andamàna]]. Misy vondrona roa ao amin' izany fianakaviam-piteny izany, dia ny fiteny andamaney lehibe sy ny fiteny andamaney avaratra.

=== Fivavahana ===
Tao India no nipoiran' ny [[hindoisma]], ny [[bodisma]], ny [[jainisma]] ary ny [[sikisma]]. Nandray hatry ny ela ny [[jodaisma]], ny [[kristianisma]], ny [[finoana silamo]] ary ny [[zôrôastrisma]] koa io firenena io. Matetika nandray anjara lehibe ny fivavahana teo amin' ny tantaran' i India, ary eken' ny lalàna indiana ny fisian' izy ireo. Ny ankabetsahan' ny [[Indiana (vahoaka)|Indiana]] dia mpivavaka ary mandray anjara betsaka amin' ny fiainan' izy ireo ny fivavahana.

==== Ny fivavahana nipoitra tao India ====
Tamin' ny taona 2011 dia nisy mpino hindo miisa 966 tapitrisa tao India, ka 79,9 %n' ny mponina izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Laurent Marchand, [http://international.blogs.ouest-france.fr/archive/2015/08/30/inde-religion-recensement-catholiques-musulmans-14609.html « Inde : 966 Millions d'Hindous, 172 M de Musulman, 27 M de Chrétiens »] {{Wayback|url=http://international.blogs.ouest-france.fr/archive/2015/08/30/inde-religion-recensement-catholiques-musulmans-14609.html |date=20210901052656 }} [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Finternational.blogs.ouest-france.fr%2Farchive%2F2015%2F08%2F30%2Finde-religion-recensement-catholiques-musulmans-14609.html tahiry]], sur Ouest-France, 1er septembre 2015 (consulté le 28 janvier 2016).&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Sady [[fivavahana]] sy [[filôzôfia]] ary fomba fiainana nipoitra ao amin' ny [[Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana]] ny hindoisma. Anisan' ny fivavahana tranainy indrindra eran' izao tontolo izao izay mbola misy manaraka izy. Mampiavaka ny hindoisma ny toetrany izay ahitana fanambarana karazana finoana sy fanao avy amin' ny fivavahana samihafa ([[sinkretisma]]).

Misy mpino bodista miisa 8&amp;nbsp;400&amp;nbsp;000 (0,7&amp;nbsp;%) ny ao India. Nipoitra avy tao [[India]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-5 tal. J.K. ny [[bodisma]] noho ny fifohazana ara-panahin' i [[Siddhartha Gautama]] sy ny fielezan' ny fampianarany. Azo heverina ho [[Fivavahana tsy misy andriamanitra|fivavahana tsy misy andriamanitra mpamorona]] ny bodisma; satria tsy misy firesahana momba izany ao amin' ny ankamaroan' ny sampan' ny bodisma.

Misy mpino jaina miisa 4&amp;nbsp;400&amp;nbsp;000 (0,4&amp;nbsp;%) ny ao India. Ny [[jainisma]] dia mampianatra fa mitovy ny tanjon' ny fiainana ho an' ny [[hindoisma]] sy ny [[bodisma]] ary ny [[sikisma]]. Tamin' ny andron' i Mahâvîra no tena nielezan' ny jainisma tao India. Mandala ny fisainanana tsy misy herisetra (''ahimsa'') ity fivavahana ity.

Misy mpino siky miisa 20,8 tapitrisa (1,7&amp;nbsp;%) ny ao India. Fivavahana amin' [[Mônôteisma|Andriamanitra tokana]] naorin' ny [[Gurû Nanak|Guru Nanak]] tao amin' ny tapany avaratr' i India tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 ny [[sikisma]]. Mino ny Siky fa tsy manam-petra, mandrakizay, mpamorona, anton' ny anton-javatra rehetra, tsy manam-pahavalo, ary tsy misy fankahalana Andriamanitra, izay sady ato amin' izao tontolo izao no ao ivelany sy mihoatra azy ([[Fihoa-draha|mihoa-draha]]).

==== Ny fivavahana niditra avy ety ivelany ====
Latsaky ny 20&amp;nbsp;000 ny mpino manaraka ny [[jodaisma]] ao India. Efa tany amin' ny [[Andro Taloha]] no nahitana [[Jiosy]] mpifindra monina tany India ka anisan' ny fivavahana avy ivelany niditra tao India ny jodaisma.

Misy Kristana miisa 27&amp;nbsp;800&amp;nbsp;000 (2,3&amp;nbsp;%) ny ao India&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Lazain' ny [[lovantsofina]] fa nentin' ny apôstôly [[Tômasy]] (na Tômà) tao India tamin' ny taonjato voalohany ny [[kristianisma]]. Izy no fivavahana avy any ivelany tonga voalohany tao [[India]]. Ankehitriny dia hita ao India ny [[katôlisisma]], ny [[kristianisma ôrtôdôksa]], ny [[prôtestantisma]], ny [[batisma]] ary ny [[Fiangonana Tatsinanana|fiangonana tatsinanana]] samihafa.

Misy Mozilmana miisa 172 tapitrisa (14,2&amp;nbsp;%) ny ao India ka firenena laharana fahatelo izy amin' izany ao aorian' i [[Indônezia]] sy i [[Pakistàna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Efa tany amin' ny taonjato faha-7 tany no nampisy ny [[Silamo|finoana silamo]] tany India izay nentin' ny [[Arabo (vahoaka)|Arabo]] mpivarotra, nefa taorian' ny fakàn-tany nataon' ny Mozilmàna tany India no nampiely azy indrindra.

Ankehitriny dia miisa 61&amp;nbsp;000 ny Zôrôastriana [[Parsỳ|parsy]] ao India. Efa nisy tao India tamin' ny vanim-potoana [[Empira Sasanida|sasanida]] ny [[zôrôastrisma]]. Nifindra monina tao India nanao andiany mifanesy ny Zôrôastriana nandritra ny vanim-potoana silamo, taorian' ny fakàn' ny Mozilmàna an' i [[Persia]], raha nihen-danja ny fivavahany tao [[Iràna Lehibe|Iràna]] sy tamin' ny firenena hafa noho ny fanenjehana. Tamin' ny vanim-potoana [[Empira Safavida|safavida]] koa dia nisy fifindrà-monina. Ao India, ankehitriny, no ahitana Zôrôastriana betsaka indrindra. 

== Jereo koa ==

* '''Firenena ao Azia:''' [[Afganistàna]] - [[Arabia Saodita]] - [[Armenia]] - [[Azerbaijàna]] - [[Bangladesy]] - [[Bareina]] - [[Botàna]] - [[Broney]] - [[Emirata Arabo Mitambatra]] - [[Filipina]] - [[Iemena]] - [[India]] - [[Indônezia]] - [[Iràka]] - [[Iràna]] - [[Israely]] - [[Japàna]] - [[Jôrdania]] - [[Kambôdia]] - [[Katara]] - [[Kazakstàna]] - [[Kirgizistàna]] - [[Kôety]] - [[Kôrea Atsimo]] - [[Kôrea Avaratra]] - [[Laôsy]] - [[Libàna]] - [[Maldiva]] - [[Malezia]] - [[Mianmara]] - [[Môngôlia]] - [[Nepaly]] - [[Ômàna]] - [[Ozbekistàna]] - [[Pakistàna]] - [[Palestina (fanjakana)]] - [[Rosia]] - [[Sina]] - [[Singaporo]] - [[Siria]] - [[Srilanka]] - [[Tailandy]] - [[Taioàna]] - [[Tajikistàna]] - [[Torkia]] - [[Torkmenistàna]] - [[Vietnamy]].
* '''Foko any India''': [[Dravidiana (vahoaka)|Dravidiana]] ([[Brahoy (vahoaka)|Brahoy]] - [[Telogo (vahoaka)|Telogo]] - [[Tamily (vahoaka)|Tamily]] - [[Kanadiga (vahoaka)|Kanadiga]] - [[Malaialy (vahoaka)|Malaialy]] - [[Tolo (vahoaka)|Tolo]]) - [[Jiosy any India]] ([[Petrakevitra momba ny fananan' ny Kasmiry firazanana jiosy|Fananan' ny Kasimiry firazanana jiosy]] - [[Jiosin' i Malabar]] - [[Bene Israely]] -[[Bene Efraima]] - [[Knanaia]] - [[Bano Israily]] - [[Bney Menase]]) - 
* '''Samihafa momba an' i India''': [[Fiteny any India]] - Kolontsaina any India - Tantaran' i India - [[Jeôgrafian' i India]] - Foko ao India - Toekarenan' i India - Fahantrana any India - Sarangam-poko any India - [[Fivavahana ao India]] - Kolontsain' i India - Fanabeazana any India - Nahandro indiana - [[BRICS]] - Fandaharan' asa nokleary indana - Mponina any India - Sarimihetsika indiana - Fambolena any India - Fivavahana any India - [[Karàna|Indiana eto Madagasikara]] - [[India Britanika]] - [[Indiana (vahoaka)]] - [[Halatra omby ao India]] - [[Masoivohon' i India eto Madagasikara]] - [[Fifandraisan' i India sy i Madagasikara]] - [[Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana]] - [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]] - 

* '''Kôntinenta eto an-tany:''' [[Afrika]] - [[Amerika]] ([[Amerika Avaratra]] - [[Amerika Atsimo]]) - [[Azia]] - [[Eorôpa]] - [[Ôseania]] - [[Antarktika]]

== Rohy ivaleny ==
* [https://www.vishweshwarbank.com/en/hotmail-signup.html hotmail] {{Wayback|url=https://www.vishweshwarbank.com/en/hotmail-signup.html |date=20240221171140 }}
* [https://actascientific.com/engl/hotmail-login/ hotmail] {{Wayback|url=https://actascientific.com/engl/hotmail-login/ |date=20240222075304 }}

== Topi-maso ==
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{citation|title=India|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html|accessdate=4 October 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Central Intelligence Agency}}|archive-date=2008-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611033144/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|date=December 2004|title=Country Profile: India|edition=5th|work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]|publisher=[[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]]|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf|accessdate=30 September 2011|format=PDF|ref={{sfnRef|Library of Congress|2004}}}}
* {{citation|last1=Heitzman|first1=J.|last2=Worden|first2=R. L.|date=August 1996|title=India: A Country Study|series=Area Handbook Series|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|place=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-8444-0833-0}}
* {{citation|title=India|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2009&amp;ey=2016&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=534&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&amp;grp=0&amp;a=&amp;pr1.x=88&amp;pr1.y=9|accessdate=14 October 2011|ref={{sfnRef|International Monetary Fund}}}}
* {{citation|year=2011|title=Provisional Population Totals, Paper 1&amp;nbsp;– Census 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_results_paper1_india.html|layurl=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/indiaatglance.html|ref={{sfnRef|Provisional Population Totals, Census|2011}}}}
* {{citation|date=24 January 1950|title=Constituent Assembly of India—Volume XII|work=Constituent Assembly of India: Debates|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]], Government of India|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol12p1.htm|accessdate=17 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Constituent Assembly of India|1950}}}}
* {{citation|title=There's No National Language in India: Gujarat High Court|publisher=[[The Times Of India]]|date=6 January 2007|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-25/india/28148512_1_national-language-official-language-hindi|accessdate=17 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|The Times of India 2007}}|archive-date=2014-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129070149/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-25/india/28148512_1_national-language-official-language-hindi|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|year=2011|title=Human Development Report 2011|chapter=Table 1: Human Development Index and its Components|publisher=[[United Nations]]|chapter-url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf|chapter-format=PDF|ref={{sfnRef|United Nations|2011}}}}
{{refend}}

'''Etimôlôjia'''
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{citation|title=Hindustan|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266465/Hindustan|accessdate=17 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Encyclopædia Britannica}}}}
* {{citation|last=Kaye|first=A. S.|date=1 Septambra 1997|title=Phonologies of Asia and Africa|publisher=[[Eisenbrauns]]|isbn=978-1-57506-019-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=T6jmziooEk0C&amp;pg=PA639}}
* {{citation|editor-last=Kuiper|editor-first=K.|date=July 2010|title=Culture of India|publisher=Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-61530-203-1|url=http://books.google.com/?id=LiqloV4JnNUC}}
* {{citation|date=29 July 2008|title=Constitution of India|publisher=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]]|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|accessdate=3 March 2012|format=PDF|quote=Article 1(1): &quot;India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.&quot;|ref={{sfnRef|Ministry of Law and Justice 2008}}}}
* {{citation|title=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|chapter=India|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|chapter-url=http://www.oed.com/|accessdate=17 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Oxford English Dictionary}}}}
{{refend}}

'''Tantara'''
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{citation|last1=Asher|first1=C. B.|last2=Talbot|first2=C|date=1 Janoary 2008|title=India Before Europe|edition=1st|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-51750-8}}
* {{citation|last1=Bose|first1=S.|last2=Jalal|first2=A.|author1-link=Sugata Bose|author2-link=Ayesha Jalal|date=11 Martsa 2011|title=Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy|edition=3rd|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-77942-5}}
* {{citation|last=Brown|first=J. M.|author-link=Judith M. Brown|date=26 Mey 1994|title=Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy|edition=2nd|series=[[The Short Oxford History of the Modern World]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-873113-9|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PaKdsF8WzbcC}}
* {{citation|last=Copland|first=I.|date=8 Oktobra 2001|title=India 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire|edition=1st|publisher=[[Longman]]|isbn=978-0-582-38173-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Dw1uAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{citation|last1=Kulke|first1=H.|last2=Rothermund|first2=D.|author1-link=Hermann Kulke|date=1 August 2004|title=A History of India|series=4th|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-32920-0|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=V73N8js5ZgAC}}
* {{citation|last=Ludden|first=D.|date=13 June 2002|title=India and South Asia: A Short History|publisher=[[One World Media|One World]]|isbn=978-1-85168-237-9}}
* {{citation|last1=Metcalf|first1=B.|last2=Metcalf|first2=T. R.|author1-link=Barbara Metcalf|author2-link=Thomas R. Metcalf|date=9 October 2006|title=A Concise History of Modern India|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-68225-1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C}}
* {{citation|last=Peers|first=D. M.|date=3 August 2006|title=India under Colonial Rule 1700–1885|edition=1st|publisher=[[Pearson Education|Pearson Longman]]|isbn=978-0-582-31738-3|url=http://books.google.com/?id=6iNuAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{citation|last1=Petraglia|first1=Michael D.|last2=Allchin|first2=Bridget|authorlink2=Bridget Allchin|editor=Michael Petraglia, Bridget Allchin|title=The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&amp;pg=PA6|year=2007|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-5562-1|chapter=Human evolution and culture change in the Indian subcontinent}}
* {{citation|last=Possehl|first=G.|author-link=Gregory Possehl|title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective|date=January 2003|publisher=[[Rowman &amp; Littlefield|Rowman Altamira]]|isbn=978-0-7591-0172-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC}}
* {{citation|last=Robb|first=P.|title=A History of India|year=2001|publisher=London: Palgrave|isbn=978-0-333-69129-8}}
* {{citation|last=Sarkar|first=S.|year=1983|title=Modern India: 1885–1947|place=Delhi|publisher=Macmillan India|isbn=978-0-333-90425-1|url=http://books.google.com/?id=rVxuAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{citation|last=Singh|first=U.|author-link=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|year=2009|publisher=[[Longman]]|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-317-1677-9|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC}}
* {{citation|last=Sripati|first=V.|year=1998|title=Toward Fifty Years of Constitutionalism and Fundamental Rights in India: Looking Back to See Ahead (1950–2000)|journal=American University International Law Review|volume=14|issue=2|pages=413–496}}
* {{citation|last=Stein|first=B.|author-link=Burton Stein|date=16 June 1998|title=A History of India|edition=1st|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|place=Oxford|isbn=978-0-631-20546-3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SXdVS0SzQSAC}}
* {{citation|last=Stein|first=B.|author-link=Burton Stein|editor-last=Arnold|editor-first=D.|date=27 April 2010|title=A History of India|edition=2nd|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|place=Oxford|isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC}}
* {{citation|date=17 December 2009|title=Briefing Rooms: India|work=Economic Research Service|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]|url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/India/|ref={{sfnRef|United States Department of Agriculture}}|access-date=2015-05-09|archive-date=2011-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520002800/http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/India/|dead-url=}}
* {{citation|last=Thapar|first=Romila|title=Penguin history of early India: from the origins to A.D.1300|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=O2OgAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=13 February 2012|year=2003|publisher=Penguin Books}}
* {{citation|last=Witzel|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Witzel|editor=Gavin D. Flood|title=The Blackwell companion to Hinduism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C|accessdate=15 March 2012|year=2003|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-0-631-21535-6|chapter=Vedas and Upanișads}}
* {{citation|last=Wolpert|first=S.|author-link=Stanley Wolpert|date=25 December 2003|title=A New History of India|edition=7th|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-516678-1}}
{{refend}}

'''Jeografia'''
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{citation|last1=Ali|first1=J. R.|last2=Aitchison|first2=J. C.|year=2005|title=Greater India|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|volume=72|issue=3–4|pages=170–173|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.005}}
* {{citation|last=Chang|first=J. H.|year=1967|title=The Indian Summer Monsoon|periodical=Geographical Review|volume=57|issue=3|pages=373–396|doi=10.2307/212640}}
* {{citation|year=1988|title=Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 with Amendments Made in 1988|publisher=Department of Environment and Forests, Government of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|url=http://forest.and.nic.in/fca1980.pdf|accessdate=25 July 2011|format=PDF|ref={{sfnRef|Department of Environment and Forests|1988}}|archive-date=2011-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163118/http://forest.and.nic.in/fca1980.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last=Dikshit|first=K. R.|last2=Schwartzberg|first2=Joseph E.|author2-link=Joseph E. Schwartzberg|title=India: Land|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|pages=1–29|ref={{sfnRef|Dikshit &amp; Schwartzberg}}}}
* {{citation|last=Duff|first=D.|date=29 October 1993|title=Holmes Principles of Physical Geology|edition=4th|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-7487-4381-0|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=E6vknq9SfIIC&amp;pg=PT353}}
* {{citation|last1=Kumar|first1=V. S.|last2=Pathak|first2=K. C.|last3=Pednekar|first3=P.|last4=Raju|first4=N. S. N.|year=2006|title=Coastal processes along the Indian coastline|periodical=Current Science|volume=91|issue=4|pages=530–536|url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/350/1/Curr_Sci_91_530.pdf|format=PDF}}
* {{citation|year=2007|title=India Yearbook 2007|publisher=Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]]|place=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-230-1423-4|ref={{sfnRef|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|2007}}}}
* {{citation|last=Posey|first=C. A.|date=1 November 1994|title=The Living Earth Book of Wind and Weather|publisher=[[Reader's Digest Association|Reader's Digest]]|isbn=978-0-89577-625-9}}
* {{citation|last1=Prakash|first1=B.|last2=Kumar|first2=S.|last3=Rao|first3=M. S.|last4=Giri|first4=S. C.|year=2000|title=Holocene Tectonic Movements and Stress Field in the Western Gangetic Plains|journal=Current Science|volume=79|issue=4|pages=438–449|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug252000/prakash.pdf|format=PDF|ref={{sfnRef|Prakash et al.|2000}}}}
{{refend}}

'''Fahasamihafan-javamiaina'''
{{refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{citation|last1=Ali|first1=S.|last2=Ripley|first2=S. D.|last3=Dick|first3=J. H.|author-link=Salim Ali (ornithologist)|author2-link=S. Dillon Ripley|date=15 August 1996|title=A Pictorial Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|place=Mumbai|isbn=978-0-19-563732-8}}
* {{citation|year=2012|title=Animal Discoveries 2011: New Species and New Records|publisher=[[Zoological Survey of India]]|url=http://zsi.gov.in/right_menu/Animal_disc/Animal%20Discovery%202011.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=20 July 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Zoological Survey of India|2012}}}}
* {{citation|last=Basak|first=R. K.|year=1983|title=Botanical Survey of India: Account of Its Establishment, Development, and Activities|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yXAVcgAACAAJ|accessdate=20 July 2011}}
* {{citation|year=2007|title=Hotspots by Region|work=Biodiversity Hotspots|publisher=[[Conservation International]]|url=http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/hotspots_by_region/Pages/default.aspx|accessdate=28 February 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Conservation International|2007}}}}
* {{citation|last1=Crame|first1=J. A.|last2=Owen|first2=A. W.|date=1 August 2002|title=Palaeobiogeography and Biodiversity Change: The Ordovician and Mesozoic–Cenozoic Radiations|series=Geological Society Special Publication|issue=194|publisher=[[Geological Society of London]]|isbn=978-1-86239-106-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YswVy5YolYsC&amp;pg=PA142|accessdate=8 December 2011}}
* {{cite book|title=State of Forest Report 2013|date=2013|publisher=[[Forest Survey of India]]|location=Dehradun|url=http://fsi.nic.in/details.php?pgID=mn_93|chapter=[http://fsi.nic.in/cover_2013/sfr_forest_cover.pdf Forest Cover]|ref={{sfnRef|Forest Survey of India|2013}}}}
* {{citation|last=Griffiths|first=M.|date=6 July 2010|title=The Lotus Quest: In Search of the Sacred Flower|publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]]|isbn=978-0-312-64148-1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=f2cbyTCeq-EC}}
* {{citation|last=Karanth|first=K. P.|date=25 March 2006|title=Out-of-India Gondwanan Origin of Some Tropical Asian Biota|journal=[[Current Science]]|volume=90|issue=6|publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]]|pages=789–792|format=PDF|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/789.pdf|accessdate=18 May 2011|archive-date=2019-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411223533/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/789.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last=Mace|first=G. M.|date=March 1994|title=1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals|work=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]|isbn=978-2-8317-0194-3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dyy0HilL9ecC&amp;pg=PR4}}
* {{citation|title=Biosphere Reserves of India|work=C. P. R. Environment Education Centre|publisher=[[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]], [[Government of India]]|url=http://www.cpreec.org/pubbook-biosphere.htm|accessdate=17 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Ministry of Environment and Forests}}|archive-date=2011-08-21|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6174UGghb?url=http://www.cpreec.org/pubbook-biosphere.htm|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|date=9 September 1972|title=Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972|publisher=[http://moef.nic.in/index.php Ministry of Environments and Forests], Government of India|url=http://envfor.nic.in/legis/wildlife/wildlife1.html|accessdate=25 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Ministry of Environments and Forests 1972}}}}
* {{citation|last=Puri|first=S. K.|title=Biodiversity Profile of India|url=http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/cesmg/indiabio.html|accessdate=20 June 2007|ref={{sfnRef|Puri}}}}
* {{citation|date=4 June 2007|title=The List of Wetlands of International Importance|publisher=The Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands|page=18|url=http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf|accessdate=20 June 2007|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621011113/http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf|archivedate=21 June 2007|ref={{sfnRef|Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands}}}}
* {{citation|last=Tritsch|first=M. F.|date=3 September 2001|title=Wildlife of India|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|place=London|isbn=978-0-00-711062-9|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aNRQAAAACAAJ}}
{{refend}}

'''Politika'''
{{refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{citation|last=Bhambhri|first=C. P.|date=1 May 1992|title=Politics in India, 1991–1992|publisher=Shipra|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pf5HAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=20 July 2011|isbn=978-81-85402-17-8}}
* {{citation|last1=Burnell|first1=P. J.|last2=Calvert|first2=P.|date=1 May 1999|title=The Resilience of Democracy: Persistent Practice, Durable Idea|edition=1st|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|isbn=978-0-7146-8026-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hv6TkML5_HAC&amp;pg=PA271|accessdate=20 July 2011}}
* {{citation|date=16 May 2009|title=Second UPA Win, A Crowning Glory for Sonia's Ascendancy|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/second-upa-wincrowning-glory-for-sonia%5Cs-ascendancy/61892/on|accessdate=13 June 2009|ref={{sfnRef|Business Standard|2009}}}}
* {{citation|last=Chander|first=N. J.|date=1 January 2004|title=Coalition Politics: The Indian Experience|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-092-1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=G_QtMGIczhMC&amp;pg=PA117|accessdate=20 July 2011}}
* {{citation|last1=Dunleavy|first1=P.|last2=Diwakar|first2=R.|last3=Dunleavy|first3=C.|year=2007|title=The Effective Space of Party Competition|issue=5|publisher=[[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]|url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/government/research/resgroups/PSPE/pdf/PSPE_WP5_07.pdf|accessdate=27 September 2011|format=PDF|archive-date=2007-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028005708/http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/government/PSPE/pdf/PSPE_WP5_07.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last=Dutt|first=S.|year=1998|title=Identities and the Indian State: An Overview|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=19|issue=3|pages=411–434|doi=10.1080/01436599814325}}
* {{citation|last=Echeverri-Gent|first=J.|editor-last=Ayres|editor-first=A.|editor2-last=Oldenburg|editor2-first=P.|date=January 2002|title=Quickening the Pace of Change|chapter=Politics in India's Decentred Polity|series=India Briefing|publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]]|place=London|pages=19–53|isbn=978-0-7656-0812-3}}
* {{citation|date=14 March 2009|title=Current Recognised Parties|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/Symbols_Sep_2009.pdf|accessdate=5 July 2010|format=PDF|ref={{sfnRef|Election Commission of India}}|archive-date=2018-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820162136/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/Symbols_Sep_2009.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last=Gledhill|first=A.|date=30 March 1970|title=The Republic of India: The Development of its Laws and Constitution|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0-8371-2813-9|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cHAjPQAACAAJ|accessdate=21 July 2011|archive-date=2011-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212162648/http://books.google.com/books?id=cHAjPQAACAAJ|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|date=24 December 2004|title=Narasimha Rao Passes Away|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/24/stories/2004122408870100.htm|accessdate=2 November 2008|ref={{sfnRef|The Hindu 2008}}|archive-date=2004-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041230182813/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/24/stories/2004122408870100.htm|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last=Mathew|first=K. M.|date=1 January 2003|title=Manorama Yearbook|publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]]|isbn=978-81-900461-8-3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jDaLQwAACAAJ|accessdate=21 July 2011}}
* {{citation|title=National Symbols of India|work=Know India|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]], [[Government of India]]|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php|accessdate=27 September 2009|ref={{sfnRef|National Informatics Centre|2005}}}}
* {{citation|last=Neuborne|first=B.|year=2003|title=The Supreme Court of India|journal=International Journal of Constitutional Law|volume=1|issue=1|pages=476–510|doi=10.1093/icon/1.3.476}}
* {{citation|last=Pylee|first=M. V.|year=2003|title=Constitutional Government in India|chapter=The Longest Constitutional Document|edition=2nd|publisher=[[S. Chand]]|isbn=978-81-219-2203-6|url=http://books.google.com/?id=veDUJCjr5U4C|ref={{sfnRef|Pylee|2003|a}}}}
* {{citation|last=Pylee|first=M. V.|year=2003|title=Constitutional Government in India|chapter=The Union Judiciary: The Supreme Court|edition=2nd|publisher=[[S. Chand]]|isbn=978-81-219-2203-6|url=http://books.google.com/?id=veDUJCjr5U4C&amp;pg=PA314|accessdate=2 November 2007|ref={{sfnRef|Pylee|2003|b}}}}
* {{citation|last=Sarkar|first=N. I.|title=Sonia Gandhi: Tryst with India|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Atlantic|isbn=978-81-269-0744-1&lt;!--8126907444--&gt;|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=26flsWUf8fkC|accessdate=20 July 2011}}
* {{citation|last=Sharma|first=R.|year=1950|title=Cabinet Government in India|journal=Parliamentary Affairs|volume=4|issue=1|pages=116–126}}
* {{citation|last=Sharma|first=B. K.|date=August 2007|title=Introduction to the Constitution of India|edition=4th|publisher=[[Prentice Hall]]|isbn=978-81-203-3246-1&lt;!--8120332466--&gt;|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=srDytmFE3KMC&amp;pg=PA161}}
* {{citation|last=Sinha|first=A.|year=2004|title=The Changing Political Economy of Federalism in India|journal=India Review|volume=3|issue=1|pages=25–63|doi=10.1080/14736480490443085}}
* {{citation|title=World's Largest Democracy to Reach One Billion Persons on Independence Day|publisher=[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs|United Nations]] [[Commission on Population and Development|Population Division]]|url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/pubsarchive/india/ind1bil.htm|accessdate=5 October 2011|ref={{sfnRef|United Nations Population Division}}|archive-date=2011-08-21|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6174XlNpl?url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/pubsarchive/india/ind1bil.htm|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last=Wheare|first=K. C.|date=Jona 1980|title=Federal Government|edition=4th|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-313-22702-8}}
{{refend}}

'''Fifandraisana amin'ny any ivelany ary tafika'''
{{refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{citation|last=Alford|first=P.|date=7 July 2008|title=G8 Plus 5 Equals Power Shift|publisher=[[The Australian]]|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/g8-plus-5-equals-power-shift/story-e6frg6t6-1111116838759|accessdate=21 November 2009|ref={{sfnRef|Alford|2008}}}}
* {{citation|last=Behera|first=L. K.|date=7 March 2011|title=Budgeting for India's Defence: An Analysis of Defence Budget 2011–2012|publisher=[[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]]|url=http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiasDefenceBudget2011-12_lkbehera_070311|accessdate=4 April 2011|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033402/http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiasDefenceBudget2011-12_lkbehera_070311|url-status=dead}}
* {{citation|last=Behera|first=L. K.|date=20 March 2012|title=India's Defence Budget 2012–13|publisher=[[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]]|url=http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiasDefenceBudget2012-13_LaxmanBehera_200312|accessdate=26 March 2012|archive-date=2015-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626132019/http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiasDefenceBudget2012-13_LaxmanBehera_200312|url-status=dead}}
* {{citation|date=11 February 2009|title=Russia Agrees India Nuclear Deal|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7883223.stm|accessdate=22 August 2010|ref={{sfnRef|British Broadcasting Corporation 2009}}}}
* {{citation|last=Curry|first=B.|date=27 June 2010|title=Canada Signs Nuclear Deal with India|publisher=[[The Globe and Mail]]|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/g8-g20/news/canada-signs-nuclear-deal-with-india/article1620801/|accessdate=13 May 2011}}
* {{citation|date=8 April 2008|title=India, Europe Strategic Relations|work=Europa: Summaries of EU Legislation|publisher=[[European Union]]|url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/external_relations/relations_with_third_countries/asia/r14100_en.htm|accessdate=14 January 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Europa 2008}}}}
* {{citation|last=Ghosh|first=A.|title=India's Foreign Policy|date=1 September 2009|publisher=[[Pearson PLC|Pearson]]|isbn=978-81-317-1025-8|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Y32u4JMroQgC}}
* {{citation|last=Gilbert|first=M.|date=17 December 2002|title=A History of the Twentieth Century|publisher=[[William Morrow and Company|William Morrow]]|isbn=978-0-06-050594-3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jhwY1j8Ao3kC&amp;pg=PA486|accessdate=22 July 2011}}
* {{citation|date=5 October 2009|title=India, Russia Review Defence Ties|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2514142.ece|accessdate=8 October 2011|ref={{sfnRef|The Hindu 2011}}}}
* {{citation|last=Kumar|first=A. V.|date=1 May 2010|title=Reforming the NPT to Include India|work=Bulletin of Atomic Scientists|url=http://thebulletin.org/reforming-npt-include-india|accessdate=1 November 2010|archive-date=2017-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010152437/http://thebulletin.org/reforming-npt-include-india|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last=Miglani|first=S.|date=28 February 2011|title=With An Eye on China, India Steps Up Defence Spending|publisher=Reuters|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/28/india-budget-military-idUSSGE71R02Y20110228|accessdate=6 July 2011|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151457/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/28/india-budget-military-idUSSGE71R02Y20110228|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last=Nair|first=V. K.|year=2007|title=No More Ambiguity: India's Nuclear Policy|url=http://www.afsa.org/fsj/oct02/nair.pdf|accessdate=7 June 2007|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041401/http://www.afsa.org/fsj/oct02/nair.pdf|archivedate=27 September 2007}}
* {{citation|last=Pandit|first=R.|date=27 July 2009|title=N-Submarine to Give India Crucial Third Leg of Nuke Triad|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-27/india/28212143_1_nuclear-powered-submarine-ins-arihant-nuclear-submarine|accessdate=10 March 2010|archive-date=2011-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811144548/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-27/india/28212143_1_nuclear-powered-submarine-ins-arihant-nuclear-submarine|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last=Perkovich|first=G.|date=5 November 2001|title=India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-23210-5|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UDA9dUryS8EC|accessdate=22 July 2011}}
* {{citation|date=25 January 2008|title=India, France Agree on Civil Nuclear Cooperation|publisher=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jan/25france.htm|accessdate=22 August 2010|ref={{sfnRef|Rediff 2008 a}}}}
* {{citation|date=13 February 2010|title=UK, India Sign Civil Nuclear Accord|publisher=Reuters|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/02/13/us-india-britain-nuclear-idUSTRE61C21E20100213?type=politicsNews|accessdate=22 August 2010|ref={{sfnRef|Reuters|2010}}|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144413/http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/02/13/us-india-britain-nuclear-idUSTRE61C21E20100213?type=politicsNews|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last1=Ripsman|first1=N. M.|last2=Paul|first2=T. V.|date=18 March 2010|title=Globalization and the National Security State|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-539390-3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7P87HIh9ajMC&amp;pg=PA130|accessdate=22 July 2011}}
* {{citation|last=Rothermund|first=D.|date=17 October 2000|title=The Routledge Companion to Decolonization|edition=1st|series=Routledge Companions to History|publisher=[[Routledge]]|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ez37H0UPt_YC|isbn=978-0-415-35632-9}}
* {{citation|date=10 January 2011|title=India Gets Its First Homegrown Fighter Jet|publisher=[[RIA Novosti]]|url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20110110/162090932.html|accessdate=1 April 2009|ref={{sfnRef|Russian International News Agency 2011}}}}
* {{citation|last=Sharma|first=S. R.|date=1 January 1999|title=India–USSR Relations 1947–1971: From Ambivalence to Steadfastness|volume=1|publisher=Discovery|isbn=978-81-7141-486-4&lt;!--8171414869--&gt;|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vTEge1JWK8oC}}
* {{citation|last=Shukla|first=A.|date=5 March 2011|title=China Matches India's Expansion in Military Spending|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/china-matches-india%5Cs-expansion-in-military-spending/427365/|accessdate=6 July 2011}}
* {{citation|last1=Sisodia|first1=N. S.|last2=Naidu|first2=G. V. C.|year=2005|title=Changing Security Dynamic in Eastern Asia: Focus on Japan|publisher=Promilla|isbn=978-81-86019-52-8&lt;!--8186019529--&gt;|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jSgfLG3Ib9wC}}
* {{citation|date=8 August 2008|title=SIPRI Yearbook 2008: Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security|work=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-954895-8|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EAyQ9KCJE2gC&amp;pg=PA178|accessdate=22 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2008}}}}
* {{citation|date=19 March 2012|title=Rise in international arms transfers is driven by Asian demand, says SIPRI|work=Stockholm International Peace Research Initiative|url=http://www.sipri.org/media/pressreleases/rise-in-international-arms-transfers-is-driven-by-asian-demand-says-sipri|accessdate=26 March 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Stockholm International Peace Research Initiative 2012}}|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130113065046/http://www.sipri.org/media/pressreleases/rise-in-international-arms-transfers-is-driven-by-asian-demand-says-sipri|archivedate=2013-01-13|dead-url=no}}
* {{citation|date=11 October 2008|title=India, US Sign 123 Agreement|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-11/india/27905286_1_indian-nuclear-market-sign-landmark-civil-nuclear-field|accessdate=21 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|The Times of India 2008}}|archive-date=2011-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107021602/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-11/india/27905286_1_indian-nuclear-market-sign-landmark-civil-nuclear-field|dead-url=yes}}
{{refend}}

'''Toe-karena'''
{{refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{citation|last=Alamgir|first=J.|date=24 December 2008|title=India's Open-Economy Policy: Globalism, Rivalry, Continuity|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|isbn=978-0-415-77684-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JL7QfWJ5Yk0C|accessdate=23 July 2011}}
* {{citation|last=Bonner|first=B|date=20 March 2010|title=Make Way, World. India Is on the Move|publisher=[[Christian Science Monitor]]|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Business/The-Daily-Reckoning/2010/0320/Make-way-world.-India-is-on-the-move|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Bonner|2010}}}}
* {{citation|date=18 November 2010|title=India Lost $462bn in Illegal Capital Flows, Says Report|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11782795|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|British Broadcasting Corporation 2010 c}}}}
* {{citation|date=9 April 2010|title=India Second Fastest Growing Auto Market After China|work=[[Business Line]]|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/article988689.ece|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Business Line 2010}}}}
* {{citation|year=2013|title=An Uncertain Glory: India and Its Contradictions|last1=Drèze|first1=Jean|last2=Sen|first2=Amartya|publisher=Allen Lane}}
* {{citation|date=8 October 2011|title=India's Economy: Not Just Rubies and Polyester Shirts|publisher=The Economist|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21531527|accessdate=9 October 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Economist 2011}}}}
* {{citation|date=13 October 2009|title=Indian Car Exports Surge 36%|work=Express India|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Indian-car-exports-surge-36/528633/|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Express India 2009}}|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130102144817/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/indian-car-exports-surge-36/528633/|archivedate=2013-01-02|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|date=April 2011|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=20&amp;pr.y=6&amp;sy=1991&amp;ey=2016&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=548%2C566%2C524%2C578%2C534%2C536%2C429&amp;s=NGDPDPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a=|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|International Monetary Fund 2011}}}}
* {{citation|last1=Farrell|first1=D.|last2=Beinhocker|first2=E.|date=19 May 2007|title=Next Big Spenders: India's Middle Class|publisher=[[McKinsey &amp; Company]]|url=http://www.mckinsey.com/Insights/MGI/In_the_news/Next_big_spenders_Indian_middle_class|accessdate=17 September 2011|archive-date=2011-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205035707/http://www.mckinsey.com/Insights/MGI/In_the_news/Next_big_spenders_Indian_middle_class|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last=Gargan|first=E. A.|date=15 August 1992|title=India Stumbles in Rush to a Free Market Economy|publisher=The New York Times|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/15/world/india-stumbles-in-rush-to-a-free-market-economy.html|accessdate=22 July 2011}}
* {{citation|date=June 2011|title=World Economic Outlook Update|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/update/02/pdf/0611.pdf|accessdate=22 July 2011|format=PDF|ref={{sfnRef|International Monetary Fund 2011}}}}
* {{citation|last1=Nayak|first1=P. B.|last2=Goldar|first2=B.|last3=Agrawal|first3=P.|date=10 November 2010|title=India's Economy and Growth: Essays in Honour of V. K. R. V. Rao|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=N1Ho2SGXUHwC|isbn=978-81-321-0452-0}}
* {{citation|date=October 2007|title=Economic Survey of India 2007: Policy Brief|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]]|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/17/52/39452196.pdf|accessdate=22 July 2011|format=PDF|ref={{sfnRef|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2007}}|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053357/http://www.oecd.org/economy/surveys/39452196.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last1=Pal|first1=P.|last2=Ghosh|first2=J|title=Inequality in India: A Survey of Recent Trends|work=Economic and Social Affairs: DESA Working Paper No. 45|date=July 2007|publisher=[[United Nations]]|url=http://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2007/wp45_2007.pdf|accessdate=23 July 2011|format=PDF}}
* {{citation|date=January 2011|title=The World in 2050: The Accelerating Shift of Global Economic Power: Challenges and Opportunities|author=PricewaterhouseCoopers|authorlink=PricewaterhouseCoopers|url=http://www.pwc.com/en_GX/gx/psrc/pdf/world_in_2050_jan2011.pdf|accessdate=23 July 2011|format=PDF}}
* {{citation|last=Schwab|first=K.|year=2010|title=The Global Competitiveness Report 2010–2011|publisher=[[World Economic Forum]]|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf|accessdate=10 May 2011|format=PDF}}
* {{citation|last=Sheth|first=N.|date=28 May 2009|title=Outlook for Outsourcing Spending Brightens|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124344190542659025.html#articleTabs_comments%3D%26articleTabs%3Darticle|accessdate=3 October 2010}}
* {{citation|last=Srivastava|first=V. C.|editor=V.C. Srivastava, Lallanji Gopal, D.P. Chattopadhyaya|title=History of Agriculture in India (p to c1200 AD)|series=History of Science, Philosophy and Culture In Indian Civization|volume=V (Part 1)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FvjZVwYVmNcC&amp;pg=PR30|year=2008|publisher=Concept Publishing Co|isbn=8180695212|chapter=Introduction}}
* {{citation|date=6 April 2011|title=Information Note to the Press (Press Release No.29 /2011)|publisher=[[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]]|url=http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/trai/upload/PressReleases/816/Press_release_feb%20-11.pdf|accessdate=23 July 2011|format=PDF|ref={{sfnRef|Telecom Regulatory Authority 2011}}|archive-date=2011-04-24|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5yBC5WT9h?url=http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/trai/upload/PressReleases/816/Press_release_feb%20-11.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|date=28 August 2009|title=Exporters Get Wider Market Reach|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Exporters-get-wider-market-reach/articleshow/4942892.cms?referral=PM|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|The Times of India 2009}}}}
* {{citation|date=26 October 2011|title=Corruption Perception Index 2010—India Continues to be Corrupt|publisher=[[Transparency International]]|url=http://transparencyindia.org/resource/press_release/Corruption%20Perception%20Index%20(CPI)%202010.pdf|accessdate=23 July 2011|format=PDF|ref={{sfnRef|Transparency International 2010}}|archive-date=2011-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728123451/http://transparencyindia.org/resource/press_release/Corruption%20Perception%20Index%20(CPI)%202010.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|title=New Global Poverty Estimates—What It Means for India|publisher=[[World Bank]]|url=http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21880725~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|World Bank a}}|archive-date=2012-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506043711/http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21880725~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|title=India: Undernourished Children—A Call for Reform and Action|work=[[World Bank]]|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20916955~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|World Bank b}}|archive-date=2018-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613011526/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20916955~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html|url-status=dead}}
* {{citation|date=29 May 2006|title=Inclusive Growth and Service Delivery: Building on India's Success|publisher=[[World Bank]]|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/DPR_FullReport.pdf|accessdate=7 May 2009|format=PDF|ref={{sfnRef|World Bank 2006}}}}
* {{citation|date=September 2010|title=India Country Overview September 2010|publisher=[[World Bank]]|url=http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20195738~menuPK:295591~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|World Bank 2010}}|archive-date=2011-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522115104/http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A20195738~menuPK%3A295591~pagePK%3A141137~piPK%3A141127~theSitePK%3A295584%2C00.html|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|date=26 March 2010|title=Trade to Expand by 9.5% in 2010 After a Dismal 2009, WTO Reports|publisher=[[World Trade Organisation]]|url=http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres10_e/pr598_e.htm|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|World Trade Organisation 2010}}}}
* {{citation|last=Yep|first=E.|date=27 September 2011|title=ReNew Wind Power Gets $201 Million Goldman Investment|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204422404576595972728958728.html|accessdate=27 September 2011}}
* {{citation|year=2011–2012|title=Indian IT-BPO Industry|publisher=[[NASSCOM]]|url=http://www.nasscom.org/indian-itbpo-industry|accessdate=22 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Nasscom 2011–2012}}|archive-date=2012-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509061653/http://nasscom.org/indian-itbpo-industry|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|year=1995|title=UNDERSTANDING THE WTO: THE ORGANIZATION Members and Observers|publisher=[[WTO]]|url=http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm|accessdate=23 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|WTO 1995}}}}
{{refend}}

'''Demôgrafia'''
{{refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{citation|last=Bonner|first=A.|year=1990|title=Averting the Apocalypse: Social Movements in India Today|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8223-1048-8|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uxJlAgRemHgC|accessdate=24 July 2011}}
* {{citation|date=January 2009|title=Healthcare in India: Report Highlights|publisher=Boston Analytics|url=http://bostonanalytics.com/india_watch/Healthcare%20in%20India%20Executive%20Summary.pdf|accessdate=23 July 2011|format=PDF|ref={{sfnRef|Boston Analytics|2009}}|archive-date=2011-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728164230/http://www.bostonanalytics.com/india_watch/Healthcare%20in%20India%20Executive%20Summary.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last1=Dev|first1=S. M.|last2=Rao|first2=N. C.|year=2009|title=India: Perspectives on Equitable Development|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-685-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=adhKjRoTjcIC}}
* {{citation|last=Dharwadker|first=A.|editor1-last=Canning|editor1-first=C. M.|editor2-last=Postlewait|editor2-first=T.|date=28 Oktobra 2010|title=Representing the Past: Essays in Performance Historiography|chapter=Representing India's Pasts: Time, Culture, and Problems of Performance Historiography|publisher=[[University of Iowa Press]]|isbn=978-1-58729-905-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Rgf0gbml2ocC|accessdate=24 July 2011}}
* {{citation|last1=Drèze|first1=J.|last2=Goyal|first2=A.|editor-last=Baru|editor-first=R. V.|date=9 February 2009|title=School Health Services in India: The Social and Economic Contexts|chapter=The Future of Mid-Day Meals|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|isbn=978-81-7829-873-3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aQ39RO9OET4C&amp;pg=PA46|ref={{sfnRef|Drèze|Goyal|2008}}}}
* {{citation|last1=Dyson|first1=T.|last2=Visaria|first2=P.|editor-last=Dyson|editor-first=T.|editor2-last=Casses|editor2-first=R.|editor3-last=Visaria|editor3-first=L.|date=7 Jolay 2005|title=Twenty-First Century India: Population, Economy, Human Development, and the Environment|chapter=Migration and Urbanisation: Retrospect and Prospects|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-928382-8|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bqU9T5c0wlYC}}
* {{citation|last=Garg|first=S. C.|date=19 Aprily 2005|title=Mobilizing Urban Infrastructure Finance in India|publisher=[[World Bank]]|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMF/Resources/339747-1105651852282/Garg.pdf|accessdate=27 January 2010|format=PDF}}
* {{citation|last=Mallikarjun|first=B|date=Novambra 2004|title=Fifty Years of Language Planning for Modern Hindi—The Official Language of India|journal=[http://www.languageinindia.com/index.html Language in India]|volume=4|issue=11|issn=19302940|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/nov2004/mallikarjunmalaysiapaper1.html|accessdate=24 July 2011}}
* {{citation|date=27 April 1960|title=Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|url=http://rajbhasha.nic.in/UI/pagecontent.aspx?pc=Mzc%3d|accessdate=13 May 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Ministry of Home Affairs 1960}}}}
* {{citation|date=2010–2011|title=Religious Composition|work=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/religion.aspx|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Ministry of Home Affairs 2010–2011}}}}
* {{citation|title=Census Data 2001|work=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|date=2010–2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/National_Summary/National_Summary_DataPage.aspx|accessdate=22 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Ministry of Home Affairs 2010–2011 b}}}}
* {{citation|last=Ottenheimer|first=H. J.|year=2008|title=The Anthropology of Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology|publisher=Cengage|isbn=978-0-495-50884-7|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=d4QHsORbZs4C}}
* {{citation|last=Ratna|first=U.|editor-last=Dutt|editor-first=A. K.|editor2-last=Thakur|editor2-first=B|year=2007|title=City, Society, and Planning|chapter=Interface Between Urban and Rural Development in India|volume=1|publisher=Concept|isbn=978-81-8069-459-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QDmZeW1H37IC}}
* {{citation|last=Robinson|first=S.|date=1 May 2008|title=India's Medical Emergency|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1736516,00.html|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Robinson|2008}}|archive-date=2013-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726160638/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1736516,00.html|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last=Rorabacher|first=J. A.|year=2010|title=Hunger and Poverty in South Asia|publisher=Gyan|isbn=978-81-212-1027-0|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=u6hriMcSsE4C}}
* {{citation|date=November 2006|title=Country Cooperation Strategy: India|publisher=[[World Health Organisation]]|url=http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_ind_en.pdf|accessdate=23 July 2011|format=PDF|ref={{sfnRef|World Health Organisation 2006}}|archive-date=2016-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418193252/http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_ind_en.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last=Chandramouli|first=C.|date=15 July 2011|title=Rural Urban Distribution Of Population|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india/Rural_Urban_2011.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2015|format=PDF}}
{{refend}}

'''Kolontsaina'''
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{cite news|last=Agnivesh|first=Swami|title=Missing: 50 million Indian girls|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/24/opinion/24iht-edswami.html?_r=0|accessdate=30 December 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=25 November 2005|author2=Rama Mani|author3=Angelika KÃ¶ster-Lossack|ref={{sfnref|Agnivesh|2005}}}}
* {{cite news|last=Bunting|first=Madeleine|title=India's missing women|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/jul/22/india-sex-selection-missing-women|accessdate=30 December 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=22 July 2011|ref={{sfnref|Bunting|2011}}}}
* {{citation|last=Binmore|first=K. G.|date=27 March 2007|title=Playing for Real: A Text on Game Theory|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-530057-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=eY0YhSk9ujsC&amp;pg=PA98}}
* {{citation|last=Bladholm|first=L.|date=12 August 2000|title=The Indian Grocery Store Demystified|edition=1st|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]]|isbn=978-1-58063-143-3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nCCEmAIo7HAC&amp;pg=PA64}}
* {{citation|date=1 August 2010|title=Saina Nehwal: India's Badminton Star and &quot;New Woman&quot;|work=[[BBC News]]|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-10725584|accessdate=5 October 2010|ref={{sfnRef|British Broadcasting Corporation 2010 a}}}}
* {{citation|date=7 October 2010|title=Commonwealth Games 2010: India Dominate Shooting Medals|work=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9068886.stm|accessdate=3 June 2011|ref={{sfnRef|British Broadcasting Corporation 2010 b}}}}
* {{citation|last=Chopra|first=P.|date=18 March 2011|title=A Joint Enterprise: Indian Elites and the Making of British Bombay|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|isbn=978-0-8166-7037-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jhTiCnh6RqAC&amp;pg=PA46}}
* {{citation|last=Cullen-Dupont|first=K.|date=July 2009|title=Human Trafficking|edition=1st|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-8160-7545-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=B2GeSNXy5CoC}}
* {{citation|last=Das|first=S. K.|date=1 January 2005|title=A History of Indian Literature, 500–1399: From Courtly to the Popular|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|isbn=978-81-260-2171-0}}
* {{citation|last=Datta|first=A.|year=2006|title=The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|volume=2|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0}}
* {{citation|last=Dehejia|first=R. S.|date=7 November 2011|title=Indian Grand Prix Vs. Encephalitis?|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/07/economics-journal-indian-grand-prix-vs-encephalitis/|accessdate=20 December 2011}}
* {{citation|last=Deutsch|first=E.|date=30 April 1969|title=Advaita Vedānta: A Philosophical Reconstruction|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|isbn=978-0-8248-0271-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=63gdKwhHeV0C}}
* {{citation|last1=Dissanayake|first1=W. K.|last2=Gokulsing|first2=M.|date=May 2004|title=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change|edition=2nd|publisher=Trentham Books|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_plssuFIar8C&amp;dq|isbn=978-1-85856-329-9}}
* {{citation|date=18 November 2009|title=Southern Movies Account for over 75% of Film Revenues|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-11-18/news/27638208_1_film-industry-small-budget-movies-farokh-balsara|accessdate=18 June 2011|ref={{sfnRef|The Economic Times}}|archive-date=2011-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720232113/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-11-18/news/27638208_1_film-industry-small-budget-movies-farokh-balsara|url-status=dead}}
* {{citation|title=South Asian Arts: Indian Dance|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/556016/South-Asian-arts/65246/Indian-dance|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Encyclopædia Britannica b}}}}
* {{citation|title=Tamil Literature|year=2008|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url=http://original.britannica.com/eb/article-9071111/Tamil-literature|accessdate=24 July 2011&lt;!--|quote=Apart from literature written in classical (Indo-Aryan) Sanskrit, Tamil is the oldest literature in India. Some inscriptions on stone have been dated to the 3rd century BC, but [[Tamil literature]] proper begins around the 1st century AD. Much early poetry was religious or epic; an exception was the secular court poetry written by members of the ''sangam'', or literary academy (see Sangam literature).--&gt;|ref={{sfnRef|Encyclopædia Britannica|2008}}|archive-date=2016-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410060824/http://original.britannica.com/eb/article-9071111/Tamil-literature|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last=Eraly|first=A.|year=2008|title=India|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-0-7566-4952-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HUdHHuFZN_8C&amp;pg=PA160|accessdate=24 July 2011}}
* {{citation|last=Hart|first=G. L.|date=August 1975|title=Poems of Ancient Tamil: Their Milieu and Their Sanskrit Counterparts|edition=1st|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-02672-8|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=a5KwQwAACAAJ|access-date=2015-05-09|archive-date=2011-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212161552/http://books.google.com/books?id=a5KwQwAACAAJ|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|editor-last=Heehs|editor-first=P.|date=1 September 2002|title=Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=978-0-8147-3650-0|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Jgsu-aIm3ncC|accessdate=24 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Heehs|2002}}}}
* {{citation|last=Henderson|first=C. E.|year=2002|title=Culture and Customs of India|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-313-30513-9|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CaRVePXX6vEC&amp;pg=PA102}}
* {{citation|last=Hoiberg|first=D.|last2=Ramchandani|first2=I.|year=2000|title=Students' Britannica India: Select Essays|publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]]|isbn=978-0-85229-762-9}}
* {{citation|editor-last=Johnson|editor-first=W. J.|title=The Sauptikaparvan of the Mahabharata: The Massacre at Night|date=1 September 2008|edition=2nd|series=[[Oxford World's Classics]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-282361-8|ref={{sfnRef|Johnson|2008}}}}
* {{citation|last1=Jones|first1=G.|last2=Ramdas|first2=K.|year=2005|title=(Un)tying the Knot: Ideal and Reality in Asian Marriage|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|isbn=978-981-05-1428-0|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IttiQ3QdJ6YC}}
* {{citation|last1=Kālidāsa|last2=Johnson|first2=W. J.|author-link=Kālidāsa|date=15 November 2001|title=The Recognition of Śakuntalā: A Play in Seven Acts|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-283911-4}}
* {{citation|last1=Kaminsky|first1=Arnold P.|last2=Long|first2=Roger D.|title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C|accessdate=12 September 2012|date=30 September 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-37462-3}}
* {{citation|last=Karanth|first=S. K.|author-link=Shivarama Karanth|date=October 2002|title=Yakṣagāna|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-357-1}}
* {{citation|editor1-last=Kiple|editor1-first=K. F.|editor2-last=Ornelas|editor2-first=K. C.|title=The Cambridge World History of Food|year=2000|place=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-40216-3|ref={{sfnRef|Kiple|Ornelas|2000}}}}
* {{citation|editor-last=Kuiper|editor-first=K.|date=1 July 2010|title=The Culture of India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LiqloV4JnNUC|accessdate=24 July 2011|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|isbn=978-1-61530-203-1|ref={{sfnRef|Kuiper|2010}}}}
* {{citation|last=Kumar|first=V.|title=Vastushastra|edition=2nd|series=All You Wanted to Know About Series|date=January 2000|publisher=[[Sterling Publishing]]|isbn=978-81-207-2199-9}}
* {{citation|last=Lal|first=A.|title=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DftkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=24 July 2011|year=2004|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-564446-3}}
* {{citation|last1=Lang|first1=J.|last2=Moleski|first2=W.|date=1 December 2010|title=Functionalism Revisited|publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-4094-0701-0|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rOCaSn8-ZboC&amp;pg=PA151}}
* {{citation|last=MacDonell|first=A. A.|author-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell|title=[[s:A History of Sanskrit Literature|A History of Sanskrit Literature]]|year=2004|publisher=[[Kessinger Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-4179-0619-2}}
* {{citation|last1=Majumdar|first1=B.|last2=Bandyopadhyay|first2=K.|title=A Social History of Indian Football: Striving To Score|year=2006|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-34835-5}}
* {{citation|last=Makar|first=E. M.|year=2007|title=An American's Guide to Doing Business in India|publisher=Adams|isbn=978-1-59869-211-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ujYmdNVIr7QC|access-date=2015-05-09|archive-date=2015-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318002204/http://books.google.com/books?id=ujYmdNVIr7QC|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last1=Massey|first1=R.|last2=Massey|first2=J|year=1998|title=The Music of India|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-332-8|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yySNDP9XVggC}}
* {{citation|last=Medora|first=N.|editor1-last=Hamon|editor1-first=R. R.|editor2-last=Ingoldsby|editor2-first=B. B.|year=2003|title=Mate Selection Across Cultures|chapter=Mate Selection in Contemporary India: Love Marriages Versus Arranged Marriages|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|pages=209–230|isbn=978-0-7619-2592-7}}
* {{citation|last=Messner|first=W.|year=2009|title=Working with India. The Softer Aspects of a Successful Collaboration with the Indian IT &amp; BPO Industry|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|isbn=978-3-540-89077-5|url=http://www.globusresearch.com/knowledge-books.com#working-with-india|access-date=2015-05-09|archive-date=2017-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820034438/http://www.globusresearch.com/knowledge-books.com#working-with-india|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last=Messner|first=W.|year=2012|title=Engaging with India. How to Manage the Softer Aspects of a Global Collaboration|publisher=[[Createspace]]|isbn=978-1-466244900|url=http://www.globusresearch.com/|access-date=2015-05-09|archive-date=2021-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225005416/http://www.globusresearch.com/|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite web|url=http://mruc.net/irs2012q1-topline-findings.pdf|title=Indian Readership Survey 2012 Q1 : Topline Findings|format=PDF|at=Growth: Literacy &amp; Media Consumption|publisher=Media Research Users Council|accessdate=12 September 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Media Research Users Council 2012}}|archivedate=2014-04-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407092737/http://mruc.net/irs2012q1-topline-findings.pdf}}
* {{citation|last=Mehta|first=Nalin|title=Television in India: Satellites, Politics and Cultural Change|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=R-BsSzSjnTYC|accessdate=12 September 2012|date=30 July 2008|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis US|isbn=978-0-415-44759-1}}
* {{citation|date=24 September 2010|title=Is Boxing the New Cricket?|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/1jxksEgRhUYXq0ezp1iixM/Is-boxing-the-new-cricket.html|accessdate=5 October 2010|ref={{sfnRef|Mint 2010}}}}
* {{citation|last=Nakamura|first=H.|date=1 April 1999|title=Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes|edition=12th|series=Buddhist Tradition Series|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-81-208-0272-8|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=w0A7y4TCeVQC}}
* {{citation|last=Puskar-Pasewicz|first=M.|date=16 September 2010|title=Cultural Encyclopedia of Vegetarianism|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-313-37556-9|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=scpwmjE3TWYC&amp;pg=PA39}}
* {{citation|last=Raghavan|first=S.|date=23 October 2006|title=Handbook of Spices, Seasonings, and Flavorings|edition=2nd|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-0-8493-2842-8|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=m4vvs87XiucC&amp;pg=PA3}}
* {{citation|last=Raichlen|first=S.|date=10 May 2011|title=A Tandoor Oven Brings India's Heat to the Backyard|publisher=The New York Times|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/11/dining/a-tandoor-oven-brings-indias-heat-to-the-backyard.html|accessdate=14 June 2011}}
* {{citation|editor1-last=Rajadhyaksha|editor1-first=A.|editor2-last=Willemen|editor2-first=P.|date=22 January 1999|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema|edition=2nd|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|isbn=978-0-85170-669-6|ref={{sfnRef|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1999}}}}
* {{citation|last=Ramanujan|first=A. K. (translator)|author-link=A. K. Ramanujan|date=15 October 1985|title=Poems of Love and War: From the Eight Anthologies and the Ten Long Poems of Classical Tamil|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|place=New York|pages=ix–x|isbn=978-0-231-05107-1|url=http://books.google.com/?id=nIybE0HRvdQC&lt;!--|quote=These poems are 'classical,' i.e. early, ancient; they are also 'classics,' i.e. works that have stood the test of time, the founding works of a whole tradition. Not to know them is not to know a unique and major poetic achievement of Indian civilisation. Early classical Tamil literature (c. 100 BC – AD 250) consists of the Eight Anthologies (''Eţţuttokai''), the Ten Long Poems (''Pattuppāţţu''), and a grammar called the ''Tolkāppiyam'' or the 'Old Composition.'&amp;nbsp;... The literature of classical Tamil later came to be known as ''Cankam'' (pronounced ''Sangam'') literature.--&gt;}}
* {{citation|last=Rawat|first=Ramnarayan S|date=23 March 2011|title=Reconsidering Untouchability: Chamars and Dalit History in North India|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=978-0-253-22262-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bz5dKC81O3IC&amp;pg=PA3}}
* {{citation|title=Anand Crowned World Champion|date=29 October 2008|publisher=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2008/oct/29anand.htm|accessdate=29 October 2008|ref={{sfnRef|Rediff 2008 b}}}}
* {{citation|last=Roberts|first=N. W.|date=12 July 2004|title=Building Type Basics for Places of Worship|edition=1st|publisher=[[John Wiley &amp; Sons]]|isbn=978-0-471-22568-3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hOxOAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{citation|last=Sarma|first=S.|date=1 January 2009|title=A History of Indian Literature|edition=2nd|volume=1|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-81-208-0264-3}}
* {{citation|last=Schoenhals|first=M.|date=22 November 2003|title=Intimate Exclusion: Race and Caste Turned Inside Out|publisher=[[University Press of America]]|isbn=978-0-7618-2697-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=922nG03giDwC&amp;pg=PA119}}
* {{citation|last=Schwartzberg|first=J.|year=2011|title=India: Caste|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46404/Caste|accessdate=17 July 2011}}
* {{citation|last=Sen|first=A.|date=5 September 2006|title=The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture, and Identity|edition=1st|publisher=[[Picador (imprint)|Picador]]|isbn=978-0-312-42602-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=agk63AlLmIgC&amp;pg=PA132}}
* {{citation|last=Seymour|first=S.C.|date=28 January 1999|title=Women, Family, and Child Care in India: A World in Transition|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-59884-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ClkaIF3KzLIC&amp;pg=PA81}}
* {{citation|last=Silverman|first=S.|date=10 October 2007|title=Vastu: Transcendental Home Design in Harmony with Nature|publisher=Gibbs Smith|isbn=978-1-4236-0132-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iwaryJd3fD8C&amp;pg=PA20}}
* {{citation|last=Tarlo|first=E.|date=1 September 1996|title=Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in India|edition=1st|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-78976-7|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ByoTXhXCuyAC|accessdate=24 July 2011}}
* {{citation|date=9 August 2010|title=Sawant Shoots Historic Gold at World Championships|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/Sawant-shoots-historic-gold-at-World-Championships/articleshow/6274795.cms?referral=PM|accessdate=25 May 2011|ref={{sfnRef|The Times of India 2010}}}}
* {{citation|title=Taj Mahal|publisher=[[UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation]]|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252|accessdate=3 March 2012|ref={{sfnRef|United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation}}}}
* {{citation|date=11 September 2009|title=India Aims for Center Court|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|url=http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970203440104574406704026883502?mg=reno64-wsj&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052970203440104574406704026883502.html|accessdate=29 September 2010|ref={{sfnRef|The Wall Street Journal 2009}}}}
* {{citation|last1=Wengell|first1=D. L.|last2=Gabriel|first2=N.|date=1 September 2008|title=Educational Opportunities in Integrative Medicine: The A-to-Z Healing Arts Guide and Professional Resource Directory|edition=1st|publisher=The Hunter Press|isbn=978-0-9776552-4-3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BNR1KGJXX9cC&amp;pg=PA158}}
* {{cite web|title=Intergenerational Mobility for Dalits Is Visible, Albeit Limited|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/05/05/000356161_20110505044659/Rendered/PDF/574280PUB0Pers1351B0Extop0ID0186890.pdf|work=World Bank Report 2011|accessdate=6 September 2012|doi=10.1596/978-0-8213-8689-7|format=PDF|ref={{sfnRef|World Bank 2011}}}}
* {{citation|last=Xavier|first1=L.|date=12 September 2010|title=Sushil Kumar Wins Gold in World Wrestling Championship|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/wrestling/Sushil-Kumar-wins-gold-in-World-Wrestling-Championship/articleshow/6542488.cms?referral=PM|accessdate=5 October 2010}}
* {{citation|last1=Yadav|first1=S. S.|last2=McNeil|first2=D.|last3=Stevenson|first3=P. C.|date=23 October 2007|title=Lentil: An Ancient Crop for Modern Times|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|isbn=978-1-4020-6312-1|url=http://books.google.com/?id=VfT6hZHpXPkC&amp;pg=PA174&lt;!--|quote=But it has been red lentils which have &quot;fed the masses&quot; particularly in the Indian subcontinent. Lentils are a staple food in many regions.--&gt;}}
* {{citation|last=Zvelebil|first=K. V.|date=1 August 1997|title=Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-09365-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC}}
{{refend}}

[[Sokajy:Jeografia]]
[[Sokajy:Firenena]]
[[Sokajy:Firenena ao Azia]]
[[Sokajy:Firenena]]
[[Sokajy:Firenena ao Azia]]

[[Sokajy:Azia]]
[[Sokajy:India| ]]
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5l4ohimdjmv14z0x0l2b3hsdadcwwky</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marovoay</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9142</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1152756</id>
      <parentid>1119360</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T04:50:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-53342-25</username>
        <id>41238</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1152756</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3990" sha1="133rbciva2mcci4x8en0dm0oxcja9k2" xml:space="preserve">{{coord|16|08|S|46|39|E}}
{{infobox tanàna
|anarana=Marovoay
|faritany=[[Faritanin' i Mahajanga|Mahajanga]]
|faritra = [[Faritra Boeny|Boeny]]
|isam-ponina=64619
|haavo =
|firenena={{Madagasikara}}
|sary =
|saina = 
}}
'''Marovoay''' dia kaominina malagasy ao amin'ny [[distrikan'i Marovoay]], [[Faritra Boeny|Boeny]],  [[Faritanin'i Mahajanga]]. Ny isam-poniny dia 64619 araka ny faminavinana natao tamin'ny taona 2000. Ny kaodin-kaominina dia 40699 ary ny kaodin-distrika dia 406

== Vokatry ny fambolena ==
Ny anjaran'ny tantsaha mampiasa zezika simika dia 5-25%.
Ny entana faharoa lafo vidy indrindra dia mangahazo.
Ny zava-bolena lehibe indrindra amin'ny lafin'ny velarantany dia vary.
Ny entana fahatelo lafo vidy indrindra dia patate douce.
Ny isan'omby dia 2773.
Ny isan'ny taona nisiam-pesitry ny vorona teo anelanelan'ny taona 1999-2001 dia 3.
Ny zava-bolena faharoa lehibe indrindra amin'ny lafin'ny velarantany dia mangahazo.
Ny entana lafo vidy indrindra dia vary.
80 isan-jaton'ny tanimbary no voatondraka amin'ny tohidrano na paompy.
2 ny mponina no manao asa tanana.
60 ny mponina no miasa tany.
4 ny mponina no miasa amin'ny fanjonoana.
24 ny mponina no miasa amin'ny fiompiana.
10 ny mponina no miasa amin'ny sampandraharaha.
1141 no isan'ny kisoa.

