Wikipedia mgwiki https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Fandraisana MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Rakitra Manokana Dinika Mpikambana Dinika amin'ny mpikambana Wikipedia Dinika amin'ny Wikipedia Sary Dinika amin'ny sary MediaWiki Dinika amin'ny MediaWiki Endrika Dinika amin'ny endrika Fanoroana Dinika amin'ny fanoroana Sokajy Dinika amin'ny sokajy TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk 0 2280 1152809 1152534 2026-11-02T21:37:03Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152809 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Banana three in Réunion.jpg|vignette|Akondro maitso]] Ny '''akondro''' dia voankazo fihinana be nofony sy mitahiry rano, vokarin' ny zavamaniry mitovy anarana aminy, izay karazana sy ovan-karazana volena maromaro avy amin' ny antokon-javamairy ''[[Musa]]'', izay ao anatin' ny fianakavian-javamaniry ''[[Musaceae]]''. Miovaova isaky ny faritra eto [[Madagasikara]] ny anarana ahafantarana ny akondro, ka anisan' izany ny hoe '''katakata''' sy '''kida''' ary '''ontsy'''. Voankazo misy nofony izay miforona avy ao amin' ny [[Fihary atodinaina (bôtanika)|fihary atodinain]]' ny vonin' ilay zavamaniry izy io. Matetika ny akondro volena dia tsy misy [[vihim-boa]] tena mivoatra, noho ny [[partenôkarpia]], ary amin' ny ovan-karazany maro, dia vokatry ny tsy fahafahana miteraka amin' ny alalan' ny voa izay mifandray amin' ny firafitry ny [[Fototarazo|fototarazony]]. Misy fanavahana mahazatra eo amin' ny akondro mamy (izay matetika hanina tsy nandrahoina) sy ny akondro mila andrahoina, izay ahitana ihany koa ny vondrona antsoina hoe "plantain"<ref name="KewAcuminata">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, "*Musa acuminata* Colla," *Plants of the World Online*: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:797527-1/general-information {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:797527-1/general-information |date=20261025130210 }}</ref><ref name="KewBalbisiana">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, "*Musa balbisiana* Colla," *Plants of the World Online*: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:797536-1/general-information {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:797536-1/general-information |date=20261025130204 }}</ref>. Ny teny hoe ''akondro'' (sy ny mitovy hevitra aminy) dia sady manondro ny voan' ilay [[Akondro (zavamaniry)|zavamaniry]] no manondro ihany koa [[Akondro (zavamaniry)|ilay zavamaniry]], fa ''Musa'' no anarana siantifika iantsoana ny vondron-karazana bôtanika misy ny karazana akondro samihafa, na ny volena na ireo izay maniry ho azy any anaty ala. Mifandray àry ireo teny ireo, saingy tsy azo ampifanakalozina. == Famariparitana ilay voankazo == === Endrika sy bika === [[Sary:Bananas on black background 02.jpg|vignette|Akondro]] Amin' ny ankapobeny, ny akondro dia voankazo lava, miendrika varingarina na somary misy zoro, ary matetika miolaka. Miovaova arakaraka ny karazany sy ny ovan-karazana volena ny habeny, ny fiolahany, ny hatevin' ny hodiny, ary ny lokon' ny nofony. Maitso ny hodiny raha mbola tsy matoy. Ho an' ny karazana akondro maro fihinanana toy ny akondro mamy, dia lasa mavo ny hodiny rehefa masaka, ary mety hisy pentina volontany avy eo. Misy ovan-karazany hafa kosa manana hoditra menamena, volomparasy, na manana loko hafa. Matetika dia fotsy, miloko toy ny hero-dronono, na mavo ny nofony, na dia mety hiova arakaraka ny ovan-karazany aza izany loko izany. === Firafitry ny voan' akondro === Voankazo be nofo ny akondro. Ny hodiny no mandrafitra ny ampahany ivelany amin' ilay voankazo, fa ny nofony kosa no ampahany lehibe indrindra izay hanina. Matetika ny akondro maniry hoazy any an' ala no ahitana vihim-boany mafy sy mivoatra tsara. Raha ny amin' ny akondro volena mba ho hanim-boa kosa, dia matetika tsy misy vihim-boa, na misy ihany fa lasa bitika sy somary mainty, ka tsy mivoatra ho lasa vihim-boa afaka maniry ka hamokatra tsimoka. Ny [[partenôkarpia]], izany hoe ny fiforonan' ny voa nefa tsy nisy fandonahana, no mahatonga ny fisian' ireo karazana voankazo tsy misy vihim-boa afaka mitsimoka ireo. === Fihamasahana === Voankazo "klimakterika" ny akondro: miova miaraka amin' ny fahamatorany ny fomba fifohan' ilay voankazo rivotra sy ny famokarana [[etilena]], [[hôrmônina]] izay manampy amin' ny fandrindrana izany fiovana izany. Mandritra ny fihamasahana dia rava tsikelikely ny hidrôetilamidôna ([[tavolo]]) ao anatin' ny nofon' ilay voankazo, ary mitombo ny habetsahan' ny [[siramamy]] mety levona, indrindra fa ny [[gliokôzy]] sy ny [[froktôzy]], ary ny [[sakarôzy]]. Vokatr' izany, dia matetika lasa mamy kokoa sy malemy kokoa ny nofon' akondro. Miankina, ankoatra ny anton-javatra hafa, amin' ny ovan-karazana sy ny fepetra fitahirizana azy ny fiovana eo amin' ny firafitra sy ny loko ary ny hanitra<ref name="Nascimento2019">M. A. C. do Nascimento et al., « The Starch Is (Not) Just Another Brick in the Wall: The Primary Metabolism of Sugars During Banana Ripening », ''Frontiers in Plant Science'', vol. 10, 2019, article 391, [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6454214/ texte intégral].</ref>. Matetika dia otazana alohan' ny hahatongavany amin' ny dingan' ny fahamasahana azo hanina ny akondro natao hotaterina lavitra. Aorian' izay dia azo fehezina ao anatin' ny toerana manokana ny fihamasahany, mba hahazoana voankazo vonona hamidy. == Karazana akondro samihafa == [[Sary:Bananavarieties.jpg|vignette|313x313px|Karazan' akondro samihafa: akondro "plantain", akondro mena, akondro latundan ary akondro Cavendish]] Hita taratra eo amin' ny habeny, ny endriny, ny lokony, ny firafitry ny nofony, ny tsirony ary ny fomba fampiasana azy amin' ny sakafo ny fisian' ny fahasamihafana eo amin' ny akondro volena. Araka ny filazan' ny ''[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]]'' (FAO) dia misy ovan-karazana akondro maherin' ny arivo eran-tany. Na izany aza, ampahany kely amin' io fahasamihafana io ihany no hita eo amin' ny varotra iraisam-pirenena. === Akondro mamy === Hanina tsy nandrahoina, indrindra rehefa tonga amin' ny fahamasahana tsara, ny akondro mamy izay fihinanana mivantana. Ny [[Akondro Cavendish|vondrona Cavendish]] no manjaka eo amin' ny varotra iraisam-pirenena momba ny akondro mamy, satria izy no manana anjara toerana lehibe eo amin' ny famokarana sy ny fitsinjarana maneran-tany. Na izany aza dia tsy voafetra ao anatin' ny vondrona Cavendish ihany ny akondro fihinanana toy ny ovan-karazana maro izay jifain' ny mponina eny amin' ny faritra sy ny firenena ambolena azy, ary samy manana ny toetrany manokana ireo akondro ireo, na eo amin' ny lafiny habe, tsiro, loko, na firafitry ny nofony. === Akondro fahandro === Ampiasaina amin' ny fanomanana sakafo mitaky fandrahoana ny akondro fandraho. Mijanona ho mafy tsara sy be [[tavolo]] ny nofony, indrindra rehefa mbola maitso ilay akondro. Azo andrahoina anaty rano, endasina, potserina na totoina ho lafarinina izy ireo. Vondrona manan-danja amin' ireo izay natao handrahoina ny akondro karazana "plantain", indrindra atỳ [[Afrika atsimon' i Saharà|Afrika atsimon' i Sahara]] sy any [[Amerika Latina]] ary any [[Karaîba|Karaiba]]. Ny teny hoe "plantain" dia manondro voalohany indrindra ny akondro samihafa volena mba handrahoina, ka tsy midika ho ovan-karazana iray manokana na tokana ekena eran-tany izany. Mety hampiasaina amin' ny fomba maro samihafa ny ovan-karazana noforonina sasany, arakaraka ny fahamatoiny sy ny fomba fanaovana nahandro isaky ny faritra. === Vondrona sy ovan-karazana noforonina hafa === [[Sary:RedBananasMetepec.JPG|vignette|Akondro mena]] Misy akondro hafa volena izay manana hoditra miloko mena na volomparasy, nofony manana loko miavaka, na toetra mifanaraka amin' ny fampiasana azy eo an-toerana. Mamorona vondrona miavaka ao amin' ny akondro azo hanina ny akondro "Fe'i", izay volena indrindra any amin' ny nosy sasany ao amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Pasifika]]. Fantatra manokana izy ireo noho ny fitombon' ny [[lafitra]] miakatra mitsangana, ary amin' ny ovan-karazany noforonina sasany, dia noho ny lokon' ny nofony. Miovaova arakaraka ny faritra sy ny fomba fambolena ny anarana sy ny fanasokajiana ny akondro. Ny anarana mahazatra omen' ny mponina dia tsy voatery hifanaraka tsara amin' ny vondrona ara-pototarazo na ara-taksônômika voafaritra mazava. == Taharo sy sanda ara-tsakafo == === Taharo ankapobeny === Miovaova arakaraka ny ovan-karazany sy ny fahamatoiny na ny fahamasahany ary ny fomba fitahirizana azy ny singa ara-tsakafo hita ao anatin' ny akondro. Araka ny angona avy amin' ny ''United States Department of Agriculture'' (USDA), ny akondro manta milanja 100 g dia manome eo amin' ny 89 [[kilôkalôria]], [[gliosida]] 22,8 g, tsiraka 2,6 g, [[prôteinina]] 1,1 g, ary [[lipida]] 0,3 g. Ahitana [[rano]] sy [[vitaminina]] ary [[mineraly]] ihany koa ao anatiny<ref name="USDA">United States Department of Agriculture, ''FoodData Central'', « Bananas, raw », [https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/].</ref>. Ireo tarehimarika ireo dia sanda fanondro fotsiny, satria tsy mitovy ho an' ny akondro rehetra. Indrindraindrindra, miova ny firafitry ny gliosida mandritra ny dingan' ny fihamasahan' ny akondro. === Tavolo sy siramamy === Misy ampahany betsaka amin' ny [[tavolo]] ny akondro maitso. Mandritra ny fizotran' ny fihamasahana na ny fihamasahana, dia miova ho [[siramamy]] mety levona, izay mahatonga ilay voankazo hihamamy kokoa, ny ampahany amin' io tavolo io. Tsy levon' ny tsinay kely ny ampahany amin' ny karazan-tavolo hita ao anatin' ny akondro maitso. Azon' ny bakteria an-tsinay aotrika io karazana tavolo tsy levona mora foana io. Miovaova ny habetsahany arakaraka ny lafin-javatra maro, toy ny ovan-karazana sy ny haavon' ny fahamatoiny na ny fahamasahany ary ny fomba fikarakarana ilay voankazo. Izany fanotrehana izany dia miteraka singa maro, anisan' izany ny [[asidra matavy]] misy rojo fohy. Miankina amin' ny habetsahan' ny akondro nohanina sy ny fangaron' ny sakafo ankapobeny ary ny toetra manokan' ny tsirairay ny vokatr' izany. === Vitaminina sy mineraly === Anisan' ny singa hita ao amin' ny akondro ny [[pôtasiôma]] sy ny [[maneziôma]], ary ny [[vitaminina B6]]. Araka ny angona fanondro avy amin' ny ''[[United States Department of Agriculture]]'' (USDA), dia ahitana pôtasiôma eo amin' ny 358 mg sy maneziôma 27 mg ary vitaminina B6 0,37 mg ny akondro manta milanja 100 g. Mandray anjara amin' ny fiasan' ny [[sela]] ara-dalàna sy ny fitazonana ny fifandanjan' ny [[elektrôlita]] ao amin' ny vatana ny pôtasiôma. Manana anjara asa amin' ny [[fiota]] maron' ny [[anzima]] ao amin' ny metabôlisma kosa ny vitaminina B6. Afaka manampy amin' ny fahazoana ireo otrikaina ireo ny akondro, nefa tsy azo heverina ho fitsaboana ampy ho an' ny tsy fahampiana [[otrikaina]] na ho an' ny [[aretina]] iray. === Taharo manitra sy akora hafa === Vokatry ny fifangaroan' ny akora mora mivadika ho [[etona]], anisan' izany ny karazana estera maro, ny hanitry ny akondro masaka. Miovaova arakaraka ny ovan-karazan' akondro ny firafitra sy ny habetsahan' ireo akora ireo, ary miova ihany koa mandritra ny dingan' ny fihamasahan' ilay voankazo. Ahitana haro fenôlika isan-karazany ihany koa ny nofon' akondro. Na izany aza, ny fisian' ny akora manana asa biôlôjika ao anatin' ny sakafo iray dia tsy ampy hanaporofoana fa misy fiantraikany ara-pitsaboana eo amin' ny olombelona izany. Mila sandaina amin' ny alalan' ny fikarohana manokana ireo toetra ireo. == Famokarana sy varotra iraisam-pirenena == === Fiotazana sy fitaterana ary fanamasahana === [[Sary:Green fresh bananas.jpg|vignette|Akondro maitso]]Matetika dia otazana alohan' ny hahatongavany amin' ny dingam-pihamasahana azo hanina tsara ny akondro natao ho an' ny tsena any amin' ny firenena lavitra. Taterina ao anatin' ny fepetra voafehy tsara izy ireo avy eo, mba hampiadana ny fizotran' ny fihamasahany. Rehefa tonga any amin' ny toerana hivarotana azy, dia mety ampiasaina ao anatin' ny toerana manokana ny [[etilena]] mba hahatonga ny akondro hitovy fahamasahana tsara. Misy fiantraikany amin' ny kalitaon' ny voankazo sy ny fatiantoka aorian' ny fiotazana ny mari-pana sy ny faharetan' ny fitaterana ary ny fepetra fitehirizana. === Famokarana maneran-tany === [[Sary:Bananen tanzania.jpg|vignette|305x305px|Mpamokatra akondro ao Tanzania]] Ambolena any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly maro ny akondro. Anisan' ny faritra tena mpamokatra azy i [[Azia]] sy i [[Amerika Latina]] ary i [[Afrika]]. I [[India]] sy i [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]] no anisan' ny mpamokatra lehibe indrindra, ka ny vokatra avy amin' izy ireo dia natokana indrindra ho an' ny tsena anatiny. Araka ny fanambaran' ny FAO, ny [[Akondro Cavendish|vondrona Cavendish]] dia mahatratra efa ho ny antsasaky ny famokarana akondro maneran-tany, ary ny varotra iraisam-pirenena dia nahatratra eo amin' ny 20 tapitrisa taonina eo ho eo isan-taona tato anatin' ny taona vitsivitsy. Mety hiova ireo tarehimarika ireo, arakaraka ny toe-javatra misy eo amin' ny famokarana sy eo amin' ny tsena. Maro ny firenena mamokatra akondro maneran-tany nefa ny firenena ao [[Amerika Afovoany]] no mpanondrana azy betsaka. I [[Japana]] no firenena mpanafatra akondro betsaka indrindra nanomboka tamin’ ny taompolo 1960. Ao [[Eorôpa]] no misy ny tsenan’ akondro iraisam-pirenena lehibe indrindra. I [[Etazonia]] anefa no tsenam-pirenena lehibe indrindra. Nisy vokatr’ izany ny fifanolanana teo amin' ny Amerikana sy ny Eorôpeana momba ny raharaham-barotra akondro tamin’ ny taompolo 1990. Mba hiarovana ny famokarana akondro any amin' ny firenena mifamatotra amin' ny alalan' ny ''Conventions de Lomé'' (Antilia Frantsay, Kanaria Espaniôla, ny firenena ao [[Afrika]] sy [[Karaiba]] ary [[Pasifika]]) dia nanangana lamina hamerana ny fidiran' ny akondro avy any [[Amerika Latina]] ny [[Vondrona Eorôpeana]]. Izany fifanolanana izany dia nahatonga ny fidirana an-tsehatr' i Etazonia mba hiarovany ny tsenan' ny firenena mifampiraharaha aminy. === Fitahirizana === [[Sary:Cavendish Banana DS.jpg|vignette|Akondro Cavendish]] Miankina amin' ny fahamatoy, ny mari-pana, ny hamandoana, ary ny faharetan' ny fotoana itahirizana azy ny fomba fitahirizana akondro. Mety hiteraka fahasimban' ny akondro ny mari-pana ambany loatra; izany dia miseho indrindra amin' ny fahasimban' ny hodiny sy ny fikorontanan' ny fizotran' ny fahamasahany. Ao anatin' ny rojom-pamatsiana ara-barotra dia zava-dehibe ny fifehezana ny fepetra fitaterana sy fitahirizana mba hampihenana ny fatiantoka aorian' ny fiotazana, sady hiantohana fa azo amidy amin' ny fahamasahana sahaza ilay voankazo. == Fampiasana amin' ny sakafo == === Fihinanana akondro vaovao === [[Sary:Bananas white background DS.jpg|vignette|Akondro]] Ny akondro mamy, izay fihinana mivantana tsy mila ahandroina, dia matetika hanina rehefa voaesotra ny hodiny. Azo ampidirina ao anatin' ny fangarom-boankazo, tsindrin-tsakafo, mofomamy, zava-pisotro voaharo, ary karazan-tsakafo hafa misy akora avy amin' ny ronono koa izy ireo. === Fikarakarana sakafo === Matetika ny akondro fahandro no andrahoina anaty rano, endasina malefaka, endasina atao may, na totoina ho lasa koba. Miovaova arakaraka ny firenena sy ny faritra ary ny fomba fanaovana fahandro ny fanomanana. Misy ovan-karazana sasany ampiasaina raha mbola maitso, fa ny sasany kosa no mety kokoa rehefa efa masaka. Ampiasaina amin' ny fanaovana mofomamy, mofo dipaina nasiana siramamy, tsindrin-tsakafo vita amin' ny hero-dronono, ary tsindrin-tsakafo hafa koa ny akondro efa masaka. Ny fahamasahany dia misy fiantraikany amin' ny firafitry ny nofony sy ny hamaminy ary ny hanitra avoakany. === Vokatra voahodina === Azo karakaraina ho lasa lafarinina, takelana voan' akondro endasina (''chips''), koba malefaka, vokatra nohamainina, ary zava-pisotro misy alikaola azo avy amin' ny fanotrehana ny akondro. Ny lafarinin' akondro, ohatra, dia azo avy amin' ny voan' akondro nohamainina sy nototoina. Na akondro mbola maitso na efa masaka dia samy azo ampiasaina amin' ny fanamboarana karazan-tsakafo samihafa, arakaraka ny toetra mampiavaka azy sy ny fomba fanodinana ampiharina aminy. Any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly maro, dia misy ovan-karazany sasany ampiasaina hanaovana zava-pisotro nentim-paharazana vokatry ny fanotrehana. Samy hafa arakaraka ny vondrom-piarahamonina na ny firenena ny fomba fanamboarana sy ny teknika fanomanana ary ny anarana iantsoana azy ireo. === Fikarakarana ny akondro hatao sakafo malagasy === [[Sary:Gâteau_malgache_cuit_(koba_masaka).jpg|vignette|Koba ravina]] Eo [[Madagasikara]], ny akondro dia hanina amin' ny fomba samihafa, arakaraka ny karazany sy ny faritra ary ny fomba fisakafo. Azo hanina manta, endasina, hamainina, na andrahoina miaraka amin' ny akora hafa ny akondro. Ny [[Mofo-akondro|mofo akondro]] dia karazana mofo vita amin' ny akondro, matetika akondro masaka, afangaro anaty koba, izay endasina amin' ny menaka. Atao sakafo maraina na anelanelam-potoana izy io, ary amidy eny an-tsena. Ny [[Koba (mofo)|koba ravina]] kosa dia karazana mofomamy ahitana akondro sy kombam-[[Vary (kolontsaina malagasy)|bary]], ary, miankina amin' ny fomba fikarakarana azy, [[voanjo]]; fonosina ravin' akondro izy io ary andrahoina amin' ny etona. Any amin' ny morontsiraka atsinanana dia azo hamainaina amin' ny masoandro ny akondro mba hahafahana mitahiry azy ela kokoa. [[Fitsa]] no iantsoana an' io fomba fanomanana io, ary mety handalo fampidirana setroka ihany koa indraindray. Azo ampiasaina hanaovana feta mamy ihany koa ny akondro masaka, izay azo amin' ny alalan' ny fandrahoana azy miaraka amin' ny [[siramamy]] sy ranom-[[Voasarimakirana|boasarimakirana]]. Any amin' ny faritra avaratra amin' i Madagasikara, indrindra ao amin' ny faritra Diana, ny [[saoaba]], izay antsoina koa hoe [[kadaka]] amin' ny toe-javatra sasany, dia sakafo vita amin' ny akondro, izay mety afangaro amin' ny [[mangahazo]] na [[vomanga]]. Misy karazany andrahoina amin' ny ranom-[[Voanio|boanio]], ka mety ho mamy na masira ny tsirony. Ny ''sawaba fontsy lahy'', araka ny voalaza ao anatin' ny fomba fahandro iray navoaka tamin' ny taona 2025, dia karazana sakafo vita amin' ny akondro nandrahina amin' ny rano sy ranom-boanio. Farany, ny akondro maitso, indrindra fa ny karazana akondro lehibe (''plantain''), dia azo andrahoina amin' ny rano ary hanina ho sakafo misy [[gliosida]], hanina foysiny amin' izao na ho fanampin' ny sakafo hafa. == Fitsaboana nentim-paharazana == === Fitsaboana ny olan' ny fandevonan-kanina === [[Sary:Kadalikkula.JPG|vignette|227x227px|Akondro]]Ny akondro maitso dia ampiasaina hitsaboana ny [[Piriritra|fivalanana mipiriritra]] sy ny [[valan-dra]] (disanteria) atỳ [[Afrika]], any [[Azia]], any [[Karaîba|Karaiba]], ary any amin' ny nosy ao amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]]. Matetika ny akondro maitso no hanina rehefa avy masaka avy nadrahoina, nopotserina ho lasa koba, na nandrahoina toy ny tambavy. Izany fampiasana izany dia vokatry ny fisian' ny [[tavolo]] tsy mora levonina sy ny akora handatra (taninina) ao anatiny, izay afaka manampy amin' ny fandrindrana ny fiasan' ny [[tsinay]]. [[Sary:Banana on blackbackground.jpg|vignette|239x239px|Akondro masaka]] Etsy ankilany, ny akondro masaka dia hanina mba hanampiana ny fiasan' ny tsinay sy hanamaivanana ny [[fitohanana]]. Na izany aza, miovaova ny fiantraikan' izany arakaraka ny fahamasahan' ilay voankazo, ny habetsahana hanina, ary ny fomba famalin' ny tenan' ny olona tsirairay. Ao amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana any amin' ny faritra sasany, ny akondro maitso dia ampiasaina ihany koa hitsaboana ny fivontosan' ny fonom-bavony, ny fanaintainan' ny [[vavony]], ary ny fery ao amin' ny vavony. Azo hamainina sy totoina ho vovoka ilay akondro manta, na andrahoina anaty rano mba hakana ny singa mahasoa ao anatiny. Any [[Martinique]], ny akondro maitso nokikisana afangaro amin' ny ronono mafana dia ampiasaina mba hanamaivanana ny fanaintainan' ny vavony. === Fikarakarana hoditra sy fanasitranana ratra === Ampiasaina amin' ny fikarakarana hoditra amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana ihany koa ny nofon' ny akondro sy ny hodiny. Any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sasany, ny nofon' akondro voapotsitra na ny ilany anatiny amin' ny hodiny dia apetaka amin' ny ratra ivelany sy amin' ny faritra voaendaka ary amin' ny may kely, mba hanamaivanana ny fanaintainana sy hanampiana ny fahasitranan' ny ratra. Ampiasaina hanamaivanana ny mangidihidy vokatry ny kaikitry ny [[Insecta|bibikely]] ihany koa ny hoditr' akondro. Ao koa ny fametrahana ny lafiny anatiny amin' ny hoditry ny akondro eo amin' ny [[votsy]]; indraindray dia tazomina eo amin' ny alalan' ny fehy izany mba hitoetra eo amin' ny toerany mandritra ny ora maro. Tokony hohalavirina anefa ny fametrahana fanafody namboarina an-trano eo amin' ny ratra misokatra, noho ny mety hisian' ny loto na ny otrikaretina. === Fampiasana ara-pitsaboana nentim-paharazana hafa === Ao amin' ny vondrom-piarahamonina maro, ny akondro masaka dia heverina ho sakafo manome hery, natao manokana ho an' ny olona malemy vatana na ireo eo am-pahasitranana amin' ny aretina. Ny habetsahan' ny [[gliosida]] ao amin' ny akondro dia manome [[Angôvo|angovo]], ary ny [[pôtasiôma]] ao aminy kosa dia manampy amin' ny fiasan' ny [[hozatra]] sy ny [[fitatitra]] ara-dalàna. Izany fiheverana manokana ny akondro izany dia vokatry ny toetrany ara-tsakafo indrindra, fa tsy noho ny fananany toetra manokana manasitrana aretina. Any [[Afrika Afovoany]], indrindra any [[Gabôna]] sy any [[Kamerona]], ny akondro natono anaty lavenona dia ampiasaina mba hamonoana ny kankana an-tsinay, hitsaboana ny [[piriritra]] sy aretina isan-karazany mifandraika amin' ny taovam-pisefoana. Misy karazana akondro dia (maniry hoazy any an' ala) izay hamainina avy eo avela hilona ao anaty alikaola, ka atao fanafody hanamaivanana ny fanaintainan' ny [[lamosina]] sy ny [[taolana]] ary ny [[tonon-taolana]]. === Fampiasana ny akondro eo amin' ny fitsaboana sinoa nentim-paharazana === Ao amin' ny fitsaboana sinoa nentim-paharazana, ny akondro (''[[Musa × paradisiaca]]'') dia heverina ho voankazo manana toetra mangatsiaka sy mamy. Noho izany dia ampiasaina izy io mba "hanalana hafanana" sy hamonoana hetaheta ary hanamaivanana toe-javatra sasany mifandraika amin' ny tazo na ny fahataitairana. Ireo fanao ireo dia tafiditra ao anatin' ny rafitra ara-teôria manokana ao amin' io fitsaboana nentim-paharazana io, ary tsy voatery hifanaraka amin' ny voka-pitsaboana voaporofo araka ny fenitry ny fitsaboana siantifika ankehitriny. === Fitsaboana nentim-paharazana eto Madagasikara === Ero [[Madagasikara]], ny fampahalalana momba ny fifandraisan' ny olombelona sy ny zavamaniry (etnôbôtanika), izay voarakitra ao amin' ny bokin' i Jean-Pierre Nicolas mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Plantes médicinales du Nord de Madagascar. Ethnobotanique antakarana et informations scientifiques'' (2012), dia milaza fampiasana maro ara-pitsaboana azo avy amin' ny nofon' ny akondro maitso. Any faritra avaratra amin' ny Nos dia ampiasaina manokana hitsaboana ny aretim-pivalanana izy io. Voalaza ihany koa fa ny ranoka azo avy amin' ny fampangotrahana ny nofon' ny akondro maitso dia ampiasaina hitsaboana ny fivontosan' ny fonom-bavony (gastritis) sy ny fery ao amin' ny vavony; indraindray dia sotroina izany rehefa mbola tsy misy sakafo ny kibo. Ireo fanazavana ireo dia manamarina ny anjara asan' io voankazo io eo amin' ny fomba fitsaboana nentim-paharazana malagasy, indrindra fa ao anatin' ny fomba fitsaboana nentim-paharazan' ny [[Antankarana|Antakarana]]. Na izany aza dia angona momba ny etnôbôtanika fotsiny ihany ireo, ka tsy midika fa mahomby na azo antoka ny fanafody voaomana avy aminy. == Jereo koa == * [[Akondro (zavamaniry)]] * ''[[Musa]]'' (vondron-karazana) * [[Voankazo]] * [[Lisitry ny hazo fihinam-boa eto Madagasikara]] == Fanovozan-kevitra == * Nicolas, J.-P. (2012). [https://www.sudoc.fr/168522322 ''Plantes médicinales du Nord de Madagascar.'' ''Ethnobotanique antakarana et informations scientifiques'']. * Pereira, A. et Maraschin, M. (2015). "[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25449450/ Banana (''Musa'' spp) from peel to pulp: Ethnopharmacology, source of bioactive compounds and its relevance for human health]". ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 160, 149–163. * Gavidia-Valencia, J. G. et al. (2026). "[https://scindeks-clanci.ceon.rs/data/pdf/2217-5369/2026/2217-53692602306G.pdf Recent review on ethnomedicinal, pharmacological and chemical aspects of banana (''Musa paradisiaca'')]". ''Food and Feed Research'', 53(2), 306–329. == Rohy ivelany == * [http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts-B00001-01c20Tm.html Complete nutritional information.] * [http://www.inibap.org/ International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP)] * [http://www.honduras.com/fhia/engl-menu.htm Honduran Foundation of Agricultural Research (FHIA)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.honduras.com/fhia/engl-menu.htm |date=20111214122041 }} * [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/banana.html Banana from ''Fruits of Warm Climates'' by Julia Morton] * [http://www.uga.edu/fruit/banana.htm Banana and Plantain - University of Georgia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uga.edu/fruit/banana.htm |date=20060810044214 }} * [http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/banana.html Banana Fruit Facts - California Rare Fruit Growers] {{Wayback|url=http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/banana.html |date=20201017075339 }}. * [http://www.pacificbiological.org.au/projects/PBF_02_3/pbf_02_3.htm Tracing antiquity of banana cultivation in Papua New Guinea] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pacificbiological.org.au/projects/PBF_02_3/pbf_02_3.htm |date=20051018030537 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2664373.stm Bananas could split for good] * [http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/news/2003/13120-en.html Bananas not on verge of extinction, says FAO] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/news/2003/13120-en.html |date=20050829070721 }}. * [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2003-02/aps-ppu021403.php Plant pathologists unpeel rumors of banana extinction] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2003-02/aps-ppu021403.php |date=20070126100813 }} * [http://www.delaat.nl/main.php?main=ripening&sub=intro&ln=en De Laat Koudetechniek - Information about ripeningrooms] {{Wayback|url=http://www.delaat.nl/main.php?main=ripening&sub=intro&ln=en |date=20070929033856 }} * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8044524&dopt=Abstract The influence of banana stem extract on urinary risk factors for stones] == Loharano == [[Sokajy:Zingiberales]] [[Sokajy:Voankazo]] [[Sokajy:Fambolena]] gwvvp5zp80likclyrtvkexybxva5rvt 0 2558 1152871 1141476 2026-11-03T10:46:20Z HBoina 40172 Nanampy 1152871 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Buste du président Richard Ratsimandrava, Troisième président de Madagascar dans l'amphithéâtre du lycée.JPG|vignette|Sary mivohitra maneho an-dRatsimandrava]]{{Infobox olona|anarana=Ratsimandrava Richard|teraka=21 Marsa 1931|toerana=Mangarivotra, Antananarivo|maty=11 Febroary 1975|firenena=Madagasikara|karazana=Malagasy|asa=Miaramila|asa hafa=Mpitondra fanjakana|taona niasana=5 - 11 febroary 1975 (mpitondra fanjakana)|seha-pitiavana=Manambady an'i Razafindramoizina Thérèse}} '''Ratsimandrava Richard''' dia miaramila sy mpitondra fanjakana [[Madagasikara|malagasy]], teraka tamin' ny 21 Marsa 1931 tao Mangarivotra, [[Antananarivo]] ary maty tamin' ny 11 Febroary 1975 tao Antananarivo. Nampakatra an-dRazafindramoizina Thérèse izy ny 22 Septambra 1956 ary niteraka enina izy ireo. Nitondra an'i Madagasikara nandritra ny enina andro izy, nanomboka tamin' ny 5 ka hatramin' ny 11 Febroary 1975 nahafatesany taorian'ny namonoan'ny "fahavalom-pirenena" azy. '''Therese Razafindramoizina''' '''na Juliette Ratsimandrava''' dia nanambady an'i Colonel Ratsimandrava Richard ny 22 septembre 1956. <ref><nowiki>http://en.wikipedia.org</nowiki></ref> == Fianarana nataony == * 1938: Sekoly [[Ambavahadimangatsiaka]] Antsirabe * 1940: 9éme hatramin' ny Terminales teny amin' ny [[Lycée Galliéni]] tao [[Andohalo]] Antananarivo * 1952-1954: nanohy fianarana tao amin' ny [[Lycée Carnot]] tao [[Dijon]] * 1954-1956: voaray soa amantsara tao amin' ny [[École Spéciale Militaire Interarmes de Saint-Cyr]] [[Sary:Colonel ratsimandrava03.jpg|vignette|203x203px|Tsangambato fahatsiarovana ny Kôlônely Ratsimandrava Richard]] == Mari-boninahitra azony == * 20 Aogositra 1957: Commémoration AFN * 14 Jiona 1966: Chevalier de l'Ordre national * 14 Oktobra 1971: Officier de l'Ordre national * 31 Desambra 1971: Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur * 5 Febroary 1975: Grand Cordon de l'Ordre national == Ny asa sy adidy niandraiketany == * 1 Ôktôbra 1956: niofana tao amin' ny École d'application de l'Infanterie de St Maixent France raha mbola nitondra ny mariboninahitra [[Sous-lieutenant]] * 1956-1958: niatrika ady tany [[Maroc]] sy [[Algérie]] * 1 martsa 1958: nanao ny sekoly [[Infanterie coloniale]] * 17 aogositra 1958: namarana ny fiofanana tao amin' ny [[École d'application de l'infanterie de Saint Maixent]] * 1 Ôktôbra 1958: nahazo fisondrotan' ny mariboninahitra ho [[Lieutenant]] * 5 Janoary 1959: nampianatra tao amin' ny [[Centre d'instruction des nouvelles recrues]] tao amin' ny [[Camp Galliéni]] tany [[Fréjus]] (Frantsa) * 28 Ôktôbra 1959: nampianatra tao amin' ny [[Centre d'instruction des nouvelles recrues]] tao [[Beravina]] [[Fianarantsoa]] * 11 Jiona 1960: voatendry ho Mpifehy ny [[Holafitra]] Faha-2, 1er Régiment Interarmes Malgache Antananarivo * 1 Febroary 1962: nasondrotra hitondra ny mariboninahitra [[Kapiteny]] * Nôvambra 1962: voatendry tao amin' ny [[Zandarmaria nasionaly]] * Mey 1963: niofana ho Zandary tany [[Lodève]] ([[Hérault]], Frantsa) * Ôktôbra 1963: Niofana tao amin' ny Sekoly Manamboninahitra Zandary, [[Melun]],(Frantsa) * Jona 1964: Nahazo ny fanamarinam-pianarana tamin' ny [[Sciences criminologiques]] tao [[Paris]] * Jolay 1964: Niverina indray teto Madagasikara ary izy no Manamboninahitra Zandary Malagasy voalohany * Septambra 1964: Voatendry ho Lefitry ny [[Commandant du Groupement de la Gendarmerie]] tany [[Toamasina]] * Aogositra 1967: Notendrena ho Lefitry ny Komandy Ambony tao amin' ny Zandarmaria nasionaly 1 Jiona 1968: Nahazo fisondrotan' ny mariboninahitra ho [[Lieutenant Colonel]] * 1 Avrily 1969: Notoloran' ny [[Filohan' ny Repoblika]] [[Philibert Tsiranana]] ny Fanevan' ny Komandy ambony ao amin' ny Zandarmaria. * 13 Mey 1972: voatondro ho nikomy tamin' ny Fanjakana mpitondra izy raha nanameloka ny fitifirana ny mpianatra [[Tolon' ny mpianatra malagasy tamin' ny 13 Mey 1972|Tolon' ny Mpianatra]] tamin' ny [[13 Mey 1972]] * 25 Mey 1972: Notendrena ho [[Minisitry ny Atitany]], sady Komandin' ny Zandarmaria nasionaly, tamin' ny [[Governemanta]] notarihin' ny [[Jeneraly]] [[Ramanantsoa Gabriel]] * 8 Ôktôbra 1972: [[fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka]] momba ny hananganana ny [[Fokonolona]] ka nandresen' ny "ENY" * 1 Janoary 1973: nomena ny fisondrotan'ny mariboninahitra ho [[Kolonely]] * Martsa 1973- desambra 1974: noho izy Minisitry ny Ati-tany no nahazoany ny solon' anarana hoe "Minisitry ny Ala-olana" * 23 janoary 1975: rava ny Governemantan' ny Jeneraly Ramanantsoa Gabriel * 5 febroary 1975: natolotry ny Jeneraly Ramanantsoa azy ny "Fahefana feno" hitondra ny Tany sy ny Fanjakana ka nanekeny fa "tsy hiamboho adidy" izy. == Ny mpikambana tao amin' ny governemantany == Tamin' ny 6 Febroary 1975 no voatsangana ny Governemanta Richard Ratsimandrava. Enina ambin' ny folo no isan' ny mpikambana (nanantombo isa 6 raha oharina tamin' ny isany mpikambana tao amin' ny governemanta [[Ramanantsoa Gabriel|Ramanantsoa]], izay 11), ary 24 ora no nanangannan' i Kôlônely Richard Ratsimandrava azy. Ireto ny mpikambana nandrafitra azy<ref><small>[https://www.facebook.com/groups/268918920218624/posts/1642482366195599/?comment_id=1642901206153715&paipv=0&eav=AfZJP7JWeMdTm7Y7s2jQ4otWvgOQFFZDS3N0yicqL-STSpfRkodDOn_p7ZLqdKFTkps&_rdr Lahatsoratra] navoakan'i Yvon Namelankafatra Rakoto, tamin'ny 06 Février 2017 tao amin'ny Facebook.</small> </ref>: # Jean Bemananjara (Transport), # Radio Célestin (Affaires Sociales), # Soja (Développement rural), # Willy Léonard (Économie et Commerce), # Joël Rakotomalala (Postes et Télécommunication), # Gilbert Sambson (Intérieur), # Gilles Andriamahazo ( Ministre d'État) # Richard Ratsimandrava (Chef de l' État, du Gouvernement et Défense Nationale) , # Zakariasy Albert (Affaires Étrangères) # Venance Modeste (Justice) # Christian Rémi Richard (Éducation Nationale), # Andriamaholison Richard (Information et Tourisme) # Daniel Rajakoba (Travail et Fonction Publique) # Raveloson Mahasampo (Travaux publics) # Désiré Rakotoarijaona(finances) # Jean Pierre Totobesola (Jeunesse). == Ny nahafatesany == Enina andro teo amin'ny fitondrana izy no nisy nitifitra. Maty teo amin'ny faha 43 taonany izy (1931-1975 ) <ref>Boky tantara Malagasy </ref> Talata 11 Febroary 1975 tamin' ny 8 ora alina: lavon' ny balan' i Zimbo teo [[Ambohijatovo]] ambony Ratsimandrava. Maty voatifitra niaraka taminy ny mpiambina azy GP2 Rabotovao Samuel sy GP2 Rakotoarisoa Bernard {{Filohan'i Madagasikara}} == Loharano sy fanamarihana == [[Category:Madagasikara]] [[Category:Politika]] [[sokajy:biôgrafia]] [[Sokajy:Mpanao politika malagasy]] [[Sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1931]] [[Sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1975]] <references /> == Rohy ivelany == * [http://www.ratsimandrava-richard.com/ Pejy miresaka momba an'i Richard Ratsimandrava] * [https://mg.globalvoices.org/2009/02/15/1545/ Madagasikara: Mampihorohoro an’Antananarivo ny tsaho · Global Voices teny Malagasy] * [https://mg.globalvoices.org/2017/06/30/102550/ Olo-malazan'ny Tantara Afrikanina Tsara ho Fantatr'izao Tontolo Izao: Richard Ratsimandrava][https://mg.globalvoices.org/2017/06/30/102550/] * [https://mg.globalvoices.org/2017/06/30/102550/ Olo-malazan’ny Tantara Afrikanina Tsara ho Fantatr’izao Tontolo Izao: Richard Ratsimandrava · Global Voices teny Malagasy] * [https://www.facebook.com/groups/268918920218624/posts/1642482366195599/?comment_id=1642901206153715&paipv=0&eav=AfZJP7JWeMdTm7Y7s2jQ4otWvgOQFFZDS3N0yicqL-STSpfRkodDOn_p7ZLqdKFTkps&_rdr Lahatsoratra] navoakan'i Yvon Namelankafatra Rakoto, tamin'ny 06 Février 2017 tao amin'ny Facebook. dqjyfbmlglksi1nt40v0zv1tqhglam3 0 3507 1152881 1152746 2026-11-03T11:24:23Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox olona|anarana=Andry Nirina Rajoelina |asa=[[Filoham-pirenena]] |firenena=Madagasikara |anarana hafa=Andry Rajoelina |sary=Andry Nirina Rajoelina|teraka=30 Mey 1974|toerana= [[Antsirabe]]<ref>[https://www.ouest-france.fr/monde/madagascar/qui-est-andry-rajoelina-le-president-malgache-en-fuite-5a58b85c-a875-11f0-a399-70ff1c676380 Ouest France: Qui est Andry Rajoelina,]</ref> |seha-pitiavana=Manambady|image=|Asa fanampiny=Mpandraharaha|Orinasa=Printy Infojet Radio Viva sy fahitalavitra Viva|Anarany ray=Roger Yves Rajoelina|Asan'ny ray=Kolonely manam-boninahitra ny Tafika|Anaran'ny Reny=Rasoamalala Olga Rajoelina|Asan'ny reny=Mpandrahara|Zanaka=Telo, roa lahy, vavy tokana Ilontsoa Rajoelina, Ilona Rajoelina, Arena Rajoelina|Asa niandohana faha tanorana=DJ, nanetana|Asa natao=Ben'ny Tanana Antananarivo|asa hafa=Serasera|karazana=Roa : Malagasy/Frantsay|Karazzn'ny Ray=Roa : Malagasy/ Frantsay|Firazanana=Merina, Antsirabe vakin'akaratra|Vady=Razakadisa Mialy Mpandraharaha|Mpandraharaha=Ireo zanaka, Reny Rafozambavy simista, Fianakaviana}} '''Andry Nirina Rajoelina''' teraka tamin'ny 30 may 1974 tao amin'ny fianakaviana iray mpanakarena tao Antsirabe, ny rainy kolenely Roger Yves Rajoelina, dia nizaka ny zom-pirenena roa: Malagasy/Frantsay Ary nitady hoan'ny tafika frantsaynandritra ny adin'ny Algeria. manambady any Mialy Razakadisa ny taona 2000, mananjanaka telo dia Ilontsoa Rajoelina sy Ilona Rajoelina Ary Arena Rajoelina, mpanao politika no sady mpandraharaha tompon'ny orinasa mpanao pirity sy dokam-barotra Infojet, radio sy fahitan-davitra Viva, izay filohan'ny Fahena Avo n'y tetezamita Madagasikara nanomboka ny taona 2009 ka hatramin'ny 2014. Mialy Razakandisa dia fianakaviana mpana-karena. Zanaky Nicole Razakandisa (maty tamin'ny 2012), de finoana protestanta, simista sy vehivavy mpandraharaha izay tompony sy mpitantana ny orinasa mpamokatra zavatra simika.<ref>http://fr {{Wayback|url=http://fr |date=20180809102605 }}<nowiki/>.wikipedia.org</ref> Ny taona 1993, Téo amin'ny faha 19 taonany nangana ny orinasa kely atsoina hoe show Business izy. Talohan' ny nidiran-dRajoelina tamin' ny pôlitika dia mpikirakira irony kapila mangilatra na mpampandihy (DJ) izy ary efa nirotsaka tamin' ny fandraharahana teo amin' ny sehatra tsy miankina ihany koa i Rajoelina, anisan' izany ny orinasa mpanao pirinty sy dokam-barotra antsoina hoe ''Injet'' tamin' ny taona 1999 sy ny tambajotran' ny [[radiô]] sy [[fahitalavitra]] ''[[Viva Madagascar|Viva]]'' tamin' ny taona 2007. Ny taona 2007, nividy ny orinasa radio sy fahita lavitra Ravinala izy Ary nanova ny anarany ho Viva Tv sy Viva FM Ny taona 1999, nanangana ny Info Injet izy, orinasa manao printsy nomerika izay nitatra tamin'ny dokam-barotra amin'ny endrika lehibe amin'ny takelaka lehibe sy amin'ny takelaka lehibe tao Antananarivo. Mialy Razakadisa vadiny no nitantana ny orinasa mpanao dokam-barotra an-tseratsera Domapub izay any fianakaviany. Ny taona 2007, nividy ny orinasa radio sy fahita lavitra Ravinala izy Ary nanova ny anarany ho Viva Tv sy Viva FM. Io taona izy no nanangana ny antoko pôlitika [[Tanora Gasy Vonona]] (TGV) ary lany tamin'ny vato 63,3% Raha 55% ny isan'ny mpifidy Tonga, nandresy an'i Hery Rafalimanana, izay mpikambana ao amin'ny antoko TIM ka lany ho [[ben' ny tanànan' Antananarivo]] nandritra ny herintaona, nanomboka tamin' ny 12 Desambra 2007 hatramin' ny 3 Febroary 2009 mialoha ny namindrany ny fahefana amin' i [[Michèle Ratsivalaka]] izay nosoloina koa an' i [[Edgard Razafindravahy]] avy any [[Ambohimalaza]] toa an' i Rajoelina. Ny tahirim-bolan'Antananarivo dia nanana trosa 8.2 lavitrisa [[Ariary]] Malagasy tokony eo amin'ny 4.6 tapitrisa dolara amerikana eo ho eo. Tamin'ny 4 Janoary 2008, noho ny trosa tsy voaloa tamin'ny [[Jiro sy Rano Malagasy|Jirama]], dia niharan'ny fahatapahan-drano ankapobeny ny tanànan'i Antananarivo, ary [[Brownout (electricity)|tapaka koa]] ny jiro teny an-dalam-be. osa novataniny tao io. Ny holan'ny Jirama sy ny fanjakana dia efa taona maro io Ary efa antitra ny fitaovana no tsy ampy ny filan'ny vahoaka intsony ny vokatra noho ny olana maro sedrain'ny Jirama.r<ref><nowiki>http://mg.wikipedia.org</nowiki></ref> Nandritra izany dia nitarika hetsika nanoherana ny filoha [[Ravalomanana Marc|Marc Ravalomanana]] izy ka niafara tamin' ny krizy pôlitika tamin' ny taona 2009 izany. Notendren' ny filankevitra miaramila ho filohan' ny [[Fahefana Avon' ny Tetezamita]] (FAT) i Rajoelina<ref>https://mg.globalvoices.org/2023/12/14/167374/</ref>, tamin' ny alalan' ny hetsika izay nosokajin' ny [[fianakaviambe iraisam-pirenena]] ho [[fanonganam-panjakana]]. Nanao fianianana amin'ny maha filohan' ny [[Fahefana Avon' ny Tetezamita|Tetezamita]] azy izy tamin' ny 21 Marsa 2009 na dia tsy nankatoavin' ny fianakaviam-be iraisam-pirenena aza izany. Noravan-dRajoelina ny [[Antenimierandoholona (Madagasikara)|Antenimieran-doholona]] sy ny [[Antenimierampirenena (Madagasikara)|Antenimieram-pirenena]]<ref>https://assemblee-nationale.mg/</ref>, ary namindra ny fahefan' izy ireo tamin' ny rafitra vaovao isan-karazany miandraikitra ny fanaraha-maso ny tetezamita mankany amin' ny fahefana vaovao manaja ny [[Lalàmpanorenan' i Madagasikara|lalàmpanorenana]]. Nifanohitra tamin' ny dingana nateraky ny fanelanelanana iraisam-pirenena izay nikendry ny hananganana governemanta tetezamita izany. Nankatoavin' ny mpifidy ny lalàmpanorenana vaovao tamin' ny [[fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka]] nahabe resaka tamin' ny Nôvambra 2010, izay nampiditra an' i [[Madagasikara]] ao amin' ny [[Repoblika Fahefatra (Madagasikara)|Repoblika fahefatra]]. Nitana ny maha filohan' ny FAT azy hatramin' ny fifidianana [[solombavambahoaka]] tamin' ny taona 2013 i Andry Rajoelina ka tsy nametra-pialana raha tsy tamin' ny taona 2014. Nandrombaka ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena tamin' ny taona 2018 izy ary nanao fianianana ho filohan' i Madagasikara tamin' ny 19 Janoary 2019. Tafiditra tao anatin' ny fe-potoam-piasany ny [[Valanaretin' ny coronavirus eto Madagasikara|valanaretina Covid-19 teto Madagasikara]], izay nampielezany vaovao diso sy nampandrosoany fitsaboana tsy voaporofo momba ity aretina ity. Namely ny firenena  koa ny krizy ara-tsakafo tamin' ny 2021 sy ny rivodoza Batsirai. Lany fanindroany tamin' ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena i Andry Rajoelijna tamin' ny taona 2023. Tamin' ny taona 2025 izy dia lasa anisan' ny Troika mpitantana ny SADC. Ny novembre sy décembre 2008, tafiditra anatin'ny tantara ratsy roa ny governemanta. Fifanarahana tamin'ny Jolay 2008 niarahanay tamin'ny Daewoo Logistics.mba hanofa ny antsasaky y tany azo volena amin'ny nosy ho any fambolena katsaka sy menaka palmier any Korean Atsimo, Ary ny faharoa tamin'ny décembre 2008, Boeing 737, izay mitetina 60 tapitrida dolara amerikana, izay nahatonga ny banky iraisam-pirenena sy ny FMI hampiato ny fanohanana ara-bola mitentina 35 tapitrida dolara ho any Madagasikara.<ref>http://mg.wikipedia.org</ref> Nanomboka tamin'ny 25 Septambra 2025 ny [[Hetsi-panoheran'ny 2025 eto Madagasikara|fihetsiketsehana manohitra ny fahatapahan']] [[Hetsi-panoheran'ny 2025 eto Madagasikara|ny rano sy ny herinaratra]] matetika ary nivadika ho fihetsiketsehana manohitra ny fitondran' i Andry Rajoelina izany. Tamin' ny 12 Oktobra 2025 dia nivoaka nefa tsy nety nitifitra ny vahoaka ny tafika avy ao amin' ny CAPSAT ary naneho ny fangorahany ny mpanao fihetsiketsehana, dia nandositra ny firenena i Andry Rajoelina avy eo, noho ny fanampian' ny tafika ana habakabaka frantsay, dia niondrana nankao [[La Réunion]] avy eo tany amin' ny toerana tsy fantatra. Taorian' io fandosirana io dia nanao latsabato fanongana azy ny [[Antenimierampirenena (Madagasikara)|Antenimiera-pirenena]] ka [[solombavambahoaka]] 130 tamin' ny 131 no nadany izany (raha 163 ny isan' ny solombavambahoaka rehetra). Nandray ny fahefana avy eo ny kôlônely [[Michaël Randrianirina]]. Nambaran' ny [[Fitsarana momba ny Lalàmpanorenana|Fitsarana]] [[Fitsarana momba ny Lalàmpanorenana|Avo momba ny Lalàmpanorenana]] fa banga ny toeran' ny filoham-pirenena ary nanasa azy handray ny toeran' ny filoham-pirenena. Tamin' ny 24 Oktobra 2025 dia namoy ny [[zom-pirenena malagasy]] i Andry Rajoelina, noho izy [[Zom-pirenena frantsay|lasa Frantsay]] tamin' ny taona 2014. == Fiainana ivelan' ny pôlitika == === Fianakaviana === Rajoelina Andry Nirina<ref>https://mg.globalvoices.org/2023/12/14/167374/</ref> dia teraka tao amin' ny fianakaviana nanana ny ampy, tamin' ny 30 Mey 1974 tao [[Antsirabe]]<ref><small>Francis Kpatindé. "[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20131016-madagascar-presidentielle-andry-rajoelina-il-dit-son-dernier-mot Andry Rajoelina a-t-il dit son dernier mot?] ". ''RFI Afrique''.</small></ref>. [[Merina]] avy ao afovoan-tanin' i [[Madagasikara]] izy. Manamboninahitra ao amin' ny tafika malagasy ny rainy, Kôlônely Roger Yves Rajoelina (izay niady tao amin' ny tafika frantsay ho an' i [[Frantsa]] nandritra ny [[Ady tao Aljeria]]<ref><small>"[https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Rajoelina-pere-conseiller-de,13076.html Rajoelina père, conseiller de Sunpec] {{Wayback|url=https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Rajoelina-pere-conseiller-de,13076.html|date=20230619131307}}", Madagascar Tribune,‎ 19 novembre 2009 [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madagascar-tribune.com%2FRajoelina-pere-conseiller-de%2C13076.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url tahiry]]</small></ref><ref><small>Cole, Jennifer (2010). ''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=TnO3qxGouosC&redir_esc=y Sex and Salvation: Imagining the Future in Madagascar]''. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 180–182. <nowiki>ISBN 9780226113319</nowiki>.</small> </ref> sy lasa miaramila mpampianatra tao amin' ny Akademia miaramila tao Antsirabe taty aoriana) sy i Olga Rakotomalala Rasoanjanahary. I Andry Rajoelina dia zanakalahy tokana, manana 04 anabavy efatra. Tao Antsirabe avy eo tao [[Antananarivo]] no nandaniany ny fahazazany. [[Sary:Andry et Mialy Rajoelina, allée des Baobabs, 22 avril 2012.jpg|vignette|276x276px|Andry Rajoelina sy Mialy Rajoelina tamin'ny taona 2012]]I [[Mialy Razakandisa]], izay zanakavavin' i Nicole Razakandisa, vehivavy mpandraharaha (maty tamin' ny taona 2012) izy no vadiny. Talohan' ny nandehanan' i Mialy ho any [[Parisy|Paris]] ([[Frantsa]]) ka nitoerany any nandritra ny enin-taona tamin' ny fianarany momba ny fitantanana sy ny fitantanam-bola, no nanaovana ny fifamofoana. Tamin' ny taona 2000 no nanatanterahan' izy ireo ny fananambadiany. Teny amin' ny [[Katedralin' Andohalo]] no nanatanterahana ny lanonana izay nahitana mofomamy mariazy mirefy 4 m miendrika lalamby. Manan-janaka miisa telo mianadahy izy ireo, roa lahy sy vavy tokana, dia i Arena (teraka tamin' ny taona 2001) sy i Ilontsoa (teraka tamin' ny taona 2004) ary i Andrialy (teraka tamin' ny taona 2005). === Fandraharahana === Teo amin' ny faha-17 taonany, dia nanangana vondron-tanora tia mozika, dihy, kolontsaina ary fialamboly isan-karazany i Andry Rajoelina. Nitarika an' ity vondrona ity sady nanao hetsika ara-kolontsaina isan-karazany. Tamin' ny taona 1994 dia nanomboka ny asany amin' ny maha mpandraharaha hetsika azy i Andry Rajoelina. Izy no mikarakara ireo hetsika malaza ao [[Antananarivo]] ary nanomboka ny "Live" takariva<ref name=":3"><small>"[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/205281/politique/andry-rajoelina/ Fiche d'Andry Rajoelina]" [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeuneafrique.com%2F205281%2Fpolitique%2Fandry-rajoelina%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url tahiry]], ''jeuneafrique.com'', 11 février 2009.</small></ref>. Tamin' ny taona 1998, niaraka tamin' ny fanohanan' ny orinasa ''Fiaro'', sampan' ny orinasa fiantohana ''ARO'', izay an' ny fanjakana, dia namorona ny orinasam-panontana printy nomerika sy fitantanana takela-by fametahana dokam-barotra ''Injet'' izy, ary lasa tompony 100% taty aoriana. Ity no orinasa voalohany eto Madagasikara nahazo teknôlôjia fanontana printy amin' ny velarana lehibe dia lehibe, izay nahafahany nanjaka haingana eo amin’ ny tsenan’ ny fampirantiana dokam-barotra. Ny fahombiazan' ny ''Injet'' dia nahazoany fahatokisana tanteraka tamin-dRaharifidy tompon' ny ''DomaPub'', izay novidiny tamin' ny taona 2000, orinasa miompana amin' ny dokam-barotra sy ny fifandraisana<ref name=":3" />. Voafidin’ ny gazetiboky ''Eco-Austral'' ho mpitantana mahay indrindra tamin' ny taona 2000 izy. Tamin' ny taona 2003 dia nosafidin' ny [[Banque Nationale de l'Industrie]] (BNI) ho mpitantana tsara indrindra tamin’ io taona io i Andry Rajoelina, ary nahazo findramam-bola amin' ny zana-bola aotra tamin’ ity banky ity ho valisoany. Avy eo izy dia nampiasa vola tao amin' ny valan-takela-by mazava fanaovana dokam-barotra ''Trivision'', saingy ny taona nanaraka dia nolavin' ny manampahefana malagasy ny fametrahana ireo karazana takela-by vaovao ireo<ref><small>"[https://www.madagate.org/reportages/entreprendre/1936-andry-rajoelina-en-2002-et-2004-le-debut-de-la-fin-pour-ravalomanana.pdf Andry Rajoelina en 2002 et 2004 : Le début de la fin pour Ravalomanana] {{Wayback|url=https://www.madagate.org/reportages/entreprendre/1936-andry-rajoelina-en-2002-et-2004-le-debut-de-la-fin-pour-ravalomanana.pdf |date=20190523131954 }}" [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madagate.org%2Freportages%2Fentreprendre%2F1936-andry-rajoelina-en-2002-et-2004-le-debut-de-la-fin-pour-ravalomanana.pdf%2Findex.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url tahiry]], www.madagate.com, 6 juillet 2011.</small></ref>. Tamin' ny taona 2007 dia nanitatra ny fampiasam-bolany tamin' ny haino aman-jery i Andry Rajoelina tamin' ny nividianany ny radio sy fahitalavitra ''Ravinala'', izay an' ilay mpanao pôlitika [[Norbert Ratsirahonana]], ka nomeny anarana hoe ''Viva''<ref name=":4"><small>"[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/205281/politique/andry-rajoelina/ Andry Rajoelina]" [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeuneafrique.com%2F205281%2Fpolitique%2Fandry-rajoelina%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url tahiry]], www.jeuneafrique.com, 11 février 2009.</small></ref>. === Nahazo ny zom-pirenena frantsay === {{lahatsoratra antsipirihany|Fizakan' i Andry Rajoelina zom-pirenena frantsay}} Nipetraka tany [[Frantsa]] ny fianakaviana Andry Rajoelina taorian' ny fanekeny ny hisitaka amin' ny fanaovana pôlitika mba hahafahan' ny firenena hiverina amin' ny lamina araka ny [[lalàmpanorenana]]. Tamin' ny taona 2013 no nanaovany fangatahana zom-pirenena frantsay ka [[Fizakan' i Andry Rajoelina zom-pirenena frantsay|tamin' ny taona 2014 no nahazoany izany]]. Nivoaka ny didim-panjakana nosoniavin' ny praiminisitra frantsay [[Manuel Valls]] sy ny minisitry ny atitany frantsay [[Bernard Cazeneuve]], tamin' ny 19 Nôvambra 2014 tamin' io taona io. Niseho tao amin' ny gazetim-panjakana frantsay tamin' ny 21 Nôvambra 2014 ny fanapahan-kevitra momba izany. I [[Mialy Rajoelina|Mialy Razakandisa]] vadiny sy ny zanany telo koa dia misitraka izany zom-pirenena frantsay izany<ref name=":2"><small>"[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/06/15/madagascar-le-president-rajoelina-est-bien-francais_6177722_3212.html Madagascar : le président Rajoelina est bien français]", ''Le Monde.fr'',‎ 15 juin 2023 (vakio eto [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2023%2F06%2F15%2Fmadagascar-le-president-rajoelina-est-bien-francais_6177722_3212.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url tahiry]], notsidihina tamin' ny 15 juin 2023)</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4f5473682.pdf Code de la nationalité malagasy] {{Wayback|url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4f5473682.pdf |date=20230917091221 }}", ''www.refworld.org''</small></ref><ref><small>"[http://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Madagascar-Code-de-la-nationalit%C3%A9-mis-%C3%A0-jour-2017.pdf Code de la nationalité malagasy mise à jour, 2017]", ''citizenshiprightsafrica.org''</small></ref>. Tsy nambarany na tamin' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] izany ary tsy nanao fanambaràna momba izany koa izy tamin' ny fametrahany ny antontan-taratasy filatsahan-ko fidina ho filoham-pirenena ka afaka nilatsaka soa aman-tsara. Taty amin' ny volana Jona 2023 vao nivoaka tao amin' ny tambajotran-tserasera sy nohamafisin' ny fampahalalam-baovao frantsay ny porofo momba io fananany zom-pirenena frantsay nangatahina io. Niteraka resabe sy ady hevitra teo amin' ny mpanao pôlitika sy ny mpahay lalàna ary ny mpanaraka ny raharaham-pirenena malagasy izany zavatra izany, ka tao ny nanamaivana izany noho ny fiheverany fa efa tsy nampiharina hatry ny ela ny lalàna malagasy momba ny maha olom-pirenena, ka sady Malagasy no [[Frantsay (vahoaka)|Frantsay]] i Andry Rajoelina hoy izy ireo. Ao koa ireo nihevitra fa efa tsy Malagasy i Andry Rajoelina izay nanomboka nitondra an' i Madagaskara amin' ny maha filohan' ny Repoblika azy tamin' ny taona 2019, ka tokony hametra-pialana na hesorina fa mpamadika tanindrazana. == Ben' ny tanànan' Antananarivo == [[Sary:Andry Rajoelina on April 28, 2024 (cropped).jpg|vignette|Andry Rajoelina]] === Fahalaniana ho ben' ny tanàna === Niroso amin' ny fifaninanana ho ben' ny tanànan' Antananarivo tao amin' ny fikambanana Tanora Gasy Vonona (TGV) i Andry Rajoelina, ka tamin' ny 12 Desambra 2007 dia voafidy ho ben' ny tanànan' Antananarivo izy tamin' ny vato 63,27 %, Tamin' ny 3 Nôvambra 2007 no nanambaran' i Andry Rajoelina fa kandida [[Ben' ny tanànan' Antananarivo|ben' ny tanànan']] ny renivohitr' i [[Madagasikara]] izy, ary namorona ny fikambanana ''Tanora Gasy Vonona'' na TGV. Nanambara ny tenany ho tsy miankina sy tsy mikambana amin' ny mpanohitra izy. Tamin' ny 12 Desambra 2007 no lany ho ben' ny tanànan' Antananarivo tamin' ny vato 63,27 % nanoloana ny kandidàn4 ny antokon' ny mpitondra ''[[Tiako i Madagasikara|Tiako I Madagasikara]]'' (TIM)<ref name=":4" />, na dia teo aza ny sakantsakana nataon' ny fitondran' i [[Ravalomanana Marc|Marc Ravalomanana]]. Ben' ny tanànan' Antananarivo izy hatramin' izay ka hatramin' ny 3 Febroary 2009, mialoha ny nametrahany ny fahefana amin' i [[Michèle Ratsivalaka]] izay nosoloina koa an' i [[Edgard Razafindravahy]] avy any [[Ambohimalaza]] toa azy. Tamin' ny taona 2008 no nanombohany ny fanamboarana ny Lapan' ny Tanànana, izay nisy nandoro 36 taona talohan' izay, tamin' ny 13 Mey 1972 taorian' ny [[Tolon' ny mpianatra malagasy tamin' ny 13 Mey 1972|hetsiky ny mpianatra]] tamin' izany fotoana izany, ary nanolotra volavolam-panangonana tamin' ny filoham-pirenena [[Ravalomanana Marc]] izy mba hanangonana ny vola ilaina amin' ny asa famitana ny asa<ref><small>"[https://www.madagate.org/reportages/photos/767-mamy-rajaobelina-a-propos-de-lhotel-de-ville.html Mamy Rajaobelina : à propos de l’Hôtel de Ville] {{Wayback|url=https://www.madagate.org/reportages/photos/767-mamy-rajaobelina-a-propos-de-lhotel-de-ville.html |date=20230619131307 }}" [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madagate.org%2Freportages%2Fphotos%2F767-mamy-rajaobelina-a-propos-de-lhotel-de-ville.html#& tahiry]], www.madagate.org, 1er décembre 2008.</small></ref>. Nanomboka ny 17 Mey 2008 ny fanamboarana ny lapan' ny tanàna. === Tsy fifanarahana tamin' ny fitondram-panjakana === Ny fifandirana voalohany teo amin' i Andry Rajoelina sy ny filoha [[Ravalomanana Marc|Ravalomanana]] dia nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2003, raha nitaky ny fitondra-panjakana ny mba hanesorana ny takelaka fanaovana dokam-barotra ''Trivision'' voalohany teto [[Antananarivo]], izay napetrak' i Rajoelina teo amin' ny rondronana lehibe iray tao an-drenivohitra. Nanambara izy fa misakantsakana ny fanatanterahany ny andraikiny eo amin' ny fitantanan-draharaha sy ny fitantanam-bola ny zavatra ataon' ny fitondram-panjakana. Io no fiandohan' ny fifandonana teo amin' i Andry Rajoelina sy i [[Marc Ravalomanana]]. == Ny krizy pôlitika 2009 sy ny fitondrana tetezamita == === Ny krizy tamin' ny taona 2009 === [[Sary:Antananarivo - P1090823.jpg|vignette|234x234px|Fihetsiketseham-panoherana notarihin' i Andry Rajoelina tamin' ny taona 2009 tao Antananarivo.]] Nanozongozona ny fitondran' i [[Ravalomanana Marc|Marc Ravalomanana]] ny hetsi-panoherana tamin' ny taona 2008, taorian' ny nahazoan' ny filohan' ny Repoblika tamin' izany fiaramanidina vaovao mitentina 60 tapitrisa dôlara, sy ny fampindramana tany 1,3 tapitrisa hekitara ho an' ny orinasa ''Daewoo Logistics'', ary ny fampitsaharana ny fanampiana ara-tetibolan' ny kaominina avy amin' ny mpiara-miombon' antoka ara-teknika sy ara-bola. Tamin' ny 17 Desambra 2008, taorian' ny fanakatonan' ny fanjakana ny fahitalavitra ''Viva TV'', taorian' ny fandefasana ny tafatafa nataon' ny filoha teo aloha [[Didier Ratsiraka]], dia nitaky ny hanokafana an' ilay fahitalavitra i Andry Rajoelina ary namoaka teny fampitandremana farany, izay lany fe-potoana tamin' ny 13 Janoary 2009. Nitarika hetsika goavana hanoherana ny fitondran-dRavalomanana tao an-drenivohitra izy avy eo<ref><small>"[http://www.politique-africaine.com/numeros/pdf/conjonctures/113152.pdf Madagascar : un conflit d’entrepreneurs ?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.politique-africaine.com/numeros/pdf/conjonctures/113152.pdf |date=20220814081107 }}" [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politique-africaine.com%2Fnumeros%2Fpdf%2Fconjonctures%2F113152.pdf%2Findex.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url tahiry]], www.politique-africaine.com, mars 2009.</small></ref>, hetsika izay niafara tamin' ny [[fanonganam-panjakana]] sy nitarika ny fametraham-pialan' ny filohan' ny Repoblika tamin' ny 17 Marsa 2009 sy fidiran' ny firenena amin' ny Tetezamita tamin' ny 21 Marsa 2009 ka i Andry Rajoelina no filohan' ny [[Fahefana Avon' ny Tetezamita]] (FAT). Amin' ireo izay tsy momba azy ihany koa anefa dia betsaka ny olona maty noho ny nataony ary betsaka ny olon-dratsy izay nivoaka ny fonja noho izy<ref><small>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7947381.stm Pressure grows on Madagascar head]" [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F7947381.stm#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url tahiry]], 17 mars 2009, BBC</small></ref>. === Filohan' ny Tetezamita === Tamin' ny 17 Marsa 2009 dia lasa Filoha Avon' ny Tetezamita tao amin' ny Repoblikan' i Madagasikara i Andry Rajoelina ary nanao sonia ny ''didy hitsivolana faha-2009-003'' izay nametraka ny [[Fahefana Avon' ny Tetezamita]] (FAT) sy ny fanafoanana ny Antenimiera izay voafidim-bahoaka. Nanaiky ary nandraikitra izany famindràm-pahefana izany ny [[Fitsarana Avo momba ny Lalàmpanorenana]]<ref>''La Haute Cour constitutionnelle investit Andry Rajoelina'', L'Express de Madagascar, 19 Martsa 2009</ref>. Nanao ny fianianana amin' ny maha filohan' ny Tetezamita azy i [[Andry Rajoelina]] tamin' ny 21 Marsa 2009 na dia tsy nankatoavin' ny [[fianakaviambe iraisam-pirenena]] aza izany. Nentiny tamin' izany ny taratasy avy amin' ny Fitsarana Avo momba ny Lalàmpanorenana izay tsy azo lazaina ho didy satria taratasy tsotra fa tsy didim-panjakana. Lasa filohan' ny Tetezamita izy taorian' ny fifampiraharahana teo ambany fanelanelanan' ny mpitarika ny [[Fiombonan' ny Fiangonana Kristiana eto Madagasikara]] (FFKM) aloha, avy eo teo ambany fanelanelanan' ny fianakaviambe iraisam-pirenena tao [[Antananarivo]], tany [[Addis-Abeba|Addis Abeba]] ([[Etiôpia]]), tany [[Pretoria]] ([[Afrika Atsimo]]), tany [[Sandton (Afrika Atsimo)|Sandton]] ([[Afrika Atsimo]]) ary tany [[Gaborone]] ([[Bôtsoana]]). Nananatanterahana fifidianana lalàmpanorenana vaovao i Andry Rajoelina tamin' ny alalan' ny [[fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka]] izay nahalany ny "Eny" tamin' ny 74 % amin' ny isam-bato, koa dia teraka tamin' ny 11 Desambra 2010 ny [[Repoblika Fahefatra (Madagasikara)|Repoblika fahefatra]] izay. Tamin' ny taona 2011, ny fanapahan-kevitra ny amin' ny hisian' ny fiaraha-mitantana araka ny sori-dalana nasain' ny fianakaviambe iraisam-pirenena nohajaina. Naato vokatr' izany ny fampiharana ilay lalàmpanorenana vao lany teo. Ankolafy pôlitika miisa efatra no nitarika ny firenena, dia ny ankolafy Ravalomanana, ny ankolafy Didier Ratsiraka, ny ankolafy Zafy Albert ary ny ankolafy Andry Rajoelina, ka i Andry Rajoelina no ny filohan' ny Tetezamita. Ny volana Janoary 2012, noho ny fivoahan' ny NOTAM (fanafohezana ny hoe: ''notice to airmen,'' "''Filazana ho an' ny mpamily fiaramanidina''") izay tsy nahafanan' ny fiaramanidina nitondra ny filoha teo aloha [[Marc Ravalomanana]] niditra eto [[Madagasikara]], voatery niverina tany [[Afrika Atsimo]] ilay filoham-pirenena taloha. Tsy nanaiky nidina tamin' ilay fiaramanidina i Ravalomanana. Ho an' ny mpikambana ao amin' ny antoko pôlitika TIM, dia tsy fanajana ny tondrozotra ("''feuille de route''") i''zany <ref name="rfi">[http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/5min/20120121-marc-ravalomanana-empeche-atterrir-antananarivo-madagascar Madagascar: l'avion de Marc Ravalomanana empêché md'atterrir à Antananarivo]</ref>.'' Ary na dia nilaza aza izy fa tsy izany no antony namoahany ny NOTAM, dia heverin' ny mpanohitra azy fa noho izy no tsy nahafahan' ny filoha taloha Marc Ravalomanana tonga teto Madagasikara ny volana Janoary 2012<ref name="rfi" />. Araka ny filohan' ny tetezamita dia "tsy tokony hanindry ny firenentsika na lalàna na firenena"<ref>{{Cite web |title=« Aucun pays et aucune loi ne doivent faire pression sur notre pays… » |url=http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Aucun-pays-et-aucune-loi-ne,17005.html |access-date=2012-07-02 |archive-date=2012-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411170316/http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Aucun-pays-et-aucune-loi-ne,17005.