== Ara-tsosialy ==
Ahitana fikambanan-tantsaha ao.

== Fotodrafitrasa ==
Misy masoivohon'ny banky.
Tongavan'ny lalam-paritra ilay tanàna.
Ahitana hopitaly na toeram-pitsaboana ao.
Ahitana tobim-pahasalamana ao.
Misy tsena isan'andro any.
Ijanon'ny taksiborosy ilay kaominina.
Misy fianarana ambaratonga faharoa (lise).
Ahitana orinasa mampiasa olona mihoatra ny 50.
Ahitana sekoly ambaratonga fototra.
Ahitana orinasa mampiasa olona 10 hatramin'ny 50.
Ahitana seranana an-drenirano amin'ilay tanàna.
Ahitana kolejy ao amin'ilay tanàna.
Tsy ny JIRAMA no manome ny rano.
Ny JIRAMA no manome ny rano.
Misy biraom-paositra ao.

== Fitaterana ==
Ny fitaovam-pitaterana ampiasaina matetika indrindra dia fiara lehibe.
Ny faharetan'ny dia mankany amin'ny renivohi-paritany dia 2 ora.
Ahitana lalana godorô ao amin'ny kaominina.
Ny fotoam-pitaterana mankany amin'ny tanàn-dehibem-paritany amin'ny andro fahavaratra dia 2 ora.
Ny lalan-tany dia azo aleha mandavan-taona.
Ny saran-dalan'ny olona tokana mankany amin'ny tanàn-dehibem-paritany amin'ny andro fahavaratra dia 10000 Fmg.
Ny saran-dalan'ny olona tokana mankany amin'ny tanàn-dehibem-paritany amin'ny haintany dia 10000 Fmg.

== Fahasoavana ==
7 isan-jaton'ny mponina no tena mahantra dia mahantra.
20 isan-jaton'ny mponina no atao hoe mahantra.
Ny halavan'ny vanim-potoana mety ahalanian'ny vokatry ny taon-dasa dia 4 volana.
3 isan-jaton'ny mponina no atao hoe manan-karena.
70 isan-jaton'ny mponina no manana fari-piainana antonontonony.

== Endri-javatra ==
Misy masoivohon'ny ministeran'ny fiompiana.
Misy masoivohon'ny ministeran'ny fiompiana.
Misy sampandraharaha misahana ny fananan-tany ao.
Misy sampandraharaha misahana ny fananan-tany ao.
Misy masoivohon'ny ministeran'ny fahasalamana.
Misy masoivohon'ny ministeran'ny fahasalamana.
Misy masoivohon'ny ministeran'ny rano sy ny ala.
Misy masoivohon'ny ministeran'ny rano sy ny ala.
Misy masoivohon'ny ministeran'ny asa tany.
Misy masoivohon'ny ministeran'ny asa tany.
Misy masoivohon'ny ministeran'ny fiarovana.
Misy masoivohon'ny ministeran'ny fiarovana.
Misy masoivohon'ny ministeran'ny fanabeazana.
Misy masoivohon'ny ministeran'ny fanabeazana.
Misy masoivohon'ny ministeran'ny mponina.
Misy masoivohon'ny ministeran'ny mponina.

== Olana ==
Ny isan'ny vakitrano tanatin'ny taona 1999-2001 dia 32.
Ahitana polisy ao amin'ilay kaominina.
Ahitana zandary ao amin'ilay kaominina.

==Renirano==
[[Betsiboka]] &amp; [[Karambo]].

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [http://www.ilo.cornell.edu/ilo/census.xls ilo.cornell.edu] - Statistika momba ny kaominina malagasy ary loharanom-pahaizana namoronana an'ity lahatsoratra ity.
{{reflist}}
{{Boeny}}
[[Sokajy:Kaominina any Faritra Boeny]]
[[Sokajy:Kaominina any Madagasikara]]</text>
      <sha1>133rbciva2mcci4x8en0dm0oxcja9k2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lespesses</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13594</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1152772</id>
      <parentid>1025967</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T08:41:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kontributor 2K</username>
        <id>31390</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1152772</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1347" sha1="ml9dlgopmaj9nd2urx8s87fhtyvk4k2" xml:space="preserve">{{Coord|50.5633|2.425}}

{{infobox tanàna
|tanàna=Lespesses
|sary=Lespesses (Pas-de-Calais, Fr) mairie.JPG
|firenena={{Frantsa}}
|faritany=[[Image:Blason Nord-Pas-De-Calais.svg|20px]] [[Hauts-de-France]]
|velarantany=3.09
|isam-ponina=424
|ben'ny tanàna=Roger Dupont
}}

I '''Lespesses''' dia kaominina ao amin'ny fivondronan'i [[arrondissement of Béthune|Béthune]], ao amin'ny departemantan'i [[Image:Blason département fr Pas-de-Calais.svg|20px]] [[Pas-de-Calais]], ao amin'ny faritr'i [[Image:Blason Nord-Pas-De-Calais.svg|20px]] [[Hauts-de-France]], ao [[Frantsa]]. 
Ny INSEE dia mampiasa ny kaodim-paositra 62500.
I Roger Dupont no ben'ny tanàna mandritry ny taona 2008&amp;ndash;2014. Ilay kaominina dia kaominina mpikambana amin'ny fivondronan-kaominin'i [[Communauté de communes Artois-Lys]]
== Jeografia ==

Ny isam-ponin'i Lespesses dia 424 mponina araka ny fanisana natao tamin'ny taona 2006.  Ny haavon'ny toerana ambany indrindra dia 33 metatra. Ny haavon'ny toerana avo indrindra dia 84 metatra. Ny fisiana ara-daharampehintany ary ara-daharanjarahasin'ilay kaominina dia 50.5633° ary 2.425° amin'ny soratra desimaly.
Ny faritr'ora dia GMT+1.

== Rohy ivelany ==
*  : Tranonkala 
* [http://www.communes.com/recherche/?q=Lespesses Eo amin'i www.communes.com]

&lt;references/&gt;


[[Sokajy:Tanàna ao amin'ny faritr'i Pas-de-Calais]]</text>
      <sha1>ml9dlgopmaj9nd2urx8s87fhtyvk4k2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nova Hartz</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>70198</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1152754</id>
      <parentid>994447</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T03:19:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-53342-25</username>
        <id>41238</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1152754</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="717" sha1="bihbwrecmkngjmfidou39gtdnuiw47y" xml:space="preserve"> {{coord|29|35|00|S|50|54|00|W|}}
{{infobox tanàna
|anarana       =Nova Hartz
|velarantany   = 63
|haavo         = 36
|isam-ponina   = 22.147 
|firenena      ={{BRA}}
|fanjakana     =  {{Rio Grande do Sul}}
|ben'ny tanàna = Neri Chicatto&lt;br&gt; (2024-2028)
|sary          =Portal Nova Hartz 001.JPG
|saina = Coat of arms of Nova Hartz RS.png
}}

I '''Nova Hartz''' dia kaominina ao [[Brazila]], ao amin'i {{Rio Grande do Sul}}, ao amin'i  [[Metropolitana de Porto Alegre]],  [[Zana-paritan'i Porto Alegre|Porto Alegre]].

==Jeografia==
Ny velarantanin'ilay tanàna dia  62,558 kilometatra toradroa. Ny isam-ponina dia 22.147  tamin'ny taona 2021.

== Jereo koa ==
{{vangovango}}
[[sokajy:Tanàna ao Rio Grande do Sul]]</text>
      <sha1>bihbwrecmkngjmfidou39gtdnuiw47y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pas-de-Calais</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>175368</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1152771</id>
      <parentid>1125843</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T08:41:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kontributor 2K</username>
        <id>31390</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1152771</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1771" sha1="43zjjmocozo6hormjs8gn79lqlllgz7" xml:space="preserve">﻿{{infobox tanàna &lt;!-- Azo ahàtra amin'ny departemanta frantsay ihany koa --&gt;
|faritany=Pas-de-Calais
|firenena={{Frantsa}}
|velarantany=6671
|isam-ponina=1453387
|renivohitra=[[Arras|Arras]]
|ben'ny faritany=Dominique Dupilet
|sary=Pas-de-Calais-Position.svg
|saina = Blason département fr Pas-de-Calais.svg
}}
[[File:Locator map of Departement Pas-de-Calais 2025.png|thumb|left|Departement Pas-de-Calais]]
'''Pas-de-Calais''' dia departemanta ao [[Frantsa]].
Ny renivohiny dia [[Arras|Arras]].
Ny isam-poniny dia 1453387 mponina.

== Jeografia ==
&lt;!-- Ny toerana avo indrindra ao amin'ilay faritany dia manana haavo  metatra. --&gt;
Ny faritr'ora dia GMT+1.

==Tanàna lehibe==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Tanàna
! mponina
! Arrondissement
|-
| [[Calais]] || style=text-align:right;| 62193 || [[Arrondissement Calais|Calais]]
|-
| [[Arras]] || style=text-align:right;| 62041 || [[Arrondissement Arras|Arras]]
|-
| [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]] || style=text-align:right;| 62160 || [[Arrondissement Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne-sur-Mer]]
|-
| [[Lens]] || style=text-align:right;| 62498 || [[Arrondissement Lens|Lens]]
|-
| [[Liévin]] || style=text-align:right;| 62510 || [[Arrondissement Lens|Lens]]
|-
| [[Hénin-Beaumont]] || style=text-align:right;| 62427 || [[Arrondissement Lens|Lens]]
|-
| [[Béthune]] || style=text-align:right;| 62119 || [[Arrondissement Béthune|Béthune]]
|-
| [[Bruay-la-Buissière]] || style=text-align:right;| 62178 || [[Arrondissement Béthune|Béthune]]
|-
| [[Avion]] || style=text-align:right;| 62065 || [[Arrondissement Lens|Lens]]
|-
| [[Carvin]] || style=text-align:right;| 62215 || [[Arrondissement Lens|Lens]]
|}

== Rohy ivelany ==

*  : Sehatra ofisialy

{{commonscat}}
[[Sokajy:Departemanta frantsay]]
[[Sokajy:Pas-de-Calais|*]]</text>
      <sha1>43zjjmocozo6hormjs8gn79lqlllgz7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foko eto Madagasikara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>278074</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1152748</id>
      <parentid>1145996</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-01T15:14:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Nanampy sary</comment>
      <origin>1152748</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39399" sha1="ae12rhp2losizlz1bv5q73gmnna6o7u" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Ethnic groups of Madagascar Map.png|vignette|Sarintanin' i Madagasikara maneho ny faritra misy ireo foko ao aminy.|426x426px]]Ny '''foko eto Madagasikara''' dia vondron' olona iray faritra iaviana eto [[Madagasikara]], nanana fandaminana ara-politika niraisany na nitoviany tamin' ny vanimpotoana faha mpanjaka, manana ny fomba fitenenany ny [[fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izay atao hoe &quot;[[Fitenim-paritra malagasy|fitenim-paritra]]&quot;, sns. Tsy misy famaritana tokana eken' ny maro ny hoe ''foko'' ka tsy fantatra noho izany ny tena isan'ny [[foko]] eto [[Madagasikara]] izay tsy nitsaha-nivoatra nandritra ny tantara. Mahazatra ny maro, indrindra fa nanomboka tamin' ny [[Zanatanin' i Madagasikara sy ny tany miankina|fanjanahan-tany frantsay]], anefa ny miteny hoe &quot;[[foko valo ambin' ny folo]]&quot; na dia tsy misy ny mason-tsivana mazava na ny tantara nenti-namaritra izany. 

Ireto ny sasany amin' ny foko resahina matetika: ny [[Antankarana]] sy ny [[Betsimisaraka]] ary ny [[Tsimihety]] ao avaratra, ny [[Antambahoaka]] sy ny [[Antefasy]] sy ny [[Antemoro]] sy ny [[Antesaka]] sy ny [[Tanala]] ary ny [[Zafisoro]] ao atsinanana, ny [[Antandroy|Tandroy]] sy ny [[Antanosy|Tanosy]] ary ny [[Mahafaly]] ao atsimo, ny [[Sakalava]] sy ny [[Masikoro]] ary ny [[Makoa (malagasy)|Makoa]] sy ny [[Vezo]] ao andrefana, ny [[Merina]] sy ny [[Sihanaka]] sy ny [[Bezanozano]] sy ny [[Betsileo]] sy ny [[Zafimaniry]] ary ny [[Bara]] ao afovoan-tany.

== Famaritana ==
[[Sary:Handbook to the ethnographical collections (1910) (14783410255).jpg|vignette|Sarin-tany tamin' ny taona 1910 maneho ny foko teto Madagasikara tao amin' ny boky ''[[Handbook to the Ethnographical Collections]]'': (1) [[Antankarana]], (2) [[Betsimisaraka]] (any avaratra kokoa), (3) [[Betanimena]], (4) Betsimisaraka  (any atsimo kokoa) (5) [[Antambahoaka]], (6) [[Sihanaka]], (7) [[Bezanozano]], (8) [[Merina|Antimerina]], (9) [[Betsileo]], (10) [[Tanala|Antanala]], (11) [[Antemoro|Antimoro]], (12) [[Antesaka|Antisaka]], (13) [[Antefasy|Antifasina]], (14) [[Antimanambodro]], (15) [[Antanosy]], (16) [[Antivondro]], (17) [[Antandroy]], (18) [[Mahafaly]], (19) [[Sakalava]] (misy fizarazaràna valo ao anatiny).|522x522px]]
I [[Régis Rajemisa Raolison|Régis Rajemisa-Raolison]] dia mamaritra fohy ny foko toy izao ao amin' ny boky ''Rakibolana malagasy'' nosoratany: &quot;Fitambaran' ny olona iray fiaviana&quot;.
[[Sary:Malagassiërs.png|ankavia|vignette|Tahan' isan' ny mponina isam-poko eto Madagasikara]]
foko dia vondron' olona iray faritra niaviana, nanana fandaminana ara-pôlitika niraisany na nitoviany tamin' ny vanimpotoana faha mpanjaka, manana ny fomba fitenenany ny [[fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izay atao hoe &quot;[[Fitenim-paritra malagasy|fitenim-paritra]]&quot;, sns. Tsy misy famaritana tokana eken' ny maro ny hoe ''foko'' ka tsy fantatra noho izany ny tena isany eto [[Madagasikara]] izay tsy nitsaha-nivoatra nandritra ny [[tantara]]. Mahazatra ny maro, nanomboka tamin' ny [[Empira Mpanjanaka Frantsay|fanjanahantany frantsay]], anefa ny miteny hoe &quot;foko valo ambin' ny folo&quot; na dia tsy mifanandrify amin' ny tena marina ara-tantara izany. Ny sasany amin' ny ataon' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] ankehitriny hoe &quot;foko&quot; ireo dia matetika [[vondrom-poko]] raha ny tena marina noho ny faritra misy azy midadasika loatra sy noho ny fisian' ny vondrona ara-kolontsaina sy ara-piteny maro ao anatin' io vondrona lehibe io, izay manana ny anaram-pokony manokana avy (ohatra amin' izany ny [[Sakalava]] sy ny [[Betsimisaraka]]). Ny hafa indray dia mety zana-poko noho izy vitsy, monina amin' ny faritra kely dia kely sady tsy mifankaiza amin' ny foko mifanila faritra iaviana aminy na ara-piteny na ara-kolontsaina (ohatra amin' izany ny [[Antefasy]] ny [[Zafisoro]], ny [[Zafimaniry]] sy ny Betsileo, ny [[Masikoro]] sy ny [[Mikea]]). Tsy singa amaritana ny atao hoe &quot;foko&quot; eto Madagasikara na ny toetra ara-batana toy ny fihodirana, ny toetran' ny volo, na ny toe-batana. Ny fitenenana amin' ny fitenim-paritra koa dia matetika tsy heverin' ny olona ho singa mamaritra ny atao hoe &quot;foko&quot; satria maro ny Malagasy avy amin' ny foko na vondrom-poko iray izay mahay tenim-paritra roa na maro noho izy valovontaka na efa nitety faritra maro na ny foko roa samihafa izay miteny amin' ny fitenim-paritra iray mitohy (ohatra ny [[Mahafaly]] ny ny [[Antandroy]]).

== Ny vondrom-poko araka ny faritra misy azy ==

=== Vondrom-poko ao avaratra ===

==== Ny Antankarana ====
[[Sary:Antankarana ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Antankarana]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]
[[Sary:Ethnic groups in Madagascar.png|vignette|537x537px|Foko eto Madagsikara]]
Ny [[Antankarana]] na Tankarana dia vondrom-poko ao amin' ny tendro avaratr' i [[Madagasikara]], ao amin' ny [[Faritanin' Antsiranana]]. Monina amin' ny faritra lavalava avy eo Ampasimena (andrefana) mankany [[Vohimarina]] (Vohémar). [[Antsiranana]] sy i Vohimarina no tanàn-dehibe any. Niisa 50&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Antakarana tamin' ny taona 2013&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Diagram Group (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xJQuAgAAQBAJ Encyclopedia of African Peoples]''. San Francisco, CA: Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781135963415&lt;/nowiki&gt;. (4)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nisaraka tamin' ny [[Sakalava]] ny Antankarana tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-17 taorian' ny fifanolanana matetika.

Amin' ny lafiny kolontsaina, ny Antankarana dia mitovitovy amin' ny Sakalava mifanila aminy. Manompo [[tromba]] izy ireo ary mino ny fanahy eny amin' ny zavaboary, hany ka sarotra indraindray ny manavaka ireo vondrona roa ireo. Ny ankamaroan' ny Antankarana dia manaraka ny [[fivavahana silamo]]. Mifangaro amin' ny [[Fivavahan-drazana malagasy|fivavahan-drazana]] (indrindra ny [[Fivavahana amin'ny razana|fivavahana amin' ny razana]]) ny fomba iainan' ny Antankarana ny finoana silamo, miaraka amin' ireo fety lehibe sy singa ara-kolontsaina nindramina tamin' ny kolontsaina arabo silamo.

Manana ny fakalazana atao hoe ''[[Tsangan-tsaina]]'' ny Antankarana izay anatsatohana hazo roa mba hanamarika ny maha iray ilay foko sy hanambatra ny lasa amin' ny ankehitriny, ny maty amin' ny velona, ahatsiarovana ireo mpanjaka sy ny zava-nitranga taloha teo amin' ny tantaran' ny [[Antankarana]], mifototra amin' ny zava-nitranga tamin' ny taonjato faha-19, izay nenti-nanamafy ny fahefan' ny mpanjaka isaky ny dimy taona. Tafiditra ao anatin' ity lanonana ity ny [[fivahiniana masina]] any [[Nosy Mitsio]] 

==== Ny Betsimisaraka ====
[[Sary:Betsimisaraka ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Betsimisaraka]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]
Ny [[Betsimisaraka]] dia vondrom-poko lehibe ao amin' ny lemaka manaraka ny morontsiraka atsinanana, vafaritry ny reniranon' i [[Bemarivo]] ao avaratra sy ny onin' i [[Mananjary (ony)|Mananjary]] any atsimo. Ireto ny tanànan' ny Betsimisaraka: [[Maroantsetra]], [[Fenoarivo Antsinanana|Fenerivo]], [[Soanierana Ivongo|Soanierana-Ivongo]], [[Toamasina]], [[Vatomandry]], [[Mahanoro]] ary [[Andevoranto]]. Niisa 1&amp;nbsp;500&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Betsimisaraka tamin' ny taona 2011&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Shoup, John (2001). ''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&amp;redir_esc=y Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia]''. New York: ABC-CLIO. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781598843620&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Efa ela ny Betsimisaraka no nifanerasera tamin' ny tantsambo sy mpivarotra eorôpeana izay nitaranaka vahoaka safiotra eorôpeana-malagasy, antsoina hoe [[Zanamalata]]. Nipoitra ny Zanamalata antsoina hoe [[Ratsimilaho]] mba hampiray ny foko betsimisaraka isak-karazany teo ambany fitondrany tamin' ny taona 1710. Naharitra 50 taona ny nanjakany ary nametraka ny maha-izy azy sy ny fitoniana manerana ny fanjakana izany, saingy nalemy tsikelikely io fitambarana io tamin' ny fitondràn' ireo mpandimby azy. Fanjakana Betsimisaraka efa nivakivaky dia nofehezin-d[[Radama I]], mpanjakan' Imerina, tamin’ny 1817. Nitondra ny firenana nandritra ny Repoblika faharoa (1975-1992) ny [[Ratsiraka Didier|Amiraly Didier Ratsiraka]], izay avy amin' ny foko betsimisaraka.  Anisan' ny olo-malaza ara-pôlitika ihany koa ny zanak' anabavin-dRatsiraka, atao hoe [[Roland Ratsiraka]], izay nirotsaka hofidiana ho filoham-pirenena ary ben' ny tanànan' i Toamasina

Ara-kolontsaina dia azo zaraina roa ny Betsimisaraka, dia ny avaratra sy atsimo. Irasan' ny avaratra sy ny atsimo ny fanajana ny [[Razana (finoana malagasy)|razana]], ny [[tromba]], ny [[sorona]] [[omby]], ny [[famadihana]] sy ny [[sambatra]] ([[famorana]]) ary ny rafitra ara-tsôsialy entin-draibe. Samy manana ny [[Fitenim-paritra malagasy|fitenim-paritra]] azy manokana sy ny fady isan-karazany, ary koa ny fomba fany avaratra sy ny atsimo.

==== Ny Tsimihety ====
[[Sary:Tsimihety ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Tsimihety]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]
Ny [[Tsimihety]] na Antandroña dia vondrom-poko any amin' ny faritra avaratra-andrefana eto Madagasikara, ao amin' ny [[faritanin' i Mahajanga]], monina amin' ny faritra eo anelanelan' ny tanin' ny Antankarana avy ao avaratra, ny Betsimisaraka avy ao atsinanana, ny [[Sihanaka]] avy ao atsimo, ary ny [[Sakalava]] avy ao andrefana. Ireto ny tanàna lehibe any: [[Antsohihy]], [[Mandritsara]], [[Befandriana-Avaratra]], [[Mampikony]], [[Boriziny]] ary [[Bealanana]]. Eo anelanelan' ny 700&amp;nbsp;000 sy 1&amp;nbsp;200&amp;nbsp;000 ny isan' ny Tsimihety&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Appiah, Anthony; Gates Jr., Henry Louis (2005). ''Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience''. Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-517055-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. pp. 230-231&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Diagram Group (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xJQuAgAAQBAJ Encyclopedia of African Peoples]''. San Francisco, CA: Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781135963415&lt;/nowiki&gt;. (1)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Izy no foko fahefatra maro an' isa indrindra eto Madagasikara.

Tamin' ny vaninandro faha mpanjaka dia tsy nanavaka ny [[andriana]] sy ny tsy andriana ny Tsimihety fa mitovy saranga sy zo avokoa ny mponina rehetra ao amin' io vondrom-poko io ka ny zokiolona no mitondra ny fiarahamonina. Niorina tamin' ny fomba fiainan' ny mpiombom-pananana ary tarihin' ny vondron' olon-kendry antsoina hoe [[sojabe]] ny Tsimihety, izay tsy mbola nahalala ny fandaminana ara-pôlitikan' ny fanjakà-mpanjaka na fitondràm-pilohan-tanàna. Ny ohatra nasehon' ny fanjakana tsimihety Manjakamarosaina na Andriambaloambitelopolo dia efa azo lazaina ho endrika [[Repoblika|repoblikana]] alohan' ny fotoana. 

Ny Tsimihety dia anisan' ny nandray anjara mavitrika tamin' ny pôlitika teto Madagasikara hatramin' izay. I [[Philibert Tsiranana]], izay Tsimihety avy any akaikin' i [[Mandritsara]], no filoha voalohan' ny Repoblika Malagasy, fony izy tao anatin' ny Vondrona Frantsay (''Union Française'') tamin' ny taona 1959, ary nijanona ho filoham-pirenena nandritra ny 10 taona taorian' ny nahazoan' i Madagasikara ny fahaleovantena tamin' ny taona 1960.

=== Vondrom-poko ao atsinanana ===

==== Ny Antambahoaka ====
[[Sary:Antambahoaka ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Antambahoaka]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]
Ny [[Antambahoaka]] dia vondrom-poko iray ao atsimo-atsinanan' i Madagasikara, eo anelanelan' i Sakaleona sy [[Namorona]]. I [[Mananjary]] no tanan-dehibe any. Niisa 50&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Antambahoaka tamin' ny taona 2013&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Diagram Group (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xJQuAgAAQBAJ Encyclopedia of African Peoples]''. San Francisco, CA: Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781135963415&lt;/nowiki&gt;. (5)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Misy amin' izy ireo ny mitovy fiaviana [[Arabo (vahoaka)|arabo]] amin' ny [[Antemoro]]. Nisaraka tamin' ny Antemoro ny Antambahoaka tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 rehefa nanangana vondrona vaovao antsoina hoe [[Masindrano]] ny Antemoro iray antsoina hoe Ravalarivo. Nizarazara ho [[andriana]] sy olon-tsotra ary [[Andevo (teto Madagasikara)|andevo]] ny fiarahamonina nentim-paharazana antambahoaka. Ny foko antambahoaka andriana roa dia ny [[Onjatsy]] sy ny [[Tsimaito]] (na Tsimeto), izay mpitahiry ny fahalalana siantifika sy ny ody ary ny fanasinana, ary nahay ny fampiasana ny [[sorabe]] (fiteny malagasy nosoratana tamin' ny [[abidy arabo]]).

Ny fitondran' ny raibe sy ny fanajana ny [[Razana (finoana malagasy)|razana]] ary ny [[Fady (malagasy)|fady]] no ivon' ny fiarahamonin' ny Antambahoaka. Mpanjono an-dranomasina sy an-drenirano ary am-parihy ny Antambahoaka. Malaza ao amin' ny Antambahoaka ny fetin' ny [[sambatra]], izay fombafomba fanao isaky ny fito taona. Ranoray be ny fiarahamonin' izy ireo izay ahitana fifindra-monina kely any ivelany sy fahatsapana ambony ny maha-izy azy. Misy [[fady]] hatry ny ela izay mandrara ny fitaizana [[zaza kambana]]. Ny fiarahamonina antambahoaka dia manaiky ny ''soman-drazana'' - izay karazana fifandraisan' ny [[Ziva|mpiziva]], fifandraisana misy eo amin' ny foko roa hita taratra amin' ny fifankazaran' izy ireo eo amin' ny fomba fifampiresahany.

==== Ny Antefasy ====
[[Sary:Antaifasy ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Antefasy]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]
Ny [[Antefasy]] na Antaifasy na Tefasy dia vondrom-poko eto Madagasikara ao amin' ny morontsiraka atsimo-atsinanana, ao amin' ny faritra manodidina an' i [[Farafangana]]. Eo anelanelan' i [[Manampatrana|Manampatra]] sy Mananara atsimo izy ireo, izany hoe eo afovoan' ny [[Antemoro]] ao avaratra sy ny [[Antesaka]] ao atsimo. Tamin' ny taona 2013 dia niisa 150&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Antefasy&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

Nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1680, ny Antefasy niditra niady amin' ny [[Antemoro]] mpifanolo-bodirindrina aminy. Nitohy hatramin' ny taonjato faha-18 ny fifandonana nefa tsy naharesy mazava tsara ny iray tamin' ireo foko ireo. Nandritra ny fotoana fohy dia nanjakan’ ny [[Antemoro]] ny Antefasy, fa ny mpanjaka antefasy iray antsoina hoe [[Maseba]] no nanafaka azy. Tamin’ ny taona 1827 dia notafihin’ ny tafika merina ny fanjakana antefasy ka lasa fanjakana nanompo ny [[Fanjakan' Imerina|Fanjakan’ Imerina]]. Nanohitra ny fanjakazakan’ ny Merina ny Antefasy ary tsy voafehy tanteraka. Mba hanalefahana azy ireo dia nanohana ny [[Zafisoro]] ny Merina. Antefasy mirahalahy no nanangana ny ''Union Démocratique et Sociale'' (1957), iray amin' ireo [[Antoko politika malagasy|antoko pôlitika]] nahomby indrindra manerana ny Nosy. Voafidy indroa ho filohan’ ny [[Antenimieram-pirenena]] ny iray tamin’ ireo mpanorina ny antoko, [[Norbert Zafimahova]], voatendry hisolo tena hiaro ny tombontsoan’ i [[Madagasikara]] ao amin’ ny [[Antenimieran-doholona]] frantsay tamin’ ny 1958.

==== Ny Antemoro ====
[[Sary:Antaimoro ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Antemoro]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]
Ny [[Antemoro]] dia vondrom-poko malagasy manana ny faritra nentim-paharazana nisy azy eo anelanelan' i [[Namorona]] sy [[Manampatrana]] no fonenany. I [[Vohipeno]] sy i [[Manakara]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;no tanàna lehibe any aminy. Niisa 500&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Antemoro tamin' ny taona 2013&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Diagram Group (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xJQuAgAAQBAJ Encyclopedia of African Peoples]''. San Francisco, CA: Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781135963415&lt;/nowiki&gt;. (2)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny foko antemoro atao hoe [[Anakara]] sy [[Antalaotra]], araka ny lovantsofina mbola iadian-kevitra, dia taranaka mpiavy avy any [[Arabia]] sy [[Persia]]. Rehefa tonga teto Madagasikara izy ireo dia nanova finoana ny Antemoro ho [[Silamo eto Madagasikara|silamo]]; tsy ela anefa dia navelan' izy ireo izany fivavahana vaovao izany. Ny razan' ny Antemoro no nitondra ny [[sorabe]] teto Madagasikara. [[Ramakararo]] no mpanjaka antemoro voalohany. Anisan' ny Antemoro nalaza [[Andriamahazonoro]] sy [[Ratsilikaina]] izay nohafarin' [[Andrianampoinimerina]] ho lasa mpanolo-tsainany sy nampianatra an-d[[Radama Voalohany|Radama I]] zanany. Nalaza ho ombiasa sy mpanandro mahery ny Antemoro. Rava ny fanjakan' ny Antemoro tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19 taorian' ny fikomian' ny Antemoro olon-tsotra nanohitra ny sarangan' ny andriana.

Maro ny foko ao amin' ny vondrom-poko antemoro. Ao ny [[Anteony]] tonga voalohany tao [[Matitanana]], ao [[Vohipeno]]. Ao ny [[Antalaotra]], tonga taty aoriana, nefa malaza amin' ny [[Sorabe]] sy ny fahaizany [[Sikidy malagasy|misikidy]] sy [[Fanandroana malagasy|manandro]] (ny tena mamiratra dia ny [[Anakara]]), araka ny lovantsofina, izay voatery nandositra ny lapan' ny [[soltàna]] avy any [[Arabia Saodita]] fahaizay noho ny fananany fiaviana jiosy. Ao koa ny [[Ampanabaka]] izay tsy iza fa ny sarambaben' olona maro anisa.

Fady ny Antemoro ny alika, izay ataony hoe &quot;biby maloto&quot;. Fady azy ireo koa ny fihinanana henan-kisoa.

==== Ny Antesaka ====
[[Sary:Antaisaka ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Antesaka]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]
Ny [[Antesaka]] na Antaisaka na Tesaka dia vondrom-poko iray ao atsimo-atsinana amin' i Madagasikara. Ao amin' ny [[distrikan'i Vangaindrano|distrikan' i Vangaindrano]],[[faritra Atsimo-Atsinanana]], no betsaka azy ireo. Ny faritra onenany dia eo anelanelan' i [[Mananivo]] ao avaratra, Itomampy syIonaivo ao andrefana, ary Lavibola ao atsimo. Tanàna lehibe ao aminy dia i [[Vangaindrano]] sy i Midongy Atsimo. Niisa 600&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Antesaka tamin' ny taona 2013&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Diagram Group (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xJQuAgAAQBAJ Encyclopedia of African Peoples]''. San Francisco, CA: Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781135963415&lt;/nowiki&gt;. (3)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny mpanjaka antesaka maro dia taranaky ny [[Zarabehava]] izay taranaka mpanjaka [[sakalava]] izay niampita nankany amin' ny morontsiraka atsinanana teo anelanelan’ ny taompolo 1620 sy 1650. Nifindra monina avy tany amin' ny [[Fanjakan' i Menabe]] ny razamben’ ny Antesaka ary tonga tao Nosipandra (antsoina ankehitriny hoe [[Vangaindrano]]) tamin’ ny taompolo 1650. Araka ny lovantsofina dia [[Andriamandresy]] no mpanorina ny vondrom-poko antesaka. Tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-18, ny Antesaka dia iray amin' ireo fanjakana efatra lehibe indrindra eto Madagasikara. Matetika no niadiana ny fifandimbiasam-pitondrana ary niteraka fifandirana anatiny. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-19, dia notafihin’ ny tafiky ny [[Fanjakan' Imerina]] ny Fanjakana Antesaka ka resiny teo anelanelan' ny taompolo 1820 sy 1850. I [[Lengoabo]], zafikelin-dRatongalaza, no mpanjaka farany sady nanan-danja indrindra tamin' ny taonjato faha-18, ary nahavita nanitatra ny faritanin' ny Antesaka hatramin' ny farany indrindra.

Ny [[zaza kambana]] dia fady ary tsy azo alevina miaraka amin' ny fianakaviany. Ny fomba momba ny [[fandevenana]] dia ny fanamainana ny faty mandritra ny roa na telo taona alohan' ny hamindrana azy any amin' ny fasana iombonana antsoina hoe ''kibory'', izay miafina ao anaty ala fady. Mizara ho foko maromaro ny vondrom-poko antesaka, dia ny [[Antemanambondro]], ny [[Antevato]], ny [[Masianaky]], ny [[Zarabehava]], ny [[Zarafaniliha]] ary ny [[Zaramanampy]].

==== Ny Tanala ====
[[Sary:Tanala ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Tanala]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]
Ny [[Tanala]] na Antanala dia vondrom-poko ao amin' ny faritra misy ny havoanan' Ikongo, voafaritry ny tanin' ny Betsileo ao andrefana, ny Betsimisaraka sy ny Antambahoaka sy ny Antemoro ary ny Antefasy ao atsinanana, ary ny ony [[Manampatrana]] ao atsimo. Ireto ny tanàna lehibe any: Ambohimanga Atsimo sy [[Ivohibe]] ary [[Ifanadiana]]. Miisa 400&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Tanala tamin' ny taona 2014&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

Ny [[Vazimba]] no mponina voalohany tao amin' ny tanin' ny Tanala. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-17 dia nifindra tany amin' io faritra io ny foko [[Zafirambo]]. Araka ny lovantsofina ihany dia avy amin' ny mpitarika iray antsoina hoe Rambo ny Zafirambo. Ny ray aman-drenin' i Rambo dia samy avy amin' ny foko antemoro - ny [[Anteony]] eo amin' ny lafin-dray ary ny [[Zafiraminia]] eo amin' ny lafin-dreny. Noroahin' ny Zafirambo tao amin' ny lohasahan' i Sandrananta sy Manambondro ny foko [[Antemahafaly]] nitondra ny tany taloha. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-18 dia nifandona tamin' ny [[Antemoro]] ny Tanala izay nandesy azy ireo tamin’ ny farany. Nahatratra ny faratampon' ny tanjany ny fanjakana tanala tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-18 teo ambany fanapahan’ ny mpanjaka Andriamatahetany.

Nizara ho ambaratongam-poko telo Tanala: ny [[andriana]] sy ny olona afaka ary ny andevo. Tompon' andraikitra eo anatrehan' ny vahoakany, izay nanana fahefana hanongana azy, ny mpanjaka tanala. Aorian' ny fahafatesan' ny mpanjaka dia tehirizina ny vakoka (''lambohamba'') avy aminy ary ampandroina isan-taona amin' ny toerana iray ao amin' ny lohasahan' i Sandrananta.

Nalaza tamin' ny fahaiza-mamantatra ny miafina sy ny hoavy amin' ny alalan' ny [[Fanandroana malagasy|fanandroana]] sy ny [[Sikidy malagasy|sikidy]] ny Tanala. Vantany vao teraka ny zaza dia ampandroina amin' ny rano mangatsiaka, ary manambara ny andro sasany [[Fady (malagasy)|fady]] ho azy mandritra ny androm-piainany ny ombiasa; raha misy zaza teraka amin' ny andro fady amin' ny reniny sy ny rainy dia avelaho faty. Manana andro fady valo isam-bolana ny Tanala. Amin' ny Tanala sasany dia masina ary arovana amin' ny alalan' ny fady maro ny [[babakoto]] (''Indri Indri''): tsy azo vonoina na hanina, ary raha voafandrika dia tsy maintsy afahana; raha maty na voavono tsy nahy dia tsy maintsy alevina toy ny olona. Fady kisoa sady tsy mahazo mikasika azy ireo ny Tanala.

==== Ny Zafisoro ====
[[Sary:Zafisoro ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Zafisoro]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]
Ny [[Zafisoro]] dia vondrom-poko malagasy monina any amin' ny morontsiraka atsimo atsinanan' i [[Madagasikara]], ka ao amin' ny [[distrikan' i Farafangana]] no ahitana azy ireo betsaka. Heverina ho zana-pokon' ny [[Antefasy]] ny Zafisoro sady mitovy faritra onenana amin' ny Antefasy. Maro ireo etnôlôga no mihevitra fa ny Antefasy, sy ny Zafisoro koa, dia zana-pokon' ny [[Antesaka]]. Eo amin' ny 91&amp;nbsp;000 ny isan' ny Zafisoro&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;''[https://www.joshuaproject.net/people_groups/16079/MA Zafisoro of Madagascar]''. Joshua project notsidihina tamin' ny 5 Desambra 2015.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny Zafisoro dia mety avy amin' ny Afrikana mpifindra monina niondrana an-dakana nankaty Madagasikara tamin' ny taonjato faha-15, ka tamin' izany dia vahoaka iray ihany izy sy ny [[Antefasy]] mpifanolo-bodirindrina aminy ankehitriny. Araka ny [[Lovantsofina|lovantsofin]]' ny Antefasy dia avy any anaty tanin' i [[Afrika]] ny razamben' izy ireo atao hoe Ndretsileo. Te honina amin' ny faritra manamorona ny reniranon' i [[Menarandra]] i Ndretsileo. Efa nalain' ny [[Bara]] izany faritra izany ka i Ndrembolanony, zafin' i Ndretsileo, dia nifindra nankany atsinanana niaraka tamin' Isoro, izay mpajaka niara-nanapaka taminy. Niorim-ponenana tao amin' ny morontsiraka atsinanana izay. Noho ny tsy fifanarahana momba ny fizaràna ny tany dia nisaraka tamin' ny taranak' i Ndrembolanony ny taranak' Isoro ka nantsoina tamin' izay hoe ''Zafisoro'', izany hoe &quot;Zafin' Isoro&quot;. Izany dia niseho tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-16 na tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-17. Nanomboka tamin' izay dia tsy nitsahatra niady ny Zafisoro sy ny Antefasy ka lasa foko roa samy hafa. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 dia ny [[Merina]] no nanapaka ny Zafisoro sy ny Antefasy.

=== Vondrom-poko ao atsimo ===

==== Ny Antandroy ====
Ny [[Antandroy]] na Tandroy dia vondrom-poko ao amin' ny faritra mipaka hatrany amin' ny tendron' i Madagasikara atsimo indrindra monina amin' ny tany eo anelanelan' ny ony [[Menarandra]] ao andrefana sy [[Mandrare]] ao atsinanana ary ny havoana Vohimainty ao avaratra. Niisa  600&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Antandroy tamin' ny taona 2013&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Diagram Group (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xJQuAgAAQBAJ Encyclopedia of African Peoples]''. San Francisco, CA: Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781135963415&lt;/nowiki&gt;. (1)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mety ny [[Karimbola]] no foko efa tao hatry ny ela izay novantanin' ny mpiavy taty aoriana. Misy amin' ny razamben' ny Tandroy no avy amin' ny [[Sakalava]]. Ao amin' ny tapany atsinanana amin' ny faritra onenan' ny Tandroy no nisy ny fokom-pianakaviana [[Mahandrovato]] izay nitombo tsikelikely vokatry ny fiavian' ny [[Antanosy]] sy ny [[Bara]] mpitsoa-ponenana. Tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-18 dia niorina ny kônfederasiôna nampiray ny fanjakana tandroy rehetra teo anelanelan' ny ony [[Menarandra]] sy [[Mandrare]]. Ny [[Zafimanara]], zana-bondron' ny fokom-pianakaviana Mahandrovato, no nitondra ity kônfederasiôna ity. Nihena ny fahefan' ny Zafimanara tamin' ny taona 1790 teo ho eo rehefa nisy tondra-drano lehibe sy fikorontanan' ny [[tontolo iainana]] ka nahatonga azy ireo hifindra any amin' ny lembalemban' i Manombo. Niiaro tena ka tsy resin' ny [[Fanjakan' Imerina]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 ny Tandroy. Ny [[Madagasikara zanatany frantsay|mpanjanatany frantsay]] koa dia niady mafy mba hampihatra ny heriny amin' ity vahoaka ity. Ny fanonganana an' i [[Tsiranana Philibert|Tsiranana]] sy ny fiafaran' ny [[Repoblika Malagasy|Repoblika voalohany]] tamin' ny taona 1972 dia niainga tamin' ny hetsika mitam-piadiana nataon' ny tantsaha tandroy notatihin' i [[Monja Jaona]] tany [[Toliara]].

Ny Antandroy dia mino [[andriamanitra mpamorona]] (''[[Andriamanitra (finoan-drazana malagasy)|Zañahare]]'') sy ny [[Razana (finoana malagasy)|razana]]. Inoany koa ny fisian' ny [[kokolampo]] izay mitondra ny tsara na ny ratsy. Fahita ny [[Sikidy malagasy|mpisikidy]] sy ny mpisorona. Ny [[famorana]] dia  manan-danja eo amin' ny Tandroy, ary amin' ny foko tandroy sasany dia atifitra amin' ny [[basy]] ny [[tsotsoka]]. Ny Tandroy dia mampiasa hazo fisaka hanamboarana ny tranony; manana endrika [[efamira]] ny trano nentim-paharazana. Matetika fefy [[raketa]] na [[fantiolotsy]] (''Alluaudia procera'') no manodidina ny tranon' ny Tandroy. Ny [[fiompiana omby]] no tena asa ataon' ny Antandroy. Voarara tsy hitery [[ronono]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' omby ny vehivavy antandroy. Fadin' ny Antandroy rehetra ny famonoana sy fihinanana [[sokatra]]. Rehefa maty ny Tandroy, dia mikarakara lanonam-pandevenana ny mpianakavy, [[omby]] maro dia maro no vonoina amin' izany. Mety afaka ambolana maro vao mandevina ny Tandroy. Ny fasana tandroy dia lehibe sady vita amin' ny vato ary mahitsizoro, izay voaravaka sary hosodoko mirenty sy [[aloalo]]. Atsatoka eo ambonin' ny fasana ny karandohan' ny omby novonoina amin' ny fandevenana mba hanehoana ny fananan-karen' ny maty. Rehefa vita ny fandeveana dia dorana amin' ny afo ny tranon' ny maty. Tsy miverina mitsidika fasana ny Tandroy. Zava-maneno ankafizin' ny Tandroy ny [[lokanga]]. Mampalaza azy ireo ny [[dihy]] nentim-paharazany izay taterahin' olo-maro miaraka amin' ny [[lefona]] ary ampiarahina amin' ny antsa.

==== Ny Antanosy ====
Ny [[Antanosy]] na Tanosy dia vondrom-poko ao amin' ny tendron' i Madagasikara atsimo-atsinanana indrindra, ao amin' ny [[faritra Anosy]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;eo anelanelan' i [[Masianaka]] sy Mandrare no misy azy betsaka indrindra, nefa ahitana azy koa ny tanàna toa an' i [[Bezaha]] sy i [[Vatolatsaka]] (ao amin' ny [[distrikan'i Betioky-Atsimo|distrikan' i Betioky-Atsimo]]) ary any [[Bereketa]] ([[distrikan'i Sakaraha|distrikan' i Sakaraha]]) any amin' ny [[faritra Atsimo-Andrefana]]. I [[Tolagnaro]] no tanàn-dehiben' izy ireo. Niisa 360&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Antanosy tamin' ny taona 2013&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Diagram Group (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xJQuAgAAQBAJ Encyclopedia of African Peoples]''. San Francisco, CA: Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781135963415&lt;/nowiki&gt;. (1)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Ny Mahafaly ====
Ny [[Mahafaly]] dia vondrom-poko monina amin' ny misy havoana marin-tampona midadasika, be sokay sy fasika, eo anela&lt;nowiki/&gt;nelan' ny ony [[Onilahy (renirano)|Onilahy]] sy [[Menarandra]], any amin' ny [[faritra Atsimo-Andrefana]]. Ny tanàna lehibebe misy ny Mahafaly: [[Betioky-Atsimo]] sy [[Ejeda]] ary [[Ampanihy]]. Niisa 150&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Mahafaly tamin' ny taona 2013&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Diagram Group (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xJQuAgAAQBAJ Encyclopedia of African Peoples]''. San Francisco, CA: Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781135963415&lt;/nowiki&gt;. (1)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Vondrom-poko ao andrefana ===
==== Ny Sakalava ====
Ny [[Sakalava]] dia vondrom-poko monina amin' ny tany midadasika dia midadasika any amin' ny tapany atsimo-andrefana sy andrefana ary avaratra-andrefan' i Madagasikara, eo anelanelan' [[Ampasimena]] any avaratra, sy Toliara any atsimo. Mizara efatra Sakalava, dia ny Sakalavan' i Boina (renivohitra: [[Mahajanga]]), ny Sakalavan' Ambongo (renivohitra: [[Besalampy]]), ny Sakalavan' i Menabe (renivohitra: [[Morondava]]) ary ny Sakalavan' i Fiherenana (renivohitra: [[Toliara]]): ny [[Vezels-Roussy|Vezo]] sy ny [[Masikoro]] dia heverina ho zana-pokon' ny Sakalavan' i Fiherenana. Ireto ny tanàn-dehibe ao amin' ny tanin' ny Sakalava: [[Mahajanga]], [[Besalampy]], [[Morondava]], [[Toliara]], [[Analalava]], [[Maintirano]] ary [[Morombe]]. Niisa 1&amp;nbsp;210&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Sakalava tamin' ny taona 2014&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ethnologue, 2014. Based on extrapolations of latest census figures to report on Malagasy people groups (2014 L. Bouwer)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Ny Makoa ====
Ny [[Makoa (malagasy)|Makoa]] dia vondrom-poko monina ao amin' ny morontsiraka avaratra andrefan' i Madagasikara. Ny mponina ao ampovoan-tanin' i Madagasikara dia miantso ny razamben' izy ireo hoe ''Masombika''. Indraindray izy ireo dia heverina ho zana-pokon' ny Vezo, izay foko ao anatin' ny Sakalava. Eo amin' ny 1 %n' ny Malagasy ny Makoa. 

==== Ny Masikoro ====
Ny [[Masikoro]] dia vondrom-poko any amin' ny morontsiraka atsimo andrefan' i Madagasikara izay mivelona indrindra amin' ny fiompiana sy ny fambolena. Niisa 90&amp;nbsp;000 ny Masikoro tamin' ny taona 2001 &lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&amp;pg=PA205&amp;redir_esc=y International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: AAVE - Esperanto]''. Oxford University Press. 2003. p. 205. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Ny Vezo ====
Ny [[Vezo]] dia vondrom-poko moninina any amin' ny morontsiraka atsimo andrefan' i [[Madagasikara]] izay mivelona indrindra amin' ny fanjonoana an-dranomasina. Ao amin' ny vondrom-poko [[Sakalava]] ny Vezo.

=== Vondrom-poko ao afovoan-tany ===
==== Ny Merina ====
[[Sary:Merina ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Merina]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]
Ny [[Merina]] dia vondrom-poko monina ao afovoan' i Madagasikara, eo amin' ny tampon-kavoana voafaritry ny tanin' i Vonizongo ao avaratra, ny tendrombohitr' [[Ankaratra]] ao atsimo, ny reniranon' i [[Sakay]] ao andrefana, ary ny tandavan-tendrombohitr' Angavo ao atsinanana. Ireto ny tanàn-dehibe misy ny Merina: [[Antananarivo]], [[Antsirabe]], [[Ambatolampy]], [[Arivonimamo]], [[Miarinarivo]], [[Manjakandriana]] ary [[Soavinandriana]]. Izy ireo no maro anisa indrindra eto Madagasikara, eo anelanelan' ny 26 sy 30 % amin' ny mponina. Niisa 5&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Merina tamin' ny taona 2013&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Jay Heale; Zawiah Abdul Latif (2008). ''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=PJWLCYGo2RgC&amp;pg=PA64&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Madagascar]''. Marshall Cavendish. p. 64. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-7614-3036-0&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny fanjakan' ny Merina no niitatra indrindra ka nandrakotra ny ampahany be amin' ny Nosy. Tamin' ny vanipotoana faha mpanjaka dia nizara [[Sarangam-poko merina|sarangam-poko]] telo ny Merina ka ny farany ambony dia ny sarangan' ny [[Andriana]]. Merina ny filohan' i Madagasikara voafidy tamin' ny taona 2002, [[Ravalomanana Marc]] (nandimby an-d[[Ratsiraka Didier]]) izay niharan' ny [[Rotaka tamin' ny taona 2009|fanonganam-panjakana]] notarihin' i [[Rajoelina Andry|Andry Rajoelina]], izay Merina tahaka azy ihany, tamin' ny taona 2009.
[[Sary:Sihanaka ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Sihanaka]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]

==== Ny Sihanaka ====
Ny [[Sihanaka]] dia vondrom-poko monina manodidina ny [[farihin' Alaotra]], voafaritry ny renirano [[Bemarivo]] Ambony sy Tampoketsa Atsimo ao avaratra, ny renirano [[Mahajamba]] Ambony ao andrefana, ary ireo havoana misy ny [[Bezanozano]] sy ny ala ao atsinanana. Ny tanàna lehibe any dia [[Ambatondrazaka]]. Miisa 200&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Sihanaka.

==== Ny Bezanozano ====
[[Sary:Bezanozano ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Bezanozano]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]
Ny [[Bezanozano]] dia vondrom-poko ao amin' ny tany lemaka manodidina an' i [[Mangoro]], voafaritry ny tany onenan' ny foko [[Sihanaka]] ao avaratra, ny [[Betsimisaraka]] ao atsinanana, ary ny Merina ao andrefana. Ireto ny tanàn-dehibe ao: [[Moramanga]] sy [[Beparasy]] ary Anjiro. Niisa 100&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Bezanozano tamin' ny taona 2011&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Shoup, John (2001). ''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&amp;redir_esc=y Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia]''. New York: ABC-CLIO. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781598843620&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Ny Betsileo ====
[[Sary:Betsileo ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Betsileo]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]
Ny [[Betsileo]] dia vondrom-poko lehibe ao amin' ny toerana faritan' ny ony [[Mania]] ao avaratra, ny tanin' ny [[Tanala]] ao atsinanana, ny tendrombohitr' [[Andringitra]] ao atsimo, ary ny tandavan-tendrombohitr' i Bongolava ao andrefana, izany hoe ao amin' ny [[Faritanin'i Fianarantsoa|Faritanin' i Fianarantsoa]]. Ireto ny tanànan' ny Betsileo: [[Ambositra]], [[Ambohimahazo]], [[Ambohinamboarina]], [[Fianarantsoa]], [[Ambohimahasoa]] ary [[Ambalavao]]. Tombanana ho  4&amp;nbsp;359&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny isan' ny Betsileo.

==== Ny Zafimaniry ====
Ny [[Zafimaniry]] dia vondrom-poko monina ao amin' ny tapany atsimo atsinanan' ny faritra afovon' i [[Madagasikara]], izay azo heverina ho zana-pokon' ny [[Betsileo]], nefa mifanakaiky [[kolontsaina]] koa amin' ny [[Tanala]]. Tombanana eo amin' ny 25&amp;nbsp;000 eo ho eo ny Zafimaniry tamin' ny taona 2008&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;''&quot;[https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/woodcrafting-knowledge-of-the-zafimaniry-00080 The Woodcrafting Knowledge of the Zafimaniry]''&quot;. UNESCO. 2008.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. 

==== Ny Bara ====
Ny [[Bara]] dia vondrom-poko monina amin' ny toerana midadasika voafaritry ny renirano [[Zomandao]] any avaratra (mampisaraka azy amin' ny Betsileo), ny faritra onenan' ny Tanala any atsinanana, ny ony [[Onilahy (renirano)|Onilahy]] any atsimo andrefana (mampisaraka azy amin' ny [[Antandroy]] sy ny [[Mahafaly]]), ary ny tangoron-tendrombohitra Analavelona ao andrefana sy avaratra-andrefana. Ny tanàn-dehibe ao aminy dia [[Ihosy]], i [[Betroka]], i [[Sakaraha]], i [[Ankazoabo Atsimo]] ary i [[Beroroha]]. Niisa 520&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Bara tamin' ny taona 2013&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Diagram Group (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xJQuAgAAQBAJ Encyclopedia of African Peoples]''. San Francisco, CA: Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781135963415&lt;/nowiki&gt;. (1)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==
'''Lohahevitra ankapobeny'''
* [[Malagasy (vahoaka)]]
* [[Tantaran' i Madagasikara]]
* [[Mponina eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Zanaka am-pielezana malagasy any Frantsa]]
* [[Fifindra-monina jiosy taty Madagasikara]]
* [[Kolontsaina malagasy]]
* [[Tanindrana]]
* [[Ziva]]
'''Ny foko tsirairay eto Madagasikara'''
* [[Antefasy]] - [[Antemoro]] - [[Antesaka]] - [[Antankarana]] - [[Antambahoaka]] - [[Antandroy]] - [[Antanosy]] - [[Bara]] - [[Beosy]] - [[Betsimisaraka]] - [[Betsileo]] - [[Bezanozano]] - [[Mahafaly]] - [[Makoa]] - [[Masikoro]] - [[Merina]] - [[Mikea]] - [[Sakalava]] - [[Sihanaka]] - [[Tanala]] - [[Tsimihety]] - [[Vezo]] - [[Zafimaniry]] - [[Zafisoro]].
'''Ny foko ara-tantara teto Madagasikara'''
*[[Vazimba]] - [[Antalaotra]] - [[Beosy]]
'''Samihafa'''

* [[Tantaran' i Madagasikara]]
* [[Tanàna eto Madagasikara|Tanana eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Governemanta Malagasy|Governemanta malagasy]]
* [[Pôlitika eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Kolontsaina malagasy]]
* [[Fivavahana eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Fiteny eto Madagasikara|Fiteny eto Madgasikara]]
* [[Faritany eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Faritra eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Jeôgrafian' i Madagasikara]]

== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== FAMINTINANA ==

== Ny fizarazarana sy ny mampiavaka ireo foko 18 eto Madagasikara: ==

* '''Merina :''' Monina eny amin'ny High Lands na ny tany avo afovoany (faritr'Analamanga/Antananarivo). Malaza teo amin'ny tantara tamin'ny fambolena vary an-tanety sy an-tsaha ary ny tenona landy.
* '''Betsileo :''' Eny amin'ny tany avo afovoany ihany koa (manodidina an'i Fianarantsoa). Malaza amin'ny fambolena sy ny fahaizany miankandratra sy mikiky hazo (sokitra).
* '''Betsimisaraka :''' Monina amin'ny morontsiraka Atsinanana manontolo. Tantsambo sy tantsaha kinga sady mampalaza azy ireo ny fambolena lavanila, jirofo, ary kanelina.
* '''Sakalava :''' Monina amin'ny ampahany lehibe amin'ny morontsiraka Andrefana. Mpiompy omby zebu goavana sy mpanarato izy ireo.
* '''Antaisaka (na Antisaka) :''' Monina any amin'ny faritra Atsimo-Atsinanana. Malaza amin'ny fombafomba fandevenana nentim-paharazana sy ny fahaizany manao sokitra.
* '''Antandroy :''' Vahoakan'ny faritra Atsimo tany karankaina (any amin'ny &quot;bokin'ny tsilo&quot;). Mpiompy sy mpitantana ny fiainana amin'ny faritra maina.
* '''Mahafaly :''' Mpirorona amin'ny Antandroy. Malaza amin'ny fanaovana fasana misy hazo voasokitra antsoina hoe '''aloalo'''.
* '''Bara :''' Mpiompy zebu mpifindrafindra toerana monina amin'ny lemaka midadasika any Atsimo. Ny halatra omby koa dia fomban-drazana nampisehoana ny herim-po (fahazaza).
* '''Antaimoro (na Antemoro) :''' Monina any amin'ny morontsiraka Atsimo-Atsinanana. Fantatra amin'ny tantarany mifandray amin'ireo manam-pahaizana silamo (sorabe) sy ny fanamboarana ny taratasy Antaimoro.
* '''Antaifasy :''' Monina any amin'ny faritry Farafangana, amin'ny morontsiraka Atsimo-Atsinanana.
* '''Antambahoaka :''' Vahoaka ao amin'ny faritry Mananjary (morontsiraka Atsinanana), malaza amin'ny fombafomba famonjana faobe antsoina hoe '''Sambatra'''.
* '''Antanosy :''' Vahoaka ao amin'ny faritry Fort-Dauphin (Tolagnaro) any Atsimo-Atsinanana.
* '''Bezanozano :''' Vahoakan'ny ala any Atsinanana. Teo amin'ny tantara, izy ireo no mpitondra entana nivesatra nentina nankany amin'ny Tany Avo.
* '''Makoa :''' Avy any Afrika Atsinanana ary niorim-ponenana tany avaratra-andrefana, mifandray ara-tantara amin'ny taranak'ireo andevo.
* '''Sihanaka :''' Monina manodidina ny farihin'Alaotra (any avaratra-atsinanan'ny Tany Avo), manam-pahaizana manokana amin'ny fambolena vary (sompitry Madagasikara).
* '''Tanala :''' Vahoakan'ny ala any Atsinanana, ny anarany dia midika hoe &quot;ireo ao anaty ala&quot;, fantatra amin'ny fanaovana fambolena tavy (dorotany).
* '''Tsimihety :''' Monina any avaratra-andrefana. Fantatra teo amin'ny tantara tamin'ny fitiavany fahaleovantena sy ny fandavana ny fahefan'ny mpanjaka.
* '''Vezo :''' Mpirenireny amin'ny ranomasina (nomadin'ny ranomasina), monina amin'ny morontsiraka Atsimo-Andrefana, malaza amin'ny fanaratoana nentim-paharazana amin'ny fampiasana lakana misy lavasisa.</text>
      <sha1>ae12rhp2losizlz1bv5q73gmnna6o7u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1152750</id>
      <parentid>1152748</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-01T15:16:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Rohy anatiny</comment>
      <origin>1152750</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39398" sha1="beudmpojpqz9v872e1zqyspbxxppqt2" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Ethnic groups of Madagascar Map.png|vignette|Sarintanin' i Madagasikara maneho ny faritra misy ireo foko ao aminy.|426x426px]]Ny '''foko eto Madagasikara''' dia vondron' olona iray faritra iaviana eto [[Madagasikara]], nanana fandaminana ara-politika niraisany na nitoviany tamin' ny vanimpotoana faha mpanjaka, manana ny fomba fitenenany ny [[fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izay atao hoe &quot;[[Fitenim-paritra malagasy|fitenim-paritra]]&quot;, sns. Tsy misy famaritana tokana eken' ny maro ny hoe ''foko'' ka tsy fantatra noho izany ny tena isan'ny [[foko]] eto [[Madagasikara]] izay tsy nitsaha-nivoatra nandritra ny tantara. Mahazatra ny maro, indrindra fa nanomboka tamin' ny [[Zanatanin' i Madagasikara sy ny tany miankina|fanjanahan-tany frantsay]], anefa ny miteny hoe &quot;[[foko valo ambin' ny folo]]&quot; na dia tsy misy ny mason-tsivana mazava na ny tantara nenti-namaritra izany. 

Ireto ny sasany amin' ny foko resahina matetika: ny [[Antankarana]] sy ny [[Betsimisaraka]] ary ny [[Tsimihety]] ao avaratra, ny [[Antambahoaka]] sy ny [[Antefasy]] sy ny [[Antemoro]] sy ny [[Antesaka]] sy ny [[Tanala]] ary ny [[Zafisoro]] ao atsinanana, ny [[Antandroy|Tandroy]] sy ny [[Antanosy|Tanosy]] ary ny [[Mahafaly]] ao atsimo, ny [[Sakalava]] sy ny [[Masikoro]] ary ny [[Makoa (malagasy)|Makoa]] sy ny [[Vezo]] ao andrefana, ny [[Merina]] sy ny [[Sihanaka]] sy ny [[Bezanozano]] sy ny [[Betsileo]] sy ny [[Zafimaniry]] ary ny [[Bara]] ao afovoan-tany.

== Famaritana ==
[[Sary:Handbook to the ethnographical collections (1910) (14783410255).jpg|vignette|Sarin-tany tamin' ny taona 1910 maneho ny foko teto Madagasikara tao amin' ny boky ''[[Handbook to the Ethnographical Collections]]'': (1) [[Antankarana]], (2) [[Betsimisaraka]] (any avaratra kokoa), (3) [[Betanimena]], (4) Betsimisaraka  (any atsimo kokoa) (5) [[Antambahoaka]], (6) [[Sihanaka]], (7) [[Bezanozano]], (8) [[Merina|Antimerina]], (9) [[Betsileo]], (10) [[Tanala|Antanala]], (11) [[Antemoro|Antimoro]], (12) [[Antesaka|Antisaka]], (13) [[Antefasy|Antifasina]], (14) [[Antimanambodro]], (15) [[Antanosy]], (16) [[Antivondro]], (17) [[Antandroy]], (18) [[Mahafaly]], (19) [[Sakalava]] (misy fizarazaràna valo ao anatiny).|522x522px]]
I [[Régis Rajemisa Raolison|Régis Rajemisa-Raolison]] dia mamaritra fohy ny foko toy izao ao amin' ny boky ''Rakibolana malagasy'' nosoratany: &quot;Fitambaran' ny olona iray fiaviana&quot;.
[[Sary:Malagassiërs.png|ankavia|vignette|Tahan' isan' ny mponina isam-poko eto Madagasikara]]
foko dia vondron' olona iray faritra niaviana, nanana fandaminana ara-pôlitika niraisany na nitoviany tamin' ny vanimpotoana faha mpanjaka, manana ny fomba fitenenany ny [[fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izay atao hoe &quot;[[Fitenim-paritra malagasy|fitenim-paritra]]&quot;, sns. Tsy misy famaritana tokana eken' ny maro ny hoe ''foko'' ka tsy fantatra noho izany ny tena isany eto [[Madagasikara]] izay tsy nitsaha-nivoatra nandritra ny [[tantara]]. Mahazatra ny maro, nanomboka tamin' ny [[Empira Mpanjanaka Frantsay|fanjanahantany frantsay]], anefa ny miteny hoe &quot;foko valo ambin' ny folo&quot; na dia tsy mifanandrify amin' ny tena marina ara-tantara izany. Ny sasany amin' ny ataon' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] ankehitriny hoe &quot;foko&quot; ireo dia matetika [[vondrom-poko]] raha ny tena marina noho ny faritra misy azy midadasika loatra sy noho ny fisian' ny vondrona ara-kolontsaina sy ara-piteny maro ao anatin' io vondrona lehibe io, izay manana ny anaram-pokony manokana avy (ohatra amin' izany ny [[Sakalava]] sy ny [[Betsimisaraka]]). Ny hafa indray dia mety zana-poko noho izy vitsy, monina amin' ny faritra kely dia kely sady tsy mifankaiza amin' ny foko mifanila faritra iaviana aminy na ara-piteny na ara-kolontsaina (ohatra amin' izany ny [[Antefasy]] ny [[Zafisoro]], ny [[Zafimaniry]] sy ny Betsileo, ny [[Masikoro]] sy ny [[Mikea]]). Tsy singa amaritana ny atao hoe &quot;foko&quot; eto Madagasikara na ny toetra ara-batana toy ny fihodirana, ny toetran' ny volo, na ny toe-batana. Ny fitenenana amin' ny fitenim-paritra koa dia matetika tsy heverin' ny olona ho singa mamaritra ny atao hoe &quot;foko&quot; satria maro ny Malagasy avy amin' ny foko na vondrom-poko iray izay mahay tenim-paritra roa na maro noho izy valovontaka na efa nitety faritra maro na ny foko roa samihafa izay miteny amin' ny fitenim-paritra iray mitohy (ohatra ny [[Mahafaly]] ny ny [[Antandroy]]).

== Ny vondrom-poko araka ny faritra misy azy ==

=== Vondrom-poko ao avaratra ===

==== Ny Antankarana ====
[[Sary:Antankarana ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Antankarana]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]
[[Sary:Ethnic groups in Madagascar.png|vignette|537x537px|Foko eto Madagsikara]]
Ny [[Antankarana]] na Tankarana dia vondrom-poko ao amin' ny tendro avaratr' i [[Madagasikara]], ao amin' ny [[Faritanin' Antsiranana]]. Monina amin' ny faritra lavalava avy eo Ampasimena (andrefana) mankany [[Vohimarina]] (Vohémar). [[Antsiranana]] sy i Vohimarina no tanàn-dehibe any. Niisa 50&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Antakarana tamin' ny taona 2013&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Diagram Group (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xJQuAgAAQBAJ Encyclopedia of African Peoples]''. San Francisco, CA: Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781135963415&lt;/nowiki&gt;. (4)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nisaraka tamin' ny [[Sakalava]] ny Antankarana tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-17 taorian' ny fifanolanana matetika.

Amin' ny lafiny kolontsaina, ny Antankarana dia mitovitovy amin' ny Sakalava mifanila aminy. Manompo [[tromba]] izy ireo ary mino ny fanahy eny amin' ny zavaboary, hany ka sarotra indraindray ny manavaka ireo vondrona roa ireo. Ny ankamaroan' ny Antankarana dia manaraka ny [[fivavahana silamo]]. Mifangaro amin' ny [[Fivavahan-drazana malagasy|fivavahan-drazana]] (indrindra ny [[Fivavahana amin'ny razana|fivavahana amin' ny razana]]) ny fomba iainan' ny Antankarana ny finoana silamo, miaraka amin' ireo fety lehibe sy singa ara-kolontsaina nindramina tamin' ny kolontsaina arabo silamo.

Manana ny fakalazana atao hoe ''[[Tsangan-tsaina]]'' ny Antankarana izay anatsatohana hazo roa mba hanamarika ny maha iray ilay foko sy hanambatra ny lasa amin' ny ankehitriny, ny maty amin' ny velona, ahatsiarovana ireo mpanjaka sy ny zava-nitranga taloha teo amin' ny tantaran' ny [[Antankarana]], mifototra amin' ny zava-nitranga tamin' ny taonjato faha-19, izay nenti-nanamafy ny fahefan' ny mpanjaka isaky ny dimy taona. Tafiditra ao anatin' ity lanonana ity ny [[fivahiniana masina]] any [[Nosy Mitsio]] 

==== Ny Betsimisaraka ====
[[Sary:Betsimisaraka ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Betsimisaraka]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]
Ny [[Betsimisaraka]] dia vondrom-poko lehibe ao amin' ny lemaka manaraka ny morontsiraka atsinanana, vafaritry ny reniranon' i [[Bemarivo]] ao avaratra sy ny onin' i [[Mananjary (ony)|Mananjary]] any atsimo. Ireto ny tanànan' ny Betsimisaraka: [[Maroantsetra]], [[Fenoarivo Antsinanana|Fenerivo]], [[Soanierana Ivongo|Soanierana-Ivongo]], [[Toamasina]], [[Vatomandry]], [[Mahanoro]] ary [[Andevoranto]]. Niisa 1&amp;nbsp;500&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Betsimisaraka tamin' ny taona 2011&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Shoup, John (2001). ''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&amp;redir_esc=y Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia]''. New York: ABC-CLIO. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781598843620&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Efa ela ny Betsimisaraka no nifanerasera tamin' ny tantsambo sy mpivarotra eorôpeana izay nitaranaka vahoaka safiotra eorôpeana-malagasy, antsoina hoe [[Zanamalata]]. Nipoitra ny Zanamalata antsoina hoe [[Ratsimilaho]] mba hampiray ny foko betsimisaraka isak-karazany teo ambany fitondrany tamin' ny taona 1710. Naharitra 50 taona ny nanjakany ary nametraka ny maha-izy azy sy ny fitoniana manerana ny fanjakana izany, saingy nalemy tsikelikely io fitambarana io tamin' ny fitondràn' ireo mpandimby azy. Fanjakana Betsimisaraka efa nivakivaky dia nofehezin-d[[Radama I]], mpanjakan' Imerina, tamin’ny 1817. Nitondra ny firenana nandritra ny Repoblika faharoa (1975-1992) ny [[Ratsiraka Didier|Amiraly Didier Ratsiraka]], izay avy amin' ny foko betsimisaraka.  Anisan' ny olo-malaza ara-pôlitika ihany koa ny zanak' anabavin-dRatsiraka, atao hoe [[Roland Ratsiraka]], izay nirotsaka hofidiana ho filoham-pirenena ary ben' ny tanànan' i Toamasina

Ara-kolontsaina dia azo zaraina roa ny Betsimisaraka, dia ny avaratra sy atsimo. Irasan' ny avaratra sy ny atsimo ny fanajana ny [[Razana (finoana malagasy)|razana]], ny [[tromba]], ny [[sorona]] [[omby]], ny [[famadihana]] sy ny [[sambatra]] ([[famorana]]) ary ny rafitra ara-tsôsialy entin-draibe. Samy manana ny [[Fitenim-paritra malagasy|fitenim-paritra]] azy manokana sy ny fady isan-karazany, ary koa ny fomba fany avaratra sy ny atsimo.

==== Ny Tsimihety ====
[[Sary:Tsimihety ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Tsimihety]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]
Ny [[Tsimihety]] na Antandroña dia vondrom-poko any amin' ny faritra avaratra-andrefana eto Madagasikara, ao amin' ny [[faritanin' i Mahajanga]], monina amin' ny faritra eo anelanelan' ny tanin' ny Antankarana avy ao avaratra, ny Betsimisaraka avy ao atsinanana, ny [[Sihanaka]] avy ao atsimo, ary ny [[Sakalava]] avy ao andrefana. Ireto ny tanàna lehibe any: [[Antsohihy]], [[Mandritsara]], [[Befandriana-Avaratra]], [[Mampikony]], [[Boriziny]] ary [[Bealanana]]. Eo anelanelan' ny 700&amp;nbsp;000 sy 1&amp;nbsp;200&amp;nbsp;000 ny isan' ny Tsimihety&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Appiah, Anthony; Gates Jr., Henry Louis (2005). ''Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience''. Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-517055-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. pp. 230-231&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Diagram Group (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xJQuAgAAQBAJ Encyclopedia of African Peoples]''. San Francisco, CA: Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781135963415&lt;/nowiki&gt;. (1)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Izy no foko fahefatra maro an' isa indrindra eto Madagasikara.

Tamin' ny vaninandro faha mpanjaka dia tsy nanavaka ny [[andriana]] sy ny tsy andriana ny Tsimihety fa mitovy saranga sy zo avokoa ny mponina rehetra ao amin' io vondrom-poko io ka ny zokiolona no mitondra ny fiarahamonina. Niorina tamin' ny fomba fiainan' ny mpiombom-pananana ary tarihin' ny vondron' olon-kendry antsoina hoe [[sojabe]] ny Tsimihety, izay tsy mbola nahalala ny fandaminana ara-pôlitikan' ny fanjakà-mpanjaka na fitondràm-pilohan-tanàna. Ny ohatra nasehon' ny fanjakana tsimihety Manjakamarosaina na Andriambaloambitelopolo dia efa azo lazaina ho endrika [[Repoblika|repoblikana]] alohan' ny fotoana. 

Ny Tsimihety dia anisan' ny nandray anjara mavitrika tamin' ny pôlitika teto Madagasikara hatramin' izay. I [[Philibert Tsiranana]], izay Tsimihety avy any akaikin' i [[Mandritsara]], no filoha voalohan' ny Repoblika Malagasy, fony izy tao anatin' ny Vondrona Frantsay (''Union Française'') tamin' ny taona 1959, ary nijanona ho filoham-pirenena nandritra ny 10 taona taorian' ny nahazoan' i Madagasikara ny fahaleovantena tamin' ny taona 1960.

=== Vondrom-poko ao atsinanana ===

==== Ny Antambahoaka ====
[[Sary:Antambahoaka ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Antambahoaka]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]
Ny [[Antambahoaka]] dia vondrom-poko iray ao atsimo-atsinanan' i Madagasikara, eo anelanelan' i Sakaleona sy [[Namorona]]. I [[Mananjary]] no tanan-dehibe any. Niisa 50&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Antambahoaka tamin' ny taona 2013&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Diagram Group (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xJQuAgAAQBAJ Encyclopedia of African Peoples]''. San Francisco, CA: Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781135963415&lt;/nowiki&gt;. (5)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Misy amin' izy ireo ny mitovy fiaviana [[Arabo (vahoaka)|arabo]] amin' ny [[Antemoro]]. Nisaraka tamin' ny Antemoro ny Antambahoaka tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 rehefa nanangana vondrona vaovao antsoina hoe [[Masindrano]] ny Antemoro iray antsoina hoe Ravalarivo. Nizarazara ho [[andriana]] sy olon-tsotra ary [[Andevo (teto Madagasikara)|andevo]] ny fiarahamonina nentim-paharazana antambahoaka. Ny foko antambahoaka andriana roa dia ny [[Onjatsy]] sy ny [[Tsimaito]] (na Tsimeto), izay mpitahiry ny fahalalana siantifika sy ny ody ary ny fanasinana, ary nahay ny fampiasana ny [[sorabe]] (fiteny malagasy nosoratana tamin' ny [[abidy arabo]]).

Ny fitondran' ny raibe sy ny fanajana ny [[Razana (finoana malagasy)|razana]] ary ny [[Fady (malagasy)|fady]] no ivon' ny fiarahamonin' ny Antambahoaka. Mpanjono an-dranomasina sy an-drenirano ary am-parihy ny Antambahoaka. Malaza ao amin' ny Antambahoaka ny fetin' ny [[sambatra]], izay fombafomba fanao isaky ny fito taona. Ranoray be ny fiarahamonin' izy ireo izay ahitana fifindra-monina kely any ivelany sy fahatsapana ambony ny maha-izy azy. Misy [[fady]] hatry ny ela izay mandrara ny fitaizana [[zaza kambana]]. Ny fiarahamonina antambahoaka dia manaiky ny ''soman-drazana'' - izay karazana fifandraisan' ny [[Ziva|mpiziva]], fifandraisana misy eo amin' ny foko roa hita taratra amin' ny fifankazaran' izy ireo eo amin' ny fomba fifampiresahany.

==== Ny Antefasy ====
[[Sary:Antaifasy ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Antefasy]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]
Ny [[Antefasy]] na Antaifasy na Tefasy dia vondrom-poko eto Madagasikara ao amin' ny morontsiraka atsimo-atsinanana, ao amin' ny faritra manodidina an' i [[Farafangana]]. Eo anelanelan' i [[Manampatrana|Manampatra]] sy Mananara atsimo izy ireo, izany hoe eo afovoan' ny [[Antemoro]] ao avaratra sy ny [[Antesaka]] ao atsimo. Tamin' ny taona 2013 dia niisa 150&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Antefasy&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

Nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1680, ny Antefasy niditra niady amin' ny [[Antemoro]] mpifanolo-bodirindrina aminy. Nitohy hatramin' ny taonjato faha-18 ny fifandonana nefa tsy naharesy mazava tsara ny iray tamin' ireo foko ireo. Nandritra ny fotoana fohy dia nanjakan’ ny [[Antemoro]] ny Antefasy, fa ny mpanjaka antefasy iray antsoina hoe [[Maseba]] no nanafaka azy. Tamin’ ny taona 1827 dia notafihin’ ny tafika merina ny fanjakana antefasy ka lasa fanjakana nanompo ny [[Fanjakan' Imerina|Fanjakan’ Imerina]]. Nanohitra ny fanjakazakan’ ny Merina ny Antefasy ary tsy voafehy tanteraka. Mba hanalefahana azy ireo dia nanohana ny [[Zafisoro]] ny Merina. Antefasy mirahalahy no nanangana ny ''Union Démocratique et Sociale'' (1957), iray amin' ireo [[Antoko politika malagasy|antoko pôlitika]] nahomby indrindra manerana ny Nosy. Voafidy indroa ho filohan’ ny [[Antenimieram-pirenena]] ny iray tamin’ ireo mpanorina ny antoko, [[Norbert Zafimahova]], voatendry hisolo tena hiaro ny tombontsoan’ i [[Madagasikara]] ao amin’ ny [[Antenimieran-doholona]] frantsay tamin’ ny 1958.

==== Ny Antemoro ====
[[Sary:Antaimoro ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Antemoro]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]
Ny [[Antemoro]] dia vondrom-poko malagasy manana ny faritra nentim-paharazana nisy azy eo anelanelan' i [[Namorona]] sy [[Manampatrana]] no fonenany. I [[Vohipeno]] sy i [[Manakara]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;no tanàna lehibe any aminy. Niisa 500&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Antemoro tamin' ny taona 2013&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Diagram Group (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xJQuAgAAQBAJ Encyclopedia of African Peoples]''. San Francisco, CA: Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781135963415&lt;/nowiki&gt;. (2)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny foko antemoro atao hoe [[Anakara]] sy [[Antalaotra]], araka ny lovantsofina mbola iadian-kevitra, dia taranaka mpiavy avy any [[Arabia]] sy [[Persia]]. Rehefa tonga teto Madagasikara izy ireo dia nanova finoana ny Antemoro ho [[Silamo eto Madagasikara|silamo]]; tsy ela anefa dia navelan' izy ireo izany fivavahana vaovao izany. Ny razan' ny Antemoro no nitondra ny [[sorabe]] teto Madagasikara. [[Ramakararo]] no mpanjaka antemoro voalohany. Anisan' ny Antemoro nalaza [[Andriamahazonoro]] sy [[Ratsilikaina]] izay nohafarin' [[Andrianampoinimerina]] ho lasa mpanolo-tsainany sy nampianatra an-d[[Radama Voalohany|Radama I]] zanany. Nalaza ho ombiasa sy mpanandro mahery ny Antemoro. Rava ny fanjakan' ny Antemoro tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19 taorian' ny fikomian' ny Antemoro olon-tsotra nanohitra ny sarangan' ny andriana.

Maro ny foko ao amin' ny vondrom-poko antemoro. Ao ny [[Anteony]] tonga voalohany tao [[Matitanana]], ao [[Vohipeno]]. Ao ny [[Antalaotra]], tonga taty aoriana, nefa malaza amin' ny [[Sorabe]] sy ny fahaizany [[Sikidy malagasy|misikidy]] sy [[Fanandroana malagasy|manandro]] (ny tena mamiratra dia ny [[Anakara]]), araka ny lovantsofina, izay voatery nandositra ny lapan' ny [[soltàna]] avy any [[Arabia Saodita]] fahaizay noho ny fananany fiaviana jiosy. Ao koa ny [[Ampanabaka]] izay tsy iza fa ny sarambaben' olona maro anisa.

Fady ny Antemoro ny alika, izay ataony hoe &quot;biby maloto&quot;. Fady azy ireo koa ny fihinanana henan-kisoa.

==== Ny Antesaka ====
[[Sary:Antaisaka ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Antesaka]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]
Ny [[Antesaka]] na Antaisaka na Tesaka dia vondrom-poko iray ao atsimo-atsinana amin' i Madagasikara. Ao amin' ny [[distrikan'i Vangaindrano|distrikan' i Vangaindrano]],[[faritra Atsimo-Atsinanana]], no betsaka azy ireo. Ny faritra onenany dia eo anelanelan' i [[Mananivo]] ao avaratra, Itomampy syIonaivo ao andrefana, ary Lavibola ao atsimo. Tanàna lehibe ao aminy dia i [[Vangaindrano]] sy i Midongy Atsimo. Niisa 600&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Antesaka tamin' ny taona 2013&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Diagram Group (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xJQuAgAAQBAJ Encyclopedia of African Peoples]''. San Francisco, CA: Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781135963415&lt;/nowiki&gt;. (3)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny mpanjaka antesaka maro dia taranaky ny [[Zarabehava]] izay taranaka mpanjaka [[sakalava]] izay niampita nankany amin' ny morontsiraka atsinanana teo anelanelan’ ny taompolo 1620 sy 1650. Nifindra monina avy tany amin' ny [[Fanjakan' i Menabe]] ny razamben’ ny Antesaka ary tonga tao Nosipandra (antsoina ankehitriny hoe [[Vangaindrano]]) tamin’ ny taompolo 1650. Araka ny lovantsofina dia [[Andriamandresy]] no mpanorina ny vondrom-poko antesaka. Tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-18, ny Antesaka dia iray amin' ireo fanjakana efatra lehibe indrindra eto Madagasikara. Matetika no niadiana ny fifandimbiasam-pitondrana ary niteraka fifandirana anatiny. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-19, dia notafihin’ ny tafiky ny [[Fanjakan' Imerina]] ny Fanjakana Antesaka ka resiny teo anelanelan' ny taompolo 1820 sy 1850. I [[Lengoabo]], zafikelin-dRatongalaza, no mpanjaka farany sady nanan-danja indrindra tamin' ny taonjato faha-18, ary nahavita nanitatra ny faritanin' ny Antesaka hatramin' ny farany indrindra.

Ny [[zaza kambana]] dia fady ary tsy azo alevina miaraka amin' ny fianakaviany. Ny fomba momba ny [[fandevenana]] dia ny fanamainana ny faty mandritra ny roa na telo taona alohan' ny hamindrana azy any amin' ny fasana iombonana antsoina hoe ''kibory'', izay miafina ao anaty ala fady. Mizara ho foko maromaro ny vondrom-poko antesaka, dia ny [[Antemanambondro]], ny [[Antevato]], ny [[Masianaky]], ny [[Zarabehava]], ny [[Zarafaniliha]] ary ny [[Zaramanampy]].

==== Ny Tanala ====
[[Sary:Tanala ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Tanala]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]
Ny [[Tanala]] na Antanala dia vondrom-poko ao amin' ny faritra misy ny havoanan' Ikongo, voafaritry ny tanin' ny Betsileo ao andrefana, ny Betsimisaraka sy ny Antambahoaka sy ny Antemoro ary ny Antefasy ao atsinanana, ary ny ony [[Manampatrana]] ao atsimo. Ireto ny tanàna lehibe any: Ambohimanga Atsimo sy [[Ivohibe]] ary [[Ifanadiana]]. Miisa 400&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Tanala tamin' ny taona 2014&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

Ny [[Vazimba]] no mponina voalohany tao amin' ny tanin' ny Tanala. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-17 dia nifindra tany amin' io faritra io ny foko [[Zafirambo]]. Araka ny lovantsofina ihany dia avy amin' ny mpitarika iray antsoina hoe Rambo ny Zafirambo. Ny ray aman-drenin' i Rambo dia samy avy amin' ny foko antemoro - ny [[Anteony]] eo amin' ny lafin-dray ary ny [[Zafiraminia]] eo amin' ny lafin-dreny. Noroahin' ny Zafirambo tao amin' ny lohasahan' i Sandrananta sy Manambondro ny foko [[Antemahafaly]] nitondra ny tany taloha. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-18 dia nifandona tamin' ny [[Antemoro]] ny Tanala izay nandesy azy ireo tamin’ ny farany. Nahatratra ny faratampon' ny tanjany ny fanjakana tanala tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-18 teo ambany fanapahan’ ny mpanjaka Andriamatahetany.

Nizara ho ambaratongam-poko telo Tanala: ny [[andriana]] sy ny olona afaka ary ny andevo. Tompon' andraikitra eo anatrehan' ny vahoakany, izay nanana fahefana hanongana azy, ny mpanjaka tanala. Aorian' ny fahafatesan' ny mpanjaka dia tehirizina ny vakoka (''lambohamba'') avy aminy ary ampandroina isan-taona amin' ny toerana iray ao amin' ny lohasahan' i Sandrananta.

Nalaza tamin' ny fahaiza-mamantatra ny miafina sy ny hoavy amin' ny alalan' ny [[Fanandroana malagasy|fanandroana]] sy ny [[Sikidy malagasy|sikidy]] ny Tanala. Vantany vao teraka ny zaza dia ampandroina amin' ny rano mangatsiaka, ary manambara ny andro sasany [[Fady (malagasy)|fady]] ho azy mandritra ny androm-piainany ny ombiasa; raha misy zaza teraka amin' ny andro fady amin' ny reniny sy ny rainy dia avelaho faty. Manana andro fady valo isam-bolana ny Tanala. Amin' ny Tanala sasany dia masina ary arovana amin' ny alalan' ny fady maro ny [[babakoto]] (''Indri Indri''): tsy azo vonoina na hanina, ary raha voafandrika dia tsy maintsy afahana; raha maty na voavono tsy nahy dia tsy maintsy alevina toy ny olona. Fady kisoa sady tsy mahazo mikasika azy ireo ny Tanala.

==== Ny Zafisoro ====
[[Sary:Zafisoro ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Zafisoro]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]
Ny [[Zafisoro]] dia vondrom-poko malagasy monina any amin' ny morontsiraka atsimo atsinanan' i [[Madagasikara]], ka ao amin' ny [[distrikan' i Farafangana]] no ahitana azy ireo betsaka. Heverina ho zana-pokon' ny [[Antefasy]] ny Zafisoro sady mitovy faritra onenana amin' ny Antefasy. Maro ireo etnôlôga no mihevitra fa ny Antefasy, sy ny Zafisoro koa, dia zana-pokon' ny [[Antesaka]]. Eo amin' ny 91&amp;nbsp;000 ny isan' ny Zafisoro&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;''[https://www.joshuaproject.net/people_groups/16079/MA Zafisoro of Madagascar]''. Joshua project notsidihina tamin' ny 5 Desambra 2015.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny Zafisoro dia mety avy amin' ny Afrikana mpifindra monina niondrana an-dakana nankaty Madagasikara tamin' ny taonjato faha-15, ka tamin' izany dia vahoaka iray ihany izy sy ny [[Antefasy]] mpifanolo-bodirindrina aminy ankehitriny. Araka ny [[Lovantsofina|lovantsofin]]' ny Antefasy dia avy any anaty tanin' i [[Afrika]] ny razamben' izy ireo atao hoe Ndretsileo. Te honina amin' ny faritra manamorona ny reniranon' i [[Menarandra]] i Ndretsileo. Efa nalain' ny [[Bara]] izany faritra izany ka i Ndrembolanony, zafin' i Ndretsileo, dia nifindra nankany atsinanana niaraka tamin' Isoro, izay mpajaka niara-nanapaka taminy. Niorim-ponenana tao amin' ny morontsiraka atsinanana izay. Noho ny tsy fifanarahana momba ny fizaràna ny tany dia nisaraka tamin' ny taranak' i Ndrembolanony ny taranak' Isoro ka nantsoina tamin' izay hoe ''Zafisoro'', izany hoe &quot;Zafin' Isoro&quot;. Izany dia niseho tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-16 na tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-17. Nanomboka tamin' izay dia tsy nitsahatra niady ny Zafisoro sy ny Antefasy ka lasa foko roa samy hafa. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 dia ny [[Merina]] no nanapaka ny Zafisoro sy ny Antefasy.

=== Vondrom-poko ao atsimo ===

==== Ny Antandroy ====
Ny [[Antandroy]] na Tandroy dia vondrom-poko ao amin' ny faritra mipaka hatrany amin' ny tendron' i Madagasikara atsimo indrindra monina amin' ny tany eo anelanelan' ny ony [[Menarandra]] ao andrefana sy [[Mandrare]] ao atsinanana ary ny havoana Vohimainty ao avaratra. Niisa  600&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Antandroy tamin' ny taona 2013&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Diagram Group (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xJQuAgAAQBAJ Encyclopedia of African Peoples]''. San Francisco, CA: Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781135963415&lt;/nowiki&gt;. (1)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mety ny [[Karimbola]] no foko efa tao hatry ny ela izay novantanin' ny mpiavy taty aoriana. Misy amin' ny razamben' ny Tandroy no avy amin' ny [[Sakalava]]. Ao amin' ny tapany atsinanana amin' ny faritra onenan' ny Tandroy no nisy ny fokom-pianakaviana [[Mahandrovato]] izay nitombo tsikelikely vokatry ny fiavian' ny [[Antanosy]] sy ny [[Bara]] mpitsoa-ponenana. Tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-18 dia niorina ny kônfederasiôna nampiray ny fanjakana tandroy rehetra teo anelanelan' ny ony [[Menarandra]] sy [[Mandrare]]. Ny [[Zafimanara]], zana-bondron' ny fokom-pianakaviana Mahandrovato, no nitondra ity kônfederasiôna ity. Nihena ny fahefan' ny Zafimanara tamin' ny taona 1790 teo ho eo rehefa nisy tondra-drano lehibe sy fikorontanan' ny [[tontolo iainana]] ka nahatonga azy ireo hifindra any amin' ny lembalemban' i Manombo. Niiaro tena ka tsy resin' ny [[Fanjakan' Imerina]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 ny Tandroy. Ny [[Madagasikara zanatany frantsay|mpanjanatany frantsay]] koa dia niady mafy mba hampihatra ny heriny amin' ity vahoaka ity. Ny fanonganana an' i [[Tsiranana Philibert|Tsiranana]] sy ny fiafaran' ny [[Repoblika Malagasy|Repoblika voalohany]] tamin' ny taona 1972 dia niainga tamin' ny hetsika mitam-piadiana nataon' ny tantsaha tandroy notatihin' i [[Monja Jaona]] tany [[Toliara]].

Ny Antandroy dia mino [[andriamanitra mpamorona]] (''[[Andriamanitra (finoan-drazana malagasy)|Zañahare]]'') sy ny [[Razana (finoana malagasy)|razana]]. Inoany koa ny fisian' ny [[kokolampo]] izay mitondra ny tsara na ny ratsy. Fahita ny [[Sikidy malagasy|mpisikidy]] sy ny mpisorona. Ny [[famorana]] dia  manan-danja eo amin' ny Tandroy, ary amin' ny foko tandroy sasany dia atifitra amin' ny [[basy]] ny [[tsotsoka]]. Ny Tandroy dia mampiasa hazo fisaka hanamboarana ny tranony; manana endrika [[efamira]] ny trano nentim-paharazana. Matetika fefy [[raketa]] na [[fantiolotsy]] (''Alluaudia procera'') no manodidina ny tranon' ny Tandroy. Ny [[fiompiana omby]] no tena asa ataon' ny Antandroy. Voarara tsy hitery [[ronono]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' omby ny vehivavy antandroy. Fadin' ny Antandroy rehetra ny famonoana sy fihinanana [[sokatra]]. Rehefa maty ny Tandroy, dia mikarakara lanonam-pandevenana ny mpianakavy, [[omby]] maro dia maro no vonoina amin' izany. Mety afaka ambolana maro vao mandevina ny Tandroy. Ny fasana tandroy dia lehibe sady vita amin' ny vato ary mahitsizoro, izay voaravaka sary hosodoko mirenty sy [[aloalo]]. Atsatoka eo ambonin' ny fasana ny karandohan' ny omby novonoina amin' ny fandevenana mba hanehoana ny fananan-karen' ny maty. Rehefa vita ny fandeveana dia dorana amin' ny afo ny tranon' ny maty. Tsy miverina mitsidika fasana ny Tandroy. Zava-maneno ankafizin' ny Tandroy ny [[lokanga]]. Mampalaza azy ireo ny [[dihy]] nentim-paharazany izay taterahin' olo-maro miaraka amin' ny [[lefona]] ary ampiarahina amin' ny antsa.

==== Ny Antanosy ====
Ny [[Antanosy]] na Tanosy dia vondrom-poko ao amin' ny tendron' i Madagasikara atsimo-atsinanana indrindra, ao amin' ny [[faritra Anosy]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;eo anelanelan' i [[Masianaka]] sy Mandrare no misy azy betsaka indrindra, nefa ahitana azy koa ny tanàna toa an' i [[Bezaha]] sy i [[Vatolatsaka]] (ao amin' ny [[distrikan'i Betioky-Atsimo|distrikan' i Betioky-Atsimo]]) ary any [[Bereketa]] ([[distrikan'i Sakaraha|distrikan' i Sakaraha]]) any amin' ny [[faritra Atsimo-Andrefana]]. I [[Tolagnaro]] no tanàn-dehiben' izy ireo. Niisa 360&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Antanosy tamin' ny taona 2013&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Diagram Group (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xJQuAgAAQBAJ Encyclopedia of African Peoples]''. San Francisco, CA: Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781135963415&lt;/nowiki&gt;. (1)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Ny Mahafaly ====
Ny [[Mahafaly]] dia vondrom-poko monina amin' ny misy havoana marin-tampona midadasika, be sokay sy fasika, eo anela&lt;nowiki/&gt;nelan' ny ony [[Onilahy (renirano)|Onilahy]] sy [[Menarandra]], any amin' ny [[faritra Atsimo-Andrefana]]. Ny tanàna lehibebe misy ny Mahafaly: [[Betioky-Atsimo]] sy [[Ejeda]] ary [[Ampanihy]]. Niisa 150&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Mahafaly tamin' ny taona 2013&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Diagram Group (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xJQuAgAAQBAJ Encyclopedia of African Peoples]''. San Francisco, CA: Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781135963415&lt;/nowiki&gt;. (1)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Vondrom-poko ao andrefana ===
==== Ny Sakalava ====
Ny [[Sakalava]] dia vondrom-poko monina amin' ny tany midadasika dia midadasika any amin' ny tapany atsimo-andrefana sy andrefana ary avaratra-andrefan' i Madagasikara, eo anelanelan' [[Ampasimena]] any avaratra, sy Toliara any atsimo. Mizara efatra Sakalava, dia ny Sakalavan' i Boina (renivohitra: [[Mahajanga]]), ny Sakalavan' Ambongo (renivohitra: [[Besalampy]]), ny Sakalavan' i Menabe (renivohitra: [[Morondava]]) ary ny Sakalavan' i Fiherenana (renivohitra: [[Toliara]]): ny [[Vezels-Roussy|Vezo]] sy ny [[Masikoro]] dia heverina ho zana-pokon' ny Sakalavan' i Fiherenana. Ireto ny tanàn-dehibe ao amin' ny tanin' ny Sakalava: [[Mahajanga]], [[Besalampy]], [[Morondava]], [[Toliara]], [[Analalava]], [[Maintirano]] ary [[Morombe]]. Niisa 1&amp;nbsp;210&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Sakalava tamin' ny taona 2014&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ethnologue, 2014. Based on extrapolations of latest census figures to report on Malagasy people groups (2014 L. Bouwer)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Ny Makoa ====
Ny [[Makoa (malagasy)|Makoa]] dia vondrom-poko monina ao amin' ny morontsiraka avaratra andrefan' i Madagasikara. Ny mponina ao ampovoan-tanin' i Madagasikara dia miantso ny razamben' izy ireo hoe ''Masombika''. Indraindray izy ireo dia heverina ho zana-pokon' ny Vezo, izay foko ao anatin' ny Sakalava. Eo amin' ny 1 %n' ny Malagasy ny Makoa. 

==== Ny Masikoro ====
Ny [[Masikoro]] dia vondrom-poko any amin' ny morontsiraka atsimo andrefan' i Madagasikara izay mivelona indrindra amin' ny fiompiana sy ny fambolena. Niisa 90&amp;nbsp;000 ny Masikoro tamin' ny taona 2001 &lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&amp;pg=PA205&amp;redir_esc=y International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: AAVE - Esperanto]''. Oxford University Press. 2003. p. 205. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Ny Vezo ====
Ny [[Vezo]] dia vondrom-poko moninina any amin' ny morontsiraka atsimo andrefan' i [[Madagasikara]] izay mivelona indrindra amin' ny fanjonoana an-dranomasina. Ao amin' ny vondrom-poko [[Sakalava]] ny Vezo.

=== Vondrom-poko ao afovoan-tany ===
==== Ny Merina ====
[[Sary:Merina ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Merina]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]
Ny [[Merina]] dia vondrom-poko monina ao afovoan' i Madagasikara, eo amin' ny tampon-kavoana voafaritry ny tanin' i Vonizongo ao avaratra, ny tendrombohitr' [[Ankaratra]] ao atsimo, ny reniranon' i [[Sakay]] ao andrefana, ary ny tandavan-tendrombohitr' Angavo ao atsinanana. Ireto ny tanàn-dehibe misy ny Merina: [[Antananarivo]], [[Antsirabe]], [[Ambatolampy]], [[Arivonimamo]], [[Miarinarivo]], [[Manjakandriana]] ary [[Soavinandriana]]. Izy ireo no maro anisa indrindra eto Madagasikara, eo anelanelan' ny 26 sy 30 % amin' ny mponina. Niisa 5&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Merina tamin' ny taona 2013&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Jay Heale; Zawiah Abdul Latif (2008). ''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=PJWLCYGo2RgC&amp;pg=PA64&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Madagascar]''. Marshall Cavendish. p. 64. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-7614-3036-0&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny fanjakan' ny Merina no niitatra indrindra ka nandrakotra ny ampahany be amin' ny Nosy. Tamin' ny vanipotoana faha mpanjaka dia nizara [[Sarangam-poko merina|sarangam-poko]] telo ny Merina ka ny farany ambony dia ny sarangan' ny [[Andriana]]. Merina ny filohan' i Madagasikara voafidy tamin' ny taona 2002, [[Ravalomanana Marc]] (nandimby an-d[[Ratsiraka Didier]]) izay niharan' ny [[Rotaka tamin' ny taona 2009|fanonganam-panjakana]] notarihin' i [[Rajoelina Andry|Andry Rajoelina]], izay Merina tahaka azy ihany, tamin' ny taona 2009.
[[Sary:Sihanaka ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Sihanaka]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]

==== Ny Sihanaka ====
Ny [[Sihanaka]] dia vondrom-poko monina manodidina ny [[farihin' Alaotra]], voafaritry ny renirano [[Bemarivo]] Ambony sy Tampoketsa Atsimo ao avaratra, ny renirano [[Mahajamba]] Ambony ao andrefana, ary ireo havoana misy ny [[Bezanozano]] sy ny ala ao atsinanana. Ny tanàna lehibe any dia [[Ambatondrazaka]]. Miisa 200&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Sihanaka.

==== Ny Bezanozano ====
[[Sary:Bezanozano ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Bezanozano]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]
Ny [[Bezanozano]] dia vondrom-poko ao amin' ny tany lemaka manodidina an' i [[Mangoro]], voafaritry ny tany onenan' ny foko [[Sihanaka]] ao avaratra, ny [[Betsimisaraka]] ao atsinanana, ary ny Merina ao andrefana. Ireto ny tanàn-dehibe ao: [[Moramanga]] sy [[Beparasy]] ary Anjiro. Niisa 100&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Bezanozano tamin' ny taona 2011&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Shoup, John (2001). ''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&amp;redir_esc=y Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia]''. New York: ABC-CLIO. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781598843620&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Ny Betsileo ====
[[Sary:Betsileo ethnic group of Madagascar.png|vignette|Faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Betsileo]] sy ny foko manodidina azy]]
Ny [[Betsileo]] dia vondrom-poko lehibe ao amin' ny toerana faritan' ny ony [[Mania]] ao avaratra, ny tanin' ny [[Tanala]] ao atsinanana, ny tendrombohitr' [[Andringitra]] ao atsimo, ary ny tandavan-tendrombohitr' i Bongolava ao andrefana, izany hoe ao amin' ny [[Faritanin'i Fianarantsoa|Faritanin' i Fianarantsoa]]. Ireto ny tanànan' ny Betsileo: [[Ambositra]], [[Ambohimahazo]], [[Ambohinamboarina]], [[Fianarantsoa]], [[Ambohimahasoa]] ary [[Ambalavao]]. Tombanana ho  4&amp;nbsp;359&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny isan' ny Betsileo.

==== Ny Zafimaniry ====
Ny [[Zafimaniry]] dia vondrom-poko monina ao amin' ny tapany atsimo atsinanan' ny faritra afovon' i [[Madagasikara]], izay azo heverina ho zana-pokon' ny [[Betsileo]], nefa mifanakaiky [[kolontsaina]] koa amin' ny [[Tanala]]. Tombanana eo amin' ny 25&amp;nbsp;000 eo ho eo ny Zafimaniry tamin' ny taona 2008&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;''&quot;[https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/woodcrafting-knowledge-of-the-zafimaniry-00080 The Woodcrafting Knowledge of the Zafimaniry]''&quot;. UNESCO. 2008.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. 

==== Ny Bara ====
Ny [[Bara]] dia vondrom-poko monina amin' ny toerana midadasika voafaritry ny renirano [[Zomandao]] any avaratra (mampisaraka azy amin' ny Betsileo), ny faritra onenan' ny Tanala any atsinanana, ny ony [[Onilahy (renirano)|Onilahy]] any atsimo andrefana (mampisaraka azy amin' ny [[Antandroy]] sy ny [[Mahafaly]]), ary ny tangoron-tendrombohitra Analavelona ao andrefana sy avaratra-andrefana. Ny tanàn-dehibe ao aminy dia [[Ihosy]], i [[Betroka]], i [[Sakaraha]], i [[Ankazoabo Atsimo]] ary i [[Beroroha]]. Niisa 520&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ny Bara tamin' ny taona 2013&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Diagram Group (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xJQuAgAAQBAJ Encyclopedia of African Peoples]''. San Francisco, CA: Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781135963415&lt;/nowiki&gt;. (1)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==
'''Lohahevitra ankapobeny'''
* [[Malagasy (vahoaka)]]
* [[Tantaran' i Madagasikara]]
* [[Mponina eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Zanaka am-pielezana malagasy any Frantsa]]
* [[Fifindra-monina jiosy aty Madagasikara]]
* [[Kolontsaina malagasy]]
* [[Tanindrana]]
* [[Ziva]]
'''Ny foko tsirairay eto Madagasikara'''
* [[Antefasy]] - [[Antemoro]] - [[Antesaka]] - [[Antankarana]] - [[Antambahoaka]] - [[Antandroy]] - [[Antanosy]] - [[Bara]] - [[Beosy]] - [[Betsimisaraka]] - [[Betsileo]] - [[Bezanozano]] - [[Mahafaly]] - [[Makoa]] - [[Masikoro]] - [[Merina]] - [[Mikea]] - [[Sakalava]] - [[Sihanaka]] - [[Tanala]] - [[Tsimihety]] - [[Vezo]] - [[Zafimaniry]] - [[Zafisoro]].
'''Ny foko ara-tantara teto Madagasikara'''
*[[Vazimba]] - [[Antalaotra]] - [[Beosy]]
'''Samihafa'''

* [[Tantaran' i Madagasikara]]
* [[Tanàna eto Madagasikara|Tanana eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Governemanta Malagasy|Governemanta malagasy]]
* [[Pôlitika eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Kolontsaina malagasy]]
* [[Fivavahana eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Fiteny eto Madagasikara|Fiteny eto Madgasikara]]
* [[Faritany eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Faritra eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Jeôgrafian' i Madagasikara]]

== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== FAMINTINANA ==

== Ny fizarazarana sy ny mampiavaka ireo foko 18 eto Madagasikara: ==

* '''Merina :''' Monina eny amin'ny High Lands na ny tany avo afovoany (faritr'Analamanga/Antananarivo). Malaza teo amin'ny tantara tamin'ny fambolena vary an-tanety sy an-tsaha ary ny tenona landy.
* '''Betsileo :''' Eny amin'ny tany avo afovoany ihany koa (manodidina an'i Fianarantsoa). Malaza amin'ny fambolena sy ny fahaizany miankandratra sy mikiky hazo (sokitra).
* '''Betsimisaraka :''' Monina amin'ny morontsiraka Atsinanana manontolo. Tantsambo sy tantsaha kinga sady mampalaza azy ireo ny fambolena lavanila, jirofo, ary kanelina.
* '''Sakalava :''' Monina amin'ny ampahany lehibe amin'ny morontsiraka Andrefana. Mpiompy omby zebu goavana sy mpanarato izy ireo.
* '''Antaisaka (na Antisaka) :''' Monina any amin'ny faritra Atsimo-Atsinanana. Malaza amin'ny fombafomba fandevenana nentim-paharazana sy ny fahaizany manao sokitra.
* '''Antandroy :''' Vahoakan'ny faritra Atsimo tany karankaina (any amin'ny &quot;bokin'ny tsilo&quot;). Mpiompy sy mpitantana ny fiainana amin'ny faritra maina.
* '''Mahafaly :''' Mpirorona amin'ny Antandroy. Malaza amin'ny fanaovana fasana misy hazo voasokitra antsoina hoe '''aloalo'''.
* '''Bara :''' Mpiompy zebu mpifindrafindra toerana monina amin'ny lemaka midadasika any Atsimo. Ny halatra omby koa dia fomban-drazana nampisehoana ny herim-po (fahazaza).
* '''Antaimoro (na Antemoro) :''' Monina any amin'ny morontsiraka Atsimo-Atsinanana. Fantatra amin'ny tantarany mifandray amin'ireo manam-pahaizana silamo (sorabe) sy ny fanamboarana ny taratasy Antaimoro.
* '''Antaifasy :''' Monina any amin'ny faritry Farafangana, amin'ny morontsiraka Atsimo-Atsinanana.
* '''Antambahoaka :''' Vahoaka ao amin'ny faritry Mananjary (morontsiraka Atsinanana), malaza amin'ny fombafomba famonjana faobe antsoina hoe '''Sambatra'''.
* '''Antanosy :''' Vahoaka ao amin'ny faritry Fort-Dauphin (Tolagnaro) any Atsimo-Atsinanana.
* '''Bezanozano :''' Vahoakan'ny ala any Atsinanana. Teo amin'ny tantara, izy ireo no mpitondra entana nivesatra nentina nankany amin'ny Tany Avo.
* '''Makoa :''' Avy any Afrika Atsinanana ary niorim-ponenana tany avaratra-andrefana, mifandray ara-tantara amin'ny taranak'ireo andevo.
* '''Sihanaka :''' Monina manodidina ny farihin'Alaotra (any avaratra-atsinanan'ny Tany Avo), manam-pahaizana manokana amin'ny fambolena vary (sompitry Madagasikara).
* '''Tanala :''' Vahoakan'ny ala any Atsinanana, ny anarany dia midika hoe &quot;ireo ao anaty ala&quot;, fantatra amin'ny fanaovana fambolena tavy (dorotany).
* '''Tsimihety :''' Monina any avaratra-andrefana. Fantatra teo amin'ny tantara tamin'ny fitiavany fahaleovantena sy ny fandavana ny fahefan'ny mpanjaka.
* '''Vezo :''' Mpirenireny amin'ny ranomasina (nomadin'ny ranomasina), monina amin'ny morontsiraka Atsimo-Andrefana, malaza amin'ny fanaratoana nentim-paharazana amin'ny fampiasana lakana misy lavasisa.</text>
      <sha1>beudmpojpqz9v872e1zqyspbxxppqt2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Tsimanampetsotsa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>288532</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1152758</id>
      <parentid>1120963</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T04:56:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-53342-25</username>
        <id>41238</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1152758</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4757" sha1="fweo8s9ek4d3rit8mqkwi571bvjr111" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Pachypodium geayi in Tsimanampetsotsa, Madagascar.jpg|vignette|343x343px|''[[Pachypodium geayi]]'' ao amin' ny Valan-javaboarin' i Tsimanampetsotsa]]
Ny '''Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Tsimanampetsotsa'''  na '''Tahirin-javaboarin' i Tsimanampetsotsa''' dia [[valan-javaboary]] mirefy 432 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, noforonina tamin' ny taona 2002, manodidina ny [[farihy]] tokana misy sira eto amin' ny firenena, dia ny farihy masiran' i [[Farihin' i Tsimanampetsotsa|Tsimanampetsotsa]], any amin' ny morontsiraka atsimo-andrefan' i [[Madagasikara]] ao amin' ny [[Faritra Atsimo-Andrefana]], ao amin' ny [[Faritanin' i Toliara]]. 90 km atsimon' i [[Toliara]] ary 950 km any atsimon' [[Antananarivo]] no misy ity valan-javaboary ity. Mandalo an' ilay valan-javaboary ny [[lalam-pirenena faha-10]] (RN10) mankany [[Betanty|Faux Cap]] (na [[Betanty]]) ary ao  Toliara no misy ny seranam-piaramanidina akaiky indrindra&lt;ref&gt;https://www.fapbm.org/aire_protegee/le-parc-national-de-tsimanampetsotsa/&lt;/ref&gt;.
[[Sary:Tsimanampetsotsa lakeshore.jpg|vignette|236x236px|Ny farihy [[Farihin' i Tsimanampetsotsa|Tsimanampetsotsa]]]]
Tsy hita any amin' ny toeran-kafany 75 ka hatramin' ny 90 % amin' ny [[biby]] sy ny [[zavamaniry]] ao aminy. Ny Valan-javaboarin' i Tsimanampetsotsa dia anisan' ny faritra Ramsar voalohany eto   Madagasikara.