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Ny mety ho tanjony namoahany io NOTAM io dia hahamora ny fisamborana ny filoha Ravalomanana (izay voasazy hanao asa an-terivozona mandrapahafaty<ref>[http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:BGyj6q_5nd0J:www.laverite.mg/index.php/inona-no-vaovao/20234-raharaha-7-febroary-asa-an-terivozona-mandra-pahafaty-no-sazin-ny-filoha-teo-aloha-+&cd=3&hl=fr&ct=clnk&gl=fr Raharaha 7 febroary - Asa an-terivozona mandra-pahafaty no sazin ’ ny Filoha teo aloha -- Laverite.mg]</ref>). Ho an' ny tale jeneralin' i [[Aviaton civil de Madagascar]] (ACM) indray dia mampatahotra io fampiasana amin' ny tanjona ara-pôlitika ny NOTAM io; satria araka ny lazain' ny ''Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale'' (OACI), dia tokony ampiasaina amin' ny tanjona aerônaotika, amin' ny fizorana sy ny filaminana ihany izany <ref>{{Cite web |title=Délivrance de NOTAM à titre politique : le DG de l’ACM s’inquiète |url=http://www.tananews.com/2012/02/delivrance-de-notam-a-titre-politique-le-dg-de-lacm-sinquiete/ |accessdate=2012-07-02 |archivedate=2012-06-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602224017/http://www.tananews.com/2012/02/delivrance-de-notam-a-titre-politique-le-dg-de-lacm-sinquiete/ }}</ref>. Nahazao anarana hoe "[[Fahefana Avon' ny Tetezamita|Tetezamiitatra]]" ity vanim-potoana ity noho ny faharetany nandritra ny dimy taona, mitovy faharetana amin' ny fotoam-piasan' ny filohan' ny Repoblika voafodim-bahoaka ara-dalàna. == Tsy fahafaha-milatsaka ho filoham-pirenena tamin' ny 2013 == === Filatsahan-ko fidina tsy neken' ny fianakaviambe iraisam-pirenena === [[Sary:Andry Rajoelina greeting crowd (cropped).jpg|vignette|178x178px|Andry Rajoelina]] Noho ny tsy faneken' ny [[Fianakaviambe iraisam-pirenena]] sy ny fanajanonana ny fanampiana ara-bola vokatr' izany, dia nahemotra ho amin' ny 25 Ôktôbra ny fihodinana voalohany amin' ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena<ref>{{Cite web|title=Elections présidentielles - 1er tour le 25 octobre, 2nd tour le 20 décembre|url=http://www.laverite.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1478%3Aelections-presidentielles-1er-tour-le-25-octobre-2nd-tour-le-20-decembre&catid=1%3Apolitique&Itemid=21|accessdate=2013-09-24|archivedate=2013-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202747/http://www.laverite.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1478%3Aelections-presidentielles-1er-tour-le-25-octobre-2nd-tour-le-20-decembre&catid=1%3Apolitique&Itemid=21}}</ref>. Amin' ny 20 Desambra 2013 ny fihodinana faharoa. Efa niova im-betsaka ny datin' ny fihodinana voalohany: Mey 2011, Septambra 2011, May 2012, Nôvambra 2012, Mey 2013, Jolay 2013 ary Aogositra 2013<ref>"Madagascar: Rajoelina could throw in the towel of the Malagasy presidential race". Indian Ocean Times. 5 August 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013.</ref>. Amin' ny 8 Avrily hatramin' ny 28 Avrily ny daty fametrahana ny kandidatiora any amin' ny Filankevitra Manokana momba ny Fifidianana (''Conseil Economique Spécial'' -- CES)<ref name="RFI">[http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20130408-madagascar-ouverture-officielle-depot-candidatures-election-presidentielle-razafindravahy Madagascar: ouverture officielle du dépôt des candidatures à l'élection présidentielle de juillet]</ref>. Tamin' ny 15 Janoary 2013 dia nilaza i Andry Rajoelina fa tsy hirotsaka ho kandidà amin' ny [[Fifidianana filoham-pirenena ao Madagasikara 2013|fifidianana filoham-pirenena 2013]]<ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2013/01/15/97001-20130115FILWWW00723-madagascar-rajoelina-renonce.php <small>Madagascar: Rajoelina renonce</small>]<small>, ''le Figaro''.</small></ref>, alohan' ny fivadi-keviny tamin' ny 3 Mey 2013 <ref>[http://www.aoraha.com/fifidianana-filoha-kandida%E2%80%88tsy%E2%80%88nampoizina%E2%80%88tamin-ny%E2%80%88ora%E2%80%88farany%E2%80%88rajoelina%E2%80%88andry/ <small>Fifidianana filoha – Kandidà tsy nampoizina tamin’ ny ora farany Rajoelina Andry</small>]</ref>. Nandiso fanantenana an' i [[Frantsa]] ny fiovan-kevitr' i Rajoelina sy ny fanekena ny kandidatioran' i [[Didier Ratsiraka]] sy [[Lalao Ravalomanana]]<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/06/21/21-contre-3-la-presidentielle-se-polarise-a-madagascar_3434504_3212.html <small>21 contre 3 : la présidentielle se polarise à Madagascar</small>]</ref>. Noteren' ny [[fianakaviambe iraisam-pirenena]] hanaisotra ny firotsahany hofidiana, niaraka tamin' ny an' i [[Lalao Ravalomanana]] sy ny an-[[Ratsiraka Didier|dRatsiraka Didier Ignace]], i Andry Rajoelina. Tamin' ny volana Jolay 2013, taorian' ny fifanolanana momba ny fiverenan-dRavalomanana an-tanindrazana sy ny fikasan' ireo lohandohan' ny ankolafy mpandray anjara amin' ny fitantanana ny firenena, dia nanambara ny tenany hirotsaka hofidiana koa i Andry Rajoelina. Niditra an-tsehatra ny [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) tamin' ny alalan' ny fanolorana vahaolana hafa hamahana ny fahasahiranana ara-pôlitika malagasy:<blockquote>"Fisintonana ny filatsahan-kofidan' ny kandidà rehetra mampiady hevitra, dia i Didier Ratsiraka sy i Lalao Ravalomanana, vadin' ny filoha teo aloha ary i Andry Rajoelina tenany ary miaraka amin’ ny tolo-kevitra mazava: Raha sintominao ny filatsahan-kofidina napetrakao Andriamatoa Andry Rajoelina, dia tsy misy olona, na ny SADC, na ny [[Vondrona Afrikana]], na ny fianakaviambe iraisam-pirenena amin’ ny ankapobeny, hahasakana ny filatsahan-kofidinao amin' ny taona 2018. Fahendrena sy mendri-piderana ho anao izany raha mitana ny teninao tsy ho kandidà ianao"<ref><small>« ''Retrait de candidature de tous les candidats controversés à savoir Didier Ratsiraka, Lalao Ravalomanana épouse de l’ancien président et Andry Rajoelina lui-même et avec une proposition claire : Si vous retirez votre candidature M Andry Rajoelina, personne, ni la SADC, ni l’Union Africaine, ni la Communauté Internationale en général, ne pourra empêcher votre candidature en 2018. Il serait sage et louable pour vous de tenir votre parole en n’étant pas candidat.'' »</small></ref>.</blockquote>Tamin' ny 13 Jolay, dia nambanan' ny SADC ny sazy hahazo ny firenena raha tsy esorina ireo kandidatiora telo ireo. Tamin' ny 17 Aogositra dia voaesotra miaraka amin' ny kandidatiora dimy hafa ireo kandidatiora ireo <ref><small>[http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/08/17/madagascar-annulation-de-trois-candidatures-a-la-presidentielle-contestees_3462888_3212.html "Madagascar fait un pas vers la présidentielle]", ''Le Monde''</small></ref>. === Fanolorana kandidà mpisolo toerana === Ho setrin' ireo tolo-kevitra naroson' ny SADEC ireo dia nanaiky ny hiala amin' ny filatsahana ho filoham-pirenena malagasy i Andry Rajoelina ary ny kandidà hafa rehetra tsy azo fidina ireo dia afaka manendry olona ho kandidà mpisolo azy ireo. Izany no nahatonga ny filatsahan-kofidin' i [[Rajaonarimampianina Hery|Hery Rajaonarimampianina]], kandidà mpisolo toerana an' i Andry Rajoelina sy i [[Robinson Jean-Louis|Jean Louis Robinson]], kandidà mpisolo toerana an' i [[Lalao Ravalomanana]]. Ny kandidà Hery Rajaonarimampianina no tohanan' ny filohan' ny Tetezamita Andry Rajoelina amin' ny fomba tsy ôfisialy, ary nilaza ny filohan' ny Tetezamita fa i H. Rajaonarimampianina no ho tohanan' ny antoko [[Tanora Gasy Vonona]] (TGV) amin' ny fihodinana faharoa<ref><small>{{Cite web|title=kopian'ny arisiva|url=http://www.madagate.com/politique-madagascar/dossier/3658-andry-rajoelina-soutenir-hery-rajaonarimampianina-nest-pas-se-substituer-a-lui.html|accessdate=2013-11-15|archivedate=2013-11-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111112626/http://www.madagate.com/politique-madagascar/dossier/3658-andry-rajoelina-soutenir-hery-rajaonarimampianina-nest-pas-se-substituer-a-lui.html}}</small></ref>. Nisy anefa ny fepetra nifanarahana teo amin' i Andry Rajoelina sy i Hery Rajaonarimampianina amin' ny maha kandidà mpisolo toerana azy: tsy fahazoana manangana antoko pôlitika, fanendrena praiminisitra avy amin’ ny antokon’ ny maro anisa ao amin’ ny Antenimierampirenena, ny fanohanana ny solombavambahoaka maro anisa voafidy tamin’ ny antokon’ i Andry Rajoelina, tsy filatsahan-kofidin' i Hery Rajaonarimampianina ho filoham-pirenena amin’ ny taona 2018. Niaraka tamin' ny fifidianana solom-bavam-bahoaka ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena. Eran' i Madagasikara dia niorina ireo komity mpanohana ny kandidàn' ny fihodinana faharoa. Araka ny nolazain' i Andry Rajoelina dia eo amin' ny 55 % eo ho eo ny isa manontolon' ireo kandidà manohana ny ''Revôlisiôna'' ''Laoranjy'' izay nanongana ny governemantan' i [[Ravalomanana Marc|Marc Ravalomanana]] tamin' ny Marsa 2009<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Les candidats de la « révolution » orange à 55% vraiment ?|url=http://www.tananews.com/asides/les-candidats-de-la-revolution-orange-55-vraiment/|accessdate=2013-11-15|archivedate=2013-11-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115003616/http://www.tananews.com/asides/les-candidats-de-la-revolution-orange-55-vraiment/}}</ref>. Tamin' ny fihodinana faharoa dia nitarika ny kandidà Hery Rajaonarimampianina. Tamin' ny 17 Janoary 2014 no nambaran' ny [[Fitsaràna Avo momba ny Lalàmpanorenana (Madagasikara)|Fitsarana Avo momba ny Lalampanorenana]] tamin' ny valim-pifidianana filohan' ny Repoblika tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy izy, ka 53,49 % amin' ny vato no azon' i [[Rajaonarimampianina Hery|Hery Rajaonarimampianina]] manoloana an' i [[Jean-Louis Robinson]], mpifanandrina taminy, izay nahazo 46,51 % n' ny vato<ref><small>[http://www.hcc.gov.mg/election/arret/arret-n10-cesar-du-17-janvier-2014-portant-proclamation-des-resultats-definitifs-du-second-tour-de-lelection-presidentielle-du-20-decembre-2013/ Arrêt <abbr>no</abbr> 10 de la Cour électorale spéciale portant proclamation des résultats définitifs du second tour de l'élection présidentielle du 20 décembre 2013] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hcc.gov.mg/election/arret/arret-n10-cesar-du-17-janvier-2014-portant-proclamation-des-resultats-definitifs-du-second-tour-de-lelection-presidentielle-du-20-decembre-2013/|date=20150204073537}} [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcc.gov.mg%2Felection%2Farret%2Farret-n10-cesar-du-17-janvier-2014-portant-proclamation-des-resultats-definitifs-du-second-tour-de-lelection-presidentielle-du-20-decembre-2013%2F tahiry]].</small></ref>. == Nandritra ny fitondran' i Hery Rajaonarimampianina == === Tsy fifanarahana nisy tamin-dRajaonarimampianina === [[Sary:HE Hery Rajaonarimampianina, President of the Republic of Madagascar (22748490939).jpg|vignette|Hery Rajaonarimampianina]] Naniry ny hanendry ny praiminisitra i Andry Rajoelina nefa tsy neken' i [[Rajaonarimampianina Hery|Hery Rajaonarimampianina]] izany. Nihevitra i Andry Rajoelina fa tsy nohajain' i Hery Rajaonarimampianina ny fifanarahana nifanaovan' izy roa lahy talohan' ny naha kandidà mpisolo toerana azy. Amin' i Andry Rajoelina dia tsy lany Rajaonarimampianina raha tsy teo ny fanohanany. Tsy nanaiky ny fitsabahan' i Andry Rajoelina amin' ny fitondrana i Hery Rajaonarimamianina. Tapaka tamin' ny 21 Febroary 2014 ny fifandraisana teo amin' i Hery Rajaonarimampianina sy i Andry Rajoelina. Tamin' izany koa no nahaterahan' ny ''[[Initiative pour l’émergence de Madagascar|Initiative pour l'Emergence de Madagascar]]'' (IEM). Tamin' ity taona ity ihany koa no [[Fizakan' i Andry Rajoelina zom-pirenena frantsay|nahazoan' i Andry Rakoelina ny zom-pirenena frantsay]] izay tsy nisy mpahalala firy raha tsy efa taty amin' ny taona 2023.. === Krizy pôlitika === Raikitra ny fanoheran' ny antokon' i Andry Rajoelina an' i Hery Rajaonarimampianina, izay tsy nanana solombavambahoaka avy amin' ny antokony [[Hery Vaovao ho an' i Madagasikara]] (HVM) tao amin' ny Antenimierampirenena<ref><small>[https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/ « Vote de destitution : analyse des causes »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2015%2F05%2F26%2Fmadagascar-les-deputes-votent-la-destitution-du-president_4641093_3212.html tahiry]] ''Francetvinfo''.</small></ref>. Tamin' ny 26 Mey 2015 no nandatsa-bato handroahana an-dRajaonarimampianina ny solombavambahoaka<ref><small>[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/05/26/madagascar-les-deputes-votent-la-destitution-du-president_4641093_3212.html « Destitution du président »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2015%2F05%2F26%2Fmadagascar-les-deputes-votent-la-destitution-du-president_4641093_3212.html tahiry]].</small></ref>. Tamin' ny 26 Avrily 2018, nangataka ny Fitsarana Avio momba ny Lalàm-panorenena ny mpanohitra mba hanesorana ny filoha<ref><small>[https://www.france24.com/fr/20180425-madagascar-manifestation-bollore-mis-examen-rsf-classement-afrique-2018 « Tensions à Madagascar : l'opposition demande la destitution du président »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Ffr%2F20180425-madagascar-manifestation-bollore-mis-examen-rsf-classement-afrique-2018#& tahiry]], France 24.</small></ref>. Nolavin' ny Fitsarana Avo momba ny Lalàmpanorenana ny 13 Jona 2015 ilay fangatahana fandroahana ny filoha<ref><small>[https://imazpress.com/a-la-une/madagascar-la-haute-cour-constitutionnelle-rejette-la-demande-de-destitution-du-president « Madagascar : la haute cour constitutionnelle rejette la demande de destitution du président »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipreunion.com%2Fphoto-du-jour%2Freportage%2F2015%2F06%2F13%2Fhery-rajaonarimampianina-reste-en-place-madagascar-la-haute-cour-constitutionnelle-rejette-la-demande-de-destitution-du-president%2C31178.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url tahiry]], ipreunion.com.</small></ref>. [[Sary:Кристиан Нтсай (22-12-2020).jpg|vignette|212x212px|Ny praiminisitra [[Christian Ntsay]]]] Na dia izany aza, tamin' ny 25 Mey 2018 dia nomena folo andro ny filoha mba ny handrava ny governemanta, hanendry governemantan' ny firaisam-pirenena, hanendry praiminisitra vaovao atolotry ny maro anisa, sy hanomana fifidianana filoham-pirenena mialoha ny fotoana amin' ny taona 2018 ary hametra-pialana ao anatin' ny enimpolo andro mialoha ny fifidianana mba hisorohana ny krizy aorian' ny fifidianana<ref><small>[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/562750/politique/madagascar-la-cour-constitutionnelle-ordonne-la-nomination-dun-gouvernement-dunion-nationale/ « Madagascar : la Cour constitutionnelle ordonne la nomination d’un gouvernement d’union nationale »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Ffr%2F20180425-madagascar-manifestation-bollore-mis-examen-rsf-classement-afrique-2018 tahiry]], ''JeuneAfrique.com''</small></ref>. Tamin' ny 11 Jona 2018 dia voatsangana ny governemanta vaovao notarihin' ny "praiminisitry ny marimaritra iraisana" mba hialana amin' ny krizy pôlitika<ref><small>[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/06/04/crise-politique-a-madagascar-le-premier-ministre-annonce-sa-demission_5309184_3212.html « Crise politique à Madagascar : le premier ministre annonce sa démission »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2018%2F06%2F04%2Fcrise-politique-a-madagascar-le-premier-ministre-annonce-sa-demission_5309184_3212.html#& tahiry]], ''Le Monde.fr''</small></ref>. I [[Christian Ntsay]] izany praiminisitra izany<ref><small>[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/emission/20140427-christian-ntsay-directeur-bureau-oitpour-ocean-indien « Cap Océan Indien - Christian Ntsay, directeur du bureau de l'OIT pour l’océan Indien »], RFI,‎ 27 avril 2014 [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Femission%2F20140427-christian-ntsay-directeur-bureau-oitpour-ocean-indien#& tahiry]]</small></ref>. == Filoham-pirenena == === Fifidianana filoham-pirenena tamin' ny 2018 === [[Sary:AndryCampaign2018-1.jpg|vignette|187x187px|Fampielezan-kevitra tamin' ny taona 2018.]] Tamin' ny fiandohan' ny volana Agositra 2018, i Andry Rajoelina no voalohany nanoratra ny firotsahany hofidiana amin' ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena tamin' ny taona 2018 <ref><small>"[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-madagascar-politics/madagascars-former-leader-andry-rajoelina-says-to-seek-presidency-again-idUSKBN1KM5UG Madagascar's former leader Andry Rajoelina says to seek presidency again]". ''Reuters.com''. 1 August 2018.</small></ref>. Talohan' ny famtahany ny atotan-taratasy filatsahan-ko fidina dia efa nampahafantatra mialoha ny ''[[Initiative pour l’émergence de Madagascar]]'' (IEM) izay mamaritra ny fandaharan' asany nenti-namaboana ny mpifidy. Anisan' ny fampanantenana tamin' ny fampielezan-kevitra ny fanafoanana ny Antenimieran-doholona mba hahafahana mitsitsy vola hananganana oniversite. Nampanantenainy ihany koa ny fampitomboana ny fahazoana herinaratra, ny fiezahana ho amin' ny fizakan-tena ara-tsakafo sy amin' ny fambolena, ary ny fampitomboana ny fandriam-pahalemana <ref><small>Eric Topona (7 August 2018). [https://www.dw.com/en/andry-rajoelina-plans-political-comeback-in-madagascar/a-44984197 "Andry Rajoelina plans political comeback in Madagascar"]. Wd.com.</small></ref>. Nanomboka tamin' ny volana Ôktôbra 2018 ny fampielezan-kevitra, izay nifanandreman' i Andry Rajoelina tamin' i [[Ravalomanana Marc|Marc Ravalomanana]] sy tamin' i [[Rajaonarimampianina Hery|Hery Rajaonarimampianina]]<ref><small>[http://www.africanews.com/2018/10/09/election-campaigning-begins-in-madagascar/ "Election campaigning begins in Madagascar"]. Africanews.com. 9 October 2018.</small></ref>, ireo natanjaka indrindra tamin' ny fampielezan-kevitry ny kandidà miisa 46 <ref><small>[https://www.news24.com/News24/46-candidates-bid-to-contest-madagascar-presidency-20180821 "46 candidates bid to contest Madagascar presidency"]. News24.com. 21 August 2018.</small></ref>. Tamin' ny fihodinana voalohany tamin' ny fifidianana natao tamin' ny 7 Nôvambra 2018 dia izy no nitarika tamin' ny vato 39,19 % (vato 1 949 851) raha 35,29 % (vato 1 755 855) kosa ny an-dRavalomana <ref><small>[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/africa/Madagascar-former-presidents-in-round-two-race/4552902-4872530-trej7az/index.html "Madagascar ex-presidents to contest run-off vote"]. ''Theeastafrican.co.ke''. 28 November 2018.</small></ref><ref><small>Rakotomalala (13 December 2018). [https://globalvoices.org/2018/12/13/in-madagasgar-costly-presidential-campaigns-dont-add-up-to-a-better-life-for-citizens/ "In Madagascar, costly presidential campaigns don't add up to a better life for citizens"]. ''Globalvoices.org''..</small></ref>. Nalefa mivantana tamin' ny 10 Desambra ny adihevitra tamin' ny fahitalavitra teo amin' ireo kandidà roa farany<ref><small>[https://allafrica.com/stories/201812110662.html "Madagascar Presidential Vote - Rajoelina, Ravalomanana Debate"]. ''Allafrica.com''. 11 December 2018.</small></ref>. Nahazo vato 55,66 % tamin' ny fihodinana faharoa i Rajoelina<ref><small>[https://news.un.org/fr/story/2019/01/1033382 "Elections à Madagascar : Guterres félicite le Président élu Andry Rajoelina | ONU Info"]. ''news.un.org''. 8 January 2019.</small> </ref>, nanoloana an' i Marc Ravalomanana izay nahazo 44,34 %, araka ny fanapahan-kevitry ny Fitsarana Avo momba ny Lalàmpanorenana tamin' ny ny 08 Janoary 2019. Tontosa tamin' ny 19 Janoary 2019 teny amin' ny kianjan' i Mahamasina ny lanonana fametrahana an' i Andry Rajoelina eo amin' ny toeran' ny filohan' ny Repoblika, izay natrehin' ny solontena vahiny sy ny filohan' ny Repoblika rehetra teo aloha teto Madagasikara sy ny vahoaka malagasy, ary nanomboka ny asa maha filoham-pirenena azy i Andry Rajoelina tamin' io andro io<ref><small>Oteng, Eric (19 January 2019). [http://www.africanews.com/2019/01/19/madagascar-president-andry-rajoelina-sworn-into-office/ "Madagascar president Andry Rajoelina sworn into office"]. Africanews.</small></ref>. Nandritra ny fitodran' i Andry Rajoelina, rehefa lany ho filoham-mpirenena tamin' ny taona 2019, dia i [[Christian Ntsay]] hatrany no nitazona ny toeran' ny praiminisitra. === Ny olana natrehin' ny fitondrana Rajoelina === Ny fifidianana natao tamin' ny ny volana Desambra 2018 no nitondra an' i Andry Rajoelina teo amin' ny fitondrana ny firenena mandritra ny dimy taona. Nandrombaka ny fandresena tamin' ny fifidianana solombavam-bahoaka tamin' ny volana Mey 2019 ihany koa izy ary nahazo ny maro anisa tanteraka tao amin' ny [[Antenimierampirenena (Madagasikara)|Antenimieram-pirenena]]. Nanamarika ny fitondran' i Andry Rajoelina ny olana sy fahasahiranana ara-tsôsialy sy ara-toekarena nianjady amin' ny firenena vokatry ny zava-mitranga ivelany sy anatiny amin' ny fitondrana, na dia misy aza ny zava-bita momba ny fananganana [[fotodrafitrasa]]. ==== Valanaretin' ny Covid-19 ==== [[Sary:Covid Organics By Garreth Brown.jpg|vignette|148x148px|Tavoahangy misy [[Covid Organics|CVO]]]] Tamin' ny 20 Marsa 2020 vao fantatra amin' ny fomba ôfisialy ny fisian' ny [[valanaretin' ny coronavirus eto Madagasikara]], araka ny fanambaràna nataon' ny fitondram-panjakana malagasy. Niantraika amin' ny [[toekarena malagasy]] ny fepetra noraisin' ny fitondram-panjakana izay nanidy ny toeram-pivarotana sy ny orinasa mpamokatra ary ny fitaterana manerana an' i [[Madagasikara]]. Anisan' ny tsy voatsinjo koa ny fianaran' ny zaza malagasy tamin' ny fanakatonana aloha loatra ny sekoly rehetra manerana an' i Madagasikara, eny na dia mbola tsy nidiran' ilay valanaretina aza ny [[Faritra eto Madagasikara|faritra]] maro raha tsy taty aoriana be. Naiditra am-ponja tamin' ny 4 Avrily 2020 i [[Arphine Rahelisoa]], talen' ny famoahana ny [[gazety]] ''Ny Valosoa'', raha nivoaka tao ny fitsikerana ny fomba fintantanan' ny fitondram-panjakana malagasy ny ady amin' ny valanaretina coronavirus<ref><small>[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/04/16/coronavirus-a-madagascar-une-journaliste-en-prison-pour-avoir-critique-la-gestion-de-l-epidemie_6036761_3212.html "Coronavirus : à Madagascar, une journaliste en prison pour avoir critiqué la gestion de l’épidémie"], ''Le Monde'', 16 Avrily 2020.</small></ref>. Nampanahy ny [[Reporters sans frontières]] (RSF) ny tsy fisian' ny fahalalahan' ny asa fanaovan-gazety eto Madagasikara noho izany<ref><small>[https://ewa.mg/news/news-afrika-tatitra-sy-filaharana-taona-2020-manahy-ny-hoavinny-fahalalahanny-asa-fanaovan-gazety-ny-rsf/ "Afrika – Tatitra sy filaharana taona 2020: manahy ny hoavin’ny fahalalahan’ny asa fanaovan-gazety ny RSF"], ''ewa.mg'', 22 Avrily 2020.</small></ref>. Tamin' ny 08 Avrily 2020 ny filoham-pirenena malagasy dia nanao fanambaràna momba ny fahitana tambavy fisorohana ny Covid-19 sy fanasitranana ny marary, nomena ny anarana hoe [[Covid Organics]] (na CVO), izay fifangaroan-tsinga avy amin' ny zavamaniry ''[[Artemisia annua]]'' sy zavamaniry hafa (anisan' izany ny [[ravintsara]]) fanao [[tambavy]] koa<ref><small>"[https://www.lci.fr/international/coronavirus-covid-19-le-president-de-madagascar-affirme-connaitre-un-remede-a-base-de-plantes-2150496.html Coronavirus : le président de Madagascar affirme connaître un remède à base de plantes]" [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lci.fr%2Finternational%2Fcoronavirus-covid-19-le-president-de-madagascar-affirme-connaitre-un-remede-a-base-de-plantes-2150496.html tahiry]], in ''LCI'' (Notsidihina ny 08 Jona 2020)</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/937000/societe/tribune-artemisia-chloroquine-et-azithromycine-le-covid-organics-symbole-de-la-recherche-malgache/ <nowiki>[Tribune] Artemisia et plantes médicinales</nowiki> : le « Covid-Organics », symbole de la recherche malgache – Jeune Afrique]" [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeuneafrique.com%2F937000%2Fsociete%2Ftribune-artemisia-chloroquine-et-azithromycine-le-covid-organics-symbole-de-la-recherche-malgache%2F tahiry]], sur ''JeuneAfrique.com'', 30 Avrily 2020 (Notsidihina ny 08 Jona 2020)</small></ref>. Mitaky ny hisian' ny fangaraharana sy ny fitantanana madio ny vola ampiasaina mandritra ny fahamehana ara-pahasalamana vokatry ny Covid-19 ny olom-pirenena malagasy<ref><small>[http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/politique/2020/06/13/aides-liees-au-covid-19-le-gouvernement-accule-sur-la-transparence/ "Aides liées au Covid-19 : Le gouvernement acculé sur la transparence"], ''MidiMadagascar'', 13 Jona 2020.</small></ref>, indrindra ireo mpanao pôlitika mpanohitra<ref><small>[https://madagascar-tribune.com/Gestion-Covid-19-Tirs-croises-a-l-endroit-du-regime-26023.html "Gestion Covid-19 : Tirs croisés à l’endroit du régime"] {{Wayback|url=https://madagascar-tribune.com/Gestion-Covid-19-Tirs-croises-a-l-endroit-du-regime-26023.html |date=20210226093724 }}, ''MadagascarTribune'', 25 Jolay 2020.</small></ref>. Nitranga ilay [[raharaha "Bobons sucettes"]] izay niampangana ny minisitry ny fanabeazam-pirenena, tamin' ny fividianana [[vatomamy]] mitentina 80&nbsp;000 tapitrisa Ariary hoentin' ny mpianatra hanala ny fangidin' ny CVO izay nasaina nosotroin' izy ireo <ref><small>[https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-52954768 "Une ministre malgache limogée pour des bonbons-sucettes"], ''BBC News Afrique'', 7 Jona 2020.</small></ref><ref><small>[https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/madagascar/a-madagascar-la-ministre-de-leducation-limogee-pour-une-affaire-de-bonbons_4000753.html " A Madagascar, la ministre de l’Education limogée pour une "affaire" de bonbons" "], ''Franceinfo'', 8 Jona 2020.</small></ref>. Tao koa ny [[raharaha "Ecran plat"]]: fanomezana avy amin' ny [[Fandaharan' Asan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Fampandrosoana|PNUD]] namidy an' ilay "Ecran plat" izay mitentina 200 tapitrisa Ariary <ref><small>[https://www.madaplus.info/Madagascar-Polemique-autour-des-achats-ou-de-don-obtenu-par-le-CCOC_a13561.html "Madagascar : Polémique autour des achats ou de don obtenu par le CCOC"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.madaplus.info/Madagascar-Polemique-autour-des-achats-ou-de-don-obtenu-par-le-CCOC_a13561.html |date=20250527200455 }}, ''Madaplus'', 19 Aogositra 2020.</small></ref><ref><small>[https://www.tiatanindrazana.mg/covid-19/raharaha-ecran-plat-cco-tonga-ny-valin-kafatry-ny-pnud-45019.php "Raharaha “écran plat CCO” Tonga ny valin-kafatry ny PNUD"], ''Tia Tanindrazana'', 19 Aogositra 2020.</small></ref>. Nanao fanadihadiana ny Birao Mahaleotena Miady amin' ny Kolikoly ([[Bureau Indépendant Anti-Corruption|BIANCO]])<ref name=":0"><small>[https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Affaire-ecran-plat-le-Bianco-ouvre-une-enquete.html "Affaire écran plat : le Bianco ouvre une enquête"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Affaire-ecran-plat-le-Bianco-ouvre-une-enquete.html |date=20210126224038 }}, ''MadagascarTribune'', 3 Septambra 2020.</small></ref><ref name=":0" />. ==== Ny kere eto Madagasikara nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2021 ==== Tamin' ny volana Jona 2021 dia nisy hain-tany mahery vaika nahatonga olona an' aliny, izay tombanana ho olona maherin' ny iray tapitrisa, no mijaly noho ny tsy fanjarian-tsakafo any atsimon' ny firenena. Niara-nanambara ny ny tetika hiadiana amin' ny hanoanana i Andry Rajoelina miaraka amin' i Michael Pelletier, masoivohon' i [[Etazonia]] eto Madagasikara<ref><small>[https://mg.usembassy.gov/u-s-government-provides-nearly-40-million-in-additional-emergency-assistance-for-southern-madagascar/ "U.S. Government Provides Nearly $40 Million in Additional Emergency Assistance for Southern Madagascar"] {{Wayback|url=https://mg.usembassy.gov/u-s-government-provides-nearly-40-million-in-additional-emergency-assistance-for-southern-madagascar/ |date=20210701044115 }}. www.mg.usembassy.gov. United States Embassy to Madagascar. 14 June 2021.</small></ref>. Nampanantena ny hanohana ny vehivavy mandritra ny mosary i Rajoelina ary nambarany fa ny kere eto Madagasikara amin’ izao fotoana izao dia vokatry ny krizin’ ny toetr’andro <ref><small>[https://www.linfo.re/ocean-indien/madagascar/famine-dans-le-sud-de-madagascar-la-periode-entre-octobre-et-decembre-2021-s-annonce-difficile "Famine dans le Sud de Madagascar : la période entre octobre et décembre 2021 s'annonce difficile"] . ''Linfo''. 19 July 2021 ;</small> </ref>. Tamin' ny faran' ny volana Jona 2021, ny [[Fandaharan' Asa maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo]] (WFP na PAM) dia nitatitra fa ny 75 % n' ny ankizy dia nandao ny sekoly ary lasa mangataka na nitady sakafo. Vao mainka nanaratsy ny toe-javatra ny tafio-drivotra mahery vaika mitondra fasika <ref name=":1"><small>[https://www.preventionweb.net/news/drought-and-famine-stalk-desperate-madagascar « Drought and famine stalk desperate Madagascar »], ''Prevention Web'',‎ 23 juin 2021.</small></ref>. Nampitandrina ny amin’ ny tsy fahampian-drano ihany koa ny sampan-draharaha maro misahana ny maha-olona ary ny fantson-drano notokanan’ ny [[Tahirim-Bolan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Ankizy]] (UNICEF) sy ny governemantan' i Madagasikara tamin’ ny taona 2019 dia tsy nanome rano madio ho an’ ny faritra sasany any atsimo, ka nahatonga ny olona handeha any amin' ny 15 km mahery mba hitady rano<ref name=":1" />. I Gaëlle Borgia, mpikaroka mpanao fanadihadiana sady mpanao gazety, dia nilaza fa efa hita mialoha tamin’ ny taona 2020 ny famantarana ny tsy fanjarian-tsakafo ary nampitandrina fa na dia toa misalasala ny hanaiky ny zava-misy aza ny manampahefana malagasy, dia sarotra ny tsy hiraharaha ny fanairana marobe voarakitra nandritra ny volana maromaro, anisan' izany ny an' ny [[Firenena Mikambana]]<ref><small>[https://www.agenceecofin.com/sante/1007-89988-l-onu-estime-que-le-grand-sud-de-madagascar-se-trouve-en-situation-d-insecurite-alimentaire-grave « L'ONU estime que le Grand Sud de Madagascar se trouve en « situation d'insécurité alimentaire grave » »], ''Agence Ecofin'',‎ 10 juillet 2021.</small></ref>. Tamin' ny 23 Jona 2021, nitatitra ny PAM fa mihinana fotaka ny olona<ref><small>Elvis Adjetey, [https://africafeeds.com/2021/06/23/madagascar-families-eating-mud-due-to-worst-drought-in-40-years/ « Madagascar: Families eating mud due to worst drought in 40 years »], ''Africa Feeds'',‎ 23 juin 2021.</small></ref>. Tamin' ny Aogositra 2021, ny krizy ara-tsakafo dia noheverina ho ny mosary voalohany nateraky ny fiovaovan' ny toetrandro, hoy i [[Shelley Thakral]], tompon' andraikitra ao amin' WFP <ref><small>[https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/madagascar-is-hit-by-the-world-s-first-climate-change-famine-49491 "Madagascar is hit by the world's first climate change famine"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/madagascar-is-hit-by-the-world-s-first-climate-change-famine-49491 |date=20210828131430 }}. ''TRT World''. 27 August 2021.</small></ref><ref><small>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58303792 "Madagascar on the brink of climate change-induced famine"]. ''BBC''. 27 August 2021.</small></ref><ref><small>[https://www.ecowatch.com/madagascar-climate-fueled-famine-2654790233.html "'Unprecedented': Madagascar on Verge of World's First Climate-Fueled Famine"]. ''EcoWatch''. 25 August 2021</small></ref>. Nifanohitra tamin'ny fanadihadiana nivoaka tamin'ny 1 Desambra 2021 nataon' ny [[World Weather Attribution]] ny filazana ny mosary ho vokatry ny fiovaovan' ny toetradro<ref><small>Borenstein, Seth (1 December 2021). [https://apnews.com/article/climate-science-environment-and-nature-droughts-famine-ae7546e210d987352345704e160b3603 "Study: Climate change not causing Madagascar drought, famine"]. ''AP NEWS''.</small> </ref>. ==== Ny tsy fandriam-pahalemana ==== Na dia eo aza ny fanehoam-piniavana nataon' ny fitondram-panjakana momba ny fampanjakana ny filaminana dia nirongatra izaitsizy ny tsy fandriam-pahalemana, na an-tanàn-dehibe na eny ambanivohitra. Nitombo ny [[halatra omby]] sy ny famonona ny tompon' ny biby fiompy ary ny fandoroana tanàna ataon' ny jiolahy<ref><small>"[https://www.malina.mg/Mlg/halatra-omby-tambazotra-mafy-orina-ao-analamanga/ Halatra omby: tambazotra mafy orina ao Analamanga] {{Wayback|url=https://www.malina.mg/Mlg/halatra-omby-tambazotra-mafy-orina-ao-analamanga/ |date=20250116060508 }}", ''Malina'', 12/02/2021</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.moov.mg/article/73543-mandoto-mirongotra-ny-halatra-omby Mandoto: Mirongotra ny halatra omby]", ''moov.mg'', 22/02/2023</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.freenews.mg/?p=1412 Famotsiana omby halatra: delege sy olom-boafidy no mpanamboatra ny taratasy] {{Wayback|url=https://www.freenews.mg/?p=1412 |date=20230618124638 }}", ''Free News'', 06/10/2020</small></ref>. Nirongatra ihany koa ny vaky trano sy ny vonoana olona miaraka amin' izany, ny fangalaram-bola sy famonoana ny tompon' andraikitra eny amin' ny toeram-pametrahana sy fisitonam-bola maro<ref><small>"[https://www.tiatanindrazana.mg/fandriampahalemana/fandrobana-cash-point-telo-lahy-tratra-teny-67-ha-sy-ampitatafika-48314.php Fandrobana cash point Telo lahy tratra teny 67 ha sy Ampitatafika] {{Wayback|url=https://www.tiatanindrazana.mg/fandriampahalemana/fandrobana-cash-point-telo-lahy-tratra-teny-67-ha-sy-ampitatafika-48314.php |date=20230618124640 }}", ''Tia Tanindrazana'', 07/04/2021</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://newsmada.com/2022/11/22/braquage-de-cash-point-le-presume-fournisseur-darmes-apprehende/ Braquage de cash point : le présumé fournisseur d’armes appréhendé]", [https://newsmada.com/ newsmada.com], 22/11/2022</small></ref>. Nisy koa ny [[Hala-jaza eto Madagasikara|hala-jaza]] sy ny [[Halatra varira eto Madagasikara|halatra varira]] ary ny [[Halatra taova eto Madagasikara|halatra taova]] toy ny maso sy ny hafa, ankoatry ny [[Halatra taolam-paty eto Madagasikara|halatra taolana]]<ref><small>"[https://aoraha.mg/23/12/2019/ahiahy-halatra-taova-lehilahy-iray-indray-nanesorana-maso-sy-taovam-pananahana/ Ahiahy halatra taova, lehilahy iray indray nanesorana maso sy taovam-pananahana] {{Wayback|url=https://aoraha.mg/23/12/2019/ahiahy-halatra-taova-lehilahy-iray-indray-nanesorana-maso-sy-taovam-pananahana/ |date=20230618124638 }}", ''Ao Raha'', 23/12/2019</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.jejoo.mg/actualites/zaza-varira-nisy-nanongotra-maso-fantany-ireo-nanao-habibiana-taminy-29533.php Zaza varira nisy naongotra maso: Fantany ireo nanao habibiana taminy] {{Wayback|url=https://www.jejoo.mg/actualites/zaza-varira-nisy-nanongotra-maso-fantany-ireo-nanao-habibiana-taminy-29533.php |date=20230618124639 }}", ''Jejoo'', 13/12/2021</small></ref>. Lasa fanao mahazatra ny Malagasy ny [[fitsaram-bahoaka]] vokatry fihenan' ny fitokisany ny mpitandro filaminana sy ny fitsarana<ref><small>"[https://www.tiatanindrazana.mg/fandriampahalemana/fiarahamonina-mahazo-vahana-indray-ny-fitsaram-bahoaka-49508.php Fiarahamonina: Mahazo vahana indray ny fitsaram-bahoaka] {{Wayback|url=https://www.tiatanindrazana.mg/fandriampahalemana/fiarahamonina-mahazo-vahana-indray-ny-fitsaram-bahoaka-49508.php |date=20230618124639 }}", ''Tia Tanindrazana'', 07/10/2021</small></ref>. Nitombo koa ny fidorohana [[zava-mahadomelina]]<ref><small>"[https://www.freenews.mg/?p=6925 Zava-mahadomelina mahery vaika, lasibatry ny fiparitahan' ny "Rôrô" ny tanora eto an-drenivohitra] {{Wayback|url=https://www.freenews.mg/?p=6925 |date=20230618124638 }}", ''Free News'', 26/04/2023</small></ref>. Tsy voara-maso ny fidiran' ny zava-mahadomelina sy ny fitaovam-piadiana sy fitaovana hafa tsy ara-dalàna avy any ivelan' i Madagasikara<ref><small>"[https://lexpress.mg/23/11/2022/lutte-contre-linsecurite-le-seg-denonce-un-reseau-de-trafic-darmes/ Lutte contre l'insécurité, le SEG dénonce un réseau de trafic d'armes]", [https://lexpress.mg/ lexpress.mg], 23/11/2022</small></ref>. Betsaka ny [[Harena an-kibon' ny tany|herena an-kibon' ny tany]], toy ny [[volamena]], misy manondrana an-tsokosoko any ivelany. Anisany Nalaza ny volamena 73,5 kilao lasa atsy [[Afrika Atsimo]] tamin' ny 31 Desambra 2020 <ref><small>"[https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Afrique-du-Sud-73-5-Kg-de-lingots-d-or-en-provenance-de-Madagascar-saisis.html Afrique du Sud : 73,5 Kg de lingots d’or en provenance de Madagascar saisis] {{Wayback|url=https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Afrique-du-Sud-73-5-Kg-de-lingots-d-or-en-provenance-de-Madagascar-saisis.html |date=20230618124639 }}", ''madagascar-tribune.com'', 5/01/2021.</small></ref><ref><small>"[http://www.gvalosoa.net/2021/02/27/raharaha-volamena-735-kg-fitsarana-vonjimaika-fangatahana-famotsorana/ Raharaha volamena 73,5 kg – Fitsaràna vonjimaika fangatahana famotsorana] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gvalosoa.net/2021/02/27/raharaha-volamena-735-kg-fitsarana-vonjimaika-fangatahana-famotsorana/ |date=20230618124640 }}", ''Ny Valosoa Vaovao'' (gvalosoa.net), 27/02/2021.</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.freenews.mg/?p=5673 Raharaha volamena 73,5 kg: hiakatra fitsarana tsy ho ela ireo olona 32 voarohirohy] {{Wayback|url=https://www.freenews.mg/?p=5673 |date=20230618124637 }}", ''Free News'', 14/04/2022.</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.tiatanindrazana.mg/actualites/raharaha-volamena-73-5kg-efa-eto-madagasikara-ny-tomponilay-fiaramanidina-49727.php Raharaha volamena 73,5 kg Efa eto Madagasikara ny tompon’ilay fiaramanidina ?] {{Wayback|url=https://www.tiatanindrazana.mg/actualites/raharaha-volamena-73-5kg-efa-eto-madagasikara-ny-tomponilay-fiaramanidina-49727.php |date=20230618124642 }}", Tia Tanindrazana, 5/11/2021;</small></ref>. Nitombo ihany koa ny [[kolikoly]] avo lenta sy ny fanodinkodinam-bola amin' ny ministera sy sampan-draharaham-panjakana maro<ref><small>"[https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/CNaPS-le-DG-le-PCA-et-4-autres-personnes-en-prison.html CNaPS: le DG, le PCA et 4 autres personnes en prison] {{Wayback|url=https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/CNaPS-le-DG-le-PCA-et-4-autres-personnes-en-prison.html |date=20230618124637 }}", [https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/ madagascar-tribune.com], 16/03/2022.</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.tiatanindrazana.mg/edito/very-finoana-55794.php Very finoana]" (volamena nivadika vy, sns), ''Tia Tanindrazana'', 24/05/2023</small></ref> na dia eo aza ny Fitsarana malagasy sy ny [[Pôles anti-corruption]] (PAC), indrindra ny [[BIANCO]]. ==== Fikasana famonoana ny filoham-pirenena tamin' ny taona 2021 ==== Tamin' ny 22 Jolay 2021 no nanambaran' ny fampanoavana malagasy fa nahafoana ny fikasana hamono an' i Andry Rajoelina izy ireo ary nisambotra olona "Vahiny sy Malagasy" maromaro, anisan' izany teratany frantsay roa, sy kôlônely iray teo anivon' ny tafika frantsay, Philippe François, araka ny loharanom-baovao diplômatika<ref><small>"[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/07/22/madagascar-affirme-avoir-dejoue-une-tentative-d-assassinat-du-president-deux-francais-arretes_6089158_3212.html Madagascar affirme avoir déjoué une tentative d’assassinat du président, deux Français arrêtés]" [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2021%2F07%2F22%2Fmadagascar-affirme-avoir-dejoue-une-tentative-d-assassinat-du-president-deux-francais-arretes_6089158_3212.html#& tahiry]], ''lemonde.fr'', 22/07/2021.</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/12/09/proces-du-coup-d-etat-presume-a-madagascar-le-militaire-francais-nie-toute-implication_6105300_3212.html Procès du coup d’Etat présumé à Madagascar : le militaire français nie toute implication]", ''Le Monde.fr'',‎ 9/12/2021 ([[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2021%2F12%2F09%2Fproces-du-coup-d-etat-presume-a-madagascar-le-militaire-francais-nie-toute-implication_6105300_3212.html#& tahiry]])</small></ref>. Ny anaran' i Paul Maillot Rafanoharana ihany koa dia natolotry ny mpanao famotorana; voatonona hisolo toerana ny praiminisitra [[Christian Ntsay]] izy raha hisy ny fanovana mpikambana ao amin' ny governemanta<ref><small>"[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1207301/politique/madagascaraf-qui-est-derriere-la-tentative-de-coup-detat/ Madagascar : qui est derrière la tentative de coup d’État ?]" [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeuneafrique.com%2F1207301%2Fpolitique%2Fmadagascaraf-qui-est-derriere-la-tentative-de-coup-detat%2F tahiry]], ''JeuneAfrique.com,'' 9/12/2021</small></ref>. == Filatsahan-ko fidina sy fahalaniana fanindroany == === Filatsahan-ko fidina ho filoham-pirenena tamin' ny 2023 === Rehefa nohamafisin' ny [[Fitsaràna Avo momba ny Lalàmpanorenana (Madagasikara)|Fitsarana Avo momba ny Lalàmpanorenana]] ny firotsahan-kofidian' i Andry Rajoelina, na dia teo aza ny olana momba ny [[Fizakan' i Andry Rajoelina zom-pirenena frantsay|fananany zom-pirenena frantsay]], dia nametra-pialana tamin' ny 9 Septambra 2023 izy mba hahafahany milatsaka hofidiana indray, araka ny voalazan' ny [[Lalàmpanorenan' i Madagasikara|lalàmpanorenana]]. Nampifantoka amin' ny vokatra ara-tsôsialy sy ara-toekarena ny fampielezan-keviny i Rajoelina, izay nampifandrainy amin' ny Drafi-Pisandratan' i Madagasikara (''Plan d'Emergence de Madagascar'' na PEM). Nanoloana ny zava-misy sy ny fanatanterahana ny fifidianana dia nanao fihetsiketsehana goavana ny fitambaran' ny kandidà mpanohitra 10 avy eo 11 tamin' izany, ka anisan' izany tamin' ny 21 Ôktôbra 2023 izay nahavory mpanohana efa ho 50&nbsp;000 teo amin' ny Coliseum ao Antsonjombe, [[Antananarivo]]. === Fahalaniana === Taorian' ny fampielezan-kevitra tamin' ny fifidianana izay voamariky ny fanaovan' ny mpanohitra ankivy dia nanambara ny fandresen' ny filoha lany tamin' ny fihodinana voalohany tamin' ny vato 58,96 % ny Vaomieram-Pirenena Mahaleotena Misahana ny Fifidianana (''Commission électorale nationale indépendante na'' CENI) tamin' ny 25 Nôvambra 2023 . Tamin' ny 1 Desambra 2023 dia nohamafisin' ny [[Fitsarana momba ny Lalàmpanorenana|Fitsarana Avo momba ny Lalàmpanorenana]] ny fandresen' i Andry Rajoelina. Tamin' ny 16 Desambra ny fanokanana azy, teo anatrehan' ny filoha afrikanina toa an-dry [[Azali Assoumani]], [[Macky Sall]], [[Paul Kagame]], [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] ary [[Pravind Jugnauth]]. Nohamafisin' i Andry Rajoelina tamin' ny volana Mey 2025 ny fikasany hitsidika ireo Nosy Miparitaka, ny nosy bodoin' ny Frantsay manamorona ny fari-dranomasin' i Madagasikara, sady manome vahana ny lalan' ny fifampiresahana hamahana ity disadisa naharitra am-polony taona maro ity, taorian' ny andron' ny emperora eoropeanina, taty Afrika. == Fiafaran' ny fotoam-pitondrana faharoa == === Lasa mpitarika ny SADC tamin' ny taona 2025 === Tamin' ny 17 Aogositra 2025, nandritra ny Fihaonana an-Tampony faha-45 nataon' ny lehibem-panjakana sy lehiben-governemantan' ny firenena mpikambana ao amin' ny [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) tao [[Antananarivo]], dia nandray tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy ny fiadidiana ny SADC i Madagasikara, ary i Andry Rajoelina, filohan' ny Repoblika malagasy, no filohan' ny SADC mandritra ny taona 2025-2026<ref name=":5"><small>"[https://sommet45-sadc.gov.mg/en/madagascar-assumes-sadc-chair-at-45th-summit-of-heads-of-state-and-government/ Madagascar Assumes SADC Chair at 45th Summit of Heads of State and Government]", ''sommet45-sadc.gov.mg''</small></ref><ref name=":6"><small>"[https://apanews.net/rajoelina-takes-sadc-helm-urges-industrial-drive Rajoelina takes SADC helm, urges industrial drive]", a''panews.net''</small></ref>. Izy no nandimby an' i [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] avy ao [[Zimbaboe]]<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />. Ity fihaonana ity koa dia manamarika ny faha-20 taonan' ny maha mpikambana an' i [[Madagasikara]] ao amin' ny SADC (niditra tamin' ny volana Aogositra 2005)<ref><small>"[https://sommet45-sadc.gov.mg/antananarivo-madagascar-accueillera-le-45e-sommet-ordinaire-de-la-sadc-du-03-au-18-aout-2025-et-son-excellence-monsieur-andry-rajoelina-president-de-la-republique-de-madagascar-prend-la-presidence-d/ 45ème Sommet des Chefs d’État et de Gouvernement de la SADC - Antananarivo - Madagascar] {{Wayback|url=https://sommet45-sadc.gov.mg/antananarivo-madagascar-accueillera-le-45e-sommet-ordinaire-de-la-sadc-du-03-au-18-aout-2025-et-son-excellence-monsieur-andry-rajoelina-president-de-la-republique-de-madagascar-prend-la-presidence-d/ |date=20250930090607 }}", ''sommet45-sadc.gov.mg''</small></ref>. Anisan' ny zavatra nomarihan' ny filoha fa sakana amin' ny fampandrosoana ara-toekarena ny halafosan' ny [[herinaratra]]<ref><small>"[https://www.sadc.int/latest-news/his-excellency-president-andry-rajoelina-officially-opens-8th-sadc-industrialization His Excellency President Andry Rajoelina officially opens the 8th SADC Industrialization Week]", ''www.sadc.int''</small></ref>. === Fionganana tamin' ny taona 2025 === Nanomboka tamin' ny 25 Septambra 2025 ny [[Hetsi-panoheran'ny 2025 eto Madagasikara|fihetsiketsehana manohitra ny fahatapahan']] [[Hetsi-panoheran'ny 2025 eto Madagasikara|ny rano sy ny herinaratra]] matetika ary nivadika ho fihetsiketsehana manohitra ny fitondran' i Andry Rajoelina izany<ref><small>"[https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2025/09/29/madagascar-s-anti-government-protests-flare-up-as-police-respond-with-tear-gas_6745896_124.html Madagascar president sacks government over deadly protests]". ''Le Monde''. 29 September 2025.</small></ref>. Famoretana mahery vaika no nasetrin' ny fitondram-panjakana izany, ka nahafaty olona teo amin' ny roapolo teo ho eo ary an-jatony no naratra<ref><small>"[https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2025/10/11/in-madagascar-repression-lies-behind-president-andry-rajoelina-s-call-for-dialogue_6746318_124.html In Madagascar: repression lies behind President Andry Rajoelina's call for dialogue]". ''Le Monde Africa''. 11 October 2025.</small></ref>. Nivoaka ny tafika avy ao amin' ny CAPSAT tamin' ny 12 Oktobra 2025 nefa tsy nitifitra ny vahoaka fa naneho ny fangorahany ny mpanao fihetsiketsehana<ref><small>"[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1730376/politique/crise-a-madagascar-ce-que-lon-sait-des-officiers-qui-ont-pris-les-renes-de-larmee/ Crise à Madagascar : ce que l’on sait des officiers qui ont pris les rênes de l’armée]", ''Jeune Afrique''</small></ref>. Nandositra ny firenena i Andry Rajoelina avy eo, noho ny fanampian' ny tafika ana habakabaka frantsay, ka niondrana nankao [[La Réunion]] avy eo tany amin' ny toerana tsy fantatra<ref><small>"[https://la1ere.franceinfo.fr/reunion/madagascar-j-ai-du-quitter-le-pays-car-ma-vie-est-en-danger-le-president-andry-rajoelina-confirme-son-depart-de-la-grande-ile-1632644.html Madagascar : "J'ai dû partir dans un lieu sûr car ma vie est en danger", confirme le président Andry Rajoelina]", ''AFP''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://la1ere.franceinfo.fr/reunion/madagascar-ou-est-passe-le-president-andry-rajoelina-1632422.html Madagascar : Andry Rajoelina exfiltré par un avion militaire français, Emmanuel Macron « ne confirme rien »]", ''Réunion première. France info''</small></ref>. Taorian' io fandosirana io dia nanao latsabato fanongana azy ny [[Antenimierampirenena (Madagasikara)|Antenimiera-pirenena]] ka [[solombavambahoaka]] 130 tamin' ny 131 no nadany izany (raha 163 ny isan' ny solombavambahoaka rehetra)<ref><small>"[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20251015-madagascar-situation-institutionnelle-in%C3%A9dite-randrianirina-vacance-pouvoirs-d%C3%A9cryptage-christiane-rafidinarivo-cevipof Madagascar : situation institutionnelle inédite — Randrianirina, vacance des pouvoirs]", ''RFI'', 15 octobre 2025</small></ref>. Nandray ny fahefana avy eo ny kôlônely [[Michaël Randrianirina]]<ref><small>"[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/10/14/madagascar-des-militaires-disent-prendre-le-pouvoir-apres-la-destitution-du-president-andry-rajoelina_6646603_3212.html Madagascar : des militaires annoncent « prendre le pouvoir » après la destitution du président Andry Rajoelina]", ''Le monde Afrique / AFP''</small></ref>. Nambaran' ny [[Fitsarana momba ny Lalàmpanorenana|Fitsarana]] [[Fitsarana momba ny Lalàmpanorenana|Avo momba ny Lalàmpanorenana]] fa banga ny toeran' ny filoham-pirenena ary nanasa azy handray ny toeran' ny filoham-pirenena<ref><small>"[https://la1ere.franceinfo.fr/reunion/madagascar-les-militaires-de-la-capsat-s-emparent-du-pouvoir-1632974.html Madagascar : la Haute Cour Constitutionnelle valide la destitution d'Andry Rajoelina]", ''Réunion la 1ère''</small></ref>. === Very zom-pirenena malagasy === Tamin' ny 24 Oktobra 2025 dia nivoaka ny didim-panjakana manafoana ny fizakan' i Andry Rajoelina [[zom-pirenena malagasy]], noho izy [[Zom-pirenena frantsay|lasa Frantsay]] tamin' ny taona 2014<ref><small>"[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20251024-l-ex-pr%C3%A9sident-andry-rajoelina-d%C3%A9chu-de-sa-nationalit%C3%A9-malgache L’ex-président Andry Rajoelina déchu de sa nationalité malgache]", ''RFI'', 24 octobre 2025</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://2424.mg/citoyennete-les-autorites-decretent-la-perte-de-la-nationalite-malgache-dandry-rajoelina/ Citoyenneté - Les autorités décrètent la perte de la nationalité malgache d’Andry Rajoelina]", ''2424.mg'', 24 octobre 2025</small></ref>. == Jereo koa == * [[Michaël Randrianirina]] * [[Repoblikan' i Madagasikara (1992-2009)]] * [[Krizy pôlitika teto Madagasikara tamin' ny 2009]] * [[Repoblika Fahefatra (Madagasikara)|Repoblikan' i Madagasikara (2009-)]] * [[Fahefana Avon' ny Tetezamita|Fahefana Avon' ny Tetezamita (2009-2014)]] * [[Fizakan' i Andry Rajoelina zom-pirenena frantsay]] * [[Hetsi-panoheran'ny 2025 eto Madagasikara|Hetsi-panoheran' ny 2025 eto Madagasikara]] * [[Ravalomanana Marc]] * [[Rajaonarimampianina Hery]] {{Filohan'i Madagasikara}} == Loharano sy fanamariana == {{Ref}} {{Filohan'i Madagasikara}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rajoelina, Andry}} [[sokajy:biôgrafia]] [[Sokajy:Politika ao Madagasikara]] [[Sokajy:Mpanao politika malagasy]] [[Sokajy:Filohan'i Madagasikara]] [[Sokajy:Andry Rajoelina]] [[Sokajy:Ben'ny tanànan' Antananarivo]] [[Sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1974]] l7wplwm6xw4fx9qigs850vc6oi1z0w1 0 3913 1152855 1152753 2026-11-03T05:33:26Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_pays| nom_local1=भारत गणराज्य|langue1=hi| nom_local2=Bhārat Ganarājya|langue2=hi| nom_local3=Republic of India |langue3=en| nom_malgache=Repoblikan' India| image_drapeau=Flag of India.svg | lien_drapeau=Sainan' India | image_blason=Emblem of India.svg | lien_blason=Fanevan' India| image_carte=India_in_its_region_(disputed).svg| devise= ''सत्यमेव जयते'' (Satyamēva Jayatē)<br />(avy amin'ny [[Sanskrity]] : Ny Marina ihany no izy) | langues_officielles=[[fiteny hindi]], [[fiteny anglisy]], ary <br />[[Lisitry ny teny ofisialy ny India|fiteny hafa miisa 21]] <small>¹</small> | capitale=[[New Delhi]] | coordonnées_capitale=28° 34' N, 77° 07' E | lien_villes=Tanànan'i India | titre_plus_grande_ville=Tanàna ngeza indrindra | plus_grande_ville=[[Mombay]] | type_gouvernement=[[Repoblika]] [[hafederaly|federaly]] |titres_dirigeants=[[Filoham-pirenena]]<br />&nbsp;- [[Praiminisitra]] | noms_dirigeants=Droupadi Murmu <br />[[Narendra Modi]] | superficie_rang=7 | superficie_totale=3&nbsp;287&nbsp;590 | pourcentage_eau=9,5 % | population_rang=2 | population_totale=1 147 995 898 | population_année=2008| densité=349 | type_indépendance=Daty<br />&nbsp;- République | pays_indépendance=Avy amin'ny [[Onaiteda Kingdoma]] | date_indépendance=15 Aogositra 1947<br />Febroary 1950 | pays frontaliers={{CHN}}{{-}}{{PAK}}{{-}}{{MYA}}{{-}}{{BAN}}{{-}} {{NEP}}{{-}}{{BHU}}| gentilé=Indianina | IDH={{augmentation}} 0,611 | IDH_année=2006 | IDH_catégorie=anelanelany | IDH_rang=faha 126 | monnaie=[[Ropia]] | code_monnaie=INR | fuseau_horaire=+ 5,30 | hymne_national=[[Jana-Gana-Mana]] | Religion(s)=[[hindoisma]] | domaine_internet=.in | indicatif_téléphonique=91 | }} I '''India''' dia firenena ao [[Azia Atsimo]], i [[New Delhi]] no renivohiny ary i [[Bombay]] no tanàn-dehibe be mponina indrindra ao. Mirefy 3&nbsp;287&nbsp;263 km² ny velarany ary miisa 1&nbsp;429 tapitrisa ny [[mponina]] tao aminy tamin'ny taona 2023. Avy amin' ny [[fiteny persana|teny persana]] hoe ''Sindhu'', izay anarana persanan' ny [[renirano]] [[Sindo|Indosy]] amin' ny [[fiteny sanskrity]], ny hoe ''India''. Mampiasa ny teny hoe ''Bharat'' (mpanjaka hindoa niaina tamin' ny [[Andro Taloha]]) ny [[anarana]] ôfisialy. Nampiasaina tamin' ny vanim-potoan' ny [[Empira Môgôly]] ny anarany fahatelo hoe ''Hindustan'' ("''tanin' ny Hindoa''" amin' ny fiteny persana), tsy ôfisialy intsony ankehitriny io teny hoe ''Hindustan'' io nefa ampiasaina matetika rehefa miresaka an' i India<ref>https://mg.globalvoices.org/2019/03/30/136653/</ref>.[[Sary:Inde carte.png|vignette|Sarin-tanin' i India ]] Mivelatra amin' ny halavana 7&nbsp;000 km i India<ref>https://mg.globalvoices.org/2024/04/08/169061/</ref>. Mizara sisintany amin' i [[Pakistàna]] izy any andrefana, sy amin' i [[Sina]], amin' i [[Nepaly]], amin' i [[Botàna]] any avaratra. I [[Bangladesy|Bangladesa]] sy i [[Mianmara]] no any atsinanana. Eo amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]] dia tsy lavitra azy ny [[Maldiva|Repoblikan' i Maldiva]] (any atsimo-andrefana) sy i [[Srilanka]] (any atsimo-atsinanana). Mizara sisin-tany amin' i [[Afganistàna]] koa i India any avaratra-atsinanana. Miavaka noho ny fisian' ny ampahany amin' i [[Himalaya]] ([[tandavan-tendrombohitra]] avo indrindra eran-tany) sy ny [[ony]] lehibe telo ny vohon-tanin' i India. Ireto ireo ony ireo: i [[Sindo|Indosy]] sy i Ganges (renirano manan-kasina ho an' ny [[Hindoisma|fivavahana hindoa]]) ary i [[Brahmaputra]]. Miavaka ny [[toetany]] noho ny fisian' ny rivotra mosôna (misy orana mahery amin' ny [[fahavaratra]]). I India no firenena faharoa be [[Indiana (vahoaka)|mponina]] indrindra eran-tany (aorian' i [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]]): ny mponina ao aminy dia 17 % amin' ny mponina eran-tany. Vondrom-poko 1&nbsp;600 mahery no miara-monina ao India. Miavaka ny fiarahamonina indiana noho ny fisian' ny [[sarangam-poko]] (kasta), izany hoe fandaminana ara-piarahamonina ahitana ambaratonga miankina indrindra amin' ny fandovana sy ny fivavahana. Misy fiteny sy fitenim-paritra maherin' ny 3&nbsp;000 ny ao India ka [[fiteny ôfisialy]] roapolo mahery no eken' ny lalàmpanorenana. Ny [[Fiteny hindỳ|fiteny hindy]] no [[fitenim-pirenena]]. Maro ny [[fivavahana]] teraka tao amin' io zana-kôntinenta io, ka anisan' izany ny [[bodisma]], ny [[jainisma]], ny [[hindoisma]] ary ny [[sikisma]]. Ny [[fambolena]] no sehatra lehibe amin' ny asa ara-toekarena ao India, izay faharoa amin' ny famokarana [[vary]] eran-tany. Nihanivoatra be i India tamin' ny dimy ambin' ny folo taona farany teo, indrindra tamin' ny fanombohana ny fiovana demôgrafika nisy hatry ny taona 1991. Tamin' ny 22 Janoary 2007 dia niverina avy tany amin' ny habakabaka ny kapsily indiana tsy misy olona afaka 12 andro, izany nametraka marika siantifika sy teknika lehibe ho an' i India. Hatry ny taona 2008 dia anisan' ny firenena matanjaka ara-toekarena lehibe eto an-tany i India, izay nanakaiky an' i [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]] sy i [[Rosia]] ary i [[Brezila|Brezily]]; i India koa no hery ara-toekarena fahavalo eto an-tany. Teo amin' ny tanin' i India no nisy ny [[sivilizasiôna]] tranainy indrindra eto an-tany: ny [[sivilizasiônan' i Indosy]], iray amin' ny voalohany fantatra tao amin' ny [[Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana|Saikinosy Indiana]], nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2500 ka hatramin' ny 1800 tal JK. any ho any. Ny tantaran' i India dia voamariky ny fananiham-bohitra nataon' ny [[Ariàna (vahoaka)|Ariana]]: olona avy any [[Azia Afovoany]] niandohan' ny rafitra misy [[sarangam-poko]]. Nivoatra tsikelikely ny fandaminana ara-pôlitika, ka nipoitra ny [[repoblika]] sy ny [[fanjakà-mpanjaka]] isan-karazany. Taorian' ny Fanjakan' i Magadha, izay niandohan' ny fampiraisana an' i India, dia maro ny tarana-mpanjaka nifandimby, indrindra fa ny Maurya sy ny Gupta (izay heverina ho andro volamenan' ny kolontsaina klasika tany India). Nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-11 ka hatramin' ny taonjato faha-17 ilay firenena no niharan' ny fananiham-bohitra nataon' ny [[Silamo|Mozilmana]] sy ny [[Empira Môgôly|Môgôly]]. Ny [[fanjanahantany]] eorôpeana (nataon' ny [[Pôrtogaly|Pôrtogey]], ny [[Hôlandy|Hôlandey]], ny [[Frantsa|Frantsay]] ary ny [[Britaina Lehibe|Britanika]]) dia nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-16. Tamin' ny farany dia ny [[Empira Britanika]] no nahavita nifehy tanteraka ilay firenena. Mandritra ny taonjato roa i India dia [[Fanjanahantany anglisy|zanatany anglisy]]; izy no zanatany britanika ngeza indrindra. Nitranga tamin' ny taona 1849 ny andiana fikomiana voalohany nanohitra io fahefana io. Notohizan' i [[Mohandas Gandhi]] izany tamin' ny taompolo 1920 sy 1930. Nahazo ny fahaleovan-tenany i India tamin' ny taona 1947. Tamin' io fotoana io dia naverina ho an' i India taorian' ny fahazoany ny fahaleovan-tena ny [[tobim-barotra]] (kôntoara) frantsay sy pôrtogey tao India. Na izany aza dia nisy ady ara-pivavahana sy ara-pizaràn-tany maro tao amin' ilay firenena. == Tantara == Nipoitra tao India ny fiteny klasika roa ([[fiteny sanskrity]] sy [[fiteny tamily]]) misy eto amin' izao tontolo izao. Efa nampiasaina mandritry ny telo arivo taona ireo fiteny roa ireo. Namorona finoana antsoina hoe [[hindoisma]] ilay firenena, finoana izay mbola arahin' ny maro amin'ny Indiana amin' izao fotoana izao. Tamin' ny taona 300 tal. J.K., dia namorona ny empira sy ny Fiankohonana Maurya i Ashoka, izay nahavory ny ankamaroan' ny tanin' i [[Azia Atsimo]] ho anaty firenena iray. Tamin' ny taona 180 tal. J.K. dia voatafiky ny firenena maro samihafa i India na dia taty aoriana aza (100 – 1100), dia nipoitra ireo fiankohonana indianina hafa: izay ahitana ny Chalukya, ny Chola, ny Pallava ary ny Pandya.<ref>"South India". Suni System Ltd.. 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-19.