Tsimanampehitsotra dia ahitana lava-bato lehibe afaka idirana.
==Toerana misy azy sy ny fidirana any==
Ny Valan-javaboahary Tsimanampetsotsa dia hita eo amin’ny 90 km eo ho eo any atsimon’ny tanànan’i [[Toliara]] (any atsimo andrefan’i Madagasikara)&lt;ref&gt;https://lalandaka.com/parc-national&lt;/ref&gt;. Ity faritra arovana ity dia 60 km any atsimon’i [[Anakao|Anakao,]] toerana amoron-dranomasina malaza sy tian’ny mpizahatany maro.
Toliara, izay tanàna akaiky indrindra amin’ilay valan-javaboahary, dia azo aleha amin’ny alalan’ny sidina avy amin’ny kaompaniam-pitaterana an’habakabaka [[Air Madagascar]]. Misy làlana roa azo aleha avy any [[Toliara]] ho any amin’ilay valanjavaboahary : ny làlana an-tanety sy ny làlana an-dranomasina&lt;ref&gt;https://madagascar-tourisme.com/fr/la-destination/le-sud-ouest/tsimanampetsotsa/&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Lalana an-tanety==

Voalohany, dia mandalo amin’ny [[Lalam-pirenena faha-7|làlam-pirenena faha-7]] (RN7) ka miakatra hatrany amin’ny [[kaominina]] [[Andranovory]]. Avy eo, dia manaraka ny [[Lalam-pirenena faha-10|làlam-pirenena faha-10]] (RN10) mankany [[Betioky Atsimo|Betioky]]. Raha mitohy midina any [[Faritra Atsimo-Andrefana|atsimo]], dia ho tonga amin’ny fifanjevoan-dalana ao Befaha, izay ahitana tabilao famantarana milaza fa 102 km sisa no dia ho any amin’ilay valanjavaboahary. Raha tonga eo amin’ny fifanjevoana, dia mivily miankavanana, ka manohy ny dia mandra-pahatonga any [[Beheloke]]. Ity làlana ity dia manolotra zava-mahasarika maro ho an’ny mpitsidika, toy ny [[Zaha|baobaba]], gidro, ary [[vorona]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.grandeslatitudes.voyage/le-lac-sacre-de-tsimanampetsotse-le-nid-des-flamants-roses/&lt;/ref&gt;.
Avy any Beheloke, dia manohy midina mankany atsimo hatrany amin’ny tanànan’i Efoetse, izay misy ny biraon’ny fandraisana mpitsidika ao amin’ilay valanjavaboahary&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.grandeslatitudes.voyage/le-lac-sacre-de-tsimanampetsotse-le-nid-des-flamants-roses/&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Lalana an-dranomasina==
Io no fomba haingana indrindra hahatongavana eny an-toerana. Misy [[sambo]] vetivety mandeha isan’andro avy any Toliara mankany Anakao. Rehefa tonga any Anakao, dia mandray lalan-tany fasika mandritra ny 1 [[ora]] sy sasany eo ho eo, ka ho tonga any [[Efoetsy|Efoetse]], toerana misy ny fidirana ao amin’ny valan-javaboahary&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==
[[Sary:Madagascar Ramsar.jpg|vignette]]
'''Faritra RAMSAR eto Madagasikara'''

'''Valan-javaboary'''

* [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Andasibe-Mantadia]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Andohahela]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Andringitra]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ankarafantsika]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenen' ny Helodranon' i Baly]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Isalo]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Kirindy Mitea]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Mananara-Avaratra]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Marojejy]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Masoala]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Midongy Atsimo]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenen' ny Tendrombohitra Ambre]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Namoroka]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Nosy Ve-Androka]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Tsimanampetsotsa]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Zahamena]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Zombitse-Vohibasia]]
==Loharano==

[[sokajy:Valan-javaboahary ao Madagasikara]]
[[Sokajy:Faritra Atsimo-Andrefana]]</text>
      <sha1>fweo8s9ek4d3rit8mqkwi571bvjr111</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Faritra fitahirizan-javaboarin' i Mandena</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>288694</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1152759</id>
      <parentid>1084326</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T04:57:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-53342-25</username>
        <id>41238</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1152759</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1111" sha1="cgwjpciej8vbted6rpywxqllioac08x" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Mandena Conservation Zone in southeast Madagascar.png|vignette|273x273px|Faritra misy an' i Mandena]]
Ny '''Faritra fitahirizan-javaboarin' i Mandena''' dia faritra fitahirizan-javaboary any atsimo-atsinanana amin' i [[Madagasikara]], any amin' ny [[Faritra Anosy]]. Any amin' ny 10 km avaratr' i [[Tolagnaro]] sy 3 km miala ny morontsiraka atsimo-atsinanan' ny Nosy no misy io faritra io.

Ity faritra ity dia misy heniheny 82 ha, ary ala amoron-tsiraka 148 ha. Ny [[Rotsa-drano|rotsak' orana]] 2&amp;nbsp;800 mm dia misy matetika amin' ny vanim-potoanan' ny orana amin' ny Nôvambra ka hatramin' ny Avrily, ity faritra ity dia manana [[mari-pana]] 9,5 °C hatramin' ny 35 °C.

Ao amin' io faritra io dia misy ny ''[[Microcebus ganzhorni]]'', ny ''[[Cheirogaleus medius]]'' atsinanana ([[tsidibe]]), ny ''[[Cheirogaleus major]]'' ([[tsitsily]]), ny ''[[Avahi meridionalis]]'', ny ''[[Hapalemur meridionalis]]'' ([[Halo (biby)|halo]]), ny ''[[Eulemur collaris]]'' ary ny ''[[Pteropus rufus]]'' ([[fanihy]]).

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Valan-javaboarin' Andohahela]]


[[sokajy:Valan-javaboahary ao Madagasikara]]</text>
      <sha1>cgwjpciej8vbted6rpywxqllioac08x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tahirin-javaboarin' Analamazoatra</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>289944</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1152763</id>
      <parentid>1140790</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T04:59:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-53342-25</username>
        <id>41238</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1152763</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2890" sha1="bju4i6pd0hzvbewgw4pqmqr8zmxh4ye" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Lake in the Forest (9654486219).jpg|vignette|322x322px|Ny Tahirin-javaboarin' Analamazoatra]]
Ny '''Tahirin-javaboarin' Analamazaotra''' na '''Valan-javaboarim-pirenen' Analamazaotra''' dia tahirin-javaboary sy valan-javaboary eto Madagasikara. Any amin' ny tapany atsinanana amin' ny afovoan-tanin' i Madagasikara no misy azy. Ny &lt;u&gt;Tobin' Alan' Analamazoatra&lt;/u&gt; dia ezaka fambolen-kazo eny an-toerana. Mifanila amin' ny [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Andasibe-Mantadia|Valan-javaboarim-pirenen' Andasibe-Mantadia]] eo avaratra izy.

Ity tahirin-javaboary ity dia ao amin' ny [[Faritra Alaotra-Mangoro]], akaikin' i [[Moramanga]] sy [[Andasibe]]. 27 km miala an' i Moramanga no misy Ny Valan-javaboarim-pirenen' Analamazaotra ary manamorona ny ny [[lalam-pirenena faha-2]] ao atsimo, lalam-paharoa mankany Andasibe sady ahitana ny lalamby mampitohy an' [[Antananarivo]] sy [[Toamasina]].

== Fitahirizana ==
Niorina tamin' ny taona 1970 ny Tahirin-javaboary manokan' Analamazaotra. Tamin' ny 21 Avrily 2015, ilay tahirin-javaboary no natambatra amn' ny &lt;u&gt;Tobin' Alan' Analamazaotra&lt;/u&gt; izay mifanakaiky aminy mba hamoronana ny Valan-javaboarim-pirenen' Analamazaotra tamin' ny alalan' ny didim-panjakana N° 2015-732.

== Karazam-biby ==
Karazana maky sy varika iraika ambin' ny folono miaina ao amin' ilay tahirin-javaboary:

* ny ''Prolemur simus'';
* ny [[babakoto]] (''[[Babakoto|Indri indri]]'');
* ny ''Eulemur rubriventer'';
* ny ''Haplemur griseus'';
* ny ''Varecia Variegata'';
* ny sifaka diadema (''[[Propithecus diadema]]'');
* ny ''Avahi laniger'';
* ny [[haihay]] (''[[Daubentonia madagscariensis]]'');
* ny ''Cheirogaleus major''.

Misy karazany 51 koa ny biby mandady na mikiaka, anisan' izany ny bibilava ''Sanzinia madagascariensis'', karazana ''[[Amphibia]]'' ([[Sahona gôliata|sahona]] sns) 84 ary karazam-borona zato mahery.

== Jereo koa ==
'''Valan-javaboary'''

* [[Tahirin-javaboarin' Analamazoatra|Valan-javaboarim-pirenen' Analamazaotra]] '''•''' [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Andasibe-Mantadia]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Andohahela]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Andringitra]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ankarafantsika]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenen' ny Helodranon' i Baly]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Isalo]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Kirindy Mitea]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Mananara-Avaratra]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Marojejy]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Masoala]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Midongy Atsimo]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenen' ny Tendrombohitra Ambre]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Namoroka]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Nosy Ve-Androka]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Tsimanampetsotsa]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Zahamena]] • [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Zombitse-Vohibasia]]

[[sokajy:Valan-javaboahary ao Madagasikara]]</text>
      <sha1>bju4i6pd0hzvbewgw4pqmqr8zmxh4ye</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tahirin-javaboarin' i Berenty</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>290015</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1152760</id>
      <parentid>1091927</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T04:57:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-53342-25</username>
        <id>41238</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1152760</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3795" sha1="ctlzh1x8jcpllbo9jp51891v4lhjhx2" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Berenty 001.jpg|vignette|338x338px|Fidirana ao amin' ny Tahirin-javaboarin' i Berenty]]
Ny '''Tahirin-javabiarin' i Berenty''' (na '''réserve de Berenty''', amin' ny [[Fiteny frantsay|teny frantsay]]) dia [[tahirin-javaboary]] kely tantanin' ny tsy miankina, mirefy 200 ha, any amin' ny faran' ny atsimon' i [[Madagasikara]], adiny roa miala an' i Tôlanaro, ao avaratr' [[Amboasary-Atsimo]], ao amin' ny [[Ifotaka|Kaominina Ifotaka]], [[Faritra Anosy]]. Manamorona ny ony [[Mandrare]] ny toerana misy azy, ao amin' ny faritry ny ala mikitroka somary maina any amin' ny ilany atsimon' i [[Madagasikara]].

Noforonina tamin' ny taona 1936 io tahirin-javaboary io. Ity tahiry ity, miaraka amin' i Bealoka sy i Rapily, dia ampahany amin' ny ala 1&amp;nbsp;000 ha sisa tavela ao amin' ny fambolena [[taretra]] taloha nosahanin' i [[Henry de Heaulme]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-34126-2_3 Berenty Reserve: A Research Site in Southern Madagascar] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-0-387-34126-2_3 Arsiva]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Toerana manan-danja hijerena ny karazam-borona tsy manam-paharoa toy ny ''[[Coua]]'', fa indrindra ny maky sy ny varika ([[Hira (maky)|maky hira]], ny [[sifaka]], sns) ilay tahiry. 

Nandritra ny telopolo taona mahery ny primatôlôga Alison Jolly (izay nanomboka ny fikarohana tao Berenty)&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;''Lemur behavior: a Madagascar field study''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1964.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Mertl-Millhollen, AS; Gustafson, HL; Budnitz, N; Dainis, K; Jolly, A (1979). &quot;Population and territory stability of Lemur catta at Berenty, Madagascar&quot;. ''Folia Primatologica''. 31 (1–2): 106–123.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Jolly, A.; et al. (1982). &quot;Population and troop ranges of Lemur catta and Lemur fulvus at Berenty, Madagascar: 1980 census&quot;. ''Folia Primatologica''. 39 (1–2): 115–123..&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Jolly, A.; et al. (1982). &quot;Propithecus verreauxi population and ranging at Berenty, Madagascar: 1975 and 1980&quot;. ''Folia Primatologica''. 39 (1–2): 124–144.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; sy mpikaroka hafa&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Howarth, C.J.; et al. (1986). &quot;Population Ecology of the Ring-tailed Lemur and the White Sifaka at Berenty, 1981&quot;. ''Folia Primatologica''. 47 (1): 39–48.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Wilson, Jane (1995). ''Lemurs of the Lost World''. Impact, London. p. 216.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ary ny mpianatra dia nitsidika an' i Berenty mba hanao fikarohana ifotony  momba ny maky sy ny sifaka. I [[Alison Jolly]] dia namoaka asasoratra maromaro momba ity tahirin-javaboary ity.[[Sary:Lemur catta 003.jpg|vignette|242x242px|Hira (Maky katta) ao amin ' ilay tahirin-javaboary]]Manana trano anaty ala fiantranoan' ny mpitsidika sy lalana voakarakara mankany amin' ny ala hojerena ilay tahirin-javaboary. Ity tahirin-javaboary ity no mahasarika mpitsidika betsaka indrindra raha mitaha amin' ny tahirin-javaboary hafa rehetra eto Madagasikara. Tonga any rehefa nandeha fiara adiny roa avy any [[Tolagnaro|Tôlagnaro]].
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Lisitry ny karazana maky sy sifakahita ao Berenty&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Mittermeier, R.A.; Louis, E.E.; Richardson, M.; Schwitzer, C.; et al. (2010). ''[[:en:Lemurs_of_Madagascar_(book)|Lemurs of Madagascar]]''. Illustrated by S.D. Nash (3rd ed.). Conservation International. p. 640–644.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
!Fotoana ijerena azy
!Karazana
|-
|Amin' ny andro
|
* [[Hira (maky)|Hira]] (''[[Hira (maky)|Lemur catta]]'')
* Sifaka ''[[Propithecus verreauxi]]''
* ''[[Eulemur]]'': ''E. rufifrons'' x ''E. collaris'' (nampidirina tao)
|-
|Amin' ny alina
|
* ''[[Lepilemur leucopus]]''
* ''[[Microcebus murinus]]''
* ''[[Microcebus griseorufus]]''
*
|}
[[sokajy:Valan-javaboahary ao Madagasikara]]</text>
      <sha1>ctlzh1x8jcpllbo9jp51891v4lhjhx2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sansevieria</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>290853</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1152769</id>
      <parentid>1151470</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T06:46:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lisitra fenon' ny karazana</comment>
      <origin>1152769</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10878" sha1="2pqj7qhl0vi4cokebobxuu0u3s5crk9" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Sansevieria_trifasciata_Colombia.jpg|thumb|''Sansevieria trifasciata'' na ''[[Dracaena trifasciata]]''|398x398px]]

Ny '''''Sansevieria''''' dia vondron-karazana [[zavamaniry mamony]], ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Asparagales]](araka ny [[fanasokajiana APG III]] (2009)). Efa lany andro ity vondron-karazana ity izay efa nampidirina ao amin' ny vonron-karazana ''[[Dracaena]]'' ny karazana ao aminy. Teratany aty [[Afrika]], indrindra fa eto [[Madagasikara]], sy any [[Azia Atsimo]] izy io. ''Sansevieria'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiansa feno.

== Fanasokajiana ==
'''Fanasokajiana klasika'''

Anisan' ny fianakaviana ''[[Liliaceae]]'' teo aloha (na ny fianakaviana ''[[Dracaenaceae]]'' izay lasa zana-pianakavian' ny ''[[Convallarioideae]]'' ankehitriny) ny ''Sansevieria'' araka ny [[fanasokajiana klasika]]. 

'''Fanasokajiana filôjenetika'''

Araka ny [[fanasokajiana filôjenetika]], ity karazana ity dia voasokajy ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Ruscaceae]]'', saingy tamin' ny [[fanasokajiana APG III]] (2009) dia nanjary tsy manan-kery io fianakaviana io. Ao amin' ny fanasokajiana APG III, ny karazana tao amin' ny ''Sansevieria'' dia napetraka ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Dracaena]]'' ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]''.

== Karazana ==

=== Karazana notsongaina ===
[[Sary:Sansevieria ehrenbergii clusters.jpg|vignette|''Sansevieria ehrenbergii'' ]]
Vondrona efa tsy manan-kery ny ''Sansevieria'' na dia mbola misy ny mpanoratra mampiasa ireto anarana tanisaina manaraka ireto:
* ''Sansevieria arborescens'' &lt;small&gt;Cornu ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena arborescens'' &lt;small&gt;(Cornu ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria bagamoyensis'' &lt;small&gt;Carrière&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena bagamoyensis'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria ballyi'' → ''Dracaena ballyi''
* ''Sansevieria carnea'' &lt;small&gt;Andrews&lt;/small&gt; → ''Reineckea carnea'' &lt;small&gt;(Andrews) Kunth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria cylindrica'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Hook.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena angolensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Welw. ex Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria ehrenbergii'' &lt;small&gt;Schweinf. ex Baker&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena hanningtonii'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria eilensis'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena eilensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria fischeri'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena fischeri''
* ''Sansevieria kirkii'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena pethera'' &lt;small&gt;Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria masoniana'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena masoniana'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria pinguicula'' &lt;small&gt;P.R.O.Bally&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena pinguicula'' &lt;small&gt;(P.R.O.Bally) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria stuckyi'' &lt;small&gt;God.-Leb. ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena stuckyi'' &lt;small&gt;(God.-Leb.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria suffruticosa'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena suffruticosa'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria trifasciata'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena trifasciata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Prain) Mabb.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Lisitra fenon' ny karazana ===
Inty ny lisitry ny karazana tao amin' ny ''Sansevieria'':

* ''Sansevieria aethiopica'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb&lt;/small&gt;. → ''Dracaena aethiopica'' &lt;small&gt;(Thunb.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria arborescens'' &lt;small&gt;Cornu ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena arborescens'' &lt;small&gt;(Cornu ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria ascendens'' &lt;small&gt;L.E.Newton&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena ascendens'' &lt;small&gt;(L.E.Newton) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria aubrytiana'' &lt;small&gt;Carrière&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena aubrytiana'' &lt;small&gt;(Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria bacularis'' &lt;small&gt;Pfennig ex A.Butler &amp; Jankalski&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena bacularis'' &lt;small&gt;(Pfennig ex A.Butler &amp; Jankalski) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria bagamoyensis'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena bagamoyensis'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria ballyi'' &lt;small&gt;L.E.Newton&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena ballyi'' &lt;small&gt;(L.E.Newton) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria bella'' &lt;small&gt;L.E.Newton&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena neobella'' &lt;small&gt;N.Wei, Mwachala, G.W.Hu &amp; Q.F.Wang.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria braunii'' &lt;small&gt;Engl. &amp; Krause&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena testudinea'' &lt;small&gt;Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria burdettii'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena burdettii'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* Sansevieria burmanica &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena burmanica'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* Sansevieria canaliculata Carrière → Dracaena canaliculata (Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria caulescens N.E.Br. → Dracaena caulescens (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria concinna N.E.Br. → Dracaena spathulata Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria conspicua N.E.Br. → Dracaena conspicua (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer ex Hook. → Dracaena angolensis (Welw. ex Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria dawei Stapf → Dracaena dawei (Stapf) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria dooneri N.E.Br. → Dracaena dooneri (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria downsii Chahin. → Dracaena downsii (Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria dumetescens L.E.Newton → Dracaena dumetescens (L.E.Newton) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria ebracteata (Cav.) Suresh → Dracaena ebracteata (Cav.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria ehrenbergii Schweinf. ex Baker → Dracaena hanningtonii Baker.
* Sansevieria eilensis Chahin. → Dracaena eilensis (Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria erythraeae Mattei → Dracaena erythraeae (Mattei) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria fasciata Cornu ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy → Dracaena fasciata (Cornu ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria fischeri (Baker) Marais → Dracaena singularis (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria forskaliana (Schult. &amp; Schult.f.) Hepper &amp; J.R.I.Wood → Dracaena forskaliana (Schult. &amp; Schult.f.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria francisii Chahin. → Dracaena francisii (Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria frequens Chahin. → Dracaena frequens (Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria gracilis N.E.Br. → Dracaena serpenta Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria gracillima Chahin. → Dracaena gracillima (Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria hallii Chahin. → Dracaena hallii (Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria hargeisana Chahin. → Dracaena hargeisana (Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria humiflora D.J.Richards → Dracaena humiflora (D.J.Richards) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria hyacinthoides (L.) Druce → Dracaena hyacinthoides (L.) Mabb.
* Sansevieria kirkii Baker → Dracaena pethera Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria liberica Gérôme &amp; Labroy → Dracaena liberica (Gérôme &amp; Labroy) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria longiflora Sims → Dracaena longiflora (Sims) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria longistyla la Croix → Dracaena longistyla (la Croix) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria masoniana Chahin. → Dracaena masoniana (Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria metallica Gérôme &amp; Labroy → Dracaena zebra Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria nilotica Baker → Dracaena nilotica (Baker) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria nitida Chahin. → Dracaena nitida (Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria parva N.E.Br. → Dracaena parva (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria patens N.E.Br. → Dracaena varians (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria pearsonii N.E.Br. → Dracaena pearsonii (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria pedicellata la Croix → Dracaena pedicellata (la Croix) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria perrotii Warb. → Dracaena perrotii (O.Warburg) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria pfisteri D.J.Richards → Dracaena pfisteri (D.J.Richards) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria phillipsiae N.E.Br. → Dracaena phillipsiae (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria pinguicula P.R.O.Bally → Dracaena pinguicula (P.R.O.Bally) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria powellii N.E.Br. → Dracaena powellii (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria powysii L.E.Newton → Dracaena powysii (L.E.Newton) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria raffillii N.E.Br. → Dracaena raffillii (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria roxburghiana Schult. &amp; Schult.f. → Dracaena roxburghiana (Schult. &amp; Schult.f.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* ''Sansevieria sambiranensis'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena sambiranensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(H.Perrier) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* Sansevieria scimitariformis D.J.Richards → Dracaena scimitariformis (D.J.Richards) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria senegambica Baker → Dracaena senegambica (Baker) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria sinus-simiorum Chahin. → Dracaena sinus-simiorum (Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria sordida N.E.Br. → Dracaena varians (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria stuckyi God.-Leb. → Dracaena stuckyi (God.-Leb.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria subspicata Baker → Dracaena subspicata (Baker) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria subtilis N.E.Br. → Dracaena subtilis (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria suffruticosa N.E.Br. → Dracaena suffruticosa (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria sulcata Bojer ex Baker → Dracaena canaliculata (Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria trifasciata Prain → Dracaena trifasciata (Prain) Mabb.
* Sansevieria varians N.E.Br. → Dracaena varians (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria volkensii Gürke → Dracaena volkensii (Gürke) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria zeylanica (L.) Willd. → Dracaena zeylanica (L.) Mabb.

=== Karazana ''Sansevieria'' misy eto Madagasikara ===
Indreto ny karazana tao amin' ny ''Sansevieria'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]]:

* ''Sansevieria sambiranensis'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena sambiranensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(H.Perrier) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria reflexa'' (Lam.) → ''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'' Lam. (← ''Pleomele reflexa'', ''Draco reflexa'', ''Cordyline reflexa'') 
* ''Sansevieria canaliculata'' &lt;small&gt;Carrière&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena canaliculata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;

Ireto kosa dia karazana ao amin' ny ''[[Dracaena]]'' hita eto Madagasikara nefa tsy tao amin' ny ''Sensevieria'' fa tao amin' ny vondrona hafa:

* ''[[Dracaena cincta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pleomele cincta'')
* ''[[Dracaena umbraculifera]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;. (← ''Cordyline umbraculifera'', ''Draco umbraculifera'', ''Pleomele umbraculifera'', ''Lomatophyllum umbraculiferum'')
* ''[[Dracaena xiphophylla]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pleomele xiphophylla'')

==Jereo koa==

* ''[[Cordyline]]''
* ''[[Dracaena]]''
* ''[[Draco]]''
* ''[[Lomatophyllum]]''
* ''[[Pleomele]]''

*''[[Reineckea]]''</text>
      <sha1>2pqj7qhl0vi4cokebobxuu0u3s5crk9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1152770</id>
      <parentid>1152769</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T06:57:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanampy sary</comment>
      <origin>1152770</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11586" sha1="1fjy1k0jp504gi5ohzcr65d4kwu0nu1" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Sansevieria_trifasciata_Colombia.jpg|thumb|''Sansevieria trifasciata'' na ''[[Dracaena trifasciata]]''|398x398px]]

Ny '''''Sansevieria''''' dia vondron-karazana [[zavamaniry mamony]], ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Asparagales]](araka ny [[fanasokajiana APG III]] (2009)). Efa lany andro ity vondron-karazana ity izay efa nampidirina ao amin' ny vonron-karazana ''[[Dracaena]]'' ny karazana ao aminy. Teratany aty [[Afrika]], indrindra fa eto [[Madagasikara]], sy any [[Azia Atsimo]] izy io. ''Sansevieria'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiansa feno.

== Fanasokajiana ==
'''Fanasokajiana klasika'''

Anisan' ny fianakaviana ''[[Liliaceae]]'' teo aloha (na ny fianakaviana ''[[Dracaenaceae]]'' izay lasa zana-pianakavian' ny ''[[Convallarioideae]]'' ankehitriny) ny ''Sansevieria'' araka ny [[fanasokajiana klasika]]. 

'''Fanasokajiana filôjenetika'''

Araka ny [[fanasokajiana filôjenetika]], ity karazana ity dia voasokajy ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Ruscaceae]]'', saingy tamin' ny [[fanasokajiana APG III]] (2009) dia nanjary tsy manan-kery io fianakaviana io. Ao amin' ny fanasokajiana APG III, ny karazana tao amin' ny ''Sansevieria'' dia napetraka ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Dracaena]]'' ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]''.

== Karazana ==

=== Karazana notsongaina ===
[[Sary:Sansevieria ehrenbergii clusters.jpg|vignette|''Sansevieria ehrenbergii'' ]]
Vondrona efa tsy manan-kery ny ''Sansevieria'' na dia mbola misy ny mpanoratra mampiasa ireto anarana tanisaina manaraka ireto:
* ''Sansevieria arborescens'' &lt;small&gt;Cornu ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena arborescens'' &lt;small&gt;(Cornu ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria bagamoyensis'' &lt;small&gt;Carrière&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena bagamoyensis'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria ballyi'' → ''Dracaena ballyi''
* ''Sansevieria carnea'' &lt;small&gt;Andrews&lt;/small&gt; → ''Reineckea carnea'' &lt;small&gt;(Andrews) Kunth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria cylindrica'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Hook.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena angolensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Welw. ex Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria ehrenbergii'' &lt;small&gt;Schweinf. ex Baker&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena hanningtonii'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria eilensis'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena eilensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria fischeri'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena fischeri''
* ''Sansevieria kirkii'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena pethera'' &lt;small&gt;Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria masoniana'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena masoniana'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria pinguicula'' &lt;small&gt;P.R.O.Bally&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena pinguicula'' &lt;small&gt;(P.R.O.Bally) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria stuckyi'' &lt;small&gt;God.-Leb. ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena stuckyi'' &lt;small&gt;(God.-Leb.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria suffruticosa'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena suffruticosa'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria trifasciata'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena trifasciata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Prain) Mabb.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Lisitra fenon' ny karazana ===
[[Sary:Sansevieria parva kz1.JPG|vignette|213x213px|''Sansevieria parva'']]
[[Sary:Sansevieria ariella.jpg|vignette|260x260px|''Sansevieria ariella'']]
[[Sary:Sansevieria zeylanica Blanco2.422.jpg|vignette|264x264px|''Sansevieria zeylanica'']]
[[Sary:Sansevieria katana.jpg|vignette|254x254px|''Sansevieria katana'']]
[[Sary:Snake Plant (Sansevieria liberica).jpg|vignette|191x191px|''Sansevieria liberica'']]
[[Sary:Sansevieria metallica-2-RM Nagar-bangalore-India.jpg|vignette|313x313px|''Sansevieria metallica'']]
Inty ny lisitry ny karazana tao amin' ny ''Sansevieria'':

* ''Sansevieria aethiopica'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb&lt;/small&gt;. → ''Dracaena aethiopica'' &lt;small&gt;(Thunb.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria arborescens'' &lt;small&gt;Cornu ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena arborescens'' &lt;small&gt;(Cornu ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria ascendens'' &lt;small&gt;L.E.Newton&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena ascendens'' &lt;small&gt;(L.E.Newton) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria aubrytiana'' &lt;small&gt;Carrière&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena aubrytiana'' &lt;small&gt;(Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria bacularis'' &lt;small&gt;Pfennig ex A.Butler &amp; Jankalski&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena bacularis'' &lt;small&gt;(Pfennig ex A.Butler &amp; Jankalski) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria bagamoyensis'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena bagamoyensis'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria ballyi'' &lt;small&gt;L.E.Newton&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena ballyi'' &lt;small&gt;(L.E.Newton) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria bella'' &lt;small&gt;L.E.Newton&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena neobella'' &lt;small&gt;N.Wei, Mwachala, G.W.Hu &amp; Q.F.Wang.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria braunii'' &lt;small&gt;Engl. &amp; Krause&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena testudinea'' &lt;small&gt;Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria burdettii'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena burdettii'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* Sansevieria burmanica &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena burmanica'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* Sansevieria canaliculata Carrière → Dracaena canaliculata (Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria caulescens N.E.Br. → Dracaena caulescens (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria concinna N.E.Br. → Dracaena spathulata Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria conspicua N.E.Br. → Dracaena conspicua (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer ex Hook. → Dracaena angolensis (Welw. ex Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria dawei Stapf → Dracaena dawei (Stapf) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria dooneri N.E.Br. → Dracaena dooneri (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria downsii Chahin. → Dracaena downsii (Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria dumetescens L.E.Newton → Dracaena dumetescens (L.E.Newton) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria ebracteata (Cav.) Suresh → Dracaena ebracteata (Cav.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria ehrenbergii Schweinf. ex Baker → Dracaena hanningtonii Baker.
* Sansevieria eilensis Chahin. → Dracaena eilensis (Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria erythraeae Mattei → Dracaena erythraeae (Mattei) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria fasciata Cornu ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy → Dracaena fasciata (Cornu ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria fischeri (Baker) Marais → Dracaena singularis (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria forskaliana (Schult. &amp; Schult.f.) Hepper &amp; J.R.I.Wood → Dracaena forskaliana (Schult. &amp; Schult.f.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria francisii Chahin. → Dracaena francisii (Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria frequens Chahin. → Dracaena frequens (Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria gracilis N.E.Br. → Dracaena serpenta Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria gracillima Chahin. → Dracaena gracillima (Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria hallii Chahin. → Dracaena hallii (Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria hargeisana Chahin. → Dracaena hargeisana (Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria humiflora D.J.Richards → Dracaena humiflora (D.J.Richards) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria hyacinthoides (L.) Druce → Dracaena hyacinthoides (L.) Mabb.
* Sansevieria kirkii Baker → Dracaena pethera Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria liberica Gérôme &amp; Labroy → Dracaena liberica (Gérôme &amp; Labroy) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria longiflora Sims → Dracaena longiflora (Sims) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria longistyla la Croix → Dracaena longistyla (la Croix) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria masoniana Chahin. → Dracaena masoniana (Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria metallica Gérôme &amp; Labroy → Dracaena zebra Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria nilotica Baker → Dracaena nilotica (Baker) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria nitida Chahin. → Dracaena nitida (Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria parva N.E.Br. → Dracaena parva (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria patens N.E.Br. → Dracaena varians (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria pearsonii N.E.Br. → Dracaena pearsonii (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria pedicellata la Croix → Dracaena pedicellata (la Croix) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria perrotii Warb. → Dracaena perrotii (O.Warburg) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria pfisteri D.J.Richards → Dracaena pfisteri (D.J.Richards) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria phillipsiae N.E.Br. → Dracaena phillipsiae (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria pinguicula P.R.O.Bally → Dracaena pinguicula (P.R.O.Bally) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria powellii N.E.Br. → Dracaena powellii (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria powysii L.E.Newton → Dracaena powysii (L.E.Newton) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria raffillii N.E.Br. → Dracaena raffillii (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria roxburghiana Schult. &amp; Schult.f. → Dracaena roxburghiana (Schult. &amp; Schult.f.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* ''Sansevieria sambiranensis'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena sambiranensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(H.Perrier) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* Sansevieria scimitariformis D.J.Richards → Dracaena scimitariformis (D.J.Richards) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria senegambica Baker → Dracaena senegambica (Baker) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria sinus-simiorum Chahin. → Dracaena sinus-simiorum (Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria sordida N.E.Br. → Dracaena varians (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria stuckyi God.-Leb. → Dracaena stuckyi (God.-Leb.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria subspicata Baker → Dracaena subspicata (Baker) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria subtilis N.E.Br. → Dracaena subtilis (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria suffruticosa N.E.Br. → Dracaena suffruticosa (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria sulcata Bojer ex Baker → Dracaena canaliculata (Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria trifasciata Prain → Dracaena trifasciata (Prain) Mabb.
* Sansevieria varians N.E.Br. → Dracaena varians (N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria volkensii Gürke → Dracaena volkensii (Gürke) Byng &amp; Christenh.
* Sansevieria zeylanica (L.) Willd. → Dracaena zeylanica (L.) Mabb.

=== Karazana ''Sansevieria'' misy eto Madagasikara ===
[[Sary:Dracaena reflexa kz01.jpg|vignette|287x287px|''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'']]
[[Sary:Sansevieria canaliculata on coral (9435964570).jpg|vignette|206x206px|''[[Sansevieria canaliculata]]'']]
Indreto ny karazana tao amin' ny ''Sansevieria'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]]:

* ''Sansevieria sambiranensis'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena sambiranensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(H.Perrier) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria reflexa'' (Lam.) → ''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'' Lam. (← ''Pleomele reflexa'', ''Draco reflexa'', ''Cordyline reflexa'') 
* ''Sansevieria canaliculata'' &lt;small&gt;Carrière&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena canaliculata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;

Ireto kosa dia karazana ao amin' ny ''[[Dracaena]]'' hita eto Madagasikara nefa tsy tao amin' ny ''Sensevieria'' fa tao amin' ny vondrona hafa:

* ''[[Dracaena cincta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pleomele cincta'')
* ''[[Dracaena umbraculifera]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;. (← ''Cordyline umbraculifera'', ''Draco umbraculifera'', ''Pleomele umbraculifera'', ''Lomatophyllum umbraculiferum'')
* ''[[Dracaena xiphophylla]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pleomele xiphophylla'')

==Jereo koa==

* ''[[Cordyline]]''
* ''[[Dracaena]]''
* ''[[Draco]]''
* ''[[Lomatophyllum]]''
* ''[[Pleomele]]''

*''[[Reineckea]]''</text>
      <sha1>1fjy1k0jp504gi5ohzcr65d4kwu0nu1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1152773</id>
      <parentid>1152770</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T09:32:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanampy sary</comment>
      <origin>1152773</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14333" sha1="a10he2ucyzlq3ceeaoofxuvkvt5flph" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Sansevieria_trifasciata_Colombia.jpg|thumb|''Sansevieria trifasciata'' → ''[[Dracaena trifasciata]]''|398x398px]]

Ny '''''Sansevieria''''' dia vondron-karazana [[zavamaniry mamony]], ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Asparagales]] (araka ny [[fanasokajiana APG III]] (2009)). Efa lany andro ity vondron-karazana ity izay efa nampidirina ao amin' ny vonron-karazana ''[[Dracaena]]'' ny karazana ao aminy. Teratany aty [[Afrika]], indrindra fa eto [[Madagasikara]], sy any [[Azia Atsimo]] izy io. ''Sansevieria'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiansa feno.

== Fanasokajiana ==

=== Fanasokajiana klasika ===
Anisan' ny fianakaviana ''[[Liliaceae]]'' teo aloha (na ny fianakaviana ''[[Dracaenaceae]]'' izay lasa zana-pianakavian' ny ''[[Convallarioideae]]'' ankehitriny) ny ''Sansevieria'' araka ny [[fanasokajiana klasika]]. 

=== Fanasokajiana filôjenetika ===
Araka ny [[fanasokajiana filôjenetika]], ity karazana ity dia voasokajy ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Ruscaceae]]'', saingy tamin' ny [[fanasokajiana APG III]] (2009) dia nanjary tsy manan-kery io fianakaviana io. Ao amin' ny fanasokajiana APG III, ny karazana tao amin' ny ''Sansevieria'' dia napetraka ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Dracaena]]'' ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]''.

== Karazana ==

=== Karazana notsongaina ===
[[Sary:Sansevieria ehrenbergii clusters.jpg|vignette|''Sansevieria ehrenbergii'' → ''[[Dracaena hanningtonii]]'' ]]
[[Sary:Sansevieria zeylanica-1-bsi-yercaud-salem-India.JPG|vignette|249x249px|''Sansevieria zeylanica'' → ''[[Dracaena zeylanica]]'']]
Vondrona efa tsy manan-kery ny ''Sansevieria'' na dia mbola misy ny mpanoratra mampiasa ireto anarana tanisaina manaraka ireto:
* ''Sansevieria arborescens'' &lt;small&gt;Cornu ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena arborescens'' &lt;small&gt;(Cornu ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria bagamoyensis'' &lt;small&gt;Carrière&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena bagamoyensis'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria ballyi'' → ''Dracaena ballyi''
* ''Sansevieria carnea'' &lt;small&gt;Andrews&lt;/small&gt; → ''Reineckea carnea'' &lt;small&gt;(Andrews) Kunth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria cylindrica'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Hook.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena angolensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Welw. ex Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria ehrenbergii'' &lt;small&gt;Schweinf. ex Baker&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena hanningtonii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria eilensis'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena eilensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria fischeri'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena fischeri''
* ''Sansevieria kirkii'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena pethera'' &lt;small&gt;Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria masoniana'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena masoniana'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria pinguicula'' &lt;small&gt;P.R.O.Bally&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena pinguicula'' &lt;small&gt;(P.R.O.Bally) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria stuckyi'' &lt;small&gt;God.-Leb. ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena stuckyi'' &lt;small&gt;(God.-Leb.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria suffruticosa'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena suffruticosa'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria trifasciata'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena trifasciata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Prain) Mabb.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Lisitra fenon' ny karazana ===
[[Sary:Sansevieria parva kz1.JPG|vignette|213x213px|''Sansevieria parva'' → ''[[Dracaena parva]]'']]
[[Sary:Snake Plant (Sansevieria liberica).jpg|vignette|191x191px|''Sansevieria liberica'' → ''[[Dracaena liberica]]'']]
[[Sary:Sansevieria metallica-2-RM Nagar-bangalore-India.jpg|vignette|313x313px|''Sansevieria metallica'' → ''[[Dracaena parva]]'']]
Inty ny lisitry ny karazana tao amin' ny ''Sansevieria'':

* ''Sansevieria aethiopica'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb&lt;/small&gt;. → ''Dracaena aethiopica'' &lt;small&gt;(Thunb.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria arborescens'' &lt;small&gt;Cornu ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena arborescens'' &lt;small&gt;(Cornu ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria ascendens'' &lt;small&gt;L.E.Newton&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena ascendens'' &lt;small&gt;(L.E.Newton) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria aubrytiana'' &lt;small&gt;Carrière&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena aubrytiana'' &lt;small&gt;(Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria bacularis'' &lt;small&gt;Pfennig ex A.Butler &amp; Jankalski&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena bacularis'' &lt;small&gt;(Pfennig ex A.Butler &amp; Jankalski) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria bagamoyensis'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena bagamoyensis'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria ballyi'' &lt;small&gt;L.E.Newton&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena ballyi'' &lt;small&gt;(L.E.Newton) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria bella'' &lt;small&gt;L.E.Newton&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena neobella]]'' &lt;small&gt;N.Wei, Mwachala, G.W.Hu &amp; Q.F.Wang.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria braunii'' &lt;small&gt;Engl. &amp; Krause&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena testudinea]]'' &lt;small&gt;Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria burdettii'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena burdettii'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria burmanica'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena burmanica'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria canaliculata'' &lt;small&gt;Carrière&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena canaliculata'' &lt;small&gt;(Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria caulescens'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena caulescens'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria concinna'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena spathulata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria conspicua'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena conspicua'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria cylindrica'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Hook.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena angolensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Welw. ex Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria dawei'' &lt;small&gt;Stapf&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena dawei'' &lt;small&gt;(Stapf) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria dooneri'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena dooneri'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria downsii'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin&lt;/small&gt;. → ''Dracaena downsii'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria dumetescens'' &lt;small&gt;L.E.Newton&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena dumetescens'' &lt;small&gt;(L.E.Newton) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria ebracteata'' &lt;small&gt;(Cav.) Suresh&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena ebracteata'' &lt;small&gt;(Cav.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria ehrenbergii'' &lt;small&gt;Schweinf. ex Baker&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena hanningtonii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Sansevieria eilensis'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin&lt;/small&gt;. → ''Dracaena eilensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria erythraeae'' &lt;small&gt;Mattei&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena erythraeae'' &lt;small&gt;(Mattei) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria fasciata'' &lt;small&gt;Cornu ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena fasciata'' &lt;small&gt;(Cornu ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria fischeri'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Marais&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena singularis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria forskaliana'' &lt;small&gt;(Schult. &amp; Schult.f.) Hepper &amp; J.R.I.Wood&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena forskaliana'' &lt;small&gt;(Schult. &amp; Schult.f.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria francisii'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin&lt;/small&gt;. → ''Dracaena francisii'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria frequens'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin&lt;/small&gt;. → ''Dracaena frequens'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria gracilis'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena serpenta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria gracillima'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin&lt;/small&gt;. → ''Dracaena gracillima'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria hallii'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin&lt;/small&gt;. → ''Dracaena hallii'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria hargeisana'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin&lt;/small&gt;. → ''Dracaena hargeisana'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria humiflora'' &lt;small&gt;D.J.Richards&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena humiflora'' &lt;small&gt;(D.J.Richards) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria hyacinthoides'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Druce&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena hyacinthoides'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Mabb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria kirkii'' Baker → ''[[Dracaena pethera]]'' &lt;small&gt;Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria liberica'' &lt;small&gt;Gérôme &amp; Labroy&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena liberica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Gérôme &amp; Labroy) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria longiflora'' &lt;small&gt;Sims&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena longiflora'' &lt;small&gt;(Sims) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria longistyla'' &lt;small&gt;la Croix&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena longistyla'' &lt;small&gt;(la Croix) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria masoniana'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena masoniana'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria metallica'' &lt;small&gt;Gérôme &amp; Labroy&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena zebra]]'' &lt;small&gt;Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria nilotica'' Baker → ''Dracaena nilotica'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* Sansevieria nitida Chahin. → ''Dracaena nitida'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria parva'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena parva]]'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria patens'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena varians]]'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria pearsonii'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena pearsonii'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria pedicellata'' &lt;small&gt;la Croix&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena pedicellata'' &lt;small&gt;(la Croix) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria perrotii'' &lt;small&gt;Warb&lt;/small&gt;. → ''Dracaena perrotii'' &lt;small&gt;(O.Warburg) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria pfisteri'' &lt;small&gt;D.J.Richards&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena pfisteri'' &lt;small&gt;(D.J.Richards) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria phillipsiae'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena phillipsiae'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria pinguicula'' &lt;small&gt;P.R.O.Bally&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena pinguicula'' &lt;small&gt;(P.R.O.Bally) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria powellii'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena powellii'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria powysii'' &lt;small&gt;L.E.Newton&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena powysii'' &lt;small&gt;(L.E.Newton) Byng &amp; Christenh&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Sansevieria raffillii'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena raffillii'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* Sansevieria roxburghiana &lt;small&gt;Schult. &amp; Schult.f.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena roxburghiana'' &lt;small&gt;(Schult. &amp; Schult.f.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria sambiranensis'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena sambiranensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(H.Perrier) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria scimitariformis'' &lt;small&gt;D.J.Richards&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena scimitariformis'' &lt;small&gt;(D.J.Richards) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria senegambica'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena senegambica'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria sinus-simiorum'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena sinus-simiorum'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria sordida'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena varians]]'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria stuckyi'' &lt;small&gt;God.-Leb.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena stuckyi'' &lt;small&gt;(God.-Leb.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria subspicata'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena subspicata'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria subtilis'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena subtilis'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria suffruticosa'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena suffruticosa'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria sulcata'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Baker&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena canaliculata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria trifasciata'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena trifasciata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Prain) Mabb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria varians'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena varians]]'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria volkensii'' &lt;small&gt;Gürke&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena volkensii'' &lt;small&gt;(Gürke) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria zeylanica'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Willd.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena zeylanica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Mabb.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Karazana ''Sansevieria'' misy eto Madagasikara ===
'''Karazana teratany'''[[Sary:Dracaena reflexa kz01.jpg|vignette|287x287px|''Sansevieria reflexa'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.)&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'']]
[[Sary:Sansevieria canaliculata on coral (9435964570).jpg|vignette|206x206px|''Sansevieria canaliculata'' → ''[[Dracaena canaliculata]]'']]
Indreto ny karazana tao amin' ny ''Sansevieria'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]]:

* ''Sansevieria sambiranensis'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena sambiranensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(H.Perrier) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria reflexa'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.)&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'' Lam. (← ''Pleomele reflexa'', ''Draco reflexa'', ''Cordyline reflexa'') 
* ''Sansevieria canaliculata'' &lt;small&gt;Carrière&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena canaliculata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;

Ireto kosa dia karazana ao amin' ny ''[[Dracaena]]'' hita eto Madagasikara nefa tsy tao amin' ny ''Sensevieria'' fa tao amin' ny vondrona hafa:

* ''[[Dracaena cincta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pleomele cincta'')
* ''[[Dracaena umbraculifera]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;. (← ''Cordyline umbraculifera'', ''Draco umbraculifera'', ''Pleomele umbraculifera'', ''Lomatophyllum umbraculiferum'')
* ''[[Dracaena xiphophylla]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pleomele xiphophylla'')
'''Karazana nampidirina'''

Indreto ny karazana nampidirina:

* ''Sansevieria canaliculata'' &lt;small&gt;Carrière&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena canaliculata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria trifasciata'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena trifasciata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Prain) Mabb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria zeylanica'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Willd.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena zeylanica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Mabb.&lt;/small&gt;

==Jereo koa==

* ''[[Cordyline]]''
* ''[[Dracaena]]''
* ''[[Draco]]''
* ''[[Lomatophyllum]]''
* ''[[Pleomele]]''

*''[[Reineckea]]''</text>
      <sha1>a10he2ucyzlq3ceeaoofxuvkvt5flph</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1152778</id>
      <parentid>1152773</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T10:29:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Namafa soratra tsy ilaina</comment>
      <origin>1152778</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14274" sha1="8iatkgnw6n9twq0zz9i1zmpeqxklqi5" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Sansevieria_trifasciata_Colombia.jpg|thumb|''Sansevieria trifasciata'' → ''[[Dracaena trifasciata]]''|398x398px]]

Ny '''''Sansevieria''''' dia vondron-karazana [[zavamaniry mamony]], ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Asparagales]] (araka ny [[fanasokajiana APG III]] (2009)). Efa lany andro ity vondron-karazana ity izay efa nampidirina ao amin' ny vonron-karazana ''[[Dracaena]]'' ny karazana ao aminy. Teratany aty [[Afrika]], indrindra fa eto [[Madagasikara]], sy any [[Azia Atsimo]] izy io. ''Sansevieria'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiansa feno.

== Fanasokajiana ==

=== Fanasokajiana klasika ===
Anisan' ny fianakaviana ''[[Liliaceae]]'' teo aloha (na ny fianakaviana ''[[Dracaenaceae]]'' izay lasa zana-pianakavian' ny ''[[Convallarioideae]]'' ankehitriny) ny ''Sansevieria'' araka ny [[fanasokajiana klasika]]. 

=== Fanasokajiana filôjenetika ===
Araka ny [[fanasokajiana filôjenetika]], ity karazana ity dia voasokajy ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Ruscaceae]]'', saingy tamin' ny [[fanasokajiana APG III]] (2009) dia nanjary tsy manan-kery io fianakaviana io. Ao amin' ny fanasokajiana APG III, ny karazana tao amin' ny ''Sansevieria'' dia napetraka ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Dracaena]]'' ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]''.

== Karazana ==

=== Karazana notsongaina ===
[[Sary:Sansevieria ehrenbergii clusters.jpg|vignette|''Sansevieria ehrenbergii'' → ''[[Dracaena hanningtonii]]'' ]]
[[Sary:Sansevieria zeylanica-1-bsi-yercaud-salem-India.JPG|vignette|249x249px|''Sansevieria zeylanica'' → ''[[Dracaena zeylanica]]'']]
Vondrona efa tsy manan-kery ny ''Sansevieria'' na dia mbola misy ny mpanoratra mampiasa ireto anarana tanisaina manaraka ireto:
* ''Sansevieria arborescens'' &lt;small&gt;Cornu ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena arborescens'' &lt;small&gt;(Cornu ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria bagamoyensis'' &lt;small&gt;Carrière&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena bagamoyensis'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria ballyi'' → ''Dracaena ballyi''
* ''Sansevieria carnea'' &lt;small&gt;Andrews&lt;/small&gt; → ''Reineckea carnea'' &lt;small&gt;(Andrews) Kunth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria cylindrica'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Hook.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena angolensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Welw. ex Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria ehrenbergii'' &lt;small&gt;Schweinf. ex Baker&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena hanningtonii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria eilensis'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena eilensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria fischeri'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena fischeri''
* ''Sansevieria kirkii'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena pethera'' &lt;small&gt;Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria masoniana'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena masoniana'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria pinguicula'' &lt;small&gt;P.R.O.Bally&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena pinguicula'' &lt;small&gt;(P.R.O.Bally) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria stuckyi'' &lt;small&gt;God.-Leb. ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena stuckyi'' &lt;small&gt;(God.-Leb.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria suffruticosa'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena suffruticosa'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria trifasciata'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena trifasciata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Prain) Mabb.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Lisitra fenon' ny karazana ===
[[Sary:Sansevieria parva kz1.JPG|vignette|213x213px|''Sansevieria parva'' → ''[[Dracaena parva]]'']]
[[Sary:Snake Plant (Sansevieria liberica).jpg|vignette|191x191px|''Sansevieria liberica'' → ''[[Dracaena liberica]]'']]
[[Sary:Sansevieria metallica-2-RM Nagar-bangalore-India.jpg|vignette|313x313px|''Sansevieria metallica'' → ''[[Dracaena parva]]'']]
Inty ny lisitry ny karazana tao amin' ny ''Sansevieria'':

* ''Sansevieria aethiopica'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb&lt;/small&gt;. → ''Dracaena aethiopica'' &lt;small&gt;(Thunb.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria arborescens'' &lt;small&gt;Cornu ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena arborescens'' &lt;small&gt;(Cornu ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria ascendens'' &lt;small&gt;L.E.Newton&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena ascendens'' &lt;small&gt;(L.E.Newton) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria aubrytiana'' &lt;small&gt;Carrière&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena aubrytiana'' &lt;small&gt;(Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria bacularis'' &lt;small&gt;Pfennig ex A.Butler &amp; Jankalski&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena bacularis'' &lt;small&gt;(Pfennig ex A.Butler &amp; Jankalski) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria bagamoyensis'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena bagamoyensis'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria ballyi'' &lt;small&gt;L.E.Newton&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena ballyi'' &lt;small&gt;(L.E.Newton) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria bella'' &lt;small&gt;L.E.Newton&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena neobella]]'' &lt;small&gt;N.Wei, Mwachala, G.W.Hu &amp; Q.F.Wang.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria braunii'' &lt;small&gt;Engl. &amp; Krause&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena testudinea]]'' &lt;small&gt;Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria burdettii'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena burdettii'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria burmanica'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena burmanica'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria canaliculata'' &lt;small&gt;Carrière&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena canaliculata'' &lt;small&gt;(Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria caulescens'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena caulescens'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria concinna'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena spathulata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria conspicua'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena conspicua'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria cylindrica'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Hook.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena angolensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Welw. ex Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria dawei'' &lt;small&gt;Stapf&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena dawei'' &lt;small&gt;(Stapf) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria dooneri'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena dooneri'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria downsii'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin&lt;/small&gt;. → ''Dracaena downsii'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria dumetescens'' &lt;small&gt;L.E.Newton&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena dumetescens'' &lt;small&gt;(L.E.Newton) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria ebracteata'' &lt;small&gt;(Cav.) Suresh&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena ebracteata'' &lt;small&gt;(Cav.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria ehrenbergii'' &lt;small&gt;Schweinf. ex Baker&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena hanningtonii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Sansevieria eilensis'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin&lt;/small&gt;. → ''Dracaena eilensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria erythraeae'' &lt;small&gt;Mattei&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena erythraeae'' &lt;small&gt;(Mattei) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria fasciata'' &lt;small&gt;Cornu ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena fasciata'' &lt;small&gt;(Cornu ex Gérôme &amp; Labroy) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria fischeri'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Marais&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena singularis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria forskaliana'' &lt;small&gt;(Schult. &amp; Schult.f.) Hepper &amp; J.R.I.Wood&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena forskaliana'' &lt;small&gt;(Schult. &amp; Schult.f.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria francisii'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin&lt;/small&gt;. → ''Dracaena francisii'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria frequens'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin&lt;/small&gt;. → ''Dracaena frequens'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria gracilis'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena serpenta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria gracillima'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin&lt;/small&gt;. → ''Dracaena gracillima'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria hallii'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin&lt;/small&gt;. → ''Dracaena hallii'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria hargeisana'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin&lt;/small&gt;. → ''Dracaena hargeisana'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria humiflora'' &lt;small&gt;D.J.Richards&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena humiflora'' &lt;small&gt;(D.J.Richards) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria hyacinthoides'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Druce&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena hyacinthoides'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Mabb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria kirkii'' Baker → ''[[Dracaena pethera]]'' &lt;small&gt;Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria liberica'' &lt;small&gt;Gérôme &amp; Labroy&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena liberica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Gérôme &amp; Labroy) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria longiflora'' &lt;small&gt;Sims&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena longiflora'' &lt;small&gt;(Sims) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria longistyla'' &lt;small&gt;la Croix&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena longistyla'' &lt;small&gt;(la Croix) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria masoniana'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena masoniana'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria metallica'' &lt;small&gt;Gérôme &amp; Labroy&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena zebra]]'' &lt;small&gt;Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria nilotica'' Baker → ''Dracaena nilotica'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* Sansevieria nitida Chahin. → ''Dracaena nitida'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria parva'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena parva]]'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria patens'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena varians]]'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria pearsonii'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena pearsonii'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria pedicellata'' &lt;small&gt;la Croix&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena pedicellata'' &lt;small&gt;(la Croix) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria perrotii'' &lt;small&gt;Warb&lt;/small&gt;. → ''Dracaena perrotii'' &lt;small&gt;(O.Warburg) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria pfisteri'' &lt;small&gt;D.J.Richards&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena pfisteri'' &lt;small&gt;(D.J.Richards) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria phillipsiae'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena phillipsiae'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria pinguicula'' &lt;small&gt;P.R.O.Bally&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena pinguicula'' &lt;small&gt;(P.R.O.Bally) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria powellii'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena powellii'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria powysii'' &lt;small&gt;L.E.Newton&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena powysii'' &lt;small&gt;(L.E.Newton) Byng &amp; Christenh&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Sansevieria raffillii'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena raffillii'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* Sansevieria roxburghiana &lt;small&gt;Schult. &amp; Schult.f.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena roxburghiana'' &lt;small&gt;(Schult. &amp; Schult.f.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria sambiranensis'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena sambiranensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(H.Perrier) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria scimitariformis'' &lt;small&gt;D.J.Richards&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena scimitariformis'' &lt;small&gt;(D.J.Richards) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria senegambica'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena senegambica'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria sinus-simiorum'' &lt;small&gt;Chahin.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena sinus-simiorum'' &lt;small&gt;(Chahin.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria sordida'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena varians]]'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria stuckyi'' &lt;small&gt;God.-Leb.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena stuckyi'' &lt;small&gt;(God.-Leb.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria subspicata'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena subspicata'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria subtilis'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena subtilis'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria suffruticosa'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena suffruticosa'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria sulcata'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Baker&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena canaliculata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria trifasciata'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena trifasciata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Prain) Mabb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria varians'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena varians]]'' &lt;small&gt;(N.E.Br.) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria volkensii'' &lt;small&gt;Gürke&lt;/small&gt; → ''Dracaena volkensii'' &lt;small&gt;(Gürke) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria zeylanica'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Willd.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena zeylanica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Mabb.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Karazana ''Sansevieria'' misy eto Madagasikara ===
'''Karazana teratany'''[[Sary:Dracaena reflexa kz01.jpg|vignette|287x287px|''Sansevieria reflexa'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.)&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'']]
[[Sary:Sansevieria canaliculata on coral (9435964570).jpg|vignette|206x206px|''Sansevieria canaliculata'' → ''[[Dracaena canaliculata]]'']]
Indreto ny karazana tao amin' ny ''Sansevieria'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]]:

* ''Sansevieria sambiranensis'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena sambiranensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(H.Perrier) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria reflexa'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.)&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'' Lam. (← ''Pleomele reflexa'', ''Draco reflexa'', ''Cordyline reflexa'') 
* ''Sansevieria canaliculata'' &lt;small&gt;Carrière&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena canaliculata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;

Ireto kosa dia karazana ao amin' ny ''[[Dracaena]]'' hita eto Madagasikara nefa tsy tao amin' ny ''Sensevieria'' fa tao amin' ny vondrona hafa:

* ''[[Dracaena cincta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pleomele cincta'')
* ''[[Dracaena umbraculifera]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;. (← ''Cordyline umbraculifera'', ''Draco umbraculifera'', ''Pleomele umbraculifera'', ''Lomatophyllum umbraculiferum'')
* ''[[Dracaena xiphophylla]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Pleomele xiphophylla'')
'''Karazana nampidirina'''

Indreto ny karazana nampidirina:

* ''Sansevieria canaliculata'' &lt;small&gt;Carrière&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena canaliculata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Carrière) Byng &amp; Christenh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria trifasciata'' &lt;small&gt;Prain&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena trifasciata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Prain) Mabb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria zeylanica'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Willd.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Dracaena zeylanica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Mabb.&lt;/small&gt;

==Jereo koa==

* ''[[Cordyline]]''
* ''[[Dracaena]]''
* ''[[Reineckea]]''</text>
      <sha1>8iatkgnw6n9twq0zz9i1zmpeqxklqi5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tahirin-javaboary manokan' i Beza Mahafaly</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>295500</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1152762</id>
      <parentid>1118363</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T04:58:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-53342-25</username>
        <id>41238</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1152762</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="822" sha1="sisn27phls8bmo512e357abgpaoirnr" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Beza Mahafaly.JPG|vignette|435x435px|Fidirana ao amin' ny Tahirin-javaboary manokan' i Beza Mahafaly]]
Ny '''Tahirin-javaboary manokan' i Beza Mahafaly''' dia tafiditra ao anatin' ny tambajotran' ny [[faritra arovana]] eto [[Madagasikara]]. Noforonina tamin' ny taona 1986 izy io ary mirefy 600 hektara sady mizara faritra roa mielanelana 10 km. Ao no misy ny hany ala arovana manaraka lalandrano eto Madagasikara. Ankehitriny dia tantanin' ny [[Madagascar National Parks]] ilay tahirin-javaboary. Ampahany amin' ny famatsiam-bola no omen' ny &lt;u&gt;Fondation pour les aires protégées et la biodiversité de Madagascar&lt;/u&gt; (FAPBM). Any amin' ny 35 km avaratra-atsinanan' i [[Betioky Atsimo|Betioky]] no misy azy ao amin' ny [[Faritra Atsimo-Andrefana]].

== Jereo koa ==


[[sokajy:Valan-javaboahary ao Madagasikara]]</text>
      <sha1>sisn27phls8bmo512e357abgpaoirnr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dracaena trifasciata</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>295730</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1152768</id>
      <parentid>1152002</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T06:08:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Vony sy voa</comment>
      <origin>1152768</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11752" sha1="400hhqb5a87eza67g6zux8ik0nhwqs1" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Sansevieria_trifasciata_Colombia.jpg|vignette|398x398px|''Dracaena trifasciata'']]
Ny '''''Dracaena trifasciata''''' dia karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] [[tokan-dravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Liliaceae]]'' na ''[[Dracaenaceae]]'' (ao amin' ny filaharana [[Liliales]]) araka ny [[fanasokajiana klasika]], na ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]'' (ao amin' ny filaharana [[Asparagales]]) araka ny [[fanasokajiana filôjenetika]]. ''Dracaena trifasciata'' &lt;small&gt;(Prain) Mabb.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Taloha izy io dia nantsoina hoe na '''''Sansevieria trifasciata'''''. Teratany aty [[Afrika]] izy io, manomboka any [[Nizerià]] ka hatrany amin' ny tapany atsinanana amin' i [[Repoblika Demôkratikan'i Kôngô|Repoblika Demôkratikan' i Kôngô]]. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''lelanaomby'''.

== Taksônômia ==

=== Anarana hafa ===
Indreto ny anarana hafa nahafantarana ny ''Dracaena trifasciata'':

* ''Sansevieria aureovariegata'' &lt;small&gt;Mottet&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria jacquinii'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria laurentii'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria trifasciata'' &lt;small&gt;Prain.&lt;/small&gt;

== Fiaviany ==
Teratany ao [[Afrika]] ny ''Dracaena trifasciata'', ao anatin' ny faritra iray mivelatra manomboka any [[Nizerià]] ka hatrany amin' ny faritra atsinanana amin' ny [[Repoblika Demôkratikan'i Kôngô|Repoblika Demôkratikan' i Kôngô]]. Taloha, nampiasaina hanaovana tady ny ravina tena lava.

== Famariparitana ==
Zavamaniry maharitra taona maro sady maitso mandavan-taona ny ''Dracaena trifasciata'', izay mamorona vondrona mikitroka rehefa mitombo isa ary miely amin' ny alalan' ny [[Taranja (taova)|taranjany]] (taho mandady ambanin' ny tany na etỳ ambonin' ny tany.

=== Ravina ===
[[Sary:Snake Plant (Sansevieria trifasciata 'Laurentii').jpg|vignette|318x318px|Ravin' ny ''Dracaena trifasciata'']]
Mitsangana mahitsy sy mipoitra avy eo amin' ny fototry ny ''Dracaena trifasciata'' ny ravina mirindra manodidina teboka iray. Maitso antitra ny ravina efa lehibe, sady misy soritra miloko maitso-volondavenona mazava manapatapaka azy. Matetika dia eo anelanelan' ny 70 sy 90 sm ny halavany ary 5 ka hatramin' ny 6 sm ny sakany, na dia mety hahatratra haavo mihoatra ny 2 m aza ilay zavamaniry raha tsara dia tsara ny fepetra iainany. Mampifanakalo ôksizenina sy gazy karbônika (ary ny mifamadika amin' izany) ilay zavamaniry mba hahafahany miaritra ny [[haintany]]. Ny lavaka bitika kely eo amin' ny raviny, izay antsoina hoe [[stômaty]] sady ampiasainy amin' ny fampifanakalozana etona, dia misokatra amin' ny alina ihany mba tsy hahavery ny rano amin' ny alalan' ny fietona vokatry ny hafanan' ny masoandro.

=== Vony ===
[[Sary:Sansevieria trifasciata flowers.JPG|ankavia|vignette|277x277px|Vonin' ny ''Dracaena trifasciata'']]
[[Sary:Sansevieria trifasciata Bluete pm.jpg|vignette|204x204px|Vonin' ny ''Dracaena trifasciata'']]
Sarotra ny mampamony ny ''Dracaena trifasciata'' ivelan' ny tontolo voajanahary misy azy. Mety haharitra taona maro ilay zavamaniry vao mamoaka vony, indrindra raha ambolena amin' ny toerana tsy dia misy hazavana, na ao anaty tavim-boninkazo kely izay manakana ny fitomboany, na ao anaty trano izay misy tontolo iainana tsy dia misy fiovana firy. Mety hamony mora kokoa ny zavamaniry efa lehibe izay ambolena eny ivelan' ny trano sy ao anatin' ny tontolo mitovy amin' ny misy azy voajanahary. 

Kely, miloko fotsy manopy maitso, sady manitra ny vonin' ny ''Dracaena trifasciata'', izay mivondrona eo amin' ny taho mitsangana. Miovaova ny lokon' ny voniny, manomboka amin' ny fotsy somary maitso ka hatramin' ny loko mitovy amin' ny hero-dronono. Misy amin' ireo vony ireo ny mamoaka hanitra mandritra ny alina, fa ny sasany kosa tsy misy fofona mihitsy.

=== Voa ===
[[Sary:Snake Plant (Sansevieria trifasciata) with fruit 1.jpg|vignette|''Dracaena trifasciata'' mamoa|376x376px]]
Sarotra mamoa ny ''Dracaena trifasciata''. Nivoatra mba hisian' ny famindrana vovobony amin' ny alalan' ny lolo mivoaka alina ny vony, ary mamokatra mamim-bony mandritra ny alina. Afaka mampiray ny vovobonin' ny lahimbony sy ny atodinain' ny vavimbony ao amin' ny vony iray ihany ilay zavamaniry, kanefa tsy tena mitranga hoazy amim-pahombiazana izany. Noho izany, raha tsy ampy ny bibikely mpamindra vovobony dia mety hihena be ny famokarana voa. Araka izany, na dia mamony aza ny zavamaniry iray, dia mety tsy hahamoa mihitsy raha tsy misy ny famindrana vovobony. 

Rehefa mahomby ny famimdrana vovobony dia afaka mamoa ny vonin' ny ''Dracaena trifasciata''. Boribory, be nofo, manana loko manomboka amin' ny volomboasary ka hatramin' ny mena, manana savaivo 7 hatramin' ny 9 mm eo ho eo ny voa. Matetika dia misy vihim-boa iray ka hatramin' ny telo ao anatin' ny voa tsirairay. Somary lehibe ny vihim-boa raha oharina amin' ny haben' ny voa, ary miovaova eo anelanelan' ny lokon' ny haro-ronono sy manopy volontany ny lokony. 

== Fampiasana ==
Ampiasaina indrindra ho haingo sy amin' ny asa tanana ary ho fanafody nentim-paharazana (any amin' ny faritra sasany) ny ''Dracaena trifasciata''.

=== Ahazoana tsiraka ===
Tahaka ny karazana hafa ao amin' ny vondron-karazana misy azy, ny ravin' ny ''Dracaena trifasciata'' dia manome karazana [[tsiraka]] matanjaka tsara izay azo alaina mba hampiasaina hanaovana tady, kofehy, lamba, ary karazana tady hafa ho an' ny asa tanana isan-karazany. Voarakitra ao amin' ny faritra maro ao [[Afrika]] ny fampiasana izany. Nampiasaina taloha hanaovana tadin-[[Tsipìka (fitaovana)|tsipìka]]. koa izany tsiraka izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.kew.org/plants/snake-plant ''Dracaena trifasciata'' - Snake plant]&quot;, ''www.kew.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9122912 Indirect organogenesis for high frequency shoot regeneration of two cultivars of ''Sansevieria trifasciata'' Prain differing in fiber production]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fanao haingo ===
[[Sary:Sansevieria trifasciata (BYU, LSB).jpg|vignette|''Dracaena trifasciata'' amblena anaty trano fonenana]]
Amin' izao fotoana izao, ampiasaina indrindra ho zavamaniry fanao haingon-trano na haingion-tokontany ny ''Dracaena trifasciata'': any ivelan' ny trano any amin' ny faritra mafana, ary ao anaty trano any amin' ny faritra mangatsiaka kokoa. Malaza ho zavamaniry famboly an-trano izy satria mahazaka toerana tsy dia mazava loatra sady tsy mitaky fanondrahana tsy tapaka. Mandritra ny ririnina, dia ampy ny manondraka azy indray mandeha isaky ny volana vitsivitsy. Mora lo anefa izy raha tondrahana be loatra. Matetika izy no atolotra ho an' ny vao manomboka mikarakara zavamaniry famboly an-trano, noho ny fahamoran' ny fikarakarana azy.

=== Manadio rivotra ===
Hitan' ny fanadihadiana nataon' ny [[NASA Clean Air Study]] fa afaka manadio ny rivotra ao an-trano ny ''Dracaena trifasciata'', izay manaisotra ny efatra amin' ny poizina dimy lehibe mahatonga ny aretina vokatry ny trano tsy madio (fantatra amin' ny hoe &quot;''sick building syndrome''&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;BC Wolverton; WL Douglas; K Bounds (July 1989). ''[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930073077.pdf A study of interior landscape plants for indoor air pollution abatement]'' (PDF) (Report). NASA. NASA-TM-108061.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Na izany aza, miadana loatra ny fanadiovany rivotra ka tsy dia misy fampiharina loatra ao anaty trano&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Cummings, Bryan E.; Waring, Michael S. (6 November 2019). &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41370-019-0175-9 Potted plants do not improve indoor air quality: a review and analysis of reported VOC removal efficiencies]&quot;. ''Journal of Exposure Science &amp; Environmental Epidemiology''. 30 (2): 253–261. doi:10.1038/s41370-019-0175-9. ISSN 1559-064X. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 31695112&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 207911697.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ===
Mampiasa ny ''Dracaena trifasciata'' amin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] ny vondrom-piarahamonina any amin' ny faritra samihafa eran-tany. Anisan' ny fampiasana voalaza ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ho an' ny  [[aretin-tsofina]]  sasany, ny fanalana fibontsinana (tongotra, sns), ary ny fanamboarana fanafody isan-karazany avy amin' ny raviny na ny fakany. Nisy fikarohana natao tao amin' ny labôratoara nandinika ny singa samihafa ao anatiny sy ny toetra biôlôjikan' ireo singa ireo, anisan' izany ny mety ho fahafahany miady amin' ny [[Zavamananaina bitika|mikrôba]] sy mampihena ny fivontosana. Tsy ampy hametrahana fitsaboana mahomby ho an' ny olombelona anefa ireo vokatra azo ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.ijpsjournal.com/article/dracaena-trifasciata-a-comprehensive-review-of-pharmacognosy-phytochemistry-traditional-medicinal-uses-and-pharmacological-activities Dracaena Trifasciata: A Comprehensive Review Of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Traditional Medicinal Uses And Pharmacological Activities]&quot;, ''www.ijpsjournal.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Mila fitandremana ===
Misy akora antsoina hoe &quot;[[sapôninina]]&quot; ao anatin' ny ''Dracaena trifasciata'', izay misy poizina kely ho an' ny [[alika]] sy ny [[saka]], ka mety hiteraka olana eo amin' ny fandevonan-kanina raha hanin' ireo biby ireo&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/mother-laws-tongue Mother-in-Law's Tongue]&quot;. ASPCA.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Fambolena sy fiparitahany ==
[[Sary:Sepperating-a-snake-plant-pup-from-a-larger-mother-plant.jpg|vignette|306x306px|''Dracaena trifasciata'' nongotaha sady ahitana taranjany]]
Azo ampitomboina ny amin' ny alalan' ny tsatoboly na amin' ny fizaràn' ny taranjany ny ''Dracaena trifasciata''. Ny fatiantoka amin' ny fomba voalohany dia ny fahaverezan' ny loko mifangaro eo amin' ny raviny. Ampiasaina betsaka ho zavamaniry fanao haingo izy io any amin' ny faritra mafana, ka ambolena any ivelan' ny trano ao anaty tavy na eny an-jaridaina; fa any amin' ny faritra misy toetany antonony kosa dia ambolena ao an-trano izy.

Any [[Aostralia]], misy ny manam-pahaizana mihevitra ny ''Dracaena trifasciata'' ho zavamaniry mety hivadika ho ahidratsy manafika.

=== Ovan-karazana ===
[[Sary:HK Plant Green Leaves 2.JPG|vignette|237x237px|''Sansevieria trifasciata'' 'Hahnii Green Leaves']]
Ovan-karazana ambolena maro no novolavolaina, ka ny ankamaroany dia manana ravina misy loko mifangaro, ahitana tsipika mavo na fotsy volafotsy eo amin' ny sisin' ny ravina. Anisan' ny ovan-karazana malaza ny 'Compacta', ny 'Goldiana', ny 'Hahnii', ny 'Laurentii', ny 'Silbersee', ary ny 'Silver Hahnii'. Hitan' i William W. Smith Jr. tamin' ny taona 1939 tao amin' ny ''Crescent Nursery Company'', any [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], ny 'Hahnii'. Nomena an' i Sylvan Frank Hahn avy any [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]] ny patanty tamin' ny taona 1941&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Smith, William Walter. &quot;[https://patents.google.com/patent/USPP470 Sansevieria]&quot;. ''Plant Patent 470''. United States Patent Office. Notsidihna tamin' ny 26/03/2013.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nahazo ny loka ''Award of Garden Merit'' avy amin' ny ''Royal Horticultural Society'' ny ovan-karazana ''Dracaena trifasciata'' var. ''laurentii'', miaraka amin' ny ovan-karazana noforonina 'Bantel's Sensation' sy 'Golden Hahni'&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/rhs-recommended-award-of-garden-merit-ornamentals.pdf AGM Plants - Ornamental]&quot; (PDF). ''Royal Horticultural Society''. July 2017. p. 94. Notsidihina tamin' ny 28/10/2018.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Dracaena]]''
* ''[[Sansevieria]]''
* [[Lelanaomby]]: ''Dracaena trifasciata'' &lt;small&gt;(Prain) Mabb.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Sansevieria trifasciata'' &lt;small&gt;Prain.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Asparagaceae]]''); ''[[Trichodesma zeylanicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Burm. f.) R. Br.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Boraginaceae]]'')

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>400hhqb5a87eza67g6zux8ik0nhwqs1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cordyline</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>295742</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1152779</id>
      <parentid>1119681</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T10:44:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karazana misy eto Madagasikara</comment>
      <origin>1152779</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3581" sha1="pbkge35jpv8efrlvqj89dt657ir193m" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Cordyline terminalis dsc03651.jpg|vignette|343x343px|''Cordyline fruticosa'']]
Ny '''''Cordyline''''' dia vondron-karazana zavamaniry izay nosokajian' ny mpanoratra ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Liliaceae]]'', ''[[Asparagaceae]]'', ''[[Agavoideae|Agavaceae]]'', ''[[Asteliaceae]]'', na ''[[Lomandraceae]]''. Nametraka azy tao amin' ny ''[[Laxmanniaceae]]'' tamin' ny taona 2003 ary avy eo tao amin' ny ''Asparagaceae'' tamin' ny taona 2009 ny fandalinana ara-[[Fototarazo|pototarazo]] nataon' ny [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] (APG). Teratany any amin' ny nosin' ny ilany andrefan' ny [[Ranomasimbe Pasifika|Ôseana Pasifika]], any [[Zelandy Vaovao|Zelandey Vaovao]], any amin' ny ilany atsinanan' i [[Aostralia]], any [[Azia Atsimo]], any [[Pôlinezia]] ary any [[Hawaii]] ity vondron-karazana ity.

== Karazana ==
[[Sary:CabbageTreeKaihoka.jpg|vignette|''Cordyline australis'']]
Tamin' ny Jolay 2025 ny [[Plants of the World Online]] dia nanaiky karazana miisa 23:

* ''Cordyline angustissima'' &lt;small&gt;K.Schum.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline australis'' &lt;small&gt;(G.Forst.) Endl.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline banksii'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Cordyline diffusa'' &lt;small&gt;Colenso.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Cordyline cannifolia'' &lt;small&gt;R.Br.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline congesta'' &lt;small&gt;(Sweet) Steud.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Cordyline dracaenoides'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt;) 
* ''Cordyline forbesii'' &lt;small&gt;Rendle&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''[[Cordyline fruticosa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) A.Chev.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Cordyline casanovae'' &lt;small&gt;Linden ex André&lt;/small&gt;) 
* ''Cordyline × gibbingsiae'' Carse (''Cordyline banksii'' × ''Cordyline pumilio'') 
* ''Cordyline indivisa'' &lt;small&gt;(G.Forst.) Endl.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Cordyline hectori'', ''Cordyline hookeri'')
* ''Cordyline lateralis'' &lt;small&gt;Lauterb.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline ledermannii'' &lt;small&gt;K.Krause&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline manners-suttoniae'' &lt;small&gt;F.Muell.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline × matthewsii'' Carse (= ''Cordyline australis'' × ''Cordyline pumilio'') 
* ''[[Cordyline mauritiana]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) J.F.Macbr.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline minutiflora'' &lt;small&gt;Ridl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordyline murchisoniae'' &lt;small&gt;F.Muell.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Cordyline haageana'' &lt;small&gt;K.Koch&lt;/small&gt;) 
* ''Cordyline neocaledonica'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) B.D.Jacks.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline obtecta'' &lt;small&gt;(Graham) Baker&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline petiolaris'' &lt;small&gt;(Domin) Pedley&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline pumilio'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline racemosa'' &lt;small&gt;Ridl.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline rubra'' &lt;small&gt;Otto &amp; A.Dietr.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline schlechteri'' &lt;small&gt;Lauterb.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline sellowiana'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline stricta'' &lt;small&gt;(Sims) Endl.&lt;/small&gt; 

=== Karazana napetraka tao teo aloha ===

* ''Dracaena aletriformis'' &lt;small&gt;(Haw.) Bos&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Cordyline rumphii'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''[[Dracaena elliptica]]'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb. &amp; Dalm.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Cordyline maculata'' &lt;small&gt;(Roxb.) Planch.&lt;/small&gt; sy ''Cordyline sieboldii'' &lt;small&gt;Planch.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Dracaena fragrans'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Ker Gawl.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Cordyline fragrans'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Planch.&lt;/small&gt;)

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
[[Sary:Cordyline fruticosa (20262433874).jpg|vignette|''[[Cordyline fruticosa]]'']]Inty ny karazana hita eto [[Madagasikara]]:

* ''[[Cordyline fruticosa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) A.Chev&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Cordyline madagascariensis'' &lt;small&gt;Mottet&lt;/small&gt;) (karazana nampidirina teto)

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Dracaena]]''

* ''[[Liliaceae]]''
* ''[[Asparagaceae]]''
* ''[[Agavoideae|Agavaceae]]''
* ''[[Asteliaceae]]''
* ''[[Lomandraceae]]''
* ''[[Laxmanniaceae]]''</text>
      <sha1>pbkge35jpv8efrlvqj89dt657ir193m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1152780</id>
      <parentid>1152779</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T10:45:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1152780</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3585" sha1="55i2hvu7xawv6n6oygqa7f2qmb95uls" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Cordyline terminalis dsc03651.jpg|vignette|343x343px|''[[Cordyline fruticosa]]'']]
Ny '''''Cordyline''''' dia vondron-karazana zavamaniry izay nosokajian' ny mpanoratra ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Liliaceae]]'', ''[[Asparagaceae]]'', ''[[Agavoideae|Agavaceae]]'', ''[[Asteliaceae]]'', na ''[[Lomandraceae]]''. Nametraka azy tao amin' ny ''[[Laxmanniaceae]]'' tamin' ny taona 2003 ary avy eo tao amin' ny ''Asparagaceae'' tamin' ny taona 2009 ny fandalinana ara-[[Fototarazo|pototarazo]] nataon' ny [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] (APG). Teratany any amin' ny nosin' ny ilany andrefan' ny [[Ranomasimbe Pasifika|Ôseana Pasifika]], any [[Zelandy Vaovao|Zelandey Vaovao]], any amin' ny ilany atsinanan' i [[Aostralia]], any [[Azia Atsimo]], any [[Pôlinezia]] ary any [[Hawaii]] ity vondron-karazana ity.

== Karazana ==
[[Sary:CabbageTreeKaihoka.jpg|vignette|''Cordyline australis'']]
Tamin' ny Jolay 2025 ny [[Plants of the World Online]] dia nanaiky karazana miisa 23:

* ''Cordyline angustissima'' &lt;small&gt;K.Schum.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline australis'' &lt;small&gt;(G.Forst.) Endl.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline banksii'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Cordyline diffusa'' &lt;small&gt;Colenso.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Cordyline cannifolia'' &lt;small&gt;R.Br.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline congesta'' &lt;small&gt;(Sweet) Steud.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Cordyline dracaenoides'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt;) 
* ''Cordyline forbesii'' &lt;small&gt;Rendle&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''[[Cordyline fruticosa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) A.Chev.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Cordyline casanovae'' &lt;small&gt;Linden ex André&lt;/small&gt;) 
* ''Cordyline × gibbingsiae'' Carse (''Cordyline banksii'' × ''Cordyline pumilio'') 
* ''Cordyline indivisa'' &lt;small&gt;(G.Forst.) Endl.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Cordyline hectori'', ''Cordyline hookeri'')
* ''Cordyline lateralis'' &lt;small&gt;Lauterb.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline ledermannii'' &lt;small&gt;K.Krause&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline manners-suttoniae'' &lt;small&gt;F.Muell.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline × matthewsii'' Carse (= ''Cordyline australis'' × ''Cordyline pumilio'') 
* ''[[Cordyline mauritiana]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) J.F.Macbr.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline minutiflora'' &lt;small&gt;Ridl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordyline murchisoniae'' &lt;small&gt;F.Muell.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Cordyline haageana'' &lt;small&gt;K.Koch&lt;/small&gt;) 
* ''Cordyline neocaledonica'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) B.D.Jacks.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline obtecta'' &lt;small&gt;(Graham) Baker&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline petiolaris'' &lt;small&gt;(Domin) Pedley&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline pumilio'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline racemosa'' &lt;small&gt;Ridl.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline rubra'' &lt;small&gt;Otto &amp; A.Dietr.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline schlechteri'' &lt;small&gt;Lauterb.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline sellowiana'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Cordyline stricta'' &lt;small&gt;(Sims) Endl.&lt;/small&gt; 

=== Karazana napetraka tao teo aloha ===

* ''Dracaena aletriformis'' &lt;small&gt;(Haw.) Bos&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Cordyline rumphii'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''[[Dracaena elliptica]]'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb. &amp; Dalm.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Cordyline maculata'' &lt;small&gt;(Roxb.) Planch.&lt;/small&gt; sy ''Cordyline sieboldii'' &lt;small&gt;Planch.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Dracaena fragrans'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Ker Gawl.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Cordyline fragrans'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Planch.&lt;/small&gt;)

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
[[Sary:Cordyline fruticosa (20262433874).jpg|vignette|''[[Cordyline fruticosa]]'']]Inty ny karazana hita eto [[Madagasikara]]:

* ''[[Cordyline fruticosa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) A.Chev&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Cordyline madagascariensis'' &lt;small&gt;Mottet&lt;/small&gt;) (karazana nampidirina teto)

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Dracaena]]''

* ''[[Liliaceae]]''
* ''[[Asparagaceae]]''
* ''[[Agavoideae|Agavaceae]]''
* ''[[Asteliaceae]]''
* ''[[Lomandraceae]]''
* ''[[Laxmanniaceae]]''</text>
      <sha1>55i2hvu7xawv6n6oygqa7f2qmb95uls</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Vaovao Wikimedia/2026</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>297414</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1152752</id>
      <parentid>1152535</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-01T20:00:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>+Vaovao androany 1 Novambra 2026</comment>
      <origin>1152752</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3187" sha1="cpdjupo4u0jsb8svu283oon6hg5n1y2" xml:space="preserve">
; 1 Novambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:wikt:en:|en.wiktionary]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:10000000}}.

; 25 Oktobra 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:w:tig:|tig.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:100}}.

; 24 Oktobra 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:w:rue:|rue.wikipedia]] dia tafidina ho latsaka ny {{formatnum:9000}}.

; 17 Oktobra 2026
* Ny isan'ny mpikambana ao amin'i [[:w:be-tarask:|be-tarask.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:100000}}.

; 7 Oktobra 2026
* Ny isan'ny mpikambana ao amin'i [[:w:kn:|kn.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:100000}}.
* Ny isan'ny fiovana ao amin'i [[:wikt:mni:|mni.wiktionary]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:10000}}.

; 3 Oktobra 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:w:bm:|bm.wikipedia]] dia tafidina ho latsaka ny {{formatnum:900}}.
* Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:w:chr:|chr.wikipedia]] dia tafidina ho latsaka ny {{formatnum:900}}.
* Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:w:chy:|chy.wikipedia]] dia tafidina ho latsaka ny {{formatnum:700}}.
* Ny isan'ny mpikambana ao amin'i [[:w:gan:|gan.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:100000}}.

; 26 Septambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:w:bm:|bm.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:1000}}.

; 19 Septambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:w:rw:|rw.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:10000}}.

; 18 Septambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejy rehetra ao amin'i [[:w:nah:|nah.wikipedia]] dia tafidina ho latsaka ny {{formatnum:9000}}.

; 17 Septambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:w:chy:|chy.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:1000}}.
* Ny isan'ny mpikambana ao amin'i [[:w:isv:|isv.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:1000}}.

; 16 Septambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejy rehetra ao amin'i [[:w:nah:|nah.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:10000}}.

; 15 Septambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:wikt:ar:|ar.wiktionary]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:100000}}.

; 14 Septambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny fiovana ao amin'i [[:w:ppl:|ppl.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:10000}}.

; 12 Septambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny mpikambana ao amin'i [[:w:koi:|koi.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:10000}}.

; 7 Septambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny fiovana ao amin'i [[:w:av:|av.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:100000}}.

; 1 Septambra 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejy rehetra ao amin'i [[:w:nah:|nah.wikipedia]] dia tafidina ho latsaka ny {{formatnum:9000}}.

; 10 Martsa 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejy rehetra ao amin'i [[:w:su:|su.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:100000}}.

; 21 Febroary 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:wikt:tr:|tr.wiktionary]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:1000000}}.

; 8 Febroary 2026
* Ny isan'ny fiovana ao amin'i [[:w:my:|my.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:1000000}}.

; 17 Janoary 2026
* Ny isan'ny mpikambana ao amin'i [[:w:sv:|sv.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:1000000}}.

; 10 Janoary 2026
* Ny isan'ny pejy rehetra ao amin'i [[:w:vi:|vi.wikipedia]] dia tafidina ho latsaka ny {{formatnum:9000000}}.

; 7 Janoary 2026
* Ny isan'ny fiovana ao amin'i [[:w:new:|new.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:1000000}}.</text>
      <sha1>cpdjupo4u0jsb8svu283oon6hg5n1y2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lisitry ny tahirin-javaboary eto Madagasikara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298209</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1152761</id>
      <parentid>1131816</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T04:58:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-53342-25</username>
        <id>41238</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1152761</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="700" sha1="5cnqe291igd0t0feba01vwc59fobwrs" xml:space="preserve">Inty ny '''lisitry ny tahirin-javaboary eto Madagasikara''':

* [[Tahirin-javaboarim-pirenena Mangerivola]]
* [[Tahirin-javaboarin' Analamazoatra]]
* [[Tahirin-javaboarin' i Berenty]]
* [[Tahirin-javaboarin' i Tsimanampetsotsa]]
* [[Tahirin-javaboarin' ny Tsingin' i Bemaraha]]
* [[Tahirin-javaboary Ambatovaky]]
* [[Tahirin-javaboary Betampona]]
* [[Tahirin-javaboary Mahavavy-Kinkony]]
* [[Tahirin-javaboary Maningoza]]
* [[Tahirin-javaboary manokan' i Beza Mahafaly]]
* [[Tahirin-javaboary manokan' ny Tanjona Vohimena]]
* [[Tahirin-javaboary manokana Anjanaharibe-Atsimo]]
* [[Tahirin-javaboary manokana Kasijy]]
* [[Tahirin-javaboary Tsaratanana]]


[[sokajy:Valan-javaboahary ao Madagasikara]]</text>
      <sha1>5cnqe291igd0t0feba01vwc59fobwrs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Efemerida/1 Novambra</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>298727</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1152755</id>
      <parentid>1133978</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T04:50:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JianJi</username>
        <id>36396</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1152755</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="524" sha1="ibqaqhyqocenwpcxqrrsjd3t2hljnwy" xml:space="preserve">'''Androany [[1 Novambra|1 novambra]] - Fetin'ny olo-masina rehetra (katolika) - Fetin'ny Filazantsara (protestanta)''':

* '''[[1954]]''' - Nanomboka ny fikomiana hanoherana ny [[fanjanahantany frantsay]] ny  &quot;Front de Libération Nationale&quot; na FLN tao [[Alzeria]].

* '''[[1993]]''' - Nanomboka ny fampiharana ny Fifanarahana tao [[Maastricht]] — izay nosoniavin'ny firenena 12 mpikambana tao amin'ny Vondrom-piarahamonina Eoropeana — ka nametraka tamin'ny fomba ofisialy ny [[Vondrona Eorôpeana|Vondrona Eoropeana]].</text>
      <sha1>ibqaqhyqocenwpcxqrrsjd3t2hljnwy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Efemerida/2 Novambra</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>298728</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1152757</id>
      <parentid>1133979</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T04:56:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JianJi</username>
        <id>36396</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1152757</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="329" sha1="nw8okivenvqeph4d5t6fk88lcgd01xb" xml:space="preserve">'''Androany [[2 Novambra|2 novambra]]''':

* '''[[1917]]''' - Namoaka ny &quot;[[Fanambaràna Balfour tamin' ny taona 1917|Fanambaràna tao Balfour]]&quot; ny Minisitry ny Raharaham-bahiny [[Britanika]], [[Arthur Balfour]], izay naneho fanohanana ny fananganana fonenam-pirenena ho an'ny [[Jiosy]] any [[Palestina (faritra)|Palestina]].

*</text>
      <sha1>nw8okivenvqeph4d5t6fk88lcgd01xb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1152764</id>
      <parentid>1152757</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T05:18:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JianJi</username>
        <id>36396</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1152764</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="636" sha1="865c0tgh91ajdpidzmg889yibnd76oj" xml:space="preserve">'''Androany [[2 Novambra|2 novambra]]''':

* '''[[1917]]''' - Namoaka ny &quot;[[Fanambaràna Balfour tamin' ny taona 1917|Fanambaràna tao Balfour]]&quot; ny Minisitry ny Raharaham-bahiny [[Britanika]], [[Arthur Balfour]], izay naneho fanohanana ny fananganana fonenam-pirenena ho an'ny [[Jiosy]] any [[Palestina (faritra)|Palestina]].

* '''[[1930]]''' - Nohosorana ho Negusse Negest na Mpanjakan'ny mpanjaka an'i Abysinia i [[Haile Selassie I|Haïlé Sélassié]] ([[Etiôpia|Etiopia]]).

* '''[[2004]]''' - Novonoin'ny [[Islamisma|islamista]] Mohammed Bouyeri ny mpanatontosa sarimihetsika [[Hôlandey (vahoaka)|hôlandey]] [[Theo van Gogh]].</text>
      <sha1>865c0tgh91ajdpidzmg889yibnd76oj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Efemerida/3 Novambra</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>298729</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1152766</id>
      <parentid>1133980</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T05:33:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JianJi</username>
        <id>36396</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1152766</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="576" sha1="1zroghcksi524q5lsujfdlvqyfiv878" xml:space="preserve">'''Androany [[3 Novambra|3 novambra]]''':

* '''[[1954]]''' - Navoaka voalohany ny sarimihetsika *tokusatsu* (mampiasa effets spéciaux) mitondra ny lohateny hoe *Godzilla*.

* '''[[1957]]''' - Nalefa teny an'habakabaka i Laika, alika iray avy any amin'ny Firaisana Sovietika, tamin'ny alalan'ny zanabolana Sputnik 2; izy no biby voalohany nanavatsava ny orbitan'ny Tany.

* '''[[1971]]''' - Navoaka voalohany ny Boky torolalana ho an'ny mpandrafitra rindrambaiko [[UNIX]], nosoratan'ireo manampahaizana etazoniana momba ny informatika, [[Dennis Ritchie]] sy [[Ken Thompson]].</text>
      <sha1>1zroghcksi524q5lsujfdlvqyfiv878</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1152767</id>
      <parentid>1152766</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T05:38:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JianJi</username>
        <id>36396</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1152767</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="776" sha1="c8fyzkwyzvopdadlwg52fv46qxnqyoo" xml:space="preserve">'''Androany [[3 Novambra|3 novambra]]''':

* '''[[1903]]''' - Fahaleovantenan'i [[Panamà|Panama]] manoloana an'i [[Kôlômbia]].

* '''[[1954]]''' - Navoaka voalohany ny sarimihetsika *tokusatsu* (mampiasa effets spéciaux) mitondra ny lohateny hoe *Godzilla*.

* '''[[1957]]''' - Nalefa teny an'habakabaka i Laika, [[alika]] iray avy any amin'ny [[Firaisana Sovietika]], tamin'ny alalan'ny zanabolana Sputnik 2; izy no [[biby]] voalohany nanavatsava ny orbitan'ny Tany.

* '''[[1971]]''' - Navoaka voalohany ny Boky torolalana ho an'ny mpandrafitra rindrambaiko [[UNIX]], nosoratan'ireo manampahaizana etazoniana momba ny informatika, [[Dennis Ritchie]] sy [[Ken Thompson]].

* '''[[1978]]''' - Fahaleovantenan'i [[Dôminika|Dominika]] manoloana ny [[Fanjakana Mitambatra]].</text>
      <sha1>c8fyzkwyzvopdadlwg52fv46qxnqyoo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fiavian' ny Malagasy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302049</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1152747</id>
      <parentid>1150946</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-01T14:40:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanitsy tsipelina</comment>
      <origin>1152747</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="40689" sha1="cz8szxeabz6jnvg6nrf5nlo8aedlxqb" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Pirogue Malgache.jpg|vignette|373x373px|Lakana misy fanary any [[Morondava]]]]
Ny '''fiavian'''' '''ny Malagasy''' dia vokatry ny dingana lava sy sarotra momba ny [[fifindrà-monina]] sy ny fifandraisana ary ny fifangaroan' ny mponina tao amin' ny faritry ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Pierron, Denis ; Razafindrazary, Harilala ; et al. (2019). &quot;[https://shs.cairn.info/revue-corps-2019-1-page-187?lang=fr Le peuplement humain de Madagascar et son histoire : synthèse et hypothèses]&quot;. ''Corps'', 2019(1), p. 187–194.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Pierron, D. et al. (2016/2017). &quot;Malagasy Genetic Ancestry Comes from an Historical Malay Trading Post&quot;. ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' / famintinana ao amin' ny ''The Conversation'' : &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4989113/ How the Banjar people of Borneo became ancestors of the Malagasy and Comorian people]&quot;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Manondro indrindra ny fisian' ny singa [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|aostrônezianina]] sy [[Afrikana (vahoaka)|afrikana]] tamin' ny fiforonan' ny mponina malagasy ny fikarohana [[Haitsikerafiteny|ara-piteny]] sy ara-[[Fototarazo|pototarazo]] ary [[Arkeôlôjia|arkeôlôjika]], ka tsy azo heverina ho vokatry ny fifindrà-monina tokana izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Pierron, D. et al. (2017). &quot;[https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1704906114 Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar]&quot;. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)'', 114(34), E7063–E7071.&quot;,&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Brucato, N. et al. (2021). &quot;[https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R72/6106232?login=false Genetic evidence and historical theories of the Asian and African origins of the present Malagasy population]&quot;. ''Human Molecular Genetics'', 30(R1), R72–R81.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;INSTAT (Madagascar). ''[https://www.instat.mg/documents/upload/main/INSTAT-RGPH3_MigrationMadagascar.pdf Le peuplement de Madagascar s’est caractérisé par différentes vagues de migration].'' Document de présentation du RGPH‑3.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ao anatin' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fianakaviam-piteny aostrônezianina]] ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] ary manana fifandraisana akaiky amin' ny fiteny sasany any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]], indrindra any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i [[Bôrneô]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Brucato, N. et al. (2016). &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/srep26066 Contrasting Linguistic and Genetic Origins of the Asian Source Populations of Malagasy]&quot;. ''Scientific Reports'', 6, 26066.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Adelaar, K. Alexander &amp; Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. (dir.) (2005/2013). ''[https://academic.oup.com/book/58197/chapter-abstract/481314526?login=false&amp;redirectedFrom=fulltext The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar]''. Routledge.&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;. Na izany aza dia manondro fifandraisana amin' ny mponina maro samihafa avy any Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana ny fikarohana ara-pototarazo, ka tsy mbola azo faritana amin' ny fomba mazava fa vondrom-poko iray manokana no niavian' ny razambe aziatikan' ny Malagasy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Pierron et al. (2014). ''[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4373124/ Mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome suggest the settlement of Madagascar by Indonesian sea nomad populations]''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Lipson et al. (2016). ''[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4870696/ Contrasting Linguistic and Genetic Origins of the Asian Source Populations of Malagasy]''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Misy ihany koa ny singa ara-pototarazo afrikana lehibe eo amin' ny Malagasy, izay mifandray indrindra amin' ny mponina avy ao [[Afrika Atsinanana]] sy [[Faritra Atsimo ao Afrika|Atsimo]], ary miovaova ny tahan' izany arakaraka ny faritra sy ny mponina eto Madagasikara&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Pierron et al., 2018, ''[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03342-5? Strong selection during the last millennium for African ancestry in the admixed population of Madagascar]''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Tsara homarihina fa ny fanadihadiana momba ny fototarazo natao tamin' olona miisa 2&amp;nbsp;704 tamin' ny tanàna 257 dia naneho fa ny mponina malagasy manerana ny Nosy dia ahitana singa avy ao Afrika sy any Aostrôneziana, na dia miovaova aza ny tahan' izany ary misy fizaràna ara-jeôgrafika miavaka tsara&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R72/6106232? Genetic evidence and historical theories of the Asian and African origins of the present Malagasy population]&quot;, ''academic.oup.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Noho izany, tsy maintsy avahana ny fiforonan' ny mponina malagasy sy ny niandohan' ny teny malagasy, ary koa ny fiforonan' ny vondrom-piarahamonina sy ny maha-izy azy manokana isam-paritra taty aoriana teto Madagasikara. Mbola misy fanontaniana maro tsy mbola voavaha mikasika ny fotoana sy ny lalana nodiavina ary ny fomba nenti-nanatanterahana ireo fifindrà-monina ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;.

== Famaritana sy petrak' olana ==

=== Ny hoe &quot;fiavian' ny Malagasy&quot; ===
Mety hanondro fanontaniana samihafa maro ny andian-teny hoe &quot;fiavian' ny Malagasy&quot;: ny toerana niavian' ny vahoaka razambe, ny fotoana nahatongavan' izy ireo teto [[Madagasikara]], ny fiforonan' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]], ny fifangaroan' ny mponina, ary, taty aoriana, ny fiforonan' ny fiarahamonina sy ny maha-izy azy ny Malagasy. Tsy voatery hitondra any amin' ny valiny mitovy ireo fanontaniana ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;.

Ahafahana mandinika, ankoatra ny zavatra hafa, ny razambe nipoiran' ny mponina ny fandalinana momba ny fototarazo; mampahalala ny momba ny tantaran' ny fiteny kosa ny [[Haitsikerafiteny|haifiteny]], ary ny arkeôlôjia dia mandinika ny soritra azo tsapain-tanana navelan' ny mponina tamin' ny andro fahiny. Tsy misy amin' ireo taranja ireo ny ampy hamerenana indray ny tantara manontolo momba ny fahatongavana syny fiorenam-ponenan' ny mponina voalohany teto Madagasikara&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Claude Allibert, &quot;[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/diogenes/article/abs/austronesian-migration-and-the-establishment-of-the-malagasy-civilization-contrasted-readings-in-linguistics-archaeology-genetics-and-cultural-anthropology/257B5DCFE7E02E1F8D0DDE5EF060B9A3? Austronesian Migration and the Establishment of the Malagasy Civilization: Contrasted Readings in Linguistics, Archaeology, Genetics and Cultural Anthropology]&quot;, ''www.cambridge.org'', 01/01/2024&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fiforonana vokatry ny fifindrà-monina sy ny fifandraisana maro samihafa ===
Araka ny angona momba ny [[fototarazo]] dia avy amin' ny vondrona maro mifandray amin' ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|vahoaka aostrônezianina]] avy any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]] sy ny [[Banto (vahoaka)|vahoaka bantò]] avy ao [[Afrika]] ny mponina ankehitriny eto Madagasikara. Asehon' izany koa fa tsy mitovy ny fandraisana anaran' ireo fiaviana ireo manerana ny Nosy&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Noho izany toe-javatra izany dia tsy ampy hanazavana ny zava-misy ny fiheverana fa niforona fotsiny avy amin' ny fahatongavan' ny &quot;vahoaka roa&quot; niaraka ny mponina. Mifanohitra amin' izany, ny fanadihadiana ara-pototarazo dia manondro fa nisy ny fahatongavana sy ny fifangaroana nifanesy sy tsy nitovy karazana narahin' ny fifindran-toerana sy fifanakalozana anatiny ihany koa izay nandray anjara tamin' ny fahasamihafana isam-paritra eto Madagasikara&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Angon-drakitra arkeôlôjika sy fahatongavan' ny mponina ==

=== Ny soritra voalohany indrindra amin' ny fisian' ny olombelona teto ===
Mbola iadian-kevitra ny daty nahatongavan' ny olona voalohany teto [[Madagasikara]]. Nanatsoaka hevitra ny famakafakana lalina momba ny daty maromaro azo tamin' ny fomba fandrefesana amin' ny [[radiôkarbônina]] fa efa nisy olona teto farafahakeliny 2&amp;nbsp;000 taona lasa izay; ekena ihany koa anefa ny mety ho fisian' izany talohan' io fotoana io, na dia mbola tsy azo faritana mazava tsara ny endrik' izany mety ho fisiana tany am-boalohany izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379119303282?utm_source=chatgpt.com A critical review of radiocarbon dates clarifies the human settlement of Madagascar]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com'',&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;.

Nisy fikarohana taloha kokoa izay nanondro porofo momba ny fisian' ny asa nataon' ny olombelona tamin' ny fotoana lavitra kokoa, indrindra fa raha ifotorana ny diam-pamakiana hita teo amin' ny taolan' ny vorombe (''[[Aepyornithidae]]''). Na izany aza dia mbola iadian-kevitra ny fomba fandraisana ny sasany amin' ireo daty ireo sy ny fifandraisany amin' ny fisian' ny olombelona tamin' izany fotoana izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

Noho izany dia ilaina ny manavaka ny mety ho fisian' ny olona tany am-boalohany sy ny fahatongavan' ny vahoaka nipoiran' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] ankehitriny. Raha ny marina dia mampifandray ny razamben' ny Malagasy ankehitriny amin' ny fifindrà-monina vao haingana kokoa -- izay nitranga indrindra nandritra ny arivo taona voalohany tamin' ny vanim-potoana ankehitriny -- ny angona ara-piteny sy ara-pototarazo&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Alexander Adelaar, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/spirits-and-ships/who-were-the-first-malagasy-and-what-did-they-speak/FB1D39086A9D294A71E2CE42E018F01D? Who Were the First Malagasy, and What Did They Speak?], ''www.cambridge.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ny andiam-piorenam-ponenana voalohany sy ny fiovana teo amin' ny Nosy ===
Manambara ny fitomboan' ny fiorenam-ponenan' ny olona tsikelikely nandritra ny [[taonarivo]] voalohany sy indrindra fa  tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonarivo faharoa, ny angona arkeôlôjika. Mifandray amin' io vanim-potoana io nahatongavan' ny olona niiorim-ponenana io ny fiovana nisy teo amin' ny tontolo iainana, ny fipoiran' ny fomba fambolena sy fiompiana vaovao, ary ny fivoaran' ny toeram-ponenan' ny olona&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248404000843? A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com'',&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379119303282? A critical review of radiocarbon dates clarifies the human settlement of Madagascar]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Na izany aza dia tsy ahafahana manondro mivantana foana ny toerana na ny fomba fanao iray ho an' ny vahoaka sokajina ho &quot;aostrônezianina&quot; na &quot;afrikanina&quot; ny fikarohana arkeôlôjika. Mety hifindra avy amin' ny vondron' olona iray mankany amin' ny iray hafa mantsy ny zavatra sy ny teknika ary ny fomba amam-panao ara-kolontsaina, ka tsy voatery hifanaraka amin' ny fetra ara-biôlôjia&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;.

== Ny singa aostrônezianina ==

=== Ny teny malagasy ===
[[Sary:Langues austronésiennes.png|vignette|376x376px|Sarintany maneho ny fielezan' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fiteny aostrônezianina]] ankehitriny.]]
Fiteny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|aostônezianina]] ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. Raha ny marina kokoa dia anisan' ny vondrom-piteny &quot;Barito Atsimo-Atsinanana&quot; izy io, ka ny fiteny ankoatr' io dia ampiasaina indrindra any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i [[Bôrneô|Borneo]]. Tondro lehibe mahakasika ny fiaviana [[aziatika]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' ny sasany amin' ny razamben' ny vahoaka malagasy io fifanakaikezana ara-piteny io&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Adelaar, Alexander (2021) &quot;[https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/wacana/vol22/iss1/5/ South Borneo as an ancient Sprachbund area],&quot; ''Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia'': Vol. 22: No. 1, Article 5. DOI: 10.17510/wacana.v22i1.963&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nasehon' ny fikarohana ara-piteny fa misy fitoviana maro amin' ny fiteny any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i Borneo, indrindra fa ny [[fiteny maaniany]], ny fiteny malagasy. Na izany aza dia tsy midika izany fifandraisana ara-piteny izany fa taranaky ny [[Maaniany (vahoaka)|vahoaka]] [[Maaniany (vahoaka)|maaniany]] ankehitriny tsotra izao ny [[Malagasy]]; fa kosa, manondro tantara iraisana na fifandraisana akaiky amin' ny vahoaka razambe izany, izay mbola mila hazavaina tsara ny tena firafetany&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://lpan.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?history=all&amp;id=215&amp;sort=word_id&amp;utm Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database - Language: Ma'anyan]&quot;, ''lpan.eva.mpg.de''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

=== Ny fiaviana ara-jeôgrafian' ity singa ity ===
Amin' izao fotoana izao, heverina ho iray amin' ny faritra mety ho loharano nipoiran' ny fitenin' ny razambe aostrônezianan' ny vahoaka malagasy ny faritra atsimo amin' i [[Bôrneô|Borneo]]. Nasongadin' ny fikarohana momba ny teny ihany koa ny fisian' ny fiantraikan' ny [[Fiteny malay|fiteny maley]] sy [[fiteny javaney]], izay azo inoana fa nateraky ny fifandraisana nisy taloha kelin' ny fifindrà-monina nankany amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]] na nandritra izany fotoana izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

Manondro zavatra mitovy amin' izany ihany ny angona ara-pototarazo. Nahita ny fanadihadiana momba ny fototarazo (fanadihadiana jenômika raha ny marina kokoa) natao manerana an' i [[Madagasikara]] fa ny mponina avy any [[Indônezia]], indrindra fa ireo avy any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i Borneo, no mponin' i Azia izay mitovy singa maro ara-pototarazo betsaka indrindra amin' ny Malagasy nanaovana fandinihina&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

=== Fifindrà-monina sy kolontsaina ===
[[Sary:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific.svg|vignette|475x475px|Fandaminana ara-potoana momba ny fielezan' ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostrônezianina]].]]
Tsy vitan' ny hoe namela soritra teo amin' ny lafiny fiteny fotsiny ny fifindrà-monin' ny Aostrônezianina. Misy lafiny maro amin' ny kolontsaina azo tsapain-tanana sy ny fomba [[Fambolena eto Madagasikara|fambolena malagasy]] izay ampifandraisina amin' i [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]] (ny nosy maro ao amin' io faritra io), saingy tsy maintsy tandremana ny mety ho filazana fa avy amin' ny onjam-pifindra-monina iray manokana ny fanao iray. Manantitrantitra tokoa ny mpikaroka maro fa mety hiampita, hiova, na hamoronana indray ireo fanao ireo rehefa tonga teto Madagasikara&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Claude Allibert, &quot;[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/diogenes/article/abs/austronesian-migration-and-the-establishment-of-the-malagasy-civilization-contrasted-readings-in-linguistics-archaeology-genetics-and-cultural-anthropology/257B5DCFE7E02E1F8D0DDE5EF060B9A3? Austronesian Migration and the Establishment of the Malagasy Civilization: Contrasted Readings in Linguistics, Archaeology, Genetics and Cultural Anthropology]&quot;, ''Cambridge University Press'':  01/01/2024&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Nandray anjara tamin' ny fampielezana teknika sy fomba fanao, toy ny fitondrana [[lakana]] misy fanarina (hazo fanampiny natao tsy hahamora mivadika ny lakana) sy fomba [[fambolem-bary]] manokana, ny mponina avy amin' io faritra io&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Beaujard, Philippe (2012). &quot;[https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00706173 The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence]&quot;. ''HAL‑SHS''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;ABC News (2016). &quot;[https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2016-05-31/ancient-rice-could-solve-mystery-of-madagascan-origins/7460198 Ancient rice could solve mystery of Madagascan origins]&quot;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Araka izany dia mifanojo ny taranja samihafa eo amin' ny fanamafisana ny fisian' ny singa aostrônezianina manan-danja, saingy mbola tsy ahafahana mamerina amin' ny fomba azo antoka ny fizotran' ny fifindrà-monina tokana nahitana vahoaka mitovy endrika sy toetra izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;. 

== Ny singa afrikana ==

=== Fiaviana afrikana ===
Mampiseho ny fanadihadiana ara-pototatazo fa singa lehibe eo amin' ny firafitry ny fototarazon' ny vahoaka malagasy ny fiaviana afrikanina. Anisan' ny vondro-mponina akaiky indrindra amin' izany ny [[Banto (vahoaka)|vahoaka bantò]] ao [[Afrika Atsinanana]] sy [[Faritra Atsimo ao Afrika|Atsimo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

Tao anatin' ilay fanadihadiana momba ny fototarazo natao tamin' ny olona miisa 2&amp;nbsp;704, dia nahatratra 59 % eo ho eo ny salanisan' ny fiaviana afrikana ary 37 % eo ho eo ny an' ny fiaviana aziatika, raha toa ka ambany lavitra kosa ny anjara tahan' ny fiaviana [[Eorazia|eoraziana]] andrefana. Maneho salanisa ho an' ny olona nofantenana sy nodinihina ireo tarehimarika ireo, ka tsy tokony hoheverina ho maneho fa mitovy amin' izany ny tahan' ny fiaviana ho an' ny vahoaka manontolo eto Madagasikara&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

=== Fandraisana anjara miovaova arakaraka ny faritra ===
Tsy mitovy ny fandraisana anjaran' ny singa afrikana manerana ny Nosy. Ilay fikarohana voalaza eo ambony ihany koa dia nahita singa [[aziatika]] betsaka kokoa tamin' ny mponina sasany any amin' ny Faritra Afovoany eto Madagasikara ary amin' ny ankapobeny dia singa afrikana betsaka kokoa tamin' ny mponina amorontsiraka maro, izay nahitana fiovaovana isan-toerana&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. 

Mampiseho ny antony tsy ahafahana mampihatra amin' i Madagasikara manontolo ny vokatra azo avy amin' ny faritra iray ihany izany fiovaovana izany . Ny fahasamihafan' ny fototarazo ankehitriny dia vokatry ny endrika ara-jeôgrafian' ny Nosy sy ny fifindran' ny mponina ary ny tantaran' ny fiforonan' ny vondrom-piarahamonina sy [[Fanjakà-mpanjaka teto Madagasikara|fanjakana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. 

=== Ny fiantraika afrikana teo amin' ny fiteny sy ny kolontsaina ===
Aao ansan' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fianakaviam-piteny aôstronezianina]] ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] raha ny firafitra no heverina, saingy efa naninteraka azy io ny fiteny afrikanina sy ny fiteny hafa ao amin' ny faritra manodidina ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]]. Na izany aza dia tsy maintsy avahana ny fisian' ny voambolana na fomba amam-panao avy ao [[Afrika]] sy ny fiaviana biôlôjika: mety hiparitaka ny fomba amam-panao iray na dia tsy misy fifindrà-monina lehibe aza&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Ahitana [[Indran-teny afrikana ao amin' ny teny malagasy|indran-teny afrikana maro ny voambolana malagasy]], ary maro ihany koa ny fomba amam-panao ara-piarahamonina sy ara-toekarena, indrindra fa ireo mifandraika amin' ny [[fiompiana omby]], izay manaporofo ny fisian' ny fifandraisana tamin' ny kôntinantan' i [[Afrika]] hatry ny ela&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Roger Blench, ''[https://pnglanguages.sil.org/resources/archives/42070? &quot;The Austronesians in Madagascar and their interaction with the Bantu of the East African coast]&quot;''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8982424/ The genetic history of Mayotte and Madagascar cattle breeds mirrors the complex pattern of human exchanges in Western Indian Ocean]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Araka izany dia manambara tantaram-pfandraisana sy tantaram-pampifanarahana ny angona ara-kolontsaina sy ara-pototrazo, fa tsy voatery ho fifampifanilan' ny vondrona ara-kolontsaina roa izay heverina ho efa nisy taloha fotsiny&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Ny fifangaroan' ny mponina sy ny fiforonan' ny mponina teto Madagasikara ==

=== Fangaro tsy ranoray ===
[[Sary:Dance traditionnelle sakalava 13.jpg|vignette|272x272px|Lanonana ahitana dihy nentim-paharazana sakalava]]
Araka ny asehon' ny fanadihadiana jenômika dia azo inoana fa tsy nifangaro tao amin' ny toerana iray ny razambe afrikana sy aostrôneziana talohan' ny nahatongavany teto [[Madagasikara]]. Manondro fizotram-piorenam-ponenana sy fifangaroana tsy ranoray kosa ny fitsinjarana ara-jeôgrafian' ireo razambe ireo sy ny fahasamihafan' ny lova ara-pototarazo avy amin-dreny sy avy amin-dray ary ny avy amin-dray sy reny&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Ny fanadihadiana iray momba ny firafitry ny fototarazo manontolon' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] dia nanatsoaka hevitra indrindra fa toa tonga teto [[Madagasikara]] nisaraka ny vondron' olona afrikanina sy aziatika talohan' ny nifangaroany, ka samy hafa ny fomba nifangaroan' izy ireo arakaraka ny faritra nisy azy teto amin' ny Nosy&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

=== Tantara novolavolain' ny fifindrà-monina anatiny ===
Taorian' ny fiorenam-ponenana voalohany dia nanohy nifindrafindra toerana teto amin' ny Nosy ny mponina tao aminy. Nandray anjara tamin' ny firafitry ny fototarazon' ny mponina ankehitriny ny endriky ny tany, ny fifanakalozana ara-barotra, ny vondrona pôlitika ary ny fifindran-toeran' ny vondrom-piarahamonina samihafa tao aminy&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. 

Io tantara io dia manazava amin' ny ampahany ny antony mahatonga ny vondrona malagasy roa avy amin' ny faritra samihafa hanana taham-piaviana afrikanina sy aziatika tena miavaka tsara&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. 

=== Mponina avy amin' ny singa maro samihafa ===
Noho izany dia mitombina kokoa ny firesahana momba ny mponina malagasy izay niforona vokatry ny [[fifindrà-monina]] maro samihafa sy ny fifangaroana ary ny fiovana teo amin' ny tantara, toy izay ny mitady vondrona roa izay heverina ho niforonan' ny vahoaka nisy fifangaroana ranoray. Manamafy ny fisian' ny singa fototra afrikanina sy aostrônezianina ny angona rehetra misy, saingy mbola tsy ahafahana mamerina amin' ny antsipiriany tanteraka ny fizotran' ny fiorenam-ponenan' ny mponina voalohany teto izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

== Ny fiteny sy ny fifandraisana amin' ny tontolo ivelany ==

=== Ny teny malagasy ===

==== Fiteny aostrônezianina ====
Anisan' ny [[Fiteny baritô atsinanana|vondrona baritô atsimo-atsinanana]] ao amin' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fianakaviam-piteny]] [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|aostrônezianina]] ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. Mifototra amin' ny fifandraisana ara-drafitra eo amin' ny teny malagasy sy ny fiteny maro mpihavana aminy any faritra atsimo amin' i [[Bôrneô|Borneo]] io fanasokajiana io, fa tsy amin' ny fitoviana ara-[[Voambolana|boambolana]] vitsivitsy fotsiny.

==== Fiteny niharan' ny fiteny avy any amin' ny faritra maro ====
Nahazo singa avy amin' ny [[Fiteny malay|fiteny maley]] sy [[Fiteny javaney|javaney]] ihany koa ny teny malagasy, ary ahitana [[voanteny]] nindramina izay mifandray amin' ny tantaran' ny varotra tao amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]]. Mety ho tamin' ny alalan' ny teny maley na javaney no nampisy ny fiantraikany sasany avy any [[Azia Atsimo]], fa tsy avy mivantana avy tamin' ny [[fiteny any India]]. 

Maneho ny fifandraisana nifanesy nandritra ny tantara ny fisian' ny singa ara-boambolana avy amin' ny loharano [[Fiteny aty Afrika|afrikanina]], [[Fiteny arabo|arabo]], [[Fiteny persana|persiana]], [[Fiteny any India|indiana]] na [[Fiteny ao Eorôpa|eorôpeanina]], ary tsy manohintohina ny fanasokajiana ny teny malagasy ho anisan' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fianakaviam-piteny aostrônezianina]] izany. 

=== I Madagasikara sy ny tambajotra tao amin' ny Ranomasimbe Indianina ===
Tafiditra tsikelikely tao anatin' ny tambajotram-pifandraisana an-dranomasina manerana ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]] i Madagasikara. Ny fikarohana [[Arkeôlôjia|arkeôlôjika]] momba ny toeram-ponenana amorontsiraka eto Madagasikara, indrindra fa any avaratra-andrefana, dia manambara fisian' ny fifandraisana tamin' ny [[Tamba-nosin' i Kômôro|Vondro-nosy Kômôro]], tamin' ny morontsirak' i [[Afrika Atsinanana]], tamin' i [[Saikanosin' i Arabia|Arabia]], ary tamin' ny faritra hafa manodidina ny Ranomasimbe Indianina nandritra ny [[taonarivo]]  faharoa.

Niteraka fifindran' ny olona, ny entam-barotra, ny teknika ary ny hevitra ireo fifanakalozana ireo. Na izany aza dia tsy tokony hafangaro amin' ny fifindrà-monina lehibe izay nandray anjara tamin' ny fiforonan' ny vahoaka malagasy tany am-boalohany izany.