</ref> Tamin' izany fotoana izany dia nalaza tamin' ny siansa sy ny zavakanto ary ny asa soratra ny faritra atsimo ao India. Maro ny fiankohonana nanjaka tao India nandritry ny taona arivo. Anisan' ireo ny [[Empira Môgôly|Empira Môgaly]], ny Empira Vijayanagara ary ny Empira Maratha. Tamin' ny taona 1600 dia notafihan' ny firenena eorôpeana i India, ary voazanaky ny [[Britaina Lehibe|Britanika]] tanteraka izy io nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1856 hatramin' ny taona 1947. Taorian' ny taona 1947, i India dia nanana toekarena sôsialista voalahatra. Anisan' ny firenena mpikambana nanorina ny hetsiky ny <u>firenena tsy momba ny atsy na ny aroa</u> ary ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] i India. Niatrika ady maro izy io taorian' ny fahaleovan-tenany tamin' ny [[Fanjakana Mitambatra|Fanjakana Mikambana]], anisan' izany ny ady tamin' ny taona 1957-58, 1965, 1971 ary 1999 tamin' i [[Pakistàna]] ary ny adin' ny 1962 tamin' i [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]]. Niady ihany koa izy io mba haka an' i Goa, izay seranana natsangan' ny [[Pôrtogaly|Pôrtogey]], ary tsy azon' i India raha tsy tamin' ny taona 1961. Nandà ny Pôrtogey ka voatery naka azy an-keriny ny Indiana. Nanao fanandramana nokleary ihany koa i India tamin' ny taona 1974 sy 1998, ary anisan' ny firenena vitsy manana fitaovam-piadiana nokleary. Anisan' ireo toekarena mitombo haingana indrindra eto an-tany ny toekaren' i India nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1991. === Taona taloha === === Andron' ny reforma === === India islamo === === India Eoropeana === === Lalan'ny fahaleovantena === === Fizarana manaintaina === == Pôlitika == {| class="infobox borderless" |+ National symbols of the Republic of India (Official) |- ! '''National animal''' | | [[Image:2005-bandipur-tusker.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National bird''' | | [[Image:Pavo muticus (Tierpark Berlin) - 1017-899-(118).jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National tree''' | | [[Image:Banyan tree on the banks of Khadakwasla Dam.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National flower''' | | [[Image:Sacred lotus Nelumbo nucifera.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National heritage animal''' | | [[Image:Panthera tigris.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National aquatic marine mammal''' | | [[Image:PlatanistaHardwicke.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National reptile''' | | [[Image:King-Cobra.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National heritage mammal''' | | [[Image:Hanuman Langur.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National fruit''' | | [[Image:An Unripe Mango Of Ratnagiri (India).JPG|50px]] |- ! '''National temple''' | | [[Image:New Delhi Temple.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National river''' | | [[Image:River Ganges.JPG|50px]] |- ! '''National mountain''' | | [[Image:Nanda Devi 2006.JPG|50px]] |- |} == Jeôgrafia == Mivelatra amin' ny halavana 7&nbsp;000 km i India. Mirefy 3&nbsp;287&nbsp;263 km² ny velarany. Mizara sisintany amin' i [[Pakistàna]] izy any andrefana, sy i [[Sina]], i [[Nepaly]], i [[Botàna]] izy any avaratra. I [[Bangladesy|Bangladesa]] sy i [[Mianmara]] any atsinanana. Eo amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]], tsy lavitry ny [[Maldiva|Repoblikan' i Maldiva]] (any atsimo-andrefana), i [[Srilanka|Seilàna]] (any atsimo-atsinanana). Mizara sisintany amin' i [[Afganistàna]] koa i India any avaratra-atsinanany. Ny vohontanin' i India dia miavaka noho ny fisian' ny ampahany amin' i [[Himalaya]] ([[tandavan-tendrombohitra]] avo indrindra eran-tany) sy ny [[ony]] lehibe telo: i [[Sindo|Indosy]] sy i Ganges (renirano manan-kasina ho an' ny [[Hindoisma|Hindoa]]) ary i Brahmaputra. Miavaka ny [[toetany]] noho ny fisian' ny rivotra mosôna (misy orana mahery amin' ny fahavaratra). An' i India ny ampahany be amin' ny [[Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana|Zana-Kôntinenta Indianina]]. Miraikitra amin' i [[Aostralia]] ilay zana-kôntintenta amin' ny resaka plaky: ny plaky [[Indô-Aostralianina]]. Mikasika kely ny tendrombohitra [[Himalaya]] ny avaratr' i India. Eo antsimon' i Himalaya dia misy saha tena mahavokatra indrindra any India: ny tany Indô-Ganjetìka no anaran' izy io. Any andrefana, misy ny [[Tanimatin'i Thar|tanimatin' i Thar]]. Any antsimo, dia misy [[lembalemba]] voafaritra any avarany amin' ny [[Gaty Andrefana]] sy any antsinanany amin' ny [[Gaty Antsinanana]]. === Fizaràn' ny faritany === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Anarana || Renivohitra || Teny ofisialy || Velarantany (km²) || Isam-ponina (2001) || Natsangana tamin'ny |- | [[Andhra Pradesh]] || [[Hyderâbâd (India)|Hyderabad]]|| [[Fiteny telogo|Telogo]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:276754}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:76210007}} || align="right" | 1956 |- | [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || [[Itanagar]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:83578}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:1097968}} || align="right" | 1987 |- | [[Assam]] || [[Dispur]]|| [[Fiteny asamey|Asamey]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:78438}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:26655528}} || align="right" | 1947 |- | [[Bengala Andrefana]]|| [[Kolkata]] || [[Fiteny bengaly|Bengaly]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:88752}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:80176197}} || align="right" | 1960 |- | [[Bihar]] || [[Patna]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:94163}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:82998509}} || align="right" | 1947 |- | [[Chhattisgarh]]|| [[Raipur]]|| [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:135133}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:20833803}} || align="right" | 2000 |- | [[Goa]] || [[Panaji]] || [[Fiteny kônkany|Kônkany]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:3702}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:1347668}} || align="right" | 1987 |- | [[Gujarat]] || [[Gandhinagar]] || [[Gujarati]] || align="right" | {{formatnum:196024}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:50671017}} || align="right" | 1960 |- | [[Haryana]]|| [[Chandigarh]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:44212}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:21144564}} || align="right" | 1966 |- | [[Himachal Pradesh]]|| [[Shimla]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:55673}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:6077900}} || align="right" | 1971 |- | [[Jammu-sy-Kasimira]]|| [[Srinagar]] || [[Fiteny kashmiry|Kasmiry]], [[Fiteny ordò|ordo]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:222236}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:10143700}} || align="right" | 1947 |- | [[Jharkhand]]|| [[Ranchi]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:79714}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:26945829}} || align="right" | 2000 |- | [[Karnataka]] || [[Bangalore]] || [[Fiteny kanada|Kanada]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:191791}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:52850562}} || align="right" | 1956 |- | [[Kerala]] || [[Trivandrum]] || [[Fiteny malaialama|Malaialama]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:38863}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:31841374}} || align="right" | 1956 |- | [[Madhya Pradesh]] || [[Bhopal]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:308000}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:60348023}} || align="right" | 1956 |- | [[Maharashtra]] || [[Mumbai]] || [[Fiteny maraty|Maraty]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:308000}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:96878627}} || align="right" | 1960 |- | [[Manipur]] || [[Imphal]] || [[Fiteny manipory|manipory]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:22356}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:2166788}} || align="right" | 1972 |- | [[Meghalaya]]|| [[Shillong]] || [[Fiteny garô|Garô]], [[Fiteny kasy|kasy]], [[Fiteny anglisy|anglisy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:22489}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:2318822}} || align="right" | 1972 |- | [[Mizoram]]|| [[Aizawl]] || [[Mizo]], [[anglisy]] || align="right" | {{formatnum:21087}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:888573}} || align="right" | 1987 |- | [[Nagaland]] || [[Kohima]] || [[Anglisy]] || align="right" | {{formatnum:16527}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:1990036}} || align="right" | 1963 |- | [[Orissa]]|| [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Fiteny ôria|Ôria]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:155842}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:36804660}} || align="right" | 1949 |- | [[Penjab (India)|Penjab]]|| [[Chandigarh]] || [[Fiteny penjaby|Penjaby]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:50362}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:24358999}} || align="right" | 1956 |- | [[Rajasthan]] || [[Jaipur]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:342239}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:56507188}} || align="right" | 1956 |- | [[Sikkim]] || [[Gangtok]] || [[Fiteny nepaley|Nepaley]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:7107}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:540851}} || align="right" | 1975 |- | [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Tamily]] || align="right" | {{formatnum:130058}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:62405679}} || align="right" | 1956 |- | [[Tripura]]|| [[Agartala]] || [[Fiteny bengaly|Bengaly]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:10477}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:3199203}} || align="right" | 1972 |- | [[Uttarakhand]] || [[Dehradun]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:53483}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:8489349}} || align="right" | 2000 |- | [[Uttar Pradesh]]|| [[Lucknow]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:236286}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:166197921}} || align="right" | 1950 |} == Kolontsaina == === Fiteny === Maro dia maro ny [[fiteny any India]] izay ao amin' ny [[fianakaviam-piteny]] maro samihafa. Ny fanisana natao tamin' ny taona 2011 dia nahitana [[fiteny]] miisa 270, ka ny 122 dia fiteny lehibe (be mpampiasa). Manao ny 22 amin' ireo fiteny ireo ho [[fiteny ôfisialy]] ny lalàm-panorenana indiana. Miteny [[fiteny indô-ariana]] ny 77&nbsp;%n' ny vahoaka indiana (ka ny be mpiteny indrindra dia ny [[Fiteny hindỳ|fiteny hindy]] izay fiteny nibeazan' ny olona miisa 422 tapitrisa, izany hoe 41 %n' ny mponina, sady fiteny ôfisialin' ny governemanta foibe), ny 20&nbsp;%n' ny mponina no miteny amin' ireo [[Fianakaviam-piteny dravidiana|fiteny dravidiana]]. Ny fianakaviam-piteny hafa hita ao India dia ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny aostrôaziatika|aostrôaziatika]], ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny sinô-tibetana|sinô-tibetana]] ary ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny tay-kaday|tai-kaday]]. Ny [[fiteny anglisy]] dia fiteny voalohany na faharoa safidîn' ny 12&nbsp;%n' ny mponina. ==== Ny fiteny indô-ariana ==== Sampana ao amin' ny [[Fiteny indo-iraniana|fiteny indô-iraniana]], izay ao anatin' ny [[Fiteny indô-eorôpeanina|fianakaviam-piteny indô-eorôpeana]], ny [[fiteny indô-ariana]]. Ao [[Azia Atsimo]] no tena ahitana olona maro miteny azy ireo, isan' izany ny ao India. [[Fitenim-pirenena|Fitenim-pirenen]]' i India ny [[fiteny hindỳ]]. Misy 480 tapitrisa eo ho eo ny isan' ny olona mampiasa azy, 360 tapitrisa amin' ireo no manao ny fiteny hindỳ ho fitenin-dreny. Amin' ny tapany avaratra amin' i India no misy ny ankabeazan' ny mpiteny hindỳ. Mitovitovy amin' ny [[fiteny hindy]] ihany ny [[fiteny ordò]]. Fiteny ampiasaina indrindra any India atsinanana ny [[fiteny bengaly]], nefa tenenina koa any [[Bangladesy]], anisan' ny fiteny ôfisialin' i India, indrindra any amin' ny faritan' i [[Bengal Andrefana]] sy any Tripura. Fitenin' ny olona miisa 75 tapitrisa any ho any India ny [[fiteny maraty]], indrindra ao amin' ny Fanjakan' i [[Maharashtra]] sy ao [[Goa]]. Iray amin' ny fiteny ôfisialy any India ny fiteny maraty. Anisan' ny fiteny indô-ariana be mpapiasa ao India koa ny [[fiteny gojaraty]] sy ny [[fiteny ôdià]] (na ôrià) ary ny [[fiteny penjaby]]. Fitenin' ny tompontanin' i [[Gujarat]], izay ampiasain' ny olona miisa 46 tapitrisa any India sy maneran-tany, ny [[fiteny gojaraty]]. ==== Ny fiteny dravidiana ==== [[Fianakaviam-piteny]] ahitana [[fiteny]] miisa 30 any ho any izay samy avy ao India avokoa ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny dravidiana|fiteny dravidiana]], izay ampiasaina indrindra ao amin' ny tapany atsimon' i India. Ny [[fiteny telogo]], ny [[fiteny tamily]], ny [[fiteny malaialama]] ary ny [[fiteny kanada]] no tena be mpampiasa. Fitenin' ny olona miisa 70 tapitrisa any ho any ny [[fiteny telogo]], ampiasaina indrindra any amin' ny faritra [[Andhra Pradesh]], izay manao azy ho fiteny ôfisialy. Fiteny ôfisialy ihany koa izy any amin' ny faritra [[Karnataka]] sy [[Maharashtra]] ary any Orissa. Fiteny ôfisialin' i [[Tamil Nadu]] sy ny tananan' i [[Pondicherry (tanàna)|Pondichery]] ary Karîkâl ny [[fiteny tamily]]. Anisan' ny fiteny dravidiana be mpiteny koa ny [[fiteny kanada]] sy ny [[fiteny malaialama]]. Fiteny any amin' ny tapany atsimon' i India, fiteny ôfisialin' i [[Karnataka]], ampiasain' ny olona miisa 45 tapitrisa any ho any, ny fiteny kanada. Anisan' ny fiteny ampiasaina any amin' ny tapany atsimon' i India koa ny fiteny malaialama, izay fiteny ôfisialin' ny faritany mizakatenan' i [[Kerala]], fiteny ôfisialy ao amin' ny faritanin' i Lakshadweep sy any [[Pondicherry (tanàna)|Pondicherry]], fiteny ôfisialin' i India ihany koa, izay misy mpiteny miisa 35,9 tapitrisa any ho any. ==== Fiteny aostrôaziatika ==== Fianakaviam-piteny any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]] sy ao amin' ny faritra atsinanana any India ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny aostrôaziatika|fiteny aostrôaziatika]]. Miisa 10 tapitrisa ny mpiteny aostrôaziatika any India, 6 tapitrisa ny mpiteny [[Fianakaviam-piteny sinô-tibetana|sinô-tibetàna]], izany hoe 3&nbsp;%n' ny mponina. Anisan' ny fiteny aostrôneziatika ny [[fiteny kasy]] (''khasi'') sy ny [[fiteny monda]] (''munda'') ary ny [[fiteny santaly]] (''santali''). Anisany koa ny fiteny ao amin' ny vondronosy [[Nikobara (nosy)|Nicobar]]. Ankoatry ny fiteny kasy sy ny fiteny santaly dia fiteny tandindomin-doza ny fiteny aostrôaziatika hafa ao India. ==== Fiteny sinô-tibetana ==== [[Fianakaviam-piteny]] any [[Azia Atsinanana]], any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]], any [[Azia Afovoany]] ary any [[Azia Atsimo]], izay misy mpiteny koa any India ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny sinô-tibetana|fiteny sinô-tibetana]]. ==== Fiteny tai-kaday ==== [[Fianakaviam-piteny]] ampiasaina ao amin' ny saikanosin' i [[Indôsina]] sy any amin' ny faritra atsimo ao [[Sina]], izay misy mpampiasa koa any India, ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny tay-kaday|fiteny tai-kaday]]. ==== Fiteny andamaney ==== Vondrom-piteny ao amin' ny [[nosy Andamàna]], ampiasain' ny tompon-tany [[Andamaney (vahoaka)|andamaney]] ny [[Vondrom-piteny any Andamàna|fiteny any Andamàna]]. Misy vondrona roa ao amin' izany fianakaviam-piteny izany, dia ny fiteny andamaney lehibe sy ny fiteny andamaney avaratra. === Fivavahana === Tao India no nipoiran' ny [[hindoisma]], ny [[bodisma]], ny [[jainisma]] ary ny [[sikisma]]. Nandray hatry ny ela ny [[jodaisma]], ny [[kristianisma]], ny [[finoana silamo]] ary ny [[zôrôastrisma]] koa io firenena io. Matetika nandray anjara lehibe ny fivavahana teo amin' ny tantaran' i India, ary eken' ny lalàna indiana ny fisian' izy ireo. Ny ankabetsahan' ny [[Indiana (vahoaka)|Indiana]] dia mpivavaka ary mandray anjara betsaka amin' ny fiainan' izy ireo ny fivavahana. ==== Ny fivavahana nipoitra tao India ==== Tamin' ny taona 2011 dia nisy mpino hindo miisa 966 tapitrisa tao India, ka 79,9 %n' ny mponina izany<ref name=":0"><small>Laurent Marchand, [http://international.blogs.ouest-france.fr/archive/2015/08/30/inde-religion-recensement-catholiques-musulmans-14609.html « Inde : 966 Millions d'Hindous, 172 M de Musulman, 27 M de Chrétiens »] {{Wayback|url=http://international.blogs.ouest-france.fr/archive/2015/08/30/inde-religion-recensement-catholiques-musulmans-14609.html |date=20210901052656 }} [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Finternational.blogs.ouest-france.fr%2Farchive%2F2015%2F08%2F30%2Finde-religion-recensement-catholiques-musulmans-14609.html tahiry]], sur Ouest-France, 1er septembre 2015 (consulté le 28 janvier 2016).</small></ref>. Sady [[fivavahana]] sy [[filôzôfia]] ary fomba fiainana nipoitra ao amin' ny [[Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana]] ny hindoisma. Anisan' ny fivavahana tranainy indrindra eran' izao tontolo izao izay mbola misy manaraka izy. Mampiavaka ny hindoisma ny toetrany izay ahitana fanambarana karazana finoana sy fanao avy amin' ny fivavahana samihafa ([[sinkretisma]]). Misy mpino bodista miisa 8&nbsp;400&nbsp;000 (0,7&nbsp;%) ny ao India. Nipoitra avy tao [[India]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-5 tal. J.K. ny [[bodisma]] noho ny fifohazana ara-panahin' i [[Siddhartha Gautama]] sy ny fielezan' ny fampianarany. Azo heverina ho [[Fivavahana tsy misy andriamanitra|fivavahana tsy misy andriamanitra mpamorona]] ny bodisma; satria tsy misy firesahana momba izany ao amin' ny ankamaroan' ny sampan' ny bodisma. Misy mpino jaina miisa 4&nbsp;400&nbsp;000 (0,4&nbsp;%) ny ao India. Ny [[jainisma]] dia mampianatra fa mitovy ny tanjon' ny fiainana ho an' ny [[hindoisma]] sy ny [[bodisma]] ary ny [[sikisma]]. Tamin' ny andron' i Mahâvîra no tena nielezan' ny jainisma tao India. Mandala ny fisainanana tsy misy herisetra (''ahimsa'') ity fivavahana ity. Misy mpino siky miisa 20,8 tapitrisa (1,7&nbsp;%) ny ao India. Fivavahana amin' [[Mônôteisma|Andriamanitra tokana]] naorin' ny [[Gurû Nanak|Guru Nanak]] tao amin' ny tapany avaratr' i India tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 ny [[sikisma]]. Mino ny Siky fa tsy manam-petra, mandrakizay, mpamorona, anton' ny anton-javatra rehetra, tsy manam-pahavalo, ary tsy misy fankahalana Andriamanitra, izay sady ato amin' izao tontolo izao no ao ivelany sy mihoatra azy ([[Fihoa-draha|mihoa-draha]]). ==== Ny fivavahana niditra avy ety ivelany ==== Latsaky ny 20&nbsp;000 ny mpino manaraka ny [[jodaisma]] ao India. Efa tany amin' ny [[Andro Taloha]] no nahitana [[Jiosy]] mpifindra monina tany India ka anisan' ny fivavahana avy ivelany niditra tao India ny jodaisma. Misy Kristana miisa 27&nbsp;800&nbsp;000 (2,3&nbsp;%) ny ao India<ref name=":0" />. Lazain' ny [[lovantsofina]] fa nentin' ny apôstôly [[Tômasy]] (na Tômà) tao India tamin' ny taonjato voalohany ny [[kristianisma]]. Izy no fivavahana avy any ivelany tonga voalohany tao [[India]]. Ankehitriny dia hita ao India ny [[katôlisisma]], ny [[kristianisma ôrtôdôksa]], ny [[prôtestantisma]], ny [[batisma]] ary ny [[Fiangonana Tatsinanana|fiangonana tatsinanana]] samihafa. Misy Mozilmana miisa 172 tapitrisa (14,2&nbsp;%) ny ao India ka firenena laharana fahatelo izy amin' izany ao aorian' i [[Indônezia]] sy i [[Pakistàna]]<ref name=":0" />. Efa tany amin' ny taonjato faha-7 tany no nampisy ny [[Silamo|finoana silamo]] tany India izay nentin' ny [[Arabo (vahoaka)|Arabo]] mpivarotra, nefa taorian' ny fakàn-tany nataon' ny Mozilmàna tany India no nampiely azy indrindra. Ankehitriny dia miisa 61&nbsp;000 ny Zôrôastriana [[Parsỳ|parsy]] ao India. Efa nisy tao India tamin' ny vanim-potoana [[Empira Sasanida|sasanida]] ny [[zôrôastrisma]]. Nifindra monina tao India nanao andiany mifanesy ny Zôrôastriana nandritra ny vanim-potoana silamo, taorian' ny fakàn' ny Mozilmàna an' i [[Persia]], raha nihen-danja ny fivavahany tao [[Iràna Lehibe|Iràna]] sy tamin' ny firenena hafa noho ny fanenjehana. Tamin' ny vanim-potoana [[Empira Safavida|safavida]] koa dia nisy fifindrà-monina. Ao India, ankehitriny, no ahitana Zôrôastriana betsaka indrindra. == Jereo koa == * '''Firenena ao Azia:''' [[Afganistàna]] - [[Arabia Saodita]] - [[Armenia]] - [[Azerbaijàna]] - [[Bangladesy]] - [[Bareina]] - [[Botàna]] - [[Broney]] - [[Emirata Arabo Mitambatra]] - [[Filipina]] - [[Iemena]] - [[India]] - [[Indônezia]] - [[Iràka]] - [[Iràna]] - [[Israely]] - [[Japàna]] - [[Jôrdania]] - [[Kambôdia]] - [[Katara]] - [[Kazakstàna]] - [[Kirgizistàna]] - [[Kôety]] - [[Kôrea Atsimo]] - [[Kôrea Avaratra]] - [[Laôsy]] - [[Libàna]] - [[Maldiva]] - [[Malezia]] - [[Mianmara]] - [[Môngôlia]] - [[Nepaly]] - [[Ômàna]] - [[Ozbekistàna]] - [[Pakistàna]] - [[Palestina (fanjakana)]] - [[Rosia]] - [[Sina]] - [[Singaporo]] - [[Siria]] - [[Srilanka]] - [[Tailandy]] - [[Taioàna]] - [[Tajikistàna]] - [[Torkia]] - [[Torkmenistàna]] - [[Vietnamy]]. * '''Foko any India''': [[Dravidiana (vahoaka)|Dravidiana]] ([[Brahoy (vahoaka)|Brahoy]] - [[Telogo (vahoaka)|Telogo]] - [[Tamily (vahoaka)|Tamily]] - [[Kanadiga (vahoaka)|Kanadiga]] - [[Malaialy (vahoaka)|Malaialy]] - [[Tolo (vahoaka)|Tolo]]) - [[Jiosy any India]] ([[Petrakevitra momba ny fananan' ny Kasmiry firazanana jiosy|Fananan' ny Kasimiry firazanana jiosy]] - [[Jiosin' i Malabar]] - [[Bene Israely]] -[[Bene Efraima]] - [[Knanaia]] - [[Bano Israily]] - [[Bney Menase]]) - * '''Samihafa momba an' i India''': [[Fiteny any India]] - Kolontsaina any India - Tantaran' i India - [[Jeôgrafian' i India]] - Foko ao India - Toekarenan' i India - Fahantrana any India - Sarangam-poko any India - [[Fivavahana ao India]] - Kolontsain' i India - Fanabeazana any India - Nahandro indiana - [[BRICS]] - Fandaharan' asa nokleary indana - Mponina any India - Sarimihetsika indiana - Fambolena any India - Fivavahana any India - [[Karàna|Indiana eto Madagasikara]] - [[India Britanika]] - [[Indiana (vahoaka)]] - [[Halatra omby ao India]] - [[Masoivohon' i India eto Madagasikara]] - [[Fifandraisan' i India sy i Madagasikara]] - [[Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana]] - [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]] - * '''Kôntinenta eto an-tany:''' [[Afrika]] - [[Amerika]] ([[Amerika Avaratra]] - [[Amerika Atsimo]]) - [[Azia]] - [[Eorôpa]] - [[Ôseania]] - [[Antarktika]] == Rohy ivaleny == * [https://www.vishweshwarbank.com/en/hotmail-signup.html hotmail] {{Wayback|url=https://www.vishweshwarbank.com/en/hotmail-signup.html |date=20240221171140 }} * [https://actascientific.com/engl/hotmail-login/ hotmail] {{Wayback|url=https://actascientific.com/engl/hotmail-login/ |date=20240222075304 }} == Topi-maso == {{refbegin|33em}} * {{citation|title=India|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html|accessdate=4 October 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Central Intelligence Agency}}|archive-date=2008-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611033144/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html|dead-url=yes}} * {{citation|date=December 2004|title=Country Profile: India|edition=5th|work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]|publisher=[[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]]|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf|accessdate=30 September 2011|format=PDF|ref={{sfnRef|Library of Congress|2004}}}} * {{citation|last1=Heitzman|first1=J.|last2=Worden|first2=R. 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S.|last2=McNeil|first2=D.|last3=Stevenson|first3=P. C.|date=23 October 2007|title=Lentil: An Ancient Crop for Modern Times|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|isbn=978-1-4020-6312-1|url=http://books.google.com/?id=VfT6hZHpXPkC&pg=PA174<!--|quote=But it has been red lentils which have "fed the masses" particularly in the Indian subcontinent. Lentils are a staple food in many regions.-->}} * {{citation|last=Zvelebil|first=K. V.|date=1 August 1997|title=Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-09365-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC}} {{refend}} [[Sokajy:Jeografia]] [[Sokajy:Firenena]] [[Sokajy:Firenena ao Azia]] [[Sokajy:Firenena]] [[Sokajy:Firenena ao Azia]] [[Sokajy:Azia]] [[Sokajy:India| ]] <references /> dosk1m8qvt7t45o4pe8daexc94kowjj 0 3936 1152851 1115132 2026-11-03T05:10:05Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152851 wikitext text/x-wiki I '''Hanta''' dia mpihira mivoy ny karazan-kira maro misy ao [[Madagasikara]] toy ny hiran-drazana, [[tsapiky]], [[banaiky]], [[jihe]], [[salegy]]. Mampiasa ny [[zavamaneno]] malagasy toy ny [[valiha]], [[kabôsy]], [[langoroany]], [[katsà]] ., sns. == Jereo koa == * [[Lisitry ny mpihira malagasy]] == Rohy Ivelany == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081112225950/http://hanta.free.fr/ Tranonkalan' i Hanta] [[Sokajy:Mpihira malagasy]] b8q79y7g86pbt7d02rm1wi53f0po5gi 0 8502 1152792 1023149 2026-11-02T13:53:06Z Таёжный лес 31578 1152792 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:MySQL textlogo.svg|thumb|ankavanana|Ny lôgô an'i MySQL]] '''MySQL''' dia [[rafitra fitantanana banky angona]]. Arakaraka ny fampiasana azy, na manan-tompony na malalaka ny lisansiny. Izy dia anisan'ny [[rindrankajy]] fandrindrana banky angona be mpampiasa indrindra eto an-tany, sady ampiasain'ny daholobe (amin'ny fampiasana eo amin'ny Tranonkala indrindra indrindra) sady ampiasain'ny mpiasa. Ny MySQL dia mifaninana amin'i [[Oracle]] sy [[Microsoft SQL server]]. Novidian'i [[Sun Microsystem]] iray miliara dollar ny MySQL AB tamin'ny 16 Janoary 2008. Tamin'ny 2009, azon'i [[Oracle Corporation]] i [[Sun Mircosystems]] tamin'ny 2009, eo ampelan-tanan'i Sun Microsystems ny rindrankajy Oracle sy MySQL. Nahazod-dalana tamin'ny Vondrona Eoropeanina io varotra io tamin'ny 21 Janoary 2010. Hatry ny [[Mey]] [[2009]], ny mpamorona azy, i [[Michael Widenius]], dia namorona an'i [[MariaDB]]. == Rohy ivelany == * [http://www-fr.mysql.com/ Site officiel] {{Wayback|url=http://www-fr.mysql.com/ |date=20100212105259 }} * {{fr}} {{dmoz|MySQL|http://www.dmoz.org/World/Fran%c3%a7ais/Informatique/Logiciels/Outils_de_d%c3%a9veloppement/Bases_de_donn%c3%a9es/MySQL/}} {{vangovango}} [[sokajy:rindrankajy]] [[sokajy:MySQL|*]] nhjvobhngyf13v317kutanzzx1m0yue 1152793 1152792 2026-11-02T13:53:21Z Таёжный лес 31578 Nanala ny fanavaozana [[Special:Diff/1152792|1152792]] nataon'i [[Special:Contributions/Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|dinika]]) 1152793 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:MySQL.svg|thumb|ankavanana|Ny lôgô an'i MySQL]] '''MySQL''' dia [[rafitra fitantanana banky angona]]. Arakaraka ny fampiasana azy, na manan-tompony na malalaka ny lisansiny. Izy dia anisan'ny [[rindrankajy]] fandrindrana banky angona be mpampiasa indrindra eto an-tany, sady ampiasain'ny daholobe (amin'ny fampiasana eo amin'ny Tranonkala indrindra indrindra) sady ampiasain'ny mpiasa. Ny MySQL dia mifaninana amin'i [[Oracle]] sy [[Microsoft SQL server]]. Novidian'i [[Sun Microsystem]] iray miliara dollar ny MySQL AB tamin'ny 16 Janoary 2008. Tamin'ny 2009, azon'i [[Oracle Corporation]] i [[Sun Mircosystems]] tamin'ny 2009, eo ampelan-tanan'i Sun Microsystems ny rindrankajy Oracle sy MySQL. Nahazod-dalana tamin'ny Vondrona Eoropeanina io varotra io tamin'ny 21 Janoary 2010. Hatry ny [[Mey]] [[2009]], ny mpamorona azy, i [[Michael Widenius]], dia namorona an'i [[MariaDB]]. == Rohy ivelany == * [http://www-fr.mysql.com/ Site officiel] {{Wayback|url=http://www-fr.mysql.com/ |date=20100212105259 }} * {{fr}} {{dmoz|MySQL|http://www.dmoz.org/World/Fran%c3%a7ais/Informatique/Logiciels/Outils_de_d%c3%a9veloppement/Bases_de_donn%c3%a9es/MySQL/}} {{vangovango}} [[sokajy:rindrankajy]] [[sokajy:MySQL|*]] fxcw4taiagdb2ypq8g2mxvfhlhzfcq6 0 8732 1152868 1144465 2026-11-03T09:11:02Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152868 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Violin playing.jpg|vignette|314x314px|Ny [[lokanga]] dia anisan' ny zavamaneno ampiasaina amin' ny karazana mozika samihafa]]Ny '''mozika''' dia [[zavakanto]] manambatra sy mandrindra ny [[Feo (fizika)|feo]] manaraka ny fizotran' ny [[fotoana]]. Ny zavatra manan-danja ao amin' ny mozika dia ny [[gadona]] (fomba fanakambanana ny feo manaraka ny fotoana), ny [[Haavom-peo|haavon' ny feo]] (fanakambanana sy fandaharana ny feo ambany sy ambony), ny fiovan-[[Hamafin' ny feo|kamafy]] ary ny [[Lokom-peo|loko]]<nowiki/>n' ny feo. Sady famoronana (sangan' asan-[[Zavakanto|javakanto]]) ny mozika no fanehonana ary fomba enti-mifandray koa. Mampiasa fitsipika na lamim-pamoronana ny mozika, hatramin' ny tsotra indrindra ka hatramin' ny saro-drafitra indrindra (ny [[maripeo]], ny [[korisam-peo]], sns.). Mety mampiasa zavatra samihafa izy, ny [[Tena|vatana]] sy ny [[feon' olombelona]] ary ny [[zavamaneno]] natao ho an' izany manokana ihany koa. Efa nisy teo amin' ny [[Fiarahamonina|fiarahamonin]]' olombelona rehetra hatramin' ny vanim-potoana talohan' ny nanoratana ny tantara ny mozika. Sady endrika fanehoan-kevitra ho an' ny tsirairay ny mozika (indrindra fa fanehoana fihetseham-po), no antony miteraka fiaraha-mivory sy loharanom-pahafinaretana (mandritra ny lanonana, miaraka amin' ny [[hira]] na [[dihy]]) ary koa mari-pamantarana ny vondrona ara-kolontsaina na ny firaisana ao amin' ny firenena ([[hiram-pirenena]], [[mozika nentim-paharazana]], [[mozikam-bahoaka]], mozika miaramila) na ara-panahy ([[mozikam-pivavahana]]). == Jereo koa == '''Momba ny mozika''' * [[mozika malagasy]] * [[hira]] - [[zavamaneno]] - [[Feo (fizika)|feo]] - [[maripeo]] - [[korisam-peo]] '''Zavakanto hafa''' * [[zavakanto]] - [[dihy]] - [[tononkalo]] - [[hosodoko]] - [[sary sokitra]] - [[teatra]] - [[maritrano]] - [[Haisoratra|literatiora]] - [[pôezia]] - [[sinema]] - [[sary pika]] - [[lamaody]] - [[asa tanana]] - == Rohy ivelany == ==== Miteny frantsay ==== * {{fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906220313/http://www2.cnrs.fr/presse/journal/3417.htm La musique, pourquoi elle rythme nos vies ?] * * {{fr}} [http://dictionnaire.metronimo.com/index.php?a=index&d=1 Metronimo] {{vangovango}} [[Sokajy:Zavakanto]] [[Sokajy:Mozika|*]] e6qc6y2ea1lniobxwth4ufg26mcyclu 0 8974 1152861 1138609 2026-11-03T08:20:29Z ~2026-58306-07 41544 /* */ 1152861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mpanakanto (mozika)|anarana=Hantatiana Ramamonjy|Teraka=31 oktobra 1982|Firenena=Madagasikara - Suisse|Vanim-potoana=1988 - ankehitriny|Tarika=Hantatiana - Mpihira}} I '''Hantatiana Ramamonjy''' dia mpihira [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|malagasy]] teraka tamin'ny 31 Oktobra 1982. 7 Taona izy no nanomboka nihira ary 9 [[taona]] izy no namoaka rakikira voalohany : «''La pluie'', ''Fiderana'', ''Faly aho''.» I Hantatiana dia nahazo ny "prix revelation gasitsara 1994" ary voafidy ho "[[vehivavy]] mendrika ny taona 1996". Ndriana Ramamonjy, mpamoron-kira fatandaza no sady mpano [[hosodoko]] no mpamorona ny hirany.Mamoron-kira koa i Hantatiana ary mitantara ny fiainan'ny fiarahamonina ny tononkirany. Nitety an'i [[Madagasikara]] izy nanomboka ny taona 1988 ka hatramin'ny taona 2001 isaky ny weekend ka nameno ny stade sy sehatra ary [[fiangonana]] maro izay nalehany. Feno hiboka avokoa izay naleha rehetra. Nihira tany amin'ny firenena maro tany ivelany tahaka ny Amerika, Afrika Atsimo, Europa. 2001 no Taona nandaozany an'i Madagasikara hanohizany ny fianarany tany ivelany, tao Salzburg Autriche Mozarteum,Baden Baden Allemagne,notarihin'ny mpampianany tamin'izany Mr Schwarte ary tao amin'ny conservatoire de Lausanne Suisse izy no nianatra sy nandalina chant lyrique classe professionnelle. Nanao seho maro izy nandritry ny fianarany. Madame Sirvat Kazandjian no mpampianany tamin'izany izay efa nodimandry. Manambady teratany malagasy izy, Njaka ary manan-janaka 3, Tahiana, Kanto, Miaro. Izay mpitendry matihanina avokoa. [[Mpanakanto malagasy|Mpanakanto]] feno fahatsorana ary matahotra an’[[Andriamanitra Ray|Andriamanitra]] i Hantatiana, tsapa amin’ny hira sy ny fifaneraserana aminy izany. Sendra ny tsy fahasalamana izy ny taona 2024 ary nijoro vavolombelona ny amin'ny famindram-pon'Andriamanitra taminy amin'ny alalan'ny hira fiderana izay nataony ny 2025. Nanao tournée izy tany Canada, Paris, Madagasikara izay mitondra ny lohateny hoe: Aza miherikerika foana fa izaho no Andriamanitrao.Isaia 41:10 izay tena nampahery ireo izay nanotrona azy. Mbola manohy ny hira fiderana Izy ary vao maika mitombo sy mizara amin'ny hafa ny fahasoavan'Andriamanitra sy ny [[famonjena]] amin'ny alalan'ny hira fiderana izay ataony. == Raki-kira == === 1995: La pluie - Omeo ankohonana === # Si l'océan # Fiderana # Fitiavana Mandrakizay # Ny maraina # J'ai rêvé # Omeo hery # Tontolo Iainana # La pluie # Any [[andro]] iray # Nosin-drazako # Faly aho # Ny hirako # Omeo [[ankohonana]] * Namorona: Ndriana Ramamonjy * Zava-maneno & Nandray feo: Lova R./ A. Dimison Pierre * Premier trimestre 1995 === 1995: Fandalovana === # Jeso no fanantenako # La paix # Ny fianako dia vonikazo # Salamo 73 # Jesus is the way # Hafaliana # Dada # Ambetin-dresaka # Desert Citadin # Hatanorana # Alao hanofy # Fandalovana * Tonony sy ny Feony : Ndriana Ramamonjy * Quatrième trimestre 1995 === 1997: Neny roa === # Inona no havaliko # Renao ve ?* # Iza ihany # Aoka hanetry tena # Ialao ny sampy* # Neny roa # Sambatra # Avelao Androany** # Ho avy Jeso # Inona moa * Auteur-compositeur : Ndriana Ramamonjy * *Compositeur: Solofo Ranarivelo * **Compositeur: Bessa * Premier trimestre 1997 === 2000: Namana === # Mpanakanto # Fitiavan'ankizy # Ratra anaty # Tiako loatra # Tsaho # Hira tsotra # Namana # Fetim-pianakaviana* # Mpampakatra* # Aleoko ny ahy * Mpamorona : Ndriana Ramamonjy * *Mpamorona : Tovo Randriamalala & Ndriana Ramamonjy === 2002: Best Of === # Jeso no fanantenako # Fandalovana # La pluie # Hafaliana # Salamo73 # Jesus is the way # Mpanakanto # Ny hirako # Inona moa # Si l'océan # Omeo ankohonana # Nosin-drazako # Ny maraina # Tiako loatra # Namana # Aleoko ny ahy === 2015: Fiainam-piderana === # Aleo hanofy # Fianinam-piderana* # Hira tsotra # Inona no havaliko # La paix # Lokon-danitra # Maina ny tany # Meloncolie # Mpampiakatra # Ratra anaty # Ray mamindra fo # Renao ve ? # Tontolo iainana # Tsaho # Vers toi mon Dieu # You* # Zioga* === 2022: Ireo hira mamiko === # Any andro iray # Fitiavan'ankizy # Omeo hery # Neny roa === 2022: Fitiavana Mandrakizay === # Ialao ny sampy # Desert citadin # Iza ihany # Ambetin-dresaka # Neny* # Faly aho # Fetim-pianakaviana** # Fiderana # Hatanorana # Kumbaya* # Fitiavana Mandrakizay # Ny fiainako dia vonikazo # Sambatra ny fo * Auteur-compositeur : Ndriana Ramamonjy * *Auteur-compositeur: Hantatiana Ramamonjy * **Compositeur: Tovo Randriamalala '''2023 : La provision''' === 2024: Mamiko ianao === # Mamiko ianao* # L'eternel est mon berger # J'ai rêvé *Auteur-compositeur: Hantatiana Ramamonjy === 2024: Satria fantatrao aho === # Gloire à ton nom* # Manaova ny marina* # Satria fantarao aho* # Soyez bon* *Auteur-compositeur: Hantatiana Ramamonjy '''2025 : Chemin Croisés''' '''2025: Nenina''' '''2026: Mora Lo * single''' '''2026 : Diloilo* single''' '''2026 : Vatolampiko Ianao* single''' == Jereo koa == * [[Lisitry ny mpihira malagasy]] == Rohy ivelany == * '''www.hantatiana.ch''' [http://www.hantatiana.ch] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hantatiana.ch/ |date=20100330012124 }} https://open.spotify.com/intl-fr/artist/5XdxnxZ51HGeLp5Ep1ZcCo https://www.facebook.com/p/Hantatiana-100044327954669/?locale=fr_FR https://www.instagram.com/hantatiana1/ [[Sokajy:Mpihira malagasy]] i3dc53uzk4ua8w1c6ny8pmxcgf51ag7 1152872 1152861 2026-11-03T10:46:30Z ~2026-58306-07 41544 /* */ 1152872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mpanakanto (mozika)|anarana=Hantatiana Ramamonjy|Teraka=31 oktobra 1982|Firenena=Madagasikara - Suisse|Vanim-potoana=1988 - ankehitriny|Tarika=Hantatiana - Mpihira}} I '''Hantatiana Ramamonjy''' dia mpihira [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|malagasy]] teraka tamin'ny 31 Oktobra 1982. 7 Taona izy no nanomboka nihira ary 9 [[taona]] izy no namoaka rakikira voalohany : «''La pluie'', ''Fiderana'', ''Faly aho''.» I Hantatiana dia nahazo ny "prix revelation gasitsara 1994" ary voafidy ho "[[vehivavy]] mendrika ny taona 1996". Ndriana Ramamonjy, mpamoron-kira fatandaza no sady mpano [[hosodoko]] no mpamorona ny hirany.Mamoron-kira koa i Hantatiana ary mitantara ny fiainan'ny fiarahamonina ny tononkirany. Nitety an'i [[Madagasikara]] izy nanomboka ny taona 1988 ka hatramin'ny taona 2001 isaky ny weekend ka nameno ny stade sy sehatra ary [[fiangonana]] maro izay nalehany. Feno hiboka avokoa izay naleha rehetra. Nihira tany amin'ny firenena maro tany ivelany tahaka ny Amerika, Afrika Atsimo, Europa. 2001 no Taona nandaozany an'i Madagasikara hanohizany ny fianarany tany ivelany, tao Salzburg Autriche Mozarteum,Baden Baden Allemagne,notarihin'ny mpampianany tamin'izany Mr Schwarte ary tao amin'ny conservatoire de Lausanne Suisse izy no nianatra sy nandalina chant lyrique classe professionnelle. Nanao seho maro izy nandritry ny fianarany. Madame Sirvat Kazandjian no mpampianany tamin'izany izay efa nodimandry. Manambady teratany malagasy izy, Njaka ary manan-janaka 3, Tahiana, Kanto, Miaro. Izay mpitendry matihanina avokoa. [[Mpanakanto malagasy|Mpanakanto]] feno fahatsorana ary matahotra an’[[Andriamanitra Ray|Andriamanitra]] i Hantatiana, tsapa amin’ny hira sy ny fifaneraserana aminy izany. Sendra ny tsy fahasalamana izy ny taona 2024 ary nijoro vavolombelona ny amin'ny famindram-pon'Andriamanitra taminy amin'ny alalan'ny hira fiderana izay nataony ny 2025. Nanao tournée izy tany Canada, Paris, Madagasikara izay mitondra ny lohateny hoe: Aza miherikerika foana fa izaho no Andriamanitrao.Isaia 41:10 izay tena nampahery ireo izay nanotrona azy. Mbola manohy ny hira fiderana Izy ary vao maika mitombo sy mizara amin'ny hafa ny fahasoavan'Andriamanitra sy ny [[famonjena]] amin'ny alalan'ny hira fiderana izay ataony. == Raki-kira == === 1995: La pluie - Omeo ankohonana === # Si l'océan # Fiderana # Fitiavana Mandrakizay # Ny maraina # J'ai rêvé # Omeo hery # Tontolo Iainana # La pluie # Any [[andro]] iray # Nosin-drazako # Faly aho # Ny hirako # Omeo [[ankohonana]] * Namorona: Ndriana Ramamonjy * Zava-maneno & Nandray feo: Lova R./ A. Dimison Pierre * Premier trimestre 1995 === 1995: Fandalovana === # Jeso no fanantenako # La paix # Ny fianako dia vonikazo # Salamo 73 # Jesus is the way # Hafaliana # Dada # Ambetin-dresaka # Desert Citadin # Hatanorana # Alao hanofy # Fandalovana * Tonony sy ny Feony : Ndriana Ramamonjy * Quatrième trimestre 1995 === 1997: Neny roa === # Inona no havaliko # Renao ve ?* # Iza ihany # Aoka hanetry tena # Ialao ny sampy* # Neny roa # Sambatra # Avelao Androany** # Ho avy Jeso # Inona moa * Auteur-compositeur : Ndriana Ramamonjy * *Compositeur: Solofo Ranarivelo * **Compositeur: Bessa * Premier trimestre 1997 === 2000: Namana === # Mpanakanto # Fitiavan'ankizy # Ratra anaty # Tiako loatra # Tsaho # Hira tsotra # Namana # Fetim-pianakaviana* # Mpampakatra* # Aleoko ny ahy * Mpamorona : Ndriana Ramamonjy * *Mpamorona : Tovo Randriamalala & Ndriana Ramamonjy === 2002: Best Of === # Jeso no fanantenako # Fandalovana # La pluie # Hafaliana # Salamo73 # Jesus is the way # Mpanakanto # Ny hirako # Inona moa # Si l'océan # Omeo ankohonana # Nosin-drazako # Ny maraina # Tiako loatra # Namana # Aleoko ny ahy === 2015: Fiainam-piderana === # Aleo hanofy # Fianinam-piderana* # Hira tsotra # Inona no havaliko # La paix # Lokon-danitra # Maina ny tany # Meloncolie # Mpampiakatra # Ratra anaty # Ray mamindra fo # Renao ve ? # Tontolo iainana # Tsaho # Vers toi mon Dieu # You* # Zioga* === 2022: Ireo hira mamiko === # Any andro iray # Fitiavan'ankizy # Omeo hery # Neny roa === 2022: Fitiavana Mandrakizay === # Ialao ny sampy # Desert citadin # Iza ihany # Ambetin-dresaka # Neny* # Faly aho # Fetim-pianakaviana** # Fiderana # Hatanorana # Kumbaya* # Fitiavana Mandrakizay # Ny fiainako dia vonikazo # Sambatra ny fo * Auteur-compositeur : Ndriana Ramamonjy * *Auteur-compositeur: Hantatiana Ramamonjy * **Compositeur: Tovo Randriamalala '''2023 : La provision''' === 2024: Mamiko ianao === # Mamiko ianao* # L'eternel est mon berger # J'ai rêvé *Auteur-compositeur: Hantatiana Ramamonjy === 2024: Satria fantatrao aho === # Gloire à ton nom* # Manaova ny marina* # Satria fantarao aho* # Soyez bon* *Auteur-compositeur: Hantatiana Ramamonjy '''2025 : Chemin Croisés* single''' '''2025: Nenina* single''' '''2026: Mora Lo * single''' '''2026 : Diloilo* single''' '''2026 : Vatolampiko Ianao* single''' == Jereo koa == * [[Lisitry ny mpihira malagasy]] == Rohy ivelany == * '''www.hantatiana.ch''' [http://www.hantatiana.ch] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hantatiana.ch/ |date=20100330012124 }} https://open.spotify.com/intl-fr/artist/5XdxnxZ51HGeLp5Ep1ZcCo https://www.facebook.com/p/Hantatiana-100044327954669/?locale=fr_FR https://www.instagram.com/hantatiana1/ [[Sokajy:Mpihira malagasy]] 3c99yaql237g7zgrokcu14ku8gkyrae 0 10999 1152889 1129981 2026-11-03T11:28:43Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Pays| |nom_local1=Republic of Ghana| langue1=en | |nom_français=Repoblikan’i Ghana |image_drapeau=Flag of Ghana.svg |lien_drapeau=Sain'i Ghana |image_blason=Coat of arms of Ghana.svg |lien_blason=Mari-piandrian'i Ghana |image_carte=LocationGhana.svg |devise=Freedom and Justice<br />Fahalalahana sy Fahamarinana |langues=[[fiteny anglisy|Anglisy]] |capitale=[[Accra]] |coordonnées_capitale=5°33′N, 0°15′W |lien_villes=Tanàna ao Ghana |titre_plus_grande_ville=Tanàna ngeza indrindra |plus_grande_ville=[[Accra]] |type_gouvernement=[[Repoblika]] |titres_dirigeants= [[Filohan'i Ghana|Filoha]] |noms_dirigeants=[[John Dramani Mahama]] |superficie_rang=78 |superficie_totale=238 540 | |pourcentage_eau=3,5 |population_rang=48 |population_totale=23 382 848 |population_année=2008 |densité=88 |type_indépendance=daty |pays_indépendance=avy amin'ny [[Onaiteda Kingdoma]] |date_indépendance=6 Martsa 1957 |pays frontaliers={{BUR}}{{-}}{{CIV}}{{-}}{{TOG}} |gentilé=Ghaneana |monnaie=[[Cedi ghaneana|Cedi]] |code_monnaie=GHS |fuseau_horaire=+0 |hymne_national=[[Hail the name of Ghana]] |domaine_internet=.gh |indicatif_téléphonique=233 |notes= ||nom_malgache=Repoblikan' i Ganà}} Ny '''Ganà''' na '''Repoblikan' i Ganà''' dia [[firenena]] any [[Afrika Andrefana|Afrika andrefana]] ao amin' ny faritry ny [[Helodranon'i Ginea|Helodranon' i Ginea]], izay manana velaran-tany mirefy 238&nbsp;540&nbsp;km². Ny firenena manodidina azy dia i [[Kôtidivoara]] any andrefana, i [[Borkina Fasô]] any avaratra ary i [[Tôgô]] any atsinanana. Nisy mponina 29&nbsp;340&nbsp;248 tao tamin' ny taona 2020. Ny renivohiny dia ny tanàn' i [[Accra]] ary '''Ganeana''' no anaran' ny mponina ao aminy. Firenena be [[lembalemba]] iva eo afovoan' ny lemaka amorontsiraka ao atsimo i Ganà. Izany lemaka izany dia tondrahan' ireo Volta telo, dia i [[Volta Mainty]] sy i [[Volta Fotsy]] izay mihaona ka manome an' ny ony [[Volta (ony)|Volta]]; miampy ny ony Oti. Namorona ny farihy Volta ny fanamboarana ilay tohadranon' i Akosombo tamin' ny taona 1966 ao atsimo, izay tohadrano voatr' olombelona fahefatra lehibe indrindra maneran-tany. Mandrakotra ny ampahatelon' ny velaran-tanin' ilay firenena ny [[fatrana]] nirian-kazo. Mampihena ny zavamaniry ao amin' ity firenena ity anefa ny [[haintany]] sy ny fitrandrahana ala tafahoatra. Vondrom-poko mihoatra ny dimampolo no mandrafitra ny [[Ganeana (vahoaka)|vahoaka ganeana]]. Maro anisa ny [[Kristianisma aty Afrika|Kristiana]] nefa misy ihany koa ny manaraka ny [[Fivavahan-drazana afrikana|fivavahan-drazana]] sy ny [[Silamo|fivavahana silamo]]. Miompana amin' ny fambolena sy ny fiompiana ny toekaren' i Ganà, ka volena amin' izany ny [[kakaô]] (izay maha laharana fahatelo an' ity firenena ity manetan-tany), ny [[Kafe (maniry)|kafe]], ny [[landihazo]], ny [[katsaka]] ary ny [[ampemba]]; ompiana any ny [[omby]]. Mitrandraka hazo koa ny mponina any. Mandroso ny fanjonoana. Manana [[harena an-kibon' ny tany]] i Ganà ka ny [[baoksita]] sy ny [[diamondra]] (izay maha laharana fahavalo azy maneran-tany) ary ny [[volamena]] no tena trandrahana any. Mandroso ny sehatry ny [[taozava-baventy]] raha mitaha amin' ny an' ireo firenena hafa aty Afrika. Firenena mpikambana ao amin' ny [[CEDEAO]] i Ganà. Ny sandam-bola dia ny Cédi. Tsy misy fifandraisana ara-jeôgrafia na ara-tantara amin' ny [[Empiran'i Gana|Empiran' i Gana]] i Ganà ankehitriny. I Ganà ankehitriny, izay nantsoina hoe [[Côte-de-l'Or]] taloha, dia novain' i [[Kwame Nkruma]]h anarana ho fahatsiarovana ny Fanjakan' i Ganà taloha tamin' ny fahaleovan-tena. Ny anarana ''Côte-de-l'Or'' dia avy amin' ny habetsaky ny volamena. Ny fiteny ôfisialy dia [[fiteny anglisy]], ny teny ampiasain' ny be sy ny maro dia ny [[fiteny toy]]. == Fiavian'ny anarana == Ny anarana hoe "Ganà" dia azo avy amin'ny [[Wagadu]], empira tany andrefan'i Afrika tamin'ny taonjato faha-3 ka hatramin'ny faha-12. Nantsoin'ny mpivarotra [[Arabo (vahoaka)|Arabo]] nandray anjara tamin'ny varotra trans-[[Sahara]] i Wagadu. Heverina fa avy amin'ny anaram-boninahitra hoe [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaya_Magan_Ciss%C3%A9 Kaya Maghan] an'ny mpitondra ao Wagadu i Ghana, izay midika hoe mpitondra volamena. Rehefa niomana ho amin'ny fahaleovan-tena ny zanatanin'ny Gold Coast, ny mpitarika ny firenena sy ny praiminisitra voalohany taty aoriana dia ny filoha voalohany Kwame Nkrumah izay niaraka tamin'ny dimy hafa fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe The Big Six, nitarika an'i Ghana ho amin'ny fahaleovan-tena, dia nanorim-ponenana tao Ghana, mikendry ny hampisy firaisankina sy fanafahana eo amin'ny vahoaka Ghaneana. Ny anarana dia fampahatsiahivana mahery ny lova iombonan'izy ireo sy ny lova navelan'ny empira fahiny izay niroborobo tany amin'ny faritra midadasika kokoa. Nandrakotra ny hetahetan'ny vahoaka Ghaneana ho amin'ny fitantanan-tena, ny fandrosoana ary ny hoavy voamariky ny fahamendrehana sy ny faharetana izany. == Rafitra fitantanana == [[File:Ghana, administrative divisions 2018 - de - colored.svg|thumb|Ghana, administrative divisions 2018]] Nanomboka tamin'ny Febroary 2019, nizara ho faritra 16 i Ghana, izay samy tarihin'ny "Minisitry ny Faritra" avy. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Faritra !! Renivohitra !! Velarantany (km²)!! mponina&nbsp;2019<ref>[https://www.citypopulation.de/Ghana-Cities.html Ghana: Regions, Major Cities & Urban Localities]</ref> |- | [[Ahafo Region|Ahafo]] || [[Goaso]]|| align="right" | 5.193 || align=right| 599.900 |- | [[Ashanti Region|Ashanti]] || [[Kumasi]] || align=right| 24.389 || align=right| 5.792.200 |- | [[Bono Region|Bono]] || [[Sunyani]] || align=right| 11.107 || align=right| 1.142.500 |- | [[Bono East Region|Bono East]] || [[Techiman]] || align=right| 23.257 || align=right| 1.108.200 |- | [[Central Region (Ghana)|Central]] || [[Cape Coast]] || align=right| 9.826 || align=right| 2.563.200 |- | [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern]] || [[Koforidua]] || align=right| 19.323 || align=right| 3.244.800 |- | [[Greater Accra Region|Greater Accra]] || [[Accra]] || align=right| 3.245 || align=right| 4.943.100 |- | [[North East Region|North East]] || [[Nalerigu]]|| align="right" | 9.074 || align=right| 575.600 |- | [[Northern Region (Ghana)|Northern]] || [[Tamale (Ghana)|Tamale]] || align=right| 25.448 || align=right| 1.905.600 |- | [[Oti Region|Oti]] || [[Dambai]]|| align="right" | 11.066 || align=right| 742.700 |- | [[Savannah Region|Savannah]] || [[Damongo]] || align=right| 35.862 || align=right| 581.400 |- | [[Upper East Region|Upper East]] || [[Bolgatanga]] || align=right| 8.842 || align=right| 1.273.700 |- | [[Upper West Region|Upper West]] || [[Wa (Ghana)|Wa]] || align=right| 18.476 || align=right| 849.100 |- | [[Volta Region|Volta]] || [[Ho (Ghana)|Ho]] || align=right| 9.504 || align=right| 1.865.300 |- | [[Western Region (Ghana)|Western]] || [[Sekondi-Takoradi]] || align=right| 13.847 || align=right| 2.165.200 |- | [[Western North Region|Western North]] || [[Wiawso]]|| align="right" | 10.074 || align=right| 928.000 |} == Jereo koa == * [[Vahoaka ao Ganà]] * [[Fiteny ao Ganà]] * '''Firenena ao Afrika:''' [[Afrika Atsimo]] - [[Alzeria]] - [[Angôla]] - [[Benîno]] - [[Borkina Fasô]] - [[Borondy]] - [[Bôtsoana]] - [[Ejipta]] - [[Eritrea]] - [[Esoatiny]] ([[Soazilandy]] taloha) - [[Etiôpia]] - [[Gabôna]] - [[Gambia]] - [[Ganà]] - [[Ginea]] - [[Ginea Bisao]] - [[Ginea Ekoatôrialy]] - [[Jibotỳ]] - [[Kamerona]] - [[Kapvera]] - [[Kenia]] - [[Kômôro]] - [[Kôtidivoara]] - [[Lezôtô]] - [[Liberia]] - [[Libia]] - [[Madagasikara]] - [[Malaoy]] - [[Malỳ]] - [[Maorisy]] - [[Maoritania]] - [[Marôka]] - [[Môzambika]] - [[Namibia]] - [[Nizera]] - [[Nizeria]] - [[Oganda]] - [[Repoblika Arabo Saharaoy Demôkratika]] - [[Repoblika Demôkratikan' i Kôngô]] - [[Repoblikan' i Afrika Afovoany]] - [[Repoblikan' i Kôngô]] - [[Roanda]] - [[Saô Tôme e Prinsipe]] - [[Seisely]] - [[Senegaly]] - [[Siera Leôna]] - [[Sodàna]] - [[Sodàna Atsimo]] - [[Sômalia]] - [[Sômalilandy]] - [[Tanzania]] - [[Tôgô]] - [[Tonizia]] - [[Tsady]] - [[Zambia]] - [[Zimbaboe]] * '''Foko ao Ganà''': [[Sefoy (vahoaka)]] '''Kôntinenta eto an-tany''' * [[Afrika]] * [[Amerika]] ([[Amerika Avaratra]] - [[Amerika Atsimo]]) * [[Azia]] * [[Eorôpa]] * [[Ôseania]] * [[Antarktika]] {{ref}}{{vangovango}} [[Sokajy:Ghana]] [[Sokajy:Firenena]] [[Sokajy:Firenena ao Afrika]] qjxsi76sd0tho9yqzhrhf5jhxqqbr2x 0 182491 1152852 1152669 2026-11-03T05:11:48Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152852 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Honda ASIMO Walking Stairs.JPG|280px|right|thumb|Rôbô ASIMO izay manana kaptera sy mampiasa [[aligôritma]] mivoatra hahafahany midina tohatra]] Ny '''Ilontsaina Amboarina''' nalaina avy amin'ny fanafohezanteny IA na '''haranitan-tsaina voatr' olombelona''' dia sampanan' ny [[kajimirindra]] izay mandinika sy mamolavola ary mampandroso milina asy [[rindrankajy]] marani-tsaina. Amin' ny [[Fiteny frantsay|teny frantsay]] izany dia atao hoe '''''intelligence artificielle''''' (izay hafohezina amin' ny hoe '''IA'''); fa amin' ny [[Fiteny anglisy|teny anglisy]] kosa dia '''''artificial intelligence''''' (izay hafohezina amin' ny hoe '''AI'''). Taranja siantifika manan-tanjona ny hanome fahafahana mamaha olana an' ny milina ny AI. Ny hamaha olana no tanjon' ny rafitra manana azy. Ny lalao videô, ny rôbô, ny rindrankajy mampiasa lôjika manjavozavo ary ny tambajotra neorôna no rindrankajy efa mampiasa haranitan-tsaina voatr' olombelona. == Fahazoana ny eritreritra == Ao amin' ny fandihihana ny haranitan-tsaina voatr' olombelona dia hita misongadina ny AI tsotra sy ny [[haranitan-tsaina ara-kajy]] (anglisy: ''Computational Intelligence'' na ''CI''). Mifototra amin' ny fianaran' ny milina manao, izay miseho amin' ny endriky ny fôrmalisma sy ny dinika ara-statistika, ny AI tsotra. Ny fampiasana AI tsotra dia fampiasana: * [[rafitra mpahay]]: mampihatra ny fizohian-kevitra hahatongavana any amin' ny famahana. Afaka mikirakira fampahalalana maro dia maro ny rafitra mpahay. * [[rafitra mifototra amin' ny tranga]] * [[tambajotra Bayesianina]] Mampiasa famerimberenana ny haranitan-tsaina ara-kajy. Ny fampiasana ny haranitan-tsaina ara-kajy dia voafaritra amin' ny: * fampiasana [[tambajotra nerônina]] (anglisy: ''neural network''): manavanana ny rafitra amin' ny famantarana endrika; * rafitra tsy mazava (anglisy: ''fuzzy logic''): fizohian-kevitra ampiasaina amin' ny rafi-pifehezana ny entana amidy ankehitriny. * [[kajimirindra mivoatra]]: fampiharana amin' ny voan-kevitra toy ny [[isan' ny mponina]], ny fivoaran' ny fihetsika ary ny faharetan' ny rafitra zatra indrindra izay hahitana ny vahaolana tsara indrindra. Zarazaraina ho aligôritma mivoatra (ohatra, aligôritma jenetika) sy haranita-tsain' ny andiana (ohatra, [[aligôritman' ny vitsika]]) ireo fomba ireo. == Fampiasana == === Taranja mampiasa AI === Ny sehatra mampiasa ny AI dia: * ny [[banky]], amin' ny alalan' ny rafitra mpahay izay maminavina ny zava-dratsy mety hitranga rehefa mamela tsotra (credit-scoring); * ny [[tafika]], amin' ny alalan' ny rafitra mahaleotena toa ny drôna sy ny rafitra fibaikoana sy fanampiana hanapa-kevitra; * ny ankamaroan' ny lalao videô ankehitriny, manomboka amin' ny lalao eseky hatramin' ny lalao tifitifitra lalaovina eo amin' ny tambajotra; * ny [[fitsaboana]], amin' ny alalan' ny rafitra mpahay manampy ny mpitsabo mamantatra ny aretina; * ny [[lôjistika]]; * ary ny [[fibeazana]] ==Jereo koa== *[[Quantum computing]] == Tsiahy == === Bokin-dahatsoratra mikasika ny AI === {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Hutter |first=Marcus |author-link=Marcus Hutter |year=2005 | title=[[AIXI|Universal Artificial Intelligence]] | isbn=978-3-540-22139-5 | publisher=Springer | location=Berlin }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last1=Luger |first1=George |author-link=George Luger | last2=Stubblefield |first2=William |author2-link=William Stubblefield | year=2004 | title=Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving | publisher=Benjamin/Cummings |edition=5th | isbn=0-8053-4780-1 | url=http://www.cs.unm.edu/~luger/ai-final/tocfull.html }} * {{cite book | last=Neapolitan | first=Richard | last2=Jiang | first2=Xia | year=2012 | title=Contemporary Artificial Intelligence | publisher=Chapman & Hall/CRC | isbn=978-1-4398-4469-4 | url=http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781439844694 | archive-date=2015-01-08 | access-date=2015-05-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108205412/http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781439844694 | url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Nilsson |first=Nils |author-link=Nils Nilsson (researcher) |year=1998 | title=Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis |url=https://archive.org/details/artificialintell0000nils_c9s6 | publisher=Morgan Kaufmann | isbn=978-1-55860-467-4 }} * {{Russell Norvig 2003}}. * {{cite book |ref=harv | first1=David |last1=Poole |author-link=David Poole (researcher) | first2=Alan |last2=Mackworth |author2-link=Alan Mackworth | first3=Randy |last3=Goebel |author3-link=Randy Goebel | year=1998 | title=Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach | publisher=Oxford University Press |location = New York | isbn=0-19-510270-3 | url=http://www.cs.ubc.ca/spider/poole/ci.html }} * {{cite book | last=Winston |first=Patrick Henry |author-link=Patrick Winston |year=1984 | title=Artificial Intelligence | url=https://archive.org/details/artificialintell0000wins_t2g6 | publisher=Addison-Wesley |location=Reading, MA | isbn=0-201-08259-4 }} * {{cite book | last=Rich |first=Elaine |author-link=Elaine Rich |year=1983 | title=Artificial Intelligence | url=https://archive.org/details/ine0000unse | publisher = McGraw-Hill | isbn=0-07-052261-8 }} {{refend}} === Tantaran'ny AI === {{refbegin}} * {{Crevier 1993}}. * {{McCorduck 2004}}. * {{cite book | last=Nilsson |first=Nils |author-link=Nils Nilsson (researcher) |year=2010 | title=The Quest for Artificial Intelligence: A History of Ideas and Achievements | url=https://archive.org/details/questforartifici0000nils | publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York | isbn=978-0-521-12293-1 }} {{refend}} === Loharanon-karena hafa=== {{refbegin|colwidth=60em}} * {{cite journal |ref=harv | last1=Asada |first1=M. |last2=Hosoda |first2=K. |last3=Kuniyoshi |first3=Y. | last4=Ishiguro |first4=H. |last5=Inui |first5=T. |last6=Yoshikawa |first6=Y. | last7=Ogino |first7=M. |last8=Yoshida |first8=C. |year=2009 | title=Cognitive developmental robotics: a survey | journal=IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=12–34 | url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4895715&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel5%2F4563672%2F5038478%2F04895715.pdf%3Farnumber%3D4895715 | doi=10.1109/tamd.2009.2021702 }}{{dead link|date=March 2015}} * {{cite web | ref={{harvid|ACM|1998}} | publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] | year=1998 | title=ACM Computing Classification System: Artificial intelligence | url=http://www.acm.org/class/1998/I.2.html | accessdate=30 August 2007 | archivedate=2007-10-12 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012025921/http://www.acm.org/class/1998/I.2.html }} * {{cite encyclopedia |ref=harv | last=Albus |first=J. 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Núñez| year=2000 | title=[[Where Mathematics Comes From|Where Mathematics Comes From: How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics into Being]] | publisher=Basic Books | isbn= 0-465-03771-2 }} * {{Cite journal |ref=harv | last1=Langley |first1=Pat |year=2011 | title=The changing science of machine learning | journal=[[Machine Learning (journal)|Machine Learning]] | volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=275–279 | doi=10.1007/s10994-011-5242-y }} * {{cite techreport |ref=harv | last=Law |first=Diane |date=June 1994 | title=Searle, Subsymbolic Functionalism and Synthetic Intelligence | institution=University of Texas at Austin |page=AI94-222 | id = {{citeseerx|10.1.1.38.8384}} }} * {{cite techreport |ref=harv | last1=Legg |first1=Shane |last2=Hutter |first2=Marcus |date=15 June 2007 | title=A Collection of Definitions of Intelligence | institution=[[IDSIA]] |number=07-07 |arxiv=0706.3639 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Lenat | first=Douglas | author-link=Douglas Lenat | last2=Guha | first2=R. V. | year = 1989 | title = Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems |url=https://archive.org/details/buildinglargekno0000lena | publisher = Addison-Wesley | isbn=0-201-51752-3 }} * {{Cite book |ref=harv | last=Lighthill |first=James |author-link=James Lighthill |year=1973 | contribution= Artificial Intelligence: A General Survey | title=Artificial Intelligence: a paper symposium | publisher=Science Research Council }} * {{cite book |ref = harv |last = Lucas |first = John |author-link = John Lucas (philosopher) |year = 1961 |contribution = Minds, Machines and Gödel |editor-last = Anderson |editor-first = A.R. |title = Minds and Machines |url = http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/Godel/mmg.html |accessdate = 30 August 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070819165214/http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/Godel/mmg.html |archivedate = 19 August 2007 |deadurl = no |archive-date = 2007-08-19 |access-date = 2015-05-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070819165214/http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/Godel/mmg.html |url-status = dead }} * {{cite paper |ref=harv | last1=Lungarella |first1=M. |last2=Metta |first2=G. |last3=Pfeifer |first3=R. |last4=Sandini |first4=G. |year=2003 | title=Developmental robotics: a survey | journal=Connection Science |volume=15 |pages=151–190 |id={{citeseerx|10.1.1.83.7615}} | doi=10.1080/09540090310001655110 }} * {{cite web | ref = harv | last = Maker | first = Meg Houston | year = 2006 | title = AI@50: AI Past, Present, Future | location = Dartmouth College | url = http://www.engagingexperience.com/2006/07/ai50_ai_past_pr.html | accessdate = 16 October 2008 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081008120238/http://www.engagingexperience.com/2006/07/ai50_ai_past_pr.html | archivedate = 2008-10-08 | deadurl = no }} * {{cite news |ref=harv | last=Markoff |first=John | date=16 February 2011<!