Nifandray tamin' ny tantsambo sy mpivarotra avy any amin' ny [[Tontolo Arabo]] sy avy any [[Persia]] ary avy any [[India]] ihany koa ny mponina teto Madagasikara. Hita amin' ny alalan' ny [[arkeôlôjia]] sy ny loharano an-tsoratra izany fifandraisana izany, indrindra nanomboka tamin' ny taonarivo voalohany sy faharoa, ary nisy koa ny fifandraisana taty aoriana tamin' ny [[Eorôpeana (vahoaka)|Eorôpeanina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/worlds-of-the-indian-ocean/madagascar-the-development-of-trading-ports-and-the-interior/61BEA9736498F542D21C7776E90194FC? Madagascar: The Development of Trading Ports and the Interior]&quot;, Cambridge University, ''www.cambridge.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter-abstract/553416714? Africans in the Indian Ocean World]&quot;, Oxford Research Encyclopedia, ''academic.oup.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nisy fiantraikany teo amin' ny [[Kolontsaina malagasy|kolontsaina]], teo amin' ny [[Fivavahan-drazana malagasy|fivavahana]], tamin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|fiteny]], ary, na dia kely kokoa aza, teo amin' ny firafitry ny mponina izany fifandraisana izany&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;von Sicard, &quot;[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13602004.2011.556891? Malagasy Islam: Tracing the History and Cultural Influences of Islam in Madagascar]&quot;, ''www.tandfonline.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3838347/ Tracing Arab-Islamic Inheritance in Madagascar]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ny Sorabe ===
Porofo tena manan-danja momba ny fifandraisana nisy teo amin' i Madagasikara sy ny [[Tontolo Silamo]] manodidina ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]] ny [[Sorabe]]. Fomba fanoratana ny teny malagasy amin' ny alalan' ny [[tarehin-tsoratra arabo]] izy io, izay voatahiry indrindra any amin' ny faritra atsimo-atsinanana amin' i Madagasikara, indrindra fa eo amin' ny vahoaka [[Antemoro]]. 

Ny sora-tanana sorabe dia vavolombelon' ny fifindran' ny lovantsofina sy fanao ara-pivavahana sy ara-tsaina, ary koa ny fidiran' ny faritra malagasy sasany ao anatin' ny tambajotram-pifanakalozana midadasika kokoa tao amin' ny Ranomasimbe Indianina.

Ny fivoaran' ny tambajotram-barotra tao amin' ny Ranomasimbe Indianina indrindraindrindra dia nanamora ny fisian' ny mponina mpiavy tany amin' ny faritra amorontsiraka sasany sy ny fipoiran' ny fomba toy ny fampiasana ny Sorabe, izay rafi-panoratana arabo nampifanarahina tamin' ny teny malagasy&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Chantal Radimilahy, &quot;[https://arkeologi.bokorder.se/en-US/article/3691/mahilaka? Mahilaka, An archaeological investigation of an early town in northwestern Madagascar]&quot;, ''arkeologi.bokorder.se''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ny Vazimba sy ny lovantsofina momba ny fiavian' ny Malagasy ==

=== Ny Vazimba ao amin' ny lovantsofina malagasy ===
Manana toerana lehibe eo amin' ny [[Lovantsofina am-bava|lovantsofina]] momba ny mponina voalohany any amin' ny faritra sasany eto [[Madagasikara]], indrindra fa ny Faritra Afovoany, ny [[Vazimba]]. Ao amin' ny fitantarana sy ny angano dia matetika izy ireo no aseho ho mponina nisy talohan' ny nipoiran' ny fanjaka-mpanjaka izay nivoatra tatỳ aoriana tany amin' iny faritra avo iny.

Na izany aza, ny teny hoe &quot;Vazimba&quot; dia tsy azo heverina hoazy ho vondron' olona biôlôjika voavaka tsara sy efa voamarim-piaviana mazava tsara ankehitriny.

Lohahevitra iray hafa ao amin' ity resaka ity ny lovantsofina momba ny Vazimba, nefa mbola iadian-kevitra ny mombamomba azy ireo ara-tantara sy ny fifandraisany amin' ny mponina voalohany teto Madagasikara ary miovaova isaky ny lovantsofina sy isam-paritra ny fiheverana azy ireo. Tsy mbola ahafaha-manohana ny fiheverana azy ireo ho vahoaka miavaka tanteraka amin' ny vondrona maromaro voalohany nandray anjara tamin' ny fiorenam-ponenan' ny mponina avy amin' ny vondrona aostrônezianina teto Madagasikara ny hevitra sy ny fanadihadiana maro ataon' ny manampahaizana ankehitriny&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Maurizio Serva sy Michele Pasquini, [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7531839/ ''Dialects of Madagascar''], ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Denis Pierron,  Harilanto Razafindrazaka, Luca Pagani, François-Xavier Ricaut, Tiago Antao, Mélanie Capredon, Clément Sambo, Chantal Radimilahy, Jean-Aimé Rakotoarisoa, Roger M Blench, Thierry Letellier, Toomas Kivisild, &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3903192/ Genome-wide evidence of Austronesian–Bantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter-gatherer group of Madagascar]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Angona arkeôlôjika sy ara-pototarazo ===
Mamelona indray ny fandalinana ireo vondron' olona antsoina hoe [[Vazimba]] ireo ny fikarohana arkeôlôjika vao haingana, indrindra amin' ny alalan' ny fandinihana ny toeram-ponenany sy ny fomba fanaony momba ny [[fandevenana]]. Mandinika ny mponina samihafa tao amin' ny Faritra Afovoan' i Madagasikara izay efa nisy talohan' ny fanitaram-panjakana merina na niara-nisy tamin' izany fotoana izany ny fandaharan' asa ''[[Mission archéologique France-Madagascar]]'' (MAFMAD) izay mikendry ny hampiaraka ny angona avy amin' ny [[arkeôlôjia]] sy momba ny [[fototarazo]] ary momba ny [[kolontsaina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://archeologie.culture.gouv.fr/monde/fr/vazimba-peuplement-malgache? Les Vazimba et le peuplement malgache]&quot;, Musée d'arhéologie nationale, ''archeologie.culture.gouv.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://aibl.fr/fouilles/mission-archeologique-france-madagascar-mafmad-dirigee-par-mme-harilanto-razafindrazaka/ Mission archéologique France-Madagascar (MAFMAD), dirigée par Mme Harilanto Razafindrazaka]&quot;, Académie des inscription et belles-lettres,''aibl.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Na izany aza, ny angona ara-pototarazo ankehitriny dia tsy ahafahana manamafy tsotra fotsiny fa taranaky ny mponina nisy talohan' ny vanim-potoan' ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostrônezianina]] na ny [[Banto (vahoaka)|Bantò]] ny Vazimba, ka ho namorona singa lehibe fahatelo teo amin' ny mponina malagasy. Tsara homarihina fa nisy fanadihadiana momba ny fototarazo (jenômika) natao tany amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i Madagasikara izay tsy nahitana porofo manondro ny mety ho fisian' ny fiaviana vazimba miavaka&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

=== Vinavina sy angona ara-tsiansa ===
Noho izany, raha miresaka momba ny Vazimba dia tsy maintsy avahana ny [[lovantsofina am-bava]], ny fandikana ara-tantara sy araka ny antrôpôlôjia ary ny angona ara-tsiansa. Mbola tsy afaka manova ny lovantsofina rehetra momba ny Vazimba ho lasa fehin-kevitra voamarina mikasika ny fiaviana ara-biôlôjian' ny vahoaka malagasy ny fikarohana ankehitriny&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;.

== Ny fahasamihafan' ny mponina sy ny fiforonan' ny maha Malagasy ==

=== Ny fahasamihafana misy eo amin' ny mponina malagasy ===

==== Fahasamihafana ara-pototarazo ====
Mampiseho fahasamihafana ara-pototarazo lehibe ny mponina eto Madagasikara, ary miovaova izany arakaraka ny faritra. Namaritra fifangaroan' ny fiaviana afrika sy aostrôneziana ny famakafakana ara-pototarazo natao tamin' ny vondron' olona nodinihina manerana ny Nosy, na dia tsy mitovy aza ny tahan' izany eo amin' ny vondrona samihafa&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. 

==== Fahasamihafana eo amin' ny fiteny ====
Mampiseho fahasamihafana lehibe eo amin' ny [[Fitenim-paritra malagasy|fitenim-paritra]] ihany koa ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]], kanefa mitazona ny firaisany ao anatin' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fianakaviam-piteny aostrônezianina]]. Vokatry ny tantara ara-jeôgrafia sy ara-piarahamonin' ny mponina eto amin' ny Nosy indrindraindrindra ireo fahasamihafana eo amin' ny fitenim-paritra ireo&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Maurizio Serva, Michele Pasquini, &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7531839/ Dialects of Madagascar]&quot;, , PubMed Central, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;. 

==== Fahasamihafana arakaraka ny faritra ====
Mifamatotra amin' ny [[jeôgrafian' i Madagasikara]] ny fahasamihafana ara-biôlôjia sy ara-piteny ary ara-kolontsaina ankehitriny. Mety samy nanana ny tantarany manokana momba ny mponina ny vondrona any amin' ny Faritra Afovoany sy ny any amin' ny faritra amorontsiraka, kanefa nandray anjara hatrany tamin' ny fifandraisana nisy teo amin' izy ireo ny fifanakalozana anatiny&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. 

=== Ny fiforonan' ny maha-izy azy ny Malagasy ===
Noho izany dia tsy avy amin' ny fototra ara-pirazanana ihany ny maha Malagasy ankehitriny. Voavolavolan' ny fiteny, ny fifanakalozana, ny rafitra ara-pôlitika, ny fomba amam-panao ary ny fifandraisana eo amin' ny vondrom-piarahamonina samihafa eto Madagasikara ihany koa izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;. 

Nandray anjara tamin' ny fifindran' ny mponina sy ny fiforonan' ny fifandraisana vaovao teo amin' ny vondrom-piarahamonina ihany koa ny rafitra ara-pôlitika (fanjakana, sns) izay nipoitra nandritra ny tantara. Raha ny marina dia asehon' ny fanadihadiana momba ny fototarazo fa nametraka marika teo amin' ny firafitry ny fototarazon' ny mponina sasany ankehitriny ny lafiny ara-jeôgrafia sy ny fiforonan' ny fanjakana&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

Ilaina àry ny manavaka ny tantaran' ny fiorenam-ponenan' ny mponina voalohany teto Madagasikara -- izay mahakasika ny fifindran-toerana sy ny fifangaroan' ny mponina -- sy ny tantaran' ny fiforonan' ny fiarahamonina malagasy samihafa, izay naharitra ela kokoa sady ahitana dingana ara-pôlitika sy ara-kolontsaina ihany koa&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. 

=== Fanontaniana mbola iadian-kevitra ===
Mbola misy lafin-javatra maro tsy mazava momba ny fahatongavana sy fiorenam-ponenan' ny mponina voalohany: ny daty marina nisian' ny [[fifindrà-monina]] samihafa voalohany mifandray amin' ny razamben' ny mponina ankehitriny, ny isan' ny fifindrà-monina, ny mombamomba ny vahoaka samihafa izay niaviana, ny lalana an-dranomasina narahina, ary ny toe-javatra nihaonan' ny mponina avy ao [[Afrika]] sy ny avy amin' ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostrônezianina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

Mbola lohahevitra anaovana fikarohana ihany koa ny mety ho fisian' ny olona teto talohan' ireo fifindrà-monina lehibe tamin' ny taonarivo voalohany ireo. Tsy mbola ahafahana mamaritra mazava tsara ny fifandraisana mety ho nisy teo amin' izany mponina tany am-boalohany izany sy ny mponina taty aoriana teto Madagasikara ny angona misy ankehitriny&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. 

Ny fikarohana hoavy, indrindra fa eo amin' ny sehatry ny [[arkeôlôjia]], ny paleôjenômika, ny [[haiteny ara-tantara]], ary ny fandalinana ny [[tontolo iainana]] tamin' ny vanim-potoana fahiny, dia tokony hanampy amin' ny fanatsarana sy fanadiovana ireo vinavina samihafa ireo. Efa manaporofo ny fikarohana vao haingana fa tsy azo takarina tsara ny fahatongavan' ny mponina teto Madagasikara raha tsy amin' ny alalan' ny fampitahana sy fampifandraisana karazana angona maro samihafa&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

=== Famaranana ===
Araka izany dia niforona tsikelikely ny maha Malagasy teo amin' ny fototra iray izay niorina indrindra tamin' ny kolontsaina aostrônezianina sy afrikanina, sady niampy singa avy amin' ny vahoaka hafa manodidina ny [[Ranomasimbe Indianina]] sy avy any [[Eorôpa]] taty aoriana&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Campbell (2019), ''[https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.325? The Peopling of Madagascar]'', Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History, ''doi.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Izany tantara izany no manazava ny fahasamihafana eo amin' ny lafiny biôlôjika sy ara-kolontsaina ananan' ny mponina eto Madagasikara, ary koa ny fisian' ny fiteny malagasy iraisana, izay anisan' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fianakaviam-piteny aostrônezianina]] ka anisan' ny porofo lehibe momba ny tantaran' ny fahatongavana sy ny fiorenam-ponenan' ny olona voalohany teto amin' ny Nosy&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Serva et al. (2012), &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3223632/ Malagasy dialects and the peopling of Madagascar]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]]
* [[Fiteny malagasy]]
* [[Fiteny baritô atsinanana|Vondrom-piteny baritô atsinanana]]
* [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|Fianakaviam-piteny aostrôneziana]]
* [[Tantaran' i Madagasikara]]
* [[Vazimba]]
* [[Lovantsofina am-bava]]

* [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostroneziana]]
* [[Banto (vahoaka)|Bantò]]
* [[Afrika Atsinanana]]
* [[Fifindrà-monina]]

* [[Fambolena eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Fiompiana eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Indran-teny afrikana ao amin' ny teny malagasy]]
* ''[[Mission archéologique France-Madagascar]]'' (MAFMAD)
* [[Haiteny ara-tantara]]

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==

* Adelaar, Alexander K. (1995). &quot;[[scholar:Alexander+Adelaar+Asian+Roots+of+the+Malagasy+Language+1995&amp;utm|Asian Roots of the Malagasy Language: A Linguistic Perspective]]&quot;, in ''Bijdragen tot de     Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde''. Leiden.
* Adelaar, Alexander K. (2018). &quot;[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/spirits-and-ships/who-were-the-first-malagasy-and-what-did-they-speak/FB1D39086A9D294A71E2CE42E018F01D? Who Were the First Malagasy, and What Did They Speak?]&quot;, in Andrea Acri, Roger Blench &amp; Alexandra Landmann (eds.), ''Spirits and Ships: Cultural Transfers in'' ''Early Monsoon Asia'', Singapore, ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute, p. 441–469. 
* Adhikari, K. et al. (2020). &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/bmsap/6903? Histoire démographiquedes ancêtres de la population malgache actuelle]&quot;, ''Bulletins et     Mémoires de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris''.
* Allibert, Claude (2008). &quot;[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/diogenes/article/abs/austronesian-migration-and-the-establishment-of-the-malagasy-civilization-contrasted-readings-in-linguistics-archaeology-genetics-and-cultural-anthropology/257B5DCFE7E02E1F8D0DDE5EF060B9A3? Austronesian Migration and the Establishment of the Malagasy Civilization: Contrasted     Readings in Linguistics, Archaeology, Genetics and Cultural Anthropology]&quot;, ''Diogenes'', 55(2), p. 7–16. DOI: 10.1177/0392192108090734.
* Beaujard, Philippe (2003). &quot;[https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?DB=p&amp;RID=28355858X&amp; Les arrivées austronésiennes à Madagascar : vagues ou continuum ?]&quot;, ''Études océan     Indien'', nos 35–36, p. 59–147. 
* Cox, Murray P. et al. (2012). &quot;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22438500/? A small cohort of Island Southeast Asian women founded Madagascar]&quot;, ''Proceedings of the Royal Society B'', 279(1739), p. 2761–2768. DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2012.0012. 
* Dahl, Otto Christian (1951). ''[https://books.google.com/books?q=Otto+Christian+Dahl+Malgache+et+Maanjan+1951&amp;utm Malgache et Maanjan : une comparaison linguistique]''. Oslo, Egede Instituttet. 
* Deschamps, Hubert (1961). ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Histoire_de_Madagascar.html?id=6F4wAQAAIAAJ&amp; Histoire de Madagascar]''. 2e éd., Paris, Berger-Levrault, 348 p. 
* Dewar, Robert E. &amp; Wright, Henry T. (1993). &quot;[[scholar:Dewar+Wright+Culture+History+of+Madagascar+1993&amp;|The Culture History of Madagascar]]&quot;, ''Journal of World Prehistory'', 7, p. 417–466.
* Ferrand, Gabriel (1908). &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bmsap_0037-8984_1909_num_10_1_8033? L'origine africaine des Malgaches]&quot;. ''Journal asiatique'', 10e série, t. XI, p. 353–500.
* Kent, Raymond K. (1970). ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Early_Kingdoms_in_Madagascar_1500_1700.html?id=UNvezQEACAAJ&amp; Early Kingdoms in Madagascar, 1500–1700]''. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 336 p. Google Books
* Minisiteran' ny Serasera sy ny Kolontsaina (2021). ''Ny Fiandohan''' ''ny Malagasy''. Antananarivo : Minisiteran' ny Serasera sy ny Kolontsaina.
* Minisiteran' ny Serasera sy ny Kolontsaina. (2023). ''Ny'' ''Loharano nipoiran' ny teny malagasy''. Antananarivo : Minisiteran' ny Serasera sy ny Kolontsaina.
* Pierron, Denis et al. (2017). &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5559028/? Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar]&quot;, ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'', 114(32), p. E6498–E6506. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704906114. PMC – lahatsoratra feno
* Radimilahy, Marie de Chantal (1998). ''[https://arkeologi.bokorder.se/en-US/article/3691/mahilaka? Mahilaka: An Archaeological Investigation of an Early Town in Northwestern Madagascar]''. Uppsala, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Studies in African Archaeology 15, 293 p., &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-91-506-1313-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Razafindrazaka, Harilanto et al. (2021). &quot;[https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R72/6106232? Genetic evidence and historical theories of the Asian and  African origins of the present Malagasy population]&quot;, ''Human Molecular Genetics'', 30(R1), p. R72–R78. DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab018. Oxford Academic
* Ricaut, François-X. et al. (2009). &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2164-10-605? A new deep branch of Eurasian mtDNA macrohaplogroup M reveals additional complexity regarding the settlement of Madagascar]&quot;, ''BMC Genomics'', 10, article 605. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-605.

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>cz8szxeabz6jnvg6nrf5nlo8aedlxqb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1152749</id>
      <parentid>1152747</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-01T15:15:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanampy sary</comment>
      <origin>1152749</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="40997" sha1="tnkyhsptn1tuon3kmqg19ff5ckfd05a" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Pirogue Malgache.jpg|vignette|373x373px|Lakana misy fanary any [[Morondava]]]]
Ny '''fiavian'''' '''ny Malagasy''' dia vokatry ny dingana lava sy sarotra momba ny [[fifindrà-monina]] sy ny fifandraisana ary ny fifangaroan' ny mponina tao amin' ny faritry ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Pierron, Denis ; Razafindrazary, Harilala ; et al. (2019). &quot;[https://shs.cairn.info/revue-corps-2019-1-page-187?lang=fr Le peuplement humain de Madagascar et son histoire : synthèse et hypothèses]&quot;. ''Corps'', 2019(1), p. 187–194.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Pierron, D. et al. (2016/2017). &quot;Malagasy Genetic Ancestry Comes from an Historical Malay Trading Post&quot;. ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' / famintinana ao amin' ny ''The Conversation'' : &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4989113/ How the Banjar people of Borneo became ancestors of the Malagasy and Comorian people]&quot;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Manondro indrindra ny fisian' ny singa [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|aostrônezianina]] sy [[Afrikana (vahoaka)|afrikana]] tamin' ny fiforonan' ny mponina malagasy ny fikarohana [[Haitsikerafiteny|ara-piteny]] sy ara-[[Fototarazo|pototarazo]] ary [[Arkeôlôjia|arkeôlôjika]], ka tsy azo heverina ho vokatry ny fifindrà-monina tokana izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Pierron, D. et al. (2017). &quot;[https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1704906114 Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar]&quot;. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)'', 114(34), E7063–E7071.&quot;,&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Brucato, N. et al. (2021). &quot;[https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R72/6106232?login=false Genetic evidence and historical theories of the Asian and African origins of the present Malagasy population]&quot;. ''Human Molecular Genetics'', 30(R1), R72–R81.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;INSTAT (Madagascar). ''[https://www.instat.mg/documents/upload/main/INSTAT-RGPH3_MigrationMadagascar.pdf Le peuplement de Madagascar s’est caractérisé par différentes vagues de migration].'' Document de présentation du RGPH‑3.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ao anatin' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fianakaviam-piteny aostrônezianina]] ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] ary manana fifandraisana akaiky amin' ny fiteny sasany any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]], indrindra any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i [[Bôrneô]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Brucato, N. et al. (2016). &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/srep26066 Contrasting Linguistic and Genetic Origins of the Asian Source Populations of Malagasy]&quot;. ''Scientific Reports'', 6, 26066.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Adelaar, K. Alexander &amp; Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. (dir.) (2005/2013). ''[https://academic.oup.com/book/58197/chapter-abstract/481314526?login=false&amp;redirectedFrom=fulltext The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar]''. Routledge.&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;. Na izany aza dia manondro fifandraisana amin' ny mponina maro samihafa avy any Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana ny fikarohana ara-pototarazo, ka tsy mbola azo faritana amin' ny fomba mazava fa vondrom-poko iray manokana no niavian' ny razambe aziatikan' ny Malagasy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Pierron et al. (2014). ''[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4373124/ Mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome suggest the settlement of Madagascar by Indonesian sea nomad populations]''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Lipson et al. (2016). ''[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4870696/ Contrasting Linguistic and Genetic Origins of the Asian Source Populations of Malagasy]''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Misy ihany koa ny singa ara-pototarazo afrikana lehibe eo amin' ny Malagasy, izay mifandray indrindra amin' ny mponina avy ao [[Afrika Atsinanana]] sy [[Faritra Atsimo ao Afrika|Atsimo]], ary miovaova ny tahan' izany arakaraka ny faritra sy ny mponina eto Madagasikara&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Pierron et al., 2018, ''[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03342-5? Strong selection during the last millennium for African ancestry in the admixed population of Madagascar]''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Tsara homarihina fa ny fanadihadiana momba ny fototarazo natao tamin' olona miisa 2&amp;nbsp;704 tamin' ny tanàna 257 dia naneho fa ny mponina malagasy manerana ny Nosy dia ahitana singa avy ao Afrika sy any Aostrôneziana, na dia miovaova aza ny tahan' izany ary misy fizaràna ara-jeôgrafika miavaka tsara&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R72/6106232? Genetic evidence and historical theories of the Asian and African origins of the present Malagasy population]&quot;, ''academic.oup.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Noho izany, tsy maintsy avahana ny fiforonan' ny mponina malagasy sy ny niandohan' ny teny malagasy, ary koa ny fiforonan' ny vondrom-piarahamonina sy ny maha-izy azy manokana isam-paritra taty aoriana teto Madagasikara. Mbola misy fanontaniana maro tsy mbola voavaha mikasika ny fotoana sy ny lalana nodiavina ary ny fomba nenti-nanatanterahana ireo fifindrà-monina ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;.

== Famaritana sy petrak' olana ==

=== Ny hoe &quot;fiavian' ny Malagasy&quot; ===
Mety hanondro fanontaniana samihafa maro ny andian-teny hoe &quot;fiavian' ny Malagasy&quot;: ny toerana niavian' ny vahoaka razambe, ny fotoana nahatongavan' izy ireo teto [[Madagasikara]], ny fiforonan' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]], ny fifangaroan' ny mponina, ary, taty aoriana, ny fiforonan' ny fiarahamonina sy ny maha-izy azy ny Malagasy. Tsy voatery hitondra any amin' ny valiny mitovy ireo fanontaniana ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;.

Ahafahana mandinika, ankoatra ny zavatra hafa, ny razambe nipoiran' ny mponina ny fandalinana momba ny fototarazo; mampahalala ny momba ny tantaran' ny fiteny kosa ny [[Haitsikerafiteny|haifiteny]], ary ny arkeôlôjia dia mandinika ny soritra azo tsapain-tanana navelan' ny mponina tamin' ny andro fahiny. Tsy misy amin' ireo taranja ireo ny ampy hamerenana indray ny tantara manontolo momba ny fahatongavana syny fiorenam-ponenan' ny mponina voalohany teto Madagasikara&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Claude Allibert, &quot;[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/diogenes/article/abs/austronesian-migration-and-the-establishment-of-the-malagasy-civilization-contrasted-readings-in-linguistics-archaeology-genetics-and-cultural-anthropology/257B5DCFE7E02E1F8D0DDE5EF060B9A3? Austronesian Migration and the Establishment of the Malagasy Civilization: Contrasted Readings in Linguistics, Archaeology, Genetics and Cultural Anthropology]&quot;, ''www.cambridge.org'', 01/01/2024&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fiforonana vokatry ny fifindrà-monina sy ny fifandraisana maro samihafa ===
Araka ny angona momba ny [[fototarazo]] dia avy amin' ny vondrona maro mifandray amin' ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|vahoaka aostrônezianina]] avy any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]] sy ny [[Banto (vahoaka)|vahoaka bantò]] avy ao [[Afrika]] ny mponina ankehitriny eto Madagasikara. Asehon' izany koa fa tsy mitovy ny fandraisana anaran' ireo fiaviana ireo manerana ny Nosy&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Noho izany toe-javatra izany dia tsy ampy hanazavana ny zava-misy ny fiheverana fa niforona fotsiny avy amin' ny fahatongavan' ny &quot;vahoaka roa&quot; niaraka ny mponina. Mifanohitra amin' izany, ny fanadihadiana ara-pototarazo dia manondro fa nisy ny fahatongavana sy ny fifangaroana nifanesy sy tsy nitovy karazana narahin' ny fifindran-toerana sy fifanakalozana anatiny ihany koa izay nandray anjara tamin' ny fahasamihafana isam-paritra eto Madagasikara&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Angon-drakitra arkeôlôjika sy fahatongavan' ny mponina ==

=== Ny soritra voalohany indrindra amin' ny fisian' ny olombelona teto ===
Mbola iadian-kevitra ny daty nahatongavan' ny olona voalohany teto [[Madagasikara]]. Nanatsoaka hevitra ny famakafakana lalina momba ny daty maromaro azo tamin' ny fomba fandrefesana amin' ny [[radiôkarbônina]] fa efa nisy olona teto farafahakeliny 2&amp;nbsp;000 taona lasa izay; ekena ihany koa anefa ny mety ho fisian' izany talohan' io fotoana io, na dia mbola tsy azo faritana mazava tsara ny endrik' izany mety ho fisiana tany am-boalohany izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379119303282?utm_source=chatgpt.com A critical review of radiocarbon dates clarifies the human settlement of Madagascar]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com'',&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;.

Nisy fikarohana taloha kokoa izay nanondro porofo momba ny fisian' ny asa nataon' ny olombelona tamin' ny fotoana lavitra kokoa, indrindra fa raha ifotorana ny diam-pamakiana hita teo amin' ny taolan' ny vorombe (''[[Aepyornithidae]]''). Na izany aza dia mbola iadian-kevitra ny fomba fandraisana ny sasany amin' ireo daty ireo sy ny fifandraisany amin' ny fisian' ny olombelona tamin' izany fotoana izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

Noho izany dia ilaina ny manavaka ny mety ho fisian' ny olona tany am-boalohany sy ny fahatongavan' ny vahoaka nipoiran' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] ankehitriny. Raha ny marina dia mampifandray ny razamben' ny Malagasy ankehitriny amin' ny fifindrà-monina vao haingana kokoa -- izay nitranga indrindra nandritra ny arivo taona voalohany tamin' ny vanim-potoana ankehitriny -- ny angona ara-piteny sy ara-pototarazo&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Alexander Adelaar, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/spirits-and-ships/who-were-the-first-malagasy-and-what-did-they-speak/FB1D39086A9D294A71E2CE42E018F01D? Who Were the First Malagasy, and What Did They Speak?], ''www.cambridge.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ny andiam-piorenam-ponenana voalohany sy ny fiovana teo amin' ny Nosy ===
Manambara ny fitomboan' ny fiorenam-ponenan' ny olona tsikelikely nandritra ny [[taonarivo]] voalohany sy indrindra fa  tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonarivo faharoa, ny angona arkeôlôjika. Mifandray amin' io vanim-potoana io nahatongavan' ny olona niiorim-ponenana io ny fiovana nisy teo amin' ny tontolo iainana, ny fipoiran' ny fomba fambolena sy fiompiana vaovao, ary ny fivoaran' ny toeram-ponenan' ny olona&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248404000843? A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com'',&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379119303282? A critical review of radiocarbon dates clarifies the human settlement of Madagascar]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Na izany aza dia tsy ahafahana manondro mivantana foana ny toerana na ny fomba fanao iray ho an' ny vahoaka sokajina ho &quot;aostrônezianina&quot; na &quot;afrikanina&quot; ny fikarohana arkeôlôjika. Mety hifindra avy amin' ny vondron' olona iray mankany amin' ny iray hafa mantsy ny zavatra sy ny teknika ary ny fomba amam-panao ara-kolontsaina, ka tsy voatery hifanaraka amin' ny fetra ara-biôlôjia&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;.

== Ny singa aostrônezianina ==

=== Ny teny malagasy ===
[[Sary:Langues austronésiennes.png|vignette|376x376px|Sarintany maneho ny fielezan' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fiteny aostrônezianina]] ankehitriny.]]
Fiteny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|aostônezianina]] ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. Raha ny marina kokoa dia anisan' ny vondrom-piteny &quot;Barito Atsimo-Atsinanana&quot; izy io, ka ny fiteny ankoatr' io dia ampiasaina indrindra any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i [[Bôrneô|Borneo]]. Tondro lehibe mahakasika ny fiaviana [[aziatika]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' ny sasany amin' ny razamben' ny vahoaka malagasy io fifanakaikezana ara-piteny io&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Adelaar, Alexander (2021) &quot;[https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/wacana/vol22/iss1/5/ South Borneo as an ancient Sprachbund area],&quot; ''Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia'': Vol. 22: No. 1, Article 5. DOI: 10.17510/wacana.v22i1.963&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nasehon' ny fikarohana ara-piteny fa misy fitoviana maro amin' ny fiteny any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i Borneo, indrindra fa ny [[fiteny maaniany]], ny fiteny malagasy. Na izany aza dia tsy midika izany fifandraisana ara-piteny izany fa taranaky ny [[Maaniany (vahoaka)|vahoaka]] [[Maaniany (vahoaka)|maaniany]] ankehitriny tsotra izao ny [[Malagasy]]; fa kosa, manondro tantara iraisana na fifandraisana akaiky amin' ny vahoaka razambe izany, izay mbola mila hazavaina tsara ny tena firafetany&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://lpan.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?history=all&amp;id=215&amp;sort=word_id&amp;utm Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database - Language: Ma'anyan]&quot;, ''lpan.eva.mpg.de''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

=== Ny fiaviana ara-jeôgrafian' ity singa ity ===
Amin' izao fotoana izao, heverina ho iray amin' ny faritra mety ho loharano nipoiran' ny fitenin' ny razambe aostrônezianan' ny vahoaka malagasy ny faritra atsimo amin' i [[Bôrneô|Borneo]]. Nasongadin' ny fikarohana momba ny teny ihany koa ny fisian' ny fiantraikan' ny [[Fiteny malay|fiteny maley]] sy [[fiteny javaney]], izay azo inoana fa nateraky ny fifandraisana nisy taloha kelin' ny fifindrà-monina nankany amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]] na nandritra izany fotoana izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

Manondro zavatra mitovy amin' izany ihany ny angona ara-pototarazo. Nahita ny fanadihadiana momba ny fototarazo (fanadihadiana jenômika raha ny marina kokoa) natao manerana an' i [[Madagasikara]] fa ny mponina avy any [[Indônezia]], indrindra fa ireo avy any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i Borneo, no mponin' i Azia izay mitovy singa maro ara-pototarazo betsaka indrindra amin' ny Malagasy nanaovana fandinihina&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

=== Fifindrà-monina sy kolontsaina ===
[[Sary:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific.svg|vignette|475x475px|Fandaminana ara-potoana momba ny fielezan' ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostrônezianina]].]]
Tsy vitan' ny hoe namela soritra teo amin' ny lafiny fiteny fotsiny ny fifindrà-monin' ny Aostrônezianina. Misy lafiny maro amin' ny kolontsaina azo tsapain-tanana sy ny fomba [[Fambolena eto Madagasikara|fambolena malagasy]] izay ampifandraisina amin' i [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]] (ny nosy maro ao amin' io faritra io), saingy tsy maintsy tandremana ny mety ho filazana fa avy amin' ny onjam-pifindra-monina iray manokana ny fanao iray. Manantitrantitra tokoa ny mpikaroka maro fa mety hiampita, hiova, na hamoronana indray ireo fanao ireo rehefa tonga teto Madagasikara&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Claude Allibert, &quot;[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/diogenes/article/abs/austronesian-migration-and-the-establishment-of-the-malagasy-civilization-contrasted-readings-in-linguistics-archaeology-genetics-and-cultural-anthropology/257B5DCFE7E02E1F8D0DDE5EF060B9A3? Austronesian Migration and the Establishment of the Malagasy Civilization: Contrasted Readings in Linguistics, Archaeology, Genetics and Cultural Anthropology]&quot;, ''Cambridge University Press'':  01/01/2024&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Nandray anjara tamin' ny fampielezana teknika sy fomba fanao, toy ny fitondrana [[lakana]] misy fanarina (hazo fanampiny natao tsy hahamora mivadika ny lakana) sy fomba [[fambolem-bary]] manokana, ny mponina avy amin' io faritra io&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Beaujard, Philippe (2012). &quot;[https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00706173 The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence]&quot;. ''HAL‑SHS''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;ABC News (2016). &quot;[https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2016-05-31/ancient-rice-could-solve-mystery-of-madagascan-origins/7460198 Ancient rice could solve mystery of Madagascan origins]&quot;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Araka izany dia mifanojo ny taranja samihafa eo amin' ny fanamafisana ny fisian' ny singa aostrônezianina manan-danja, saingy mbola tsy ahafahana mamerina amin' ny fomba azo antoka ny fizotran' ny fifindrà-monina tokana nahitana vahoaka mitovy endrika sy toetra izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;. 

== Ny singa afrikana ==

=== Fiaviana afrikana ===
Mampiseho ny fanadihadiana ara-pototatazo fa singa lehibe eo amin' ny firafitry ny fototarazon' ny vahoaka malagasy ny fiaviana afrikanina. Anisan' ny vondro-mponina akaiky indrindra amin' izany ny [[Banto (vahoaka)|vahoaka bantò]] ao [[Afrika Atsinanana]] sy [[Faritra Atsimo ao Afrika|Atsimo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

Tao anatin' ilay fanadihadiana momba ny fototarazo natao tamin' ny olona miisa 2&amp;nbsp;704, dia nahatratra 59 % eo ho eo ny salanisan' ny fiaviana afrikana ary 37 % eo ho eo ny an' ny fiaviana aziatika, raha toa ka ambany lavitra kosa ny anjara tahan' ny fiaviana [[Eorazia|eoraziana]] andrefana. Maneho salanisa ho an' ny olona nofantenana sy nodinihina ireo tarehimarika ireo, ka tsy tokony hoheverina ho maneho fa mitovy amin' izany ny tahan' ny fiaviana ho an' ny vahoaka manontolo eto Madagasikara&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

=== Fandraisana anjara miovaova arakaraka ny faritra ===
Tsy mitovy ny fandraisana anjaran' ny singa afrikana manerana ny Nosy. Ilay fikarohana voalaza eo ambony ihany koa dia nahita singa [[aziatika]] betsaka kokoa tamin' ny mponina sasany any amin' ny Faritra Afovoany eto Madagasikara ary amin' ny ankapobeny dia singa afrikana betsaka kokoa tamin' ny mponina amorontsiraka maro, izay nahitana fiovaovana isan-toerana&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. 

Mampiseho ny antony tsy ahafahana mampihatra amin' i Madagasikara manontolo ny vokatra azo avy amin' ny faritra iray ihany izany fiovaovana izany . Ny fahasamihafan' ny fototarazo ankehitriny dia vokatry ny endrika ara-jeôgrafian' ny Nosy sy ny fifindran' ny mponina ary ny tantaran' ny fiforonan' ny vondrom-piarahamonina sy [[Fanjakà-mpanjaka teto Madagasikara|fanjakana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. 

=== Ny fiantraika afrikana teo amin' ny fiteny sy ny kolontsaina ===
Aao ansan' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fianakaviam-piteny aôstronezianina]] ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] raha ny firafitra no heverina, saingy efa naninteraka azy io ny fiteny afrikanina sy ny fiteny hafa ao amin' ny faritra manodidina ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]]. Na izany aza dia tsy maintsy avahana ny fisian' ny voambolana na fomba amam-panao avy ao [[Afrika]] sy ny fiaviana biôlôjika: mety hiparitaka ny fomba amam-panao iray na dia tsy misy fifindrà-monina lehibe aza&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Ahitana [[Indran-teny afrikana ao amin' ny teny malagasy|indran-teny afrikana maro ny voambolana malagasy]], ary maro ihany koa ny fomba amam-panao ara-piarahamonina sy ara-toekarena, indrindra fa ireo mifandraika amin' ny [[fiompiana omby]], izay manaporofo ny fisian' ny fifandraisana tamin' ny kôntinantan' i [[Afrika]] hatry ny ela&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Roger Blench, ''[https://pnglanguages.sil.org/resources/archives/42070? &quot;The Austronesians in Madagascar and their interaction with the Bantu of the East African coast]&quot;''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8982424/ The genetic history of Mayotte and Madagascar cattle breeds mirrors the complex pattern of human exchanges in Western Indian Ocean]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Araka izany dia manambara tantaram-pfandraisana sy tantaram-pampifanarahana ny angona ara-kolontsaina sy ara-pototrazo, fa tsy voatery ho fifampifanilan' ny vondrona ara-kolontsaina roa izay heverina ho efa nisy taloha fotsiny&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Ny fifangaroan' ny mponina sy ny fiforonan' ny mponina teto Madagasikara ==

=== Fangaro tsy ranoray ===
[[Sary:Dance traditionnelle sakalava 13.jpg|vignette|272x272px|Lanonana ahitana dihy nentim-paharazana sakalava]]
Araka ny asehon' ny fanadihadiana jenômika dia azo inoana fa tsy nifangaro tao amin' ny toerana iray ny razambe afrikana sy aostrôneziana talohan' ny nahatongavany teto [[Madagasikara]]. Manondro fizotram-piorenam-ponenana sy fifangaroana tsy ranoray kosa ny fitsinjarana ara-jeôgrafian' ireo razambe ireo sy ny fahasamihafan' ny lova ara-pototarazo avy amin-dreny sy avy amin-dray ary ny avy amin-dray sy reny&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Ny fanadihadiana iray momba ny firafitry ny fototarazo manontolon' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] dia nanatsoaka hevitra indrindra fa toa tonga teto [[Madagasikara]] nisaraka ny vondron' olona afrikanina sy aziatika talohan' ny nifangaroany, ka samy hafa ny fomba nifangaroan' izy ireo arakaraka ny faritra nisy azy teto amin' ny Nosy&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

=== Tantara novolavolain' ny fifindrà-monina anatiny ===
Taorian' ny fiorenam-ponenana voalohany dia nanohy nifindrafindra toerana teto amin' ny Nosy ny mponina tao aminy. Nandray anjara tamin' ny firafitry ny fototarazon' ny mponina ankehitriny ny endriky ny tany, ny fifanakalozana ara-barotra, ny vondrona pôlitika ary ny fifindran-toeran' ny vondrom-piarahamonina samihafa tao aminy&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. 

Io tantara io dia manazava amin' ny ampahany ny antony mahatonga ny vondrona malagasy roa avy amin' ny faritra samihafa hanana taham-piaviana afrikanina sy aziatika tena miavaka tsara&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. 

=== Mponina avy amin' ny singa maro samihafa ===
Noho izany dia mitombina kokoa ny firesahana momba ny mponina malagasy izay niforona vokatry ny [[fifindrà-monina]] maro samihafa sy ny fifangaroana ary ny fiovana teo amin' ny tantara, toy izay ny mitady vondrona roa izay heverina ho niforonan' ny vahoaka nisy fifangaroana ranoray. Manamafy ny fisian' ny singa fototra afrikanina sy aostrônezianina ny angona rehetra misy, saingy mbola tsy ahafahana mamerina amin' ny antsipiriany tanteraka ny fizotran' ny fiorenam-ponenan' ny mponina voalohany teto izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

== Ny fiteny sy ny fifandraisana amin' ny tontolo ivelany ==

=== Ny teny malagasy ===

==== Fiteny aostrônezianina ====
Anisan' ny [[Fiteny baritô atsinanana|vondrona baritô atsimo-atsinanana]] ao amin' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fianakaviam-piteny]] [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|aostrônezianina]] ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. Mifototra amin' ny fifandraisana ara-drafitra eo amin' ny teny malagasy sy ny fiteny maro mpihavana aminy any faritra atsimo amin' i [[Bôrneô|Borneo]] io fanasokajiana io, fa tsy amin' ny fitoviana ara-[[Voambolana|boambolana]] vitsivitsy fotsiny.

==== Fiteny niharan' ny fiteny avy any amin' ny faritra maro ====
Nahazo singa avy amin' ny [[Fiteny malay|fiteny maley]] sy [[Fiteny javaney|javaney]] ihany koa ny teny malagasy, ary ahitana [[voanteny]] nindramina izay mifandray amin' ny tantaran' ny varotra tao amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]]. Mety ho tamin' ny alalan' ny teny maley na javaney no nampisy ny fiantraikany sasany avy any [[Azia Atsimo]], fa tsy avy mivantana avy tamin' ny [[fiteny any India]]. 

Maneho ny fifandraisana nifanesy nandritra ny tantara ny fisian' ny singa ara-boambolana avy amin' ny loharano [[Fiteny aty Afrika|afrikanina]], [[Fiteny arabo|arabo]], [[Fiteny persana|persiana]], [[Fiteny any India|indiana]] na [[Fiteny ao Eorôpa|eorôpeanina]], ary tsy manohintohina ny fanasokajiana ny teny malagasy ho anisan' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fianakaviam-piteny aostrônezianina]] izany. 

=== I Madagasikara sy ny tambajotra tao amin' ny Ranomasimbe Indianina ===
Tafiditra tsikelikely tao anatin' ny tambajotram-pifandraisana an-dranomasina manerana ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]] i Madagasikara. Ny fikarohana [[Arkeôlôjia|arkeôlôjika]] momba ny toeram-ponenana amorontsiraka eto Madagasikara, indrindra fa any avaratra-andrefana, dia manambara fisian' ny fifandraisana tamin' ny [[Tamba-nosin' i Kômôro|Vondro-nosy Kômôro]], tamin' ny morontsirak' i [[Afrika Atsinanana]], tamin' i [[Saikanosin' i Arabia|Arabia]], ary tamin' ny faritra hafa manodidina ny Ranomasimbe Indianina nandritra ny [[taonarivo]]  faharoa.

Niteraka fifindran' ny olona, ny entam-barotra, ny teknika ary ny hevitra ireo fifanakalozana ireo. Na izany aza dia tsy tokony hafangaro amin' ny fifindrà-monina lehibe izay nandray anjara tamin' ny fiforonan' ny vahoaka malagasy tany am-boalohany izany.

Nifandray tamin' ny tantsambo sy mpivarotra avy any amin' ny [[Tontolo Arabo]] sy avy any [[Persia]] ary avy any [[India]] ihany koa ny mponina teto Madagasikara. Hita amin' ny alalan' ny [[arkeôlôjia]] sy ny loharano an-tsoratra izany fifandraisana izany, indrindra nanomboka tamin' ny taonarivo voalohany sy faharoa, ary nisy koa ny fifandraisana taty aoriana tamin' ny [[Eorôpeana (vahoaka)|Eorôpeanina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/worlds-of-the-indian-ocean/madagascar-the-development-of-trading-ports-and-the-interior/61BEA9736498F542D21C7776E90194FC? Madagascar: The Development of Trading Ports and the Interior]&quot;, Cambridge University, ''www.cambridge.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter-abstract/553416714? Africans in the Indian Ocean World]&quot;, Oxford Research Encyclopedia, ''academic.oup.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nisy fiantraikany teo amin' ny [[Kolontsaina malagasy|kolontsaina]], teo amin' ny [[Fivavahan-drazana malagasy|fivavahana]], tamin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|fiteny]], ary, na dia kely kokoa aza, teo amin' ny firafitry ny mponina izany fifandraisana izany&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;von Sicard, &quot;[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13602004.2011.556891? Malagasy Islam: Tracing the History and Cultural Influences of Islam in Madagascar]&quot;, ''www.tandfonline.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3838347/ Tracing Arab-Islamic Inheritance in Madagascar]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ny Sorabe ===
Porofo tena manan-danja momba ny fifandraisana nisy teo amin' i Madagasikara sy ny [[Tontolo Silamo]] manodidina ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]] ny [[Sorabe]]. Fomba fanoratana ny teny malagasy amin' ny alalan' ny [[tarehin-tsoratra arabo]] izy io, izay voatahiry indrindra any amin' ny faritra atsimo-atsinanana amin' i Madagasikara, indrindra fa eo amin' ny vahoaka [[Antemoro]]. 

Ny sora-tanana sorabe dia vavolombelon' ny fifindran' ny lovantsofina sy fanao ara-pivavahana sy ara-tsaina, ary koa ny fidiran' ny faritra malagasy sasany ao anatin' ny tambajotram-pifanakalozana midadasika kokoa tao amin' ny Ranomasimbe Indianina.

Ny fivoaran' ny tambajotram-barotra tao amin' ny Ranomasimbe Indianina indrindraindrindra dia nanamora ny fisian' ny mponina mpiavy tany amin' ny faritra amorontsiraka sasany sy ny fipoiran' ny fomba toy ny fampiasana ny Sorabe, izay rafi-panoratana arabo nampifanarahina tamin' ny teny malagasy&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Chantal Radimilahy, &quot;[https://arkeologi.bokorder.se/en-US/article/3691/mahilaka? Mahilaka, An archaeological investigation of an early town in northwestern Madagascar]&quot;, ''arkeologi.bokorder.se''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ny Vazimba sy ny lovantsofina momba ny fiavian' ny Malagasy ==

=== Ny Vazimba ao amin' ny lovantsofina malagasy ===
Manana toerana lehibe eo amin' ny [[Lovantsofina am-bava|lovantsofina]] momba ny mponina voalohany any amin' ny faritra sasany eto [[Madagasikara]], indrindra fa ny Faritra Afovoany, ny [[Vazimba]]. Ao amin' ny fitantarana sy ny angano dia matetika izy ireo no aseho ho mponina nisy talohan' ny nipoiran' ny fanjaka-mpanjaka izay nivoatra tatỳ aoriana tany amin' iny faritra avo iny.

Na izany aza, ny teny hoe &quot;Vazimba&quot; dia tsy azo heverina hoazy ho vondron' olona biôlôjika voavaka tsara sy efa voamarim-piaviana mazava tsara ankehitriny.

Lohahevitra iray hafa ao amin' ity resaka ity ny lovantsofina momba ny Vazimba, nefa mbola iadian-kevitra ny mombamomba azy ireo ara-tantara sy ny fifandraisany amin' ny mponina voalohany teto Madagasikara ary miovaova isaky ny lovantsofina sy isam-paritra ny fiheverana azy ireo. Tsy mbola ahafaha-manohana ny fiheverana azy ireo ho vahoaka miavaka tanteraka amin' ny vondrona maromaro voalohany nandray anjara tamin' ny fiorenam-ponenan' ny mponina avy amin' ny vondrona aostrônezianina teto Madagasikara ny hevitra sy ny fanadihadiana maro ataon' ny manampahaizana ankehitriny&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Maurizio Serva sy Michele Pasquini, [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7531839/ ''Dialects of Madagascar''], ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Denis Pierron,  Harilanto Razafindrazaka, Luca Pagani, François-Xavier Ricaut, Tiago Antao, Mélanie Capredon, Clément Sambo, Chantal Radimilahy, Jean-Aimé Rakotoarisoa, Roger M Blench, Thierry Letellier, Toomas Kivisild, &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3903192/ Genome-wide evidence of Austronesian–Bantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter-gatherer group of Madagascar]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Angona arkeôlôjika sy ara-pototarazo ===
Mamelona indray ny fandalinana ireo vondron' olona antsoina hoe [[Vazimba]] ireo ny fikarohana arkeôlôjika vao haingana, indrindra amin' ny alalan' ny fandinihana ny toeram-ponenany sy ny fomba fanaony momba ny [[fandevenana]]. Mandinika ny mponina samihafa tao amin' ny Faritra Afovoan' i Madagasikara izay efa nisy talohan' ny fanitaram-panjakana merina na niara-nisy tamin' izany fotoana izany ny fandaharan' asa ''[[Mission archéologique France-Madagascar]]'' (MAFMAD) izay mikendry ny hampiaraka ny angona avy amin' ny [[arkeôlôjia]] sy momba ny [[fototarazo]] ary momba ny [[kolontsaina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://archeologie.culture.gouv.fr/monde/fr/vazimba-peuplement-malgache? Les Vazimba et le peuplement malgache]&quot;, Musée d'arhéologie nationale, ''archeologie.culture.gouv.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://aibl.fr/fouilles/mission-archeologique-france-madagascar-mafmad-dirigee-par-mme-harilanto-razafindrazaka/ Mission archéologique France-Madagascar (MAFMAD), dirigée par Mme Harilanto Razafindrazaka]&quot;, Académie des inscription et belles-lettres,''aibl.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Na izany aza, ny angona ara-pototarazo ankehitriny dia tsy ahafahana manamafy tsotra fotsiny fa taranaky ny mponina nisy talohan' ny vanim-potoan' ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostrônezianina]] na ny [[Banto (vahoaka)|Bantò]] ny Vazimba, ka ho namorona singa lehibe fahatelo teo amin' ny mponina malagasy. Tsara homarihina fa nisy fanadihadiana momba ny fototarazo (jenômika) natao tany amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i Madagasikara izay tsy nahitana porofo manondro ny mety ho fisian' ny fiaviana vazimba miavaka&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

=== Vinavina sy angona ara-tsiansa ===
Noho izany, raha miresaka momba ny Vazimba dia tsy maintsy avahana ny [[lovantsofina am-bava]], ny fandikana ara-tantara sy araka ny antrôpôlôjia ary ny angona ara-tsiansa. Mbola tsy afaka manova ny lovantsofina rehetra momba ny Vazimba ho lasa fehin-kevitra voamarina mikasika ny fiaviana ara-biôlôjian' ny vahoaka malagasy ny fikarohana ankehitriny&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;.

== Ny fahasamihafan' ny mponina sy ny fiforonan' ny maha Malagasy ==

=== Ny fahasamihafana misy eo amin' ny mponina malagasy ===

==== Fahasamihafana ara-pototarazo ====
Mampiseho fahasamihafana ara-pototarazo lehibe ny mponina eto Madagasikara, ary miovaova izany arakaraka ny faritra. Namaritra fifangaroan' ny fiaviana afrika sy aostrôneziana ny famakafakana ara-pototarazo natao tamin' ny vondron' olona nodinihina manerana ny Nosy, na dia tsy mitovy aza ny tahan' izany eo amin' ny vondrona samihafa&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. 

==== Fahasamihafana eo amin' ny fiteny ====
[[Sary:Map of Malagasy language dialects.svg|vignette|Sarintany maneho ny fitenim-paritra eto Madagasikara]]
Mampiseho fahasamihafana lehibe eo amin' ny [[Fitenim-paritra malagasy|fitenim-paritra]] ihany koa ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]], kanefa mitazona ny firaisany ao anatin' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fianakaviam-piteny aostrônezianina]]. Vokatry ny tantara ara-jeôgrafia sy ara-piarahamonin' ny mponina eto amin' ny Nosy indrindraindrindra ireo fahasamihafana eo amin' ny fitenim-paritra ireo&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Maurizio Serva, Michele Pasquini, &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7531839/ Dialects of Madagascar]&quot;, , PubMed Central, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;. 

==== Fahasamihafana arakaraka ny faritra ====
Mifamatotra amin' ny [[jeôgrafian' i Madagasikara]] ny fahasamihafana ara-biôlôjia sy ara-piteny ary ara-kolontsaina ankehitriny. Mety samy nanana ny tantarany manokana momba ny mponina ny vondrona any amin' ny Faritra Afovoany sy ny any amin' ny faritra amorontsiraka, kanefa nandray anjara hatrany tamin' ny fifandraisana nisy teo amin' izy ireo ny fifanakalozana anatiny&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. 

=== Ny fiforonan' ny maha-izy azy ny Malagasy ===
[[Sary:Ethno-linguistic map of Madagascar.jpg|vignette|Sarintany maneho ny vondrom-piarahamonina ara-piteny eto Madagasikara]]
Noho izany dia tsy avy amin' ny fototra ara-pirazanana ihany ny maha Malagasy ankehitriny. Voavolavolan' ny fiteny, ny fifanakalozana, ny rafitra ara-pôlitika, ny fomba amam-panao ary ny fifandraisana eo amin' ny vondrom-piarahamonina samihafa eto Madagasikara ihany koa izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;. 

Nandray anjara tamin' ny fifindran' ny mponina sy ny fiforonan' ny fifandraisana vaovao teo amin' ny vondrom-piarahamonina ihany koa ny rafitra ara-pôlitika (fanjakana, sns) izay nipoitra nandritra ny tantara. Raha ny marina dia asehon' ny fanadihadiana momba ny fototarazo fa nametraka marika teo amin' ny firafitry ny fototarazon' ny mponina sasany ankehitriny ny lafiny ara-jeôgrafia sy ny fiforonan' ny fanjakana&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

Ilaina àry ny manavaka ny tantaran' ny fiorenam-ponenan' ny mponina voalohany teto Madagasikara -- izay mahakasika ny fifindran-toerana sy ny fifangaroan' ny mponina -- sy ny tantaran' ny fiforonan' ny fiarahamonina malagasy samihafa, izay naharitra ela kokoa sady ahitana dingana ara-pôlitika sy ara-kolontsaina ihany koa&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. 

=== Fanontaniana mbola iadian-kevitra ===
[[Sary:Ethnic groups in Madagascar.png|vignette|Foko eto Madagasikara]]
Mbola misy lafin-javatra maro tsy mazava momba ny fahatongavana sy fiorenam-ponenan' ny mponina voalohany: ny daty marina nisian' ny [[fifindrà-monina]] samihafa voalohany mifandray amin' ny razamben' ny mponina ankehitriny, ny isan' ny fifindrà-monina, ny mombamomba ny vahoaka samihafa izay niaviana, ny lalana an-dranomasina narahina, ary ny toe-javatra nihaonan' ny mponina avy ao [[Afrika]] sy ny avy amin' ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostrônezianina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

Mbola lohahevitra anaovana fikarohana ihany koa ny mety ho fisian' ny olona teto talohan' ireo fifindrà-monina lehibe tamin' ny taonarivo voalohany ireo. Tsy mbola ahafahana mamaritra mazava tsara ny fifandraisana mety ho nisy teo amin' izany mponina tany am-boalohany izany sy ny mponina taty aoriana teto Madagasikara ny angona misy ankehitriny&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. 