-- corrected 24 February 2011--> | title=Computer Wins on 'Jeopardy!': Trivial, It's Not |work=The New York Times | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/science/17jeopardy-watson.html |accessdate=25 October 2014 }} * {{cite web | ref = harv | last1 = McCarthy | first1 = John | authorlink1 = John McCarthy (computer scientist) | last2 = Minsky | first2 = Marvin | authorlink2 = Marvin Minsky | last3 = Rochester | first3 = Nathan | authorlink3 = Nathan Rochester | last4 = Shannon | first4 = Claude | authorlink4 = Claude Shannon | year = 1955 | title = A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence | url = http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html | accessdate = 30 August 2007 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070826230310/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html | archivedate = 2007-08-26 | deadurl = no }}. * {{cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = McCarthy | first1 = John | author-link = John McCarthy (computer scientist) | last2 = Hayes | first2 = P. J. | year = 1969 | title = Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence | journal = Machine Intelligence | volume = 4 | pages = 463–502 | url = http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/mcchay69.html | accessdate = 30 August 2007 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070810233856/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/mcchay69.html | archivedate = 2007-08-10 | deadurl = no }} * {{cite web |ref=harv | last=McCarthy | first=John | authorlink=John McCarthy (computer scientist) | title=What Is Artificial Intelligence? | date=12 November 2007 | url=http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/whatisai.html }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Minsky | first=Marvin | author-link=Marvin Minsky | year = 1967 | title = Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines |url=https://archive.org/details/computationfinit0000marv | publisher = Prentice-Hall | location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J. | isbn=0-13-165449-7 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Minsky | first=Marvin | author-link=Marvin Minsky | year = 2006 | title = [[The Emotion Machine]] | publisher = Simon & Schusterl | publication-place=New York, NY | isbn=0-7432-7663-9 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Moravec | first=Hans | author-link=Hans Moravec | year = 1988 | title = Mind Children |url=https://archive.org/details/mindchildren00hans | publisher = Harvard University Press | isbn=0-674-57616-0 }} * {{cite web | ref=harv | last=Norvig | first=Peter | authorlink=Peter Norvig | date=25 June 2012<!--page metadata, last modified--> | title=On Chomsky and the Two Cultures of Statistical Learning | publisher=Peter Norvig | url=http://norvig.com/chomsky.html | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019223259/http://norvig.com/chomsky.html | archivedate=2014-10-19 | deadurl=no | accessdate=2015-05-09 }} * {{cite book |ref={{harvid|NRC|1999}} | author=NRC (United States National Research Council) | authorlink=United States National Research Council | year=1999 | chapter=Developments in Artificial Intelligence | title=Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research | publisher=National Academy Press }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Needham | first=Joseph | authorlink = Joseph Needham | year=1986 | title=[[Science and Civilization in China]]: Volume 2 | publisher=Caves Books Ltd. }} * {{cite journal |ref = harv |last = Newell |first = Allen |author-link = Allen Newell |last2 = Simon |first2 = H. 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Simon |year = 1976 |title = Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search |journal = Communications of the ACM |volume = 19 |issue = 3 |url = http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~cfs/472_html/AI_SEARCH/PSS/PSSH4.html |access-date = 2015-05-09 |archivedate = 2008-10-07 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081007162810/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~cfs/472_html/AI_SEARCH/PSS/PSSH4.html |deadurl = yes |archive-date = 2008-10-07 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081007162810/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~cfs/472_html/AI_SEARCH/PSS/PSSH4.html |url-status = dead }}{{dead link|date=March 2015}}. * {{Cite journal |ref = harv |last = Nilsson |first = Nils |author-link = Nils Nilsson (researcher) |year = 1983 |title = Artificial Intelligence Prepares for 2001 |journal = AI Magazine |volume = 1 |number = 1 |url = http://ai.stanford.edu/~nilsson/OnlinePubs-Nils/General%20Essays/AIMag04-04-002.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091106155153/http://ai.stanford.edu/~nilsson/OnlinePubs-Nils/General%20Essays/AIMag04-04-002.pdf |archive-date = 2009-11-06 |access-date = 2015-05-09 |url-status = dead }} Presidential Address to the [[Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence]]. * {{cite book |ref=harv | last1=O'Brien |first1=James |last2=Marakas |first2=George |year=2011 | title=Management Information Systems |url=https://archive.org/details/managementinform0000unse_l0i8 |publisher=McGraw-Hill/Irwin |edition=10th | isbn=978-0-07-337681-3 }} * {{cite journal | ref=harv | last=O'Connor | first=Kathleen Malone | year=1994 | title=The alchemical creation of life (takwin) and other concepts of Genesis in medieval Islam | publisher=University of Pennsylvania | url=http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI9503804 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205222650/https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI9503804/ | archive-date=2019-12-05 | access-date=2015-05-09 | url-status=dead }} * {{cite journal |ref=harv |last=Oudeyer |first=P-Y. |year=2010 |title=On the impact of robotics in behavioral and cognitive sciences: from insect navigation to human cognitive development |journal=IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=2–16 |url=http://www.pyoudeyer.com/IEEETAMDOudeyer10.pdf |doi=10.1109/tamd.2009.2039057 |access-date=2015-05-09 |archivedate=2018-10-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003202543/http://www.pyoudeyer.com/IEEETAMDOudeyer10.pdf |deadurl=yes }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Penrose |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Penrose |year=1989 | title=The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computer, Minds and The Laws of Physics |url=https://archive.org/details/emperorsnewmindc0000penr_w3r3 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | isbn=0-19-851973-7 }} * {{cite techreport |ref=harv | last=Picard |first=Rosalind |authorlink=Rosalind Picard |year=1995 | title=Affective Computing |institution=MIT |number=321 | url=http://affect.media.mit.edu/pdfs/95.picard.pdf | laysource=Abstract |layurl=http://vismod.media.mit.edu/pub/tech-reports/TR-321-ABSTRACT.html }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last1=Poli |first1=R. |last2=Langdon |first2=W. B. |last3=McPhee |first3=N. F. |year=2008 | title=A Field Guide to Genetic Programming |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-4092-0073-4 | url=http://www.gp-field-guide.org.uk/ |via=gp-field-guide.org.uk }} * {{cite journal |ref=harv | last=Rajani |first=Sandeep |year=2011 | title=Artificial Intelligence – Man or Machine | journal=International Journal of Information Technology and Knowledge Management | volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=173–176 | url=http://www.csjournals.com/IJITKM/PDF%204-1/35.Sandeep%20Rajani.pdf }} * {{Cite journal |ref=harv | last = Searle | first = John | author-link=John Searle | year = 1980 | title = Minds, Brains and Programs | journal = Behavioral and Brain Sciences | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages= 417–457 | url = http://www.bbsonline.org/documents/a/00/00/04/84/bbs00000484-00/bbs.searle2.html |doi=10.1017/S0140525X00005756 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Searle | first=John | author-link=John Searle | year = 1999 | title = Mind, language and society |url=https://archive.org/details/mindlanguagesoci00sear | publisher = Basic Books | location = New York, NY | isbn = 0-465-04521-9 | oclc = 231867665 43689264 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Shapiro | first= Stuart C. | editor-first=Stuart C. | editor-last=Shapiro | year=1992 | contribution=Artificial Intelligence | title=Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence | edition=2nd | pages=54–57 | url=http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~shapiro/Papers/ai.pdf | publisher= John Wiley | location=New York | isbn=0-471-50306-1 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Simon | first = H. A. | author-link=Herbert A. Simon | year = 1965 | title=The Shape of Automation for Men and Management |url=https://archive.org/details/shapeofautomatio00simo | publisher = Harper & Row | publication-place = New York }} * {{cite web |ref=harv | last=Skillings | first=Jonathan | url=http://news.cnet.com/Getting-machines-to-think-like-us/2008-11394_3-6090207.html | title=Getting Machines to Think Like Us | work=cnet | date=3 July 2006 | accessdate=3 February 2011 }} * {{cite conference |ref=harv | last=Solomonoff |first=Ray |authorlink=Ray Solomonoff |year=1956 | title=An Inductive Inference Machine | conference=Dartmouth Summer Research Conference on Artificial Intelligence | url=http://world.std.com/~rjs/indinf56.pdf |via=std.com, pdf scanned copy of the original }} Later published as<br/>{{cite book | last=Solomonoff |first=Ray |year=1957 |pages=56–62 | chapter=An Inductive Inference Machine | title=IRE Convention Record |volume=Section on Information Theory, part 2 }} * {{cite conference |ref=harv | last=Tao |first=Jianhua |first2=Tieniu |last2=Tan |year=2005 | conference=Affective Computing: A Review | booktitle=Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction |volume=[[LNCS]] 3784 |pages=981–995 |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/11573548 }} * {{cite journal |ref=harv | last=Tecuci |first=Gheorghe |date=March–April 2012 | title=Artificial Intelligence | journal=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics | volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=168–180 |publisher=Wiley |doi=10.1002/wics.200 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Thro |first=Ellen |year=1993 | title=Robotics: The Marriage of Computers and Machines |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816026289 | location=New York |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-2628-9 }} * {{Turing 1950}}. * {{cite web |ref = harv |last = van der Walt |first = Christiaan |last2 = Bernard |first2 = Etienne |year = 2006<!--year is presumed based on acknowledgements at the end of the article--> |title = Data characteristics that determine classifier performance |url = http://www.patternrecognition.co.za/publications/cvdwalt_data_characteristics_classifiers.pdf |format = PDF |accessdate = 5 August 2009 |archivedate = 2009-03-25 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090325194051/http://www.patternrecognition.co.za/publications/cvdwalt_data_characteristics_classifiers.pdf }} * {{cite web | ref=harv | last=Vinge | first=Vernor | authorlink=Vernor Vinge | year=1993 | title=The Coming Technological Singularity: How to Survive in the Post-Human Era | url=http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/vinge/misc/singularity.html }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last1=Wason | first1=P. C. | author-link=Peter Cathcart Wason | last2=Shapiro | first2=D. | editor=Foss, B. M. | year=1966 | title=New horizons in psychology |url=https://archive.org/details/newhorizonsinpsy0000foss | location=Harmondsworth | publisher=Penguin | chapter=Reasoning }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Weizenbaum | first = Joseph | authorlink=Joseph Weizenbaum | year = 1976 | title = [[Computer Power and Human Reason]] | publisher = W.H. Freeman & Company | location = San Francisco | isbn = 0-7167-0464-1 }} * {{cite journal |ref=harv | last1=Weng |first1=J. |last2=McClelland |first= |last3=Pentland |first3=A. |last4=Sporns |first4=O. | last5=Stockman |first5=I. |last6=Sur |first6=M. |last7=Thelen |first7=E. |year=2001 | url=http://www.cse.msu.edu/dl/SciencePaper.pdf |via=msu.edu | title=Autonomous mental development by robots and animals |work=Science |volume=291 |pages=599–600 }} {{refend}} {{vangovango}} [[sokajy:Kajimirindra]] 469ly2bva00sihz1epe7cp8ktplqfwb 0 183664 1152890 1129982 2026-11-03T11:30:32Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|05|33|N|00|12|W}} {{infobox tanàna |tanàna=Accra |firenena= {{Gana}} |isam-ponina=2,291,352 |velarantany=173 |ben'ny tanàna= |sary=Accra montage.jpg |saina =Flag of Accra.svg }} I '''Accra''' dia tanàna renivohitr'i [[Ghana]]. == Jereo koa == * [[Ghana]] {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Ghana]] [[sokajy:Ghana]] ry7u2dzqwyukgumm83z2d6xl9675jh3 1152891 1152890 2026-11-03T11:37:19Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|05|33|N|00|12|W}} {{infobox tanàna |tanàna=Accra |firenena= {{Gana}} |isam-ponina=2,291,352 |haavo 61 |velarantany=173 |ben'ny tanàna= |sary=Accra montage.jpg |saina =Flag of Accra.svg }} I '''Accra''' dia tanàna renivohitr'i {{Gana}}. Ankoatra ny maha-tanàna lehibe indrindra ao amin'ny firenena azy raha ny isan'ny mponina no jerena (mponina 2.721.000 amin'ny taona 2024), i Accra no foibe ara-politika, ara-pitantanana, ara-toekarena ary ara-bola ao {{Gana}}. Miaraka amin'ny faritra metropolitaniny, i Accra dia manana mponina efa ho 5 tapitrisa ankehitriny, ka mahatonga azy ho iray amin'ireo tanàna lehibe indrindra any [[Afrika Andrefana]]. == Jereo koa == * [[Ghana]] {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Ghana]] [[sokajy:Ghana]] q7rpdk3iiafk0fk7hwj166q7idnl2u5 1152892 1152891 2026-11-03T11:37:39Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|05|33|N|00|12|W}} {{infobox tanàna |tanàna=Accra |firenena= {{Gana}} |isam-ponina=2,291,352 |haavo = 61 |velarantany=173 |ben'ny tanàna= |sary=Accra montage.jpg |saina =Flag of Accra.svg }} I '''Accra''' dia tanàna renivohitr'i {{Gana}}. Ankoatra ny maha-tanàna lehibe indrindra ao amin'ny firenena azy raha ny isan'ny mponina no jerena (mponina 2.721.000 amin'ny taona 2024), i Accra no foibe ara-politika, ara-pitantanana, ara-toekarena ary ara-bola ao {{Gana}}. Miaraka amin'ny faritra metropolitaniny, i Accra dia manana mponina efa ho 5 tapitrisa ankehitriny, ka mahatonga azy ho iray amin'ireo tanàna lehibe indrindra any [[Afrika Andrefana]]. == Jereo koa == * [[Ghana]] {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Ghana]] [[sokajy:Ghana]] f2l7l54kg2lg77w3ok4253vt2ioiee7 0 183698 1152805 1137093 2026-11-02T15:45:14Z CommonsDelinker 112 Removing [[:c:File:Commune_de_Rabat_Logo.png|Commune_de_Rabat_Logo.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Taivo|Taivo]] because: [[:c:COM:FU|Fair use]] material is not permitted on Wikimedia Commons ([[:c:COM:CSD#F2|F2]]): [[:c:Commons:Delet 1152805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|34.03467|-6.83400}} {{infobox tanàna |tanàna=Rabat |firenena={{Maroka}} |isam-ponina=515.619 |velarantany=117 |ben'ny tanàna=[[Fathallah Oualalou]]<ref name |sary= |saina = }} I '''Rabat''' dia tanàna renivohitr'i [[Marôka]].Izy dia tanàna miorina eo amoron'ny [[ranomasimbe Atlantika]], any atsimo andrefan'i Marôka, latsaka 40 kilometatra atsimon'ny Kenitra sy 240 kilometatra atsimo andrefan'ny [[Tanger]] , 87 kilometatra any avaratra atsinanan'ny [[Casablanca]] == Jereo koa == * [[Marôka]] {{vangovango}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Marôka]] [[sokajy:Marôka]] 174x5qiomcr291c5d9awrbafijvjuss 0 190481 1152876 1152742 2026-11-03T11:14:28Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox olona |sary= Hery_Rajaonarimampianina_2014.jpg |anarana=Hery Rajaonarimampianina |teraka=6 Novambra 1958 |maty= |firenena=Madagasikara |mpiaraka= |asa= * [[mpanao politika]] |taona niasàna= }} '''Rajaonarimampianina Rakotoarimanana Hery Martial''', teraka ny [[6 Novambra]] 1958 tany [[Antsofonondry|Antsofinondry]] dia mpanao pôlitika malagasy ary kandidà amin' ny [[Fifidianana filoham-pirenena ao Madagasikara 2013|fifidianana ny filoham-pirenena ny taona 2013]]. Lany tamin' ny salan' isa 53,41% izy tamin' ny fihodinana faharoa nanoloana ny kandidà [[Jean Louis Robinson]]. Vantany vao lany izy, dia izy no filoham-panjakana lava anarana indrindra maneran-tany satria misy litera 45 ny anarany feno, ary litera 19 anarany [http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2014/jan/03/hery-rajaonarimampianina-longest-named-leaders-world fotsiny]. Izy no mpanorina ny antoko pôlitika [[Hery Vaovao ho an' i Madagasikara]]. == Fiainany manokana == Teraka ny 6 Novambra 1958 izy tao [[Antsofinondry]] ary mponin' i [[Sabotsy Namehana]]. Tamin' ny 1982 izy dia nahazo MBA tao amin' ny [[Établissement d'Enseignement Supérieur de Droit, d'Économie de Gestion et de Sciences Sociales]] (EESDEGS), tao amin' ny [[Oniversiten'Antananarivo|Oniversiten' Antananarivo]]. Taorian' izay izy dia lasa tao amin' ny Oniversiten' i [[Trois-Rivières]] any Québec ([[Kanada]]) hanohy ny fianarany. Manam-bady an'ny Voahangy Rajaomampianina teraka ny 11 janoary 1964 tao Antananarivo, ny 15 novembre namasinina tao amin'ny fiangonana FJKM Sabotsy Namehana,anan-janaka roa vavy, efa nananjanaka i Hery Rajaomampianina tamin'ny vadiny taloha.<ref>http://fr {{Wayback|url=http://fr |date=20180809102605 }}<nowiki/>wikipedia.org</ref> Tamin'ny février 2023 dia voasazy higadra herintaona sazy mihantona i Voahangy, miaraka amin'ny lamandy iray tapitrisa ariary. Hita fa meloka sy mpiray tsikombakomba tamin'ny fiampangana lainga izy.<ref>http://fr {{Wayback|url=http://fr |date=20180809102605 }}<nowiki/>.wikipedia.org</ref> Niverina tany [[Madagasikara]] tamin' ny 1991 i Hery Rajaonarimampianina ary niasa ho mpitana kaonty. Lasa talen' ny [[INSCAE]] tao Antananarivo izy ary mpampianatra mpanampy tao amin' ny Oniversiten' Antananarivo ary tao amin' ny IAE ny Oniversiten' i Metz ([[Frantsa]]). == Pôlitika == === Ministry ny Vola sy ny Teti-bola === Tamin' ny 2009, dia niantso azy ho eo amin' ny toeran' ny minisitry ny Vola sy ny Teti-bola ny governemanta tetezamita izay entin' i [[Rajoelina Andry|Andry Rajoelina]]. Nandritra ny taona nitazonany io minisitera io dia kely ny fiovan-tsandan' ny [[Ariary]] ary voafehin' ny minisiterany tsara ny fiakaran' ny vidin' entana mandritra ny krizy pôlitika, krizy ara-toe-karena ary ara-bola nihatra tamin' i Madagasikara nandritra ny fe-potoana 2009-2013. === Filoham-pirenena === ==== Fifidianana filoham-pirenena tamin' ny Nôvambra 2013 ==== Dimy andro nialoha ny fihodinana voalohan' ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena tamin' ny 2013 dia voatolotra ho solon' i [[Andry Rajoelina]] sy kandidà roa hafa izay nolavin' i CES i Hery Rajaonarimampianina ary hitondra ny laharana fahatelo. Nanantena izy fa hampiombona ny ankamaroan' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] amin' ny fifidianana. Faharoa izy tamin' ny valin' ny fihodinana voalohany, ary izy no nitarika tamin' ny fihodinana faharoa. Na dia nolazain' ireo mpanohitra azy fa nisy ny hala-bato, dia voatonona ho filoha lanin' ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena voalohan' ny [[Repoblika Fahefatra (Madagasikara)|Repoblika Fahefatra]] izy tamin' ny 17 Janoary 2014. Nandray ny fahefana tamin' ny 25 Janoary izy. ==== Filoham-pirenena 2014-2018 ==== Tamin’ ny 17 Janoary 2014 no nambaran’ ny [[Fitsarana Avo Momba ny Lalampanorenana]] tamin' ny valim-pifidianana ho filohan’ ny Repoblika tamin’ ny fomba ôfisialy izy, ka 53,49%-n'ny vato no azon' i Hery Rajaonarimampianina manoloana an’ i [[Jean-Louis Robinson]], mpifanandrina taminy, izay nahazo 46,51 %-n’ ny vato<ref><small>[http://www.hcc.gov.mg/election/arret/arret-n10-cesar-du-17-janvier-2014-portant-proclamation-des-resultats-definitifs-du-second-tour-de-lelection-presidentielle-du-20-decembre-2013/ Arrêt <abbr>no</abbr> 10 de la Cour électorale spéciale portant proclamation des résultats définitifs du second tour de l'élection présidentielle du 20 décembre 2013] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hcc.gov.mg/election/arret/arret-n10-cesar-du-17-janvier-2014-portant-proclamation-des-resultats-definitifs-du-second-tour-de-lelection-presidentielle-du-20-decembre-2013/ |date=20150204073537 }} [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcc.gov.mg%2Felection%2Farret%2Farret-n10-cesar-du-17-janvier-2014-portant-proclamation-des-resultats-definitifs-du-second-tour-de-lelection-presidentielle-du-20-decembre-2013%2F tahiry]].</small></ref>. Ity farany sy ny mpanohana azy anefa niampanga ny filoha vaovao ho nanao hosoka tamin’ ny fifidianana. Tamin’ ny 25 Janoary 2014 no nametrahana azy ho filoham-pirenena teny Mahamasina teo anatrehan’ ny mpifanandrina taminy izay niaiky ny fahareseny andro vitsivitsy talohan’ izay. Vetivety dia niatrika olana maro ny filoha, ka tsy afaka nanendry praiminisitra taorian’ ny roa volana sy tapany. Ny filoham-pirenena tokoa moa dia maniry ny hanala ny fitaoman’ i [[Rajoelina Andry|Andry Rajoelina]], filohan’ ny Tetezamita teo aloha, izay nanohana ny filatsahan-kofidiany. I Andry Rajoelina naniry ny hanendry ny praiminisitra satria ny Lalàm-panorenan' ny Repoblika fahefatra no manome azy izany zo izany, izay nolavin' ny filoha. Tamin’ny farany dia i [[Roger Kolo]], dokotera manana traikefa iraisam-pirenena matanjaka sy mifandray amin' ny ONG maro, no voatendry ho praiinisitra. Mbola niteraka olana ho an’ ny filoha ihany koa ny fametraham-pialan’ i Kolo volana vitsivitsy aty aoriana noho ny fahatongavany tara. Ny 12 Janoary 2015<ref><small>[http://www.tananews.com/tag/kolo-roger/ « Démission de Roger Kolo »] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tananews.com/tag/kolo-roger/ |date=20150527110013 }} sur Tananews [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tananews.com%2Ftag%2Fkolo-roger%2F tahiry]].</small></ref> no nametra-pialana niaraka, tamin’ ny governemantany ny praiminisitra, taorian’ ny fanakianana maro, indrindra ny amin’ ny fitantanana ny famatsiana herinaratra eto Madagasikara<ref><small>[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/01/13/demission-en-bloc-du-gouvernement-malgache_4554749_3212.html « Démission du gouvernement »] sur lemonde.fr  [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2015%2F01%2F13%2Fdemission-en-bloc-du-gouvernement-malgache_4554749_3212.html tahiry]].</small></ref>. Ny fahabanganan-toerana nanaraka izany dia nanampy amin’ ny fananganana ny Alliance Ambodivona, fiaraha-mitantana tonga hoazy ao amin' ny Antenimiera izay mikasa ny hanolotra an' i [[Jean Ravelonarivo]] ho praiminisitra<ref><small>[https://www.lexpressmada.com/blog/actualites/presentation-de-premier-ministre-lalliance-ambodivona-devancee-25303 « L'alliance Ambodivona expliquée »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2015%2F01%2F13%2Fdemission-en-bloc-du-gouvernement-malgache_4554749_3212.html tahiry]].</small></ref> miaraka amin’ ny solombavambahoaka valopolo. Nolazain’ ny [[Fitsarana Avo Momba ny Lalàmpanorenana]] (HCC) tamin’ ny 12 Febroary anefa fa tsy manana ny maro anisa (na dia hanana solombavambahoaka 80 amin’ ny 151 aza izy) ity firaisankina ity. Voampanga ho nanery ny tanan’ ny HCC avy eo ny filoha ka tsy nanaja ny fisaraham-pahefana. Izany dia mitarika herinandro vitsivitsy aty aoriana amin' ny fanomanana ny latsa-bato hanilihana ny filoha. Voakiana ihany koa ny filoha Rajaonarimampianina amin’ ny fampiasana ny fivavahana ho amin’ ny tanjona pôlitika sy ny fanohintohinana ny maha laîka ny fanjakana<ref><small>[https://www.humanite.fr/monde/madagasc « Le président malgache destitué pour ne pas avoir tenu ses promesses »], L'Humanité,‎ 27 mai 2015 [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanite.fr%2Fle-president-malgache-destitue-pour-ne-pas-avoir-tenu-ses-promesses-575040#& tahiry]].</small></ref>. Tamin’ ny volana Jona 2017 dia nigadra ilay vehivavy mpandraharaha Claudine Razaimamonjy, mpanolotsaina manokan’ i Rajaonarimampianina sady mpikambana mpanorina ny HVM, noho ny fanodinkodinam-bolam-panjakana sy ny fanararaotam-pahefana ary ny fiangarana amin’ ny fanomezana tombony tsy ara-dalàna amin’ ny ny fifanekena amin’ ny tsenam-baro-pajakana. Notsikerain' ny Sendikan' ny mpitsara sy ny fikambanana ''Rohy'' miady amin' ny kolikoly ny andraikitry ny governemanta amin' ity raharaha ity noho ny fikasany hitsabaka amin' ny rafi-pitsarana<ref><small>[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20170614-madagascar-claudine-razaimamonjy-prison-affaire-hospitalisation-detournement-fonds « Madagascar : Claudine Razaimamonjy transférée en prison »], RFI Afrique,‎ 14 juin 2017  [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fafrique%2F20170614-madagascar-claudine-razaimamonjy-prison-affaire-hospitalisation-detournement-fonds tahiry]].</small></ref>. Teo anelanelan’ ny taona 2013 sy 2017, nisondrotra tamin’ ny laharana faha-127 i Madagasikara ka lasa faha-155 amin’ ny fahitana fisian’ ny kolikoly eo amin’ ny firenena samihafa maneran-tany<ref name=":0"><small>Renaud Girard, [https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2018/11/09/01003-20181109ARTFIG00314--madagascar-la-presidentielle-des-revenants.php « À Madagascar, la présidentielle des revenants »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Finternational%2F2018%2F11%2F09%2F01003-20181109ARTFIG00314--madagascar-la-presidentielle-des-revenants.php#& tahiry]], ''Le Figaro'', 10-11 novembre 2018, p. 15.</small></ref>. ==== Fandroahana ny filoham-pirenena ==== Tamin’ ny 26 Mey 2015 no nandatsa-bato handroahana an-dRajaonarimampianina ny solombavambahoaka, ka ny andininy faha-131 ao amin’ ny Lalàm-panorenan’ ny [[Repoblika Fahefatra (Madagasikara)|Repoblika fahefatra]] no niarovany ny heviny: 121 no nanohana, 4 no nanohitra, ny maro anisa ilaina anefa dia ny roa ampahatelony, izany hoe vato 101<ref><small>[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/05/26/madagascar-les-deputes-votent-la-destitution-du-president_4641093_3212.html « Destitution du président »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2015%2F05%2F26%2Fmadagascar-les-deputes-votent-la-destitution-du-president_4641093_3212.html tahiry]].</small></ref>. Nampangaina ho tsy mahay sy tsy manaja ny lalàm-panorenana ny filoha, indrindra ny amin’ ny fisaraham-pahefana. Noho ny tsy fisian’ ny mpikambana ao amin’ ny antoko [[Hery Vaovao ho an' i Madagasikara|HVM]] voafidy tao amin’ ny Antenimierampirenena<ref><small>[https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/ « Vote de destitution : analyse des causes »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2015%2F05%2F26%2Fmadagascar-les-deputes-votent-la-destitution-du-president_4641093_3212.html tahiry]].</small></ref> no tena anton’ izao fifidianana henjana izao. Ankoatra izay dia nifidy ny fandroahana ny mpikambana valopolo ao amin’ ny antoko mpanohitra ny fitondrana (Alliance Ambodivona). Tsy manan-kery eo no ho eo anefa izany fandroahana izany, satria tsy mbola namoaka didy momba ny maha ara-dalàna azy ny Fitsarana Avo momba ny Lalàmpanorenana. Nolavin’ ny Fitsarana Avo momba ny Lalàmpanorenana ny 13 Jona 2015 ilay fangatahana fandroahana ny filoha<ref><small>[https://imazpress.com/a-la-une/madagascar-la-haute-cour-constitutionnelle-rejette-la-demande-de-destitution-du-president « Madagascar : la haute cour constitutionnelle rejette la demande de destitution du président »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipreunion.com%2Fphoto-du-jour%2Freportage%2F2015%2F06%2F13%2Fhery-rajaonarimampianina-reste-en-place-madagascar-la-haute-cour-constitutionnelle-rejette-la-demande-de-destitution-du-president%2C31178.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url tahiry]], ipreunion.com.</small></ref>. ==== Krizy pôlitika ny volana Marsa-Jona 2018 ==== Tamin' ny 26 Avrily 2018, nangataka ny Fitsarana Tampony ny mpanohitra mba hanesorana ny filoha, izay miampanga azy ho te hisakana azy tsy hirotsaka amin' ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena sy mpanao lalàna<ref><small>[https://www.france24.com/fr/20180425-madagascar-manifestation-bollore-mis-examen-rsf-classement-afrique-2018 « Tensions à Madagascar : l'opposition demande la destitution du président »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Ffr%2F20180425-madagascar-manifestation-bollore-mis-examen-rsf-classement-afrique-2018#& tahiry]], France 24.</small></ref>. Tamin’ny 25 Mey 2018 dia nanome folo andro ny filoha mba hanendry governemantan’ny firaisam-pirenena, izay tsy maintsy manaja ny voka-pifidianana solombavambahoaka, ary mampiroso ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena malagasy amin’ ny taona 2018 ho eo anelanelan’ ny volana Mey sy Septambra 2018. Nasainy ihay koa i Hery Rajaonarimampianina mba hametra-pialana ao anatin’ ny enimpolo andro mialoha ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena. raha te hilatsaka hofidina indray izy<ref><small>[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/562750/politique/madagascar-la-cour-constitutionnelle-ordonne-la-nomination-dun-gouvernement-dunion-nationale/ « Madagascar : la Cour constitutionnelle ordonne la nomination d’un gouvernement d’union nationale »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Ffr%2F20180425-madagascar-manifestation-bollore-mis-examen-rsf-classement-afrique-2018 tahiry]], ''JeuneAfrique.com''</small></ref>. Tamin’ ny 31 Mey 2018 dia nanambara ny minisitry ny Fiarovam-pirenena fa hiditra an-tsehatra ny tafika raha tsy mahomby ny fifampiraharahana<ref><small>[https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1118563/crise-a-madagascar-le-ministre-de-la-defense-menace-de-faire-intervenir-les-forces-de-lordre.html « Crise à Madagascar: le ministre de la Défense menace de faire "intervenir" les forces de l'ordre »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeuneafrique.com%2F562750%2Fpolitique%2Fmadagascar-la-cour-constitutionnelle-ordonne-la-nomination-dun-gouvernement-dunion-nationale%2F#& tahiry]], ''L'Orient-Le Jour''</small></ref>. Tamin’ ny 1 Jona 2018 dia nanome ny praiminisitra hatramin’ ny 5 Jona ny Fitsarana Tampony mba hialany amin’ ny asany ary hatramin’ ny 12 Jona ho an’ ny fanendrena izay handimby azy<ref><small>[https://www.voaafrique.com/a/un-nouveau-premier-ministre-au-plus-tard-le-12-juin-%C3%A0-madagascar/4420735.html « Un nouveau Premier ministre au plus tard le 12 juin à Madagascar »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voaafrique.com%2Fa%2Fun-nouveau-premier-ministre-au-plus-tard-le-12-juin-%25C3%25A0-madagascar%2F4420735.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url tahiry]], voaafrique.com, 2 juin 2018.</small></ref>. Tamin’ ny 3 Jona, tsy nety nanendry ny iray amin’ ny olona telo natolotry ny mpanohitra hitondra ny governemanta ny filoha<ref><small>[https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1118858/crise-a-madagascar-le-president-refuse-de-nommer-un-premier-ministre-dopposition.html « Crise à Madagascar: le président refuse de nommer un Premier ministre d'opposition »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lorientlejour.com%2Farticle%2F1118858%2Fcrise-a-madagascar-le-president-refuse-de-nommer-un-premier-ministre-dopposition.html#& tahiry]], sur ''L'Orient-Le Jour''</small></ref>. Tamin’ ny 4 Jona 2018 dia nanambara ny fialany i [[Olivier Mahafaly Solonandrasana]] taorian’ ny fangatahan’ ny Fitsarana avo momba ny lalàmpanorenana ny fanendrena ny "praiminisitry ny marimaritra iraisana” mba hialana amin’ ny krizy pôlitika<ref><small>[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/06/04/crise-politique-a-madagascar-le-premier-ministre-annonce-sa-demission_5309184_3212.html « Crise politique à Madagascar : le premier ministre annonce sa démission »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2018%2F06%2F04%2Fcrise-politique-a-madagascar-le-premier-ministre-annonce-sa-demission_5309184_3212.html#& tahiry]], ''Le Monde.fr''</small></ref>. Tamin’ io andro io ihany dia nomena andraikitra hanangana governemanta i [[Christian Ntsay]]<ref><small>[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/emission/20140427-christian-ntsay-directeur-bureau-oitpour-ocean-indien « Cap Océan Indien - Christian Ntsay, directeur du bureau de l'OIT pour l’océan Indien »], RFI,‎ 27 avril 2014 [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Femission%2F20140427-christian-ntsay-directeur-bureau-oitpour-ocean-indien#& tahiry]]</small></ref>. Tamin’ ny 11 Jona no nitsangana ny governemanta. ==== Fifidianana filoham-pirenena tamin' ny Nôvambra 2018 ==== [[Sary:HeryCampaign2018-1.jpg|vignette|275x275px|Afisy ho an' ny filoha am-perinasa Hery Rajaonarimampianina tany [[Fianarantsoa]] ny volana Ôktôbra 2018]] Tamin’ ny 17 Aogositra 2018 no nanambaràn’ i Hery Rajaonariamampianina ny firotsahany hofidiana amin’ ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena malagasy<ref><small>[https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2018/08/17/97001-20180817FILWWW00128-madagascar-le-president-candidat-a-sa-propre-succession.php « Madagascar: le président candidat à sa propre succession »], ''Le Figaro'',‎ 17 août 2018 [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Fflash-actu%2F2018%2F08%2F17%2F9700 tahiry]]</small></ref>. Tamin’ ny 7 Septambra 2018 dia niala tamin’ ny maha filohan’ ny repoblika azy izy ka afaka nandray anjara tamin’ ny latsa-bato<ref><small>[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/08/17/madagascar-le-president-hery-rajaonarimampianina-candidat-a-un-second-mandat_5343451_3212.html « Madagascar : le président Rajaonarimampianina candidat à un second mandat »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2018%2F08%2F17%2Fmadagascar-le-president-hery-rajaonarimampianina-candidat-a-un-second-mandat_5343451_3212.html#& tahiry]], ''Le Monde.fr''</small></ref> <ref><small>[https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2018/09/07/97001-20180907FILWWW00364-madagascar-le-president-demissionne-pour-faire-un-deuxieme-mandat.php « Madagascar: le président démissionne pour un deuxième mandat »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Fflash-actu%2F2018%2F09%2F07%2F97001-20180907FILWWW00364-madagascar-le-president-demissionne-pour-faire-un-deuxieme-mandat.php#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url tahiry]], ''Le Figaro''</small></ref>. I [[Rivo Rakotovao]] dia lasa filoha mpisolo toerana amin’ ny maha Filohan’ ny Antenimierandoholona azy, araka ny voalazan’ ny andininy faha-2 ao amin’ ny Lalàm-panorenana izay mandidy ny filohan’ ny Repoblika am-perinasa te hirotsaka ho kandidà amin’ ny fifidianana mba hametra-pialana enimpolo andro mialoha ny datin’ ny fe-potoam-piasana. fifidianana filoham-pirenena. Amin' ity tranga ity, ny filohan' ny Antenimieran-doholona dia mampiasa ny fahefan’ ny filoham-pirenena andavanandro mandra-pahatongan' ny fametrahana ny filoha vaovao. Noho ny lazany ambany sy ny tsy fahampian' ny fisintomany olona, dia sarotra ny fanaovany fampielezan-kevitra. Ohatra, nandritra ny fampielezan-kevitra farany nataony, tamin’ ny 5 Nôvambra, tany [[Toliara]], dia olona am-polony monja no nitsena azy teny amin’ ny seranam-piaramanidina, raha ny omalin’ io teo amin’ io toerana io ihany, dia an’ arivony ny Malagasy nirohotra namonjy an’ i [[Rajoelina Andry|Andry Rajoelina]] mpifanandrina taminy<ref name=":0" />. Nahazo vato 8,82 % izy dia nihintsana tamin' ny fihodinana voalohany izy<ref><small>[https://www.tdg.ch/un-second-tour-pour-departager-les-ex-presidents-578124048388 « Elections à Madagascar – Un second tour pour départager les ex-présidents »], ''La Tribune de Genève'',‎ 28 novembre 2018 [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdg.ch%2Fmonde%2Fsecond-tour-departager-expresidents%2Fstory%2F21940013 tahiry]].</small></ref>. Tsy manome toromarika momba ny latsa-bato ho an’ ny fihodinana faharoa izy, fihodinana izay nifanadrenan’ ny filoham-pirenena teo aloha Andry Rajoelina sy i [[Ravalomanana Marc|Marc Ravalomanana]]<ref><small>[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20181201-madagascar-president-Ravalomanana-Rajaonarimampianina « A Madagascar, Rajaonarimampianina ne soutiendra personne »] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fafrique%2F20181201-madagascar-president-R tahiry]], ''rfi.fr'', 1er décembre 2018.</small></ref>. == Rohy ivelany == * [http://www.heryvaovao.com/ ''Hery Vaovao hoan' i Madagasikara'']''♙''tranonkala ôfisialin' ny kandidà == Ireo filoha nifandimby == {{Filohan'i Madagasikara}} == Loharano sy fanamarihana == [[sokajy:Mpanao politika malagasy]] [[sokajy:Politika ao Madagasikara]] [[Sokajy:Filohan'i Madagasikara]] [[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1958]] 3tq1ui0czz1pd410wjo41ngnnptj78k 0 205452 1152837 757038 2026-11-03T02:05:11Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox olona |sary=2010–11 UEFA Europa League - SK Rapid Wien vs F.C. Porto (16).jpg |anarana=Helton |teraka=18 Mey 1978 |maty= |firenena={{Brazila}} |mpiaraka= |asa= * [[mpilalao baolina kitra]] |taona niasàna= }} '''Helton''' dia mpilalao baolina kitra mizaka ny zom-pirenen'i [[Brazila]] teraka ny 18 Mey 1978 == Jereo koa == {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:mpilalao baolina kitra Brazila]] lm0t3fl11i8zlvavkdruaj9nm9qzllt 0 219028 1152849 1151149 2026-11-03T04:57:10Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 9 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox olona |sary=Guido chiarelli università (16722853651).jpg |anarana=Guido Chiarelli |teraka=24 Septambra 1902 |maty=7 Oktobra 1982 |firenena=Italia |mpiaraka= |asa= * [[injeniera]] |taona niasàna= }} '''Guido Chiarelli''' dia injeniera mizaka ny zom-pirenen'i [[Italia]] teraka ny 24 Septambra 1902 tao Caltanissetta ary maty ny 7 Oktobra 1982 tao Turin. ==Tantaram-piainany== Teraka tao '''Caltanissetta''' tamin'ny '''1902''', nanomboka ny fianarany tao amin'ny Oniversiten'i '''Palermo''' izy taorian'ny fanirian'ny rainy izay naniry azy ho injeniera momba ny harena ankibon'ny tany. Avy eo izy dia nahavita ny fianarany tao amin'ny '''Polytechnic of Turin''' izay nahazoany diplaoma tamin'ny '''1927''', na izany aza dia nanaraka ny diplaoma momba ny injeniera elektrika. Nanomboka tamin'ny '''1928''' dia nokaramaina tao amin'ny Kaominina Turin izy, izay niasany nandritra ny efapolo taona ary izay, nanomboka tamin'ny '''1956''' ka hatramin'ny '''1968''', dia nitana ny toeran'ny lehiben'ny fizarana. Maty tany '''Turin''' izy tamin’ny '''1982'''. Nandritra ny asany dia nikarakara rafitra elektrika anatiny, rafitra mafana, fantsona entona, famantaranandro, jiro fifamoivoizana. Tamin'ny taona '''1950''' ihany koa dia nanamboatra toby famantarana mamirapiratra izy mba hapetraka amin'ny fiantsonan'ny tram. Na izany aza, ny anarany dia mijanona ho mifandray amin'ny jiro ho an'ny daholobe noho ny fanavaozana nentiny tamin'ny rafitry ny tanànan'i Turin. Nandray anjara lehibe manokana nandritra ny fankalazana ny '''Italia '61''' ho an'ny fahazato taonan'ny fampiraisana an'i Italia, rehefa rafitra vaovao maro no novolavolaina sy napetraka manokana ho an'io fotoana io. Ny famaritana ny Turin ho ''Ville Lumière Italiana'', izay nanomboka nivezivezy tamin'izany fotoana izany, dia nanjary nety kokoa noho ny hatramin'izay. Miaraka amin'ny fampiharana maoderina sy intuitions an'i Guido Chiarelli, ny jiro ho an'ny daholobe dia nanana lafiny ara-javakanto sambany, araka ny aseho manokana amin'ny famirapiratan'ny loharano sy ny "jaridaina rock" ao amin'ny Parco del Valentino, noforonina ho an'ny fampirantiana manerantany '''1961''', hetsika nahasarika mpitsidika maherin'ny 4 tapitrisa tao amin'ny renivohitra Italiana voalohany. Tamin'ny 1961 ihany koa, i Guido Chiarelli dia namorona ny tetikasa jiro ho an'ny Mole Antonelliana, tamin'ny fiafaran'ny asa fanarenana ny spire. Tamin'ny '''1958''' dia nahazo ny mari-pankasitrahana Cavaliere izy ary tamin'ny '''1965''' dia nahazo ny mari-pankasitrahana ny Repoblika Italiana. Tamin'ny taona '''2011''', tamin'ny fankalazana ny faha-150 taonan'ny fampiraisana an'i Italia, ny asany dia nankalazaina intelo tao Turin: miaraka amin'ny takelaka ao amin'ny Piazza Carignano, ao amin'ny ''Galleria Lingotto - 8'', tamin'ny fankalazana ny 24 Jolay tao amin'ny ''Officine Grandi Riparazioni'' (nokarakarain'ny Fikambanana ''Amici di Italia 61'' ho an'ny tetikasa''Io c'ero''), ary miaraka amin'ny famoahana ny tononkalo ''Ny zaridaina majika''. Tamin'ny 9 Jona '''2012''', tao Agliè, tamin'ny fotoana nahazoana ny mari-pankasitrahana tamin'ny fifaninanana literatiora "Il Meleto di Guido Gozzano", niaraka tamin'ny famakiana tononkalo ''An Evening Sky'', nomem-boninahitra i Guido Chiarelli noho ny asany tamin'ny jiro an-dalambe. Tamin'ny 3 Jolay '''2019''', natao tao amin'ny Valentino Park ny lanonana fanokafana takela-pahatsiarovana ho an'ny asa nataon'i Guido Chiarelli nanomboka tamin'ny '''1928''' ho an'ny Kaominina Turin. Tamin'ny 4 Janoary '''2021''', nanatrika ny fanokafana ny takela-pahatsiarovana vaovao teo amin'ny fidirana amin'ny zaridaina rock ao Valentino i Lidia zanany vavy. Tamin'ny fankalazana ny faha-120 taona nahaterahany, ny fampirantiana lehibe ''Lights for the city'' dia nokarakaraina tao amin'ny efitranon'ny Villa Amoretti ao Turin, izay nahitana mpanakanto fitopolo teo ho eo, Oktobra -Novambra '''2022''' . <ref>https://guidochiarelli.jimdofree.com/</ref> Nisy takela-pahatsiarovana naseho tao '''Caltanissetta''' tamin'ny 28 Desambra '''2023''', teo anatrehan'ny Pr. Enzo Falzone, mpahay tantara sady manam-pahaizana momba ny tanàna, ary ireo tompon'andraikitra ao an-tanàna indrindra ny Mpanolotsaina Cettina Andaloro sy Marcello Frangiamone. Noho ny fangatahan'i Marco D'Arma, Filohan'ny distrikan'ny Providence, dia napetraka teo amin'ny 27 Narese Street, toerana nipetrahan'i Guido Chiarelli hatramin'ny 1922 ilay takelaka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.civico20news.it/sito/articolo.php?id=49966&fbclid|title=Guido Chiarelli, il "poeta della luce", ricordato a Caltanissetta|website=Civico 20 News|accessdate=2024-01-08|archive-date=2024-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529021745/https://www.civico20news.it/sito/articolo.php?id=49966&fbclid|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Saripika sary== {| align=center | <div align="center"><gallery widths="175px" heights="175px"> File:Progetto G. Chiarelli.JPG|Tetikasa ho an'i Mole Antonelliana, 1961 File:Mole 150.jpg| Tetikasa jiro an'i Mole Antonelliana, 2011 File:Flor 61-rid.3.gif|Tetikasa jiro amin'ny zaridaina, 1961 File:Fontana luminosa.jpg|Tetik'asa jiro amin'ny loharano, 1961 File:Monumento a Massimo d'Azeglio.jpg|Tetikasa manazava tsangambato File:Chiarelli-Targa 2019.JPG|Fitokanana takelaka ho an'ny [[Guido Chiarelli]], 2019 File:Targa Chiarelli 2019.jpg|Plaque ho an'i [[Guido Chiarelli]], 2019 File:Targa Guido Chiarelli Caltanissetta.jpg|Plaque fanokanana tao '''Caltanissetta''', 2023 </gallery></div> |} ==Lahatsoratra navoaka== *''Il trattamento delle spazzature'', "Torino" rivista mensile municipale, n. 7, 1931 on line [https://web.archive.org/web/20240529021746/https://www.museotorino.it/resources/pdf/books/520/#1176] *''L'illuminazione pubblica di Torino'', "Torino" rivista mensile municipale, n. 6, 1933 on line [https://web.archive.org/web/20240529021746/https://www.museotorino.it/resources/pdf/books/522/#668] *''La centrale telefonica automatica municipale'', "Torino" rivista mensile municipale, n. 11, 1933 on line [https://web.archive.org/web/20240529021746/https://www.museotorino.it/resources/pdf/books/522/#1362] *''La segnalazione automatica degli incendi'', "Torino" rivista mensile municipale, n. 11, 1934 on line [https://web.archive.org/web/20240529021749/https://www.museotorino.it/resources/pdf/books/529/#1572] *''Le piastre riflettenti per la segnalazione stradale notturna a riflessione'', "L'Industria", n. 5, 1935 *''Trazione elettrica ferroviaria per il nuovo mercato ortofrutticolo'', "Torino" rivista mensile municipale, n. 12, 1935 on line [https://web.archive.org/web/20240529021807/https://www.museotorino.it/resources/pdf/books/530/#1681/z] *''Vivide luci sulla città'', "Torino" rivista mensile municipale, n. 2, 1936 on line [https://web.archive.org/web/20240529022250/https://www.museotorino.it/resources/pdf/books/531/#858] *''Illuminazione moderna'', "Torino" rivista mensile municipale, n. 2, 1938, p.&nbsp;55 on line [https://web.archive.org/web/20240529022250/https://www.museotorino.it/resources/pdf/books/535/#226-227] *''Torino sotto la luce blu'', "Il Fiduciario", luglio-settembre 1939. *''Il trattamento delle spazzature'', "Rivista dell'Istituto Nazionale di Urbanistica", n. 2, 1939 on line [http://www.inu.it/wp-content/uploads/Urbanistica_1939_2.pdf] *''L'oscuramento delle luci in caso di guerra'', "Torino" rivista mensile municipale, n. 1, 1939<ref>[http://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/1208/ vd. in webthesis.biblio.polito.it]</ref> on line [http://www.museotorino.it/resources/pdf/books/536/#30] *''Luci delle città'', "Illustrazione d'Italia ", 6 ottobre 1946 on line [https://guidochiarelli.wordpress.com/2020/04/14/luci-delle-citta-articolo-di-guido-chiarelli-su-illustrazione-ditalia-6-ottobre-1946/] *''Come si fabbrica il gas'', "Torino" rivista mensile municipale, n. 2, 1949 on line [https://web.archive.org/web/20240529022254/https://www.museotorino.it/resources/pdf/books/541/#100] *''Il consumo dell'energia elettrica a Torino nell'ultimo venticinquennio'', "Torino" rivista mensile municipale, n. 7, 1951 on line [https://web.archive.org/web/20240529022254/https://www.museotorino.it/resources/pdf/books/542/#468] ==Tranonkala== *[http://guidochiarelli.jimdofree.com/ Web Site] ==Fanamarihana== [[sokajy:Biôgrafia]] [[sokajy:injeniera]] [[Sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1902]] [[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1982]] da3b1ey0oy0qey4v1jj0hc53pefgqry 0 222103 1152893 1117304 2026-11-03T11:39:51Z HBoina 40172 Nanampy 1152893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox olona |sary= Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F011092-0001, BPA, Generalstabschef aus Madagaskar.jpg |anarana=Gabriel Ramanantsoa |teraka=13 Aprily 1906 |maty=9 Mey 1978 |firenena=Madagasikara |mpiaraka= |asa= * [[mpanao politika]] |taona niasàna= |Epouse=Marcelle Larguier|Nationalite de son epouse=Francaise|Date de naissance de son epouse=5 juillet 1916 a Ankazobe|Date de décès de son epouse=20 septembre 2000 (99ans)|Date de mariage=26 mai 1934|Lieu de marriage=Eglise catholique Faravihitra Antananarivo|Asa hafa=Jeneraly ny tafika malagasy}} I '''Gabriel Ramanantsoa''' dia mpanao politika malagasy, teraka ny 13 Aprily 1906 tao [[Antananarivo]] ary maty ny 9 Mey 1978 tao [[Paris]]. Teraka tao amin’ny fianakaviana [[merina]] tao Tananarivo izy ary nahavita fianarana miaramila tao amin’ny École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr. Tamin'ny 1934, nanambady an'i Marcelle Larguier (1916-2000) izy; nanan-janaka efatra izy mivady. Tamin’ny volana mey 1972, taorian’ny hetsi-panoherana ara-politika sy ara-tsosialy goavana nanohitra ny filoha [[Tsiranana Philibert|Philibert Tsiranana]], dia nanome fahefana feno Ramanantsoa tamin’ny 18 May, izay lasa praiminisitra teo amin’ny firenena, toerana tsy mbola nisy hatramin’ny nahazoana ny fahaleovantena. Nijanona ho filoham-pirenena i Tsiranana, saingy vao mainka niady hevitra, dia nesorina izy taorian’ny [[fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka]] tamin’ny 8 oktobra 1972, izay nanamafy ny fahefan-dRamanantsoa, ​​ka lasa filoham-pirenena faharoan’ny [[Repoblika Malagasy]] tamin’ny 11 Oktobra. Tamin’ny alalan’ity fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka ity no namaritan’ny vahoaka malagasy ny fe-potoana dimy taona hisian’ny tetezamita ara-miaramila mikendry ny [[fanagasiana]] ny fiarahamonina. Marcelle Larguier dia frantsay, teraka ny Alaronian'ny 5 jolay 1916 tao Ankazobe, ary maty ny Asabotsy ny 23 septembre 2000 Téo amin'ny faha 99 taonany, izay taranaky Moise RAMILAMITSOA. Izy no vadin'i Jeneraly Ramanatsoa Gabriel noamasinina tao amin'ny eglizy catolika Faravohitra Antananarivo ny 26 may. 1934<ref><nowiki>http://fr.wikipedia.org</nowiki></ref> Notarihin'ny firehan-kevitra somary mpandala ny nentin-drazana sy tena manaja ny lalàna, toa tsy nisy nanendry azy mialoha ny hitondrana azy eo amin'ny fitondrana amin'ny alalan'ny hetsika malaza avy amin'ny fitakian' ny mpianatra, nasionalista ary revolisionera. Nanomboka ny vanim-potoan'ny fampihavanana ara-politika izy avy eo, izay tsy nahomby tamin'ny farany. Ny 5 Febroary 1975, reraka ny disadisa izay nampizarazara na dia ny governemantany aza, dia nametra-pialana tao anatin’ny toe-draharaha sarotra ara-politika sy ara-poko ary ara-tsosialy izy, ka nisolo azy ny kolonely [[Ratsimandrava Richard|Richard Ratsimandrav]]a, izay efa minisitry ny Atitany teo aloha. Maty tany [[Paris]] tamin’ny lohataona 1979 izy ary nalevina teto Madagasikara. Dadatoan’i [[Bernard Ramanantsoa]], ​​tale jeneralin’ny vondrona HEC Paris teo aloha izy. == Jereo koa == *[[Tsiranana Philibert]] *[[Ratsimandrava Richard]] *[[Andriamahazo Gilles]] *[[Ratsiraka Didier]] *[[Zafy Albert]] *[[Ravalomanana Marc]] *[[Rajaonarimampianina Hery]] *[[Ratsirahonana Norbert Lala]] *[[Rajoelina Andry]] ===Rohy ivelany=== * Ao amin'i Freebase: [https://www.freebase.com/m/08swd2] == Ireo filoha nifandimby == {{Filohan'i Madagasikara}} [[sokajy:Biôgrafia]] {{vangovango}} [[sokajy:Mpanao politika malagasy]] [[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1906]] [[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1978]] e7q6s6iyycghwg1eqh59t0ssxh713c0 0 225100 1152858 1097935 2026-11-03T06:35:12Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152858 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Laptop-hard-drive-exposed.jpg|thumb|Kapila mateza (nesorina ny sarony)]] Ny '''kapila mateza''' dia fitaovana ampiasain’ny [[solosaina]] ho an’ny fitahirizana fampahalalana. Mandraikitra ny [[fampahalalana]] amin’ny alalan’ny fijanonan’ny herin’andriamby amina kapila ahodikodina ny kapila mateza. Ny mari-drefy ampiasaina amin’ny fandanjana ny angona azo tahirizina dia ny [[oktety]]. Ny oktety dia [[bit]] valo milahatra. Refesina amin’ny gigaoktety, izay iray miliara oktety, ny fahafaham-pitahirizan’ny kapila mateza. Ireo kapila mateza izay namboarina nanomboka tanatin’ny taom-polo 2010 dia refesina amin’ny teraoktety izay midika "arivo gigaoktety". Ny orinasa [[IBM]] no namorona ary nanomboka nampiasa azy ireo tamin’ny taona 1956. Lasa fitahirizan’angona faharoa ho an’ny solosaina fampiasa amin’ny ankapobeny izy ireo tamin’ny fihatombohan’ny taompolo 1960. Ampihatsarana hatrany izy ireo ary ampiasaina amin’ny solosain’ny tsirairay ary ny servera ankehitriny. Orinasa miisa roanjato mahery no efa namoaka kapila mateza, na dia orinasa telo no tena hita misongadina toa i [[Seagate]], [[Toshiba]] na [[Western Digital]]. Ny vola manontolo voaangona amin’ny fivarotana izy ireo dia 32 miliara dôlara isan-taona izay nihena telo isan-jato raha oharina amin’ny taona 2012.<ref>IDC report: Worldwide Disk Storage Systems Quarterly Tracker (2014-06-19). "Any Future for Worldwide Storage Industry?" (Press release). StorageNewsletter.com. IDC. Retrieved 2014-07-14. Worldwide global disk storage systems revenue 2012 = $32,564 million; 2013 = $31,688 million</ref> Ny tondro voalohany indrindra jerena amin’ny kapila mateza dia ny haben’ny toeram-pitahirizany, ary ny hafaingany izay isaina amin’ny sangan’arivo oktety: ny kapila manana 1 teraoktety dia manana arivo gigaoktety izay manana iray tapitrisa oktety. == Karazana == Ny IBM 350 izay kapila mateza voalohany namboarin’i IBM dia plateau mirefy 24 intsy ary manana habe mitovy amin’ny fampangatsiahana roa. Tamin’ny 1962, namoaka ny kapila môdely 1311 izay nampiasa lemaka nirefy 14 intsy i IBM. Mitovy amin’ny milina fanasan-damba ny habeny. Ny kapila tety aoriana dia namboarina mba hampahatafiditra azy iro anaty rack mirefy 19 intsy. Ny RK05 ary ny RL01 an’i Digital no ohatra voalohandohany mampiasa plateau 14 intsy anaty pack azo esorina. == Fandeha == Amin'ny kapila mateza dia ahitana kapila alominiôma henjana ahodikondina. Ny alominiôma dia [[vy]] mora rafetina. Nanomboka tamin'ny 1990 dia mampiasa fitaratra na seramika ny teknika vaova, mba ahazoana velarana mbola malama noho ny alominiôma. Asiana soson'andriamby itahirizana ny angona ny kapila. Soratana amin'ny alalan'ny [[kaody roa fototra]] amin'ny alalan'ny loha fanoratana ny angona. Ilay loha fanoratana dia antsody kely «manaprinty» ny sahan'andriamby eo amin'ny soson'andriamby. Ny loha famakiana kosa dia antsody ikorianan'ny rianaratra rehefa andalovan-tsahan'andriamby. === Mekanika === [[File:MagneticMedia.svg|thumb|306x306px|Sahan'andriamby ao amin'ny soson'andriamby no mitahiry ny angona]] [[File:Aufnahme einzelner Magnetisierungen gespeicherter Bits auf einem Festplatten-Platter..jpg|thumb|Sahan'andriamby eo amin'ny kapila mateza miseho amin'ny alalan'ny CMOS-MagView]] Ny kapila fitaratra misy soson'andriamby mitahiry ny angona dia miara-mihodina amin'ny alalan'ny maotera mandeha [[aratra]], miaraka amin'ny roulement menaka na kanety. Ny hafaingam-pihodinana tamin'ny kapila namboarina natamin'ny taona 2013 dia manomboka amin'ny 3.600 fhd/min hatramin'ny 15.000 fihodinana isa-minitra (ireo hafaingam-pihodinana hafa dia 3.600, 4.200, 5.400, 7.200, 10.000 ary 15.000 fihodinana isa-minitra). Mitovy daholo ny hafaingam-pihodinan'ny môdely rehetra. Araka any fitomboan'ny olana mikasika ny fitsitsiana angovo dia namorona kapila mitsitsy angovo izay antsoina hoe «maitso» (green) ny mpanamboatra ; izy ireo dia nolazaina fa manana hafaingam-pihodinana miovaova, izay mampihevitra fa mihodina moramora kokoa izy ireo rehefa tsy ampiasaina mba hampidina ny fihinanana arak'angôvony. Voaporofo fa diso izany tamin'ny alalan'ny test ara-peo<ref>[http://techreport.com/review/15769/western-digital-caviar-green-hard-drive Western Digital's Caviar Green hard drive]</ref> ; ireo kapila ireo dia mandeha amin'ny hafaingam-pihodinana ambany kokoa noho ny hafaingana tokony ihodinany (ohatra: 5.400 fhd/min ho an'ireo kapila manana hafaingana 7.200 fhd/min) Ny lalana lavitra indrindran'ny afovoan-kapila no atao ho fitombohan'ny kapila (tsy ohatra ireo CD/DVD izay mampiasa ny toerana akaiky indrindran'ny afovoan-kapila ho fitombohan'ny kapila), satria eo amin'izany toerana izany no tena ahazoana taham-pamindran'angona ambony indrindra. === Haikoriam-boanaratra === Ny faritra mikasika ny haikoriam-boanaratra dia ny famehezana ny maotera mampihodina ny kapila ary ny fitrandrahana ny fampahalalana arak'aratra avy amin'ny fifandraisana arak'anjanandrianaratry ny loha ary ny velaran'ny kapila. Ny ampaha mikasika ny kajimirindra be kokoa dia ny ampaha mandraharaha ny famadihana ny adiresim-blaoky ho mari-toerana (loha, kapila, blaoky). Ahafahana manitsy ny hadisoam-panoratan'ny rindrankajy iany koa ny fari-drakitra mikasika ny haikoriam-boanaratra. === Famatsiana amin'ny herinaratra === Anaty solosaina, ny IDE mandeha fiara mafy dia nahazo hery tamin'ny alalan'ny mpampifandray Molex . Ny kapila mateza sasany manana interfasy SATA dia mampiasa mpampiafandray Molex mba ho zaka amin'ny famatsiana efa misy, fa samy nifindra tany amin'ny famatsiana manokana sy fisaka (S Famatsiana amin'ny SATA). === Rafitsary === [[Sary:Dd1.png|280px|right]] Ny kapila dia ahitana lalana mifanakaiky ary sarasarahana amin'ny alalan'ny antsoina hoe fielanelan-dalana. Voazarazara ho fari-kapila ny lalana (antsoina hoe blaoky) ahitana ny angona. Amin'ny fanomezana adiresy CHS, dia mari-toerana telo no ilaina fantatra raha tia hamaky na hanratra anaty fari-kapila iray: * Laharan'ny lalana (mamaritra ny toeram-pisian'ny tanana mitondra ny loha rehetra) * Laharan'ny loha famakiana (fifidianana ny velarana) * Laharan'ny blaoky (na fari-kapila) eo amin'ilay lalana (mamaritra ny toerana manomboka amakiana ny angona) Io famadihana io dia atao amin'ny alalan'ny mpamehy (controller) kapila izay mandika avy amin'ny adiresim-blaoky antsoina hoe LBA (manomboka amin'ny 0 hatramin'ny isa manontolon'ny blaoky analana 1). Ambony kapila boribory ireo lalana ireo, ka lava kokoa noho ireo lalana eo akaikin'ny afovoan-kapila ireo lalana amin'ny sisiny ivelan-kapila. Mampiteraka olana ny fananana hafaingam-pihodinana mitovy. Tamin'ny kapila mateza voalohany toa ny [[ST-506]] dia tsy miankina amin'ny laharan-dalana ny isan'ny fari-kapila isaky ny fihodinana. Ka mihambany ny hakitrok'angona rehefa amin'ny sisin'ny kapila. Nanomboka tamin'ny taona 1990 ary ny fanaovana ny fandraiketana aa-belarana (''zone bit recording''), dia mitovy ny hakitro-pitahirizana, fa miova arakaraky ny lalana ny isan'ny fari-kapila. Tamin'ny kapila voalohandohany, dia voa-format teny amin'ny ozinina fanamboarana ny velarana manokana izay ahitana ireo fampahalalana ahafahan'ny rafitra hanao sync (synchronisation) ary mahafantatra ny toeram-pisian'ny loha na oviana na oviana. Io velarana io dia antosina hoe «servo». Taty aoriana, dia natsofoka tao anatin'ny blaokin'angona ny faritra fanaovana sync fa mbola format-ena eny amin'ny ozinina foana izy ireo (ao amin'ny fenitra SCSCI dia misy faritra FORMAT izay mandraikitra fanindroany ny fampahalalan'ny velarana rehetra, fa tsy apetraka amin'ny kapila rehetra ilay izy). Noho izany dia toa ny manaraka ny firafitry ny lalana: [[Sary:Dd3.png|600px|center|thumb|Firafitry ny angona ao amin'ny kapila mateza]] # '''Lavaka''' (''gap''): Faritra navela ho fotsy mba hanomezana fotoana mba hivadi-toetra (loha mpamaky lasa loha mpanoratra na loha mpanoratra lasa loha mpamaky). Izany koa dia anekena fiovaovan'ny hafaingam-pihodinan'ny velaran'ny kapila. # '''Servo''' (servo): faritra ahitana «top» ahafahana manao sync ny lôjikan'ny mamehy amin'ny angona izay ho voavakin'ny loha aoriana (ary hahafantarana ihany koa ny fifanitsian'ny loha mpamaky amin'ny lalana hovakiana) # '''Famantarana''' (ID): ahitana ny laharan'ny blaoky hanaraka mba ahafantaran'ny mpamehy kapila ny laharam-pari-kapila hovakiana. # '''Angona''' (données): izay tahirizin'ny mpampiasan'ilay kapila. # '''Tamba-panamarinana''' (checksum): ahitana ary anitsiana ny diso ary andrefesana ny fihanteran'ny kapila mateza == Karazana interfasin'ny kapila mateza == Nisy fivoarana ny interfasin'ny kapila mateza mba hampitomboana ny hafaingany. Ohatr'interfasy azo ampiasaina: * SMD (Storage Module Device) nampiasaina tamin'ny taona 1980, ary natokana ho an'ireo kapila mahatahiry angona be dia be mipetraka ao amin'ny lohamilina. * SA1000, bus ampiasaina tamin'ny mikrô-kajimirindra ary niavian'ny ST-506. * ESDI (enhanced small device interface) nandimby an'i ST-506. * IDE izay fampiasa tamin'ny solosaina manokana hatramin'ny taona 2005. * SCSI (small computer system interface) lafo kokoa noho ny IDE fa mandeha haingana kokoa. Mihatrara hatrany (fiovana 8 bit ho 16 bit ary fampitomboana ny hafaingam-pamindrana: fenitra SCSI-1, SCSI-2 ary SCSI-3). na dia izany aza, dia 16 monja ny ''partition'' azo ananan'ny kapila mateza SCSI. Tsy dia hita loatra amin'ny milina ho an'ny vahoaka. * SAS * SATA: interfasy serialy, mora vidy ary haingana kokoa noho ny ATA. Io no fantatry ny vahoaka * ''Fibre channel'': fifandraisana serialy ampisaina amin'ny lohamilina. == Tondro == === Fotoana anakarana angona === Ny facteur mametra ny fotoana ilain’ny kapila amin’ny fanakarana angona dia mifototra amin’ny maha-mekanikan’ny fihodinkodinan’ny kapila ary ny fihetsiketsiky ny loha famakiana. Ny [[fotoam-pitadiavana]] dia ny fehim-potoana ilaina amin’ny fitadiavana ilay angona ao amin’ny kapila mateza. Ny [[fotoam-pihodinana]] dia ny fotoana ihodinan’ny kapila mba ipetrahan’ny [[loha famakiana]] eo ambonin’ny fari-kapila misy ny angona. Ireo [[fotoam-piandrasana]] ireo dia refesina amin’ny milisegondra. Ny [[taham-bit]] (bit rate) na ny taham-pamindran’angona (''data transfer rate''), rehefa eo ambonin’ny fari-kapila dia mahatonga fahatarana izay lefa andraisan’ny isan’ny blaoky nafindra; kely dia kely izy io fa mety ho lavabe ho an’ny rakitra mavesatra. Mitombo ihany koa ny fitaom-piandrasana rehefa manajanona ny kapila mba itsitsiana angovo. Ny salan’isam-potoam-piandrasan’ny kapila dia ny salan’isam-potoam-pitadiavana izay fotoana hanaovana ny fikarohana rehetra zaraina amin’ny isan’ny fikarohana rehetra azo atao. Ny fomba hafa ahafantarana izany ny salan’isam-potoam-piandrasana dia fomba statistika na fanakaikezana amin’ny alalan’ny fotoam-pitadiavana zaraina amin’ny iray ampahatelon’ny isan’ny lalana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Famaritan’i Western Digital ny <i>average access time</i> |url=http://www.wdc.com/en/company/glossaryofterms/ |accessdate=2015-04-13 |archivedate=2015-04-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403181706/http://www.wdc.com/en/company/glossaryofterms/ }}</ref> Ny [[fanakelezam-piparitahana]] (defragmentation) dia natao ahakelezana ny fotoana ilaina amin’ny alalan’ny fanetsehana ny singan’angona mba hampifanakaikezana azy ireo eo amin’ny kapila.<ref>Kearns, Dave (18 Aprily 2001). "How to defrag". ITWorld.</ref>. Manao fanakelezam-piparitahana ho azy ny [[rafitra fikirakirana]] sasany. Na dia natao hampihena ny fotoam-piandrasana aza ny fanakelezam-piparitahana, dia mety hisy fihenana tsy maharitra ny rafitra rehefa am-panaovana izany.<ref>Broida, Rick (10 April 2009). "Turning Off Disk Defragmenter May Solve a Sluggish PC". PCWorld.</ref> Mety ampihatsarana amin’ny alalan’ny fampitomboana ny hafaigam-pihodinan-kapila ny fotoana anakarana angona. === Fotoam-pitadiavana (''seek time'') === Ny fotoam-pitadiavana (seek time) dia eo amin’ny efatra milisegondra eo ho eo ho an’ireo kapila matezan-dohamilina avo kalitao<ref>Anand Lal Shimpi (2010-04-06). "Western Digital's New VelociRaptor VR200M: 10K RPM at 450GB and 600GB". anandtech.com. Retrieved 2013-12-19.</ref>, hatramin’ny dimy amby folo milisegondra ho an’ireo kapila finday. Ny fotoam-pikaroana ho an’ireo solosaina amin’ny birao dia eo amin’ny 9 ms eo ho eo. Ny salan’isam-potoam-pikarohan’ny kapila mateza voalohany dia tany amin’ny eninjato milisegondra tay ho any<ref>"IBM Archives: IBM 350 disk storage unit". Novangiana ny 2012-10-19.</ref> Tamin’ny taompolo 1970, dia lasa tany amin’ny 25 ms tany ho any ny fotoam-pitadiavana. <ref>"IBM Archives: IBM 3350 direct access storage". IBM. Novangiana ny 2013-01-07</ref> Ho an’ny fampihetsehana ny loha famakiana dia nampiasa môtera tsidingadingana (stepper motor) ny kapila matezan’ny solosaina natao ho an’ny vahoaka voalohany, ny vokatr’izany dia fotoam-pitadiavana manakaiky ny 80 hatramin’ny 120 ms, nampihatsaraina tamin’ny alalan’ny antsodim-peo izany tamin’ny taona 1980 ary nihena hatrany amin’ny roapolo milisegondra tany ho any ny fotoam-pitadiavana. Nahafahan’ny mpampiasa manao marimaritra iraisana amin’ny hafaingam-pitadiavana ary ny feo avoakan’ny kapila mateza ny solosaim-birao ary solosaina finday sasany. Nilàna angovo be kokoa hampihetsehana ny loha famakiana eo ambonin’ny kapila ny taham-pitadiavana avo kokoa. Izany dia mahatonga ny fitombon’ny feo avy amin’ny kapila mateza noho ny fihovitrovitra vokatry ny fampahainganan’ny loha famakiana any am-pihandohana ary amin’ny faran’ny hetsi-pitadiavana. Mahakely ny hafaingan’ny hetsika ary ny taham-pampahainganana ny kapila mangina fa lasa ela ihany koa ny fitadiavana angona. === Fahelana === {| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left: 1.5em;" |- ! Hafaingam-pihodinana<br />[fhd/min] ! Salanisam-pahelana<br />[ms] |- | 15.000 | 2 |- | 10.000 | 3 |- | 7.200 | 4,16 |- | 5.400 | 5,55 |- | 4.800 | 6,25 |} Ny fahelana dia ny fotoana ilaina mba hametrahana ny loha famakiana eo ambonin’ny fari-kapila. Izy io dia mifototra amin’ny hafaingam-pihodinan’ny kapila izay refesina amin’ny fihodinana isa-minitra (fhd/min). Ny salanisam-pahelam-pihodinana miaraka amin’ny fahelana dia miseho eo amin’ny tabilao eo amin’ny ankavanana === Taham-pamindran’angona (''data transfer rate'') === Tamin’ny taona 2010, dia nahatana taham-pamindran’angona 1.030 Mbit/s ny kapila mateza amipasaina amin’ny solosaim-birao manana hafaingam-pihodinana 7.200 fhd/min.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110210155634/http://www.seagate.com/www/en-us/support/before_you_buy/speed_considerations ""Speed Considerations""]. Seagate. Voatahiry tamin’i 2011-02-10. Novangiana ny 22 Janoary 2011.</ref> Miankina amin’ny toeram-pisian’ny lalana izany; avo be ilay taha ho an’ny lalana amin’ny sisiny ivelan’ny kapila (satria betsaka kokoa ny faritr’angona isaky ny fihodinana) ary kely amin’ny lalana akaikin’ny afovoan’ny kapila (satria kely kokoa ny faritr’angona isaky ny fihodinana); ary somary avo kokoa izany ho an’ny kapila 10.000 fhd/s. Ny fenitra ankehitriny be mpampiasa ho an’ny interfasy buffer-to-computer dia SATA 3 Gbit/s izay afaka mandefa eo amin’ny 300 megaoktety/s (encoding10 bit) avy amin’ny buffer mankany amin’ny solosaina, ka noho izany dia mbola eo anoloan’ny taham-pamindrana kapila mankany amin’ny buffer. Afaka refesina amin’ny alalan’ny fanoratana akitra lehibe amin’ny alalan’ny fitaovam-panamboaran-drakitra ny taham-pamindran’angona (famakiana/fanoratana). Mety ianjadian’ny fiparitahan’ny rafi-drakitra ary ny fisehon’ny rakitra ny taham-pamindrana. Miankina amin’ny hafaingam-pihodinan’ny kapila ary ny hakitroky ny angona ny taham-pamindran’angon’ny kapila mateza. Noho ny hafanana ary ny fihovitrovitana mametra ny hafaingam-pihodinana dia lasa fomba lehibe fampihatsarana ny taham-pamindrana ny fampitomboana ny hakitroka. Mila maotera ampela mateza ny hafaingam-pihodinana avo ka mampafana azy. Raha mbola mivoatra amin’ny alalan’ny fampitomboana ny isan’ny lalana ao amin’ny kapila ary ny isan’ny fari-kapila isaky ny lalana ny hakitroka ara-belarana, ny isan’ny fari-kapila isaky ny lalana ihany no mampitombo ny taham-pamindran’angona ho an’ny hafaingam-pihodinana iray. Noho ny fandrefesana taham-pamindran’angona mitily ny iray amin’ny mpanorina roan’ny hakitroka ara-belarana, kely kokoa ny taham-pivoaran’ny hafaingam-pandehany. == Fivoaran’ny vidy ary ny fahafaha-mitahiry == Nitombo avo iray hetsy heny ny hakitro-pitahirizan’ny kapila mateza. 300$ isaky ny megaoktety ny vidin’ny kapila mateza, tamin’ny 2008 izy io dia lasa 0,00022$. === Fahafaha-mitahiry === Ny kapila mateza mahatahiry betsaka indrindra dia manana fahafaha-mitahiry mihoatra ny 2 teraoktety (tamin’ny 2010) ary 3 teraoktety (tamin’ny 2011). Nihatsara haingana noho ny hafaingany izay voafetran’ny mekanika ny fahafaha-mitahirin’ireo kapila mateza. Miankina amin’ny hafaingam-pihodinan’ny kapila ary amin’ny fotoana ilaina ipetrahan’ny loha famakiana ny fotoam-pamakiana. Ny taham-pamindran’angona kosa dia mihatsara rehefa ambony ny hakitroky ny angona. * Tamin'ny taona 1997, 2 gigaoktety ho an'ny solosaim-birao ho an'ireo kapila 3,5 intsa. * Tamin'ny taona 2002, fahita amin'ny solosaim-birao ny kapila mateza mahatahiry hatramin'ny 40 Go. * Tamin'ny 2009 dia 1 teraoktety ny fahita amin'ny solosaim-birao ary 500 Go ho an'ny solosaina finday. * Tamin'ny 2010 dia fahita ireo kapila mateza 1,5 To sy 2 To. Ho an'ireo kapila latsaky ny 100 Go dia nosoloina ho kapila SSD, na karatra SD ny kapila tsotra {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Tantaran'ny fahafaha-mitahirin'ny kapila mateza<br>misy ny habe rehetra |- ! scope=col | Fahafaha-mitahiry ! scope=col | Daty ! scope=col | Mpanamboatra ! scope=col | Môdely ! scope=col | Habe |- ! scope=row | 5 Mo |1956 |IBM |[[IBM RAMAC 305|305 Ramac]]''<ref name=ccn/> |24" |- ! scope=row | 28 Mo |1962 |IBM |môdely 1301 | |- ! scope=row | 1,02 Go |1982 |Hitachi<ref>{{Lien web |url=http://www.clubic.com/article-39236-1-50-ans-disque-dur-petit-historique.html |titre=Les 50 ans du disque dur : petit historique |auteur=Julien Jay |année=2006 |site=Clubic.com |consulté le=jeudi 5 avril 2012 }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.clubic.com/article-39236-1-50-ans-disque-dur-petit-historique.html |date=20150428030103 }} {{Cite web |title=kopian'ny arisiva |url=http://www.clubic.com/article-39236-1-50-ans-disque-dur-petit-historique.html |accessdate=2015-04-19 |archivedate=2015-04-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428030103/http://www.clubic.com/article-39236-1-50-ans-disque-dur-petit-historique.html }}</ref> |H8598 |14" |- ! scope=row | 25 Go |1998 |IBM |Deskstar 25 GP |3,5"<ref>{{Lien web |url=http://www.hgst.com/tech/techlib.nsf/techdocs/85256AB8006A31E587256A790064D448/$file/djna25_psf.PDF |titre=Fiche produit Deskstar 25GP |site=www.hgst.com |jour=7 |mois=avril |année=2000 |consulté le=04/12/2012 }}</ref> |- ! scope=row | 500 Go |2005 |Hitachi | |3,5" |- ! scope=row | 1 To |2007 |Hitachi | Deskstar 7K1000<ref>{{article | prénom1 = Bruno | nom1 = Cormier | titre = C’est fait : Hitachi lance le premier disque dur de {{nombre|1000|Go}} | périodique = [[PC INpact (site web)|PC INpact]] | jour = 5 | mois = janvier | année = 2007 | url texte = http://www.pcinpact.com/actu/news/33814-Hitachi-teraoctet-disque.htm }}</ref> |3,5" |- ! scope=row | 2 To |2009 |Western Digital<ref>{{article | titre = Western Digital lance le premier disque dur {{nombre|2|To}} | périodique = ConfigsPC.com | jour = 27 | mois = janvier | année = 2009 | url texte = http://www.configspc.com/article2329.html }}</ref> |Caviar Green WD20EADS |3,5" |- ! scope=row | 3 To |2010 |Seagate | |3,5" |- ! scope=row | 4 To |2011 |Hitachi<ref>[http://www.hardware.fr/news/12011/4-to-hitachi-gst-disponible-japon.html Le {{unité|4|To}} d'Hitachi GST disponible au japon] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hardware.fr/news/12011/4-to-hitachi-gst-disponible-japon.html |date=20150227045305 }} Sur le site hardware.fr</ref> |7K4000 |3,5" |- ! scope=row | 6 To |2013 |HGST<ref>[http://www.silicon.fr/hgst-6to-disque-dur-35-pouces-ultrastar-helium-90550.html HGST présente le premier disque dur {{unité|3.5|pouces}} à {{unité|6|To}} gonflé à l’Helium] {{Wayback|url=http://www.silicon.fr/hgst-6to-disque-dur-35-pouces-ultrastar-helium-90550.html |date=20141217122330 }}, sur le site silicon.fr, consulté le 18 novembre 2013</ref>{{,}}<ref>[http://www.wdc.com/fr/company/pressroom/releases/?release=83eb2a53-38b6-4893-943e-4f0411662e24]{{Wayback|url=http://www.wdc.com/fr/company/pressroom/releases/?release=83eb2a53-38b6-4893-943e-4f0411662e24|date=20140731191756}}<span> </span>{{Wayback|url=http://www.wdc.com/fr/company/pressroom/releases/?release=83eb2a53-38b6-4893-943e-4f0411662e24|date=20140731191756}}<span> </span>{{Wayback|url=http://www.wdc.com/fr/company/pressroom/releases/?release=83eb2a53-38b6-4893-943e-4f0411662e24|date=20140731191756}}<span> </span>{{Wayback|url=http://www.wdc.com/fr/company/pressroom/releases/?release=83eb2a53-38b6-4893-943e-4f0411662e24|date=20140731191756}}<span> </span>{{Wayback|url=http://www.wdc.com/fr/company/pressroom/releases/?release=83eb2a53-38b6-4893-943e-4f0411662e24|date=20140731191756}}<span> </span>{{Wayback|url=http://www.wdc.com/fr/company/pressroom/releases/?release=83eb2a53-38b6-4893-943e-4f0411662e24|date=20140731191756}}<span> </span>{{Wayback|url=http://www.wdc.com/fr/company/pressroom/releases/?release=83eb2a53-38b6-4893-943e-4f0411662e24|date=20140731191756}}<span> </span>{{Wayback|url=http://www.wdc.com/fr/company/pressroom/releases/?release=83eb2a53-38b6-4893-943e-4f0411662e24|date=20140731191756}}<span> </span>{{Wayback|url=http://www.wdc.com/fr/company/pressroom/releases/?release=83eb2a53-38b6-4893-943e-4f0411662e24|date=20140731191756}}<span> </span>{{Wayback|url=http://www.wdc.com/fr/company/pressroom/releases/?release=83eb2a53-38b6-4893-943e-4f0411662e24|date=20140731191756}}<span> </span>{{Wayback|url=http://www.wdc.com/fr/company/pressroom/releases/?release=83eb2a53-38b6-4893-943e-4f0411662e24|date=20140731191756}}<span> </span>{{Wayback|url=http://www.wdc.com/fr/company/pressroom/releases/?release=83eb2a53-38b6-4893-943e-4f0411662e24|date=20140731191756}}<span> </span>{{Wayback|url=http://www.wdc.com/fr/company/pressroom/releases/?release=83eb2a53-38b6-4893-943e-4f0411662e24|date=20140731191756}}<span> </span>{{Wayback|url=http://www.wdc.com/fr/company/pressroom/releases/?release=83eb2a53-38b6-4893-943e-4f0411662e24|date=20140731191756}}<span> </span>{{Wayback|url=http://www.wdc.com/fr/company/pressroom/releases/?release=83eb2a53-38b6-4893-943e-4f0411662e24|date=20140731191756}}<span> </span>{{Wayback|url=http://www.wdc.com/fr/company/pressroom/releases/?release=83eb2a53-38b6-4893-943e-4f0411662e24|date=20140731191756}}<span> </span>{{Wayback|url=http://www.wdc.com/fr/company/pressroom/releases/?release=83eb2a53-38b6-4893-943e-4f0411662e24|date=20140731191756}}<span> WD lance un DD à la capacité de </span>{{unité|6|To}}, sur le site wdc.com, consulté le 17 décembre 2014</ref> |WD Red Pro |3,5" |- ! scope=row | 8 To |2014 |Seagate<ref>[http://www.01net.com/editorial/625518/seagate-lance-le-premier-disque-dur-3-5-pouces-de-8-to/ Seagate : un disque dur de {{unité|8|To}} bon marché mais inadapté pour Windows] {{Wayback|url=http://www.01net.com/editorial/625518/seagate-lance-le-premier-disque-dur-3-5-pouces-de-8-to/ |date=20150428061604 }}, sur le site 01net.com du 15 décembre 2014</ref> , |Archive HDD |3,5" |- |} === Fivoarana ho avy === [[Sary:Full_History_Disk_Areal_Density_Trend.png|Hakitroka ara-belaran'ny kapila mateza|290px|right|thumb]] Ny hakitroka ara-belaran'ny kapila mateza dia heverina fa eo amin'ny 41%n'ny lalàn'i Moore eo ho eo. 60 hatramin'ny 100% isan-taona no fivoarana nandritry ny taona 1990 hatramin'i 2005. Taty aoriana kosa dia nihena ny taham-pitomboana ary lasa 5-10% sisa ny fitomboana nandritry ny taona 22011 hatramin'i 2014. Nihatsara ho lasa -45% ny vidy isak'oktetin'ny kapila nandritry ny taona 1990-2000, ary nijanona tamin'ny 2010 noho ny fahasimban'ny ozinina tamin'ny tondra-drano tany Tailandy<ref>Mellor, Chris (2014-11-10). "Kryder's law craps out: Race to UBER-CHEAP STORAGE is OVER". theregister.co.uk (UK: The Register). Retrieved 2014-11-12. The 2011 Thai floods almost doubled disk capacity cost/GB for a while. Rosenthal writes: "The technical difficulties of migrating from PMR to HAMR, meant that already in 2010 the Kryder rate had slowed significantly and was not expected to return to its trend in the near future. The floods reinforced this."</ref> ary ny fahasarotana ny fivadihana amin'ny teknolojia vaovao. Tamin'ny taona 2005 dia hitan'i Moore fa tsy afaka hitohy mandrakizay ny fitomboana. Ny fitombon'ny hakitroky ny velarana dia mahatonga ny fahakelezan'ny haben-tselam-bit. Tamin'ny 2013, nyhakitrok'angon'ny kapila mateza 3 teraoktety (manana kapila telo) dia 77,5 Go/cm² na 500 Go/in² (gigaoktety isak'intsa toradroa) izay mahatonga azy hanana voan'andriamby 18 isaky ny selam-bit. Nanomboka tamin'ny afovoan'ny taompolo 2000, dia voatohitry ny trilema ahitana ny habem-boany, herin'andriambiam-boany ary ny fahafahan'ny loha manoratra ary mamaky.<ref>Plumer et. al, Martin L. (March 2011). "New Paradigms in Magnetic Recording" (PDF). Physics in Canada 67 (1): 25–29. Retrieved 17 July 2014</ref>. Mba hahafahana mitazona ny tahan-kaika-amin-tabataba (signal to noise rate) azo ekena; dia mety mivadi-tena (noho ny ''thermal instability'') ny voany kely kokoa raha tsy ampiakarina ny herin'andriambiany. Anefa kosa dia tsy afaka mamoaka sahan'andriamby ampy anoratana ny fitaovana ny loha fanoratana fantatra. Mbola am-panamboarana ireo teknolojiam-pitahirizana amin'andriamby mba hanala ny olana iray amin'ilay trilema ary hitazonana ny fahafaha-mifaninan'ny kapila mateza amin'ireo fitaovam-pitahirizana mifototr amin'ny arika flash na ireo kapila SSD Tamin'ny taona 2013 dia nanomboka nampiasa teknolojia toa izany ny orinasa Seagate tamin'ny alalan'ny ''shingled magnetic recording'' (SMR). Ny SMR tonga tamin'ny alalan'ny fahasarotana tamin'ny design dia mety hanana olan-kafainganana amin'ny fanorataa.<ref>Jake Edge (2014-03-26). "Support for shingled magnetic recording devices". LWN.net. Retrieved 2015-01-07.</ref><ref>Jonathan Corbet (2013-04-23). "LSFMM: A storage technology update". LWN.net. Retrieved 2015-01-07. A 'shingled magnetic recording' (SMR) drive is a rotating drive that packs its tracks so closely that one track cannot be overwritten without destroying the neighboring tracks as well. The result is that overwriting data requires rewriting the entire set of closely-spaced tracks; that is an expensive tradeoff, but the benefit—​much higher storage density—​is deemed to be worth the cost in some situations.</ref> Ny teknolojia hafa fandraiketana tamin'ny 2015 dia, mba andalam-pivoaran ary anisan'ireo ireo HAMR (heat-assisted magnetic recording)<ref>"Xyratex no-go for bit-patterned media". The Register. 24 April 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2010.</ref>, MAMR (microwave-assisted magnetic recording), 2DMR na TDMR (two-dimensional magnetic recording)<ref>Dave Anderson (2013). "HDD Opportunities & Challenges, Now to 2020" (PDF). Seagate. Retrieved 2014-05-23. PMR CAGR slowing from historical 40+% down to ~8-12%" and "HAMR CAGR = 20-40% for 2015-2020</ref>, ary loha tohitr'andriamby lehibe (giant magnetoresistance head) <ref>All-Heusler giant-magnetoresistance junctions with matched energy bands and Fermi surfaces</ref> == Kapila mateza amidy amin'ny tsena == ; Kapila mateza ho an'ny solosaim-birao Izy ireo matetika dia mahatahiry angona hatramin'ny 4 To, ary manana hafaingam-pihodinana hatramin'ny 10.000 fhd/min. Ny taham-pamindran'angona dia eo amin'ny 500 Mbps na maherin'izany. Tamin'ny voana Aogositra 2014, ny kapila mateza malalaka indrindra dia afaka mitahiry 8 teraoktety <ref>Broekhuijsen, Niels (2014-08-26). "Seagate 8 TB HDDs Widely Available Next Quarter, Shipping Now". Tom's Hardware (US: Purch). Retrieved 2014-08-26.</ref> ;Kapila mateza ho an'ny solosaina finday Kely kokoa noho ny haben'ny kapila mateza ho an'ny solosaim-birao ny kapila mateza ho an'izy ireo. Kely ihany koa ny hafaingany. Manana hafaingam-pihodinana eo amin'ny 4.200 hatramin'i 7.200 fhd/min ny kapila ho an'izy ireo. ;Kapila mateza ho an'orinasa Natao ho an'ireo solosaina ampiasaim-pampiasa maro ary mampiasa rindrankajin'orinasa. Ohatra: banky angona mitahiry transaction, fotodrafitrasa Aterineto ([[mailaka]], lohamilin-tranonkala, varotra an-tranonkala), rindrankajy hanaovana kajy siantifika, rindrankajy fitahirizan. Miasa tsy mijanona ny kapila mateza ho an'orinasa, tsy maintsy ato atokisana ary tsy maintsy mandeha farany izay haingana. Ny tanjona eto dia tsy ny fahafaha-mitahiry lehibe indrindra, ka kely izy ireo ary misy fifandraisana amin'ny vidiny.<ref>"Enterprise-class versus Desktop class Hard Drives" (PDF). Intel. Retrieved 25 September 2013.</ref> Ny kapila mateza ho an'orinasa mandeha haingana indrindra dia mihodina amin'ny iray alina hatramin'ny dimy arivo sy iray alina fihodinana isa-minitra. Ny taham-pamindran'angona ho an'izany dia mahatratra hatrany amin'ny 1,6 Gbps. Na dia avo be tahaka izany aza ny tahany dia kely koka ny fahalalahany. Mifandray amin'ny alalan'ny kanaly tadifitaratra (fibre channel, FC) ireo kapilo ho an'orinasa ireo. ; kapila mateza ho an'ny fitaovam-pandraiketana Anisan'izy ireo ny kapila mateza ampiasain'ny fandraiketana horonantsay ary ireo kapila amin'ny fiara. Ny kapila ho an'ny fandraiketan-koronantsary dia manome fahafaha-mamaky tsy tapaka na dia misy diso asa tam-panoratana na tam-pamakiana. Ny kapila ho an'ny fiara dia natao hizaka fifandonana be kokoa. == Mpanamboatra ary mpivarotra == [[sary:Diagram_of_Hard_Disk_Drive_Manufacturer_Consolidation.svg|300px|right|thumb|Iro mpanamboatra kapila mateza ary ny orinasa nividy azy ireo (miaraka amin'ny daty nividianana]] Teny amin'ny roanjato tany ho any ireo mpanamboatra kapila mateza, fa ankehitriny izy ireo dia voavidin'ny mpanamboatra kapila mateza telo izay manjakazaka ankehitriny: Seagate, Toshiba ary Western Digital. Ny vola azo amin'ny fivarotana kapila mateza dia 32 miliara tamin'ny 2013, izay telo isan-jato kely kokoa noho ny tamin'ny taona 2012. kapila mateza 552 tapitrisa no lafo tamin'ny taona 2013. Ny anjaran-tsena dia 40-45% ho an'i Seagate sy Western Digital ary 13-16% ho an'i Toshiba == Haben-kapila == Ny haben'ny kapila mateza dia manara-penitra: * 19 intsa (48.26 cm) ny rakitsoratra fahiny (SMD interfasy tsara); * 8 intsa (20.32 cm): taranaka manaraka * 5,25 intsa (13.335 cm): ny habeny niseho tamin'ny taona 1980 ny ST-506, dia hita ihany koa ny antsasaky ny hahavony; * 3.5 intsa (8.89 cm) dia ny fitsipika haben'ny nandritra ny taona maro; * 2.5 intsa (6.35 cm) ny solosaina sy ny tany am-boalohany napetraka amin'ny lohamilina sasany nanomboka tamin'ny 2006, ary dia ny rafitry ny ventin-panjakana aelin'ny; * 1.8 intsa (4.572 cm) ho an'ny mpilalao mozika nomerika, Ultra solosaina azo entina, ny sasany ivelany aelin'ny mafy. Aelin'ny misy fa kely dia tafiditra ao amin'ny sokajin'ny microdrives tamin'ny haben'ny 1 intsa (2.54 cm). Ny fitsipika teo aloha endrika dia voafaritra amin'ny haben'ny takelaka. Misy ihany koa ny fitsipi-kabem-boaty mba hamela ny kapila mateza avy amin'ny mpanamboatra mba hifanaraka amin'ny solosaina. === Microdrive === Ny Microdrive dia noforonin'i IBM 44 tamin'ny 1998. Izy io dia birendim-barotra ho ana kapila mateza kely habe namboarina ary namidy nanomboka tamin'ny taona 1999 mba hamaly ireo filàn'ny baladera nomerka ary koa ny fakan-tsary nomerika. Ny microdrive dia manana ny refin'ny ny CompactFlash karatra fitadidiana (CF karazana 2), ary ampiasaina ao amin'ny toy izany koa. Ny fahafaha-mitahiry dia eo anelanelan'ny 170 MB sy 8 GB. Kapila ity dia amin'ny fotoana, ny fahatsiarovana fananana fahafaha-mitahiry betsaka noho ny karatr'arika, fa lafo kokoa, marefo kokoa ary mandevona herinaratra bebe kokoa noho ny ny mikrômotera. Ity kapila no tena ampiasaina amin'ny fakan-tsary sy ny sasany matihanina MP3 mpilalao noho ny fahaizana be. Nanomboka ny 2007, io karazana fiara mafy dia fifaninanana mivantana amin'ny mipipy fahatsiarovana, izay tsy dia mora mahatsapa ny mahatanty ny olana isan-, araka ny nanao ny madio ary ny vidiny elektronika kijanona mihena. == Fahasimbana == Noho ny fifanakaikezan'ny loha famakiana ary ny velaran'andriamby dia mety ho potiky ny filatsahan'ny loha ny kapila mateza. Izany [[filatsahan'ny loha]] (head crash) famakiana izany dia mandrangotra, manaparitaka ny soson'andriamby ary mahatonga ny angona ho very. Ny filatsahan'ny loha dia vokatry ny fijanonam-batsin'aratra (tapaka ny jiro ohatra), fahasimban'ny rafitra mifehy ny koriam-boanarata, fifandonana, fidiran'ny vovoka ao amin'ny efitra misy ny kapila na loha na kapila ratsy kalitao. Miankina amin'ny hakitro-drivotra ao amin'ny efi-kapila ny rafitra mifehy ny fijanonan'ny kapila eo ambony ary ao akaikin'ny kapila. Afaka miovaova amin'ny alalan'ny lalan-drivotra ao amin'ny kapila ny hakitroky ny rivotra. Raha tsy mikitroka tsara ny rivotra dia mety hampilatsaka ny loha famakiana eo amin'ny kapila izany. == Sary manondro == [[Sary:Crystal128-hdd-unmount.svg|vignette|Sary mety anehoana ny kapila mateza amin'ny GUIn'ny solosaina]] Ny sary manondro ny kapila mateza efa mahazatra ny tsirairay dia lovia na toa sarin'ny boatin-kapila. Amin'ny tontolo grafikan'ny solosaina dia iray amin'ireo sary ireo no anondroana kapila mateza. == Jereo koa == * [[Kapila fitahirizana]] == Tsiahy == {{ref}} [[sokajy:Solosaina]] [[sokajy:Fitaovam-pitahirizan'angona]] psx34nq1c8do1moy5qlcufy0ie7xkgg 0 244449 1152897 1151058 2026-11-03T11:57:11Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152897 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:120CollinsSt.jpg|vignette|Ao amin' ny tranoben' ny 120 Collins Street any Melbourne, [[Aostralia]] ny foibe aostralianan' ny Rio Tinto.]] Ny [[Rio Tinto|'''Rio''' '''Tinto''']] dia vondron' orinasa mpitrandraka [[harena an-kibon' ny tany]] anglô-aostraliana misandrahaka maneran-tany, izay miorina indrindra ao [[Aostralia]] sady manana foibe roa (any [[Melbourne]] sy any [[Lôndôna]]) sy ao [[Amerika Avaratra]]. Io vondrona io dia hita ihany koa amin' ny firenena maro ao amin' ny [[Kôntinenta]] dimy, nefa ny ampahany be amin' ny fitrandrahany dia ao Aostralia sy ao [[Kanada]]. Ny fananany dia mitentina 81 lavitrisa [[dôlara]], izay azy amin' ny alalan' ny tambajotran' orinasa sy sampana maro<ref name=":1"><small>[http://www.riotinto.com/documents/investors_databook/March_09_Chartbook.pdf Rio Tinto Chartbook] {{Wayback|url=http://www.riotinto.com/documents/investors_databook/March_09_Chartbook.pdf |date=20110715190346 }}, marsa 2009, Rio Tinto Group, notsidihina tamin'ny 08-04-2009</small></ref>. Hatramin' ny nividiany ny Alcan sy ny famoronana ny Rio Tinto Alcan, ny fitrandrahana ny [[viraty]] (na alominiôma) no lehibe indrindra amin' ny anton' asa sahaniny: niteraka 40 % amin' ny varotra nataony tamin' ny taona 2008 izany<ref>{{Cite web |title=<small>Rapport annuel 2008</small> |url=http://www.riotinto.com/annualreport2008/pdfs/AnnualReport2008.pdf |accessdate=2018-04-16 |archivedate=2016-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212213/http://www.riotinto.com/annualreport2008/pdfs/AnnualReport2008.pdf }}</ref>. Ny fitrandrahana ny [[vy]] kosa dia 28 % amin' ny varotra ataony, ary ny Rio Tinto, niaraka tamin' ny orinasa BHP Billiton sy ny orinasa Vale, dia iray amin' ny vondrona telo izay manjaka amin' ny tsena maneran-tany amin' ny fitrandrahana sy fivarotana io akora io. Anisan' ny asa sahaniny amin' ny sehatra hafa iasan' ilay vondrona ny [[arintany]] sy ny [[varahina]]. Sampan' ny Rio Tinto ny [[QIT-Fer et Titane]] izay manana zana-tsampana hafa ka ny eto [[Madagasikara]] dia ny [[QIT Madagascar Minerals]] (QMM) izay miorina ao [[Taolagnaro|Tôlagnaro]] (Fort-Dauphin) sady mitrandraka [[ilmenita]] na "fasi-mainty". == Tantarany == [[Sary:Rio tinto river CarolStoker NASA Ames Research Center.jpg|vignette|234x234px|Ny anaran' ilay orinasa dia nalaina avy amin' ny anaran' ity renirano hita eto amin' ny sary ity, dia i [[Río Tinto (ony)|Rio Tinto]], izay lasa mena noho ny fahalotoana navelan'ny tantara (fitarihan-drano miharo asidra, vokatry ny fitrandrahana tany aloha ela be, mety tany amin' ny [[Andro Taloha]]).]] === Fanombohany niasa tao Espaina === Naorina tamin' ny taona 1873 ny Rio Tinto, rehefa nisy fikambanana iraisam-pirenenan' ny mpampiasa vola niforona mba hividy ny toeram-pitrandrahan' i Rio Tinto izay an' ny [[Espaina|governemanta espaniôla]], teo amin' ny ony [[Rio Tinto (ony)|Rio Tinto]]. Ny mpividy dia nalain' ny mpanankarena mpanana taozava-baventy atao hoe Hugh Matheson (''Matheson's Matheson and Company''), izay namorona fikambanana natokana ho amin' izany, ka ahitana Deutsche Bank (56 %), ny orinasa Matheson (24 %), sy ny orinasa misahana [[lalamby]] atao hoe ''Clark, Punchard and Company'' (20 %). [[Sary:RTCL 026.jpg|vignette|I Hugh Matheson, ilay nividy ny Rio Tinto avy any [[Espaina]] sady tale voalohan' ilay orinasa.]] Amin' ny fivarotana ny toeram-pitrandrahana, tamin' ny fotoana feno fikorontanana ara-pôlitika (14 Febroary 1873), efatra andro taorian' ny fananganana ny Repoblikan' i Espaina, dia nandresy ny ny fikambanana ka nahazo ny toeram-pitrandrahana manontolo tamin' ny tolotra mitentina 3,68 tapitrisa pound sterling (92,8 tapitrisa peseta espaniôla), taty aoriana dia naseho fa ambany lavitra noho ny tokony ho vidiny izany<ref><small>[http://www.andalucia.com/province/huelva/riotinto/home.htm Huelva Province – Rio Tinto, Andalucia.com], notsidihina tamin'ny 03/03/2009.</small></ref>. Ny tolotra dia ahitana andininy iray milaza fa tsy manana ny [[zo]] rehetra hitaky ny tamberim-bidy momba ny famokarana eo amin' ilay toeram-pitrandrahana ny governemanta espaniôla. Fotoana fohy taorian' ny nividianana ilay toeram-pitrandrahana dia namorona an' ity orinasa indostrialy antsoina hoe ''Rio Tinto'' ity ny sendika (niditra tao amin' ny rejisitry ny orinasa espaniôla tamin' ny 29 Martsa 1873)<ref name=":0"><small>Charles E. Harvey (1981) ; ''The Rio Tinto Company: an economic history of a leading international mining concern'' (Ny orinasa Rio Tinto : tantara ara-toekarenan'ny vondrona mpitrandraka harena an-kibon'ny tany mantanjaka eran-tany), jereo takila faha-188.</small></ref>. [[Sary:Corta Atalaya1.jpg|vignette|332x332px|Lavaka be navelan' ny fitrandrahana nataon' ny orinasa Rio Tinto tamin' ny taona 1980.]] Tamin' ny faramparan' ny taompolo 1880 dia nandray ny fanaraha-maso ny orinasa ny [[fianakaviana Rothschild]], orinasa izay efa nampitombo be dia be ny habetsahan' ny asany momba ny harena ankibon' ny tany trandrahany<ref name=":0" />. Nanomboka teo dia nitombo sy nanan-karena ilay orinasa nandritra ny fisian' ny fanambarana sy fividianan-karen' orinasa ka nahatonga azy ho lasa anisan' ny orinasa matanjaka indrindra eran' izao tontolo izao amin' izao fotoana izao amin' ny famokarana akora isan-karazany, anisan' izany ny [[viraty]], ny [[vy]], ny [[varahina]], ny [[oraniôma]], ny [[arintany]] ary ny [[diamondra]]<ref><small>[http://www.riotinto.com/documents/Media/PR712g_Rio_Tinto_announces_underlying_earnings_of__10.3_billion.pdf Rio Tinto ; Résultats préliminaires 2008] {{Wayback|url=http://www.riotinto.com/documents/Media/PR712g_Rio_Tinto_announces_underlying_earnings_of__10.3_billion.pdf |date=20090327021716 }}</small>.</ref>. Na dia natokana ho an' ny sehatry ny fitrandrahana [[mineraly]] sy ny fitadiavam-bola momba ny [[metaly]] aza ny Rio Tinto dia manan-danja ihany koa izy amin' ny fahaiza-manao sy amin' ny orinasam-panadiovana, indrindra fa ny fanadiovana ny [[baoksita]] sy ny akoram-by<ref><small>[http://www.riotinto.com/whatweproduce/218_our_products.asp Our Products; Rio Tinto web site] {{Wayback|url=http://www.riotinto.com/whatweproduce/218_our_products.asp |date=20101213055823 }}, Rio Tinto Group, 2009/04/11</small></ref>. === Tantaran' ny fitrandrahana === Taorian' ny fividianana ny toeram-pitrandrahan' i Rio Tinto, dia nanorina trano vaovao fanodinana ny tompon' orinasa vaovao, izay nampiasa teknikam-pitrandrahana vaovao sy nanitatra ny karazan' ny harena ankibon' ny tany trandrahany<ref name=":0" />. Hatramin' ny taona 1877 ka hatramin' ny 1891 dia ny toeram-pitrandrahana Rio Tinto no lehibe indrindra eran-tany amin' ny famokarana [[varahina]]<ref><small>Stevens, Horace Jared ''The Copper Handbook'', Ed : Horace J. Stevens, 1908, vol 8, takila faha-1547.</small></ref>. Nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1870 ka hatramin' ny 1925 dia nanokana ny fahaizany amin' ny fitrandrahana tanteraka ilay toeram-pitrandrahana goavamben' i Rio Tinto, sady nanitatra ny fitrandrahana any ivelan' i [[Espaina]]. Io vondrona io dia ampahany amin' ny fiombonan' orinasa izay mifehy ny famokarana varahina sy [[pirita]] ary ny fifehezana ny vidin' ny vokatra manerana izao tontolo izao, izay manome antoka ny fahombiazany ara-bola tsy miova nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1914. ==== Les ''teleras'' sy ny "taonan' ny tifitra" ==== Tamin' ny 4 Febroary 1888, fotoana fohy taorian' ny nahatongavan' ny tale jeneraly vaovao, William Rich, ny fihetsiketsehan' ny mpitrandraka sy ny tantsaha nanohitra ny fisian' ny setroky ny "teleras" sy nanohitra ny tontolo fadiranovan' ny asa, dia nofaizin' ny tafika mafy. Na dia tsy niresaka firy ny amin' ilay hetsika aza ny governemanta sy ny orinasa, dia fantatra fa olona maherin' ny 200 no maty. Ireo tranga feno ra mandriaka ireo no atao hoe ''año de los tiros'' ("taon' ny tifitra") any amin' ny faritanin' i [[Huelva]]. Ny ''teleras'' (fandoroana ny akora an-kalamanjana) dia efa fanao tao an-toerana nanomboka tamin' ny fiandohan' io taonjato io fa tamin' ny fahatongavan' ny [[Britaina Lehibe|Britanika]] no nampitombo be ny fanaovana izany, hany ka dia tombanana ho 500 taonina isan-taona ny akora voadoro. Nisy akony teo amin' ny firenena izany toe-draharaha izany, ary tany amin' ny faritany dia nizara roa ny mponina ka ao ireo atao hoe ''humistas'' ("mpankasitraka ny setroka"), nanohana ilay fanao izay heveriny ho mariky ny fandrosoana, ary ao koa ireo ''antihumistas'' ("mpanohitra ny setroka"), izay nitsikera ny fandotoana goavana ny [[tontolo iainana]]. Raha ny marina, ny [[setroka]] avy amin' ny ''teleras'' dia nandoto ny faritra manontolo, ka indraindray dia tonga any Sierra de Sevilla, ary na dia tany [[Ayamonte]] sy [[Pôrtogaly]] aza dia tongan' izany setroka izany. Noho izany, nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1877 dia maro ny fitarainana voarain' ny governemantan' i Cánovas del Castillo, ka nahatonga famoahana [[didim-panjakana]] tamin' ny 22 Jolay 1879, izay nanome onitra kely fotsiny ho solon' ny fahavoazana amin' ny vokatry ny fambolena; izany dia sahala amin' ny fanomezana alalana ny fampiasana izany fomba fandorana akora izany, na dia teo aza ny fahafatesan' ny mpiasa maro tao amin' io faritra io vokatr' izany. Nilaza ny dokotera rehetra tao amin' ilay orinasa fa vokatry ny aretina avy any an-kibon-dreny mianjady amin' ny mpiasa izany fahafatesana izany fa tsy vokatry ny setroka. Nandritra izany fotoana izany dia maro ny tanàna niezaka nandrara ny fandoroana akora ankalamanjana. Nanafoana ny didy navoakan' ireo tanàna ireo anefa ny governemanta noho ny olona ao amin' ilay governemanta efa azon' ny orinasa sy ny ny gazety mpandala ny mahazatra toa ny ''La Provincia.'' Nitombo ny tsy hafalian' ny olona ka ny tompon-tany sy ny mpiasa tany, izay tsy afaka nivelona intsony noho ny fahalotoan' ny [[tontolo iainana]], dia nitambatra ka nanao hetsi-panoherana amin' ny maha mpiasa, sy ho fandalana ny tontolo iainana. Noho izany, tamin' ny 31 Janoary 1888 dia nisy hetsika teo amin' ny lapan' ny tanàna iray notarihan' ilay mpikatroka an-dahatsoratra, dia ilay [[Kiobà|Kiobana]] Maximiliano Tornet, izay nametraka fangatahana maromaro, anisan' izany ny fampitsaharana ny fandoroana akora eny ankalamanjana. Tamin' ny 29 Desambra amin' io taona io vao namoaka didy ny governemanta fa tokony hahena io fomba fandoroana io (nefa efa voarara any [[Britaina Lehibe]] fito taona lasa izany fanao izany). Ny 2 Febroary 1888 dia nisy fitokonana tao amin' ny lempona fitrandrahana, izay nitarika ny Governorata Sivily hametraka antoko miaramila roa an' ny jeneraly Pavía, izay baikoin' ny lietna-kôlônely Ulpiano Sánchez. Ny ampitson' io, na dia teo aza ny ezaka fanelanelanana nataon' ny ''Guardia Civil'', dia nisy ny trangan-kerisetra niseho, ka ny mpitantana ny tanàna sy ny mpitantana ny orinasa, William Rich, dia tsy nanaiky ny fifampiraharahana sady angamba nampandre ny any amin' ny renivohitra mba handefa ny tafika ao Riotinto. Ny marainan' ny 4 Febroary dia nisy hetsika vaovao indray, nandraisan' ny mponina tao an-tanànana akaikin' i Nerva sy ny faritra manodidina, ary nisy solontena tonga tao amin' ny lapan' ny tanàna mba hanolotra ny fangatahany. Feno mpiasa sy zaza amam-behivavy ny Kianjan' ny Lalàmpanorenana ary tombanana fa nisy mpanao fihetsiketsehana 12&nbsp;000. Hetsi-panoherana am-pilaminana izany, nefa tsy nisy olona nahalala marina tsara hoe iza no nanome alalana ny miaramila tao Pavía mba hitifitra ny vahoaka, ary avy eo dia novitain' ny miaramila tamin' ny baiônety ny ain' ny maratra. Tsy fantatra hoe natao inona ny faty, nefa heverina fa nalevina tao amin' ny korontan-tany sy vato tao amin' ilay toeram-pitrandrahana. Ireo fisehoan-javatra mampalahelo ireo, izay niteraka fihetseham-po eran' ny firenena sy eran-tany, dia azo heverina ho fihetsiketsahana voalohany natao hiarovana ny tontolo iainana, fa na dia eo aza ny didy navoakan' ny minisitra José Luis Albareda, ny ''teleras'' dia tsy voarara tanteraka tao [[Espaina]] raha tsy tamin' ny taona 1907. == Ny toeram-pitrandrahana taorian' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa == [[Sary:Pyrite foolsgold.jpg|vignette|Ny [[pirita]] no iray amin' ny vokatra tena trandrahina ao amin' ilay toeram-pitrandrahana voalohany, [[Río Tinto (toeram-pitrandrahana)|Río Tinto]].]] Tonga ny [[Ady Lehibe Voalohany]] ka ny vokatr' izany dia ny fahafoanan' ny tsena amerikana amin' ny maha tsena azo ianteherana ho an' ny akora [[pirita]] eorôpeana azy, izany dia niteraka fihenan' ny fandraharahana orinasa maneran-tany<ref name=":0" />, nefa nisy tsena vaovao nipoitra, izay niroborobo noho ny filana [[metaly]] avy amin' ny tafika eorôpeana, ary avy eo dia nila izany koa ny asa fanarenan-tanàna potiky ny ady. Ny tsy fisian' ny fanamaroana ny karazam-bokatra vokarin' ny orinasa ilain' ny sehatra hafa na ny firenena hafa dia nanampy ny fihenan' ny endrik' ilay orinasa amin' ny maha orinasam-pitrandrahana iraisam-pirenena lehibe indrindra azy. Na izany aza dia niova ny toe-draharaha taorian' ny ady, tamin' ny taona 1925, rehefa i Auckland Geddes no nandimby an' i Alfred Milner amin' ny maha filohan' ny vondrona azy. Nanapa-kevitra ny hampivelatra ny fampiasam-bolan' ny orinasa sy hanavao ny paikady ara-barotra ny i Geddes sy ny ekipa teo amin' ny fitantanana vaovao. Nitarika ny vondrona i Geddes mba hamolavola sehatra iraisam-pirenena miaraka amin' ny mpanjifa eo amin' ny sehatry ny fampivoarana ny teknôlôjia vaovao sy amin' ny fikarohana [[harena an-kibon' ny tany]] sy ny fitrandrahana izany ivelan' i [[Espaina]]<ref name=":0" />. Ny manan-danja indrindra tamin' ny fampiasam-bolan' ny orinasa dia mety ho ny fividianana ny tany malalaka sy ny toeram-pitrandrahana [[varahina]] any Rhodesia, izay nohamafisin' ilay orina tamin' ny namoronany ny Rhokana Corporation<ref name=":0" />. Ireo ezaka fanamaroan-karazana ny vokatra ireo dia nahafahan' ny orinasa handao ny toeram-pitrandrahana tao Rio Tinto ao Espaina, raha tamin' ny taona 1950 ny governemanta nasiônalistan' i Franco nahatonga ny fitrandrahana ny harena voajanahary ''"espaniôla"'' ho amin' ny tombontsoian' ny orinasa vahiny<ref name=":0" />. Ny orinasa ''Rio Tinto Company'' izay notohanan' ny fampiasam-bolany maneran-tany, dia afaka nivarotra ny roa ampahatelon' ny asa nataony tao Espaina tamin' ny taona 1954, notanterahiny tamin' ny taona maromaro manaraka ny sisa tavela<ref><small>"Who We Are: Timeline, Page du site Web du Groupe Rio Tinto, version 2009, notsidihina tamin'ny 04/03/2009;</small></ref>. === Fanakambanana sy fividianana orinasa === [[Sary:120CollinsSt.jpg|vignette|Foiben-toeran' ny Rio Tinto any [[Melbourne]] any [[Aostralia]].]] Tahaka ny orinasam-pitrandrahana goavam-be maro, dia nitombo tamin' ny alalan' ny fanakambanana sy ny fividianana orinasa ny orinasa Rio Tinto. Tamin' ny Ôktôbra 2007, ny Rio Tinto dia nividy tamin' ny vola 38,1 lavitrisa dôlara amerikana, an' ilay orinasa kanadiana mpamokatra atao hoe Alcan<ref><small>"Rio Tinto prend le contrôle d'Alcan", ''Le Monde'',‎ [http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2007/10/24/rio-tinto-prend-le-controle-d-alcan_970430_3234.html 24 octobre 2007] ([http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fweb%2Farticle%2F0%2C1-0%2C36-970430%2C0.html tahiry]).</small></ref>. Izy no lasa lohalaharana maneran-tany amin' ny famokarana [[alimo]] alohan' ny orinasa rosiana Rusal sy amerikana Alcoa. Nantsoina hoe Rio Tinto Alcan ilay orinasa vao noforonina. Tamn' ny Febroary 2009 dia nanao izay handraisan' ny Chinalco anjara ara-bola ny Rio Tinto mba hanatanterahana ny adidiny ara-bola, ka anisan' izany ny tokony handoavany 9 lavitrisa dôlara tamin' ny faran' ny taona 2009. Namidiny tamin' ny orinasa Vale ny petra-bolany mba hanatsara ny toe-bolany azo kirakiraina. Ankoatra izany dia nanambara ny fandroahana mpiasa miisa 14&nbsp;000 tamin' ny taona 2009 ilay orinasa<ref><small>Personnel de rédaction, "The big owe", ''The Economist'',‎ [https://www.economist.com/node/13051516 2 Febroary 2009] ([http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbusiness%2FdisplayStory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D13051516%26source%3Dfeatures_box_main tahiry]).</small></ref>. Tamin' ny 12 Febroary 2009 dia nanapa-kevitra ny hampiasa 19,5 lavitrisa dôlara ao amin' ny Rio Tinto ny Chinalco<ref><small>The Associated Press, "Chinalco investit 19,5 milliards $US dans Rio Tinto", ''Le Devoir'',‎ [https://www.ledevoir.com/2009/02/13/233417.html 13 février 2009] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ledevoir.com/2009/02/13/233417.html |date=20090215114300 }}. ([http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledevoir.com%2F2009%2F02%2F13%2F233417.html tahiry])</small></ref>. Tamin' ny Jona 2009 dia nisafidy ny handray famatsiam-bola avy amin' ny tsenam-panjakana ny Rio Tinto, sady nanao sonia fiaraha-miasa amin' ny BHP Billiton, ka nandao ny Chinalco teo amin' ny famitana dingana. Nilaza ny Ny mpanao gazety tokan-tsehatra fa nanery ny Rio Tinto ny [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|governemanta sinoa]] mba hahatonga azy hanaiky ny fanaraha-maso ny Chinalco<ref><small>"A souring relationship", ''The Economist'',‎ [https://www.economist.com/node/14205057 11 Aogositra 2009].([http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbusinessfinance%2FdisplayStory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D14205057%26source%3Dfeatures_box_main tahiry])</small></ref>. Tamin' ny volana Aogositra 2010 dia nisy orinasa vaovao, dia ny Alcan EP, izay nanangona ny vokatra voamboatra, izany hoe ny asa nataon' ny Pechiney amin' ny vokatra vita amin' ny [[viraty]] (na [[Viraty|alominiôma]]) ho an' ny fiaramanidina sivily sy miaramila, ho an' ny fiara, ho an' ny fanamboarana [[lalamby]] na ho an' ny indostria. Tamin' ny voalohandohan' ny taona 2011 dia namidy tamin' ny tahiry fampiasam-bola amerikana (ny Apollo) ny 51 % amin' ny Alcan EP, ary ny 10 % no namidy tamin' ny tahirim-bolan' ny fanjakana frantsay, dia ilay atao hoe Fonds Stratégique d'Investissement. Mitazona ny sandanjon' ny renivola ny Rio Tinto Alcan, izany hoe ny 39 %<ref><small>"La renaissance de l'ex-Pechiney prend effet", ''La Tribune'',‎ 4 Janoary 2011</small>.</ref>. Manana toeram-pitrandrahana 70 sy mpiasa miisa 11&nbsp;000 maneran-tany ny Alcan EP, izay novana anarana hoe Constellium, ka ny 5&nbsp;000 amin' ireo dia any Frantsa. Tamin' ny taona 2016 dia namidiny 100 % tamin' ilay orinasa maheni-tany Simec ny zanak' orinasany, dia ny Alcan Aluminum UK, tamin' ny vola mitentina 410 tapitrisa dôlara. Tamin' ny Janoary 2017 dia nanambara ny fivarotana ny ampahan' ny asa [[arintany]] izay nataony any [[Aostralia]] tamin' ny Yanzhou Coal Mining (Yancoal) ny Rio Tinto tamin' ny vola 2&nbsp;450 tapitrisa dôlara<ref><small>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rio-tinto-m-a-yancoal/rio-tinto-sells-coal-assets-to-chinas-yancoal-for-up-to-2-45-billion-idUSKBN1581DY Rio Tinto sells coal assets to China's Yancoal for up to $2.45 billion], Byron Kaye et Barbara Lewis, Reuters, 24 Janoary 2017 ([http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-rio-tinto-m-a-yancoal-idUSKBN1581DY tahiry])</small></ref>. Tamin' ny volana Jona 2017 dia nihoatra izany tolotra izany ny Glencore<ref><small>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rio-tinto-divestiture-glencore/glencore-outbids-yancoal-for-rio-tintos-hunter-valley-coal-mines-idUSKBN1902NO Glencore outbids Yancoal for Rio Tinto coal mines in Hunter Valley], Reuters, 9 oktobra 2017 ([http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-rio-tinto-m-a-yancoal-idUSKBN1581DY tahiry])</small></ref>. Tamin' ny Ôktôbra 2017, izay sambany teo amin' ny tantara, dia nadefa fiaran-dalamby tsy misy mpamily tamin' ny dia lavitra tany [[Aostralia]] ny Rio Tinto<ref><small>Steve Tenre, "[https://dailygeekshow.com/train-autonome-trajet/ Ce train autonome inédit vient d’effectuer son premier trajet]", ''Daily Geek Show'',‎ 4 Oktobra 2017 ([http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdailygeekshow.com%2Ftrain-autonome-trajet%2F tahiry])</small></ref>. == Asa sahaniny == Ny akora fototra an' ny Rio Tinto dia any [[Aostralia]] (akoram-[[Vy|by]], [[arintany]], [[viraty]]), any [[Etazonia]] ([[varahina]], arintany), any [[Kanada]] (viraty sy ny hafa), any [[Amerika Latina]] ary any [[Afrika Atsimo]]. Tamin' ny Marsa 2009 dia heverina ho orinasa fahefatra mpitrandraka [[harena an-kibon' ny tany]] eto amin' izao tontolo izao ny Rio Tinto tamin' ny renivola tokony ho 34 lavitrisa<ref name=":1" /> ka io vondrona io dia voatanisa ao amin' ny gazetiboky ''Fortune'' fa any amin' ny laharana faha-<abbr>263</abbr> eto amin' izao tontolo izao araka ny filaharan' ny orinasa lehibe indrindra araka ny lisitra Global Fortune 500<ref><small>Loharano: Jérôme Goellner, lehiben'ny ''service technologie et risques industriels'' ao amin'ny ministera misahana ny Tontolo Iainana (Oktobre 2010), nanontaniana ny amin'ny fotaka mena ao Gardanne.</small></ref>. Tany [[Kanada]], ankoatra ny viratin' ny Alcan, dia manara-maso toeram-pitrandrahana maro sy orinasana mpitrandraka metaly fototra ny Rio Tinto. Ohatra, manana ny ''[[QIT-Fer et Titane]]'' ao [[Québec (tanàna)|Quebec]] ny Rio Tinto<ref><small>[http://www.riotinto.com/canada/rio-tinto-fer-et-titane-14778-fr.aspx QIT] {{Wayback|url=http://www.riotinto.com/canada/rio-tinto-fer-et-titane-14778-fr.aspx |date=20180416191624 }} [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qit.com%2Ffr%2Fprofil%2Fmine_tio.html tahiry])</small></ref> izay mitrandraka ny tahirina [[ilmenita]] lehibe indrindra eto amin' izao tontolo izao, hita ao amin' ny farihy Tio, 43 km avy ao Havre-Saint-Pierre any amin' ny morontsiraka avaratr' i Kanada. Ao amin' ny Sorel-Tracy, ny QIT dia maka diôksida-na [[titanina]] avy amin' izany akora ilmenita izany izay anamboarana loko fotsy mpanamatroka ao amin' ny asa fandokoana sy ny [[plastika]] sy ny [[taratasy]], sns, sady loharano voalohany ahazoana titanina. Izy koa no manana toeram-pitrandrahana [[vy]] lehibe indrindra ao Labrador any Kanada, ka mahatratra 59 % ao amin' ny ''Independent Operating Company'' (IOC) izany. Farany, dia manana ny 60 % fandraisana anjara ao amin' ny fitrandrahana [[diamondra]] ao Akdov any Yellowknife, ao amin' ny Northwest Territories<ref><small>Claude Turcotte, "Rio Tinto, 134 ans et toutes ses dents", [https://www.ledevoir.com/2007/07/14/150377.html ''Le Devoir'',‎ 14 juillet 2007] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ledevoir.com/2007/07/14/150377.html |date=20081122074313 }} [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledevoir.com%2F2007%2F07%2F14%2F150377.html tahiry]]</small></ref>. Tamin' ny taona 2013 dia nahazo fiaran-dalamby tamin' ny Qiqihar Railway Stock Co., Ltd. ny Rio Tinto, novokarin' ny mpanamboatra fiaran-dalamby iray malaza ao [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]] izay afaka mitondra entana faran' izay mavesatra indrindra manerana izao tontolo izao: mety hahatratra 155 taonina isan-kalesy izy io; ny vesatra lehibe indrindra zakan' ny tsivalan-kodiarana tsirairay dia 44 taonina ary ny lamasinina dia mahazaka entana entana 30&nbsp;000 ka hatramin' ny 50&nbsp;000 taonina<ref><small>french.peopledaily.com.cn/Economie/8367654.html</small></ref>. == Tanjany ara-bola == Tamin' ny taona 2006 ny Rio Tinto dia nanambara fa mampiasa vola hatramin' ny 22&nbsp;500 tapitrisa dôlara ka ny fitombon' ny hareny dia mahatratra 8,6 lavitrisa dôlara kanadiana. Tamin' ny taona 2007 ilay orinasa dia nahazo tombom-barotra 147 lavitrisa dôlara<ref><small>Freed Jamie, [https://www.smh.com.au/business/chinese-raid-on-rio-could- thwart-bhp/20080201-1pkr.html Chinese raid on Rio Tinto could thwart BHP] (Un Raid chinois sur Rio Tinto pourrait contrecarrer BHP) [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.smh.com.au%2Fchinese-raid-on-rio-could- tahiry]], 2008/02/01, Sydney Morning Herald, édité par Fairfax Digital, notsidihina 2009 04 10</small></ref>^,<ref><small>BBC, 2007/11/08 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7084946.stm BHP makes £120bn Rio bid approach] [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F7084946.stm tahiry]], Informations en ligne, BBC, notsidihina 2007/11/08</small></ref> . Na dia nahomby nandritra ny taona maro nifanesy aza ny fitantanana ara-bolan' ilay orinasa, na dia tsara aza ny fidiram-bola avy amin' izany ho an' ny mpampiasa vola, ary na dia eo aza ny fitadiavan' i [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]] metaly be dia be, tamin' ny taona 2007, ny famerenana ilay orinasa Kanadiana Alcan tamin' ny fividianana azy amin' ny vola mitentina 38,1 lavitrisa dôlara dia namoaham-bola be loatra ka nampidi-trosa indrindra tao amin' ny vondrona Rio Tinto<ref><small>Espinoza, Javier; ''[https://www.forbes.com/2009/04/06/rio-tinto-cash-markets-equity-miners.html#167a822b7413 Rio Tinto on the Hunt for Cash]'' [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2009%2F04%2F06%2Frio-tinto-cash-markets-equity-miners.html tahiry]] ; 2009/04/06, Ed : Forbes.com, notsidihina 2009/04/07</small></ref>. == Rafitra == Tsy sahala amin' ny orinasa hafa mitovy habe aminy ny Rio Tinto, izay orinasa ''Dual-listed company'', izany hoe orinasa fehezin' ny fikambanana roa miavaka, izay mizara ny fahasahiranana mety hitranga sy ny tombontsoa: * ny ''Rio Tinto Plc'', orinasa voatanisa ao amin' ny rejisitry ny London Stock Exchange, izay mikambana ao amin' ny vondrona ao amin' ny FTSE 100 Index<ref><small>[http://www.londonstockexchange.com/prices-and-markets/stocks/stocks-and-prices.htm Rio Tinto Plc Ord 10P] {{Wayback|url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/prices-and-markets/stocks/stocks-and-prices.htm |date=20130106070159 }} [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.londonstockexchange.com%2Fen-gb%2Fpricesnews%2Fprices%2Fsystem%2Fdetailedprices.htm%3Fsym%3DGB0007188757GBGBXSET10718875RIO tahiry]]; London Stock Exchange – Detailed Prices; London Stock Exchange ; consulté 2009/03/11</small></ref>; * ny ''Rio Tinto Ltd'', voasoratra ao [[Aostralia]] ary anatin' ny lisitra ao amin' ny Australian Securities Exchange izay ao amin' ny vondron' ny S&P/ASX 200 Index<ref><small>[https://www2.standardandpoors.com//spf/pdf/index/SP_ASX_200_Factsheet_A4.pdf S&P/ASX 200 Fact Sheet] {{Wayback|url=https://www2.standardandpoors.com//spf/pdf/index/SP_ASX_200_Factsheet_A4.pdf |date=20110613193459 }} [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.standardandpoors.com%2Fspf%2Fpdf%2Findex%2FSP_ASX_200_Factsheet_A4.pdf tahiry]] ; Standard & Poor's, PDF, 2009/03/11</small></ref>. Io vondrona io dia mizara ho sampana ara-barotra dimy: ny [[viraty]] (na alominiôma), ny [[varahina]], ny [[diamondra]] sy [[mineraly]] hafa, ary ny [[angovo]] ny akoram-by. Tamin' ny taona 2007 dia nisy orinasa 80 niorina tany amin' ny firenena miisa 50. == Ny tsikera mahazo ny Rio Tinto == === Tsikera sy fitarainana === Maro dia maro ny fitsikerana ny fomba fiasan' ny Rio Tinto hatramin' izay nisiany, momba ny mpiasa, momba ny [[zon' olombelona]], momba ny [[Kolikoly|tsolotra]], momba ny fanajana ny lova ara-kolontsain' ny vahoaka sasany, momba ny [[tontolo iainana]], sns. Izao ny zava-nitranga sasany: * 1888: fandripahana tantsaha, mpiasa amin' ny fitrandrahana, sns tany amin' ny toeram-pitrandrahana any RioTinto tany [[Espaina]], izay nanohitra ny fandotoana ny tontolo iainana noho ny fandoroana faika avy amin' ny fitrandrahana [[pirita]]<ref><small>Harvey, Charles (1981). ''The Rio Tinto Company: an economic history of a leading international mining concern, 1873-1954''. Penzance, Cornwall: A. Hodge. p. 132. <nowiki>ISBN 0-906720-03-6</nowiki>. OCLC 9081306.</small></ref><ref><small>Millan, Matteo; Saluppo, Alessandro, eds. (2020). ''[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9780429354243/corporate-policing-yellow-unionism-strikebreaking-1890-1930-alessandro-saluppo-matteo-millan Corporate Policing, Yellow Unionism, and Strikebreaking, 1890–1930: In Defence of Freedom]''. p. 53. doi:10.4324/9780429354243. <nowiki>ISBN 9780429354243</nowiki>. S2CID 238046666.</small></ref>. * 1939–1945: fitsabahan' ny firenena mpiara-dia ao amin' ny "Teza" (i [[Alemaina]] sy i [[Italia]] ary ny Empiran' i [[Japàna]]) nandritra ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa|Ady Lehibe II]], tamin' ny andron' i [[Francisco Franco|Franco]], filohan' i Espaina<ref><small>Kutney, Dr. Gerald (2007). ''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=O4rzzkUQyzIC&redir_esc=y Sulfur: History, Technology, Applications & Industry]''. ChemTec Publishing. p. 260. <nowiki>ISBN 9781895198379</nowiki>.</small></ref>. * 2000: fitoriana noho ny fanaovan' ny Rio Tinto toeram-panariam-pakom-pitrandrahana ny [[Hefaka|vinanihefaky]] ny ony Kawerong-Jaba, avy amin' ny toeram-pitrandrahan' i Panguna any [[Papoazia-Ginea-Vaovao|Papoazia-Ginea Vaovao]] sy ny fanimbana ny tonrolo iainana (fanimbana ala)<ref><small>"[https://londonminingnetwork.org/2010/04/rio-tinto-a-shameful-history-of-human-and-labour-rights-abuses-and-environmental-degradation-around-the-globe/ Rio Tinto: A shameful history of human and labour rights abuses and environmental degradation around the globe]". London Mining Network. 8 June 2021.</small></ref>. * 2008: nisintona ny volany tsy hampiasaina intsony ao amin' ny Rio Tinto i [[Nôrvezy]] mba tsy ho anisan' ny mpandray anjara amin' ny fanimbana ny tontolo iainanana manerana izao tontolo izao, taorian' ny fahatsapany fanimbana tontolo iainana tany amin' ny toeram-pitrandrahana volamena Grasberg any Papoazia izay atao hoe [[Ginea-Vaovao Andrefana]] ([[Indônezia]]), fitrandrahana izay efa nanomboka tany amin' ny taona 1973<ref><small>Norwegian Ministry of Finance (9 September 2008). "[https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumentarkiv/stoltenberg-ii/fin/Nyheter-og-pressemeldinger/pressemeldinger/2008/statens-pensjonsfond-trekker-seg-ut-av-g/id526030/ The Government Pension Fund divests its holdings in mining company]".</small></ref><ref><small>MacAlister, Terry (9 September 2008). "[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/sep/09/riotinto.ethicalbusiness Ethical business: Norway ejects mining giant Rio from its pension portfolio]". ''The Guardian. UK''.</small></ref>. * 2012: fanehoan-tsy fankasitrahana ny fizaràna medaily nandritra ny Lalao Ôlimpika tany [[Lôndôna|London]], volamena avy amin' ny volamena notrandrahana tany Utah ([[Etazonia]]) sy tany amin' ny toeram-pitrandrahan' i Oyu Tolgo ([[Môngôlia]]), fitrandrahana niteraka olana amin' ireo tanàna ireo<ref><small>"[https://corporatewatch.org/greenwash-gold-2012-campaign/ Greenwash Gold 2012 campaign]". Corporate Watch. 1 November 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2022.</small></ref>. * 2015-2022: fitarainana momba ny fanavakavahana sy fampijaliana ary fanararaotana ara-nofo tany amain' ny toeram-pitrandrahana any [[Aostralia]]<ref><small>Toscano, Peter Milne, Nick (1 February 2022). "[https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/rio-tinto-shamed-by-alarming-sexual-harassment-bullying-and-racism-20220201-p59swf.html Rio Tinto 'shamed' by alarming sexual harassment, bullying and racism]". ''The Sydney Morning Herald''.</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-60211706 Rio Tinto says 21 female workers reported sexual assaults]". ''BBC News''. 1 February 2022.</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/feb/01/bullying-sexual-harassment-and-racism-rife-at-rio-tinto-workplace-review-finds Bullying, sexual harassment and racism rife at Rio Tinto, workplace review finds]". ''The Guardian''. 1 February 2022.</small></ref><ref><small>Menon, Praveen (1 February 2022). "[https://www.reuters.com/business/rio-tinto-report-finds-disturbing-culture-sexual-harassment-racism-bullying-2022-02-01/ Report on Rio Tinto finds 'disturbing' culture of sexual harassment, racism, bullying]". ''Reuters''.</small></ref>. * 2020: fanimbana toerana manan-tantara sady heverin' ny [[Abôrijinan' i Aostralia|Abôrijinina]] aôstraliana ho masina, izay efa nisy 45&nbsp;000 taona, mba hanitaran' ny Rio Tinto ny toeram-pitrandrahany any Juukan Gorge ([[Aostralia]])<ref><small>"[https://www.sciencealert.com/a-46-000-year-old-aboriginal-site-was-just-deliberately-destroyed-in-australia A 46,000-Year-Old Aboriginal Site Was Just Deliberately Destroyed in Australia]". ''Science Alert''. 28 May 2020.</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-52869502 Mining firm Rio Tinto sorry for destroying Aboriginal caves]". ''BBC News''. 31 May 2020.</small></ref>. * [[Sary:Environmental protests in Belgrade, 11 December 2021.jpg|vignette|Mpanao hetsi-panoherana ny Rio Tinto tany [[Serbia]] tamin' ny taona 2021–2022.]]2020: taorian' ny fitrandrahana [[varahina]] sy [[volamena]] tany Panguna any Bougainville ([[Papoazia-Ginea-Vaovao|Papoazia-Ginea Vaovao]]), izay nilaozan' ny Rio Tinto tamin' ny taona 1989, sady niteraka tondra-drano sy fahalotoan' ny fantsakana ary fanapoizinana ny renirano, dia nametraka fangatahana fanadihadiana tamin' ny governemanta [[Aostralia|aostraliana]] ny mponina ao amin' ilay faritra tamin' ny Septambra. 2020<ref><small>Albeck-Ripka, Livia (30 September 2020). "[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/30/world/australia/rio-tinto-abandoned-mine-poison-rivers.html Abandoned Rio Tinto Mine Is Blamed for Poisoned Bougainville Rivers]". ''The New York Times''. ISSN 0362-4331.</small></ref>. * 2021: hetsi-panoherana tao amin' ny faritra andrefana amin' i [[Serbia]], izay nanehoan' ny olona, indrindra ny mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, ny tsy fankasitrahana ny fitrandrahana [[litiôma]] izay nataon' ny Rio Tinto tany amin' io faritra io. Nitsahatra ny fitrandrahana nefa nilaza ny fitondram-panjakana fa mankasitraka ny hanohizana ilay tetikasa<ref><small>"[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/05/rio-tinto-lithium-mine-thousands-of-protesters-block-roads-across-serbia Rio Tinto lithium mine: thousands of protesters block roads across Serbia]". ''The Guardian''. Agence France-Presse. 5 December 2021.</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://rs.n1info.com/vesti/jovanovic-cuta-blokada-uspela-nastavljamo-dok-rio-tinto-ne-bude-proteran/ Jovanović Ćuta: The blockade succeeded, we will continue until Rio Tinto is expelled]". ''N1 Srbija''.</small></ref><ref><small>Tatalović, Žaklina (16 July 2024). "[https://n1info.rs/vesti/rio-tinto-ana-brnabic-litijum-vucic-jadar/ "Ponovo radi Rio Tinto": Brnabić za sve krivi bivšu vlast, Nemci stižu da se "sporazumemo o litijumu"]". ''N1'' (amin' ny [[fiteny serbiana]]).</small></ref>. [[Sary:Grasberg mine.jpg|vignette|235x235px|Ny toeram-pitrandrahana ao Grasberg any [[Indônezia]]]] ==== Tsy fanajana ny tontolo iainana ==== Tsikerain' ny fikambanana mpiaro ny [[tontolo iainana]] ny vondrona Rio Tinto noho ny asa firandrahana ataony. Miompana amin' ny fomba fiasan' ilay orinasa ny fanoherana an' io orinasa io: fanimbana ny tontolo iainana, fitrandrahana sy fiasana ny [[arintany]] izay mandray anjara amin' ny fampiakarana ny hafanana maneran-tany, ny fitrandrahany [[oraniôma]] izay mampiahiahy momba ny tontolo iainana sy ny [[teknôlôjia]] nokleary. Ny an' ny governemanta nôrveziana no tsikera iarovana ny tontolo iainana mafy indrindra, i [[Nôrvezy]] izay niala tamin' ny asan' ny Rio Tinto sady nisakana ny fampisam-bola noho ny fisahiranany momba ny tontolo iainana. Nitarika ny ''Statens pensjonsfond Utland'' (tahirim-bola fifampitsinjovana an' ny governemanta nôrveziana) hanala ny Rio Tinto tsy hanaovany fampiasam-bola ny fiampangana noho ny fanimbana goavana ny tontolo iainana izay mifandray amin' ny asan' ny Rio Tinto ao amin' ny toeram-pitrandrahan' i Grasberg any [[Indônezia]]. Izany tahirim-bola izany, izay heverina ho laharana faharoa eran-tany, dia nivarotra ny petra-bolan' ny orinasa izay mitantina 4,85 miliara korônina (855 tapitrisa dôlara) mba hialana amin' ny fandraisana anjara amin' ny fanimbana ny tontolo iainana ataon' ilay orinasa<ref><small>Norwegian Ministry of Finance (92008). "[https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/the-government-pension-fund-divests-its-/id526030/ The Government Pension Fund divests its holdings in mining company]".</small></ref>.[[Sary:Panoramica Corta Atalaya2.jpg|vignette|311x311px|Fahasimban' ny tontolo iainana aorian' ny fitrandrahana nataon' ny Rio Tinto]]Ny fanesoranay ilay orinasa avy tamin' ny Tahirim-bola dia maneho ny fahalainana ny ho azon' ny fahasahiranana tsy azo ekena amin' ny handraisana anjara amin' ny fihetsika izay mazava fa mifanohitra amin' ny tokony ho izy. Nanatsoa-kevitra ny Filankevitry ny fahamendrahana fa ny Rio Tinto dia mandray anjara mivantana, noho ny fandraisany anjara amin' ny toeram-pitrandrahana ao Grasberg ao Indônezia, amin' ny fanimbana ny tontolo iainana vokatr' izany fitrandrahana [[harena an-kibon' ny tany]] izany<ref><small>MacAlister, Terry (9 September 2008). "[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/sep/09/riotinto.ethicalbusiness Ethical business: Norway ejects mining giant Rio from its pension portfolio]". ''The Guardian''. UK. notsidihina 10 Septambra 2008.