Ny fikarohana hoavy, indrindra fa eo amin' ny sehatry ny [[arkeôlôjia]], ny paleôjenômika, ny [[haiteny ara-tantara]], ary ny fandalinana ny [[tontolo iainana]] tamin' ny vanim-potoana fahiny, dia tokony hanampy amin' ny fanatsarana sy fanadiovana ireo vinavina samihafa ireo. Efa manaporofo ny fikarohana vao haingana fa tsy azo takarina tsara ny fahatongavan' ny mponina teto Madagasikara raha tsy amin' ny alalan' ny fampitahana sy fampifandraisana karazana angona maro samihafa&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

=== Famaranana ===
Araka izany dia niforona tsikelikely ny maha Malagasy teo amin' ny fototra iray izay niorina indrindra tamin' ny kolontsaina aostrônezianina sy afrikanina, sady niampy singa avy amin' ny vahoaka hafa manodidina ny [[Ranomasimbe Indianina]] sy avy any [[Eorôpa]] taty aoriana&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Campbell (2019), ''[https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.325? The Peopling of Madagascar]'', Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History, ''doi.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Izany tantara izany no manazava ny fahasamihafana eo amin' ny lafiny biôlôjika sy ara-kolontsaina ananan' ny mponina eto Madagasikara, ary koa ny fisian' ny fiteny malagasy iraisana, izay anisan' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fianakaviam-piteny aostrônezianina]] ka anisan' ny porofo lehibe momba ny tantaran' ny fahatongavana sy ny fiorenam-ponenan' ny olona voalohany teto amin' ny Nosy&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Serva et al. (2012), &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3223632/ Malagasy dialects and the peopling of Madagascar]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]]
* [[Fiteny malagasy]]
* [[Fiteny baritô atsinanana|Vondrom-piteny baritô atsinanana]]
* [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|Fianakaviam-piteny aostrôneziana]]
* [[Tantaran' i Madagasikara]]
* [[Vazimba]]
* [[Lovantsofina am-bava]]

* [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostroneziana]]
* [[Banto (vahoaka)|Bantò]]
* [[Afrika Atsinanana]]
* [[Fifindrà-monina]]

* [[Fambolena eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Fiompiana eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Indran-teny afrikana ao amin' ny teny malagasy]]
* ''[[Mission archéologique France-Madagascar]]'' (MAFMAD)
* [[Haiteny ara-tantara]]

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==

* Adelaar, Alexander K. (1995). &quot;[[scholar:Alexander+Adelaar+Asian+Roots+of+the+Malagasy+Language+1995&amp;utm|Asian Roots of the Malagasy Language: A Linguistic Perspective]]&quot;, in ''Bijdragen tot de     Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde''. Leiden.
* Adelaar, Alexander K. (2018). &quot;[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/spirits-and-ships/who-were-the-first-malagasy-and-what-did-they-speak/FB1D39086A9D294A71E2CE42E018F01D? Who Were the First Malagasy, and What Did They Speak?]&quot;, in Andrea Acri, Roger Blench &amp; Alexandra Landmann (eds.), ''Spirits and Ships: Cultural Transfers in'' ''Early Monsoon Asia'', Singapore, ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute, p. 441–469. 
* Adhikari, K. et al. (2020). &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/bmsap/6903? Histoire démographiquedes ancêtres de la population malgache actuelle]&quot;, ''Bulletins et     Mémoires de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris''.
* Allibert, Claude (2008). &quot;[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/diogenes/article/abs/austronesian-migration-and-the-establishment-of-the-malagasy-civilization-contrasted-readings-in-linguistics-archaeology-genetics-and-cultural-anthropology/257B5DCFE7E02E1F8D0DDE5EF060B9A3? Austronesian Migration and the Establishment of the Malagasy Civilization: Contrasted     Readings in Linguistics, Archaeology, Genetics and Cultural Anthropology]&quot;, ''Diogenes'', 55(2), p. 7–16. DOI: 10.1177/0392192108090734.
* Beaujard, Philippe (2003). &quot;[https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?DB=p&amp;RID=28355858X&amp; Les arrivées austronésiennes à Madagascar : vagues ou continuum ?]&quot;, ''Études océan     Indien'', nos 35–36, p. 59–147. 
* Cox, Murray P. et al. (2012). &quot;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22438500/? A small cohort of Island Southeast Asian women founded Madagascar]&quot;, ''Proceedings of the Royal Society B'', 279(1739), p. 2761–2768. DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2012.0012. 
* Dahl, Otto Christian (1951). ''[https://books.google.com/books?q=Otto+Christian+Dahl+Malgache+et+Maanjan+1951&amp;utm Malgache et Maanjan : une comparaison linguistique]''. Oslo, Egede Instituttet. 
* Deschamps, Hubert (1961). ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Histoire_de_Madagascar.html?id=6F4wAQAAIAAJ&amp; Histoire de Madagascar]''. 2e éd., Paris, Berger-Levrault, 348 p. 
* Dewar, Robert E. &amp; Wright, Henry T. (1993). &quot;[[scholar:Dewar+Wright+Culture+History+of+Madagascar+1993&amp;|The Culture History of Madagascar]]&quot;, ''Journal of World Prehistory'', 7, p. 417–466.
* Ferrand, Gabriel (1908). &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bmsap_0037-8984_1909_num_10_1_8033? L'origine africaine des Malgaches]&quot;. ''Journal asiatique'', 10e série, t. XI, p. 353–500.
* Kent, Raymond K. (1970). ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Early_Kingdoms_in_Madagascar_1500_1700.html?id=UNvezQEACAAJ&amp; Early Kingdoms in Madagascar, 1500–1700]''. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 336 p. Google Books
* Minisiteran' ny Serasera sy ny Kolontsaina (2021). ''Ny Fiandohan''' ''ny Malagasy''. Antananarivo : Minisiteran' ny Serasera sy ny Kolontsaina.
* Minisiteran' ny Serasera sy ny Kolontsaina. (2023). ''Ny'' ''Loharano nipoiran' ny teny malagasy''. Antananarivo : Minisiteran' ny Serasera sy ny Kolontsaina.
* Pierron, Denis et al. (2017). &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5559028/? Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar]&quot;, ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'', 114(32), p. E6498–E6506. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704906114. PMC – lahatsoratra feno
* Radimilahy, Marie de Chantal (1998). ''[https://arkeologi.bokorder.se/en-US/article/3691/mahilaka? Mahilaka: An Archaeological Investigation of an Early Town in Northwestern Madagascar]''. Uppsala, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Studies in African Archaeology 15, 293 p., &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-91-506-1313-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Razafindrazaka, Harilanto et al. (2021). &quot;[https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R72/6106232? Genetic evidence and historical theories of the Asian and  African origins of the present Malagasy population]&quot;, ''Human Molecular Genetics'', 30(R1), p. R72–R78. DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab018. Oxford Academic
* Ricaut, François-X. et al. (2009). &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2164-10-605? A new deep branch of Eurasian mtDNA macrohaplogroup M reveals additional complexity regarding the settlement of Madagascar]&quot;, ''BMC Genomics'', 10, article 605. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-605.

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>tnkyhsptn1tuon3kmqg19ff5ckfd05a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1152751</id>
      <parentid>1152749</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-01T15:28:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Rohy anatiny</comment>
      <origin>1152751</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41031" sha1="s30e7t70fj5qb7ihk0sw8yxskk19nwb" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Pirogue Malgache.jpg|vignette|373x373px|Lakana misy fanary any [[Morondava]]]]
Ny '''fiavian'''' '''ny Malagasy''' dia vokatry ny dingana lava sy sarotra momba ny [[fifindrà-monina]] sy ny fifandraisana ary ny fifangaroan' ny mponina tao amin' ny faritry ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Pierron, Denis ; Razafindrazary, Harilala ; et al. (2019). &quot;[https://shs.cairn.info/revue-corps-2019-1-page-187?lang=fr Le peuplement humain de Madagascar et son histoire : synthèse et hypothèses]&quot;. ''Corps'', 2019(1), p. 187–194.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Pierron, D. et al. (2016/2017). &quot;Malagasy Genetic Ancestry Comes from an Historical Malay Trading Post&quot;. ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' / famintinana ao amin' ny ''The Conversation'' : &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4989113/ How the Banjar people of Borneo became ancestors of the Malagasy and Comorian people]&quot;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Manondro indrindra ny fisian' ny singa [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|aostrônezianina]] sy [[Afrikana (vahoaka)|afrikana]] tamin' ny fiforonan' ny mponina malagasy ny fikarohana [[Haitsikerafiteny|ara-piteny]] sy ara-[[Fototarazo|pototarazo]] ary [[Arkeôlôjia|arkeôlôjika]], ka tsy azo heverina ho vokatry ny fifindrà-monina tokana izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Pierron, D. et al. (2017). &quot;[https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1704906114 Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar]&quot;. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)'', 114(34), E7063–E7071.&quot;,&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Brucato, N. et al. (2021). &quot;[https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R72/6106232?login=false Genetic evidence and historical theories of the Asian and African origins of the present Malagasy population]&quot;. ''Human Molecular Genetics'', 30(R1), R72–R81.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;INSTAT (Madagascar). ''[https://www.instat.mg/documents/upload/main/INSTAT-RGPH3_MigrationMadagascar.pdf Le peuplement de Madagascar s’est caractérisé par différentes vagues de migration].'' Document de présentation du RGPH‑3.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ao anatin' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fianakaviam-piteny aostrônezianina]] ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] ary manana fifandraisana akaiky amin' ny fiteny sasany any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]], indrindra any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i [[Bôrneô]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Brucato, N. et al. (2016). &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/srep26066 Contrasting Linguistic and Genetic Origins of the Asian Source Populations of Malagasy]&quot;. ''Scientific Reports'', 6, 26066.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Adelaar, K. Alexander &amp; Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. (dir.) (2005/2013). ''[https://academic.oup.com/book/58197/chapter-abstract/481314526?login=false&amp;redirectedFrom=fulltext The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar]''. Routledge.&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;. Na izany aza dia manondro fifandraisana amin' ny mponina maro samihafa avy any Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana ny fikarohana ara-pototarazo, ka tsy mbola azo faritana amin' ny fomba mazava fa vondrom-poko iray manokana no niavian' ny razambe aziatikan' ny Malagasy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Pierron et al. (2014). ''[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4373124/ Mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome suggest the settlement of Madagascar by Indonesian sea nomad populations]''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Lipson et al. (2016). ''[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4870696/ Contrasting Linguistic and Genetic Origins of the Asian Source Populations of Malagasy]''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Misy ihany koa ny singa ara-pototarazo afrikana lehibe eo amin' ny Malagasy, izay mifandray indrindra amin' ny mponina avy ao [[Afrika Atsinanana]] sy [[Faritra Atsimo ao Afrika|Atsimo]], ary miovaova ny tahan' izany arakaraka ny faritra sy ny mponina eto Madagasikara&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Pierron et al., 2018, ''[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03342-5? Strong selection during the last millennium for African ancestry in the admixed population of Madagascar]''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Tsara homarihina fa ny fanadihadiana momba ny fototarazo natao tamin' olona miisa 2&amp;nbsp;704 tamin' ny tanàna 257 dia naneho fa ny mponina malagasy manerana ny Nosy dia ahitana singa avy ao Afrika sy any Aostrôneziana, na dia miovaova aza ny tahan' izany ary misy fizaràna ara-jeôgrafika miavaka tsara&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R72/6106232? Genetic evidence and historical theories of the Asian and African origins of the present Malagasy population]&quot;, ''academic.oup.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Noho izany, tsy maintsy avahana ny fiforonan' ny mponina malagasy sy ny niandohan' ny teny malagasy, ary koa ny fiforonan' ny vondrom-piarahamonina sy ny maha-izy azy manokana isam-paritra taty aoriana teto Madagasikara. Mbola misy fanontaniana maro tsy mbola voavaha mikasika ny fotoana sy ny lalana nodiavina ary ny fomba nenti-nanatanterahana ireo fifindrà-monina ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;.

== Famaritana sy petrak' olana ==

=== Ny hoe &quot;fiavian' ny Malagasy&quot; ===
Mety hanondro fanontaniana samihafa maro ny andian-teny hoe &quot;fiavian' ny Malagasy&quot;: ny toerana niavian' ny vahoaka razambe, ny fotoana nahatongavan' izy ireo teto [[Madagasikara]], ny fiforonan' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]], ny fifangaroan' ny mponina, ary, taty aoriana, ny fiforonan' ny fiarahamonina sy ny maha-izy azy ny Malagasy. Tsy voatery hitondra any amin' ny valiny mitovy ireo fanontaniana ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;.

Ahafahana mandinika, ankoatra ny zavatra hafa, ny razambe nipoiran' ny mponina ny fandalinana momba ny fototarazo; mampahalala ny momba ny tantaran' ny fiteny kosa ny [[Haitsikerafiteny|haifiteny]], ary ny arkeôlôjia dia mandinika ny soritra azo tsapain-tanana navelan' ny mponina tamin' ny andro fahiny. Tsy misy amin' ireo taranja ireo ny ampy hamerenana indray ny tantara manontolo momba ny fahatongavana syny fiorenam-ponenan' ny mponina voalohany teto Madagasikara&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Claude Allibert, &quot;[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/diogenes/article/abs/austronesian-migration-and-the-establishment-of-the-malagasy-civilization-contrasted-readings-in-linguistics-archaeology-genetics-and-cultural-anthropology/257B5DCFE7E02E1F8D0DDE5EF060B9A3? Austronesian Migration and the Establishment of the Malagasy Civilization: Contrasted Readings in Linguistics, Archaeology, Genetics and Cultural Anthropology]&quot;, ''www.cambridge.org'', 01/01/2024&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fiforonana vokatry ny fifindrà-monina sy ny fifandraisana maro samihafa ===
Araka ny angona momba ny [[fototarazo]] dia avy amin' ny vondrona maro mifandray amin' ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|vahoaka aostrônezianina]] avy any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]] sy ny [[Banto (vahoaka)|vahoaka bantò]] avy ao [[Afrika]] ny mponina ankehitriny eto Madagasikara. Asehon' izany koa fa tsy mitovy ny fandraisana anaran' ireo fiaviana ireo manerana ny Nosy&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Noho izany toe-javatra izany dia tsy ampy hanazavana ny zava-misy ny fiheverana fa niforona fotsiny avy amin' ny fahatongavan' ny &quot;vahoaka roa&quot; niaraka ny mponina. Mifanohitra amin' izany, ny fanadihadiana ara-pototarazo dia manondro fa nisy ny fahatongavana sy ny fifangaroana nifanesy sy tsy nitovy karazana narahin' ny fifindran-toerana sy fifanakalozana anatiny ihany koa izay nandray anjara tamin' ny fahasamihafana isam-paritra eto Madagasikara&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Angon-drakitra arkeôlôjika sy fahatongavan' ny mponina ==

=== Ny soritra voalohany indrindra amin' ny fisian' ny olombelona teto ===
Mbola iadian-kevitra ny daty nahatongavan' ny olona voalohany teto [[Madagasikara]]. Nanatsoaka hevitra ny famakafakana lalina momba ny daty maromaro azo tamin' ny fomba fandrefesana amin' ny [[radiôkarbônina]] fa efa nisy olona teto farafahakeliny 2&amp;nbsp;000 taona lasa izay; ekena ihany koa anefa ny mety ho fisian' izany talohan' io fotoana io, na dia mbola tsy azo faritana mazava tsara ny endrik' izany mety ho fisiana tany am-boalohany izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379119303282?utm_source=chatgpt.com A critical review of radiocarbon dates clarifies the human settlement of Madagascar]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com'',&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;.

Nisy fikarohana taloha kokoa izay nanondro porofo momba ny fisian' ny asa nataon' ny olombelona tamin' ny fotoana lavitra kokoa, indrindra fa raha ifotorana ny diam-pamakiana hita teo amin' ny taolan' ny vorombe (''[[Aepyornithidae]]''). Na izany aza dia mbola iadian-kevitra ny fomba fandraisana ny sasany amin' ireo daty ireo sy ny fifandraisany amin' ny fisian' ny olombelona tamin' izany fotoana izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

Noho izany dia ilaina ny manavaka ny mety ho fisian' ny olona tany am-boalohany sy ny fahatongavan' ny vahoaka nipoiran' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] ankehitriny. Raha ny marina dia mampifandray ny razamben' ny Malagasy ankehitriny amin' ny fifindrà-monina vao haingana kokoa -- izay nitranga indrindra nandritra ny arivo taona voalohany tamin' ny vanim-potoana ankehitriny -- ny angona ara-piteny sy ara-pototarazo&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Alexander Adelaar, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/spirits-and-ships/who-were-the-first-malagasy-and-what-did-they-speak/FB1D39086A9D294A71E2CE42E018F01D? Who Were the First Malagasy, and What Did They Speak?], ''www.cambridge.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ny andiam-piorenam-ponenana voalohany sy ny fiovana teo amin' ny Nosy ===
Manambara ny fitomboan' ny fiorenam-ponenan' ny olona tsikelikely nandritra ny [[taonarivo]] voalohany sy indrindra fa  tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonarivo faharoa, ny angona arkeôlôjika. Mifandray amin' io vanim-potoana io nahatongavan' ny olona niiorim-ponenana io ny fiovana nisy teo amin' ny tontolo iainana, ny fipoiran' ny fomba fambolena sy fiompiana vaovao, ary ny fivoaran' ny toeram-ponenan' ny olona&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248404000843? A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com'',&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379119303282? A critical review of radiocarbon dates clarifies the human settlement of Madagascar]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Na izany aza dia tsy ahafahana manondro mivantana foana ny toerana na ny fomba fanao iray ho an' ny vahoaka sokajina ho &quot;aostrônezianina&quot; na &quot;afrikanina&quot; ny fikarohana arkeôlôjika. Mety hifindra avy amin' ny vondron' olona iray mankany amin' ny iray hafa mantsy ny zavatra sy ny teknika ary ny fomba amam-panao ara-kolontsaina, ka tsy voatery hifanaraka amin' ny fetra ara-biôlôjia&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;.

== Ny singa aostrônezianina ==

=== Ny teny malagasy ===
[[Sary:Langues austronésiennes.png|vignette|376x376px|Sarintany maneho ny fielezan' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fiteny aostrônezianina]] ankehitriny.]]
Fiteny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|aostônezianina]] ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. Raha ny marina kokoa dia anisan' ny vondrom-piteny &quot;Barito Atsimo-Atsinanana&quot; izy io, ka ny fiteny ankoatr' io dia ampiasaina indrindra any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i [[Bôrneô|Borneo]]. Tondro lehibe mahakasika ny fiaviana [[aziatika]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' ny sasany amin' ny razamben' ny vahoaka malagasy io fifanakaikezana ara-piteny io&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Adelaar, Alexander (2021) &quot;[https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/wacana/vol22/iss1/5/ South Borneo as an ancient Sprachbund area],&quot; ''Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia'': Vol. 22: No. 1, Article 5. DOI: 10.17510/wacana.v22i1.963&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nasehon' ny fikarohana ara-piteny fa misy fitoviana maro amin' ny fiteny any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i Borneo, indrindra fa ny [[fiteny maaniany]], ny fiteny malagasy. Na izany aza dia tsy midika izany fifandraisana ara-piteny izany fa taranaky ny [[Maaniany (vahoaka)|vahoaka]] [[Maaniany (vahoaka)|maaniany]] ankehitriny tsotra izao ny [[Malagasy]]; fa kosa, manondro tantara iraisana na fifandraisana akaiky amin' ny vahoaka razambe izany, izay mbola mila hazavaina tsara ny tena firafetany&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://lpan.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?history=all&amp;id=215&amp;sort=word_id&amp;utm Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database - Language: Ma'anyan]&quot;, ''lpan.eva.mpg.de''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

=== Ny fiaviana ara-jeôgrafian' ity singa ity ===
Amin' izao fotoana izao, heverina ho iray amin' ny faritra mety ho loharano nipoiran' ny fitenin' ny razambe aostrônezianan' ny vahoaka malagasy ny faritra atsimo amin' i [[Bôrneô|Borneo]]. Nasongadin' ny fikarohana momba ny teny ihany koa ny fisian' ny fiantraikan' ny [[Fiteny malay|fiteny maley]] sy [[fiteny javaney]], izay azo inoana fa nateraky ny fifandraisana nisy taloha kelin' ny fifindrà-monina nankany amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]] na nandritra izany fotoana izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

Manondro zavatra mitovy amin' izany ihany ny angona ara-pototarazo. Nahita ny fanadihadiana momba ny fototarazo (fanadihadiana jenômika raha ny marina kokoa) natao manerana an' i [[Madagasikara]] fa ny mponina avy any [[Indônezia]], indrindra fa ireo avy any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i Borneo, no mponin' i Azia izay mitovy singa maro ara-pototarazo betsaka indrindra amin' ny Malagasy nanaovana fandinihina&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

=== Fifindrà-monina sy kolontsaina ===
[[Sary:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific.svg|vignette|475x475px|Fandaminana ara-potoana momba ny fielezan' ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostrônezianina]].]]
Tsy vitan' ny hoe namela soritra teo amin' ny lafiny fiteny fotsiny ny fifindrà-monin' ny Aostrônezianina. Misy lafiny maro amin' ny kolontsaina azo tsapain-tanana sy ny fomba [[Fambolena eto Madagasikara|fambolena malagasy]] izay ampifandraisina amin' i [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]] (ny nosy maro ao amin' io faritra io), saingy tsy maintsy tandremana ny mety ho filazana fa avy amin' ny onjam-pifindra-monina iray manokana ny fanao iray. Manantitrantitra tokoa ny mpikaroka maro fa mety hiampita, hiova, na hamoronana indray ireo fanao ireo rehefa tonga teto Madagasikara&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Claude Allibert, &quot;[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/diogenes/article/abs/austronesian-migration-and-the-establishment-of-the-malagasy-civilization-contrasted-readings-in-linguistics-archaeology-genetics-and-cultural-anthropology/257B5DCFE7E02E1F8D0DDE5EF060B9A3? Austronesian Migration and the Establishment of the Malagasy Civilization: Contrasted Readings in Linguistics, Archaeology, Genetics and Cultural Anthropology]&quot;, ''Cambridge University Press'':  01/01/2024&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Nandray anjara tamin' ny fampielezana teknika sy fomba fanao, toy ny fitondrana [[lakana]] misy fanarina (hazo fanampiny natao tsy hahamora mivadika ny lakana) sy fomba [[fambolem-bary]] manokana, ny mponina avy amin' io faritra io&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Beaujard, Philippe (2012). &quot;[https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00706173 The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence]&quot;. ''HAL‑SHS''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;ABC News (2016). &quot;[https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2016-05-31/ancient-rice-could-solve-mystery-of-madagascan-origins/7460198 Ancient rice could solve mystery of Madagascan origins]&quot;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Araka izany dia mifanojo ny taranja samihafa eo amin' ny fanamafisana ny fisian' ny singa aostrônezianina manan-danja, saingy mbola tsy ahafahana mamerina amin' ny fomba azo antoka ny fizotran' ny fifindrà-monina tokana nahitana vahoaka mitovy endrika sy toetra izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;. 

== Ny singa afrikana ==

=== Fiaviana afrikana ===
Mampiseho ny fanadihadiana ara-pototatazo fa singa lehibe eo amin' ny firafitry ny fototarazon' ny vahoaka malagasy ny fiaviana afrikanina. Anisan' ny vondro-mponina akaiky indrindra amin' izany ny [[Banto (vahoaka)|vahoaka bantò]] ao [[Afrika Atsinanana]] sy [[Faritra Atsimo ao Afrika|Atsimo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

Tao anatin' ilay fanadihadiana momba ny fototarazo natao tamin' ny olona miisa 2&amp;nbsp;704, dia nahatratra 59 % eo ho eo ny salanisan' ny fiaviana afrikana ary 37 % eo ho eo ny an' ny fiaviana aziatika, raha toa ka ambany lavitra kosa ny anjara tahan' ny fiaviana [[Eorazia|eoraziana]] andrefana. Maneho salanisa ho an' ny olona nofantenana sy nodinihina ireo tarehimarika ireo, ka tsy tokony hoheverina ho maneho fa mitovy amin' izany ny tahan' ny fiaviana ho an' ny vahoaka manontolo eto Madagasikara&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

=== Fandraisana anjara miovaova arakaraka ny faritra ===
Tsy mitovy ny fandraisana anjaran' ny singa afrikana manerana ny Nosy. Ilay fikarohana voalaza eo ambony ihany koa dia nahita singa [[aziatika]] betsaka kokoa tamin' ny mponina sasany any amin' ny Faritra Afovoany eto Madagasikara ary amin' ny ankapobeny dia singa afrikana betsaka kokoa tamin' ny mponina amorontsiraka maro, izay nahitana fiovaovana isan-toerana&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. 

Mampiseho ny antony tsy ahafahana mampihatra amin' i Madagasikara manontolo ny vokatra azo avy amin' ny faritra iray ihany izany fiovaovana izany . Ny fahasamihafan' ny fototarazo ankehitriny dia vokatry ny endrika ara-jeôgrafian' ny Nosy sy ny fifindran' ny mponina ary ny tantaran' ny fiforonan' ny vondrom-piarahamonina sy [[Fanjakà-mpanjaka teto Madagasikara|fanjakana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. 

=== Ny fiantraika afrikana teo amin' ny fiteny sy ny kolontsaina ===
Aao ansan' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fianakaviam-piteny aôstronezianina]] ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] raha ny firafitra no heverina, saingy efa naninteraka azy io ny fiteny afrikanina sy ny fiteny hafa ao amin' ny faritra manodidina ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]]. Na izany aza dia tsy maintsy avahana ny fisian' ny voambolana na fomba amam-panao avy ao [[Afrika]] sy ny fiaviana biôlôjika: mety hiparitaka ny fomba amam-panao iray na dia tsy misy fifindrà-monina lehibe aza&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Ahitana [[Indran-teny afrikana ao amin' ny teny malagasy|indran-teny afrikana maro ny voambolana malagasy]], ary maro ihany koa ny fomba amam-panao ara-piarahamonina sy ara-toekarena, indrindra fa ireo mifandraika amin' ny [[fiompiana omby]], izay manaporofo ny fisian' ny fifandraisana tamin' ny kôntinantan' i [[Afrika]] hatry ny ela&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Roger Blench, ''[https://pnglanguages.sil.org/resources/archives/42070? &quot;The Austronesians in Madagascar and their interaction with the Bantu of the East African coast]&quot;''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8982424/ The genetic history of Mayotte and Madagascar cattle breeds mirrors the complex pattern of human exchanges in Western Indian Ocean]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Araka izany dia manambara tantaram-pfandraisana sy tantaram-pampifanarahana ny angona ara-kolontsaina sy ara-pototrazo, fa tsy voatery ho fifampifanilan' ny vondrona ara-kolontsaina roa izay heverina ho efa nisy taloha fotsiny&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Ny fifangaroan' ny mponina sy ny fiforonan' ny mponina teto Madagasikara ==

=== Fangaro tsy ranoray ===
[[Sary:Dance traditionnelle sakalava 13.jpg|vignette|272x272px|Lanonana ahitana dihy nentim-paharazana sakalava]]
Araka ny asehon' ny fanadihadiana jenômika dia azo inoana fa tsy nifangaro tao amin' ny toerana iray ny razambe afrikana sy aostrôneziana talohan' ny nahatongavany teto [[Madagasikara]]. Manondro fizotram-piorenam-ponenana sy fifangaroana tsy ranoray kosa ny fitsinjarana ara-jeôgrafian' ireo razambe ireo sy ny fahasamihafan' ny lova ara-pototarazo avy amin-dreny sy avy amin-dray ary ny avy amin-dray sy reny&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Ny fanadihadiana iray momba ny firafitry ny fototarazo manontolon' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] dia nanatsoaka hevitra indrindra fa toa tonga teto [[Madagasikara]] nisaraka ny vondron' olona afrikanina sy aziatika talohan' ny nifangaroany, ka samy hafa ny fomba nifangaroan' izy ireo arakaraka ny faritra nisy azy teto amin' ny Nosy&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

=== Tantara novolavolain' ny fifindrà-monina anatiny ===
Taorian' ny fiorenam-ponenana voalohany dia nanohy nifindrafindra toerana teto amin' ny Nosy ny mponina tao aminy. Nandray anjara tamin' ny firafitry ny fototarazon' ny mponina ankehitriny ny endriky ny tany, ny fifanakalozana ara-barotra, ny vondrona pôlitika ary ny fifindran-toeran' ny vondrom-piarahamonina samihafa tao aminy&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. 

Io tantara io dia manazava amin' ny ampahany ny antony mahatonga ny vondrona malagasy roa avy amin' ny faritra samihafa hanana taham-piaviana afrikanina sy aziatika tena miavaka tsara&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. 

=== Mponina avy amin' ny singa maro samihafa ===
Noho izany dia mitombina kokoa ny firesahana momba ny mponina malagasy izay niforona vokatry ny [[fifindrà-monina]] maro samihafa sy ny fifangaroana ary ny fiovana teo amin' ny tantara, toy izay ny mitady vondrona roa izay heverina ho niforonan' ny vahoaka nisy fifangaroana ranoray. Manamafy ny fisian' ny singa fototra afrikanina sy aostrônezianina ny angona rehetra misy, saingy mbola tsy ahafahana mamerina amin' ny antsipiriany tanteraka ny fizotran' ny fiorenam-ponenan' ny mponina voalohany teto izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

== Ny fiteny sy ny fifandraisana amin' ny tontolo ivelany ==

=== Ny teny malagasy ===

==== Fiteny aostrônezianina ====
Anisan' ny [[Fiteny baritô atsinanana|vondrona baritô atsimo-atsinanana]] ao amin' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fianakaviam-piteny]] [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|aostrônezianina]] ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. Mifototra amin' ny fifandraisana ara-drafitra eo amin' ny teny malagasy sy ny fiteny maro mpihavana aminy any faritra atsimo amin' i [[Bôrneô|Borneo]] io fanasokajiana io, fa tsy amin' ny fitoviana ara-[[Voambolana|boambolana]] vitsivitsy fotsiny.

==== Fiteny niharan' ny fiteny avy any amin' ny faritra maro ====
Nahazo singa avy amin' ny [[Fiteny malay|fiteny maley]] sy [[Fiteny javaney|javaney]] ihany koa ny teny malagasy, ary ahitana [[voanteny]] nindramina izay mifandray amin' ny tantaran' ny varotra tao amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]]. Mety ho tamin' ny alalan' ny teny maley na javaney no nampisy ny fiantraikany sasany avy any [[Azia Atsimo]], fa tsy avy mivantana avy tamin' ny [[fiteny any India]]. 

Maneho ny fifandraisana nifanesy nandritra ny tantara ny fisian' ny singa ara-boambolana avy amin' ny loharano [[Fiteny aty Afrika|afrikanina]], [[Fiteny arabo|arabo]], [[Fiteny persana|persiana]], [[Fiteny any India|indiana]] na [[Fiteny ao Eorôpa|eorôpeanina]], ary tsy manohintohina ny fanasokajiana ny teny malagasy ho anisan' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fianakaviam-piteny aostrônezianina]] izany. 

=== I Madagasikara sy ny tambajotra tao amin' ny Ranomasimbe Indianina ===
Tafiditra tsikelikely tao anatin' ny tambajotram-pifandraisana an-dranomasina manerana ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]] i Madagasikara. Ny fikarohana [[Arkeôlôjia|arkeôlôjika]] momba ny toeram-ponenana amorontsiraka eto Madagasikara, indrindra fa any avaratra-andrefana, dia manambara fisian' ny fifandraisana tamin' ny [[Tamba-nosin' i Kômôro|Vondro-nosy Kômôro]], tamin' ny morontsirak' i [[Afrika Atsinanana]], tamin' i [[Saikanosin' i Arabia|Arabia]], ary tamin' ny faritra hafa manodidina ny Ranomasimbe Indianina nandritra ny [[taonarivo]]  faharoa.

Niteraka fifindran' ny olona, ny entam-barotra, ny teknika ary ny hevitra ireo fifanakalozana ireo. Na izany aza dia tsy tokony hafangaro amin' ny fifindrà-monina lehibe izay nandray anjara tamin' ny fiforonan' ny vahoaka malagasy tany am-boalohany izany.

Nifandray tamin' ny tantsambo sy mpivarotra avy any amin' ny [[Tontolo Arabo]] sy avy any [[Persia]] ary avy any [[India]] ihany koa ny mponina teto Madagasikara. Hita amin' ny alalan' ny [[arkeôlôjia]] sy ny loharano an-tsoratra izany fifandraisana izany, indrindra nanomboka tamin' ny taonarivo voalohany sy faharoa, ary nisy koa ny fifandraisana taty aoriana tamin' ny [[Eorôpeana (vahoaka)|Eorôpeanina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/worlds-of-the-indian-ocean/madagascar-the-development-of-trading-ports-and-the-interior/61BEA9736498F542D21C7776E90194FC? Madagascar: The Development of Trading Ports and the Interior]&quot;, Cambridge University, ''www.cambridge.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter-abstract/553416714? Africans in the Indian Ocean World]&quot;, Oxford Research Encyclopedia, ''academic.oup.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nisy fiantraikany teo amin' ny [[Kolontsaina malagasy|kolontsaina]], teo amin' ny [[Fivavahan-drazana malagasy|fivavahana]], tamin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|fiteny]], ary, na dia kely kokoa aza, teo amin' ny firafitry ny mponina izany fifandraisana izany&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;von Sicard, &quot;[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13602004.2011.556891? Malagasy Islam: Tracing the History and Cultural Influences of Islam in Madagascar]&quot;, ''www.tandfonline.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3838347/ Tracing Arab-Islamic Inheritance in Madagascar]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ny Sorabe ===
Porofo tena manan-danja momba ny fifandraisana nisy teo amin' i Madagasikara sy ny [[Tontolo Silamo]] manodidina ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]] ny [[Sorabe]]. Fomba fanoratana ny teny malagasy amin' ny alalan' ny [[tarehin-tsoratra arabo]] izy io, izay voatahiry indrindra any amin' ny faritra atsimo-atsinanana amin' i Madagasikara, indrindra fa eo amin' ny vahoaka [[Antemoro]]. 

Ny sora-tanana sorabe dia vavolombelon' ny fifindran' ny lovantsofina sy fanao ara-pivavahana sy ara-tsaina, ary koa ny fidiran' ny faritra malagasy sasany ao anatin' ny tambajotram-pifanakalozana midadasika kokoa tao amin' ny Ranomasimbe Indianina.

Ny fivoaran' ny tambajotram-barotra tao amin' ny Ranomasimbe Indianina indrindraindrindra dia nanamora ny fisian' ny mponina mpiavy tany amin' ny faritra amorontsiraka sasany sy ny fipoiran' ny fomba toy ny fampiasana ny Sorabe, izay rafi-panoratana arabo nampifanarahina tamin' ny teny malagasy&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Chantal Radimilahy, &quot;[https://arkeologi.bokorder.se/en-US/article/3691/mahilaka? Mahilaka, An archaeological investigation of an early town in northwestern Madagascar]&quot;, ''arkeologi.bokorder.se''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ny Vazimba sy ny lovantsofina momba ny fiavian' ny Malagasy ==

=== Ny Vazimba ao amin' ny lovantsofina malagasy ===
Manana toerana lehibe eo amin' ny [[Lovantsofina am-bava|lovantsofina]] momba ny mponina voalohany any amin' ny faritra sasany eto [[Madagasikara]], indrindra fa ny Faritra Afovoany, ny [[Vazimba]]. Ao amin' ny fitantarana sy ny angano dia matetika izy ireo no aseho ho mponina nisy talohan' ny nipoiran' ny fanjaka-mpanjaka izay nivoatra tatỳ aoriana tany amin' iny faritra avo iny.

Na izany aza, ny teny hoe &quot;Vazimba&quot; dia tsy azo heverina hoazy ho vondron' olona biôlôjika voavaka tsara sy efa voamarim-piaviana mazava tsara ankehitriny.

Lohahevitra iray hafa ao amin' ity resaka ity ny lovantsofina momba ny Vazimba, nefa mbola iadian-kevitra ny mombamomba azy ireo ara-tantara sy ny fifandraisany amin' ny mponina voalohany teto Madagasikara ary miovaova isaky ny lovantsofina sy isam-paritra ny fiheverana azy ireo. Tsy mbola ahafaha-manohana ny fiheverana azy ireo ho vahoaka miavaka tanteraka amin' ny vondrona maromaro voalohany nandray anjara tamin' ny fiorenam-ponenan' ny mponina avy amin' ny vondrona aostrônezianina teto Madagasikara ny hevitra sy ny fanadihadiana maro ataon' ny manampahaizana ankehitriny&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Maurizio Serva sy Michele Pasquini, [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7531839/ ''Dialects of Madagascar''], ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Denis Pierron,  Harilanto Razafindrazaka, Luca Pagani, François-Xavier Ricaut, Tiago Antao, Mélanie Capredon, Clément Sambo, Chantal Radimilahy, Jean-Aimé Rakotoarisoa, Roger M Blench, Thierry Letellier, Toomas Kivisild, &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3903192/ Genome-wide evidence of Austronesian–Bantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter-gatherer group of Madagascar]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Angona arkeôlôjika sy ara-pototarazo ===
Mamelona indray ny fandalinana ireo vondron' olona antsoina hoe [[Vazimba]] ireo ny fikarohana arkeôlôjika vao haingana, indrindra amin' ny alalan' ny fandinihana ny toeram-ponenany sy ny fomba fanaony momba ny [[fandevenana]]. Mandinika ny mponina samihafa tao amin' ny Faritra Afovoan' i Madagasikara izay efa nisy talohan' ny fanitaram-panjakana merina na niara-nisy tamin' izany fotoana izany ny fandaharan' asa ''[[Mission archéologique France-Madagascar]]'' (MAFMAD) izay mikendry ny hampiaraka ny angona avy amin' ny [[arkeôlôjia]] sy momba ny [[fototarazo]] ary momba ny [[kolontsaina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://archeologie.culture.gouv.fr/monde/fr/vazimba-peuplement-malgache? Les Vazimba et le peuplement malgache]&quot;, Musée d'arhéologie nationale, ''archeologie.culture.gouv.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://aibl.fr/fouilles/mission-archeologique-france-madagascar-mafmad-dirigee-par-mme-harilanto-razafindrazaka/ Mission archéologique France-Madagascar (MAFMAD), dirigée par Mme Harilanto Razafindrazaka]&quot;, Académie des inscription et belles-lettres,''aibl.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Na izany aza, ny angona ara-pototarazo ankehitriny dia tsy ahafahana manamafy tsotra fotsiny fa taranaky ny mponina nisy talohan' ny vanim-potoan' ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostrônezianina]] na ny [[Banto (vahoaka)|Bantò]] ny Vazimba, ka ho namorona singa lehibe fahatelo teo amin' ny mponina malagasy. Tsara homarihina fa nisy fanadihadiana momba ny fototarazo (jenômika) natao tany amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i Madagasikara izay tsy nahitana porofo manondro ny mety ho fisian' ny fiaviana vazimba miavaka&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

=== Vinavina sy angona ara-tsiansa ===
Noho izany, raha miresaka momba ny Vazimba dia tsy maintsy avahana ny [[lovantsofina am-bava]], ny fandikana ara-tantara sy araka ny antrôpôlôjia ary ny angona ara-tsiansa. Mbola tsy afaka manova ny lovantsofina rehetra momba ny Vazimba ho lasa fehin-kevitra voamarina mikasika ny fiaviana ara-biôlôjian' ny vahoaka malagasy ny fikarohana ankehitriny&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;.

== Ny fahasamihafan' ny mponina sy ny fiforonan' ny maha Malagasy ==

=== Ny fahasamihafana misy eo amin' ny mponina malagasy ===

==== Fahasamihafana ara-pototarazo ====
Mampiseho fahasamihafana ara-pototarazo lehibe ny mponina eto Madagasikara, ary miovaova izany arakaraka ny faritra. Namaritra fifangaroan' ny fiaviana afrika sy aostrôneziana ny famakafakana ara-pototarazo natao tamin' ny vondron' olona nodinihina manerana ny Nosy, na dia tsy mitovy aza ny tahan' izany eo amin' ny vondrona samihafa&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. 

==== Fahasamihafana eo amin' ny fiteny ====
[[Sary:Map of Malagasy language dialects.svg|vignette|Sarintany maneho ny fitenim-paritra eto Madagasikara]]
Mampiseho fahasamihafana lehibe eo amin' ny [[Fitenim-paritra malagasy|fitenim-paritra]] ihany koa ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]], kanefa mitazona ny firaisany ao anatin' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fianakaviam-piteny aostrônezianina]]. Vokatry ny tantara ara-jeôgrafia sy ara-piarahamonin' ny mponina eto amin' ny Nosy indrindraindrindra ireo fahasamihafana eo amin' ny fitenim-paritra ireo&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Maurizio Serva, Michele Pasquini, &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7531839/ Dialects of Madagascar]&quot;, , PubMed Central, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;. 

==== Fahasamihafana arakaraka ny faritra ====
Mifamatotra amin' ny [[jeôgrafian' i Madagasikara]] ny fahasamihafana ara-biôlôjia sy ara-piteny ary ara-kolontsaina ankehitriny. Mety samy nanana ny tantarany manokana momba ny mponina ny vondrona any amin' ny Faritra Afovoany sy ny any amin' ny faritra amorontsiraka, kanefa nandray anjara hatrany tamin' ny fifandraisana nisy teo amin' izy ireo ny fifanakalozana anatiny&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. 

=== Ny fiforonan' ny maha-izy azy ny Malagasy ===
[[Sary:Ethno-linguistic map of Madagascar.jpg|vignette|Sarintany maneho ny vondrom-piarahamonina ara-piteny eto Madagasikara]]
Noho izany dia tsy avy amin' ny fototra ara-pirazanana ihany ny maha Malagasy ankehitriny. Voavolavolan' ny fiteny, ny fifanakalozana, ny rafitra ara-pôlitika, ny fomba amam-panao ary ny fifandraisana eo amin' ny vondrom-piarahamonina samihafa eto Madagasikara ihany koa izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;. 

Nandray anjara tamin' ny fifindran' ny mponina sy ny fiforonan' ny fifandraisana vaovao teo amin' ny vondrom-piarahamonina ihany koa ny rafitra ara-pôlitika (fanjakana, sns) izay nipoitra nandritra ny tantara. Raha ny marina dia asehon' ny fanadihadiana momba ny fototarazo fa nametraka marika teo amin' ny firafitry ny fototarazon' ny mponina sasany ankehitriny ny lafiny ara-jeôgrafia sy ny fiforonan' ny fanjakana&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

Ilaina àry ny manavaka ny tantaran' ny fiorenam-ponenan' ny mponina voalohany teto Madagasikara -- izay mahakasika ny fifindran-toerana sy ny fifangaroan' ny mponina -- sy ny tantaran' ny fiforonan' ny fiarahamonina malagasy samihafa, izay naharitra ela kokoa sady ahitana dingana ara-pôlitika sy ara-kolontsaina ihany koa&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. 

=== Fanontaniana mbola iadian-kevitra ===
[[Sary:Ethnic groups in Madagascar.png|vignette|Foko eto Madagasikara]]
Mbola misy lafin-javatra maro tsy mazava momba ny fahatongavana sy fiorenam-ponenan' ny mponina voalohany: ny daty marina nisian' ny [[fifindrà-monina]] samihafa voalohany mifandray amin' ny razamben' ny mponina ankehitriny, ny isan' ny fifindrà-monina, ny mombamomba ny vahoaka samihafa izay niaviana, ny lalana an-dranomasina narahina, ary ny toe-javatra nihaonan' ny mponina avy ao [[Afrika]] sy ny avy amin' ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostrônezianina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

Mbola lohahevitra anaovana fikarohana ihany koa ny mety ho fisian' ny olona teto talohan' ireo fifindrà-monina lehibe tamin' ny taonarivo voalohany ireo. Tsy mbola ahafahana mamaritra mazava tsara ny fifandraisana mety ho nisy teo amin' izany mponina tany am-boalohany izany sy ny mponina taty aoriana teto Madagasikara ny angona misy ankehitriny&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. 

Ny fikarohana hoavy, indrindra fa eo amin' ny sehatry ny [[arkeôlôjia]], ny paleôjenômika, ny [[haiteny ara-tantara]], ary ny fandalinana ny [[tontolo iainana]] tamin' ny vanim-potoana fahiny, dia tokony hanampy amin' ny fanatsarana sy fanadiovana ireo vinavina samihafa ireo. Efa manaporofo ny fikarohana vao haingana fa tsy azo takarina tsara ny fahatongavan' ny mponina teto Madagasikara raha tsy amin' ny alalan' ny fampitahana sy fampifandraisana karazana angona maro samihafa&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

=== Famaranana ===
Araka izany dia niforona tsikelikely ny maha Malagasy teo amin' ny fototra iray izay niorina indrindra tamin' ny kolontsaina aostrônezianina sy afrikanina, sady niampy singa avy amin' ny vahoaka hafa manodidina ny [[Ranomasimbe Indianina]] sy avy any [[Eorôpa]] taty aoriana&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Campbell (2019), ''[https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.325? The Peopling of Madagascar]'', Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History, ''doi.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Izany tantara izany no manazava ny fahasamihafana eo amin' ny lafiny biôlôjika sy ara-kolontsaina ananan' ny mponina eto Madagasikara, ary koa ny fisian' ny fiteny malagasy iraisana, izay anisan' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fianakaviam-piteny aostrônezianina]] ka anisan' ny porofo lehibe momba ny tantaran' ny fahatongavana sy ny fiorenam-ponenan' ny olona voalohany teto amin' ny Nosy&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Serva et al. (2012), &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3223632/ Malagasy dialects and the peopling of Madagascar]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]]
* [[Fiteny malagasy]]
* [[Fiteny baritô atsinanana|Vondrom-piteny baritô atsinanana]]
* [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|Fianakaviam-piteny aostrôneziana]]
* [[Tantaran' i Madagasikara]]
* [[Vazimba]]
* [[Lovantsofina am-bava]]

* [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostroneziana]]
* [[Banto (vahoaka)|Bantò]]
* [[Afrika Atsinanana]]
* [[Fifindrà-monina]]

* [[Fambolena eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Fiompiana eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Indran-teny afrikana ao amin' ny teny malagasy]]
* ''[[Mission archéologique France-Madagascar]]'' (MAFMAD)
* [[Haiteny ara-tantara]]
* [[Fielezan' ny vahoaka Bantò]]

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==

* Adelaar, Alexander K. (1995). &quot;[[scholar:Alexander+Adelaar+Asian+Roots+of+the+Malagasy+Language+1995&amp;utm|Asian Roots of the Malagasy Language: A Linguistic Perspective]]&quot;, in ''Bijdragen tot de     Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde''. Leiden.
* Adelaar, Alexander K. (2018). &quot;[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/spirits-and-ships/who-were-the-first-malagasy-and-what-did-they-speak/FB1D39086A9D294A71E2CE42E018F01D? Who Were the First Malagasy, and What Did They Speak?]&quot;, in Andrea Acri, Roger Blench &amp; Alexandra Landmann (eds.), ''Spirits and Ships: Cultural Transfers in'' ''Early Monsoon Asia'', Singapore, ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute, p. 441–469. 
* Adhikari, K. et al. (2020). &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/bmsap/6903? Histoire démographiquedes ancêtres de la population malgache actuelle]&quot;, ''Bulletins et     Mémoires de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris''.
* Allibert, Claude (2008). &quot;[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/diogenes/article/abs/austronesian-migration-and-the-establishment-of-the-malagasy-civilization-contrasted-readings-in-linguistics-archaeology-genetics-and-cultural-anthropology/257B5DCFE7E02E1F8D0DDE5EF060B9A3? Austronesian Migration and the Establishment of the Malagasy Civilization: Contrasted     Readings in Linguistics, Archaeology, Genetics and Cultural Anthropology]&quot;, ''Diogenes'', 55(2), p. 7–16. DOI: 10.1177/0392192108090734.
* Beaujard, Philippe (2003). &quot;[https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?DB=p&amp;RID=28355858X&amp; Les arrivées austronésiennes à Madagascar : vagues ou continuum ?]&quot;, ''Études océan     Indien'', nos 35–36, p. 59–147. 
* Cox, Murray P. et al. (2012). &quot;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22438500/? A small cohort of Island Southeast Asian women founded Madagascar]&quot;, ''Proceedings of the Royal Society B'', 279(1739), p. 2761–2768. DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2012.0012. 
* Dahl, Otto Christian (1951). ''[https://books.google.com/books?q=Otto+Christian+Dahl+Malgache+et+Maanjan+1951&amp;utm Malgache et Maanjan : une comparaison linguistique]''. Oslo, Egede Instituttet. 
* Deschamps, Hubert (1961). ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Histoire_de_Madagascar.html?id=6F4wAQAAIAAJ&amp; Histoire de Madagascar]''. 2e éd., Paris, Berger-Levrault, 348 p. 
* Dewar, Robert E. &amp; Wright, Henry T. (1993). &quot;[[scholar:Dewar+Wright+Culture+History+of+Madagascar+1993&amp;|The Culture History of Madagascar]]&quot;, ''Journal of World Prehistory'', 7, p. 417–466.
* Ferrand, Gabriel (1908). &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bmsap_0037-8984_1909_num_10_1_8033? L'origine africaine des Malgaches]&quot;. ''Journal asiatique'', 10e série, t. XI, p. 353–500.
* Kent, Raymond K. (1970). ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Early_Kingdoms_in_Madagascar_1500_1700.html?id=UNvezQEACAAJ&amp; Early Kingdoms in Madagascar, 1500–1700]''. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 336 p. Google Books
* Minisiteran' ny Serasera sy ny Kolontsaina (2021). ''Ny Fiandohan''' ''ny Malagasy''. Antananarivo : Minisiteran' ny Serasera sy ny Kolontsaina.
* Minisiteran' ny Serasera sy ny Kolontsaina. (2023). ''Ny'' ''Loharano nipoiran' ny teny malagasy''. Antananarivo : Minisiteran' ny Serasera sy ny Kolontsaina.
* Pierron, Denis et al. (2017). &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5559028/? Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar]&quot;, ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'', 114(32), p. E6498–E6506. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704906114. PMC – lahatsoratra feno
* Radimilahy, Marie de Chantal (1998). ''[https://arkeologi.bokorder.se/en-US/article/3691/mahilaka? Mahilaka: An Archaeological Investigation of an Early Town in Northwestern Madagascar]''. Uppsala, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Studies in African Archaeology 15, 293 p., &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-91-506-1313-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Razafindrazaka, Harilanto et al. (2021). &quot;[https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R72/6106232? Genetic evidence and historical theories of the Asian and  African origins of the present Malagasy population]&quot;, ''Human Molecular Genetics'', 30(R1), p. R72–R78. DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab018. Oxford Academic
* Ricaut, François-X. et al. (2009). &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2164-10-605? A new deep branch of Eurasian mtDNA macrohaplogroup M reveals additional complexity regarding the settlement of Madagascar]&quot;, ''BMC Genomics'', 10, article 605. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-605.

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>s30e7t70fj5qb7ihk0sw8yxskk19nwb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1152765</id>
      <parentid>1152751</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T05:32:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Rohy anatiny</comment>
      <origin>1152765</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41027" sha1="qbsf7w8b8ef96o57w4fdj07raziljnw" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Pirogue Malgache.jpg|vignette|373x373px|Lakana misy fanary any [[Morondava]]]]
Ny '''fiavian'''' '''ny Malagasy''' dia vokatry ny dingana lava sy sarotra momba ny [[fifindrà-monina]] sy ny fifandraisana ary ny fifangaroan' ny mponina tao amin' ny faritry ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Pierron, Denis ; Razafindrazary, Harilala ; et al. (2019). &quot;[https://shs.cairn.info/revue-corps-2019-1-page-187?lang=fr Le peuplement humain de Madagascar et son histoire : synthèse et hypothèses]&quot;. ''Corps'', 2019(1), p. 187–194.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Pierron, D. et al. (2016/2017). &quot;Malagasy Genetic Ancestry Comes from an Historical Malay Trading Post&quot;. ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' / famintinana ao amin' ny ''The Conversation'' : &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4989113/ How the Banjar people of Borneo became ancestors of the Malagasy and Comorian people]&quot;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Manondro indrindra ny fisian' ny singa [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|aostrônezianina]] sy [[Afrikana (vahoaka)|afrikana]] tamin' ny fiforonan' ny mponina malagasy ny fikarohana [[Haitsikerafiteny|ara-piteny]] sy ara-[[Fototarazo|pototarazo]] ary [[Arkeôlôjia|arkeôlôjika]], ka tsy azo heverina ho vokatry ny fifindrà-monina tokana izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Pierron, D. et al. (2017). &quot;[https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1704906114 Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar]&quot;. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)'', 114(34), E7063–E7071.&quot;,&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Brucato, N. et al. (2021). &quot;[https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R72/6106232?login=false Genetic evidence and historical theories of the Asian and African origins of the present Malagasy population]&quot;. ''Human Molecular Genetics'', 30(R1), R72–R81.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;INSTAT (Madagascar). ''[https://www.instat.mg/documents/upload/main/INSTAT-RGPH3_MigrationMadagascar.pdf Le peuplement de Madagascar s’est caractérisé par différentes vagues de migration].'' Document de présentation du RGPH‑3.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ao anatin' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fianakaviam-piteny aostrônezianina]] ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] ary manana fifandraisana akaiky amin' ny fiteny sasany any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]], indrindra any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i [[Bôrneô]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Brucato, N. et al. (2016). &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/srep26066 Contrasting Linguistic and Genetic Origins of the Asian Source Populations of Malagasy]&quot;. ''Scientific Reports'', 6, 26066.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Adelaar, K. Alexander &amp; Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. (dir.) (2005/2013). ''[https://academic.oup.com/book/58197/chapter-abstract/481314526?login=false&amp;redirectedFrom=fulltext The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar]''. Routledge.&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;. Na izany aza dia manondro fifandraisana amin' ny mponina maro samihafa avy any Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana ny fikarohana ara-pototarazo, ka tsy mbola azo faritana amin' ny fomba mazava fa vondrom-poko iray manokana no niavian' ny razambe aziatikan' ny Malagasy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Pierron et al. (2014). ''[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4373124/ Mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome suggest the settlement of Madagascar by Indonesian sea nomad populations]''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Lipson et al. (2016). ''[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4870696/ Contrasting Linguistic and Genetic Origins of the Asian Source Populations of Malagasy]''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Misy ihany koa ny singa ara-pototarazo afrikana lehibe eo amin' ny Malagasy, izay mifandray indrindra amin' ny mponina avy ao [[Afrika Atsinanana]] sy [[Faritra Atsimo ao Afrika|Atsimo]], ary miovaova ny tahan' izany arakaraka ny faritra sy ny mponina eto Madagasikara&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Pierron et al., 2018, ''[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03342-5? Strong selection during the last millennium for African ancestry in the admixed population of Madagascar]''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Tsara homarihina fa ny fanadihadiana momba ny fototarazo natao tamin' olona miisa 2&amp;nbsp;704 tamin' ny tanàna 257 dia naneho fa ny mponina malagasy manerana ny Nosy dia ahitana singa avy ao Afrika sy any Aostrôneziana, na dia miovaova aza ny tahan' izany ary misy fizaràna ara-jeôgrafika miavaka tsara&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R72/6106232? Genetic evidence and historical theories of the Asian and African origins of the present Malagasy population]&quot;, ''academic.oup.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Noho izany, tsy maintsy avahana ny fiforonan' ny mponina malagasy sy ny niandohan' ny teny malagasy, ary koa ny fiforonan' ny vondrom-piarahamonina sy ny maha-izy azy manokana isam-paritra taty aoriana teto Madagasikara. Mbola misy fanontaniana maro tsy mbola voavaha mikasika ny fotoana sy ny lalana nodiavina ary ny fomba nenti-nanatanterahana ireo fifindrà-monina ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;.

== Famaritana sy petrak' olana ==

=== Ny hoe &quot;fiavian' ny Malagasy&quot; ===
Mety hanondro fanontaniana samihafa maro ny andian-teny hoe &quot;fiavian' ny Malagasy&quot;: ny toerana niavian' ny vahoaka razambe, ny fotoana nahatongavan' izy ireo teto [[Madagasikara]], ny fiforonan' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]], ny fifangaroan' ny mponina, ary, taty aoriana, ny fiforonan' ny fiarahamonina sy ny maha-izy azy ny Malagasy. Tsy voatery hitondra any amin' ny valiny mitovy ireo fanontaniana ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;.

Ahafahana mandinika, ankoatra ny zavatra hafa, ny razambe nipoiran' ny mponina ny fandalinana momba ny fototarazo; mampahalala ny momba ny tantaran' ny fiteny kosa ny [[Haitsikerafiteny|haifiteny]], ary ny arkeôlôjia dia mandinika ny soritra azo tsapain-tanana navelan' ny mponina tamin' ny andro fahiny. Tsy misy amin' ireo taranja ireo ny ampy hamerenana indray ny tantara manontolo momba ny fahatongavana syny fiorenam-ponenan' ny mponina voalohany teto Madagasikara&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Claude Allibert, &quot;[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/diogenes/article/abs/austronesian-migration-and-the-establishment-of-the-malagasy-civilization-contrasted-readings-in-linguistics-archaeology-genetics-and-cultural-anthropology/257B5DCFE7E02E1F8D0DDE5EF060B9A3? Austronesian Migration and the Establishment of the Malagasy Civilization: Contrasted Readings in Linguistics, Archaeology, Genetics and Cultural Anthropology]&quot;, ''www.cambridge.org'', 01/01/2024&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fiforonana vokatry ny fifindrà-monina sy ny fifandraisana maro samihafa ===
Araka ny angona momba ny [[fototarazo]] dia avy amin' ny vondrona maro mifandray amin' ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|vahoaka aostrônezianina]] avy any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]] sy ny [[Banto (vahoaka)|vahoaka bantò]] avy ao [[Afrika]] ny mponina ankehitriny eto Madagasikara. Asehon' izany koa fa tsy mitovy ny fandraisana anaran' ireo fiaviana ireo manerana ny Nosy&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Noho izany toe-javatra izany dia tsy ampy hanazavana ny zava-misy ny fiheverana fa niforona fotsiny avy amin' ny fahatongavan' ny &quot;vahoaka roa&quot; niaraka ny mponina. Mifanohitra amin' izany, ny fanadihadiana ara-pototarazo dia manondro fa nisy ny fahatongavana sy ny fifangaroana nifanesy sy tsy nitovy karazana narahin' ny fifindran-toerana sy fifanakalozana anatiny ihany koa izay nandray anjara tamin' ny fahasamihafana isam-paritra eto Madagasikara&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Angon-drakitra arkeôlôjika sy fahatongavan' ny mponina ==

=== Ny soritra voalohany indrindra amin' ny fisian' ny olombelona teto ===
Mbola iadian-kevitra ny daty nahatongavan' ny olona voalohany teto [[Madagasikara]]. Nanatsoaka hevitra ny famakafakana lalina momba ny daty maromaro azo tamin' ny fomba fandrefesana amin' ny [[radiôkarbônina]] fa efa nisy olona teto farafahakeliny 2&amp;nbsp;000 taona lasa izay; ekena ihany koa anefa ny mety ho fisian' izany talohan' io fotoana io, na dia mbola tsy azo faritana mazava tsara ny endrik' izany mety ho fisiana tany am-boalohany izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379119303282?utm_source=chatgpt.com A critical review of radiocarbon dates clarifies the human settlement of Madagascar]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com'',&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;.

Nisy fikarohana taloha kokoa izay nanondro porofo momba ny fisian' ny asa nataon' ny olombelona tamin' ny fotoana lavitra kokoa, indrindra fa raha ifotorana ny diam-pamakiana hita teo amin' ny taolan' ny vorombe (''[[Aepyornithidae]]''). Na izany aza dia mbola iadian-kevitra ny fomba fandraisana ny sasany amin' ireo daty ireo sy ny fifandraisany amin' ny fisian' ny olombelona tamin' izany fotoana izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

Noho izany dia ilaina ny manavaka ny mety ho fisian' ny olona tany am-boalohany sy ny fahatongavan' ny vahoaka nipoiran' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] ankehitriny. Raha ny marina dia mampifandray ny razamben' ny Malagasy ankehitriny amin' ny fifindrà-monina vao haingana kokoa -- izay nitranga indrindra nandritra ny arivo taona voalohany tamin' ny vanim-potoana ankehitriny -- ny angona ara-piteny sy ara-pototarazo&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Alexander Adelaar, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/spirits-and-ships/who-were-the-first-malagasy-and-what-did-they-speak/FB1D39086A9D294A71E2CE42E018F01D? Who Were the First Malagasy, and What Did They Speak?], ''www.cambridge.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ny andiam-piorenam-ponenana voalohany sy ny fiovana teo amin' ny Nosy ===
Manambara ny fitomboan' ny fiorenam-ponenan' ny olona tsikelikely nandritra ny [[taonarivo]] voalohany sy indrindra fa  tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonarivo faharoa, ny angona arkeôlôjika. Mifandray amin' io vanim-potoana io nahatongavan' ny olona niiorim-ponenana io ny fiovana nisy teo amin' ny tontolo iainana, ny fipoiran' ny fomba fambolena sy fiompiana vaovao, ary ny fivoaran' ny toeram-ponenan' ny olona&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248404000843? A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com'',&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379119303282? A critical review of radiocarbon dates clarifies the human settlement of Madagascar]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Na izany aza dia tsy ahafahana manondro mivantana foana ny toerana na ny fomba fanao iray ho an' ny vahoaka sokajina ho &quot;aostrônezianina&quot; na &quot;afrikanina&quot; ny fikarohana arkeôlôjika. Mety hifindra avy amin' ny vondron' olona iray mankany amin' ny iray hafa mantsy ny zavatra sy ny teknika ary ny fomba amam-panao ara-kolontsaina, ka tsy voatery hifanaraka amin' ny fetra ara-biôlôjia&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;.