</small></ref>. Nanohitra izany fiampangana azy ho manimba tontolo iainana ao amin' ny toeram-pitrandrahana ao Grasberg izany ny Rio Tinto ka nanambara fa nitazona hatry ny ela laza tsara raha ny amin' ny resaka tontolo iainana<ref><small>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7608097.stm Norway blacklists miner Rio Tinto]". BBC News. 10 September 2008. Notsidihina 9 Avrily 2009.</small></ref>. ==== Tsy fanajana ny fepetran' ny asa sy ny zon' olombelona ==== Fikambanana mpihetsiketsika maro no naneho koa ny ahiahiny ny amin' ny asan' ny Rio Tinto any [[Papoazia-Ginea-Vaovao]], izay, araka ny lazain' izy ireo, nivoy ny fahasahiranan' ny mpisara-bazana ao Bougainvilla<ref><small>Lea, David (1999). "Corporate and Public Responsibility, Stakeholder Theory and the Developing World". ''Business Ethics: A European Review''. '''8''' (3): 151–162. doi:[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-8608.00143 10.1111/1467-8608.00143].</small></ref>. Nitsikera ihany koa ny tsikombakomba misy eo amin' ny fanitsakitsahana ny [[zon' olombelona]] izay miseho manodidina ny toeram-pitrandrahana ny fikambanana mpanao asa soa britanika miady amin' ny fahantrana ''War on Want''; misa any [[Indônezia]] sy any Papoazia-Ginea Vaovao io fikambanana io<ref>_{Curtis, Mark (November 2007). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20091222033219/http://www.waronwant.org/attachments/Fanning%20the%20Flames.pdf Fanning the Flames]" (PDF). ''Fanning the Flames''. War on Want. Archived from [https://www.waronwant.org/attachments/Fanning%20the%20Flames.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 December 2009. Notsidihina 10 Avrily 2009.}</ref>. Tamin' ny 31 Janoary 2010 dia nanajanona mpiasa nitaky zo miisa tokony ho 600 eo ho eo avy ao amin' ny toeram-pitrandrahana ao Boron, any Kalifornia, [[Etazonia]], ny Rio Tinto<ref><small>''"[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-mine-lockout/locked-out-rio-tinto-borax-miners-in-u-s-get-support-idUSTRE61O0CV20100225 Locked-out Rio Tinto borax miners in U.S. get support]". Reuters. 25 February 2010''. Notsidihina 24 Febroary 2010''.''</small></ref>. Ny Rio Tinto dia ampangaina koa ho nanomana sy namatsy vola ny famonoana an' ilay mpanao fihetsiketsehana tao amin' ny RTI, dia i Shehla Masood, tao [[Bhopal]] any [[India]]. Nanohitra ny fitrandrahana tsy ara-dalàna ny [[diamondra]] izay nataon' ny Rio Tinto tamin' ny firaisana tsikombakomba tamin' ny olona ao amin' ny governemanta izy. Izany raharaha izany dia voavaha ary tsy nisy ifandraisany amin' ny Rio Tinto azo porofoina, na dia mihevitra ny olon-tsotra fa meloka ny Rio Tinto <ref>''<small>"[https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/MP-BHO-shehla-masood-case-solved-twitterati-slams-congress-2922727.html Shehla Masood Case solved] {{Wayback|url=https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/MP-BHO-shehla-masood-case-solved-twitterati-slams-congress-2922727.html |date=20210121015909 }}".</small>''</ref><ref><small>"[https://www.news18.com/ Letters by Shehla Masood on Illegal mining]".</small></ref><ref><small>[https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/i-fear-for-my-life-but-ill-go-on/278128 "Shehla Masood's last interview".] {{Wayback|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/i-fear-for-my-life-but-ill-go-on/278128 |date=20230629152249 }}</small></ref><ref>"[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Anna-Hazares-supporter-and-RTI-activist-shot-dead-in-Bhopal/articleshow/9622139.cms?referral=PM RTI activist shot dead]"</ref>. Na dia izany aza dia tsy voaheloka maneran-tany amin' ny fiasany miohatra amin' ny ara-môraly ny Rio Tinto. Nahazo ny loka amin' ny fahaiza mitondra tena ilay orinasa, dia ny loka ''Worldaware Award for Sustainable Development'' tamin' ny taona 1993<ref><small>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20090106115056/http://www.worldaware.org.uk/awards/awards1993/riotinto.html Tate and Lyle Award for Sustainable Development]". Worldaware. 1993. Tahiry</small></ref>. Izany loka izany, na dia natolotry ny vaomiera mahaleotana aza, dia tohanan' ny orinasa iray hafa izay misandrahaka maneran-tany koa (noho izany, ny mpanohana dia ny Tate and Lyle). Manohana ny fanolorany loka ''WorldAware'' koa ny Rio Tinto, dia ny loka ''Rio Tinto Award for Long-term Commitment''<ref><small>"T[https://web.archive.org/web/20010723055123/http://www.worldaware.org.uk/awards/awards1999/shell.html he Rio Tinto Award for Long-Term Commitment]". Worldaware. 1999. Archived from the original on 23 July 2001. Notsidihina 10 Avrily 2009.</small></ref>. Tsy misy intsony nanomboka tamin' ny volana Marsa 2005 ny fikambanana mpanao asa soa britanika ''Worldaware''<ref><small>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20120217043149/http://www.worldaware.org.uk/about/index.html About Worldaware]". Worldaware.org.uk. Archived from the original on 17 February</small> </ref>. Ireo loka ireo, izay omena ny orinasa mpitrandraka izay nanao fanamby manaja ny tontolo iainana mba hialana amin' ny fitsikerana faobe ny asa ataon' izy ireo, dia ataon' ny fikambanana mpanara-maso ny orinasa hoe "''greenwashing''" (ara-bakiteny: "fandiovana ho maitso" na "fanamaitsoana") izany hoe isehoana ho tsy mana-tsiny manoloana ny tontolo iainana<ref><small>Client Earth. "[https://archive.is/20130414123201/http://www.clientearth.org/media-briefing-rio-tintos-greenwash-challenged-in-first-big-test-of-uks-company-reporting-regulator Rio Tinto's greenwash challenged in first big test of UK's company reporting regulator]". Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Notsidihina 8 Avrily 2011.</small></ref><ref><small>Campbell, Logan (28 October 2008). "[http://dailyutahchronicle.com/2008/10/28/rio-tinto-greenwashing-bad-record/ Rio Tinto greenwashing bad record]". ''The Daily Utah Chronicle''. Notsidihina 9 Avrily 2011</small></ref><ref><small>Bruno, Kenny. "[https://corpwatch.org/article/greenwash-10#37 The UN's Global Compact, Corporate Accountability and the Johannesburg Earth Summit]". CorpWatch. Notsidihina 1 Avrily 2011.</small></ref>. === Fiampangana amin' ny fanaovana tsolotra === ==== Fitrandrahana tany Sina ==== Tamin' ny taona 2009 dia nanadihady momba ny fiampangana ny Rio Tinto ny [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|mpitondra sinoa]]. Fanaovana tsolotra amin' ny mpitantana tao amin' ny orinasa mpanodina vy (metalorjia) lehibe indrindra sinoa miisa 16 mba hahazoana vaovao miafina<ref><small>"[http://edition.cnn.com/2010/BUSINESS/01/11/rio.tinto.china/ Rio Tinto bribery case advances in China - CNN.com]". Notsidihina 14 Avrily 2017.</small></ref>. Tamin' ny 29 Marsa 2010 dia mpiasa miisa efatra tao amin' ny Rio Tinto no niaiky heloka ny amin' ireo fiampangana ireo tamin' ny nandraisany vola dôlara an-ketsiny natao tsolotra<ref><small>Barboza, David (29 March 2010). "[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/30/world/asia/30riotinto.html Stiff Sentences Given to Rio Tinto Employees in China]". ''The New York Times''. ISSN 0362-4331. Notsidihina 14 Avrily 2017.</small></ref>. Voasazy nandoa an-jato tapitrisa dôlara izy ireo miampy 7 hatramin' ny 14 taona an-trano maizina<ref><small>''"[http://www.traceinternational.org/TraceCompendium/Detail/263?class=casename_searchresult&type=1 TRACE Compendium - RIO TINTO GROUP] {{Wayback|url=http://www.traceinternational.org/TraceCompendium/Detail/263?class=casename_searchresult&type=1 |date=20230629121510 }}". www.traceinternational.org''. Retrieved 14 April 2017''.''Ererere</small></ref>. ==== Fitrandrahana tany Ginea ==== Voarohirohy tamina fiampangana tsolotra momba ny fividianany fandraisana ajara petra-bola tao amin' ny toeram-pitrandrahana vy tao Simandou tao [[Ginea]] ny Rio Tinto. Ny foiben' ny fiampangana dia momba ny fanomezana vola tsolotra mitentina 10,5 tapitrisa dôlara an' i François de Combret, mpanolotsaina ao amin' ny banky frantsay izay namana sady mpanolotsaina ny filoha [[Alpha Condé]]<ref><small>"[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-28/sec-said-to-probe-rio-tinto-on-mozambique-deal-impairments SEC Said to Probe Rio Tinto on Mozambique Deal Impairments]". ''Bloomberg.com''. 28 November 2016. Notsidihina 14 Avrily 2017.</small></ref><ref name=":2"><small>"[http://www.afr.com/business/mining/iron-ore/recordings-suggest-rio-tinto-consultant-hand-in-hand-with-guinea-20161202-gt2lbw French claims Rio's consultant working 'hand in hand' with officials in Guinea]". ''Financial Review''. 2 December 2016. Notsidihina 14 Avrily 2017.</small></ref>. Nanao fanadihadiana anatiny ny Rio Tinto momba izany, izay nosahanina vondrona mpisolovava mahaleo tena, ary tamin' ny 9 Nôvambra 2016 dia nambara izy ireo fa hanao tatitra momba ny vokatra azony any amin' ny United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) sy ny Serious Fraud Office (Britanika) sy ny Australian Securities and Investments Commission ary ny United State Justice Department. Nanambara koa izy ireo fa hiara-hiasa amin' ny fanaovana fanadihadiana mifanampy amin' izany sady nandroaka mpiasa ambony roa izay nisy fifandraisany tamin' ilay raharaha, ka ny iray dia lehiben' ny angovo sy ny akora mineraly, dia i Alan Davies<ref><small>Samb, Sonali Paul and Saliou. "[https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-rio-tinto-guinea-corruption/rio-tinto-suspends-senior-executive-after-guinea-investigation-idUKKBN1332Q3 Rio Tinto suspends senior executive after Guinea investigation] {{Wayback|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-rio-tinto-guinea-corruption/rio-tinto-suspends-senior-executive-after-guinea-investigation-idUKKBN1332Q3 |date=20171010190645 }}". ''Reuters UK''. Notsidihina 14 Avrily 2017.</small></ref>, izay nitantana ny hetsika Simandou tamin' ny taona 2011<ref name=":2" />. Nahantona tamin' ny asany izy taorian' ny nahitan' ny mpanadihady imailaka mampiahiahy ahitana adivarotra momba ny fandoavana ny fifanekena nanomboka tamin' io taona io. Nilaza i Davies fa tsy misy ny antony tokony hanalana azy amin' ny asany<ref><small>"[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/11/16/rio-tinto-sacks-two-executives-after-guinea-bribery-scandal/ Sacked Rio Tinto exec hits back over Guinea bribery scandal]". ''The Telegraph''. Notsidihina14 Avrily 2017.</small></ref>. Ny filoha dia nanda ny mety ho fahalalany ilay fifanakalozana tsy ara-dalàna, nefa ny raki-peo tao amin' ny France24 dia nanaporofo ny mifanohitra amin' izany<ref><small>''"[http://www.france24.com/en/20161201-exclusive-audio-recordings-guinea-president-conde-simandou-mine-bribery-rio-tinto Audio recordings drag Guinea president into mine bribery scandal - France 24]". France 24. 1 December 2016''. Retrieved 14 April 2017''.''</small></ref> Nahazo 80 % amin' ny karamany izay voahazona nandritra ny fitohizan' ny fanadihadiana I Sam Walsh izay filoha sy tale jeneraly taloha tao amin' ny orinasa<ref><small>''Pash, Chris (3 March 2017). "[https://www.businessinsider.com.au/rio-tintos-retiring-ceo-sam-walsh-is-having-problems-with-his-bonus-2017-3#pZkUdDzZocmgbwwB.99 Rio Tinto's retiring CEO Sam Walsh is having problems with his bonus] {{Wayback|url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/rio-tintos-retiring-ceo-sam-walsh-is-having-problems-with-his-bonus-2017-3#pZkUdDzZocmgbwwB.99 |date=20180307135452 }}". Business Insider Australia''. Notsidihina 14 Avrily 2017''.''</small></ref>. Tamin' ny fiandohan' ny volana Nôvambra, ilay ministry ny harena an-kibon' ny tany taloha ao [[Ginea]], Mahmoud Thiam, dia nanambara fa nanome tsolotra azy tamin' ny taona 2010 ny tomponandraikitra tamin' ny hetsiky ny Rio Tinto tao Ginea, mba ho afaka mifehy ny toeram-pitrandrahan' i Simandou ary mba hahazo ny fanohanan' ny mpikambana zokiny ao amin' ilay orinasa<ref><small>''"[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-18/rio-tinto-offered-bribe-for-iron-mine-ex-guinea-official-says Rio Tinto Offered Bribe for Mine, Ex-Guinea Minister Says]". Bloomberg.com. 18 November 2016''. Notsidihina 14 Avrily 2017''.''</small></ref>. Tamin' ny taona 2017, ny Rio Tinto dia niatrika fitoriana miaraka miisa efatra fara-fahakeliny tao [[Etazonia]], izay mitaky onitra tamin' ny fiampangana kolikoly tany Ginea. Nanambara ny fampanoavana fa nanao "fanambaràna diso sy mamitaka goavana" izay "namitaka" ny mpampisa vola ny Rio Tinto<ref><small>"[https://myaccount.news.com.au/sites/theaustralian/subscribe.html?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a&mode=premium&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fbusiness%2Fmining-energy%2Frio-tinto-faces-us-class-actions-over-guinea-bribery-scandal%2Fnews-story%2Fe2 Subscribe | theaustralian]". ''www.theaustralian.com.au''. Notsidihina 14 Avrily 2017.</small></ref>. Tamin' ny volana Jolay 2017, ny Serious Found Office (SFO) dia nanambara ny hanaovana fanadihadiana momba ny hosoka sy ny tsolotra eo amin' ny fomba fiasa ara-barotry ny Rio Tinto ao [[Ginea]]<ref><small>''"[https://www.reuters.com/article/britain-sfo-rio-tinto/uks-sfo-says-opens-investigation-into-rio-tinto-group-idUSL5N1KF5FC UK's SFO says opens investigation into Rio Tinto Group]". Reuters. 24 July 2017''. Notsidihina 3 Janoary 2018''.''</small></ref>. Taorian' ny fanambaràna ny hanaovana ny fanadihadiana dia nihena 1,4 % ny petra-tsora-bolan' ny Rio Tinto<ref><small>Staff; Reuters (25 July 2017). "[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/jul/24/rio-tinto-sfo-investigation-guinea-suspected-corruption SFO says it is investigating Rio Tinto over Guinea operations]". ''The Guardian''. ISSN 0261-3077. Notsidihina 3 January 2018.</small></ref>. Ny pôlisy federaly aostraliana koa dia nanadihady ny amin' ireo fiampangana ireo<ref><small>AFP. "[https://citizen.co.za/news/news-africa/1584247/australia-guinea-mining-rio/ UK Serious Fraud Office probes Rio Tinto Guinea project]". ''The Citizen''. Notsidihina 3 Janoary 2018.</small></ref>. Nanambara ny Rio Tinto fa hiara-hiasa amin' ny fanatanterahana ny fanadihadiana. Taorian' ny fanambaràna ny hanaovana fanadihadiana izay nataon' ny SFO sy taorian' ny fikarohana olona hatao filoha sy tale jeneraly vaovao, dia voatery nametra-pialana tamin' ny toerany tao amin' ny orinasa i John Varley, talen' ny Rio Tinto<ref><small>''"[https://www.ft.com/content/2bafacba-d874-11e7-a039-c64b1c09b482 Subscribe to read]". Financial Times''. Notsidihina 3 Janoary 2018''.''</small></ref><ref><small>Knight, Elizabeth (22 June 2017). "[https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/rio-tintos-governance-a-fiasco-as-director-charged-with-fraud-20170621-gwvk04.html Rio Tinto's governance a fiasco as director charged with fraud]". ''The Sydney Morning Herald''. Notsidihina 3 Janoary 2018.</small></ref>. == Jereo koa == * [[QIT-Fer et Titane]] * [[QIT Madagascar Minerals]] * [[Seranan-tsambon' Ehoala]] * [[Toliara Sands]] *[[Base Toliara]] == Tsiahy: == [[Sokajy:Orinasa mpitrandraka vy]] [[Sokajy:Orinasa aostraliana]] [[Sokajy:Fitrandrahana]] [[Sokajy:Rio Tinto]] loqhq64nenrktfhj78x3d6awmplyp08 0 253630 1152856 1090116 2026-11-03T05:43:15Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152856 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Leloir - Jacob Wrestling with the Angel.jpg|vignette|345x345px|''Nitolona tamin' Anjely i Jakôba'', sary nataon' i Alexandre-Louis Leloir]] Ny '''[[Israelita]]''' dia vondrona ara-poko sy ara-pivavahana<ref><small>Sparks, Kenton L. (1998). ''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=KztVonFGqcsC&q=ethno+religious+israelites&pg=PA146&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=ethno%20religious%20israelites&f=false Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Israel: Prolegomena to the Study of Ethnic Sentiments and Their Expression in the Hebrew Bible]''. Eisenbrauns. pp. 146–148. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-57506-033-0</nowiki>.</small></ref> [[Fiteny hebreo|niteny hebreo]] tany [[Atsinanana Akaiky|Atsinana Afovoany]], nahitana fokom-pirenena maro nonina tamin' ny ampahany be amin' ny tany [[Kanaana (faritra)|Kanaana]] nandritra ny [[Andron' ny Vy]]<ref><small>Faust, Avraham (2023). "[https://books.google.mg/books?id=pyG3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false The Birth of Israel]". In Hoyland, Robert G.; Williamson, H. G. M. (eds.). The Oxford History of the Holy Land. Oxford University Press. pp. 5–33. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-288687-3</nowiki>.</small></ref>, vanim-potoana faha foko sy faha mpanjaka<ref><small>Finkelstein, ''Israel, and Nadav Naʼaman, eds. From nomadism to monarchy: archaeological and historical aspects of early Israel.''</small></ref>. Ao amin' ny [[Torah]] sy ao amin' ny [[Kor'any]] ary ao amin' ny [[Testamenta Taloha]] sy [[Testamenta Vaovao]] ao amin' ny [[Baiboly|Baiboly kristiana]] dia manondro ny taranaky ny zanaka lahin' i [[Jakôba (patriarka hebreo)|Jakôba]], izay lohan' ny [[Fokom-pirenen' i Israely|foko roa ambin' ny folon' i Israely]], ny teny hoe ''israelita''<ref><small><abbr>(en)</abbr> Robert L.Cate, ''Israelite''</small> </ref>. Taorian' izay dia nanondroana ny taranak' i [[Jakôba (patriarka hebreo)|Jakôba]] mivantana sy ny vahiny nandray ny kolontsainn' izy ireo ny teny hoe ''israelita''. Azo zaraina dimy ny tantaran' ny Israelita araka ny [[Tanakh|Baiboly hebreo]]<ref><small>Dearman, J. Andrew (2018). ''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=jTdtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA113&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Reading Hebrew Bible Narratives]''. Oxford University Press. pp. 113–129. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-024648-8</nowiki>.</small></ref>: vanim-potoana talohan' ny faha mpanjaka (–hatratramin' ny taona 1050 tal. J.K.), vanim-potoan' ny [[Fanjakan' i Israely (mitambatra)|fanjakana mitambatra]] (taona 1050–930 tal. J.K.), vanim-potoan' ny fanjakana misaraka (taona 930–597 tal. J.K.); vanim-potoan' ny [[Fahababoana tany Babilôna|fahababoana]] (597–538 tal. J.K.), ary vanim-potoana persiana (539–331 tal. J.K.). == Fiforonan' ilay teny == Ao amin’ ny [[Tanakh|Baiboly hebreo]], ny teny hoe ''israely'' dia miseho voalohany ao amin’ ny [[Bokin' ny Genesisy|Genesisy]] 32:29, izay nanomezan' ny anjely anarana an' i [[Jakôba (patriarka hebreo)|Jakôba]] taorian' ny niadiany taminy. Avy amin' ny teny hoe ''yisra'' (izay midika hoe "mandresy" na "miady"<ref><small>Hamilton, Victor (1995). ''The Book of Genesis'', Chapters 18–50. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 334. <nowiki>ISBN 0-8028-2521-4</nowiki>.</small></ref>) sy ny hoe ''El'', (izay manondro ny [[andriamanitra mpamorona]] [[Kanaana (faritra)|kananita]]-[[Mesôpôtamia|mesôpôtamiana]], izay fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe ''Yahweh''<ref><small>Lewis, Theodore J. (2020). ''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=-erqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false The Origin and Character of God: Ancient Israelite Religion through the Lens of Divinity]''. Oxford University Press. pp. 73–118. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0190072544</nowiki>.</small></ref>. Na izany aza, ny manam-pahaizana dia manao ny teny hoe ''El'' ho !itana anjara asa [[Lazaina (fitsipiteny)|lazaina]], ka ny hoe ''Ysra El'' dia midika hoe "manapaka i El" na "miady i El", avy amin' ny hoe שׂרה / ''sarar'' "manapaka"<ref><small>"[https://www.sefaria.org/Klein_Dictionary%2C_%D7%A9%D7%82%D7%A8%D7%A8 שׂרר]". Sefaria. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200921140616/https://www.sefaria.org/Klein_Dictionary,_%D7%A9%D7%82%D7%A8%D7%A8 Archived] from the original on 21 September 2020.</small></ref>. Ny hoe שׂרה / ''sarar'' dia iray fototra amin' ny teny hoe שַׂר / ''sar'' "mpanapaka"<ref><small>"[https://www.sefaria.org/Klein_Dictionary%2C_%D7%A9%D6%B7%D7%82%D7%A8?lang=bi Klein Dictionary, שַׂר]". ''www.sefaria.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200921114549/https://www.sefaria.org/Klein_Dictionary,_%D7%A9%D6%B7%D7%82%D7%A8 Archived] from the original on 21 September 2020..</small></ref> izay atao amin' ny [[Fiteny akadiana|teny akadiana]] hoe ''šarru'' "mpanapaka" na "mpanjaka"<ref><small>"[https://www.assyrianlanguages.org/akkadian/dosearch.php?searchkey=64&language=id šarru]". ''Akkadian Dictionary''. Association Assyrophile de France. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201029214640/http://www.assyrianlanguages.org/akkadian/dosearch.php?searchkey=64&language=id Archived] from the original on 29 October 2020.</small></ref>, izay angamba iray fiaviana amin' ny [[fototeny]] mitovitovy aminy hoe שׂרה / ''sara'' "niady', "nifanditra"<ref><small>"[https://www.sefaria.org/Klein_Dictionary%2C_%D7%A9%D7%82%D7%A8%D7%94 שׂרה]". ''Sefaria''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200921140355/https://www.sefaria.org/Klein_Dictionary,_%D7%A9%D7%82%D7%A8%D7%94 Archived] from the original on 21 September 2020.</small></ref>). == Fampiasana ilay teny == Nanondroana ny taranak' i [[Jakôba (patriarka hebreo)|Jakôba]] mivantana sy ny vahiny niara-monina amin' izy ireo ka nandray ny kolontsainn' izy ireo ny teny hoe ''israelita''. Anaram-poko mitovitovy amin' izany ny hoe "hebreo", saingy matetika no ampiasaina isaky ny sahirana ara-toekarena na mpifindra monina ny Isiraelita. Mety hanondroana ny taranak' i [[Ebera]], zafikelin' i [[Nôa]] koa izany.[[Sary:Israel 850 aC.svg|ankavia|vignette|Ny [[Fanjakan' i Israely (Samaria)|Fanjakan' i Israely]] sy ny [[Fanjakan' i Jodà]] ary ny faritra manodidina (manodidina ny taona 850 tal. J.K.)]] Nanangana fanjakana roa ny Israelita: ny [[Fanjakan' i Israely (Samaria)|Fanjakan' i Israely]] tany avaratra sy ny [[Fanjakan' i Jodà]] tany atsimo. Nanao an' i [[Samaria]] ho renivohiny ny Fanjakan' i Isiraely, noho izany ny anarana hoe "Fanjakan’ i Samaria" indraindray dia nampiasaina fa tsy hoe "Fanjakan' i Israely". Ny Isiraelita "[[samaritana]]" ankehitriny dia mihevitra ny tenany ho taranaky ny vahoaka tao amin' ny Fanjakan' i Isiraely (na ny Fanjakan' i Samaria), amin' ny lafiny ara-poko sy ara-pivavahana. Mifanohitra amin' izany kosa, ny Isiraelita "[[Jiosy|jodeana]]" dia nanondro ny vahoakan' ny Fanjakan' i Jodà izay avy amin' ny [[Fokom-pirenen' i Jodà|fokon' i Jodà]]<ref><small>"The samaritan update" ([https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesamaritanupdate.com%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url arsiva])</small></ref>, ka manome ankehitriny ny [[Jodaisma|fivavahana jiosy]], [[Jodaisma rabinika|rabinika]] sy [[Jodaisma karaita|karaita]]. Tamin' ny farany anefa dia nampiasaina hanondroana koa ny vahoaka tao amin' ny Fanjakan' i Jodà ny teny hoe israelita, amin' ny fampiasana ity teny ity taorian' ny [[Fahababoana tany Babilôna|fahababoana]]<ref><small>Cate, Robert L. (1990). "Israelite". In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey. ''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&pg=PA420&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Mercer Dictionary of the Bible]''. Mercer University Press. p. 420.</small></ref>. Ao amin' ny [[Torah]] dia iantsoana ny mponina tao amin' ny [[Fanjakan' i Jodà]] ny hoe ''Yehudi'' (''Jody'' na ''Jiosy''). Ny teny hoe ''Hebreo'' indray dia ilazana ny taranaky fokon' i [[Ebera|Hebera]], izay nitaranaka ny Israelita. Ao amin’ ny [[Baiboly]] anefa, ny saham-pampiaharana manokana ny teny hoe "israelita" dia tsy mampitovy azy io amin' ny hoe "hebreo". Ity farany ity dia ampiharina amin' ny toe-javatra manokana hanondroana ny vahiny na ny olona voailikilika. Ao amin' ny Baiboly amin' ny [[Fiteny arameana|teny arameana]], ny ''Targum Onkelos'', dia tsy voatahiry io fampiasana manokana io. Adika amin' ny fomba telo samihafa ny fisehoan' ny teny hoe ''ibri''. Ho an' ny tantaran' ny [[Patriarka (ao amin' ny Baiboly)|patriarika]] ao amin' ny [[Bokin' ny Genesisy|Genesisy]], ny teny hoe ''ibri'' dia adika hoe "Hebreo" (עבריאה / ''ivriah''). Ny fisehoan' io teny io hafa dia adika tsotra fotsiny amin' ny teny hoe ''jiosy'' na ''jody'' ankehitriny ([[Fiteny hebreo|hebreo]]: יהודאי / ''yehudai'') na ny hoe ''Isiraelita'' (hebreo: בר ישראל / ''bar israel'', "zanak' i Israely") raha momba ny andevo hebreo. Na izany aza, amin' ny fomban-drazana jiosy, ny Midrash Rabbah momba ny Eksôdôsy (hebreo: שמות רבה / ''Shemot Rabbah'') dia nanondro ny toe-javatra manokana ny fampiasana ny teny hoe "hebreo". Ho azy, ny anarana hoe "Israely" dia midika fanajana fa ny anarana hoe "hebreo" dia anaram-panambaniana nampiasain' ny Egiptiana (''Shemot Rabbah'' 5:19)<ref><small>Herbert Parzen, "The Problem of the Ibrim ("Hebrews") in the Bible", The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, University of Chicago Press, vol. 49, no 3,‎ 1933) (JSTOR 529052)</small></ref>. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 sy faha-20, ny teny hoe "Israelita" dia nampiasaina mba hilazana ny olom-pirenena jiosy na jody, tany [[Frantsa]] sy tany amin’ ny firenena eorôpeanina hafa. Amin' ny fampiasana an' io teny io ho mitovy hevitra amin' ny hoe "jiosy" dia ataon' ny ankamaroan' ny rakibolana ho lany andro izany.<ref><small>[http://www2.cnrs.fr/presse/thema/443.htm « Juif ou israélite ? Halte à la polémique »] {{Wayback|url=http://www2.cnrs.fr/presse/thema/443.htm |date=20180904044139 }} [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelite-samaritans.com%2F tahiry]]</small></ref>. == Fitantarana ao amin' ny Baiboly == === Vanim-potoana talohan' ny faha mpanjaka === [[Sary:12 Tribes of Israel Map.svg|vignette|Sarintanin' ny [[Fokom-pirenen' i Israely|foko roa ambin' ny folon' i Israely]] talohan' ny nifindran' i [[Fokom-pirenen' i Dana|Dana]] ho any avaratra, araka ny [[Bokin' i Jôsoa]]|366x366px]] Izany vanim-potoana izany dia tsy fantatra fiantombohana nefa fantatra fa nifarana tamin' ny taona 1050 tal. J.K. Nomena ny anaran' ny razambeny, [[Jakôba (patriarka hebreo)|Jakôba]] na Israely, izay zafikelin' i [[Abrahama (patriarka)|Abrahama]], ny Isiraelita. Nizara ho foko 12 izy ireo: [[Fokom-pirenen' i Robena|Robena]], [[Fokom-pirenen' i Simeôna|Simeôna]], [[Fokom-pirenen' i Levy|Levy]], [[Fokom-pirenen' i Jodà|Jodà]], [[Fokom-pirenen' i Dana|Dana]], [[Fokom-pirenen' i Naftaly|Naftaly]], [[Fokom-pirenen' i Gada|Gada]], [[Fokom-pirenen' i Asera|Asera]], [[Fokom-pirenen' i Isakara|Isakara]], [[Fokom-pirenen' i Zebolôna|Zebolôna]], ​​[[Fokom-pirenen' i Jôsefa|Jôsefa]] (na ny [[Fokom-pirenen' i Efraima|fokon' i Efraima]] sy ny [[Fokom-pirenen' i Manase|fokon' i Manase]]) ary [[Fokom-pirenen' i Benjamina|Benjamina]]. Tany am-boalohany dia nankany Ejipta izy ireo taorian' ny [[mosary]] izay nitranga tany [[Kanaana]], nefa nandevozin' ny Ejipsiana. Nandositra [[Fivoahan' ny Zanak' i Israely avy any Egipta|avy ao Ejipta]] izy ireo ary nanandamina ny fiarahamoniny ho [[kritarsia]] (fitondran' ny [[Mpitsara ao amin' ny Baiboly|mpitsara]])<ref><small>[[Bokin' ny Eksôdôsy|Eksôdosy]] 18:13–26</small></ref>, izay nanaraka ny lalàna nomen' i [[Mosesy]] na [[Mosesy|Môizy]]. Nandresy sy naka an' i Kanaana ny Israelita taorian' izay, ary niady tamin' ny firenena mpifanolo-bodirindrina maromaro aminy mandra-pametrahany [[fanjakà-mpanjaka]]. Io vanim-potoana io dia resahin' ny Baiboly manomboka eo amin' ny [[Bokin' ny Genesisy|Genesisy]] 12 ka hatramin' ny [[Boky voalohan' i Samoela|1Samoela]] 8. === Vanim-potoan' ny fanjakana mitambatra === [[Sary:Kingdom of Israel 1020 map.svg|ankavia|vignette|367x367px|Sarintanin' ny [[Fanjakan' i Israely (mitambatra)|Fanjakan' i Israely]], tamin' ny andron' i [[Davida (mpanjaka)|Davida]] sy [[Saoly]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-11 tal JK. (ny fanjakana manompo sy ny fanjakana resy dia natao amin' ny loko mena.)]] Amin' ny maha fanjakà-mpanjaka azy dia niray saina ny foko israelita rehetra noho ny fitarihan' i [[Saoly]] sy i [[Davida (mpanjaka)|Davida]] ary i [[Sôlômôna]]. Ny fotoana nanjakan' i Saoly sy i Davida dia voamariky ny fandresen' ny tafika sy ny fifindran' ny Isiraely ho [[empira]] kely nisy fanjakana manompo<ref><small>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20240123041504/https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/mhm/1-samuel-14.html#verses-47 1 Samuel 14: Henry's Complete Commentary on the Bible]". ''StudyLight.or''g. 2022. [https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/mhm/1-samuel-14.html#verses-47 Archived] from the original on 23 January 2024.</small></ref><ref><small>[[Boky faharoan' i Samoela|2Samoela]] 8:1–14</small></ref>. Somary nilamina kokoa ny fitondran' i Sôlômôna ary niandraikitra ny fanorenana ny [[Tempolin' i Sôlômôna|Tempoly Voalohany]]<ref><small>Tetley, M. Christine (2005). ''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=n2lE-TlXv1gC&pg=PA105&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false The Reconstructed Chronology of the Divided Kingdom]''. Eisenbrauns. pp. 105–. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-57506-072-9</nowiki>, p. 105.</small></ref>, niaraka amin' ny fanampian' ny [[Fenisiana (vahoaka)|Fenisiana]] mpiara-dia aminy<ref><small>Dever, William G. (2005). ''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=IGR7-OSz7bUC&pg=PA97&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Did God Have a Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel]''. Wm. B. Eerdmans, p. 97</small></ref><ref><small>Mendels, D. (1987). ''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=gnAWwn7HOvwC&pg=PA131&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false The Land of Israel as a Political Concept in Hasmonean Literature: Recourse to History in Second Century B.C. Claims to the Holy Land]''. Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum. J.C.B. Mohr, p. 131</small></ref><ref><small>Brand, Chad; Mitchell, Eric (2015). ''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=jgxCDwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary]''. B&H Publishing Group, p. 1538</small></ref>. Io Tempoly io no nitehirizana ny [[Fiaran' ny Fanekena]]; tao amin' ny [[Tanànan' i Davida]] no nisy azy taloha<ref><small>Barnes, W. E. (1899), [https://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/2_chronicles/5.htm Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges] on 2 Chronicles 5</small></ref>. Io vanim-potoana io dia resahin' ny Baiboly ao amin' ny [[Boky voalohan' i Samoela|1Samoela]] 8 ka hatramin' ny [[Boky voalohan' ny Mpanjaka|1Mpanjaka]] 11 na koa ny [[Boky voalohan' ny Tantara|1Tantara]] 10 ka hatramin' ny [[Boky faharoan' ny Tantara|2Tantara]] 9. Ity vanim-potoana ity dia teo amin' ny taona 1050 tal. J.K. ka hatramin' ny 930 tal. J.K. === Vanim-potoan' ny fanjakana misaraka === [[Sary:Kingdoms of Israel and Judah map 830.svg|vignette|333x333px|[[Fanjakan' i Israely (Samaria)|Fanjakan' i Israely]] sy [[Fanjakan' i Jodà]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-9 tal. J.K.]] Nizara roa ny fanjakàna, dia ny [[Fanjakan' i Israely (Samaria)|Fanjakàn' i Israely]] sy ny ny [[Fanjakan' i Jodà|Fanjakàn' i Jodà]], noho ny [[ady an-trano]] sy ny fivavahana. Tamin' ny farany, i Isiraely sy i Jodà dia samy rava taorian' ny fanafihan' ny [[Asiria|Asiriana]] sy ny [[Babilôna|Babilôniana]]. Araka ny voalazan' ny [[Mpaminanin' ny jodaisma|mpaminany]] ao amin' ny [[Baiboly]], ireo fanafihana ireo dia didim-pitsaran' Andriamanitra ho setrin' ny [[fivadiham-pinoana]] sy ny fitarihana feno [[kolikoly]]. Io vanim-potoana io dia resahin' ny Baiboly ao amin' ny [[Boky voalohan' ny Mpanjaka|1Mpanjaka]] 12 ka hatramin' ny [[Boky faharoan' ny Mpanjaka|2Mpanjaka]] 25 na ny [[Boky faharoan' ny Tantara|2Tantara]] 10 ka hatramin' ny 2Tantara 36. Ny [[Bokin' i Jônà|Bokin' i Jonà]] dia mitantara an' i [[Jônà (mpaminany)|Jonà]] mpaminany nankany amin' ny [[Empira Neô-Asiriana|Empira Asirianina Vaovao]] mba hampita hafatra avy amin' Andriamanitra. Ity vanim-potoana ity dia nanomboka tamin' ny taona 930 tal. J.K. ary niafara tamin' ny taona 97 tal. J.K. === Vanim-potoan' ny fahababoana === [[Sary:Tissot_The_Flight_of_the_Prisoners.jpg|vignette|274x274px|''Ny Fandosiran' ny Voafonja'' (1896), sary nataon' i [[James Tissot]]; ny fanaovan-tsesitany ny Jiosy avy any [[Kanaana]] ho any [[Babilôna]]]] Taorian' ny nanafihan' ny Babilôniana an' i Jodà dia natao [[Fahababoana tany Babilôna|sesitany any Babilôna]] ny ankamaroan' ny mponina tao, ka tany izy ireo no "babo". Nandresy an' i Babilôna i [[Kirôsy Lehibe|Kirosy Lehibe]] ary nanangana ny [[Akemenida|Empira Persiana Voalohany]] tamin' ny taona 539 tal. J.K.<ref name=":0"><small>Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). ''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=VK2fEzruIn0C&redir_esc=y A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period]''. T&T Clark International, pp. 209–216, 267, 271–276. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230701141234/https://books.google.com/books?id=VK2fEzruIn0C Archived] from the original on 1 July 2023)</small></ref> Herintaona tatỳ aoriana, araka ny fomba fanao mahazatra, dia navelan' i Kirosy hody any an-tanindrazany ny Jodaita<ref name=":0" />. Nantsoina hoe Faritanin' i Yehud io tanindrazany io, izay lasa [[Satrapa|satrapia]]<nowiki/>n' i [[Eber-Nari]] tatỳ aoriana<ref name=":0" />. Io vanim-potoana io dia resahin' ny [[Bokin' i Daniela]]. Ity vanim-potoana ity dia nanomboka tamin' ny taona 597 tal. J.K. ary niafara tamin' ny taona 538 tal. J.K. === Vanim-potoana persiana === [[Sary:Palestine under the Persians Smith 1915.jpg|vignette|333x333px|Sarintanin' i [[Palestina (faritra)|Palestina]] teo ambany fanapahan' ny [[Persia|Persiana]]; mampiseho an' i [[Jodea]] (''Yehud'') amin' ny loko mavokely ary i [[Samaria]] amin' ny loko maitso]] Tamin' ny taona 537–520 tal. J.K. dia lasa governoran' i Joda (''Yehud'') i [[Zerobabela]] ary nanomboka nanamboatra ny [[Tempoly Faharoan' i Jerosalema|Tempoly Faharoa]], izay najanona<ref name=":1"><small>Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). ''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=VK2fEzruIn0C&redir_esc=y A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period]''. T&T Clark International, pp. 278–285.</small></ref>. Tamin' ny taona 520–516 tal. J.K., i [[Hagay]] sy i [[Zakaria mpaminany|Zakaria]] dia nitarika ny Jodaita hanorina indray ny Tempoly. Lasa [[Mpisoronaben' i Israely|mpisoronabe]] i Jôsoa rehefa vita ny fanorenana<ref name=":1" />. Tamin' ny taona 458–433 tal. J.K. dia nitarika antokona Jodaita hafa ho any Jodà (''Yehud'') i [[Ezra]] sy i [[Nehemia]], rehefa nahazo alalana tamin' i [[Artakserksesy I|Artaksersesy]]<ref><small>Myers, Jacob M. (1964). ''Ezra, Nehemiah''. Anchor Bible Series 14. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. pp. XXXVI–XXXVII, LXX. LCCN 65-23788.</small></ref><ref><small>Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=VK2fEzruIn0C A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period]''. T&T Clark International, pp. 292–310, 356–357.</small></ref>. Nanorina indray ny Tempoly i Nehemia taorian' ny loza tsy voafaritra, ary nanaisotra ny fomban' ny hafa firenena teo amin' ny vahoakan' i Jodà. Izany hoe, nisy Jodaita nifidy ny hijanona tao [[Persia]], izay [[Bokin' i Estera|saika niatrehan' izy ireo fandringanana]]<ref><small>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20240213005602/https://biblehub.com/commentaries/barnes/esther/3.htm Esther 3 Barnes' Notes]". ''Biblehub.com''. 2024. [https://biblehub.com/commentaries/barnes/esther/3.htm Archived] from the original on 13 February 2024.</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20240212110948/https://www.thetorah.com/article/the-deliberately-flawed-divine-torah Esther 9 Barnes' Notes]". ''TheTorah.com''. 2024. [https://biblehub.com/commentaries/barnes/esther/9.htm Archived] from the original on 12 February 2024.</small></ref>. Ity vanim-potoana ity dia voarakitra ao amin' ny [[Bokin' i Ezra]] manontolo, ny [[Bokin' i Nehemia]], ny [[Bokin' i Estera]]<ref><small>Dearman, J. Andrew (2018). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jTdtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA113 Reading Hebrew Bible Narratives]''. Oxford University Press. pp. 113–129..</small></ref>, ny [[Bokin' i Hagay]], ny [[Bokin' i Zakaria]], ary ny [[Bokin' i Malakia]]<ref><small>Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=VK2fEzruIn0C A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period]''. T&T Clark International, pp. 85–106. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230701141234/https://books.google.com/books?id=VK2fEzruIn0C Archived] from the original on 1 July 2023</small></ref>. Ity vanim-potoana ity dia nanomboka tamin' ny taona 539 tal. J.K. ary niafara tamin' ny taona 331 tal. J.K. == Jereo koa == * [[Hebreo (vahoaka)|Hebreo]] * [[Jiosy]] * [[Zanak' i Israely]] * [[Israelianina|Israeliana]] == Loharano == lgxdkbhc5sxr8a57nxl5n6lcbuem6ux 0 256887 1152826 1137732 2026-11-03T01:54:26Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|-2.955280|-44.806940}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = São João Batista |velarantany =690,67 |haavo = 29 |isam-ponina = 19.966 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |fanjakana ={{Maranhão}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary = |saina = }} [[File:Maranhao Municip SaoJoaoBatista.svg|thumb|left|Sao Joao Batista]] '''São João Batista''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana mizaka tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 19.966 mponina tamin'ny taona 2022. == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> {{commonscat|São João Batista (Maranhão)}} [[pt:São João Batista (Maranhão)]] [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] 7hbrm6az5k3ffg60pivn81l6selv2wu 0 256892 1152833 1097179 2026-11-03T01:59:19Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|-5.575830|-44.385280}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = São Domingos do Maranhão |velarantany = 1.151 |fanjakana = {{Maranhão}} |isam-ponina = 34.034 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary =PAREDÕES ROCHOSOS BACUPARI EM SÃO DOMINGOS -MA.JPG |saina = Bandeira de São Domingos do Maranhão.jpg }} [[File:Maranhao Municip SaoDomingosdoMaranhao.svg|thumb|left|Sao Domingos do Maranhao]] '''São Domingos do Maranhão''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana federaly tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 34.034 mponina. == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] tdptl7jyqesyeikxjdbt8x85dm0411c 0 256965 1152840 955612 2026-11-03T02:11:41Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|-5.681670|-43.093330}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Parnarama |velarantany =3.245,52 |haavo = |fanjakana = [[Maranhão]] |isam-ponina = 31.250 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary = |saina =Bandeira de Parnarama.jpg }} [[sary:Maranhao Municip Parnarama.svg|thumb|left|Parnarama]] '''Parnarama''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana federaly mizaka tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 31.250 mponina tamin'ny taona 2022. == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] k7kzli1dvyzdxovnwscdhx21qx6swfg 0 256970 1152834 1093970 2026-11-03T01:59:57Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|-6.433060|-43.983610}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Paraibano |velarantany =530,5 |fanjakana = {{Maranhao}} |isam-ponina = 18.274 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary =Igreja Matriz .jpg |saina=Bandeira de Paraibano MA.jpg }} [[File:Maranhao Municip Paraibano.svg|thumb|left|Paraibano]] '''Paraibano''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana federaly tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 18.274 mponina. Lavitra mankany an-drenivohitra (São Luis 510km sy João Pessoa.):254 km == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] c6gtyqmxoq36ckww2kux8ccugsbqff9 1152835 1152834 2026-11-03T02:00:38Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|-6.433060|-43.983610}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Paraibano |velarantany =530,5 |fanjakana = {{Maranhao}} |isam-ponina = 18.274 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary =Igreja Matriz .jpg |saina=Bandeira de Paraibano MA.jpg }} [[File:Maranhao Municip Paraibano.svg|thumb|left|Paraibano]] '''Paraibano''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana federaly tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 18.274 mponina. Lavitra mankany an-drenivohitra ([[São Luis]] 510km sy [[João Pessoa]]):254 km == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] qi6kvvpgrqru5xm5bql6mjlu2a1g9gh 1152836 1152835 2026-11-03T02:02:16Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|-6.433060|-43.983610}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Paraibano |velarantany =530,5 |fanjakana = {{Maranhao}} |isam-ponina = 18.274 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary =Igreja Matriz .jpg |saina=Bandeira de Paraibano MA.jpg }} [[File:Maranhao Municip Paraibano.svg|thumb|left|Paraibano]] '''Paraibano''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana federaly tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 18.274 mponina. Lavitra mankany an-drenivohitra ([[São Luís]] 510km sy [[João Pessoa]]):254 km == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] edid63tjb8arp3b971wffwd41bcb28u 0 257010 1152824 1116414 2026-11-03T01:52:53Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|-3.100560|-45.033610}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Matinha |velarantany = |fanjakana = [[Maranhão]] |isam-ponina = 21.207 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary =Matinha Maranhão.JPG }} '''Matinha''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana mizaka tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 21.207 mponina. == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> {{vangovango|Brazila}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] qsf1ihl9qljyg9mq1a2vxwtan5f6961 0 257068 1152832 1097735 2026-11-03T01:58:45Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|-5.526390|-47.491670}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Imperatriz |velarantany =1.369,03 |fanjakana = {{Maranhao}} |isam-ponina = 273.110 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary =Avenida Bernardo Sayão.JPG |saina = Bandeira de Imperatriz.png }} [[File:Maranhao Municip Imperatriz.svg|thumb|left|Imperatriz]] '''Imperatriz''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana federaly tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 273.110 mponina. Ny halavirana mankany an-drenivohitra ([[São Luís]]): 626 km ==Renirano== *[[Rio Tocantins]] == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] am7geailk09b0slxuxp1iz1041vby4l 0 257110 1152829 1147879 2026-11-03T01:57:18Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|-5.037490|-44.438570}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Dom Pedro |velarantany = |fanjakana = {{Maranhão}} |isam-ponina = 15570 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary =Vista da cidade de Dom Pedro.jpg |saina =Bandeira de Dom Pedro (Maranhão).jpg }} '''Dom Pedro''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana mizaka tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 15570 mponina tamin'ny taona 2013.<ref name='geocities'>[http://download.geonames.org/export/ Brazila] ao amin'i geonames.org, novingiana ny 18/11/2018 </ref> == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> {{vangovango|Brazila}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] 1jnhs67fx9sc50ec4c4ylz48f275bwm 0 257122 1152827 1097180 2026-11-03T01:55:05Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|-4.130000|-44.124170}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Coroatá |velarantany = 2.264 |fanjankana = {{Maranhão}} |isam-ponina = 59.566 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary =Vista da Catedral Nossa Senhora da Piedade, Coroatá MA.jpg |saina =Bandeira de Coroatá - MA.svg }} [[File:Maranhao Municip Coroata.svg|thumb|left|Coroata]] '''Coroatá''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana federaly tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 59.566 mponina. == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] j473k03ft01dd2udbr2uldqku9kva4u 1152828 1152827 2026-11-03T01:56:42Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|-4.130000|-44.124170}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Coroatá |velarantany = 2.264 |fanjakana = [[Maranhão]] |isam-ponina = 59.566 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary =Vista da Catedral Nossa Senhora da Piedade, Coroatá MA.jpg |saina =Bandeira de Coroatá - MA.svg }} [[File:Maranhao Municip Coroata.svg|thumb|left|Coroata]] '''Coroatá''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana federaly tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 59.566 mponina. == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] isagpyyvmldi4wmxf3y7epluiuliyhm 0 257132 1152822 1097174 2026-11-03T01:51:39Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|-3.741670|-43.360280}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Chapadinha |velarantany = 3247 |fanjakana = [[Maranhão]] |isam-ponina = 80.195 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary =Oliveira Roma.jpg |saina = Bandeira chapadinha ma.svg }} [[Sary:Maranhao Municip Chapadinha.svg|thumb|left| Chapadinha]] '''Chapadinha''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana federaly tenan'i {{Maranhão}} ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 80.195 mponina. == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] hn0g9xk7vnd3ltvi6wlrbxvcldggcyt 0 257180 1152844 955827 2026-11-03T04:35:45Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|-2.448890|-44.782500}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Bequimão |velarantany =768,95 |haavo = |fanjakana = {{Maranhão}} |isam-ponina = 21.299 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary = | saina =Bandeira de Bequimão MA.jpg }} [[File:Maranhao Municip Bequimao.svg|thumb|left|Bequimão]] '''Bequimão''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana federaly mizaka tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 21.299 mponina tamin'ny taona 2020. == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] qa3gmkx933pfa2erw9nxe20z1c02drd 0 257218 1152848 955866 2026-11-03T04:54:29Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|-3.264440|-44.619720}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Anajatuba |velarantany = 940,48 |haavo = 8 |fanjakana = {{Maranhão}} |isam-ponina = 25.322 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary =Colagem imagens de Anajatuba.png |saina =Bandeira de Anajatua.png }} [[sary:Maranhao Municip Anajatuba.svg|thumb|left|Anjatuba]] '''Anajatuba''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana federal mizaka tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 25.322 mponina tamin'ny taona 2022. Halavirana mankany amin'ny renivohitra ([[São Luís]]): 130 km == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] 8683vnw95p7h235fanig9tp8xwr99hz 0 257229 1152820 1092797 2026-11-03T01:46:28Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|-2.404100|-44.416690}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Alcântara |velarantany =1 457,91 |faritany = [[Maranhão]] |isam-ponina = 21.126 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary =Alcântara - 01.jpg |saina=Alcântara-MA.jpg }} [[File:Maranhao Municip Alcantara.svg|thumb|left|Alcantara]] '''Alcântara''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny faritany mizaka tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 21.126 mponina tamin'ny taona 2021. Miampita an'i [[São Luís]]-Alcântara: Fiara sambo mitondra ny fiampitana São Luís-Alcântara, miampita ny [[Baía de São Marcos|Helodranon'i São Marcos]], mampitohy ny tanànan'i São Luís amin'ny seranan-tsambon'i Cujupe. Maharitra adiny iray mahery kely (20 km) ny fiampitana ary misoroka ny fiviliana 350 km (6 ora ny dia)<ref>(pt) [https://internacionalmaritima.com.br/ferryboat/ Ferry Boat Service]</ref>. == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] qrmqgci5oh4yt1us7uce7ph58a94fgl 1152821 1152820 2026-11-03T01:50:41Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|-2.404100|-44.416690}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Alcântara |velarantany =1 457,91 |haavo = 32 |fanjakana = {{Maranhão}} |isam-ponina = 21.126 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary =Alcântara - 01.jpg |saina=Alcântara-MA.jpg }} [[File:Maranhao Municip Alcantara.svg|thumb|left|Alcantara]] '''Alcântara''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana mizaka tenan'i {{Maranhão}} ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 21.126 mponina tamin'ny taona 2021. == Miampita an'i [[São Luís]]-Alcântara == Fiara sambo mitondra ny fiampitana São Luís-Alcântara, miampita ny [[Baía de São Marcos|Helodranon'i São Marcos]], mampitohy ny tanànan'i São Luís amin'ny seranan-tsambon'i Cujupe. [[sary:Cujupe-São_Luís_ferry_at_Cujupe,_Maranhão,_2018.jpg|thumb|left|Ferry Boat Cujupe-Alcantara]] Maharitra adiny iray mahery kely (20 km) ny fiampitana ary misoroka ny fiviliana 350 km (6 ora ny dia)<ref>(pt) [https://internacionalmaritima.com.br/ferryboat/ Ferry Boat Service]</ref>. == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] suo4jytjtlmjveylivlmj01erjuyz8o 1152843 1152821 2026-11-03T04:26:46Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|-2.404100|-44.416690}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Alcântara |velarantany =1 457,91 |haavo = 32 |fanjakana = {{Maranhão}} |isam-ponina = 21.126 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary =Alcântara - 01.jpg |saina=Alcântara-MA.jpg }} [[File:Maranhao Municip Alcantara.svg|thumb|left|Alcantara]] '''Alcântara''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana mizaka tenan'i {{Maranhão}} ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 21.126 mponina tamin'ny taona 2021. Kaominina manamorona: [[Guimarães]], [[Bequimão]], [[Bacurituba]] ary [[São Luís]] Lavitra ny renivohitra ([[São Luís]]): 30 km == Miampita an'i [[São Luís]]-Alcântara == Fiara sambo mitondra ny fiampitana São Luís-Alcântara, miampita ny [[Baía de São Marcos|Helodranon'i São Marcos]], mampitohy ny tanànan'i São Luís amin'ny seranan-tsambon'i Cujupe. [[sary:Cujupe-São_Luís_ferry_at_Cujupe,_Maranhão,_2018.jpg|thumb|left|Ferry Boat Cujupe-Alcantara]] Maharitra adiny iray mahery kely (20 km) ny fiampitana ary misoroka ny fiviliana 350 km (6 ora ny dia)<ref>(pt) [https://internacionalmaritima.com.br/ferryboat/ Ferry Boat Service]</ref>. == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] qdq185e1s2h73ozkmy123k74orof7k6 1152845 1152843 2026-11-03T04:38:04Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|-2.404100|-44.416690}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Alcântara |velarantany =1 457,91 |haavo = 32 |fanjakana = {{Maranhão}} |isam-ponina = 21.126 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary =Alcântara - 01.jpg |saina=Alcântara-MA.jpg }} [[File:Maranhao Municip Alcantara.svg|thumb|left|Alcantara]] '''Alcântara''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana mizaka tenan'i {{Maranhão}} ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 21.126 mponina tamin'ny taona 2021. Kaominina manamorona: [[Guimarães (Maranhão)|Guimarães]], [[Bequimão]], [[Bacurituba]] ary [[São Luís]] Lavitra ny renivohitra ([[São Luís]]): 30 km == Miampita an'i [[São Luís]]-Alcântara == Fiara sambo mitondra ny fiampitana São Luís-Alcântara, miampita ny [[Baía de São Marcos|Helodranon'i São Marcos]], mampitohy ny tanànan'i São Luís amin'ny seranan-tsambon'i Cujupe. [[sary:Cujupe-São_Luís_ferry_at_Cujupe,_Maranhão,_2018.jpg|thumb|left|Ferry Boat Cujupe-Alcantara]] Maharitra adiny iray mahery kely (20 km) ny fiampitana ary misoroka ny fiviliana 350 km (6 ora ny dia)<ref>(pt) [https://internacionalmaritima.com.br/ferryboat/ Ferry Boat Service]</ref>. == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] 65shy63het3c7befhm4nz6li5yb0c57 0 261217 1152841 1054917 2026-11-03T02:12:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152841 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Elohim ebraico.jpeg|vignette]] Ny teny hoe '''''[[Elohim]]''''' (na ''[[Elohim|'''Elôhima''']]'', raha gasîna) dia teny ampiasaina ho [[anaran-tsamirery]] iantsoana an' Andriamanitra ao amin' ny [[Baiboly hebreo]] (Tanakh) nefa ampiasaina koa ho [[anarana iombonana]] amin' ny endriny [[Filaza isa (fitsipiteny)|milaza maro]] izy ka midika hoe "andriamanitra maro". Io endrika milaza maron' ilay anarana io dia miteraka adihevitra momba ny isan' ny andriamanitra nivavahan' ny [[Hebreo (mponina)|Hebreo]], na tokana na maro. Ny [[Jiosy]] sy ny [[Kristianina|Kristiana]] izay mivavaka amin' Andriamanitra tokana dia mampiasa sy mandika io anarana io hoe "Andriamanitra" (tokana) nefa samy manana ny fivoasany ny endrika milaza maro izy ireo ka isan' izany ny filazana ny herin' Andriamanitra. == Fampiasana ilay anarana == Teny hebreo ny hoe ''Elohim'' (hebreo: אֱלֹהִים / ''<nowiki/>'ēlohîm'') izay midika ara-bakiteny hoe "andriamanitra maro", dia miseho matetika amin' ny [[Torah]]. Amin' ny toe-javatra sasany (oh: [[Bokin' ny Eksôdosy|Eksodosy]] 3:4, "... dia niantso azy tao afovoan' ny roimemy i/ny Elohim ...")<ref><small>"Hitan' ny Tompo fa niolaka hijery izy; dia niantso azy Andriamanitra teo afovoan' ny zava-maniry milobolobo, nanao hoe: Ry Moizy! ry Moizy! Ka hoy ny navaliny: Inty aho." Eks 3:4</small></ref>, miasa toy ny anarana amin' ny endrika [[Filaza isa (fitsipiteny)|milaza tokana]] izy amin' ny [[Fitsipitenin' ny hebreon' ny Baiboly|fitsipi-pitenenana hebreo]], ary avy eo dia takatra amin' ny ankapobeny fa manondro ilay Andriamanitra tokan' i Israely io teny io. Amin' ny toe-javatra hafa, ny teny hoe ''Elohim'' dia miasa amin' ny maha [[Filaza isa (fitsipiteny)|endrika milaza maro]]<nowiki/>n' ny hoe ''Eloah'' azy, ary manondro ny [[pôliteisma]] izay fiheverana andriamanitra maro (ohatra ny Eksodosy 20:3 hoe “Tsy hanana andriamani-kafa eo anatrehako hianao.)<ref><small>eng "''Thou shalt have no other gods before me''." // fr "Tu n' auras pas d' autres dieux devant moi."</small></ref>. Miseho in-2&nbsp;500 mahery ao amin’ ny Baiboly hebreo ny teny hoe ''Elohim'', ary misy dikany * manomboka amin' ny hoe "[[Andriamanitra (ankapobeny)|andriamanitra]] (maro)" amin' ny heviny ankapobeny (toy ny ao amin' ny Eksodosy 12:12, izay ilazana ireo "andriamanitr' i Ejipta")<ref name=":0"><small>"Handalo mamaky ny tany Ejipta aho amin' io alina io, ka ny lahimatoa rehetra amin' ny tany Ejipta hovonoiko, hatramin' ny olona ka hatramin' ny biby, ary hisy fitsarana hoefaiko momba ny andriamanitr' i Ejipta rehetra: fa izaho no Iaveh." (Eks 12.12)</small></ref>, * ka hatramin’ ireo andriamanitra manokana (ny filazana matetika an' i [[Yahweh]] ho "Elohim" an' i Israely), * ny [[demony]], ny [[serafima]], ny zavamananaina mihoatra ny natoraly hafa, * ny [[Fanahin' ny vatana|fanahi]]<nowiki/>n' ny maty izay navoaka araka ny baikon' i [[Saoly]] mpanjaka ao amin' ny 1Samoela 28:13<ref name=":1"><small>"Ary hoy ny mpanjaka taminy: Aza matahotra; fa inona no hitanao? Dia hoy ravehivavy tamin' i Saola: andriamanitra miakatra avy amin' ny tany no hitako." (1Sam 28.13)</small></ref>, * ny mpanjaka sy ny mpaminany koa aza (ohatra, Eksodosy 4:16)<ref><small>"Izy no hiteny amin' ny vahoaka hisolo anao; ho solom-bavanao izy, ary hianao kosa ho solon' Andriamanitra aminy." (Eks 4.16)</small></ref>. Ny andian-teny hoe ''bene elohim'', adika hoe "zanak' ireo andriamanitra", dia mitovy amin' ny hita ao amin' ny lahatsoratra [[Ogarita|ogaritika]] sy [[Fenisia|fenisiana]], manondro ny [[Fivoriamben' ny andriamanitra|filankevitry ny andriamanitra]]. Ny Elohim dia mitana ny laharana fahafito amin' ny folo ao amin' ny [[ambaratongan' anjely araka ny jodaisma]], araka ilay [[raby]] tamin' ny [[Andro Antenatenany]], [[Mosesy Maimonida|Maimônida]]. Hoy i Maimônida: "Tsy maintsy matoky aho fa ny Hebreo rehetra [ankehitriny] dia mahafantatra fa ny teny hoe ''Elohim'' dia teny mitovy endrika, ary manondro an' Andriamanitra, ny anjely, ny mpitsara, ary ny mpanapaka ny tany, ..." === Ampiasaina miaraka amin' ny matoanteny milaza maro === Ny hoe ''Elohim'' dia endrika lava mifototra amin' ny [[Fiteny semitika|fototeny semitika]] '''ēl'' izay midika hoe "andriamanitra" (tokana). Azo ampifanakekezina amin' ny [[Fiteny akadiana|teny akadiana]] hoe ''ilu'' <ref><small>http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/epsd/e2616.html {{Wayback|url=http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/epsd/e2616.html |date=20190111021635 }} [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fpsd.museum.upenn.edu%2Fepsd%2Fepsd%2Fe2616.html tahiry]]</small></ref> sy ny [[Fiteny arameana|teny arameana]] hoe ''elah'' ary ny [[Fiteny arabo|teny arabo]] hoe ''ilāh'' izy io. Ara-[[Fitsipi-pitenenana|pitsipiteny]], ny teny hoe ''elohim'' dia amin' ny famantaran' ny endrika milaza maro ''-îm''. Ao amin' ny [[Baiboly]] dia maro ireo andalana ahitana ny teny hoe ''elohim'' izay manodro andriamanitra maro tokoa ([[Bokin' ny Eksôdosy|Eksodosy]] 12.12)<ref name=":0" />. Mety hialohavan' ny [[mpanoritra]] izy ka azo adika hoe "ireo andriamanitra" (Eks. 18.11)<ref><small>"Fantatro ankehitriny fa lehibe noho ny andriamanitra rehetra Iaveh, fa nampiharihary ny halehibeny izy, raha nampahory an' Israely ny Ejipsiana." (Eks 12.12)</small></ref> sady mety hiaraka amin' ny [[matoanteny]] amin' ny endrika milaza maro ([[Bokin' ny Salamo|Salamo]] 97.7) na [[mpamari-toetra]] amin' ny endrika milaza maro<ref><small>Martin Rose, "Names of God in the OT", dans ''Anchor Bible Dictionary'', vol. 4 (ABD)</small></ref>. Ao amin’ ny [[Boky voalohan' i Samoela|1Samoela]] 28:13<ref name=":1" />, ''elohim'' dia ampiasaina miaraka amin’ ny matoanteny milaza maro. Nilaza tamin’ i [[Saoly]] ilay [[vehivavy mpamoha angatra tao Endôra]] (na Andôra) fa nahita ''elohim'' niakatra (''olim'' / עֹלִים, matoanteny milaza maro) avy amin’ ny tany izy. Ao amin' ny [[Bokin' ny Genesisy|Genesisy]] 20:13, dia nilaza i [[Abrahama (patriarka)|Abrahama]], teo anatrehan' i [[Abimeleka (mpanjaka filistina)|Abimeleka]], mpanjaka [[Filistina (ao amin' ny Baiboly)|filistina]] mpivavaka amin' [[Pôliteisma|andriamanitra maro]], nanao hoe fa "(Ny/i) Elohim no nampirenireny ahy" (התעו, matoanteny milaza maro)<ref><small>"Ary raha nampifindrafindra ahy hiala tamin' ny tranon' ny raiko Andriamanitra, dia hoy izaho tamin' ny vadiko: Izao no soa hataonao amiko any amin' izay tany rehetra halehantsika dia lazao aho hoe: Anadahiko izy." (Gen 20.13)</small></ref>. Ny Baiboly amin' ny teny grika [[Septoajinta]] (LXX) dia mampiasa matoanteny amin' ny endrika milaza tokana (ἐξήγαγε(ν), aôrista II). Ny [[Baiboly amin' ny teny malagasy]] dia tsy manavaka ny tokana sy ny maro. === Ampiasaina miaraka amin' ny matoanteny milaza tokana === Azo anondroana andriamanitra tokana koa ny teny hoe ''elohim'' ka tsy ny andriamanitra tokan' i Israely ihany fa ny andriamanitra hafa koa toy ny andriamanitra [[Kemôsy]] izay elôhiman' i [[Moaba (fanjakana)|Moaba]] sy [[Astarte]] elôhiman' ny [[Sidôna|Sidôniana]] ([[Bokin' ny Mpitsara|Mpitsara]] 11.24<ref><small>"Moa tsy mipetraka ho tompon' izay nomen' i Kamosy andriamanitrao anao ho fanananao va hianao, ary izahay moa tsy tokony hipetraka ho tompon' izay rehetra nomen' ny Tompo Andriamanitray anay ho fanananay?" (Mpits 11.24)</small></ref>; [[Boky faharoan' ny Mpanjaka|2Mpanjaka]] 1.2-3<ref><small>"1 Ary Ahazia nianjera avy teo amin' ny makarakara teo amin' ny efi-trano ambony tao Samaria ka narary; dia naniraka olona izy ka nanao taminy hoe: Mandehana, anontanio amin' i Bala-zeboba, andriamanitr' i Ekrona, na ho sitrana ihany aho amin' ity aretiko ity, na tsia. 2 Ary Ilay Anjelin' i Jehovah niteny tamin' i Elia Tisbira hoe: Miaingà, miakara hihaona amin' ny iraky ny mpanjakan' i Samaria, ka manaova aminy hoe: Izao no lazain' i Jehovah: Moa ataonareo fa tsy misy Andriamanitra eo amin' ny Isiraely va, no mandeha hanontany amin' i Bala-zeboba, andriamanitr' i Ekrona, ianareo?" (2Mpanj 1.2-3)</small></ref>; [[Boky voalohan' ny Mpanjaka|1Mpanja]]. 11.5<ref><small>"fa nanaraka an' i Astarte andriamani-bavin' ny Sidoniana Salomona, sy an' i Melkoma, fahavetavetan' ny Amonita." (1Mpanj 11.5)</small></ref>; 1Mpanj. 11.33<ref><small>"satria efa nahafoy Ahy izy ka niankohoka teo anatrehan' i Astarta, andriamani-bavin' ny Sidoniana, sy Kemosy andriamanitr' i Moaba, ary Milkoma, andriamanitry ny taranak' i Amona, fa tsy nandeha tamin' ny lalako hanao izay mahitsy eo imasoko sy hitandrina ny didiko sy ny fitsipiko tahaka an' i Davida rainy." (1Mpanj 11.33)</small></ref>). Ampiasaina koa io teny io hilazana ny zava-mananaina ara-panahy na andriamanitra kely toy ny matoatoa ([[Boky voalohan' i Samoela|1Samoela]] 28.13<ref name=":1" />; [[Bokin' i Zakaria|Zakaria]] 12.8<ref><small>"Amin' izany andro izany, Iaveh hanangana manda manodidina ny mponina ao Jerosalema, ary izay mangozohozo eo amin' izy ireo, dia ho tahaka an' i Davida amin' izany andro izany, ary ny taranak' i Davida ho tahaka an' Andriamanitra, dia ho tahaka ilay anjelin' ny Tompo, eo anoloan' izy ireo." (Zak 12.8)</small></ref>). === Anjely sy mpitsara === Amin' ny toe-javatra vitsivitsy ao amin' ny [[Septoajinta]] (LXX), dia nadika hoe ''angeloi'' ("anjely") na hoe ''kriterion tou Theou'' ("ny fitsaran' Andriamanitra") ny hoe ''elohim'' misy [[matoanteny]] milaza maro, na misy teny manodidina mitaky filaza maro. Ireo andinin-teny ireo avy eo dia niditra voalohany tao amin' ny [[Volgata]] latina ka nadika hoe "anjely" sy "mpitsara". Nametra-panontaniana i Gesenius sy Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg ny amin' ny maha-azo itokiana ny fandikan-tenin' ny Septoajinta momba izany. Notanisain' i Gesenius ny dikany nefa tsy niombon-kevitra amin' izany izy. Nilaza i Hengstenberg fa tsy mampiasa ''elohim'' mihitsy ny Baiboly hebreo mba hilazana "anjely", fa nolavin' ny mpandika teny ao amin' ny Septoaginta ny fanondroana ny "andriamanitra" ao amin' ireo andininy nanovany ny hoe "anjely". Manao tonon-tsiahy ny [[Bokin' ny Salamo|Salamo]] 8:4–6 ao amin' ny [[Epistily ho an'ny Hebreo|Epistilin' ny Hebreo]] 2:6b-8a ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]] grika, izay ahitana ny hoe ἀγγέλους ("anjely") ao amin' ny and. 7, ao amin' ny Salamo 8:5 (8:6 ao amin' ny Septoaginta), izay misy ny hoe ἀγγέλους koa ao amin' ny dikan-tenin' ny Septoajinta. === Ny tohatr' i Jakoba "nisehoan' andriamanitra" (maro) === Ao amin' ireto andininy manaraka ireto dia nadika hoe "Andriamanitra" (tokana) ny hoe ''Elohim'' na dia nampiarahina tamin' ny matoanteny milaza maro aza izy io. "''Dia nanorina otely teo izy, ka nataony hoe El-Betela ny anaran' io tany io, satria teo no nisehoan' Andriamanitra taminy, fony izy nandositra teo anoloan' ny rahalahiny''." (Jenezy 35:7) === Ny Filan-kevitra tao an-danitra === ¹Fihirana nataon' i Asafa. Eo amin' ny fiangonan' ny Tsitoha. Andriamanitra; namoaka ny teniny eo afovoan' ireo andriamanitra izy: ²Mandra-pahoviana no hanaovanareo fitsarana tsy marina? - Selà . ³Omeo ny rariny ny mahantra sy ny kamboty, omeo ny hitsiny ny ory sy ny malahelo. ⁴Vonjeo ny fadiranovana sy ny tsy manana, afaho amin' ny tànan' ny ratsy fanahy izy. ⁵Tsy manam-pahaizana na hazavan-tsaina ireny, fa mandeha amin' ny maizina; mihorohoro ny fanambanin' ny tany rehetra. ⁶Hoy aho: andriamanitra hianareo, zanaky ny Avo indrindra avokoa hianareo. ⁷Kanefa ho faty tahaka ny olona ihany hianareo; ho lavo tahaka izay andriandahy na iza na iza. ⁸Mitsangàna, ry Andriamanitra ô, tsarao ny tany, fa anao ny firenena rehetra. ([[Salamo]] 82.1-8, ''Ny Baiboly Masina'') Miresaka toy izao i Marti Steussy, ao amin’ ny ''Chalice Introduction to the Old Testament'': "Ny andininy voalohany amin' ny Salamo faha-82: "Elohim dia eo amin' ny fiangonan' ny Elohim; ary eo amin' ireo elohim no itsarany." Eto dia mifandray amin' ny matoanteny milaza tokana ny ''Elohim'' ary manondro an' Andriamanitra (tokana) mazava tsara, fa eo amin' ny andininy faha-6 amin' ny Salamo kosa, dia hoy Andriamanitra amin' ireo mpikambana hafa ao amin' ny filan-kevitra: "Ianareo dia elohim" ("andriamanitra ianareo"). Eto ny hoe ''elohim'' dia tsy maintsy midika hoe "andriamanitra maro". I Mark Smith, izay niresaka an' io Salamo io ihany, dia nilaza toy izao ao amin' ny boky ''God in Translation'': "Ity salamo ity dia mampiseho ny fisehoan' ireo andriamanitra nivory tao amin' ny [[fivoriamben' ny andriamanitra]] ... Elohim dia mijoro ao amin' ny filankevitry ny El. Manambara fitsarana izy eo amin' ireo elohim:..." Ao amin' ny ''Hulsean Lectures for''..., i HM Stephenson dia niresaka momba ny tohan-kevitr' i [[Jesoa]] ao amin' ny [[Filazantsara araka an'i Joany|Joany]] 10:34–36 momba ny Salamo faha-82. (Ho valin' ny fiampangana azy ho [[fitenenan-dratsy an' Andriamanitra|niteny ratsy an' Andriamanitra]] dia namaly i Jesoa:) "''Jesosy namaly azy hoe: Tsy voasoratra ao amin' ny lalànareo va hoe: Hoy Izaho: Andriamanitra ianareo? Raha ireny izay nanaovana izany tenin' Andriamanitra izany no natao hoe andriamanitra (ary ny Soratra Masina tsy azo foanana), moa Izay nohasinin' ny Ray ka nirahiny ho amin' izao tontolo izao va no ataonareo hoe: Miteny ratsy Ianao, satria hoy Izaho: Zanak' Andriamanitra Aho?'' – "Ankehitriny inona no herin' ity teny nindramina ity: ‘''Hoy aho: andriamanitra ianareo''.’ Avy ao amin' ny [[Salamo nataon' i Asafa|Salamon' i Asafa]] izany, izay manomboka amin' ny hoe: "''Elohim dia eo amin' ny fiangonan' ny Tsitoha; ary eo amin' ireo Elohim no itsarany''." === Zanak' Andriamanitra === Ny teny hebreo nadika hoe "zanaka" dia ''ben''; ny milaza maro dia ny teny hoe ''bānim'' Ny teny hebreo hoe ''benei elohim'' ("zanak' Andriamanitra" na "zanak' ireo andriamanitra") ao amin' ny [[Bokin' ny Genesisy|Genesisy]] 6:2 dia ampitahaina amin' ny fampiasana ny hoe "zanak' andriamanitra" ([[Fiteny ogaritika|ogaritika]]: ''b’n il'') zanak' i El amin' ny [[fedrà ogaritika]]. Nilaza i Karel van der Toorn fa ny andriamanitra dia azo antsoina ny hoe ''bene elim'', ''bene elyon'', na ''bene elohim''. == Ny Elôhista == Ny Baiboly hebreo dia mampiasa anarana isan-karazany ho an' ny andriamanitry ny Isiraely:  Araka ny [[petra-kevitra ara-tahirin-kevitra]], ireo fiovaovana ireo dia vokatry ny lahatsoratra sy fitantarana loharano samihafa izay mandrafitra ny [[Torah]]: ''Elohim'' no anaran' Andriamanitra ampiasaina ao amin' ny loharanon' ny Elôhista (E) sy ny Mpisorona (P), raha ''Yahweh'' kosa no anaran' Andriamanitra ampiasaina ao amin' ny loharano iahvista (J). Ny fitsikerana endrika dia milaza fa ny fahasamihafan' ny anarana dia mety ho vokatry ny fiaviana ara-jeôgrafia; ny loharano P sy E dia avy any avaratra ary J avy any atsimo. Mety misy hevitra teôlôjika, fa tsy nanambara ny anarany hoe ''Yahweh'', talohan' ny andron' i [[Mosesy]], na dia nasehon' i Hans Heinrich Schmid fa nahafantatra ireo boky ara-paminaniana tamin' ny taonjato faha-7 sy faha-8 tal. J.K. ny Iahvista. Ny loharanon' ny Iahvista dia manolotra an' i Yahweh amin' ny fomban' ny olombelona ([[antrôpômôrfisma]]): ohatra, mandeha ao amin' ny saha [[Edena]] mitady an' i [[Adama]] sy [[Eva]]. Ny loharanon' ny Elôhista dia matetika mampiseho an' i Elohim ho lavitra kokoa ary matetika mifandray amin' ny [[anjely]], toy ny ao amin' ny fitantaran' ny Elôhista momba ny [[Tohatr' i Jakoba]], izay misy tohatra mankany amin' ny rahona, misy anjely miakatra sy midina, miaraka amin' i Elohim eo an-tampony. Ao amin' ny fitantarana iahvista an' ilay tantara, i Yahweh dia mipetraka fotsiny eny amin' ny lanitra, eo ambonin' ny rahona tsy misy tohatra na anjely. Toy izany koa, ny loharano elôhista dia miitantara an' i [[Jakoba nitolona tamin' ny anjely]]. Ny [[petra-kevitra ara-tahirin-kevitra]], izay novolavolaina voalohany tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19 teo amin' ny manam-pahaizana ara-Baiboly sy mpitsikera lahatsoratra, dia milaza fa ny ampahany iahvista ao amin' ny [[Torah]] dia noforonina tamin' ny taonjato faha-10-sy faha-9 tal. J.K.,  ary ny ampahany elôhista kosa tamin' ny taonjato faha-9-8. tal. J.K.,:  izany hoe tamin’ ny vanim-potoana voalohan’ ny [[Fanjakan' i Jodà]]. Tsy eken' ny rehetra anefa izany satria ny [[fitsikeana ny fampandriana an-tsoratra]] taty aoriana dia toa mampiseho porofon' ny "fampandriana an-tsoratra elôhista" ([[Jodaisma tamin' ny Tempoly faharoa|taorian' ny sesitany]]) taty aoriana nandritra ny taonjato faha-5 tal. J.K. izay mahatonga azy ho sarotra indraindray ny hamaritana raha "elôhista" no niavian' ny andalana iray, na vokatry ny mpanonta lahatsoratra taty aoriana. == Ny olana apetraky ny endrika milaza maro == === Fivoasana ara-kaifiteny === Ny fiafaran-teny hoe -''im'' ao amin' ny teny hoe ''Elohim'' izay ilazana ny fahamaroana amin' ny [[Fiteny hebreo|teny hebreo]] dia anaovan' ny [[mpahay fiteny]] fivoasana isankarazany. Ny mpandika tenin' ny [[Septanta]] sy ny [[Volgata]] dia nandika ny ''Elohim'' amin' ny fampiasana anarana milaza tokana. Ohatra, ny [[Bokin' ny Genesisy|Genesisy]] 1.1 hoe "Tamin' ny voalohany Andriamanitra nahary ny lanitra sy ny tany" dia adika amin' ny teny latina hoe "''In principio creavit Deus'' ''cælum et terram''." ka ny hoe ''Deus'' dia anarana amin' ny endrika milaza tokana. Ny [[teôlôjia]] nahazatra hatramin' izay dia mihevitra fa io endrika milaza maro io, raha ny marina, dia milaza fihoaran-toetra (latina: ''pluralis excellentiæ'') fa tsy ilazana ny fahamaroana an' isa. Na dia izany aza dia hita ihany ny fahamaroana amin' ny toerana sasany ao amin' ny Baiboly: Gen. 1.26 ("''Ary Andriamanitra nanao hoe: Andeha Isika hamorona olona tahaka ny endritsika, araka ny tarehintsika'' ..."). Hita koa izany ao amin' ny Gen. 3.22 ("''Ary hoy Iaveh Andriamanitra: Indro efa tonga tahaka ny anankiray amintsika ny olombelona raha ny amin' ny fahalalana ny tsara sy ny ratsy.'' ..."). Maro ireo petra-kevitra naroso hanazavana io endrika milaza maro io. Ny teôlôjia mahazatra hatramin' izay dia milaza fa tsy avy amin' ny teny hebreo amin' ny endrika milaza tokana hoe אֱל / ʾ''El'' na hoe אֱלוֹהַּ / ʾ''Eloah'' io teny hoe ''elohim'' io. Milaza Io [[teôlôjia]] io fa io endrika io dia endrika milaza maron' anarana tsy misy amin' ny endrika milaza tokana. === Fivoasana ara-teôlôjia === Tsy mitovy hevitra ny teôlôjiana ny amin' ny hevitra teôlôjikan' ny endrika milaza maron' ny anarana hoe ''Elohim''. ==== Trinite ==== Ny teôlôjia velarin' ny firehana [[Evanjelisma|evanjelika]] sasany sy ny [[Katôlisisma|Katôlika]] sasany dia manamarina ny fampiasana ny endrika milaza maron' ny anarana hoe ''Elohim'' amin' ny [[Trinite]]: Andriamanitra dia telo izay iray, dia ny [[Andriamanitra Ray|Ray]] sy ny [[Andriamanitra Zanaka|Zanaka]] ary ny [[Fanahy Masina]]. Izany no fanamarinana entin' i Abélard tamin' ny taonjato faha-12, ao amin' ny boky nosoratany hoe ''Theologia summi boni'' <ref><small>Pierre Abélard, ''De l'unité et de la trinité divines'' (t''heologia summi boni''), introduction, traduction et notes par Jean Jolivet, Paris, Vrin (Sic et Non), 2001, pp. 26 - 27.</small></ref>. ==== Fivoasan' i Thomas Römer ==== I Thomas Römer dia manazava io endrika milaza maro io amin' ny alalan' ny fahitana ny orimbato tranainy maneho sarin' olona telo: ny iray lehibe atao hoe ''El'' ary ny roa kely kokoa, izay toetra fisehoany, dia i ''Tsaddek'' ("ny fahamarinana") sy i ''Mispath'' ("ny fitandremana"). Izany fivoasana izany anefa dia tsy lasa lavitra. ==== Filazana ny fahamboniana ==== Ny hoe ''Elohim'' dia ilazana vondron' olona satria ny filazà-marom-pahamboniana dia tsy manazava ny endriky ny teny hoe ''Elohim''. Fitenenana vao noforonina tao [[Eorôpa]] taty aoriana (taonjato faha-9) io filazà-marom-boninahitra io. Naninteraka ny fomban' ny Jiosy tandrefana izany fitenin' ny andriana eorôpeana izany izay nampiasaina koa tao amin' ny kolontsain' ny fivavahana tandrefana. Ny hoe "izahay" nampiasain' ny mpanjaka notokanan' ny Fiangonana tamin' izay, indrindra ny Fiangonana katôlika, dia midika hoe "izaho mpanjaka sy Andriamanitra". Noho izany dia tena ilazana zavatra maro tokoa ny hoe "izahay". == Ao amin' ny Olomasin' ny Andro Farany == Ao amin' ny [[Hetsiky ny Olomasin' ny Andro Farany]] sy ny [[môrmônisma]], ny hoe ''Elohim'' dia manondro an' Andriamanitra Ray. Elohim no rain' i [[Jesoa]] eo amin' ny lafiny ara-batana sy ara-panahy, ary ny anarany talohan' ny nahaterahany dia atao hoe ''[[Jehovah]].'' Ao amin' ny rafi-pinoana nohazonin' ireo fiangonana kristiana izay mifikitra amin' ny [[hetsika Olomasin' ny Andro Farany]] sy ny ankamaroan' ny antokom-pinoana Môrmôna, anisan' izany ny [[Fiangonan' i Jesoa Kristy ho an' ny Olomasin' ny Andro Farany]], ny teny hoe ''God'' dia manondro an' i Elohim (ilay Ray Mandrakizay), fa ny ''Godhead'' kosa dia midika hoe filankevitry ny andriamanitra telo miavaka: Elohim ([[Andriamanitra Ray]]) sy [[Jehovah]] (ilay Zanak' Andriamanitra, [[Jesoa|Jesoa Kristy]]), ary ny [[Fanahy Masina]], ao amin' ny fiheverana tsy trinitariana ny maha Andriamanitra. Ao amin' ny Môrmôna, ireo olona telo ireo dia heverina ho olona misaraka ara-batana, na olona, ​​saingy miray sitrapo sy miray tanjona; io hevitra io dia tsy mitovy amin' ny fivavahana kristianina trinitariana. Noho izany, ny teny hoe Andriamanitra dia [[Antitrinitarisma|tsy mitovy]] amin' ny fomba ampiasana azy amin' ny kristianisma mahazatra. Io filazalazana momba an' Andriamanitra io dia maneho ny ôrtôdôksian' ny Fiangonan' ny Olomasin' ny Andro Farany, izay naorina tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-19. Ny ''Bokin' i Abrahama'', soratra masina eken' ny sampana sasany amin' ny [[hetsika Olomasin' ny Andro Farany]], dia mirakitra fehezanteny iray ao amin' ny toko voalohany ao amin' ny [[Bokin' ny Genesisy|Genesisy]] izay mandika mazava ny hoe ''Elohim'' ho "ireo Andriamanitra" imbetsaka; izany no hevitry ny apôstôly James E. Talmage mba hilazana ny "fahamaroan' ny hatsarany na ny hamafiny, fa tsy ny isa miavaka". == Ao amin' ny raelisma == Ny hetsika ara-pivavahana vaovao sy ny [[Hetsika Raeliana]], naorin' ny mpanao gazety frantsay [[Claude Vorilhon]] (izay nantsoina hoe "Raël") tamin' ny taona 1974, dia milaza fa ny [[Fiteny hebreo|teny hebreo]] hoe ''Elohim'' ao amin' ny [[Bokin' ny Genesisy]] dia manondro karazana vahiny avy any ivelan' ny tany. == Jereo koa == * [[Andriamanitra (finoan-drazana malagasy)]] *[[Iahveh]] * [[Andriamanitra (anarana iombonana)]] * [[Andriamanitra (tokana)]] *[[Henôteisma]] *[[Mônôlatria]] *[[Iahvisma]] *[[Mônôteisma]] *[[Tahirin-kevitra elôhista|Elôhista (tahirin-kevitra)]] *[[Fivoriamben' ny andriamanitra]] *[[Hetsika Raeliana]] == Loharano sy fanamarihana == m6yaqq12lkvmjv6ut37lwi3ka8hf5vi 0 278145 1152810 1145141 2026-11-02T21:45:59Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152810 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Istanbul, Hagia Sophia, Allah.jpg|vignette|Kaligrafian' ny anaran' i Allah amin' ny [[Fiteny arabo|teny arabo]], ao amin' ny iray amin' ny medaly valo mandravaka ny anatin' ny i Hagia Sophia, trano fiangonana lasa [[Môskea|môske]], ao [[Istanbul]] (vakîna avy ankavanana miankavia).]] '''''Allah''''' no [[Fiteny arabo|teny arabo]] mahazatra ilazana an' [[Andriamanitra (tokana)|Andriamanitra]]. Manondro an' [[Andriamanitra ao amin' ny silamo|Andriamanitra ao amin' ny finoana silamo]] koa io teny io<ref><small>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html God]". ''Islam: Empire of Faith''. PBS. [https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html Arsiva] tamin' ny 27 Marsa 2014. Notsidijhina tamin' ny 18 Desambra 2010.</small></ref><ref><small>"Islam and Christianity", ''Encyclopedia of Christianity'' (2001): Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as Allāh.</small></ref><ref><small>Gardet, L. "[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/allah-COM_0047 Allah]". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). ''Encyclopaedia of Islam Online''. Brill Online. Retrieved 2 May 2007.</small></ref>. Heverina fa avy amin' ny teny hoe ''al-ilāh'', izay midika hoe "ny andriamanitra" no niavian' io teny io, ary mifandray amin' ny [[Fiteny arameana|teny arameana]] hoe אלה / ''Elah'' sy ny [[Fiteny siriaka|teny siriaka]] hoe ''ʼAlāhā'' ary ny [[Fiteny hebreo|teny hebreo]] hoe ''[[El (andriamanitra)|El]]'' (''[[Elohim]]'') ilazana an' Andriamanitra<ref><small>Zeki Saritoprak (2006). "[https://books.google.mg/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C&q=ilah&redir_esc=y Allah]". In Oliver Leaman (ed.). ''The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia''. Routledge. p. 34. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-415-32639-1</nowiki>.</small></ref><ref><small>Vincent J. Cornell (2005). "God: God in Islam". In Lindsay Jones (ed.). ''Encyclopedia of Religion''. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference USA. p. 724.</small></ref>. Nampiasain' ny [[Arabo (vahoaka)|Arabo]] manaraka fivavahana samy hafa ny teny hoe ''Allah'' hatramin' ny [[Fivavahana tao Arabia talohan' ny fivavahana silamo|vanimpotoana talohan' ny silamo]]<ref name=":0"><small>Christian Julien Robin (2012). ''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=GKRybwb17WMC&pg=PA304&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Arabia and Ethiopia. In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity]''. OUP USA. pp. 304–305. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-533693-1</nowiki>.</small></ref>. Nanompo andriamanitra fara tampony izay nantsoiny hoe ''Allah'', [[Fivavahana tao Arabia talohan' ny fivavahana silamo|Arabo talohan' ny silamo]], miaraka amin' ny [[Andriamanitra (ankapobeny)|andriamanitra]] madinika maro<ref><small>Anthony S. Mercatante & James R. Dow (2004). "Allah". ''The Facts on File Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend''. Facts on File. p. 53. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4381-2685-2</nowiki>.</small></ref>. Nampiasain' i [[Mohamady]] ny teny hoe ''Allah'' mba hanondroana ny fiheverana silamo an' Andriamanitra. Nampiasain' ny Mozilmana (na Arabo na tsy Arabo), ny [[Jiosy]] miteny [[Fiteny jodeô-arabo|jodeô-arabo]], ary ny [[Kristiana arabo]] ny teny hoe ''Allah''<ref><small>Merriam-Webster. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20140420121231/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/allah Allah]". Merriam-Webster. [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/allah Arsiva] tamin' ny 20 Avrily 2014. Notsidihina tamin' ny 25 Febroary 2012.</small></ref> hanondroana an' Andriamanitra, taorian' ny fampiasan' ny ankamaroan' ny Arabo lasa mozilmana ny teny hoe "''[[Mpanoritra ao amin' ny teny arabo|al]]-[[ilāh]]''" sy "''Allah''" tao amin' ny [[fiteny arabo klasika]]. Matetika koa io teny io no ampiasain' ny [[Babisma|Babista]], ny [[Bahaisma|Bahay]], ny [[Mandeisma|Mandeana]], ny [[Kristianisma|Kristiana]] [[Indôneziana (vahoaka)|indôneziana]] sy [[Malta|maltey]], ary [[Sefarada|Jiosy sefarada]]<ref><small>"Allah." ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica</small></ref>, ary koa ny vahoaka [[Gagaoza (vahoaka)|Gagaoza]]<ref><small>Carl Skutsch (2005). ''Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities''. Routledge. p. 480.</small></ref>. I Allah no [[Andriamanitra (ankapobeny)|andriamanitra]] [[Andriamanitra (tokana)|tokana]] ivavahana ao amin' ny [[Silamo|finoana silamo]]. Atao hoe <big>الله</big> izy amin' ny [[Fiteny arabo|teny arabo]]. Amin' ny Mozilmana dia i Allah no [[Famoronana (finoana sy fedrà)|mpahary]] izao rehetra izao (na ''‘âlam''), ka maro ny teny amaritan' ny boky [[Kor'any]] ny toetrany, toy ny hoe "mahery", "mahay", "be indra fo", sns<ref><small>Sourdel D., Sourdel-Thomine J., « Allah » in ''Vocabulaire de l'islam.'' Presses Universitaires de France, 2013.</small></ref>. Anaran-toetra miisa 99 no omen' ny fivavahana silamo an' ity andriamanitra tokana ity, izay atao hoe "anaran' Andriamanitra tsara indrindra". Hatramin' ny taonjato faha-20 dia nalain' ny Mozilmana ho azy ireo samirery ny anarana hoe ''Allah''. Ohatra amin' izany ny fanapahan-kevitry ny [[Malezia|Fitsarana Maley]] tamin' ny taona 2009 izay mandrara ny fampiasan' ny [[Kristianisma|Kristiana]] sy ny [[Sikisma|Siky]] maley io anarana io<ref><small>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10620032 Sikhs target of 'Allah' attack] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10620032 |date=20190403114253 }}, Julia Zappei, 14 January 2010, ''The New Zealand Herald''. Notsidihina tamin' ny 15 Janoary 2014.</small></ref><ref><small>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=11139915 Malaysia court rules non-Muslims can't use 'Allah'] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=11139915 |date=20190403114255 }}, 14 Ôktôbra 2013, ''The New Zealand Herald''. Notsidihina tamin' ny 15 Janoary 2014.</small></ref><ref><small>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-religion-idUSBREA010C120140102 Malaysia's Islamic authorities seize Bibles as Allah row deepens], Niluksi Koswanage, 2 Janoary 2014, Reuters. Notsidihina tamin' ny 15 Janoary 2014. [[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-religion-idUSBREA010C120140102 1]]</small></ref><ref><small>Idris Jala (24 February 2014). "[http://www.thestar.com.my/Business/Business-News/2014/02/24/My-take-on-the-Allah-issue-10point-solution-is-key-to-managing-the-polarity/ The 'Allah'/Bible issue, 10-point solution is key to managing the polarity"]. ''The Star''. Notsidihina tamin' ny 25 Jona 2014.</small></ref>, izay tsy nampiasain' ny [[fivavahana]] tokana, araka ny tantara, fa nampiasain' ny fivavahana maro<ref name=":0" />. == Fiavian' ilay anarana == Noresahin' ny filôlôga arabo klasika ny fiforonan' ny teny hoe ''Allāh''. Mihevitra azy io ho toy ny niforona "hoazy" (''murtajal'') na avy amin' ny endrika voasoritry ny teny hoe ''lāh'' (avy amin' ny fototeny ''lyh'' izay midika hoe "ambony" na "miafina") ny mpandinika ny [[fitsipi-pitenenana]] ao amin' ny sekolin' i [[Bassora|Basra]]. Nihevitra kosa ny sasany fa nindramina tamin' ny [[Fiteny siriaka|teny siriaka]] na [[Fiteny hebreo|hebreo]] io teny io. === Famotoran-teny ekena === Ny ankamaroan' ny mpandinika dia mirona amin' ny fiheverana fa niforona amin' ny alalan' ny fanakambanana ny hoe ''el'' na ''al'' (tsy manavaka ny ''a'' sy ny ''e'' ny fanononana arabo) sy ny hoe ''ilāh''<ref name=":1"><small>Ballanfat P., « Allah » dans ''Dictionnaire du Coran'', 2007, Paris, <abbr>p.</abbr> 40-43.</small></ref> (izay midika hoe "ny andriamanitra", "ilay andriamanitra", endrika [[Mpanoritra|voafaritra]]) ny ny teny hoe ''Allah''<ref><small>D.B. Macdonald. ''Encyclopedia of Islam'', 2nd ed, Brill. "Ilah", Vol. 3, p. 1093.</small></ref>: nilatsaka tsy voatonona ny zanatsoratra voalohany amin' ilay teny faharoa (''i-'') noho ny fampiasana matetika an' ilay teny. Noheverina koa izany fiheverana izany fa avy amin' ilay mpahay [[fitsipiteny]] malaza atao hoe [[Sībawayh]] (taonjato faha-8). Raha lazaina amin' ny teny hafa dia ahitana ny [[mpanoritra]] ال / ''al'' (izay manamarika ny maha voafaritra an' ilay teny, toy ny mpanoritra ''ny'' ao amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] ary misy [[Hamza (litera)|hamza]] tsy marin-toerana) sy ny hoe إِلَاه / ''ilāh'' na إِلَه / ''ilah'', izay midika hoe "andriamanitra (iray)" ny teny hoe ''Allah''. Ny teny hoe ''Al'' arahin' ny ''ilāh'' no endrika voafaritra, manome ny hoe ''Allāh'' "ilay Andriamanitra")<ref name=":1" />. Misy tokoa ny fahafahan' ny hoe ''al-ilāh'' sy ny hoe ''allāh'' mifanolo ao amin' ny tononkalo arabo tany aloha izay noforonin' ilay Kristiana atao hoe ʿAdī ibn Zayd<ref><small>Sinai, Nicholas (2019). ''Rain-Giver, Bone-Breaker, Score-Settler: Allāh in Pre-Quranic Poetry''. Atlanta, GA: American Oriental Society. p. 7. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-948488-25-9</nowiki>.</small></ref>. Tsy isalasalana fa efa nampiasaina amin' ny heviny voalohany ny teny mitovitovy endrika amin' ny hoe ''Allah'' mba hanondroana ny [[Andriamanitra (ankapobeny)|andriamanitra]] ao amin' ny [[fiteny semitika]]: ''Il'' na ''El''<ref name=":1" />. Misy amin' ny [[fiteny semitika]] hafa koa ny teny iray fiaviana amin' ny anarana hoe “''Allāh''”, anisan' izany ny [[Fiteny hebreo|teny hebreo]] sy [[Fiteny arameana|arameana]]. Ny hoe אלה / ''ʼElāh'' no endrika arameana mifanitsy aminy, fa אלהא / ''ʼElāhā'' kosa raha misy fananterana. Soratina hoe ܐܠܗܐ / ''ʼĔlāhā'' izany amin' ny [[Fiteny arameanan' ny Baiboly|teny arameanan' ny Baiboly]] sy ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ / ''ʼAlāhā'' amin' ny [[Fiteny siriaka|teny siriaka]] io teny io, izay midika hoe “Andriamanitra” fotsiny. Azo inoana fa maka tahaka ny teny arabo ny endrika siriakan' io teny io tsy mahazatra <ref><small>Sinai, Nicholas (2019). ''Rain-Giver, Bone-Breaker, Score-Settler: Allāh in Pre-Quranic Poetry''. Atlanta, GA: American Oriental Society. p. 8. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-948488-25-9</nowiki>.</small></ref>. Efa nampiasa ny teny hoe ''ilu'' ny [[Akady|Akadiana]] mba hiantsoany ny andriamanitra teo anelanelan' ny taona 4000 sy 2000 tal. J.K<ref><small>"[http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/epsd/e2616.html {{Wayback|url=http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/epsd/e2616.html |date=20190111021635 }} <nowiki>ePSD: ilu[god]</nowiki>] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fpsd.museum.upenn.edu%2Fepsd%2Fepsd%2Fe2616.html arsiva]]", ''psd.museum.upenn.edu'' (notsidihina tamin' ny 4 Novambra 2018)</small></ref><ref><small>Francesca Prescendi et Youri Volokhine, ''Dans le laboratoire de l'historien des religions : mélanges offerts à Philippe Borgeaud'', Genève/Paris, Labor et Fides, 2011, 664 p. (<nowiki>ISBN 978-2-8309-1428-3</nowiki>, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=OMwUwm78BHAC&pg=PA517&dq=ilu+akkadien+dieu vakio eto] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.fr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOMwUwm78BHAC%26pg%3DPA517%26dq%3Dilu%2Bakkadien%2Bdieu arsiva]])</small></ref>. Tamin' ny vanimpotoana talohan' ny fiandohan' ny [[Silamo|fivavahana silamo]] dia nampiasaina ny [[Fiteny arabo|teny arabo]] hoe ''ilâh'' mba hiantsoana ny andriamanitra<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />. === Famotoran-teny nentim-paharazana === Milaza ny famotoran-teny nentim-paharazana miely patrana indrindra fa fampihenana ny endriky ny teny hoe ''al-ilāh'' ny teny hoe ''Allah''. Nisy fiheverana roapolo teo ho eo, momba ny famotorana ny teny hoe ''Allāh'', teo amin' ny mpahay fitsipi-pitenenana arabo fahiny, araka ny notaterin' i Ibn Manzhûr (taonjato faha-13) ao amin' ny rakibolana ''Lisan ul-ʿArab''. Maro ny mpanao rakibolana arabo no nandinika ilay lohahevitra, ary [[petra-kevitra]] maro no naroso nandritra ny tantara. Ho an' ny sasany dia tsy mitombina io fanazavana io sady famotoran-tenim-bahoaka. Vao mainka mahagaga izany satria tsy azo itokiana loatra ny fanafoanana ny ''i'' ao amin' ny teny hoe ''ʾilāh'' satria io no zanatsoratra voalohany amin' ilay teny izay midika indrindra hoe "andriamanitra". Milaza koa izy ireo fa matetika voatahiry ny teny heverina ho masina satria [[fady]]. Etsy an-danin' izany dia mateti-pitranga amin' ny [[fiteny semitika]] hafa ny ny [[fototeny]] hoe''ʾel'' na''ʾil'' izay manondro andriamanitra: ny hoe אל / ''El'' ("andriamanitra") na אלהים / ''Elohim'' ("andriamanitra [maro]"), amin' ny [[Fiteny hebreo|teny hebreo]], sy ny hoe''ʾāllāhā'', amin' ny [[Fiteny arameana|teny arameana]], dia mety ho niavian' ilay teny arabo amin' ny alalan' ny indran-teny, narakarahin' ny fihamoananan' ny ''ā'' farany (izay [[Zanatsoratra|zanapeo]] manana anjara asa ara-pitsiteny ao amin' ny teny arameana, izay zara raha tononina amin' ny teny arabo ankehitriny) ary nifarana amin' ny fanafohezana ny ''ā'' voalohany amin' ny alalan' ny fanapahan-teny diso (''metanalysis'') sy fifangaroana amin' ny [[mpanoritra]] ''ʾal''. Fomba fiasa iray hafa koa ny [[Fampisampanan-teny|mampisampana]] ny [[anarana]] hoe ''Allah'' avy amin' ny [[fototeny]] hafa ankoatra ny <big>إِلَهٌ</big> / ''<nowiki/>'ilahun''. Ho an' ny sasany, io anarana io dia avy amin' ny hoe ''al'' sy ''lâh''<ref><small>MacDonald D.B., « Ilah » dans ''Encyclopédie de l’islam'', Tome 3, 1986 <abbr>p.</abbr> 1093-1094.</small></ref>, avy amin' ny [[matoanteny]] <big>لَاهَ</big> izay midika hoe "voasarona" na "avo", izay afaka mampifandray io anarana io amin' ny hevitry ny hoe "Avo Indrindra". Ny hafa indray dia mampisampana ny teny hoe ''Allah'' avy amin' ny [[Mpisolo tena (fitsipiteny)|mpisolo tena]] fahatelo [[Filaza isa (fitsipiteny)|milaza tokana]] ''hu'', izay nampiasaina hiantsoana an' Andriamanitra. "Raha raisina ny Anarana Faratampony hoe "''Allâh''", raha fafana ny ''[[Abidy arabo|alif]]'' sy ny ''[[Abidy arabo|lâm]]'' roa dia tsy hisy tavela afa-tsy ny litera ''[[Abidy arabo|hâ'<nowiki/>]]'', izay miaraka amin' ny ''[[Abidy arabo|wâw]]'' (tsy heno) izay mamorona ny teny hoe "''Huwa''", izay manondro ny maha tokana an' Andriamanitra."<ref><small>KARKARI, "[https://karkariya.fr/ha-ul-hawiya/ Hâ' ul-Hawiya]" [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fkarkariya.fr%2Fha-ul-hawiya%2F arsiva]], ''Voie Soufie Karkariya'', 11 Nôvambra 2014 (notsidihina tamin' ny 31 Jolay 2022)</small></ref>. Ny safidy hafa dia ny maha "anaran' Andriamanitra izay tsy manondro azy amin' ny toetra manokana, izay tsy avy amin' ny teny hafa ary tsy azo esorina ny mpanortra ao aminy". Niely be teo amin' ny teôlôjiana sonita io fomba fijery io<ref name=":1" />. Izany no hevitr' i Al-Fayrūz Abādī (taonjato faha-14), ao amin' ny boky ''Al-Qāmûs Al-Muh'īt''. Anisan' ny tohan-kevitra misy manolotra ny hoe rehefa ampiana ny teny hoe ''yà'' amin' ny fiantsoana dia miteny hoe ''yā Allāh'', fa ho an' ny teny rehetra misy [[mpanoritra]] dia voafafa ny mpanoritra aorian' ny ''yā''. == Allah tao Arabia talohan' ny silamo == === Allah, iray amin' ny andriamanitry ny Arabo taloha === Mampahatsiahy ny andinin-tsoratra sasany ao amin' ny [[Kor'any]] fa nanondro an' ilay [[Andriamanitra mpamorona]] ho an' ny [[Meka (Arabia Saodita)|Mekana]] talohan' ny vanim-potoana silamo ny ny anarana hoe ''Allah''<ref><small>Ny Kor'any ''Al Ra'd'' ("ny varatra") 13:16; ''Al Ankabut'' ("ny hala"); 29:61-63, ''Luqman'' ("Lokman"), 31:25; ''Az Zumar'' "ireo andiany" 39:38.</small></ref><ref name=":3"><small>L. Gardet, « Allah » in ''Encyclopédie de l’islam'', tome 1, <abbr>p.</abbr> 406 syny anaraka</small></ref><ref><small>Sourdel D., « Les Arabes avant l'Islam », ''Histoire des Arabes.'' Presses Universitaires de France, 2007, <abbr>p.</abbr> 7-18.</small></ref>. Miseho ao amin' ny tononkalo talohan' ny [[silamo]] amin' ny maha anaran' [[Andriamanitra (ankapobeny)|andriamanitra]] tsy voatonona anarana manokana ny teny hoe ''Ilah'' ialohavan' ny [[mpanoritra]], ary manondro ny andriamanitra voalaza ao amin' ny teny manodidina (voalaza rahateo, ohatra). Mampiseho ny fisian' ny anarana nohafohezina hoe ''Allah'' koa izany literatiora izany<ref><small>D.B. MacDonald, « Ilah » dans ''Encyclopedie de l’islam'', Tome 3, 1986, <abbr>p.</abbr> 1093-1094.</small></ref>. Ny [[Fivavahana tao Arabia talohan' ny fivavahana silamo|fivavahan' ny Arabo talohan' ny silamo]] dia [[Pôliteisma|pôliteista]] ary ny [[Arabo (vahoaka)|Arabo]] dia niantso hoe ''Ilâha'' ny [[masoandro]] izay andriamanitra nivavahan' ny sasany tao anatin' ny maro<ref name=":1" />. ''Allah'', izay nekena tamin' ny taonjato faha-7 ho "Tompon' ny Tempoly" (dia ny [[Kaaba|Ka'ba]] any [[Meka (Arabia Saodita)|Meka]])<ref name=":2"><small>Sourdel, Dominique. « Mahomet et le coran », ''L’islam.'' Presses Universitaires de France, 2009, <abbr>p.</abbr> 5-17.</small></ref> dia nanana andriamanitra miara-miasa aminy, izay noheverin' ny Arabo ho andriamanitra ambany fahefana, zanakalahy sy ny andriamanitra [[Al-‘Uzzá|Al-ʿUzzā]], [[Manāt|Al-Manāt]] ary [[Al-Lāt]] izay nantsoina hoe zanany vavy<ref><small>''Ny Kor'any'', ''An Nadjm'' ("ny kintana"), 53:19-22; ''An Nahl'' ("ny renitantely" 16:57 ary ''As Saffat'' "ireo nalahatra", 37:149.</small></ref>. Andriamanibavin' ny fahavokarana sy ny maha vehivavy i Al-Lat, izay nivavahana tany [[Saikanosin' i Arabia|Arabia]] talohan' ny silamo<ref><small>Fahd T., "al-Lāt" in ''Encyclopédie de l’Islam''.</small></ref>. Endrika [[Kilahivavy|kambavi]]<nowiki/>n' ny hoe ''Allah'' ny anaran' andriamanitra hoa ''Al-Lât''<ref name=":1" />. Antsoina hoe ''Abdallah'', "mpanompon' i Allah", ny rain' i [[Mohamady]]. Noho izany dia tsy manondro andriamanitra tokana ny teny ampiasaina ao amin' ny [[Kor'any]]<ref name=":1" />. Ho an' i Dominique Sourdelle, tamin' ny taonjato faha-4, teo amin' ny mponina mpifidrafindra monina tao amin' ny [[fatrana]] [[Siria (faritra)|siriana]], dia tany ambadika lavitry ny andriamanitra maro hafa i Allah. Tamin' izay fotoana izay i Allah vao nanomboka naka ny laharana voalohany<ref name=":2" />. Nankalazaina tamin' ny fombafomban' ny fihodidinana amin' ny vato - ny [[betila]] - sy zavatra masina hafa, toy ilay "[[vato mainty]]" na ny ''Maqam Ibrahim'' mifandray amin' ny [[Kaaba|Ka'ba]], ireo andriamanitra ireo. Napetraka tao amin' ny fizaràn-tany heverina ho masina, izay nametrahana fitsipika momba ny fahadiovana alohan' ny [[sorona]], ireo zavatra ireo. Toy izany koa dia voarara ny namono biby na nanapaka hazo ao amin' io faritra io<ref name=":2" />. === Fampiasana ny anarana hoe ''Allah'' teo amin' ny Kristiana arabo === Voamarina ny fampiasana, tao amin' ny tononkalon' ny [[fokom-pirenena]] arabo kristiana tany Arabia toa ny [[Gasanida (vahoaka)|Gasanida]] sy ny [[Tanokida (vahoaka)|Tanokida]], ny teny hoe ''Allah''<ref><small>A. Amin et A. Harun, ''Sharh Diwan Al-Hamasa'', Le Caire, 1951, Vol. 1, <abbr>p.</abbr> 478-480.</small></ref><ref><small>Al-Marzubani, ''Mu'jam Ash-Shu'araa'', <abbr>p.</abbr> 302.</small></ref><ref><small>Irfan Shahîd, ''Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century,'' Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University-Washington DC, p.452.</small></ref>. Manamarina ny fampiasana an' io anarana io ny soratsokitra tamin' ny taonjato faha-6 hita tao Umm al-Jimal<ref name=":1" /><ref><small>James A. Bellamy, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/603860 Two Pre-Islamic Arabic Inscriptions Revised: Jabal Ramm and Umm Al-Jimāl]", ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', vol. 108, no 3,‎ 1988, p. 369–378 (DOI 10.2307/603860, [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F603860 arsiva]], notsidihina tamin' ny 4 Nôvambra 2018)</small></ref>. Ao amin' ny soratsokitra kristiana tamin' ny taona 512 dia amin' ny [[Fiteny arabo|teny arabo]] hoe "''Allah''" sy [[Fiteny arameana|teny arameana]] hoe "''Alaha''" ny fanondroana an' i Allah. Manomboka amin' ny filazana hoe "Amin' ny famonjen' i Allah" izany soratra izany<ref><small>Grohmann A., ''Arabische Paläographie II: Das Schriftwesen und die Lapidarschrift'', Vienne'', 1''971,Hermann Böhlaus Nochfolger, <abbr>p.</abbr> 6-8.</small></ref><ref><small>Gruendler B., ''The Development of the Arabic Scripts: From the Nabatean Era to the First Islamic Century according to Dated Texts'', Atlanta, 1993, Scholars Press.</small></ref>. Ny anarana hoe ''Allah'' àry no nampiasain' ny Kristiana talohan' ny [[Silamo|finoana silamo]]<ref><small>Koscielniak, « Quelques remarques sur la littérature pré-islamique arabe chrétienne », ''Rocznik orientalistyczny'', LVII, 2004, <abbr>p.</abbr> 60-76.</small></ref>. == Allah ao amin' ny silamo == I <big>الله</big> / ''Allah'' no [[Andriamanitra (ankapobeny)|andriamanitra]] [[Andriamanitra (tokana)|tokana]] ivavahana ao amin' ny [[Silamo|finoana silamo]]. Amin' ny Mozilmana dia i Allah no [[Famoronana (finoana sy fedrà)|mpahary]] izao rehetra izao (na ''‘âlam''), ka maro ny teny amaritan' ny boky [[Kor'any]] ny toetrany, toy ny hoe "mahery", "mahay", "be indra fo", sns<ref><small>Sourdel D., Sourdel-Thomine J., « Allah » in ''Vocabulaire de l'islam.'' Presses Universitaires de France, 2013.</small></ref>. Anaran-toetra miisa 99 no omen' ny fivavahana silamo an' ity andriamanitra tokana ity, izay atao hoe "anaran' Andriamanitra tsara indrindra". Indrindraindrindra, ireo izay mandray ny finoana silamo dia milaza ny fanambaràm-pinoana antsoina hoe [[Fiekem-pinoana silamo|''Shahada'']]: "Mijoro ho vavolombelona aho fa tsy misy andriamanitra afa-tsy Andriamanitra ary i [[Mohamady]] no irany” (''Ashhadu an lâ ilâha illa-llâh wa Ashhadu ana Muhammadan Rasûlu-l-llâh'')<ref><small>Clarck M., Chebel M., ''L'islam pour les nuls'', First, 2008, <abbr>p.</abbr> 159.</small></ref>. Tamin' ny nanambaràna ny [[Soratra Masina]] (ny [[Kor'any]]) dia niteny tamin' ny alalan' ny [[anjely]] Jibrily ([[Gabriela (arikanjely)|Gabriela]]) sy ny mpaminany [[Mohamady]] izay nandre ny tenin' Andriamanitra fa tsy ny feony, ity andriamanitra ity. Manana toetra fito fototra ny [[Andriamanitra ao amin' ny silamo|andriamanitry ny silamo]], dia ny fiainana, ny fahalalana, ny hery, ny sitrapo, ny fandrenesana, ny fahitana ary ny fitenenana. [[Famoronana (finoana sy fedrà)|Mpahary]] sy [[Fahefana ny zava-drehetra|mahefa]] ary [[Fahalalana ny zava-drehetra|mahalala]] ny zava-drehetra izy. Izy no tompon' izao rehetra izao sy ny hoavy, mpitsara amin' ny [[fitsarana farany]], niseho tamin' ny [[Mpaminanin' ny silamo|mpaminany nifandimby]] hatramin' i [[Adama]] ka hatramin' i [[Mohamady]]. Ambara matetika ny fahatezerany ka matetika izy dia atao hoe "ilay Mahatahotra" ([[Fiteny arabo|arabo]]: ''al-Jabbâr'' na ''al-Qahhâr''). Ny halehiben' ny famindram-pony izay mahery vaika ka mahasahana ny zavatra rehetra anefa no toetrany misongadina indrindra, araka ny voasoratra ao amin' ny [[Kor'any]], boky masin' ny silamo. === Araka ny Kor'any === Resahina ao amin' ny [[Kor'any]] i Allah, saingy tsy natao hanazavana ny toetr' i Allah io boky io. Heverin' ny Mozilmana ho Tenin' Andriamanitra io lahatsoratra io, tsy azo idirana na dia resahina aza ireo "fahalavorariana [[Fihoa-draha|mihoa-draha]]" ireo<ref name=":3" />. Lohahevitra telo lehibe no hita ao amin' ny [[Kor'any]]: * [[Andriamanitra mpamorona|Mpamorona]] sy [[Fitsarana farany|mpitsara]] ary mpamaly soa i Allah<ref name=":3" />. * Tokana sy andriamanitra tokana i Allah. Ny Kor'any dia manantitrantitra manokana ny maha-tokana azy (''[[Tawhîd|Tawhid]]''; [[mônôteisma]]) sy ny maha zava-dehibe ny tsy fampiombonana azy na amin' inona na amin' inona. "Iray tokoa ny Andriamanitrareo” (Kor'any 37:4). Manamafy izany lafiny izany ny [[soràta]] tamin' ny Vanim-potoana Mekana. "''Azo antoka fa Izaho no Allah: tsy misy andriamanitra afa-tsy Izaho. Koa manompoa Ahy ary manaova [[Vavaka dimy fanao isan' andro (silamo)|salāt]] hahatsiarovana Ahy''." (Kor'any 20:14)<ref name=":3" />. * [[Fahefana ny zava-drehetra|Mahery indrindra]] sy be famindram-po i Allah. "Tompon' ny Atsinanana sy ny Andrefana" i Allah (Kor'any 70:49)<ref name=":3" />. Ao amin' ny Kor'any dia mampiseho famariparitana miendrika olona momba an' i Allah ny [[Ayat|andininy]] sasany. Manana tarehy, tanana, maso sns izy. Miteraka adihevitra ara-pamakafakana sy ara-teôlôjia ireo famariparitana ireo<ref name=":3" />. === Ao amin' ny siisma ismaeliana === Araka ny voalazan' ny [[ismaelisma]] dia [[Fihoa-draha|mihoa-draha]] sy tsy azo fantarina, mihoatra ny matiera, ny [[Angôvo|angovo]], ny habaka, ny [[fotoana]] sns Andriamanitra<ref><small>Farhad Daftary ''Ismaili History and Intellectual Traditions'' Routledge 2017 (<nowiki>ISBN 978-1-351-97503-2</nowiki>)</small></ref> Mihoatra ny marika rehetra Andriamanitra, ka noho izany, ny ismaelisma dia mitsipaka ny foto-kevitra momba an' Andriamanitra izay milaza fa Andriamanitra no [[anton-javatra voalohany]]<ref><small>Arzina R. Lalani, ''Degrees of Excellence: A Fatimid Treatise on Leadership in Islam'' I.B.Tauris 2009 (<nowiki>ISBN 978-0-857-71202-8</nowiki>) page 3</small></ref>. === Ao amin' ny motazilisma === Niteraka adihevitra maro teo amin' ny mpandinika mozilmana tamin' ny taonjato voalohany ny y fanontaniana momba ny toetr' Andriamanitra. Moa ve "miray fiziana" amin' Andriamanitra ireo toetra ireo ka mandrakizay izany firaisam-piziana izany, sa ivelany izy ireo ka noho izany dia noforonina<ref><small>Yahia M., « Noms divins » dans ''dictionnaire du Coran'', 2007, Paris, <abbr>p.</abbr> 602 sy ny manaraka</small></ref>? Mandà ny toetran' Andriamanitra miendrik' olombelona ny [[Motazilisma|Motazilita]], satria, ho azy ireo dia "tsy maintsy tokana" ny zavatra [[mandrakizay]]. Araka izany dia hahatonga an' Andriamanitra ho azo ampitahaina ireo toetra ireo. Heverina ho fanoharana ny famaritana an' Andriamanitra ao amin' ny [[Kor'any]]<ref><small>Renard J., ''Islamic Theological Themes: A Primary Source Reader'', Univ of California Press 2014 (<nowiki>ISBN 978-0-520-95771-8</nowiki>), <abbr>p.</abbr> 138.</small></ref>. Na izany aza, ho an' ny Motazilita miaro ny maha-iray (''[[Tawhîd|tawhid]]'') an' Andriamanitra, dia misy toetra hafa, toy ny fahalalana, izay tsy noheverina ho ao amin' Andriamanitra; mifanohitra amin' izany aza, ireo toetra ireo dia mamaritra ny fiziany. Raha tsy izany, ny maha mandrakizay ny toetran' Andriamanitra dia hiteraka zavatra maro misy mandrakizay ankoatra an' Andriamanitra<ref><small>Hughes P., ''Dictionary of Islam'', Asian Educational Services, 1995 (<nowiki>ISBN 978-8-120-60672-2</nowiki>) <abbr>p.</abbr> 425.</small></ref>. === Ao amin' ny sofisma === Tahaka ny ao amin' ny finoana silamo, izay mino Andriamanitra [[Fihoa-draha|mihoa-draha]] sy manam-piandrianana, nefa koa ato anatin' izao tontolo izao sy [[Fanatrehana amin' ny toerana rehetra|manatrika amin' ny toerana rehetra]], ny [[Sofisma (silamo)|sofisma]] dia milaza fa Andriamanitra irery ihany no misy, raha ny marina. Taratry ny anaran-toetr' Andriamanitra ny zavaboary rehetra noarîny. Tsy Andriamanitra mihitsy anefa ireo endrika ireo<ref><small>Jironet K., ''The Image of Spiritual Liberty in the Western Sufi Movement Following Hazrat Inayat Khan'', Peeters Publishers 2002 (<nowiki>ISBN 978-9-042-91205-2</nowiki>), <abbr>p.</abbr> 32.</small></ref>. Hoy i [[Ibn Arabî|Ibn Arabi]]: "Tsy misy afa-tsy Andriamanitra." Noheverin' ny mpitsikera ho toy ny [[panteisma]] (: ny zavatra rehetra no Andriamanitra) io fanambaràna io, na izany aza dia nanavaka mazava foana ny Famoronana sy ny Mpamorona i Ibn Arabi<ref><small>Laliwala J. I., ''Islamic Philosophy of Religion: Synthesis of Science Religion and Philosophy'', Sarup & Sons 2005 (<nowiki>ISBN 978-8-176-25476-2</nowiki>), <abbr>p.</abbr> 39</small></ref>. === Ao amin' ny asarisma sy matoridisma (sonisma) === Manaiky ny maha [[mandrakizay]] ny toetr' Andriamanitra ny [[asarisma]] sy ny [[matoridisma]], saingy tsy tokony horaisina am-panoharana na ara-bakiteny ireo toetra ireo<ref><small>Saeed A., ''Islamic Thought: An Introduction'', Routledge 2006 (<nowiki>ISBN 978-1-134-22564-4</nowiki>), toko "''legal thought"''</small></ref>. Noho izany, manana tanana Andriamanitra, nefa tsy mitovy amin' ny tanan' olombelona<ref name=":4"><small>Rippin A., ''Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices,'' Psychology Press 2005 (<nowiki>ISBN 978-0-415-34888-1</nowiki>), <abbr>p.</abbr> 86.</small></ref>. Na dia heverina ho azo fantarina amin' ny alalan' ny saina aza ny fisian' Andriamanitra, dia tsy afaka mahatakatra tanteraka ny toetr' Andriamanitra ny sain' olombelona. Rehefa mahita an' Andriamanitra, ohatra, ny olona ao amin' ny [[paradisa]], dia tsy ho araka ny fahitan' ny olona eto an-tany izany<ref name=":4" />. === Ao amin' ny salafisma sy ny oahabisma (sonisma) === Mandà ny fandikana ny [[Kor'any]] ny [[salafisma]] sy ny [[oahabisma]] mba tsy hanovana ny hafatra ao aminy. Mandray ny filazalazana momba an' Andriamanitra ara-bakiteny àry izy ireo, ary manohitra ny ventin-kevitra teôlôjika, anisan' izany ny an' ny [[Asarisma|Asarita]]<ref><small>Thurston A., ''Salafism in Nigeria'', Cambridge University Press 2016 (<nowiki>ISBN 978-1-107-15743-9</nowiki>), <abbr>p.</abbr> 6.</small></ref>. Noho izany dia tsy maintsy raisina ara-bakiteny ny hoe "tanan' Andriamanitra" ary mipetraka eo ambonin' ny seza fiandrianany tokoa i Allah<ref><small>Wiktorowicz Q., ''The Management of Islamic Activism: Salafis, the Muslim Brotherhood, and State Power in Jordan'', SUNY Press, 2001, (<nowiki>ISBN 978-0-791-44835-9</nowiki>) <abbr>p.</abbr> 115.</small></ref>. === Eo amin' ny fiainana andavanandron' ny Mozilmana === Ampiasaina tsy tapaka ao amin' ny kolontsaina mozilmana ny teny hoe ''Allah''. Ohatra, indraindray ny Mozilmana sasany izay manomboka ny hetsiny na ny asany dia manonona ny hoe ''bi ismi Allah'' na ''bi-smi llāh'' ("amin' ny anaran' i Allah")<ref><small>Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, ''Islamic Society in Practice'', University Press of Florida, p. 24</small></ref>; mampiseho ny fahafaham-pony izy ireo amin' ny filazana hoe ''al hamdu li-Allah'' na ''al-ḥamdu li-llāh'' ("Dera ho an' Andriamanitra")<ref><small>Sourdel, Dominique, et Janine Sourdel-Thomine. « Vocabulaire de l'islam », ''Vocabulaire de l'islam.'' Presses Universitaires de France, 2013.</small></ref>, na ny alahelo noho ny fahafatesan' ny olon-tiana amin' ny hoe ''ina li-Allahi wa ina ilayhi raji un'' ("an' Andriamanitra izahay ary miverina any aminy izahay"). Raha manao [[fahotana]] izy ireo dia mangataka [[famelan-keloka]] amin’ ny hoe ''astaghfir Allah''. Rehefa milaza ny fikasany, ny vinavina na ny fanantenany izy ireo dia manao hoe ''in sha' Allah'' ("raha sitrapon' Andriamanitra")<ref><small>Gary S. Gregg, ''The Middle East: A Cultural Psychology'', Oxford University Press, p.30</small></ref>. Ny fitenenana hoe ''Allahu Akbar'', izay midika hoe "Andriamanitra no lehibe indrindra", dia manamarika ihany koa amin' ny fampitahana, ny fanamafisana ny maha tokana an' Andriamanitra<ref><small>"[https://larabefacile.fr/comment-apprendre-larabe/invocation-islam Quel est ce lien entre le serviteur et le Créateur ?]" [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Flarabefacile.fr%2Fcomment-apprendre-larabe%2Finvocation-islam arsiva]], in ''l'arabe facile'', 3 Nôvambra 2021 (notsidihina tamin' ny 31 Jolay 2022)</small></ref>. Misy andian-teny hafa koa natao ho fiderana an' Andriamanitra izay tian' ny Mozilmana tononina, anisan' izany ny hoe ''Subḥāna llāh'' ("Voninahitra ho an' Andriamanitra"), ''lā ilāha illā llāh'' ("Tsy misy andriamanitra afa-tsy Andriamanitra") na indraindray ''lā ilāha illā inta/huwa'' ("Tsy misy andriamanitra afa-tsy Ianao/Izy") ho fanoloran-tena amin' ny fahatsiarovana an' Andriamanitra (''dhikr'')<ref><small>M. Mukarram Ahmed, Muzaffar Husain Syed, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Anmol Publications PVT. LTD, p. 144</small></ref>. == Allah ao amin' ny kristianisma == Tsy manana teny hafa ilazana ny hoe "Andriamanitra" afa-tsy ny hoe "''Allah''" ny [[Kristiana arabo]] ankehitriny. Toy izany koa ny [[Fiteny arameana|teny arameana]] andikana ny hoe "Andriamanitra" amin' ny fitenin’ ny [[Asiriana (vahoaka)|Kristiana asiriana]] dia ''ʼĔlāhā'' na ''Alaha''. Na dia ny [[fiteny maltey]] avy amin' ny [[fiteny arabo]] any [[Malta]] aza, izay saika [[Katôlisisma|katôlika]] manontolo ny mponina ao, dia mampiasa ny hoe ''Alla'' hiresahana an' Andriamanitra. Nampiasa endrika fiantsoana roa izay napetaka amin' ny fiandohan' ny asasorany ny Kristiana arabo. Nandray ny ''bismillāh'' mozilmana izy ireo, ary namorona ''bismillāh'' [[Trinite|trinitariana]] ihany koa tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-8<ref><small>Thomas E. Burman, ''Religious Polemic and the Intellectual History of the Mozarabs'', Brill, 1994, p. 103</small></ref>. Mivaky toy izao ny ''bismillāh'' mozilmana: "Amin' ny anaran' Andriamanitra, ilay be fiantrana, be indrafo”. Mivaky toy izao kosa ny ''bismillāh'' nampanarahina ny [[Trinite]]: ''bi-smi l-abi wa-l-bni wa-r-rūHi l-quddūsi l-wāHidi'' ("Amin' ny anaran' ny [[Andriamanitra Ray|Ray]] sy ny [[Andriamanitra Zanaka|Zanaka]] ary ny [[Fanahy Masina (kristianisma)|Fanahy Masina]], Andriamanitra tokana"). Tsy misy teny hoe "Andriamanitra tokana" any amin' ny farany ny fitokavana amin' ny [[Fiteny siriaka|teny siriaka]] sy [[Fiteny latina|latina]] ary [[Fiteny grika|grika]]. Natao mba hanamafisana ny lafiny [[Mônôteisma|mônôteista]] amin' ny finoana trinitariana sy mba hahatonga izany ho metimety amin' ny Mozilmana kokoa ny io teny fanampiny io<ref><small>Thomas E. Burman, ''Religious Polemic and the Intellectual History of the Mozarabs'', Brill, 1994, p. 103</small></ref>. Araka ny voalazan' i Marshall Hodgson dia toa nisy Kristiana arabo nanao [[fivahiniana masina]] tany amin' ny [[Kaaba]] ny tamin' ny vanim-potoana talohan' ny silamo (dia ny Kaaba izay tempolin' ny mpanompo sampy tamin' izany fotoana izany), nanome voninahitra an' i Allah amin' ny maha [[Andriamanitra mpamorona]] azy<ref><small>Marshall G. S. Hodgson, ''The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization'', University of Chicago Press, p. 156</small></ref>. Ny fikarohana [[Arkeôlôjia|arkeôlôjika]] sasany dia nitarika ho amin' ny fahitana [[soratsokitra]] sy fasana maro talohan' ny silamo sy fasana maro nataon' ny [[Kristiana arabo]] tao amin' ny sisam-paharavan' ny fiangonana iray tao Umm el-Jimal any [[Jôrdania]] avaratra, izay nisy firesahana momba an' i Allah ho anaran' Andriamanitra tamin' ny voalohany, araka ny voalazan' i Enno Littman (1949). Na izany aza, amin' ny fanavaozana faharoa nataon' i Bellamy sy ny namany (1985 & 1988) dia nadika indray ilay soratsokitra misy andininy 5 hoe "(1) Ity [soratsokitra] ity dia natsangan' ny mpiara-miasa amin' i ʿUlayh, (2) zanak' i ʿUbaydah, mpitan-tsoratra (3) an' ny vondrona Augusta Secunda (4) Filadelfiana; enga anie ho very saina izay (5) hamafa an' ity<ref><small>James Bellamy, "Two Pre-Islamic Arabic Inscriptions Revised: Jabal Ramm and Umm al-Jimal", ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', 108/3 (1988) pp. 372–378 (translation of the inscription) "This was set up by colleagues/friends of ʿUlayh, the son of ʿUbaydah, secretary/adviser of the cohort Augusta Secunda Philadelphiana; may he go mad/crazy who effaces it."</small></ref><ref><small>Enno Littmann, ''Arabic Inscriptions'' (Leiden, 1949)</small></ref><ref><small>Daniels, Peter T. (2014). ''The Type and Spread of Arabic Script''.</small></ref>. Hita ao amin' ny tatitra sy lisitry ny anaran' ny maritiora kristiana tany [[Saikanosin' i Arabia|Arabia]] Atsimo ny [[Fiteny siriaka|teny siriaka]] hoe ܐܠܗܐ / ''ʼĔlāhā''<ref><small>"[http://www.syriaca.org/work/254 The Himyarite Martyrs (text) —]".</small></ref><ref><small>"James of Edessa the hymns of Severus of Antioch and others." Ernest Walter Brooks (ed.), ''Patrologia Orientalis'' VII.5 (1911)., vol: 2, p. 613. pp. ܐܠܗܐ (Elaha).</small></ref>, araka ny tatitra hita ao amin' ny tahirin-kevitra [[Fiteny siriaka|siriaka]] tranainy momba ny anaran' ireo maritiora ireo tamin' ny andron' ny fanjakan' ny [[Himiarita]] sy ny fanjakan' ny [[Aksomita]]<ref><small>Ignatius Ya`qub III, ''The Arab Himyarite Martyrs in the Syriac Documents'' (1966), pp: 9-65-66-89</small></ref>. Ao amin' ny tantaram-piainana nataon' i Ibn Ishaq dia misy mpitarika kristiana iray antsoina hoe Abd Allah ibn Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad, izay maty maritiora tao Najran tamin' ny taona 523, satria nanao peratra milaza hoe "I Allah no Tompoko"<ref><small>Alfred Guillaume& Muhammad Ibn Ishaq, (2002 [1955]). ''The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat Rasūl Allāh'' with Introduction and Notes. Karachi and New York: Oxford University Press, p 18.</small></ref>. Ao amin' ny soratsokitra momba ny maritiora kristiana tamin' ny taona 512 dia hita amin' ny [[Fiteny arabo|teny arabo]] sy [[Fiteny arameana|arameana]] ny fanondroana an' i الاله / ''<nowiki/>'l-ilah''<ref><small>M. A. Kugener, "Nouvelle Note Sur L'Inscription Trilingue De Zébed", ''Rivista Degli Studi Orientali'', pp. 577-586.</small></ref>. Manomboka amin' ny filazana hoe "Amin' ny fanampian' i 'l-ilah" ilay soratsokitra<ref><small>Adolf Grohmann, ''Arabische Paläographie II: Das Schriftwesen und die Lapidarschrift'' (1971), Wien: Hermann Böhlaus Nochfolger, pp: 6-8</small></ref><ref><small>Beatrice Gruendler, ''The Development of the Arabic Scripts: From the Nabatean Era to the First Islamic Century according to Dated Texts'' (1993), Atlanta: Scholars Press</small></ref>. Ao amin' ny [[Filazantsara]] na [[Filazantsara|Evanjely]] talohan' ny silamo dia "''Allah''" no anarana nampiasaina hanondroana an' Andriamanitra, araka ny asehon' ny dikan-teny arabo sasany amin' ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]] nosoratan' ny [[Kristiana arabo]] nandritra ny vanim-potoana talohan' ny silamo tany Arabia Avaratra sy Atsimo. Na izany aza, ny fikarohana vao haingana momba ny fandalinana islamika nataon' i Sydney Griffith sy ny namany (2013), i David D. Grafton (2014), i Clair Wilde (2014) ary i ML Hjälm sy ny namany (2016 & 2017) dia nanamafy fa "ny azo resahina momba ny mety hisian' ny dikan-teny kristianan' ny Filazantsara amin' ny teny arabo talohan' ny silamo dia tsy mbola nisy famantarana azo antoka ny fisiany."<ref><small>Sidney H Griffith, "The Gospel in Arabic: An Enquiry into Its Appearance in the First Abbasid Century", ''Oriens Christianus'', Volume 69, p. 166. "All one can say about the possibility of a pre-Islamic, Christian version of the Gospel in Arabic is that no sure sign of its actual existence has yet emerged".</small></ref><ref><small>Grafton, David D (2014). ''The identity and witness of Arab pre-Islamic Arab Christianity: The Arabic language and the Bible''. Christianity [...] did not penetrate into the lives of the Arabs primarily because the monks did not translate the Bible into the vernacular and inculcate Arab culture with biblical values and tradition. Trimingham's argument serves as an example of the Western Protestant assumptions outlined in the introduction of this article. It is clear that the earliest Arabic biblical texts can only be dated to the 9th century at the earliest, that is after the coming of Islam.</small></ref><ref><small>Sidney H. Griffith, The Bible in Arabic: The Scriptures of the 'People of the Book' in the Language of Islam. ''Jews, Christians and Muslims from the Ancient to the Modern World'', Princeton University Press, 2013, pp242- 247 ff.</small></ref><ref><small>The Arabic Bible before Islam – Clare Wilde on Sidney H. Griffith's The Bible in Arabic. June 2014.</small></ref><ref><small>Hjälm, ML (2017). ''Senses of Scripture, Treasures of Tradition: The Bible in Arabic Among Jews, Christians and Muslims''. Brill. <nowiki>ISBN 978-90-04-34716-8</nowiki>.</small></ref>. Fanampin' izany, i ML Hjälm ao amin' ny fikarohana nataony farany indrindra (2017) dia nilaza fa "Tsy talohan' ny taona 873 ny fahitana ny sora-tanana misy fandikan-tenin' ny filazantsara"<ref><small>Hjälm, ML (2017). ''Senses of Scripture, Treasures of Tradition, The Bible in Arabic among Jews, Christians and Muslims'' (Biblia Arabica) (English and Arabic ed.). Brill. <nowiki>ISBN 978-90-04-34716-8</nowiki>. By contrast, manuscripts containing translations of the gospels are encountered no earlier then the year 873 (Ms. Sinai. N.F. parch. 14 & 16)</small></ref>. I Irfan Shahîd eo am-mpanaovana tonon-tsiahy ny ''Kitab al-Aghani'', izay angona rakipahalalana tamin' ny taonjato faha-10, dia nanamarika fa ny Kristiana arabo talohan' ny silamo dia voalaza fa nampiakatra ny hiaka an' ady hoe "''Ya La Ibad Allah''" ("O ry mpanompon' i Allah") mba hifampiantso amin' ny ady<ref><small>Irfan Shahîd, ''Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century'', Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University-Washington DC, p. 418.</small></ref>. Araka ny voalazan' i Shahid, araka ny fahefan' ny manam-pahaizana mozilmanan' ny taonjato faha-10, Al-Marzubani, dia voatonona ao amin' ny [[tononkalo]] kristiana talohan' ny silamo ihany koa ny hoe "Allah" nataon' ny pôeta [[gasanida]] sy [[tanokida]] sasany tany [[Siria (faritra)|Siria]] sy Arabia Avaratra<ref><small>Irfan Shahîd, ''Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century'', Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University-Washington DC, p: 452</small></ref><ref><small>A. Amin and A. Harun, ''Sharh Diwan Al-Hamasa'' (Cairo, 1951), Vol. 1, pp: 478-480</small></ref><ref><small>Al-Marzubani, ''Mu'jam Ash-Shu'araa'', p: 302</small></ref>. == Jereo koa == * [[Mônôteisma]] *[[Andriamanitra ao amin' ny silamo]] *[[Fivavahana tao Arabia talohan' ny fivavahana silamo]] *[[Kor'any]] *[[Silamo]] == Loharano sy fanamarihana == efx22216wwzhsvi61ghz08y2usgwimj 0 278846 1152801 1147564 2026-11-02T15:05:55Z Thelezifor 15140 1152801 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Tamarindus_indica_pods.JPG|thumb|Kily na madilo na madiro|434x434px]] Ny '''''Tamarindus indica''''' dia karazana hazo ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]],'' sy ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Caesalpinioideae]]''. Io no hany karazana ao amin' ny ao amin' ny vondron-karazana '''''Tamarindus'''''. ''Tamarindus indica'' <small>L.</small> ny anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izy io dia atao hoe '''dilo''', '''diro''', '''kile''', '''kililo''', '''kily''', '''lilo''', '''madilo''', '''madiro''', '''monte''', '''monty''', '''voamadilo''', '''voamatony''', ary '''voamatory'''. Karazan-kazo maniry amin' ny faritra trôpikaly maina aty [[Afrika Atsinanana]] ny kily na madiro. Efa hatry ny elabe no nambolena azy tany [[Azia Atsimo]] ka avy any no niparitahany amin' ny faritra trôpikaly rehetra. Nisy vitsivitsy nampidirina tany [[Amerika Afovoany]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 ka miparitaka ao [[Meksika]] sy ao [[Hôndorasy]] ary [[Goatemala]] io hazo io amin' izao fotoana izao.[[Sary:YosriBuahAsamJawa.jpg|vignette|253x253px|Voamadilo|ankavia]]Hazo mety mahatratra 10 m hatramin' ny 20 m ny kily. Fohifohy ny vatany. Miadam-paniry izy sady velona maharitra ela. Maharitra ny raviny izay miisa hatramin' ny 24 isaky ny tahon-dravina. Manopy mavo ny voniny izay maniry midina amin' ny volana Mey ka mamoaka voa makirana amin' ny volana Ôktôbra. Eto [[Madagasikara]], indrindra ao amin' ny faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Sakalava]], dia heverina ho hazo masina ny kily na madiro, izay atao hoe "mpanjakan' ny hazo". == Anarana hafa == Indreto ny anarana hafa ahafantarana ny ''Tamarindus indica'': * ''Cavaraea elegans'' <small>Speg.</small> * ''Tamarindus erythraeus'' <small>Mattei</small> * ''Tamarindus occidentalis'' <small>Gaertn.</small> * ''Tamarindus officinalis'' <small>Hook.</small> * ''Tamarindus somalensis'' <small>Mattei</small> * ''Tamarindus umbrosa'' <small>Salisb.</small> == Jereo koa == * [[Zavamaniry fanao fanafody eto Madagasikara]] [[Sokajy:Hazo]] na12924f93m8omjbeph26g8v34ep72x 1152804 1152801 2026-11-02T15:30:18Z Thelezifor 15140 Namafa soratra tsy ilaina 1152804 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Tamarindus_indica_pods.JPG|thumb|Kily na madilo na madiro|434x434px]] Ny '''''Tamarindus indica''''' dia karazana hazo ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]],'' sy ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Caesalpinioideae]]''. Io no hany karazana ao amin' ny vondron-karazana '''''Tamarindus'''''. ''Tamarindus indica'' <small>L.</small> ny anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izy io dia atao hoe '''dilo''', '''diro''', '''kile''', '''kililo''', '''kily''', '''lilo''', '''madilo''', '''madiro''', '''monte''', '''monty''', '''voamadilo''', '''voamatony''', ary '''voamatory'''. Karazan-kazo maniry amin' ny faritra trôpikaly maina aty [[Afrika Atsinanana]] ny kily na madiro. Efa hatry ny elabe no nambolena azy tany [[Azia Atsimo]] ka avy any no niparitahany amin' ny faritra trôpikaly rehetra. Nisy vitsivitsy nampidirina tany [[Amerika Afovoany]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 ka miparitaka ao [[Meksika]] sy ao [[Hôndorasy]] ary [[Goatemala]] io hazo io amin' izao fotoana izao.