== Ny singa aostrônezianina ==

=== Ny teny malagasy ===
[[Sary:Langues austronésiennes.png|vignette|376x376px|Sarintany maneho ny fielezan' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fiteny aostrônezianina]] ankehitriny.]]
Fiteny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|aostônezianina]] ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. Raha ny marina kokoa dia anisan' ny vondrom-piteny &quot;Barito Atsimo-Atsinanana&quot; izy io, ka ny fiteny ankoatr' io dia ampiasaina indrindra any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i [[Bôrneô|Borneo]]. Tondro lehibe mahakasika ny fiaviana [[aziatika]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' ny sasany amin' ny razamben' ny vahoaka malagasy io fifanakaikezana ara-piteny io&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Adelaar, Alexander (2021) &quot;[https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/wacana/vol22/iss1/5/ South Borneo as an ancient Sprachbund area],&quot; ''Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia'': Vol. 22: No. 1, Article 5. DOI: 10.17510/wacana.v22i1.963&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nasehon' ny fikarohana ara-piteny fa misy fitoviana maro amin' ny fiteny any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i Borneo, indrindra fa ny [[fiteny maaniany]], ny fiteny malagasy. Na izany aza dia tsy midika izany fifandraisana ara-piteny izany fa taranaky ny [[Maaniany (vahoaka)|vahoaka]] [[Maaniany (vahoaka)|maaniany]] ankehitriny tsotra izao ny [[Malagasy]]; fa kosa, manondro tantara iraisana na fifandraisana akaiky amin' ny vahoaka razambe izany, izay mbola mila hazavaina tsara ny tena firafetany&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://lpan.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?history=all&amp;id=215&amp;sort=word_id&amp;utm Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database - Language: Ma'anyan]&quot;, ''lpan.eva.mpg.de''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

=== Ny fiaviana ara-jeôgrafian' ity singa ity ===
Amin' izao fotoana izao, heverina ho iray amin' ny faritra mety ho loharano nipoiran' ny fitenin' ny razambe aostrônezianan' ny vahoaka malagasy ny faritra atsimo amin' i [[Bôrneô|Borneo]]. Nasongadin' ny fikarohana momba ny teny ihany koa ny fisian' ny fiantraikan' ny [[Fiteny malay|fiteny maley]] sy [[fiteny javaney]], izay azo inoana fa nateraky ny fifandraisana nisy taloha kelin' ny fifindrà-monina nankany amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]] na nandritra izany fotoana izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

Manondro zavatra mitovy amin' izany ihany ny angona ara-pototarazo. Nahita ny fanadihadiana momba ny fototarazo (fanadihadiana jenômika raha ny marina kokoa) natao manerana an' i [[Madagasikara]] fa ny mponina avy any [[Indônezia]], indrindra fa ireo avy any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i Borneo, no mponin' i Azia izay mitovy singa maro ara-pototarazo betsaka indrindra amin' ny Malagasy nanaovana fandinihina&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

=== Fifindrà-monina sy kolontsaina ===
[[Sary:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific.svg|vignette|475x475px|Fandaminana ara-potoana momba ny fielezan' ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostrônezianina]].]]
Tsy vitan' ny hoe namela soritra teo amin' ny lafiny fiteny fotsiny ny fifindrà-monin' ny Aostrônezianina. Misy lafiny maro amin' ny kolontsaina azo tsapain-tanana sy ny fomba [[Fambolena eto Madagasikara|fambolena malagasy]] izay ampifandraisina amin' i [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]] (ny nosy maro ao amin' io faritra io), saingy tsy maintsy tandremana ny mety ho filazana fa avy amin' ny onjam-pifindra-monina iray manokana ny fanao iray. Manantitrantitra tokoa ny mpikaroka maro fa mety hiampita, hiova, na hamoronana indray ireo fanao ireo rehefa tonga teto Madagasikara&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Claude Allibert, &quot;[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/diogenes/article/abs/austronesian-migration-and-the-establishment-of-the-malagasy-civilization-contrasted-readings-in-linguistics-archaeology-genetics-and-cultural-anthropology/257B5DCFE7E02E1F8D0DDE5EF060B9A3? Austronesian Migration and the Establishment of the Malagasy Civilization: Contrasted Readings in Linguistics, Archaeology, Genetics and Cultural Anthropology]&quot;, ''Cambridge University Press'':  01/01/2024&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Nandray anjara tamin' ny fampielezana teknika sy fomba fanao, toy ny fitondrana [[lakana]] misy fanarina (hazo fanampiny natao tsy hahamora mivadika ny lakana) sy fomba [[fambolem-bary]] manokana, ny mponina avy amin' io faritra io&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Beaujard, Philippe (2012). &quot;[https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00706173 The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence]&quot;. ''HAL‑SHS''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;ABC News (2016). &quot;[https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2016-05-31/ancient-rice-could-solve-mystery-of-madagascan-origins/7460198 Ancient rice could solve mystery of Madagascan origins]&quot;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Araka izany dia mifanojo ny taranja samihafa eo amin' ny fanamafisana ny fisian' ny singa aostrônezianina manan-danja, saingy mbola tsy ahafahana mamerina amin' ny fomba azo antoka ny fizotran' ny fifindrà-monina tokana nahitana vahoaka mitovy endrika sy toetra izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;. 

== Ny singa afrikana ==

=== Fiaviana afrikana ===
Mampiseho ny fanadihadiana ara-pototatazo fa singa lehibe eo amin' ny firafitry ny fototarazon' ny vahoaka malagasy ny fiaviana afrikanina. Anisan' ny vondro-mponina akaiky indrindra amin' izany ny [[Banto (vahoaka)|vahoaka bantò]] ao [[Afrika Atsinanana]] sy [[Faritra Atsimo ao Afrika|Atsimo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

Tao anatin' ilay fanadihadiana momba ny fototarazo natao tamin' ny olona miisa 2&amp;nbsp;704, dia nahatratra 59 % eo ho eo ny salanisan' ny fiaviana afrikana ary 37 % eo ho eo ny an' ny fiaviana aziatika, raha toa ka ambany lavitra kosa ny anjara tahan' ny fiaviana [[Eorazia|eoraziana]] andrefana. Maneho salanisa ho an' ny olona nofantenana sy nodinihina ireo tarehimarika ireo, ka tsy tokony hoheverina ho maneho fa mitovy amin' izany ny tahan' ny fiaviana ho an' ny vahoaka manontolo eto Madagasikara&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

=== Fandraisana anjara miovaova arakaraka ny faritra ===
Tsy mitovy ny fandraisana anjaran' ny singa afrikana manerana ny Nosy. Ilay fikarohana voalaza eo ambony ihany koa dia nahita singa [[aziatika]] betsaka kokoa tamin' ny mponina sasany any amin' ny Faritra Afovoany eto Madagasikara ary amin' ny ankapobeny dia singa afrikana betsaka kokoa tamin' ny mponina amorontsiraka maro, izay nahitana fiovaovana isan-toerana&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. 

Mampiseho ny antony tsy ahafahana mampihatra amin' i Madagasikara manontolo ny vokatra azo avy amin' ny faritra iray ihany izany fiovaovana izany . Ny fahasamihafan' ny fototarazo ankehitriny dia vokatry ny endrika ara-jeôgrafian' ny Nosy sy ny fifindran' ny mponina ary ny tantaran' ny fiforonan' ny vondrom-piarahamonina sy [[Fanjakà-mpanjaka teto Madagasikara|fanjakana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. 

=== Ny fiantraika afrikana teo amin' ny fiteny sy ny kolontsaina ===
Aao ansan' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fianakaviam-piteny aôstronezianina]] ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] raha ny firafitra no heverina, saingy efa naninteraka azy io ny fiteny afrikanina sy ny fiteny hafa ao amin' ny faritra manodidina ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]]. Na izany aza dia tsy maintsy avahana ny fisian' ny voambolana na fomba amam-panao avy ao [[Afrika]] sy ny fiaviana biôlôjika: mety hiparitaka ny fomba amam-panao iray na dia tsy misy fifindrà-monina lehibe aza&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Ahitana [[Indran-teny afrikana ao amin' ny teny malagasy|indran-teny afrikana maro ny voambolana malagasy]], ary maro ihany koa ny fomba amam-panao ara-piarahamonina sy ara-toekarena, indrindra fa ireo mifandraika amin' ny [[fiompiana omby]], izay manaporofo ny fisian' ny fifandraisana tamin' ny kôntinantan' i [[Afrika]] hatry ny ela&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Roger Blench, ''[https://pnglanguages.sil.org/resources/archives/42070? &quot;The Austronesians in Madagascar and their interaction with the Bantu of the East African coast]&quot;''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8982424/ The genetic history of Mayotte and Madagascar cattle breeds mirrors the complex pattern of human exchanges in Western Indian Ocean]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Araka izany dia manambara tantaram-pfandraisana sy tantaram-pampifanarahana ny angona ara-kolontsaina sy ara-pototrazo, fa tsy voatery ho fifampifanilan' ny vondrona ara-kolontsaina roa izay heverina ho efa nisy taloha fotsiny&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Ny fifangaroan' ny mponina sy ny fiforonan' ny mponina teto Madagasikara ==

=== Fangaro tsy ranoray ===
[[Sary:Dance traditionnelle sakalava 13.jpg|vignette|272x272px|Lanonana ahitana dihy nentim-paharazana sakalava]]
Araka ny asehon' ny fanadihadiana jenômika dia azo inoana fa tsy nifangaro tao amin' ny toerana iray ny razambe afrikana sy aostrôneziana talohan' ny nahatongavany teto [[Madagasikara]]. Manondro fizotram-piorenam-ponenana sy fifangaroana tsy ranoray kosa ny fitsinjarana ara-jeôgrafian' ireo razambe ireo sy ny fahasamihafan' ny lova ara-pototarazo avy amin-dreny sy avy amin-dray ary ny avy amin-dray sy reny&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Ny fanadihadiana iray momba ny firafitry ny fototarazo manontolon' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] dia nanatsoaka hevitra indrindra fa toa tonga teto [[Madagasikara]] nisaraka ny vondron' olona afrikanina sy aziatika talohan' ny nifangaroany, ka samy hafa ny fomba nifangaroan' izy ireo arakaraka ny faritra nisy azy teto amin' ny Nosy&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

=== Tantara novolavolain' ny fifindrà-monina anatiny ===
Taorian' ny fiorenam-ponenana voalohany dia nanohy nifindrafindra toerana teto amin' ny Nosy ny mponina tao aminy. Nandray anjara tamin' ny firafitry ny fototarazon' ny mponina ankehitriny ny endriky ny tany, ny fifanakalozana ara-barotra, ny vondrona pôlitika ary ny fifindran-toeran' ny vondrom-piarahamonina samihafa tao aminy&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. 

Io tantara io dia manazava amin' ny ampahany ny antony mahatonga ny vondrona malagasy roa avy amin' ny faritra samihafa hanana taham-piaviana afrikanina sy aziatika tena miavaka tsara&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. 

=== Mponina avy amin' ny singa maro samihafa ===
Noho izany dia mitombina kokoa ny firesahana momba ny mponina malagasy izay niforona vokatry ny [[fifindrà-monina]] maro samihafa sy ny fifangaroana ary ny fiovana teo amin' ny tantara, toy izay ny mitady vondrona roa izay heverina ho niforonan' ny vahoaka nisy fifangaroana ranoray. Manamafy ny fisian' ny singa fototra afrikanina sy aostrônezianina ny angona rehetra misy, saingy mbola tsy ahafahana mamerina amin' ny antsipiriany tanteraka ny fizotran' ny fiorenam-ponenan' ny mponina voalohany teto izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

== Ny fiteny sy ny fifandraisana amin' ny tontolo ivelany ==

=== Ny teny malagasy ===

==== Fiteny aostrônezianina ====
Anisan' ny [[Fiteny baritô atsinanana|vondrona baritô atsimo-atsinanana]] ao amin' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fianakaviam-piteny]] [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|aostrônezianina]] ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. Mifototra amin' ny fifandraisana ara-drafitra eo amin' ny teny malagasy sy ny fiteny maro mpihavana aminy any faritra atsimo amin' i [[Bôrneô|Borneo]] io fanasokajiana io, fa tsy amin' ny fitoviana ara-[[Voambolana|boambolana]] vitsivitsy fotsiny.

==== Fiteny niharan' ny fiteny avy any amin' ny faritra maro ====
Nahazo singa avy amin' ny [[Fiteny malay|fiteny maley]] sy [[Fiteny javaney|javaney]] ihany koa ny teny malagasy, ary ahitana [[voanteny]] nindramina izay mifandray amin' ny tantaran' ny varotra tao amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]]. Mety ho tamin' ny alalan' ny teny maley na javaney no nampisy ny fiantraikany sasany avy any [[Azia Atsimo]], fa tsy avy mivantana avy tamin' ny [[fiteny any India]]. 

Maneho ny fifandraisana nifanesy nandritra ny tantara ny fisian' ny singa ara-boambolana avy amin' ny loharano [[Fiteny aty Afrika|afrikanina]], [[Fiteny arabo|arabo]], [[Fiteny persana|persiana]], [[Fiteny any India|indiana]] na [[Fiteny ao Eorôpa|eorôpeanina]], ary tsy manohintohina ny fanasokajiana ny teny malagasy ho anisan' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fianakaviam-piteny aostrônezianina]] izany. 

=== I Madagasikara sy ny tambajotra tao amin' ny Ranomasimbe Indianina ===
Tafiditra tsikelikely tao anatin' ny tambajotram-pifandraisana an-dranomasina manerana ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]] i Madagasikara. Ny fikarohana [[Arkeôlôjia|arkeôlôjika]] momba ny toeram-ponenana amorontsiraka eto Madagasikara, indrindra fa any avaratra-andrefana, dia manambara fisian' ny fifandraisana tamin' ny [[Tamba-nosin' i Kômôro|Vondro-nosy Kômôro]], tamin' ny morontsirak' i [[Afrika Atsinanana]], tamin' i [[Saikanosin' i Arabia|Arabia]], ary tamin' ny faritra hafa manodidina ny Ranomasimbe Indianina nandritra ny [[taonarivo]]  faharoa.

Niteraka fifindran' ny olona, ny entam-barotra, ny teknika ary ny hevitra ireo fifanakalozana ireo. Na izany aza dia tsy tokony hafangaro amin' ny fifindrà-monina lehibe izay nandray anjara tamin' ny fiforonan' ny vahoaka malagasy tany am-boalohany izany.

Nifandray tamin' ny tantsambo sy mpivarotra avy any amin' ny [[Tontolo Arabo]] sy avy any [[Persia]] ary avy any [[India]] ihany koa ny mponina teto Madagasikara. Hita amin' ny alalan' ny [[arkeôlôjia]] sy ny loharano an-tsoratra izany fifandraisana izany, indrindra nanomboka tamin' ny taonarivo voalohany sy faharoa, ary nisy koa ny fifandraisana taty aoriana tamin' ny [[Eorôpeana (vahoaka)|Eorôpeanina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/worlds-of-the-indian-ocean/madagascar-the-development-of-trading-ports-and-the-interior/61BEA9736498F542D21C7776E90194FC? Madagascar: The Development of Trading Ports and the Interior]&quot;, Cambridge University, ''www.cambridge.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter-abstract/553416714? Africans in the Indian Ocean World]&quot;, Oxford Research Encyclopedia, ''academic.oup.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nisy fiantraikany teo amin' ny [[Kolontsaina malagasy|kolontsaina]], teo amin' ny [[Fivavahan-drazana malagasy|fivavahana]], tamin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|fiteny]], ary, na dia kely kokoa aza, teo amin' ny firafitry ny mponina izany fifandraisana izany&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;von Sicard, &quot;[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13602004.2011.556891? Malagasy Islam: Tracing the History and Cultural Influences of Islam in Madagascar]&quot;, ''www.tandfonline.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3838347/ Tracing Arab-Islamic Inheritance in Madagascar]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ny Sorabe ===
Porofo tena manan-danja momba ny fifandraisana nisy teo amin' i Madagasikara sy ny [[Tontolo Silamo]] manodidina ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]] ny [[Sorabe]]. Fomba fanoratana ny teny malagasy amin' ny alalan' ny [[tarehin-tsoratra arabo]] izy io, izay voatahiry indrindra any amin' ny faritra atsimo-atsinanana amin' i Madagasikara, indrindra fa eo amin' ny vahoaka [[Antemoro]]. 

Ny sora-tanana sorabe dia vavolombelon' ny fifindran' ny lovantsofina sy fanao ara-pivavahana sy ara-tsaina, ary koa ny fidiran' ny faritra malagasy sasany ao anatin' ny tambajotram-pifanakalozana midadasika kokoa tao amin' ny Ranomasimbe Indianina.

Ny fivoaran' ny tambajotram-barotra tao amin' ny Ranomasimbe Indianina indrindraindrindra dia nanamora ny fisian' ny mponina mpiavy tany amin' ny faritra amorontsiraka sasany sy ny fipoiran' ny fomba toy ny fampiasana ny Sorabe, izay rafi-panoratana arabo nampifanarahina tamin' ny teny malagasy&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Chantal Radimilahy, &quot;[https://arkeologi.bokorder.se/en-US/article/3691/mahilaka? Mahilaka, An archaeological investigation of an early town in northwestern Madagascar]&quot;, ''arkeologi.bokorder.se''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ny Vazimba sy ny lovantsofina momba ny fiavian' ny Malagasy ==

=== Ny Vazimba ao amin' ny lovantsofina malagasy ===
Manana toerana lehibe eo amin' ny [[Lovantsofina am-bava|lovantsofina]] momba ny mponina voalohany any amin' ny faritra sasany eto [[Madagasikara]], indrindra fa ny Faritra Afovoany, ny [[Vazimba]]. Ao amin' ny fitantarana sy ny angano dia matetika izy ireo no aseho ho mponina nisy talohan' ny nipoiran' ny fanjaka-mpanjaka izay nivoatra tatỳ aoriana tany amin' iny faritra avo iny.

Na izany aza, ny teny hoe &quot;Vazimba&quot; dia tsy azo heverina hoazy ho vondron' olona biôlôjika voavaka tsara sy efa voamarim-piaviana mazava tsara ankehitriny.

Lohahevitra iray hafa ao amin' ity resaka ity ny lovantsofina momba ny Vazimba, nefa mbola iadian-kevitra ny mombamomba azy ireo ara-tantara sy ny fifandraisany amin' ny mponina voalohany teto Madagasikara ary miovaova isaky ny lovantsofina sy isam-paritra ny fiheverana azy ireo. Tsy mbola ahafaha-manohana ny fiheverana azy ireo ho vahoaka miavaka tanteraka amin' ny vondrona maromaro voalohany nandray anjara tamin' ny fiorenam-ponenan' ny mponina avy amin' ny vondrona aostrônezianina teto Madagasikara ny hevitra sy ny fanadihadiana maro ataon' ny manampahaizana ankehitriny&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Maurizio Serva sy Michele Pasquini, [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7531839/ ''Dialects of Madagascar''], ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Denis Pierron,  Harilanto Razafindrazaka, Luca Pagani, François-Xavier Ricaut, Tiago Antao, Mélanie Capredon, Clément Sambo, Chantal Radimilahy, Jean-Aimé Rakotoarisoa, Roger M Blench, Thierry Letellier, Toomas Kivisild, &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3903192/ Genome-wide evidence of Austronesian–Bantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter-gatherer group of Madagascar]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Angona arkeôlôjika sy ara-pototarazo ===
Mamelona indray ny fandalinana ireo vondron' olona antsoina hoe [[Vazimba]] ireo ny fikarohana arkeôlôjika vao haingana, indrindra amin' ny alalan' ny fandinihana ny toeram-ponenany sy ny fomba fanaony momba ny [[fandevenana]]. Mandinika ny mponina samihafa tao amin' ny Faritra Afovoan' i Madagasikara izay efa nisy talohan' ny fanitaram-panjakana merina na niara-nisy tamin' izany fotoana izany ny fandaharan' asa ''[[Mission archéologique France-Madagascar]]'' (MAFMAD) izay mikendry ny hampiaraka ny angona avy amin' ny [[arkeôlôjia]] sy momba ny [[fototarazo]] ary momba ny [[kolontsaina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://archeologie.culture.gouv.fr/monde/fr/vazimba-peuplement-malgache? Les Vazimba et le peuplement malgache]&quot;, Musée d'arhéologie nationale, ''archeologie.culture.gouv.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://aibl.fr/fouilles/mission-archeologique-france-madagascar-mafmad-dirigee-par-mme-harilanto-razafindrazaka/ Mission archéologique France-Madagascar (MAFMAD), dirigée par Mme Harilanto Razafindrazaka]&quot;, Académie des inscription et belles-lettres,''aibl.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Na izany aza, ny angona ara-pototarazo ankehitriny dia tsy ahafahana manamafy tsotra fotsiny fa taranaky ny mponina nisy talohan' ny vanim-potoan' ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostrônezianina]] na ny [[Banto (vahoaka)|Bantò]] ny Vazimba, ka ho namorona singa lehibe fahatelo teo amin' ny mponina malagasy. Tsara homarihina fa nisy fanadihadiana momba ny fototarazo (jenômika) natao tany amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i Madagasikara izay tsy nahitana porofo manondro ny mety ho fisian' ny fiaviana vazimba miavaka&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

=== Vinavina sy angona ara-tsiansa ===
Noho izany, raha miresaka momba ny Vazimba dia tsy maintsy avahana ny [[lovantsofina am-bava]], ny fandikana ara-tantara sy araka ny antrôpôlôjia ary ny angona ara-tsiansa. Mbola tsy afaka manova ny lovantsofina rehetra momba ny Vazimba ho lasa fehin-kevitra voamarina mikasika ny fiaviana ara-biôlôjian' ny vahoaka malagasy ny fikarohana ankehitriny&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;.

== Ny fahasamihafan' ny mponina sy ny fiforonan' ny maha Malagasy ==

=== Ny fahasamihafana misy eo amin' ny mponina malagasy ===

==== Fahasamihafana ara-pototarazo ====
Mampiseho fahasamihafana ara-pototarazo lehibe ny mponina eto Madagasikara, ary miovaova izany arakaraka ny faritra. Namaritra fifangaroan' ny fiaviana afrika sy aostrôneziana ny famakafakana ara-pototarazo natao tamin' ny vondron' olona nodinihina manerana ny Nosy, na dia tsy mitovy aza ny tahan' izany eo amin' ny vondrona samihafa&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. 

==== Fahasamihafana eo amin' ny fiteny ====
[[Sary:Map of Malagasy language dialects.svg|vignette|Sarintany maneho ny fitenim-paritra eto Madagasikara]]
Mampiseho fahasamihafana lehibe eo amin' ny [[Fitenim-paritra malagasy|fitenim-paritra]] ihany koa ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]], kanefa mitazona ny firaisany ao anatin' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fianakaviam-piteny aostrônezianina]]. Vokatry ny tantara ara-jeôgrafia sy ara-piarahamonin' ny mponina eto amin' ny Nosy indrindraindrindra ireo fahasamihafana eo amin' ny fitenim-paritra ireo&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Maurizio Serva, Michele Pasquini, &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7531839/ Dialects of Madagascar]&quot;, , PubMed Central, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;. 

==== Fahasamihafana arakaraka ny faritra ====
Mifamatotra amin' ny [[jeôgrafian' i Madagasikara]] ny fahasamihafana ara-biôlôjia sy ara-piteny ary ara-kolontsaina ankehitriny. Mety samy nanana ny tantarany manokana momba ny mponina ny vondrona any amin' ny Faritra Afovoany sy ny any amin' ny faritra amorontsiraka, kanefa nandray anjara hatrany tamin' ny fifandraisana nisy teo amin' izy ireo ny fifanakalozana anatiny&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. 

=== Ny fiforonan' ny maha-izy azy ny Malagasy ===
[[Sary:Ethno-linguistic map of Madagascar.jpg|vignette|Sarintany maneho ny vondrom-piarahamonina ara-piteny eto Madagasikara]]
Noho izany dia tsy avy amin' ny fototra ara-pirazanana ihany ny maha Malagasy ankehitriny. Voavolavolan' ny fiteny, ny fifanakalozana, ny rafitra ara-pôlitika, ny fomba amam-panao ary ny fifandraisana eo amin' ny vondrom-piarahamonina samihafa eto Madagasikara ihany koa izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;. 

Nandray anjara tamin' ny fifindran' ny mponina sy ny fiforonan' ny fifandraisana vaovao teo amin' ny vondrom-piarahamonina ihany koa ny rafitra ara-pôlitika (fanjakana, sns) izay nipoitra nandritra ny tantara. Raha ny marina dia asehon' ny fanadihadiana momba ny fototarazo fa nametraka marika teo amin' ny firafitry ny fototarazon' ny mponina sasany ankehitriny ny lafiny ara-jeôgrafia sy ny fiforonan' ny fanjakana&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

Ilaina àry ny manavaka ny tantaran' ny fiorenam-ponenan' ny mponina voalohany teto Madagasikara -- izay mahakasika ny fifindran-toerana sy ny fifangaroan' ny mponina -- sy ny tantaran' ny fiforonan' ny fiarahamonina malagasy samihafa, izay naharitra ela kokoa sady ahitana dingana ara-pôlitika sy ara-kolontsaina ihany koa&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. 

=== Fanontaniana mbola iadian-kevitra ===
[[Sary:Ethnic groups in Madagascar.png|vignette|Foko eto Madagasikara]]
Mbola misy lafin-javatra maro tsy mazava momba ny fahatongavana sy fiorenam-ponenan' ny mponina voalohany: ny daty marina nisian' ny [[fifindrà-monina]] samihafa voalohany mifandray amin' ny razamben' ny mponina ankehitriny, ny isan' ny fifindrà-monina, ny mombamomba ny vahoaka samihafa izay niaviana, ny lalana an-dranomasina narahina, ary ny toe-javatra nihaonan' ny mponina avy ao [[Afrika]] sy ny avy amin' ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostrônezianina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

Mbola lohahevitra anaovana fikarohana ihany koa ny mety ho fisian' ny olona teto talohan' ireo fifindrà-monina lehibe tamin' ny taonarivo voalohany ireo. Tsy mbola ahafahana mamaritra mazava tsara ny fifandraisana mety ho nisy teo amin' izany mponina tany am-boalohany izany sy ny mponina taty aoriana teto Madagasikara ny angona misy ankehitriny&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. 

Ny fikarohana hoavy, indrindra fa eo amin' ny sehatry ny [[arkeôlôjia]], ny paleôjenômika, ny [[haiteny ara-tantara]], ary ny fandalinana ny [[tontolo iainana]] tamin' ny vanim-potoana fahiny, dia tokony hanampy amin' ny fanatsarana sy fanadiovana ireo vinavina samihafa ireo. Efa manaporofo ny fikarohana vao haingana fa tsy azo takarina tsara ny fahatongavan' ny mponina teto Madagasikara raha tsy amin' ny alalan' ny fampitahana sy fampifandraisana karazana angona maro samihafa&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

=== Famaranana ===
Araka izany dia niforona tsikelikely ny maha Malagasy teo amin' ny fototra iray izay niorina indrindra tamin' ny kolontsaina aostrônezianina sy afrikanina, sady niampy singa avy amin' ny vahoaka hafa manodidina ny [[Ranomasimbe Indianina]] sy avy any [[Eorôpa]] taty aoriana&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Campbell (2019), ''[https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.325? The Peopling of Madagascar]'', Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History, ''doi.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Izany tantara izany no manazava ny fahasamihafana eo amin' ny lafiny biôlôjika sy ara-kolontsaina ananan' ny mponina eto Madagasikara, ary koa ny fisian' ny fiteny malagasy iraisana, izay anisan' ny [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|fianakaviam-piteny aostrônezianina]] ka anisan' ny porofo lehibe momba ny tantaran' ny fahatongavana sy ny fiorenam-ponenan' ny olona voalohany teto amin' ny Nosy&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Serva et al. (2012), &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3223632/ Malagasy dialects and the peopling of Madagascar]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]]
* [[Fiteny malagasy]]
* [[Fiteny baritô atsinanana|Vondrom-piteny baritô atsinanana]]
* [[Fiteny aostrôneziana|Fianakaviam-piteny aostrôneziana]]
* [[Tantaran' i Madagasikara]]
* [[Vazimba]]
* [[Lovantsofina am-bava]]

* [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostroneziana]]
* [[Banto (vahoaka)|Bantò]]
* [[Afrika Atsinanana]]
* [[Fifindrà-monina]]

* [[Fambolena eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Fiompiana eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Indran-teny afrikana ao amin' ny teny malagasy]]
* ''[[Mission archéologique France-Madagascar]]'' (MAFMAD)
* [[Haiteny ara-tantara]]
* Fielezan' ny vahoaka Bantò

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==

* Adelaar, Alexander K. (1995). &quot;[[scholar:Alexander+Adelaar+Asian+Roots+of+the+Malagasy+Language+1995&amp;utm|Asian Roots of the Malagasy Language: A Linguistic Perspective]]&quot;, in ''Bijdragen tot de     Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde''. Leiden.
* Adelaar, Alexander K. (2018). &quot;[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/spirits-and-ships/who-were-the-first-malagasy-and-what-did-they-speak/FB1D39086A9D294A71E2CE42E018F01D? Who Were the First Malagasy, and What Did They Speak?]&quot;, in Andrea Acri, Roger Blench &amp; Alexandra Landmann (eds.), ''Spirits and Ships: Cultural Transfers in'' ''Early Monsoon Asia'', Singapore, ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute, p. 441–469. 
* Adhikari, K. et al. (2020). &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/bmsap/6903? Histoire démographiquedes ancêtres de la population malgache actuelle]&quot;, ''Bulletins et     Mémoires de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris''.
* Allibert, Claude (2008). &quot;[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/diogenes/article/abs/austronesian-migration-and-the-establishment-of-the-malagasy-civilization-contrasted-readings-in-linguistics-archaeology-genetics-and-cultural-anthropology/257B5DCFE7E02E1F8D0DDE5EF060B9A3? Austronesian Migration and the Establishment of the Malagasy Civilization: Contrasted     Readings in Linguistics, Archaeology, Genetics and Cultural Anthropology]&quot;, ''Diogenes'', 55(2), p. 7–16. DOI: 10.1177/0392192108090734.
* Beaujard, Philippe (2003). &quot;[https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?DB=p&amp;RID=28355858X&amp; Les arrivées austronésiennes à Madagascar : vagues ou continuum ?]&quot;, ''Études océan     Indien'', nos 35–36, p. 59–147. 
* Cox, Murray P. et al. (2012). &quot;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22438500/? A small cohort of Island Southeast Asian women founded Madagascar]&quot;, ''Proceedings of the Royal Society B'', 279(1739), p. 2761–2768. DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2012.0012. 
* Dahl, Otto Christian (1951). ''[https://books.google.com/books?q=Otto+Christian+Dahl+Malgache+et+Maanjan+1951&amp;utm Malgache et Maanjan : une comparaison linguistique]''. Oslo, Egede Instituttet. 
* Deschamps, Hubert (1961). ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Histoire_de_Madagascar.html?id=6F4wAQAAIAAJ&amp; Histoire de Madagascar]''. 2e éd., Paris, Berger-Levrault, 348 p. 
* Dewar, Robert E. &amp; Wright, Henry T. (1993). &quot;[[scholar:Dewar+Wright+Culture+History+of+Madagascar+1993&amp;|The Culture History of Madagascar]]&quot;, ''Journal of World Prehistory'', 7, p. 417–466.
* Ferrand, Gabriel (1908). &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bmsap_0037-8984_1909_num_10_1_8033? L'origine africaine des Malgaches]&quot;. ''Journal asiatique'', 10e série, t. XI, p. 353–500.
* Kent, Raymond K. (1970). ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Early_Kingdoms_in_Madagascar_1500_1700.html?id=UNvezQEACAAJ&amp; Early Kingdoms in Madagascar, 1500–1700]''. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 336 p. Google Books
* Minisiteran' ny Serasera sy ny Kolontsaina (2021). ''Ny Fiandohan''' ''ny Malagasy''. Antananarivo : Minisiteran' ny Serasera sy ny Kolontsaina.
* Minisiteran' ny Serasera sy ny Kolontsaina. (2023). ''Ny'' ''Loharano nipoiran' ny teny malagasy''. Antananarivo : Minisiteran' ny Serasera sy ny Kolontsaina.
* Pierron, Denis et al. (2017). &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5559028/? Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar]&quot;, ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'', 114(32), p. E6498–E6506. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704906114. PMC – lahatsoratra feno
* Radimilahy, Marie de Chantal (1998). ''[https://arkeologi.bokorder.se/en-US/article/3691/mahilaka? Mahilaka: An Archaeological Investigation of an Early Town in Northwestern Madagascar]''. Uppsala, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Studies in African Archaeology 15, 293 p., &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-91-506-1313-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Razafindrazaka, Harilanto et al. (2021). &quot;[https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R72/6106232? Genetic evidence and historical theories of the Asian and  African origins of the present Malagasy population]&quot;, ''Human Molecular Genetics'', 30(R1), p. R72–R78. DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab018. Oxford Academic
* Ricaut, François-X. et al. (2009). &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2164-10-605? A new deep branch of Eurasian mtDNA macrohaplogroup M reveals additional complexity regarding the settlement of Madagascar]&quot;, ''BMC Genomics'', 10, article 605. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-605.

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>qbsf7w8b8ef96o57w4fdj07raziljnw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Reineckea</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302572</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1152774</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T09:45:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana Asparagaceae</comment>
      <origin>1152774</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1273" sha1="svq218qnf0k0se0i7vyetzz6m6vxhhn" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:キチジョウソウ (5844522109).jpg|vignette|340x340px|''Reineckea carnea'']]
Ny '''''Reineckea''''' dia vondron-karazana [[zavamaniry mamony]] [[tokan-dravin-tsimoka]], ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Convallarioideae]]'', ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Asparagales]]. Karazana maromaro no efa naroso ho anisan' ity vondrona ity, saingy iray ihany no eken' ny maro: ny '''''Reineckea carnea''''', izay teratany any [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]] sy [[Japàna|Japana]]. ''Reineckea'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt; no anarana ara-tsiansan' ny vondrona fa ''Reineckea carnea'' &lt;small&gt;(Andrews) Kunth&lt;/small&gt; kosa ny an' ilay karazana.

Indreto koa ny anarana hafa nahafantarana azy io:

* ''Sanseviella'' &lt;small&gt;Rchb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria carnea'' &lt;small&gt;Andrews&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria sessiliflora'' &lt;small&gt;Ker Gawl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria rosea'' &lt;small&gt;F.Dietr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sansevieria sarmentosa'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sanseviella carnea'' &lt;small&gt;Rchb. ''ex'' Steud.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ophiopogon thunbergii'' &lt;small&gt;Schult.f. ''ex'' Miq.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Reineckea yunnanensis'' &lt;small&gt;W.W.Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Reineckea ovata'' &lt;small&gt;Z.Y.Zhu &amp; Z.R.Chen&lt;/small&gt;

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Sansevieria]]''
* ''[[Ophiopogon]]''</text>
      <sha1>svq218qnf0k0se0i7vyetzz6m6vxhhn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ophiopogon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302573</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1152775</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T10:24:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Vondron-karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana Asparagaceae</comment>
      <origin>1152775</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5640" sha1="6xoox4jv6dbym3lcmx9crzeadcd0riu" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Ophiopogon japonicus (fruits s2).jpg|vignette|393x393px|''Ophiopogon japonicus'']]
Ny '''''Ophiopogon''''' dia vondron-karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] [[tokan-dravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]'', zana-pianakaviana ''[[Convallarioideae]]'' (fianakaviana ''[[Ruscaceae]]'' taloha), araka ny [[fanasokajiana APG III]]. Maitso ravina mandavantaona ny zavamaniry ao aminy izay teratany any amin' ny faritra manana toetany antonony mafana sy trôpikaly any [[Azia Atsinanana]] sy [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana|Atsimo-Atsinanana]] ary [[Azia Atsimo|Atsimo]]. Na dia mitovy amin' ny bozaka aza ny endriky ny zavamaniry ao aminy, dia tsy mifandray akaiky amin' ny bozaka tena izy (fianakaviana ''[[Poaceae]]'') izy ireo. Mametraka azy ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]'', zana-pianakaviana ''[[Convallarioideae]]'' (fianakaviana ''[[Ruscaceae]]'' taloha). Tahaka ny zavamaniry tokan-dravintsimoka maro dia nosokajiana tao amin' ny ''[[Liliaceae]]'' taloha izy io. Mitombo taranaka avy amin' ny [[Taranja (taova)|taranja]] fohy izy ireo, ary mitondra vonron-dravina matevina, izay ipoiran' ny vony mivondrona eo amin' ny tahony fohy eo ambonin' ny ravina.

== Lisitry ny karazana ==
Inty ny lisitry ny karazana izay ahitana karazana miisa 92 araka ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' &lt;small&gt;(notsidihina tamin' ny 02/11/2026)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331251-2 ''Ophiopogon'' Ker Gawl.]&quot;, ''powo.science.kew.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:

* ''Ophiopogon acerobracteatus'' R.H.Miao ex W.B.Liao, J.H.Jin &amp; W.Q.Liu
* ''Ophiopogon alatus'' Aver. &amp; N.Tanaka
* ''Ophiopogon amblyphyllus'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon angustifoliatus'' (F.T.Wang &amp; Tang) S.C.Chen
* ''Ophiopogon bockianus'' Diels
* ''Ophiopogon bodinieri'' H.Lév.
* ''Ophiopogon brevicaulis'' N.Tanaka, Aver. &amp; K.S.Nguyen
* ''Ophiopogon brevipes'' Craib
* ''Ophiopogon caulescens'' (Blume) Backer
* ''Ophiopogon chingii'' F.T.Wang &amp; Tang
* ''Ophiopogon clarkei'' Hook.f.
* ''Ophiopogon clavatus'' C.H.Wright ex Oliv.
* ''Ophiopogon confertifolius'' N.Tanaka
* ''Ophiopogon cordylinoides'' Prain
* ''Ophiopogon corifolius'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon dolichocaulis'' K.S.Nguyen, N.Tanaka &amp; Aver.
* ''Ophiopogon dracaenoides'' (Baker) Hook.f.
* ''Ophiopogon elatior'' Q.W.Lin, Zhi Y.Yu, Bing Liu &amp; C.T.Le
* ''Ophiopogon erectus'' Aver. &amp; N.Tanaka
* ''Ophiopogon filipes'' D.Fang
* ''Ophiopogon fooningensis'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon fruticulosus'' Aver., N.Tanaka &amp; K.S.Nguyen
* ''Ophiopogon grandis'' W.W.Sm.
* ''Ophiopogon griffithii'' (Baker) Hook.f.
* ''Ophiopogon guangzhouensis'' H.Z.Feng, X.J.Gan &amp; Q.Fan
* ''Ophiopogon hayatae'' (N.Tanaka) N.Tanaka, Aver. &amp; T.Koyama
* ''Ophiopogon heterandrus'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon heterotepalus'' N.Tanaka, Vuong &amp; Aver.
* ''Ophiopogon hongjiangensis'' Y.Y.Qian
* ''Ophiopogon humilis'' L.Rodr.
* ''Ophiopogon intermedius'' D.Don
* ''Ophiopogon jaburan'' (Siebold) G.Lodd.
* ''Ophiopogon japonicus'' (Thunb.) Ker Gawl.
* ''Ophiopogon jiangchengensis'' Y.Y.Qian
* ''Ophiopogon kradungensis'' M.N.Tamura
* ''Ophiopogon latifolius'' L.Rodr.
* ''Ophiopogon leptophyllus'' Griff.
* ''Ophiopogon longifolius'' Decne.
* ''Ophiopogon lushuiensis'' S.C.Chen
* ''Ophiopogon mairei'' H.Lév.
* ''Ophiopogon malcolmsonii'' Royle ex Hook.f.
* ''Ophiopogon malipoensis'' Q.W.Lin
* ''Ophiopogon marmoratus'' Pierre ex L.Rodr.
* ''Ophiopogon megalanthus'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon menglianensis'' H.W.Li
* ''Ophiopogon micranthus'' Hook.f.
* ''Ophiopogon morrisonensis'' S.S.Ying
* ''Ophiopogon motouensis'' S.C.Chen
* ''Ophiopogon multiflorus'' Y.Wan
* ''Ophiopogon muongnhensis'' K.S.Nguyen, N.Tanaka &amp; Aver.
* ''Ophiopogon paniculatus'' Z.Y.Zhu
* ''Ophiopogon patulus'' Aver. &amp; N.Tanaka
* ''Ophiopogon peliosanthoides'' F.T.Wang &amp; Tang
* ''Ophiopogon petraeus'' Aver. &amp; N.Tanaka
* ''Ophiopogon phuluangensis'' M.N.Tamura &amp; Yooprasert
* ''Ophiopogon pierrei'' L.Rodr.
* ''Ophiopogon pingbienensis'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon planiscapus'' Nakai
* ''Ophiopogon platyphyllus'' Merr. &amp; Chun
* ''Ophiopogon regnieri'' Bois
* ''Ophiopogon reptans'' Hook.f.
* ''Ophiopogon reversus'' C.C.Huang
* ''Ophiopogon revolutus'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon robustus'' Aver., N.Tanaka &amp; K.S.Nguyen
* ''Ophiopogon rugosus'' N.Tanaka, Aver. &amp; C.H.Nguyen
* ''Ophiopogon rupestris'' Aver. &amp; N.Tanaka
* ''Ophiopogon sar-garhwalensis'' R.D.Gaur &amp; D.S.Rawat
* ''Ophiopogon sarmentosus'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon sclerophyllus'' D.X.Nong &amp; H.Zhen Lv
* ''Ophiopogon shuangliuensis'' S.S.Ying
* ''Ophiopogon siamensis'' M.N.Tamura
* ''Ophiopogon sinensis'' Y.Wan &amp; C.C.Huang
* ''Ophiopogon sparsiflorus'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon stenophyllus'' (Merr.) L.Rodr.
* ''Ophiopogon subverticillatus'' Gagnep. ex L.Rodr.
* ''Ophiopogon sylvicola'' F.T.Wang &amp; Tang
* ''Ophiopogon szechuanensis'' F.T.Wang &amp; Tang
* ''Ophiopogon tiandengensis'' H.Z.Feng, C.X.Peng &amp; Q.W.Lin
* ''Ophiopogon tienensis'' F.T.Wang &amp; Tang
* ''Ophiopogon tonkinensis'' L.Rodr.
* ''Ophiopogon trigonantherus'' N.Tanaka &amp; Aver.
* ''Ophiopogon tristylatus'' Aver., N.Tanaka &amp; Luu
* ''Ophiopogon tsaii'' F.T.Wang &amp; Tang
* ''Ophiopogon umbraticola'' Hance
* ''Ophiopogon vietnamensis'' N.Tanaka
* ''Ophiopogon wufengchiwaterfallensis'' S.S.Ying
* ''Ophiopogon ximengensis'' H.Z.Feng &amp; Q.W.Lin
* ''Ophiopogon xiuluanensis'' S.S.Ying
* ''Ophiopogon xylorrhizus'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon yangshuoensis'' R.H.Jiang &amp; W.B.Xu
* ''Ophiopogon yunnanensis'' S.C.Chen
* ''Ophiopogon zingiberaceus'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai

== Jereo koa ==

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>6xoox4jv6dbym3lcmx9crzeadcd0riu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1152776</id>
      <parentid>1152775</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T10:26:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Namafa soratra tsy ilaina</comment>
      <origin>1152776</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5495" sha1="npdp5i0popp9suyy4jtzv2zq9rg7du5" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Ophiopogon japonicus (fruits s2).jpg|vignette|393x393px|''Ophiopogon japonicus'']]
Ny '''''Ophiopogon''''' dia vondron-karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] [[tokan-dravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]'', zana-pianakaviana ''[[Convallarioideae]]'' (fianakaviana ''[[Ruscaceae]]'' taloha), araka ny [[fanasokajiana APG III]]. Maitso ravina mandavantaona ny zavamaniry ao aminy izay teratany any amin' ny faritra manana toetany antonony mafana sy trôpikaly any [[Azia Atsinanana]] sy [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana|Atsimo-Atsinanana]] ary [[Azia Atsimo|Atsimo]]. Na dia mitovy amin' ny bozaka aza ny endriky ny zavamaniry ao aminy, dia tsy mifandray akaiky amin' ny bozaka tena izy (fianakaviana ''[[Poaceae]]'') izy ireo. Tahaka ny zavamaniry tokan-dravintsimoka maro dia nosokajiana tao amin' ny ''[[Liliaceae]]'' taloha izy io. Mitombo taranaka avy amin' ny [[Taranja (taova)|taranja]] fohy izy ireo, ary mitondra vonron-dravina matevina, izay ipoiran' ny vony mivondrona eo amin' ny tahony fohy eo ambonin' ny ravina.

== Lisitry ny karazana ==
Inty ny lisitry ny karazana izay ahitana karazana miisa 92 araka ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' &lt;small&gt;(notsidihina tamin' ny 02/11/2026)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331251-2 ''Ophiopogon'' Ker Gawl.]&quot;, ''powo.science.kew.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:

* ''Ophiopogon acerobracteatus'' R.H.Miao ex W.B.Liao, J.H.Jin &amp; W.Q.Liu
* ''Ophiopogon alatus'' Aver. &amp; N.Tanaka
* ''Ophiopogon amblyphyllus'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon angustifoliatus'' (F.T.Wang &amp; Tang) S.C.Chen
* ''Ophiopogon bockianus'' Diels
* ''Ophiopogon bodinieri'' H.Lév.
* ''Ophiopogon brevicaulis'' N.Tanaka, Aver. &amp; K.S.Nguyen
* ''Ophiopogon brevipes'' Craib
* ''Ophiopogon caulescens'' (Blume) Backer
* ''Ophiopogon chingii'' F.T.Wang &amp; Tang
* ''Ophiopogon clarkei'' Hook.f.
* ''Ophiopogon clavatus'' C.H.Wright ex Oliv.
* ''Ophiopogon confertifolius'' N.Tanaka
* ''Ophiopogon cordylinoides'' Prain
* ''Ophiopogon corifolius'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon dolichocaulis'' K.S.Nguyen, N.Tanaka &amp; Aver.
* ''Ophiopogon dracaenoides'' (Baker) Hook.f.
* ''Ophiopogon elatior'' Q.W.Lin, Zhi Y.Yu, Bing Liu &amp; C.T.Le
* ''Ophiopogon erectus'' Aver. &amp; N.Tanaka
* ''Ophiopogon filipes'' D.Fang
* ''Ophiopogon fooningensis'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon fruticulosus'' Aver., N.Tanaka &amp; K.S.Nguyen
* ''Ophiopogon grandis'' W.W.Sm.
* ''Ophiopogon griffithii'' (Baker) Hook.f.
* ''Ophiopogon guangzhouensis'' H.Z.Feng, X.J.Gan &amp; Q.Fan
* ''Ophiopogon hayatae'' (N.Tanaka) N.Tanaka, Aver. &amp; T.Koyama
* ''Ophiopogon heterandrus'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon heterotepalus'' N.Tanaka, Vuong &amp; Aver.
* ''Ophiopogon hongjiangensis'' Y.Y.Qian
* ''Ophiopogon humilis'' L.Rodr.
* ''Ophiopogon intermedius'' D.Don
* ''Ophiopogon jaburan'' (Siebold) G.Lodd.
* ''Ophiopogon japonicus'' (Thunb.) Ker Gawl.
* ''Ophiopogon jiangchengensis'' Y.Y.Qian
* ''Ophiopogon kradungensis'' M.N.Tamura
* ''Ophiopogon latifolius'' L.Rodr.
* ''Ophiopogon leptophyllus'' Griff.
* ''Ophiopogon longifolius'' Decne.
* ''Ophiopogon lushuiensis'' S.C.Chen
* ''Ophiopogon mairei'' H.Lév.
* ''Ophiopogon malcolmsonii'' Royle ex Hook.f.
* ''Ophiopogon malipoensis'' Q.W.Lin
* ''Ophiopogon marmoratus'' Pierre ex L.Rodr.
* ''Ophiopogon megalanthus'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon menglianensis'' H.W.Li
* ''Ophiopogon micranthus'' Hook.f.
* ''Ophiopogon morrisonensis'' S.S.Ying
* ''Ophiopogon motouensis'' S.C.Chen
* ''Ophiopogon multiflorus'' Y.Wan
* ''Ophiopogon muongnhensis'' K.S.Nguyen, N.Tanaka &amp; Aver.
* ''Ophiopogon paniculatus'' Z.Y.Zhu
* ''Ophiopogon patulus'' Aver. &amp; N.Tanaka
* ''Ophiopogon peliosanthoides'' F.T.Wang &amp; Tang
* ''Ophiopogon petraeus'' Aver. &amp; N.Tanaka
* ''Ophiopogon phuluangensis'' M.N.Tamura &amp; Yooprasert
* ''Ophiopogon pierrei'' L.Rodr.
* ''Ophiopogon pingbienensis'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon planiscapus'' Nakai
* ''Ophiopogon platyphyllus'' Merr. &amp; Chun
* ''Ophiopogon regnieri'' Bois
* ''Ophiopogon reptans'' Hook.f.
* ''Ophiopogon reversus'' C.C.Huang
* ''Ophiopogon revolutus'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon robustus'' Aver., N.Tanaka &amp; K.S.Nguyen
* ''Ophiopogon rugosus'' N.Tanaka, Aver. &amp; C.H.Nguyen
* ''Ophiopogon rupestris'' Aver. &amp; N.Tanaka
* ''Ophiopogon sar-garhwalensis'' R.D.Gaur &amp; D.S.Rawat
* ''Ophiopogon sarmentosus'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon sclerophyllus'' D.X.Nong &amp; H.Zhen Lv
* ''Ophiopogon shuangliuensis'' S.S.Ying
* ''Ophiopogon siamensis'' M.N.Tamura
* ''Ophiopogon sinensis'' Y.Wan &amp; C.C.Huang
* ''Ophiopogon sparsiflorus'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon stenophyllus'' (Merr.) L.Rodr.
* ''Ophiopogon subverticillatus'' Gagnep. ex L.Rodr.
* ''Ophiopogon sylvicola'' F.T.Wang &amp; Tang
* ''Ophiopogon szechuanensis'' F.T.Wang &amp; Tang
* ''Ophiopogon tiandengensis'' H.Z.Feng, C.X.Peng &amp; Q.W.Lin
* ''Ophiopogon tienensis'' F.T.Wang &amp; Tang
* ''Ophiopogon tonkinensis'' L.Rodr.
* ''Ophiopogon trigonantherus'' N.Tanaka &amp; Aver.
* ''Ophiopogon tristylatus'' Aver., N.Tanaka &amp; Luu
* ''Ophiopogon tsaii'' F.T.Wang &amp; Tang
* ''Ophiopogon umbraticola'' Hance
* ''Ophiopogon vietnamensis'' N.Tanaka
* ''Ophiopogon wufengchiwaterfallensis'' S.S.Ying
* ''Ophiopogon ximengensis'' H.Z.Feng &amp; Q.W.Lin
* ''Ophiopogon xiuluanensis'' S.S.Ying
* ''Ophiopogon xylorrhizus'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon yangshuoensis'' R.H.Jiang &amp; W.B.Xu
* ''Ophiopogon yunnanensis'' S.C.Chen
* ''Ophiopogon zingiberaceus'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai

== Jereo koa ==

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>npdp5i0popp9suyy4jtzv2zq9rg7du5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1152777</id>
      <parentid>1152776</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T10:27:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1152777</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5516" sha1="b4w6o79sn38gc0mi4na3qha15rsghgr" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Ophiopogon japonicus (fruits s2).jpg|vignette|393x393px|''Ophiopogon japonicus'']]
Ny '''''Ophiopogon''''' dia vondron-karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] [[tokan-dravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]'', zana-pianakaviana ''[[Convallarioideae]]'' (fianakaviana ''[[Ruscaceae]]'' taloha), araka ny [[fanasokajiana APG III]]. Maitso ravina mandavantaona ny zavamaniry ao aminy izay teratany any amin' ny faritra manana toetany antonony mafana sy trôpikaly any [[Azia Atsinanana]] sy [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana|Atsimo-Atsinanana]] ary [[Azia Atsimo|Atsimo]]. Na dia mitovy amin' ny bozaka aza ny endriky ny zavamaniry ao aminy, dia tsy mifandray akaiky amin' ny bozaka tena izy (fianakaviana ''[[Poaceae]]'') izy ireo. Tahaka ny zavamaniry tokan-dravintsimoka maro dia nosokajiana tao amin' ny ''[[Liliaceae]]'' taloha izy io. Mitombo taranaka avy amin' ny [[Taranja (taova)|taranja]] fohy izy ireo, ary mitondra vonron-dravina matevina, izay ipoiran' ny vony mivondrona eo amin' ny tahony fohy eo ambonin' ny ravina.

== Lisitry ny karazana ==
Inty ny lisitry ny karazana izay ahitana karazana miisa 92 araka ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' &lt;small&gt;(notsidihina tamin' ny 02/11/2026)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331251-2 ''Ophiopogon'' Ker Gawl.]&quot;, ''powo.science.kew.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:

* ''Ophiopogon acerobracteatus'' R.H.Miao ex W.B.Liao, J.H.Jin &amp; W.Q.Liu
* ''Ophiopogon alatus'' Aver. &amp; N.Tanaka
* ''Ophiopogon amblyphyllus'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon angustifoliatus'' (F.T.Wang &amp; Tang) S.C.Chen
* ''Ophiopogon bockianus'' Diels
* ''Ophiopogon bodinieri'' H.Lév.
* ''Ophiopogon brevicaulis'' N.Tanaka, Aver. &amp; K.S.Nguyen
* ''Ophiopogon brevipes'' Craib
* ''Ophiopogon caulescens'' (Blume) Backer
* ''Ophiopogon chingii'' F.T.Wang &amp; Tang
* ''Ophiopogon clarkei'' Hook.f.
* ''Ophiopogon clavatus'' C.H.Wright ex Oliv.
* ''Ophiopogon confertifolius'' N.Tanaka
* ''Ophiopogon cordylinoides'' Prain
* ''Ophiopogon corifolius'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon dolichocaulis'' K.S.Nguyen, N.Tanaka &amp; Aver.
* ''Ophiopogon dracaenoides'' (Baker) Hook.f.
* ''Ophiopogon elatior'' Q.W.Lin, Zhi Y.Yu, Bing Liu &amp; C.T.Le
* ''Ophiopogon erectus'' Aver. &amp; N.Tanaka
* ''Ophiopogon filipes'' D.Fang
* ''Ophiopogon fooningensis'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon fruticulosus'' Aver., N.Tanaka &amp; K.S.Nguyen
* ''Ophiopogon grandis'' W.W.Sm.
* ''Ophiopogon griffithii'' (Baker) Hook.f.
* ''Ophiopogon guangzhouensis'' H.Z.Feng, X.J.Gan &amp; Q.Fan
* ''Ophiopogon hayatae'' (N.Tanaka) N.Tanaka, Aver. &amp; T.Koyama
* ''Ophiopogon heterandrus'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon heterotepalus'' N.Tanaka, Vuong &amp; Aver.
* ''Ophiopogon hongjiangensis'' Y.Y.Qian
* ''Ophiopogon humilis'' L.Rodr.
* ''Ophiopogon intermedius'' D.Don
* ''Ophiopogon jaburan'' (Siebold) G.Lodd.
* ''Ophiopogon japonicus'' (Thunb.) Ker Gawl.
* ''Ophiopogon jiangchengensis'' Y.Y.Qian
* ''Ophiopogon kradungensis'' M.N.Tamura
* ''Ophiopogon latifolius'' L.Rodr.
* ''Ophiopogon leptophyllus'' Griff.
* ''Ophiopogon longifolius'' Decne.
* ''Ophiopogon lushuiensis'' S.C.Chen
* ''Ophiopogon mairei'' H.Lév.
* ''Ophiopogon malcolmsonii'' Royle ex Hook.f.
* ''Ophiopogon malipoensis'' Q.W.Lin
* ''Ophiopogon marmoratus'' Pierre ex L.Rodr.
* ''Ophiopogon megalanthus'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon menglianensis'' H.W.Li
* ''Ophiopogon micranthus'' Hook.f.
* ''Ophiopogon morrisonensis'' S.S.Ying
* ''Ophiopogon motouensis'' S.C.Chen
* ''Ophiopogon multiflorus'' Y.Wan
* ''Ophiopogon muongnhensis'' K.S.Nguyen, N.Tanaka &amp; Aver.
* ''Ophiopogon paniculatus'' Z.Y.Zhu
* ''Ophiopogon patulus'' Aver. &amp; N.Tanaka
* ''Ophiopogon peliosanthoides'' F.T.Wang &amp; Tang
* ''Ophiopogon petraeus'' Aver. &amp; N.Tanaka
* ''Ophiopogon phuluangensis'' M.N.Tamura &amp; Yooprasert
* ''Ophiopogon pierrei'' L.Rodr.
* ''Ophiopogon pingbienensis'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon planiscapus'' Nakai
* ''Ophiopogon platyphyllus'' Merr. &amp; Chun
* ''Ophiopogon regnieri'' Bois
* ''Ophiopogon reptans'' Hook.f.
* ''Ophiopogon reversus'' C.C.Huang
* ''Ophiopogon revolutus'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon robustus'' Aver., N.Tanaka &amp; K.S.Nguyen
* ''Ophiopogon rugosus'' N.Tanaka, Aver. &amp; C.H.Nguyen
* ''Ophiopogon rupestris'' Aver. &amp; N.Tanaka
* ''Ophiopogon sar-garhwalensis'' R.D.Gaur &amp; D.S.Rawat
* ''Ophiopogon sarmentosus'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon sclerophyllus'' D.X.Nong &amp; H.Zhen Lv
* ''Ophiopogon shuangliuensis'' S.S.Ying
* ''Ophiopogon siamensis'' M.N.Tamura
* ''Ophiopogon sinensis'' Y.Wan &amp; C.C.Huang
* ''Ophiopogon sparsiflorus'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon stenophyllus'' (Merr.) L.Rodr.
* ''Ophiopogon subverticillatus'' Gagnep. ex L.Rodr.
* ''Ophiopogon sylvicola'' F.T.Wang &amp; Tang
* ''Ophiopogon szechuanensis'' F.T.Wang &amp; Tang
* ''Ophiopogon tiandengensis'' H.Z.Feng, C.X.Peng &amp; Q.W.Lin
* ''Ophiopogon tienensis'' F.T.Wang &amp; Tang
* ''Ophiopogon tonkinensis'' L.Rodr.
* ''Ophiopogon trigonantherus'' N.Tanaka &amp; Aver.
* ''Ophiopogon tristylatus'' Aver., N.Tanaka &amp; Luu
* ''Ophiopogon tsaii'' F.T.Wang &amp; Tang
* ''Ophiopogon umbraticola'' Hance
* ''Ophiopogon vietnamensis'' N.Tanaka
* ''Ophiopogon wufengchiwaterfallensis'' S.S.Ying
* ''Ophiopogon ximengensis'' H.Z.Feng &amp; Q.W.Lin
* ''Ophiopogon xiuluanensis'' S.S.Ying
* ''Ophiopogon xylorrhizus'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai
* ''Ophiopogon yangshuoensis'' R.H.Jiang &amp; W.B.Xu
* ''Ophiopogon yunnanensis'' S.C.Chen
* ''Ophiopogon zingiberaceus'' F.T.Wang &amp; L.K.Dai

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Reineckea]]''

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>b4w6o79sn38gc0mi4na3qha15rsghgr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>