[[Sary:YosriBuahAsamJawa.jpg|vignette|253x253px|Voamadilo|ankavia]]Hazo mety mahatratra 10 m hatramin' ny 20 m ny kily. Fohifohy ny vatany. Miadam-paniry izy sady velona maharitra ela. Maharitra ny raviny izay miisa hatramin' ny 24 isaky ny tahon-dravina. Manopy mavo ny voniny izay maniry midina amin' ny volana Mey ka mamoaka voa makirana amin' ny volana Ôktôbra. Eto [[Madagasikara]], indrindra ao amin' ny faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Sakalava]], dia heverina ho hazo masina ny kily na madiro, izay atao hoe "mpanjakan' ny hazo". == Anarana hafa == Indreto ny anarana hafa ahafantarana ny ''Tamarindus indica'': * ''Cavaraea elegans'' <small>Speg.</small> * ''Tamarindus erythraeus'' <small>Mattei</small> * ''Tamarindus occidentalis'' <small>Gaertn.</small> * ''Tamarindus officinalis'' <small>Hook.</small> * ''Tamarindus somalensis'' <small>Mattei</small> * ''Tamarindus umbrosa'' <small>Salisb.</small> == Jereo koa == * [[Zavamaniry fanao fanafody eto Madagasikara]] [[Sokajy:Hazo]] c2qycqzx4zgnweym6rv657cpa1vsdgm 0 278969 1152782 1127947 2026-11-02T12:46:38Z Thelezifor 15140 Nandamina lahatsoratra 1152782 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Suji.jpg|vignette|''[[Dracaena angustifolia]]'']] Ny '''hasina''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny vonron-karazana ''[[Dracaena]]'' (fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]'', filaharana [[Asparagales]]) sy ''[[Gossypium]]'' (ianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'', filaharana [[Malvales]]). === Karazana ao amin' ny ''Dracaena'' === [[Sary:Dracaena marginata 21zz.jpg|vignette|276x276px|''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'']] [[Sary:Dracaena elliptica 323192074.jpg|vignette|216x216px|''[[Dracaena elliptica]]'']]Zavamaniry lava taho isan-karazany izay manana ravina mivangongo eny amin' ny lohany, ravina izay maro somary lava mahia, ny karazana ''Dracaena'' atao hoe "hasina". Atao hoe [[hasindahy]] ny ''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'' ary [[hasimbola]] ny ''[[Dracaena elliptica]]''. * ''[[Dracaena angustifolia]]'' <small>Roxb.</small> (''Asparagaceae'') -- hasina, hazomasina, kosina, tavivolavavy, tavivolavy, tsihasinkasina, tsikasinkasina * ''[[Dracaena elliptica]]'' <small>Thunb.</small> -- hasimbola, hasingola, kosingola, tavivolavavy, tsikasinkasintaboriravina, tsinkasinkasintaboriboriravina * ''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'' <small>Lam.</small> (''Asparagaceae'') -- fanavy, hasindahy, hola, kosindahy, rajo, ranjo, ronjo, tavivola, tavivolalahy, tavola, tavolahy, tavolalahy, tavololahy, tavovola, tsihasinkasina, tsimitrona, tsimitrova * ''[[Dracaena xiphophylla]]'' <small>Baker.</small> (''Asparagaceae'') -- hasimbavy, hasina, kosimbavy ==== ''Dracaena angustifolia'' ==== Karazana ''[[Spermatophyta]]'' ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Dracaena]]'' ny ''[[Dracaena angustifolia]]'', ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]'', nosokajina ho anisan' ny ''[[Rutaceae|Ruscaceae]]'' tao amin' ny [[fanasokajiana Klasika]], hita eto [[Madagasikara]]. ==== ''Dracaena xiphophylla'' ==== Zavamaniry anisan' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Dracaena]]'' ihany koa ary ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]'' ny ''[[Dracaena xiphophylla]]''. ==== ''Dracaena reflexa'' ==== Zavamaniry mamony ny ''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'', ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Liliaceae]]'' (na ''[[Dracaenaceae]]'') araka ny fanasokajiana klasika, na ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]'' araka ny fanasokajiana filôgenetika. ==== Ny ''Dracaena elliptica'' ==== Zavamaniry ala trôpikaly aziatika ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''Asparagaceae'' ny ''[[Dracaena elliptica]]''. === Karazana ao amin' ny ''Gossypium'' === [[Sary:Gossypium arboreum2.jpg|vignette|''Gossypium arboreum'']] [[Sary:Gossypium barbadense (22765770474).jpg|vignette|''Gossypium barbadense'']] * ''[[Gossypium arboreum]]'' <small>L.</small> (''Malvaceae'') -- hasina * ''[[Gossypium barbadense]]'' <small>L.</small> (''Malvaceae'') -- hasina, landihazo * ''[[Gossypium hirsutum]]'' <small>L.</small> == Ny hasina ao amin' ny kolontsaina malagasy == Ity hazo hasina ity dia any amorontsiraka sy any an' ala no maniry sy mijoalajoala tokoa fa any [[Imerina]] kosa dia saika nambolena amin' ny tanànan' ny [[Ntaolo malagasy|Ntaolo]]. Noheverin' ny Ntaolo ho fitoeran' ny [[Hasina (hery tsy hita maso)|hasina]] (hery) ireny zavamaniry atao hoe ''hasina'' ireny. Tsy maniriniry fahantany ny hasina tany Imerina fa matetika amin' ny tanànan' andriana na toerana masina misy [[vazimba]] sy [[kalanoro]], ny fasan' andriana, ny fantsakan' andriana, ny [[Doany (toerana masina)|doany]] ary ny trano itoeran' ny [[Fanandroana|mpanandro]], [[Ombiasa|mpimasy]] sy [[Sikidy (malagasy)|mpisikidy]] no ambolena azy. Any amin' ny faritry ny [[Sakalava]] aza dia ny toerana misy ireo zanakandriana no hany azo ambolena izany. Anisan' ny tena niavaka ny hasina maniry ao amin' ny rovan' [[Antsahadinta]] satria dia mivady amin' ny [[aviavy]] (''[[Ficus trichopoda]]'') nzy ireo, toy izany koa ny hasina naniry tao [[Fonohasina]] satria dia nijoalajoala tsy nanampaharoa izy tao. Izany no ilazan' ny Ntaolo fa anisan' ny hazon' andriana miaraka amin' ny amontana (''[[Ficus lutea]]''), ny aviavy ( ''[[Ficus trichopoda]]''), hazotokana (''[[Brachylaena ramiflora]]'') ary ny [[Hitsikitsika (zavamaniry)|hitsikitsika]] (''[[Rhodocolea racemosa]]'' sy ''[[Rhodocolea telfairiae]]'') ny hasina. Fa amin' ireo hazon' andriana ireo anefa dia ny hasina ihany no "hazom-panandratana" ary tsy misy heviny ny zavatra ataon' ny olo-manan-kasina na zava-manan-kasina raha tsy misy ity hazo atao hoe hasina ity eo aminy. Ohatra, tamin' ny fandroan-d[[Ralambo]] teo [[Ambohidrabiby]], ireo zanakandriana [[Fahavirijiniana|virijiny]] no maka ny rano tsy dikain' amboa; asiana hasina maniry teo Fonohasina sy [[volafotsy]] izany rano izany ary atao amin' ny zoro [[alahamady]] ao amin' ny lapa ka androan-d[[Ralambo]] amin' ny andro farany alohan' ny vava alahamady, ary rehefa vita izany dia natafy an-dRalambo ny [[Jaky (lamba)|jaky]] vaovao notenomin' ny zanakandriana atao hoe [[Andriandoriamanjaka]]. Ankehitrio, mbola maro ny olona no mamboly ireny hasina ireny satria inoany fa mitombo ny hasiny amin' izany koa eo akaikin' ny vavahady na ny varavarana no ambolena izany. Ny hasina àry dia entin' ny Ntaolo maneho sy mampitandrina fa masina ny toerana iray aniriany ka manainga avy hatrany ny olona mba hanaja io toerana io. Amin' ny maha hazom-panandratana azy dia saika amin' ny toerana, andaniny, hanaovana vavaka amin' ny [[Zanahary (finoan-drazana malagasy)|Zanahary]] sy ny [[Razana (finoana malagasy)|razana]] no ahitana azy mba hisandratra amin' ny Zanahary sy ny razana ny vavaka izay atao, ankilany, amin' ny vohitra misy andriana, mba hisandratra hatrany ny taranak' ireny andriana ireny. Sarotra tokoa vao maniry ireny hasina ireny, ka raha maniry izy dia lazain' ny olona fa ambinina azy ilay namboly izany fa raha maty na tsy maniry ilay hasina dia heverina ho milaza loza na tsy fanambinana. Misy lahy sy vavy koa ireny hasina ireny. Ansan' ny nalaza ny hasina maniry ao amin' ny rovan' [[Antsahadinta]] satria dia miray amin' ny aviavy izy. Toy izany koa ireo hasina nambolen' ny mpanjaka [[Ralambo]] nanodidina ny [[hadivory]] tao [[Fonohasina]] [[Ambohidrabiby]] satria dia avo nijoalajoala tsy nanam-paharoa ka nahavery anarana ilay toerana ho "Fenohasina" na "Fonohasina". Hoy ary ny Ntaolo raha handray fitenena ka hampiseho fanetrentena: "...Tsy ny [[amontana]] haingon' ny vohitra fa ny hasina lava marontsana tsy mandao zoro [[alahamady]]", teny entina hilazana fa na lehibe aza ny amontana, ny hasina koa mba manana ny maha-izy azy, entina hanehoana koa fa "izay maivana ihany no atoraka"...ny aviavy mantsy dia hazobe mijoalajoala, ary ny hasina hazo kelikely taho. == Jereo koa == * [[Hasina]] * [[Hasina (hery tsy hita maso)]] * [[Hasina (fanomezana)]] * [[Hasina (tsiro)]] * [[Hasina (fizarazaràna)]] * [[Hasina (zavatra voatokana)]] * [[Landihazo]]: ''[[Gossypium arboreum]]'' <small>L.</small>; ''[[Gossypium barbadense]]'' <small>L.</small>; ''[[Gossypium hirsutum]]'' <small>L.</small> (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Moringa oleifera]]'' <small>Lam.</small> (''[[Moringa|Moringaceae]]'') fl4uxfx4yxyyomewlflny9yn19rizgr 1152783 1152782 2026-11-02T12:54:04Z Thelezifor 15140 Nandamina lahatsoratra 1152783 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Suji.jpg|vignette|''[[Dracaena angustifolia]]'']] Ny '''hasina''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny vonron-karazana ''[[Dracaena]]'' (fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]'', filaharana [[Asparagales]]) sy ''[[Gossypium]]'' (ianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'', filaharana [[Malvales]]). === Karazana ao amin' ny ''Dracaena'' === [[Sary:Dracaena marginata 21zz.jpg|vignette|276x276px|''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'']] [[Sary:Dracaena elliptica 323192074.jpg|vignette|216x216px|''[[Dracaena elliptica]]'']]Zavamaniry lava taho isan-karazany izay manana ravina mivangongo eny amin' ny lohany, ravina izay maro somary lava mahia, ny karazana ''Dracaena'' atao hoe "hasina". Atao hoe [[hasindahy]] ny ''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'' ary [[hasimbola]] ny ''[[Dracaena elliptica]]''. * ''[[Dracaena angustifolia]]'' <small>Roxb.</small> (''Asparagaceae'') -- hasina, hazomasina, kosina, tavivolavavy, tavivolavy, tsihasinkasina, tsikasinkasina * ''[[Dracaena elliptica]]'' <small>Thunb.</small> -- hasimbola, hasingola, kosingola, tavivolavavy, tsikasinkasintaboriravina, tsinkasinkasintaboriboriravina * ''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'' <small>Lam.</small> (''Asparagaceae'') -- fanavy, hasindahy, hola, kosindahy, rajo, ranjo, ronjo, tavivola, tavivolalahy, tavola, tavolahy, tavolalahy, tavololahy, tavovola, tsihasinkasina, tsimitrona, tsimitrova * ''[[Dracaena xiphophylla]]'' <small>Baker.</small> (''Asparagaceae'') -- hasimbavy, hasina, kosimbavy ==== ''Dracaena angustifolia'' ==== Karazana ''[[Spermatophyta]]'' ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Dracaena]]'' ny ''[[Dracaena angustifolia]]'', ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]'', nosokajina ho anisan' ny ''[[Rutaceae|Ruscaceae]]'' tao amin' ny [[fanasokajiana Klasika]], hita eto [[Madagasikara]]. ==== ''Dracaena xiphophylla'' ==== Zavamaniry anisan' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Dracaena]]'' ihany koa ary ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]'' ny ''[[Dracaena xiphophylla]]''. ==== ''Dracaena reflexa'' ==== Zavamaniry mamony ny ''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'', ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Liliaceae]]'' (na ''[[Dracaenaceae]]'') araka ny fanasokajiana klasika, na ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]'' araka ny fanasokajiana filôgenetika. ==== Ny ''Dracaena elliptica'' ==== Zavamaniry ala trôpikaly aziatika ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''Asparagaceae'' ny ''[[Dracaena elliptica]]''. === Karazana ao amin' ny ''Gossypium'' === [[Sary:Gossypium arboreum2.jpg|vignette|''Gossypium arboreum'']] [[Sary:Gossypium barbadense (22765770474).jpg|vignette|''Gossypium barbadense'']] * ''[[Gossypium arboreum]]'' <small>L.</small> (''Malvaceae'') -- hasina * ''[[Gossypium barbadense]]'' <small>L.</small> (''Malvaceae'') -- hasina, landihazo * ''[[Gossypium hirsutum]]'' <small>L.</small> == Ny hasina ao amin' ny kolontsaina malagasy == Ity hazo hasina ity dia any amorontsiraka sy any an' ala no maniry sy mijoalajoala tokoa fa any [[Imerina]] kosa dia saika nambolena amin' ny tanànan' ny [[Ntaolo malagasy|Ntaolo]]. Noheverin' ny Ntaolo ho fitoeran' ny [[Hasina (hery tsy hita maso)|hasina]] (hery) ireny zavamaniry atao hoe ''hasina'' ireny. Tsy maniriniry fahantany ny hasina tany Imerina fa matetika amin' ny tanànan' andriana na toerana masina misy [[vazimba]] sy [[kalanoro]], ny fasan' andriana, ny fantsakan' andriana, ny [[Doany (toerana masina)|doany]] ary ny trano itoeran' ny [[Fanandroana|mpanandro]], [[Ombiasa|mpimasy]] sy [[Sikidy (malagasy)|mpisikidy]] no ambolena azy. Any amin' ny faritry ny [[Sakalava]] aza dia ny toerana misy ireo zanakandriana no hany azo ambolena izany. Anisan' ny tena niavaka ny hasina maniry ao amin' ny rovan' [[Antsahadinta]] satria dia mivady amin' ny aviavy (''[[Ficus trichopoda]]'') nzy ireo, toy izany koa ny hasina naniry tao [[Fonohasina]] satria dia nijoalajoala tsy nanampaharoa izy tao. Izany no ilazan' ny Ntaolo fa anisan' ny hazon' andriana miaraka amin' ny amontana (''[[Ficus lutea]]''), ny aviavy (''[[Ficus trichopoda]]''), hazotokana (''[[Brachylaena ramiflora]]'') ary ny [[Hitsikitsika (zavamaniry)|hitsikitsika]] (''[[Rhodocolea racemosa]]'' sy ''[[Rhodocolea telfairiae]]'') ny hasina. Fa amin' ireo hazon' andriana ireo anefa dia ny hasina ihany no "hazom-panandratana" ary tsy misy heviny ny zavatra ataon' ny olo-manan-kasina na zava-manan-kasina raha tsy misy ity hazo atao hoe hasina ity eo aminy. Ohatra, tamin' ny fandroan-d[[Ralambo]] teo [[Ambohidrabiby]], ireo zanakandriana [[Fahavirijiniana|virijiny]] no maka ny rano tsy dikain' amboa; asiana hasina maniry teo Fonohasina sy [[volafotsy]] izany rano izany ary atao amin' ny zoro [[alahamady]] ao amin' ny lapa ka androan-d[[Ralambo]] amin' ny andro farany alohan' ny vava alahamady, ary rehefa vita izany dia natafy an-dRalambo ny [[Jaky (lamba)|jaky]] vaovao notenomin' ny zanakandriana atao hoe [[Andriandoriamanjaka]]. Ankehitrio, mbola maro ny olona no mamboly ireny hasina ireny satria inoany fa mitombo ny hasiny amin' izany koa eo akaikin' ny vavahady na ny varavarana no ambolena izany. Ny hasina àry dia entin' ny Ntaolo maneho sy mampitandrina fa masina ny toerana iray aniriany ka manainga avy hatrany ny olona mba hanaja io toerana io. Amin' ny maha hazom-panandratana azy dia saika amin' ny toerana, andaniny, hanaovana vavaka amin' ny [[Zanahary (finoan-drazana malagasy)|Zanahary]] sy ny [[Razana (finoana malagasy)|razana]] no ahitana azy mba hisandratra amin' ny Zanahary sy ny razana ny vavaka izay atao, ankilany, amin' ny vohitra misy andriana, mba hisandratra hatrany ny taranak' ireny andriana ireny. Sarotra tokoa vao maniry ireny hasina ireny, ka raha maniry izy dia lazain' ny olona fa ambinina azy ilay namboly izany fa raha maty na tsy maniry ilay hasina dia heverina ho milaza loza na tsy fanambinana. Misy lahy sy vavy koa ireny hasina ireny. Ansan' ny nalaza ny hasina maniry ao amin' ny rovan' [[Antsahadinta]] satria dia miray amin' ny aviavy izy. Toy izany koa ireo hasina nambolen' ny mpanjaka [[Ralambo]] nanodidina ny [[hadivory]] tao [[Fonohasina]] [[Ambohidrabiby]] satria dia avo nijoalajoala tsy nanam-paharoa ka nahavery anarana ilay toerana ho "Fenohasina" na "Fonohasina". Hoy ary ny Ntaolo raha handray fitenena ka hampiseho fanetrentena: "...Tsy ny [[amontana]] haingon' ny vohitra fa ny hasina lava marontsana tsy mandao zoro [[alahamady]]", teny entina hilazana fa na lehibe aza ny amontana, ny hasina koa mba manana ny maha-izy azy, entina hanehoana koa fa "izay maivana ihany no atoraka"...ny aviavy mantsy dia hazobe mijoalajoala, ary ny hasina hazo kelikely taho. == Jereo koa == * [[Hasina]] * [[Hasina (hery tsy hita maso)]] * [[Hasina (fanomezana)]] * [[Hasina (tsiro)]] * [[Hasina (fizarazaràna)]] * [[Hasina (zavatra voatokana)]] * [[Landihazo]]: ''[[Gossypium arboreum]]'' <small>L.</small>; ''[[Gossypium barbadense]]'' <small>L.</small>; ''[[Gossypium hirsutum]]'' <small>L.</small> (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Moringa oleifera]]'' <small>Lam.</small> (''[[Moringa|Moringaceae]]'') * [[Aviavy]]: ''[[Ficus carica]]'' <small>L</small>; ''[[Ficus lutea]]'' (← ''Ficus baronii''); ''[[Ficus polita]]'' (← ''Ficus megapoda''); ''[[Ficus religiosa]]''; ''[[Ficus trichopoda]]'' (''[[Moraceae]]'') * [[Amontana]]: ''[[Ficus lutea]]'' (← ''[[Ficus lutea|Ficus baronii]]'' ); ''[[Ficus tiliifolia]]'' (← ''Ficus trichophlebia'') * [[Hazotokana]]: ''[[Brachylaena ramiflora]]'' <small>(DC.) Humbert</small>; ''[[Brachylaena perrieri]]'' <small>(Drake) Humber</small> (''[[Asteraceae]]''); ''Vernonia'' sp. * [[Hitsikitsika (zavamaniry)|Hitsikitsika]]: ''[[Rhodocolea racemosa]]'' <small>(Lam.) H. Perrier</small>; ''[[Rhodocolea telfairiae]]'' <small>(Boj. ex Hook.) H. Perrier</small> (''[[Bignoniaceae]]'') 4rskfw7eefuksann1gcrn9gyi4rbz81 1152803 1152783 2026-11-02T15:27:39Z Thelezifor 15140 Nanitsy hadisoam-pitendrena 1152803 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Suji.jpg|vignette|''[[Dracaena angustifolia]]'']] Ny '''hasina''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny vonron-karazana ''[[Dracaena]]'' (fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]'', filaharana [[Asparagales]]) sy ''[[Gossypium]]'' (fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]'', filaharana [[Malvales]]). === Karazana ao amin' ny ''Dracaena'' === [[Sary:Dracaena marginata 21zz.jpg|vignette|276x276px|''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'']] [[Sary:Dracaena elliptica 323192074.jpg|vignette|216x216px|''[[Dracaena elliptica]]'']]Zavamaniry lava taho isan-karazany izay manana ravina mivangongo eny amin' ny lohany, ravina izay maro somary lava mahia, ny karazana ''Dracaena'' atao hoe "hasina". Atao hoe [[hasindahy]] ny ''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'' ary [[hasimbola]] ny ''[[Dracaena elliptica]]''. * ''[[Dracaena angustifolia]]'' <small>Roxb.</small> (''Asparagaceae'') -- hasina, hazomasina, kosina, tavivolavavy, tavivolavy, tsihasinkasina, tsikasinkasina * ''[[Dracaena elliptica]]'' <small>Thunb.</small> -- hasimbola, hasingola, kosingola, tavivolavavy, tsikasinkasintaboriravina, tsinkasinkasintaboriboriravina * ''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'' <small>Lam.</small> (''Asparagaceae'') -- fanavy, hasindahy, hola, kosindahy, rajo, ranjo, ronjo, tavivola, tavivolalahy, tavola, tavolahy, tavolalahy, tavololahy, tavovola, tsihasinkasina, tsimitrona, tsimitrova * ''[[Dracaena xiphophylla]]'' <small>Baker.</small> (''Asparagaceae'') -- hasimbavy, hasina, kosimbavy ==== ''Dracaena angustifolia'' ==== Karazana ''[[Spermatophyta]]'' ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Dracaena]]'' ny ''[[Dracaena angustifolia]]'', ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]'', nosokajina ho anisan' ny ''[[Rutaceae|Ruscaceae]]'' tao amin' ny [[fanasokajiana Klasika]], hita eto [[Madagasikara]]. ==== ''Dracaena xiphophylla'' ==== Zavamaniry anisan' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Dracaena]]'' ihany koa ary ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]'' ny ''[[Dracaena xiphophylla]]''. ==== ''Dracaena reflexa'' ==== Zavamaniry mamony ny ''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'', ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Liliaceae]]'' (na ''[[Dracaenaceae]]'') araka ny fanasokajiana klasika, na ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]'' araka ny fanasokajiana filôgenetika. ==== Ny ''Dracaena elliptica'' ==== Zavamaniry ala trôpikaly aziatika ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''Asparagaceae'' ny ''[[Dracaena elliptica]]''. === Karazana ao amin' ny ''Gossypium'' === [[Sary:Gossypium arboreum2.jpg|vignette|''Gossypium arboreum'']] [[Sary:Gossypium barbadense (22765770474).jpg|vignette|''Gossypium barbadense'']] * ''[[Gossypium arboreum]]'' <small>L.</small> (''Malvaceae'') -- hasina * ''[[Gossypium barbadense]]'' <small>L.</small> (''Malvaceae'') -- hasina, landihazo * ''[[Gossypium hirsutum]]'' <small>L.</small> == Ny hasina ao amin' ny kolontsaina malagasy == Ity hazo hasina ity dia any amorontsiraka sy any an' ala no maniry sy mijoalajoala tokoa fa any [[Imerina]] kosa dia saika nambolena amin' ny tanànan' ny [[Ntaolo malagasy|Ntaolo]]. Noheverin' ny Ntaolo ho fitoeran' ny [[Hasina (hery tsy hita maso)|hasina]] (hery) ireny zavamaniry atao hoe ''hasina'' ireny. Tsy maniriniry fahantany ny hasina tany Imerina fa matetika amin' ny tanànan' andriana na toerana masina misy [[vazimba]] sy [[kalanoro]], ny fasan' andriana, ny fantsakan' andriana, ny [[Doany (toerana masina)|doany]] ary ny trano itoeran' ny [[Fanandroana|mpanandro]], [[Ombiasa|mpimasy]] sy [[Sikidy (malagasy)|mpisikidy]] no ambolena azy. Any amin' ny faritry ny [[Sakalava]] aza dia ny toerana misy ireo zanakandriana no hany azo ambolena izany. Anisan' ny tena niavaka ny hasina maniry ao amin' ny rovan' [[Antsahadinta]] satria dia mivady amin' ny aviavy (''[[Ficus trichopoda]]'') nzy ireo, toy izany koa ny hasina naniry tao [[Fonohasina]] satria dia nijoalajoala tsy nanampaharoa izy tao. Izany no ilazan' ny Ntaolo fa anisan' ny hazon' andriana miaraka amin' ny amontana (''[[Ficus lutea]]''), ny aviavy (''[[Ficus trichopoda]]''), hazotokana (''[[Brachylaena ramiflora]]'') ary ny [[Hitsikitsika (zavamaniry)|hitsikitsika]] (''[[Rhodocolea racemosa]]'' sy ''[[Rhodocolea telfairiae]]'') ny hasina. Fa amin' ireo hazon' andriana ireo anefa dia ny hasina ihany no "hazom-panandratana" ary tsy misy heviny ny zavatra ataon' ny olo-manan-kasina na zava-manan-kasina raha tsy misy ity hazo atao hoe hasina ity eo aminy. Ohatra, tamin' ny fandroan-d[[Ralambo]] teo [[Ambohidrabiby]], ireo zanakandriana [[Fahavirijiniana|virijiny]] no maka ny rano tsy dikain' amboa; asiana hasina maniry teo Fonohasina sy [[volafotsy]] izany rano izany ary atao amin' ny zoro [[alahamady]] ao amin' ny lapa ka androan-d[[Ralambo]] amin' ny andro farany alohan' ny vava alahamady, ary rehefa vita izany dia natafy an-dRalambo ny [[Jaky (lamba)|jaky]] vaovao notenomin' ny zanakandriana atao hoe [[Andriandoriamanjaka]]. Ankehitrio, mbola maro ny olona no mamboly ireny hasina ireny satria inoany fa mitombo ny hasiny amin' izany koa eo akaikin' ny vavahady na ny varavarana no ambolena izany. Ny hasina àry dia entin' ny Ntaolo maneho sy mampitandrina fa masina ny toerana iray aniriany ka manainga avy hatrany ny olona mba hanaja io toerana io. Amin' ny maha hazom-panandratana azy dia saika amin' ny toerana, andaniny, hanaovana vavaka amin' ny [[Zanahary (finoan-drazana malagasy)|Zanahary]] sy ny [[Razana (finoana malagasy)|razana]] no ahitana azy mba hisandratra amin' ny Zanahary sy ny razana ny vavaka izay atao, ankilany, amin' ny vohitra misy andriana, mba hisandratra hatrany ny taranak' ireny andriana ireny. Sarotra tokoa vao maniry ireny hasina ireny, ka raha maniry izy dia lazain' ny olona fa ambinina azy ilay namboly izany fa raha maty na tsy maniry ilay hasina dia heverina ho milaza loza na tsy fanambinana. Misy lahy sy vavy koa ireny hasina ireny. Ansan' ny nalaza ny hasina maniry ao amin' ny rovan' [[Antsahadinta]] satria dia miray amin' ny aviavy izy. Toy izany koa ireo hasina nambolen' ny mpanjaka [[Ralambo]] nanodidina ny [[hadivory]] tao [[Fonohasina]] [[Ambohidrabiby]] satria dia avo nijoalajoala tsy nanam-paharoa ka nahavery anarana ilay toerana ho "Fenohasina" na "Fonohasina". Hoy ary ny Ntaolo raha handray fitenena ka hampiseho fanetrentena: "...Tsy ny [[amontana]] haingon' ny vohitra fa ny hasina lava marontsana tsy mandao zoro [[alahamady]]", teny entina hilazana fa na lehibe aza ny amontana, ny hasina koa mba manana ny maha-izy azy, entina hanehoana koa fa "izay maivana ihany no atoraka"...ny aviavy mantsy dia hazobe mijoalajoala, ary ny hasina hazo kelikely taho. == Jereo koa == * [[Hasina]] * [[Hasina (hery tsy hita maso)]] * [[Hasina (fanomezana)]] * [[Hasina (tsiro)]] * [[Hasina (fizarazaràna)]] * [[Hasina (zavatra voatokana)]] * [[Landihazo]]: ''[[Gossypium arboreum]]'' <small>L.</small>; ''[[Gossypium barbadense]]'' <small>L.</small>; ''[[Gossypium hirsutum]]'' <small>L.</small> (''[[Malvaceae]]''); ''[[Moringa oleifera]]'' <small>Lam.</small> (''[[Moringa|Moringaceae]]'') * [[Aviavy]]: ''[[Ficus carica]]'' <small>L</small>; ''[[Ficus lutea]]'' (← ''Ficus baronii''); ''[[Ficus polita]]'' (← ''Ficus megapoda''); ''[[Ficus religiosa]]''; ''[[Ficus trichopoda]]'' (''[[Moraceae]]'') * [[Amontana]]: ''[[Ficus lutea]]'' (← ''[[Ficus lutea|Ficus baronii]]'' ); ''[[Ficus tiliifolia]]'' (← ''Ficus trichophlebia'') * [[Hazotokana]]: ''[[Brachylaena ramiflora]]'' <small>(DC.) Humbert</small>; ''[[Brachylaena perrieri]]'' <small>(Drake) Humber</small> (''[[Asteraceae]]''); ''Vernonia'' sp. * [[Hitsikitsika (zavamaniry)|Hitsikitsika]]: ''[[Rhodocolea racemosa]]'' <small>(Lam.) H. Perrier</small>; ''[[Rhodocolea telfairiae]]'' <small>(Boj. ex Hook.) H. Perrier</small> (''[[Bignoniaceae]]'') ko0ogqftoe9mrjsawko3ub3e6zindwb 0 279564 1152791 1152560 2026-11-02T13:38:27Z Thelezifor 15140 1152791 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Feld mit reifer Baumwolle.jpeg|vignette|340x340px|Landihazo na hasy]] Ny '''landihazo''' na '''hasy''' dia [[tsiraka]] izay mamono ny vihin' ny [[Gossypium|zavamaniry landihazo]] (mamorona ny vondron-karazana ''[[Gossypium]]'' ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]''). Izany tsiraka izany dia ovaina ho [[kofehy]] mba hanamboarana [[lamba]]. Ny landihazo no tsiraka voajanahary vokarina be indrindra eto ambonin' ny tany, indrindra any [[Sina]] sy any [[India]]. Hatramin' ny taonjato faha-19 dia ny landihazo no tsiraka fanaova-damba mitana ny laharana voalohany (marikitra ny 50&nbsp;% amin' ny vokatra ilaina maneran-tany). Atsoina hoe "landihazo" koa ny ''[[Moringa oleifera]]'' (izay atao hoe anamorongo, ananambo, felikambo, moringa, morongo, morongy) any amin' ny faritra misy ny [[Betsimisaraka]]. == Jereo koa == * [[Taretra]] * [[Landy]] * [[Rongony]] * ''[[Gossypium]]'' * ''[[Moringa]]'' [[Sokajy:Zavamaniry]] [[Sokajy:Lamba]] fhya35bvjz9nntdn7dndzlb2n8bi1jp 0 279906 1152815 1148902 2026-11-02T23:52:12Z ~2026-58345-10 41539 /* */ 1152815 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Andriandranandobe''' dia andriana [[merina]] niaina tamin' ny taonjato faha-16, razambe nipoiran' ny terak' Andriandranando, atao koa hoe [[Andriandranando (foko)|Andriandranando]] na Zafindranando. Avy amin' ny faritry ny ala atsinanana izy no niakatra taty [[Imerina]] ankehitrio mba hitady zara-tany hanjakana. Zanaky ny andriandahy Andriamamilazabe sy ny andriambavy Ramanentohento izy. Tsy nataon-d[[Ralambo]] ho isan' ny [[folovohitra]] ny taranak' Andriandranandobe fa notazominy ho [[andriana]]. === Tsy tia ady === Na dia nalaza ho masin' ody aza Andriandranandobe dia tsy mba nila ady na nanosika ireo fanjakan' andriana efa niorona teo Alasora sy [[Ambohidrabiby]] fa nanao raharaham-pihavanana tamin' Andriamanelo ka nanoa ity farany no mba nisakaiza tsara tamin-dRabiby izay raibeny niteraka ny rainy, araka ny [[lovantsofina]] sasany. Ho marik' io fametraham-pihavanana io dia nomen' Andriamanelo ho vadin' Andriandranandobe i Rasoavimbahoaka anabaviny. Nanana vadikely hafa koa anefa Andriandranandobe. === Tsy nanjaka? === Raha ny [[lovantsofina]] dia tsy mba nanjaka Andriandranandobe. Anefa ny porofo arkeolojika dia mandiso izany satria raha ny vohitr' Andriandranando no jerena dia manana ny fepetra rehetra saika hita amin' ny tendrombohitra 12 izy. Ambohibe ohatra dia sady avo no misy farihy masina eo amin' ny tehezany. === Ny zanaka lahin' Andrianandobe === Telo lahy ny zanak' Andriandranandobe dia: * [[Andriantompoinandriana]], lahimatoa ao Ambohimailala, eo avaratr' [[Ambohibe]]; * [[Andriakomahitsy]], lahiaivo, tao Ambohibe izay tendrombohitra avo tokoa ahitana farihy masina fandevenana ny taovan' ireo Zanadranando tamin' izany; * [[Andrianifantsy]] eo amin' ilay tampotanety atsimon' Ambohibe atao hoe Manankasina-Ambohipotsy akaikin' ny misy ny tanànan' i [[Père Pedro]] ankehitrio. ocx88fobwe8fa0xbseipachwrgdlny9 1152816 1152815 2026-11-02T23:54:53Z ~2026-58345-10 41539 /* Tsy nanjaka? */ 1152816 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Andriandranandobe''' dia andriana [[merina]] niaina tamin' ny taonjato faha-16, razambe nipoiran' ny terak' Andriandranando, atao koa hoe [[Andriandranando (foko)|Andriandranando]] na Zafindranando. Avy amin' ny faritry ny ala atsinanana izy no niakatra taty [[Imerina]] ankehitrio mba hitady zara-tany hanjakana. Zanaky ny andriandahy Andriamamilazabe sy ny andriambavy Ramanentohento izy. Tsy nataon-d[[Ralambo]] ho isan' ny [[folovohitra]] ny taranak' Andriandranandobe fa notazominy ho [[andriana]]. === Tsy tia ady === Na dia nalaza ho masin' ody aza Andriandranandobe dia tsy mba nila ady na nanosika ireo fanjakan' andriana efa niorona teo Alasora sy [[Ambohidrabiby]] fa nanao raharaham-pihavanana tamin' Andriamanelo ka nanoa ity farany no mba nisakaiza tsara tamin-dRabiby izay raibeny niteraka ny rainy, araka ny [[lovantsofina]] sasany. Ho marik' io fametraham-pihavanana io dia nomen' Andriamanelo ho vadin' Andriandranandobe i Rasoavimbahoaka anabaviny. Nanana vadikely hafa koa anefa Andriandranandobe. === Tsy nanjaka? === Raha ny [[lovantsofina]] dia tsy mba nanjaka Andriandranandobe. Ny porofo arkeolojika anefa toa mandiso izany satria raha ny vohitr' Andriandranando no jerena dia manana ny fepetra rehetra saika hita amin' ny tendrombohitra 12 izy. Ambohibe ohatra dia sady avo no misy farihy masina eo amin' ny tehezany. === Ny zanaka lahin' Andrianandobe === Telo lahy ny zanak' Andriandranandobe dia: * [[Andriantompoinandriana]], lahimatoa ao Ambohimailala, eo avaratr' [[Ambohibe]]; * [[Andriakomahitsy]], lahiaivo, tao Ambohibe izay tendrombohitra avo tokoa ahitana farihy masina fandevenana ny taovan' ireo Zanadranando tamin' izany; * [[Andrianifantsy]] eo amin' ilay tampotanety atsimon' Ambohibe atao hoe Manankasina-Ambohipotsy akaikin' ny misy ny tanànan' i [[Père Pedro]] ankehitrio. kkhf4ujhy9lp5bw69z21a719don5fyt 1152817 1152816 2026-11-02T23:55:46Z ~2026-58345-10 41539 /* Ny zanaka lahin' Andrianandobe */ 1152817 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Andriandranandobe''' dia andriana [[merina]] niaina tamin' ny taonjato faha-16, razambe nipoiran' ny terak' Andriandranando, atao koa hoe [[Andriandranando (foko)|Andriandranando]] na Zafindranando. Avy amin' ny faritry ny ala atsinanana izy no niakatra taty [[Imerina]] ankehitrio mba hitady zara-tany hanjakana. Zanaky ny andriandahy Andriamamilazabe sy ny andriambavy Ramanentohento izy. Tsy nataon-d[[Ralambo]] ho isan' ny [[folovohitra]] ny taranak' Andriandranandobe fa notazominy ho [[andriana]]. === Tsy tia ady === Na dia nalaza ho masin' ody aza Andriandranandobe dia tsy mba nila ady na nanosika ireo fanjakan' andriana efa niorona teo Alasora sy [[Ambohidrabiby]] fa nanao raharaham-pihavanana tamin' Andriamanelo ka nanoa ity farany no mba nisakaiza tsara tamin-dRabiby izay raibeny niteraka ny rainy, araka ny [[lovantsofina]] sasany. Ho marik' io fametraham-pihavanana io dia nomen' Andriamanelo ho vadin' Andriandranandobe i Rasoavimbahoaka anabaviny. Nanana vadikely hafa koa anefa Andriandranandobe. === Tsy nanjaka? === Raha ny [[lovantsofina]] dia tsy mba nanjaka Andriandranandobe. Ny porofo arkeolojika anefa toa mandiso izany satria raha ny vohitr' Andriandranando no jerena dia manana ny fepetra rehetra saika hita amin' ny tendrombohitra 12 izy. Ambohibe ohatra dia sady avo no misy farihy masina eo amin' ny tehezany. === Ny zanaka lahin' Andrianandobe === Telo lahy ny zanak' Andriandranandobe dia: * [[Andriantompoinandriana]], lahimatoa ao Ambohimailala, eo avaratr' [[Ambohibe]]; * [[Andriakomahitsy]], lahiaivo, tao Ambohibe izay tendrombohitra avo tokoa ahitana farihy masina fandevenana ny taovan' ireo Zafindranando tamin' izany; * [[Andrianifantsy]] eo amin' ilay tampotanety atsimon' Ambohibe atao hoe Manankasina-Ambohipotsy akaikin' ny misy ny tanànan' i [[Père Pedro]] ankehitrio. 52iui2zszop3o8702iqfqeuns60xk1m 0 283601 1152874 1151503 2026-11-03T11:07:20Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox olona|anarana=Rabarioelina Ndriana|teraka=1963|firenena=Madagasikara|asa=Mpahay tantara|asa hafa=Mpikaroka Teôlôjiana|sary=Rabarioelina Ndriana01}} '''Rabarioelina''' '''Ndriana''' dia [[Teôlôjia|teôlôjiana]] [[Prôtestantisma eto Madagasikara|prôtestanta malagasy]], teraka tamin' ny taona 1963, ao amin' ny fokon' [[andriana]] [[merina]] avy ao [[Ambohimalaza]], ao [[Antananarivo]], renivohitr' i [[Madagasikara]], mpanindrahindra ny fitondra-mpanjaka. Zanaky ny profesora sy dokotera Lala Rabarioelina izy<ref name=":2"><small>"[https://tanikomadagascar.com/2023/02/18/faculte-de-medecine-dantananarivo-deces-du-professeur-lala-rabarioelina/ Faculté de médecine d’Antananarivo – Décès du professeur Lala Rabarioelina]", ''Taniko Madagasikara'', publié le 18 février 2023, mis à jour le 16 septembre 2024,</small> </ref>. Milaza izy fa voahosotra sy nohamasinina ho mpanjakan' Imerina sy mpanjakan' i Madagasikara tamin' ny taona 2015 ary mikatroka amin' ny tokony hamerenana ny [[Fanjakan' Imerina|Fanjakan' i Madagasikara]] indray<ref name=":6"><small>"[https://www.koolsaina.com/royaume-de-madagascar-monarchie-interview-ndriana-rabarioelina-ibc-television/#comments Les solutions proposées par Ndriana Rabarioelina à travers le retour à la monarchie]", ''www.koolsaina.com''</small></ref><ref name=":3"><small>"[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CnzKEvBocnA&t=1s Les solutions proposées par Ndriana Rabarioelina à travers le retour à la monarchie]" (Video), ''Youtube''</small></ref><ref><small>[[FANJAKAN’ I MADAGASIKARA|Fanjakan' i Madagasikara]], ''mg.wikipedia.org''</small></ref>. Nanohanana tsangan-kevitra nampitondrainy ny lohateny hoe ''[[Biblical Relations between Israel and Madagascar]]'' izy<ref><small>"[https://stalcuinhouseseminary.academia.edu/RevDrNdrianaRABARIOELINA?utm_source=chatgpt.com Prince Dr. Ndriana Rabarioelina]", ''stalcuinhouseseminary.academia.edu''</small></ref>, izay miompana amin' ny fifandraisana ara-[[Baiboly]] eo amin' i [[Fanjakan' i Israely (mitambatra)|Israely]] sy i [[Madagasikara]], ary koa amin' ny niandohan' ny olombelona, ​​ka nikarohany ny fifandraisan' ny [[sivilizasiôna]] maro fahiny sy ny [[Tantaran' i Madagasikara|tantara malagasy]]. Filoha mpanorina sy mpikambana ao amin' ny ''Royal Academy of Sciences of Madagascar'' izy<ref name=":8" />. == Zotram-piainany == === Ny ray aman-dreniny === Teraka tamin' ny taona 1963 izy, zanaky ny profesora Lala Rabarioelina sy Rajerison Victorine<ref><small>"[https://gw.geneanet.org/taniko?lang=es&n=rabarioelina&p=ndriana Ndriana Rabarioelina]", ''gw.geneanet.org''</small></ref>, izay samy [[andriana]]<ref><small>"[https://mpanjaka-madagasikara.blogspot.com/2020/12/tantaran-ny-andriana-eto-madagasikara.html? Tantaran' ny Andriana eto madagasikara]", ''mpanjaka-madagasikara.blogspot.com''</small></ref>. I Lala Rabarioelina dia Docteur en Médecine (nianatra tany amin' ny Faculté de Médecine de [[Montpellier]]) sy mpandidy<ref><small>"[https://tanikomadagascar.com/2023/02/18/faculte-de-medecine-dantananarivo-deces-du-professeur-lala-rabarioelina/ Faculté de médecine d’Antananarivo – Décès du professeur Lala Rabarioelina]", ''tanikomadagascar.com''</small></ref>. Rajerison Victorine renin' i Ndriana Rabarioelina kosa dia manana ny diplôma ambony amin' ny haizaitra (diplôme de Haute Couture de Paris). === Ny fianarana norantoviny === Nahazo ny diplôma ''baccalauréat série C'' tao amin' ny [[Académie d' Aix-Marseille]] ('''''[[:fr:Académie_d'Aix-Marseille|fr]]''''') tany [[Frantsa]] i Rabarioelina Ndriana, sy ny ''Licence en Théologie'' ary nahavita ''Master en Théologie'' tao amin' ny [[Faculté Libre de Théologie Réformée na Faculté Jean-Calvin]] ('''''[[:fr:Faculté_Jean-Calvin|fr]]''''') tao Aix-en-Provence any [[Frantsa]]. Nandalina fitantanana orinasa tao amin' ny [[Ecole Supérieure de Commerce de Paris]] (ESCP-Senior, Paris, 1994) ('''''[[:fr:ESCP_Business_School|fr]]''''') ary nandalim-pahaizana momba ny [[vatosoa]] tao amin' ny [[Gemological Institute of America]] (GIA, 2003, 2005) ('''''[[:en:Gemological_Institute_of_America|en]]'''''). [[Teôlôjia|Teôlôjiana]] i Ndriana Rabarioelina<ref><small>"[https://stalcuinhouseseminary.academia.edu/RevDrNdrianaRABARIOELINA? Prince Dr. Ndriana Rabarioelina]", S''t Alcuin House Seminary Academia''</small></ref> sady mpikaroka tantara koa<ref name=":9"><small>"[https://royal-academy-of-madagascar.blogspot.com/2017/11/iii-members-of-royal-academy-of.html Some members of the Royal Academy of Science of Madagascar]", ''royal-academy-of-madagascar.blogspot.com''</small></ref>. Nanao fikarohana izy ka nahazo ny diplôma ''PhD in Theology'' tamin' ny fanohanany ny [[tsangan-kevitra]] hoe "''[[Biblical Relations between Israel and Madagascar]]''" na "Ny fifandraisana ara-Baiboly eo amin' i Israely sy i Madagasikara" (''PhD'', Doctoral Dissertation, Saint Alcuin House Theological Seminary, USA, 2010, 458 pejy) mikasika ny "Tantara miafin' i Madagasikara nandritra ny telo arivo taona mahery" ary nahazo ny diplôma ''Doctor of Theology'' tamin' ny fanohanany ny tsangan-kevitra mitondra ny lohateny hoe "''[[Madagascar in the Last Vestiges of the Birthplace of Humanity]]''" na "I Madagasikara, ao amin' ny sisa tavela amin' ny toerana nahaterahan' ny olombelona" (''D.Theol''., Doctoral Dissertation, Saint Alcuin House Seminary, USA, 2016, 638 pejy). Nianatra sy nampitaha tenim-pirenena mihoatra ny roa ambin' ny folo koa izy ([[Fiteny malagasy|malagasy]], [[Fiteny hebreo|hebreo]], [[Fiteny arameana|arameana]], [[Fiteny grika|grika]], [[Fiteny anglisy|anglisy]], [[Fiteny alemàna|alemana]], [[Fiteny tamily taloha|tamily tranainy]], [[Fiteny sanskrity|sanskrity]], [[Fiteny someriana|someriana]], [[Fiteny malaiô-pôlineziana|malaiô-pôlineziana]], [[Vondrom-piteny amerindiana|amerindiana]], [[Fiteny aty Afrika|afrikana]], sns)<ref name=":9" />. Anisan' ny mpampianatra azy ireto profesora manaraka ireto: * i [[Pierre Berthoud]] (FLTR, [[Aix-en-Provence]], [[Frantsa]]), manam-pahaizana momba ny [[Testamenta Taloha]]; * i [[Peter R. Jones]] (Harvard, Princeton, [[Etazonia]]), manampahaizana momba ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]]; * i Jean Marc Daumas de Cornilhac (FLTR, Aix-en-Provence, Frantsa) momba ny [[Fiteny hebreo|teny hebreo]] sy ny [[Tantaran' ny kristianisma|tantaram-piangonana]]; * i Maurice Carrez (FTP, [[Paris]], Frantsa) momba ny [[Fiteny grika|teny grika]] sy ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]]; * i Edmund Clowney ([[Westminster, Kalifornia|Westminster]], WTS, Etazonia) momba ny [[teôlôjia biblika]]; * i Roger Greenway (Westminster, WTS, Etazonia), momba ny [[World Missiology|World Missiolog]][[World Missiology|y]]; * i J<nowiki/>ean Brun (Oniversite, Dijon) momba ny [[filôzôfia kristiana]]; * i Pierre Courthial (FLTR, Aix-en-Provence, Frantsa) momba ny [[teôlôjia pratika]] sy ny [[apôlôjetika]]; * i Olivier Clément (Institut Orthodoxe Saint Serge, Paris, Frantsa) momba ny [[teôlôjia ôrtôdôksa]]; * ary i [[Pierre Chaunu]], manampahaizana momba ny [[Tantara]]. === Faharesen-dahatra ara-pivavahana === Nilaza ho nahazo teny fikasana avy amin' Andriamanitra sy tsodrano avy amin' ny raiamandreny ara-panahy izy, dia ireto: ny mpitandrina [[Daniel Ratefy]]<ref><small>Ny mpitandrina [[Daniel Ratefy]], mpanorina ny [[Fiangonana Protestanta Malagasy aty Andafy]] (FPMA) tao [[Montpellier]] tamin' ny taona 1946, mpiaraka nanorina ny [[Fiangonan' i Jesoa Kristy eto Madagasikara]] (FJKM) tamin' ny taona 1968, mpiaraka nanorina ny [[Fiombonan' ny Fiangonana Kristiana eto Madagasikara]] (FFKM) teny Ambohimalaza, Antananarivo, tamin' ny taona 1950, efa tonian' ny Fiombonan' ny Fiangonana Protestanta eto Madagasikara (FFPM) tamin' ny taona 1986-1992, solontenan' i Madagasikara tamin' ny fanorenana ny [[Filankevitra Ekiomenikan' ny Fiangonana|Filankevitry ny Fiangonana eran-Tany]] na [[Filankevitra Ekiomenikan' ny Fiangonana|World Council of Churches]] (WCC) tany [[Amsterdam]] tamin' ny taona 1947-1948.</small></ref> (taona 1981), ny mpitandrina Razafindrakoto Gabriel (taona 1986), i Mama [[Volahavana Germaine]]<ref><small>I Mama [[Volahavana Germaine]] (na Nenilava), mpiandry zokiolona (1941), raiamandreny nanorina ny [[Tobilehibe Ankaramalaza]] tamin' ny taona 1941, izay miombona amin' ny FFPM, efa nihaona tamin' i [[Olav V]], mpanjakan' i [[Nôrvezy]], tany amin' ny Lapan' Andriamanjaka tany [[Oslo]] any tamin' ny taona 1973, mpitory Filazantsara, mpiahy marary sy kamboty ary olona sahirana an-jatony, izay heverin' ny ao amin' ny hetsika [[Fifohazana (kristianisma malagasy)|Fifohazana]] ho mpaminany. ary mahay tenim-pirenena roa ambin' ny folo.</small></ref> (taona 1996), ny kardinaly [[Armand Gaétan Razafindratandra]]<ref><small>Ny kardinaly [[Armand Gaétan Razafindratandra|Armand Gaetan Razafindratandra]], ao amin' ny [[Eglizy Katôlika Apôstôlika Rômanina (Madagasikara)|Eglizy Katôlika Apôstôlika Rômanina]] (EKAR) eto Madagasikara, mpiaraka nanorina ny Fiombonan' ny Fiangonana Kristiana eto Madagasikara (FFKM) tao Ambohimalaza tamin' ny taona 1950.</small></ref> (taona 2007), i Mama Ravolazaimanga Bernadette (taona 2009), i Mama Rasoazanakolona Hèlene (taona 2012), i Dada Manase (taona 2018) ao anatin' ny [[Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy]], ny [[Fiangonan' i Jesoa Kristy eto Madagasikara]]<ref name=":5">[http://royal-house-of-madagascar.blogspot.com/ <small>http://royal-house-of-madagascar.blogspot.com/</small>]</ref>. Anisan' ny raiamandrany mpiahy azy koa ny mpitandrina [[Daniel Ralibera]]<ref><small>Ny mpitandrina [[Daniel Ralibera]], mpitandrina FJKM Ambavahadimitafo, mpampianatra tantaram-piangonana (FTP) ao Antananarivo, mpiaraka nanorina ny FJKM tamin' ny taona 1968, mpiaraka nanorina ny FFKM tao Ambohimalaza tamin' ny taona 1950, mpiaraka nanorina ofisialy ny FPMA tany Paris tamin' ny taona 1959.</small></ref> sy ny profesora [[Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga]]<ref><small>I [[Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga]], Docteur en Médecine, Docteur ès Sciences, ambasadaoron' i Madagasikara tamin' ny taona 1960-1972, manampahaizana, tale amin' ny Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) any [[Paris]], akademisiana amin' ny firenena maro, mpikambana ao amin' ny Institut any Paris, ary nahazo loka siantifika iraisam-pirenena maro.</small></ref>. I Ndriana Rabarioelina dia kristiana prôtestanta. [[Fifohazana (kristianisma malagasy)|Mpiandry]] izy nanomboka amin' ny taona 1991, zanaky ny [[Tobilehibe Ankaramalaza]] ([[Fiombonan' ny Fiangonana Kristiana eto Madagasikara|FFPM]]). Izy dia efa filohan' ny [[Fiangonana Protestanta Malagasy aty Andafy]] (FPMA Aix-Marseille)<ref><small>Ny [[Fiangonana Protestanta Malagasy aty Andafy]] (FPMA Aix-Marseille) tamin' ny taona 1986-1988, izay mpikambana ao amin' ny [[Fikambanana Mampiely Baiboly Malagasy|Fikambanana Mampiely Baiboly]] eto Madagasikara (FMBM), ao amin' ny [[Fédération protestante de France]] (FPF), ao amin' ny [[Alliance nationale des églises luthériennes de France]] (ANELF), ao amin' ny [[Lutheran World Federation]] (WLF), ao amin' ny [[Alliance réformée mondiale]] (ARM) ary ao amin' ny [[Conseil oecuménique de églises]] (COE).</small>   </ref> tamin' ny taona 1986-1988. Izy no nahitana ny Lycée Gardanne, Département Bouche-du-Rhône, Région Provence (PACA), izay toerana nanaovana ny Fivoriambe Isankerintaona Fifohazana voalohany teo anivon' ny Fiangonana Protestanta Malagasy aty Andafy (FPMA, 1989). == Ny tsangan-keviny == === Jiosy na Israelita ny Malagasy === Ny tsangan-kevitra nahazoan' i Ndriana Rabarioelina ny diplôma ''PhD in Theology'' dia mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''[[Biblical Relations between Israel and Madagascar]]'' ("Fifandraisana ara-Baiboly eo amin' i Israely sy i Madagasikara")<ref name=":0"><small>"[https://www.deliremadagascar.com/conference-internationale-sur-les-origines-juives-a-madagascar/ Conférence internationale sur les origines juives à Madagascar]", in [https://www.deliremadagascar.com/ deliremadagascar.com]</small></ref>. Izany [[tsangan-kevitra]] izany dia anohanany ny maha [[Jiosy]] na Jody ny [[Malagasy]]. Nilaza ny tenany fa ny mpitandrina [[Ravelojaona (mpitandrina)|Ravelojaona]] no efa nanoratra fa [[Jiosy]] ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] (1909). Taty aoriana, araka ny fitantarany ihany, dia nanamafy izany i Mama [[Volahavana Germaine]] (1941). Izany tsangan-kevitra izany dia efa naelin' ny ilay misiônera [[lazarista]] atao hoe [[Joseph Briant]] (1946) izay niezaka nanamarina fa avy amin' ny [[Fiteny hebreo|teny hebreo]] ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. Toraka izany koa i [[Roger Andriatsiratahina]] (1976) sy ny mpitandrina [[Ratefy Tolotra]] (1979) izay nanamafy fa Jiosy ny Malagasy<ref name=":1"><small>Rabarioelina, Ndriana (Rev. Dr.) (2011), "''Biblical Relations between Israel and Madagascar''", États-Unis, 2010.</small></ref>. Ny filazan' i Joseph Briant fa nisy koa ny andiam-pifidrà-monina jiosy mankaty Madagasikara -- ka ny voalohany tamin' ireo fifindrà-monina ireo dia tamin' ny andron' i [[Sôlômôna]], manodidina ny taona 900 tal. J.K. -- dia nohamafisin' i Tolotra Ratefy (1976) sy i Ndriana Rabarioelina (2010) tao amin' ny fikarohana ara-teôlôjia sy ara-tantara nataon' izy ireo nandritra ny efapolo taona mahery<ref name=":1" />. === Avy amin' ny teny hebreo ny teny malagasy === Izao koa no anisan' ny hevitra tohanan' i Ndriana Rabarioelina: ny [[fiteny malagasy]] dia avy amin' ny [[fiteny hebreo]], ny [[kolontsaina malagasy]] dia avy amin' ny [[Jodaisma|kolontsaina jiosy]], ary nisy ny fifindrà-monina jiosy nankaty [[Madagasikara]], izay toherin' ny manam-pahaizana maro<ref><small>Sophie Goedefroit et Albert Roca (2021), "[https://publicacions.antropologia.cat/quaderns/article/download/371/199/1378 La "plus belle énigme du monde" ne veut pas être résolue. Le besoin de mémoire multiple à Madagascar]", ''publicacions.antropologia.cat''</small></ref>. Nisy ny "Fihaonana iraisam-pirenena mikasika ny Fiaviana Jiosy eto Madagasikara" na ''Conférence Internationale sur les Origines Juives à Madagascar'' izay niarahan' ny profesora [[Tudor Parfitt]] sy ny pastora [[Ratefy Tolotra|Tolotra Ratefy]] ary ny Ndriana Rabarioelina, teo anatrehan' ny [[Raby]] dimy avy any [[Etazonia]], [[Kanada]], [[Marôka]], [[Frantsa]] ary [[Aostralia]], tao [[Antananarivo]] tamin' ny volana Mey 2017<ref name=":8"><small>Royal Academy of Sciences of Madagascar, 2017.</small></ref>. === Madagasikara: tokony ho fanjakà-mpanjaka teôkratika sy kristôkratika === Anisan' ny tohanan' i Ndriana Rabarioelina koa ny tokony hahatonga an' i Madagasikara ho fanjakana [[Teôkrasia|teôkratika]] sy [[Kristôkrasia|kristôkratika]], sady hiverenana amin' ny fanjakà-mpanjaka manandratra indray ny rafitra ara-piarahamonina sy ara-pôlitika mankato an' [[Andriamanitra (tokana)|Andriamanitra]] sy manaja ny [[soatoavina]] malagasy, ary ny fandravana ny rafitra [[Repoblika|repoblikana]]<ref><small>"[[FANJAKAN’ I MADAGASIKARA|Fanjakan' i Madagasikara]]" in ''[https://mg.wikipedia.org/ mg.wikipedia.org]''</small></ref><ref><small>"[http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/index.php/component/content/article/5-societe/2933-declaration--les-malagasy-descendants-de-juifs Déclaration : Les Malagasy, descendants de juifs]" in ''[https://midi-madagasikara.mg/ midi-madagasikara.mg] {{Wayback|url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/ |date=20230430165033 }}''</small></ref><ref><small>"[http://www.tonga-soa.com/for/ecrire.php3?nume=3949&repid=31423&th= Déclaration: les Malagasy dscendants des juifs] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tonga-soa.com/for/ecrire.php3?nume=3949&repid=31423&th= |date=20230430172043 }}", in ''[http://www.tonga-soa.com/ tonga-soa.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tonga-soa.com/ |date=20250616035827 }}''</small></ref>. Tsy mijanona ho tsangan-kevitra fotsiny ny famerenana ny fitondra-mpanjaka fa raha [[andriana]] na printsy fotsiny i Ndriana Rabarioelina tany am-panombohana dia narahiny fanambaràn-tena ho mpanjaka izany<ref><small>"[http://royal-house-of-madagascar.blogspot.com/2019/ Royal house of Madagascar]", in [http://royal-house-of-madagascar.blogspot.com/ royal-house-of-madagascar.blogspot.com/]</small></ref>. == Mpanjakan' ny Merina sy mpanjakan' i Madagasikara == === Ny fototry ny fanjakany === ==== Taranaka mpanjaka ==== Nilaza i Ndriana Rabarioelina fa avy amin' ny mpanjaka [[Andriantomara]], ny mpanjaka [[Andrianerinerina]], ny mpanjaka [[Andriamanelo]], ny mpanjaka [[Ralambo]], ny mpanjaka [[Andriantompokoindrindra]], tompon' ny Tranomanara, Tranofohiloha, Tranomasina, izay nolovany avy amin' ny mpanjaka [[Andriamamilazabe]] razambeny, sy avy amin' ny mpanjaka [[Andrianjaka]], ny mpanjaka [[Andriantsitakatrandriana]], ny mpanjaka [[Andriantsimitoviaminandriandehibe]] ary ny mpanjaka [[Andrianampoinimerina]]. Ny ''Geneanet'' no ahitana tetiarana momba an' i Ndriana Rabarioelina, fa saingy tsy ahafaha-mahafantatra ny fifandraisany amin' ny mpanjaka merina teo aloha izany<ref><small>"[[Ndriana Rabarioelina]]", ''Geneanet''</small></ref>. Toa mamerina ny fiadiana ny toeran' ny mpanjaka teo amin' [[Andrianjaka]] sy Andriantompokoindrindra izany, izay nandresen' iry voalohany iry an' ilay "[[Fanorona#Ny fanorona sy ny faminaniana|mbola hamono ny telo noho ny dimy]]". Araka ny voalazan' i Ndriana Rabarioelina dia izao ny hafatry ny mpanjaka razambeny:<blockquote>An' [[Andriamanelo]] ny Alakamisy ary an' [[Andriamananintany]] ny Zoma. Raha manary fanjakana ny Terak' Andriamananintany dia miverina amin' Andriamanelo ny fanjakana. Vokany: ny hafatra napetraky ny mpanjaka [[Ralambo]] sy [[Andriantompokoindrindra]] ary [[Andrianjaka]] izay nisy fifanarahana fito dia manjaka aloha Andriantompokoindrindra avy amin' Andriamanelo, avy eo manjaka [[Andrianjaka]] avy amin' [[Andriamananintany]], ary ny Andriandahy avy amin' ny Terak' Andrianjaka manana reny mivantana [[Andriantompokoindrindra (foko)|Andriantompokoindrindra]] (foko) ihany no mahazo manjaka sy mahazo Tranomasina. Ny [[Ranavalona|vehi]][[Rasoherina|vavy]] tsy mahazo manjaka. Ary rehefa tsy manaja na very fanjakana ny Terak' Andrianjaka dia miverina amin' Andriantompokoindrindra Lahimatoan' Imerina, avy amin' Andriamanelo, ny fanjakana. (Ndriana Rabarioelina) </blockquote> ==== Tendry avy amin' Andriamanitra ==== Araka ny filazan' i Ndriana Rabarioelina dia mpaminany miisa fito, raiamandreny andriana sy ireo zokiolona fotsy volo amin' ny tany, raiamandreny ara-panahy (ny pastora [[Daniel Ratefy]] avy ao [[Ambohimalaza]], ny pastora Razafindrakoto Gabriel avy ao [[Antanamalaza]], i [[Volahavana Germaine|Mama Volahavana Germaine]] avy amin' ny [[Tobilehibe Ankaramalaza|Toby Ankaramalaza]], i Dada Manasé avy amin' ny Toby Ankaramalaza, ny Andriambavy Rasoazanakolona Hélène na Mamafara avy amin' ny [[Toby Namahanambasy]] Imerinatsimo, ny Kardinaly [[Armand Gaétan Razafindratandra]] avy ao Ambohimalaza, ny Andriambavy Ravolazaimanga Bernadette<ref><small>Ravolazaimanga Bernadette dia voalaza fa mpiandry zokiolona indrindra (1955) amin' ny Toby Lehibe Ankaramalaza sy ny Toby Lehibe Manolotrony (FFPM). Raimandreny ny Toby Masina Itaitso (FLM, FFPM). Nampianarin' i Mama Volahavana Germaine Nenilava (Toby Amkaramalaza) sy Neny Ravelonjanahary (Toby Manolotrony). Anisan' ny olona manana vina kristiana ho an' i Madagasikara manontolo izy ary miasa ho amin' izany, satria araka ny Hafatr' i Jesosy Kristy tamin' i Mama Nenilava dia ho lasa ivon' ny [[fitoriana ny filazantsara]] maneran-tany i Madagasikara.</small>  </ref> avy amin' ny [[Toby Itaitso]]) no nampilazain' [[Andriamanitra (tokana)|Andriamanitra]] mialoha nanomboka ny taona 1981, ny maha mpanjaka mpandova fanjakana sy nanome tsodrano an' i Ndriana Rabarioelina. === Ny fanjakany === ==== Fanosorana niteraka resabe ==== Araka ny filazana nataon' i Ndriana Rabarioelina dia tamin' ny volana Septambra 2015 no nanosorana sy nanamasinina azy ho mpanjaka tamin' ny lanonana ara-panahy teny [[Ambohidrabiby]]. Mitantara izy fa nisy fahazavana avy any an-danitra nidina sy nipetraka naharitra ela teo aminy, ary fahazavana avo zato heny noho ny fahazavan' ny masoandro niposaka vao maraina avy any atsinanana tamin' io fotoana fanosorana mpanjaka sy fitsofandrano azy io teny Ambohidrabiby, izay heverny fa mariky ny fanatrehan' Andriamanitra sy ny fankatoavany ary ny fitahiany. ^{[Omeo ny loharano]} Na dia teo aza izany fanosorana izany dia efa taty amin' ny taona 2020 no nahenoana ny filazany ny maha mpanjaka azy, raha andriana na printsy no nahalalana azy hatramin' izay. ^{[Omeo ny loharano]} Nilaza anefa ny andriana [[Ralitera Jaques]] fa tsy fanosorana azy ho mpanjaka tamin' io andro io fa fotoana nanendrena azy hitantana vonjimaika ara-panjakana ny Taranaka Andriana Miray eto Madagasikara (TAMIMA) satria efa tsy salama Ralitera Étienne rain' i Ralitera Jaques, izay lehiben' io fikambanana io tamlin' izany fotoana izany. Tsy fanosorana azy tamin' io andro io, hoy i Ralitera, fa tso-drano hahafahany miasa tsara. Araka ny filazan' io andriana io ihany dia tsy hankatoavin' izy ireo ny maha mpanjakan' i Madagasikara azy satria tsy manaraka ny soatoavina sy ny rafitra ary ny fomba malagasy izy<ref><small href="Armand Gaétan Razafindratandra">"[https://web.facebook.com/groups/616012189011168/posts/1250031802275867/?_rdc=1&_rdr# Toherin' ireo taranak' andriana ny fanandratan-tenan' i Ndriana Rabarioelina ho mpanjaka]", ''web.facebook.com''</small></ref>. ==== Ny anaram-boninahitra entiny ==== Izao ny anaram-boninahitra isalorany amin' ny maha mpanjaka azy, izay matetika adika amin' ny tenim-pirenena samihafa: "''Mpanjaka, avy amin' ny Lahimatoan' Imerina, Lehiben' ny Fianakaviamben' ny Andriana Merina, Lehiben' ny Fianakaviamben' ny Mpanjaka eto Madagasikara''". ==== Mbola mitaky ny tena fanjakana ==== Na dia efa voahosotra sy nohamasinina ho mpanjaka aza i Ndriana Rabarioelina dia mbola miasa momba ny hamerenana ny [[Fanjakan' Imerina|Fanjakan' i Madagasikara]] sy ny handravana ny Repoblikan' i Madagasikara, izay lazainy fa naorin' ny mpanjanatany frantsay, mba hametrahany ny fanjakana [[Teôkrasia|teôkratika]] sy [[Kristôkrasia|kristôkratika]]. === Fidirana an-tsehatra amin' ny raharaham-pirenena === Rabarioelina Ndriana dia nahazo fiofanana pôlitika nandritra ny dimy taona (1995-2000) tamin' i Blaise Rabetafika, ambasadaoron' i Madagasikara tany amin' ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] (ONU)<ref><small>Ny Andriana Blaise Rabetafika dia ambasadaoron' i Madagasikara tany amin' ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] (ONU) sady zokiolona indrindra amin' ireo ambasadaoro erantany (1969-1992) tao amin' ny Firenena Mikambana, efa filohan' ny [[Filankevi-Pilaminan' ny Firenena Mikambana|Filankevitry ny Fandriampahalemana]] indroa (1985,1986) tao amin' ny Firenena Mikambana ary efa nahazo ny "Prix International Mercure d'Or" izay natokana ho an' ny filoham-pirenena avo lenta indrindra sy olona sangany sy mendrika indrindra eran-tany</small></ref>. Mandray anjara momba ny raharaha [[Pôlitika eto Madagasikara|pôlitika]] sy [[Fiarahamonina malagasy|sôsialy]] eto Madagasikara izy. Nanome toromarika stratejika ara-tafika in-telo ho an' ny Ministry ny Fiarovam-pirenena Mamizara Jules sy Jeneraly miisa folo izy tao amin' ny biraon' ny Ministra ny Fiarovam-pirenena hampitsaharana ny [[ady an-trano]] niaraka amin' ny basy aman-tafondro sy ny hanavotana ny takalonaina sivily an-jatony tao Brickaville sy hamonjena ny vahoaka an-tapitrisa nijaly tamin' ny raharaha 2002. Tanteraka soa aman-tsara izany. ^{[Omeo ny loharano ahafahana manamarina izany]} Nanohitra ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna sy ny [[Hosoka amin' ny fifidianana|hala-bato]] goavana ary nanao [[fampielezan-kevitra]] ho an' ny "Tsia" tamin' ny [[fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka]] tamin' ny taona 2010. ^{[Omeo ny loharano ahafahana manamarina izany]} Nisakana ny fanotofana [[tanimbary]] arivo hektara mahery tamin' ny kaominina miisa enina ([[Ambohitrimanjaka]], [[Ambohidrapeto]], [[Fiombonana]], [[Ankadimanga]], [[Anosibe Zaivola]], [[Itaosy]]) ary niaro ny tantsaha enina alina mahery voan' ny tsindray hazo lena sy nampijalina. Ireo tanimbary ireo dia mirefy arivo hektara, mamelona vahoaka enina hetsy mahery eto [[Antananarivo]] sy ny manodidina. Nanoro hevitra izy mba hakisaka amin' ny toerana hafa ny [[tetikasa Tanamasoandro]] (2019). Vokany: nafindra tany amin' ny toerankafa ny tetikasa Tanamasoandro. ^{[Omeo ny loharano ahafahana manamarina izany]} Nanome hevitra mba handanian' ny [[Antenimierandoholona (Madagasikara)|Antenimierandoholona]] ny [[volavolan-dalàna]] manamafy fa an' i Madagasikara ny [[Nosy Miparitaka|nosy]] dimy manodidina an' i Madagasikara ([[Bassas da India]], [[Nosy Europa|Europa]], [[Nosy Glorieuses|Glorioso]], [[Juan de Nova]], [[Nosy Tromelin|Tromelin]]). Ramatoa Arlette Ramaroson, mpitsara iraisam-pirenena, sy ny mpiaradia manampahaizana no nandrafitra ilay volavolan-dalàna ary nankatoavina sy nolanian' ny Antenimierandoholona tamin' ny 18 Desambra 2020. ^{[Omeo ny loharano ahafahana manamarina izany]} === Fitsipahana ny maha mpanjaka azy === Tsy voarakitra loatra amin' ny literatiora akademika ny fanakianana ataon' ny mpitsikera an' i Ndriana Rabarioelina momba ny maha "Mpanjakan' Imerina" na "Mpanjakan' i Madagasikara" azy, fa avy amin' ny adihevitra ampahibemaso, amin' ny hevitry ny mpampiasa [[aterineto]], amin' ny fanadihadiana ara-tantara ivelan' ny sehatra akademika, ary amin' ny hevitra avoakan' ny antokon' olona samy mpandala ny fitondrà-mpanjaka ([[Mônarsisma|mônarsista]]) sy amin' ny mpanao pôlitika sasany<ref><small>"[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0T_sFcuEODI "Mpanjaka" Ndriana Rabarioelina Tsipahan'ny Vovonan'ny Andriana]", ''www.youtube.com''</small></ref><ref name=":10"><small>"[https://newsmada.com/2026/03/16/taranaky-ny-andriamanjaka-eto-imerina-mitsipaka-ani-ndriana-rabarioelina-ho-mpanjaka/ Taranaky ny Andriamanjaka eto Imerina : Mitsipaka an’i Ndriana Rabarioelina ho mpanjaka]", ''NewsMada'', 16 mars 2026</small></ref>. ==== Fanoherana ny maha mpajakan' Imerina azy ==== Lazain' ny taranak' andriana sasany ho misandoka ho mpanjakan' Imerina i Ndriana Rabarioelina. Anisan' ireo izay manohitra azy amin' izany ny andriana [[Ralitera Jaques]] izay nilaza izao teny manaraka izao<ref><small href="Armand Gaétan Razafindratandra">"[https://web.facebook.com/groups/616012189011168/posts/1250031802275867/?_rdc=1&_rdr# Toherin' ireo taranak' andriana ny fanandratan-tenan' i Ndriana Rabarioelina ho mpanjaka]", ''web.facebook.com''</small></ref>:<blockquote>Tompony Aho fa tsy mpindrana. Izaho Andriambe Ralitera Jacques, nandimby ny raiko ny Andriambe [[Ralitera Étienne]] lehiben' ny Taranaka Andriana Miray eto Madagasikara, dia manao izao fanitsiana manaraka izao ho an' i Andriana Rabarioelina Ndriana: Miangavy anao aho tsy hamoaka intsony vaovao diso sy ny sary misy ny Masina Ralitera Étienne (Efa nanarin' i Masina Violette Ralitera ianao tamin' io fihetsikao io fa tsy mendrika ary tokony hiera aloha). Ireo sary avoakanao ireo dia fotoana nanendrena anao hitantana vonjimaika (administratif) ara-panjakana ny TAMIMA satria efa tsy salama ny Masina Ralitera Étienne. Tsy fanosorana anao na inona na inona tamin' io andro io fa tso-drano hahafahanao miasa tsara. Koa averiko etoana fa fanimbazimbana ny Masina Ralitera Étienne izao ataonao izao ary tsy hankatoavinay ny maha mpanjakan' i Madagasikara anao, Tompoko, satria tsy manaraka ny soatoavina sy ny rafitra sy ny fomba malagasy ianao.</blockquote>Izao koa no nolazain' ireo ao amin' ny Vo­vonan' ny Taranaky ny Andriamanjaka eto Imerina raha nitsidika ny Rovan' Antananarivo izy ireo<ref name=":10" />:<blockquote>"Mahakasika ny taranaky ny andriamanjaka ihany koa ny fanadiovana. Ilaina ny hahafantaran' ny vahoaka eto Ime­rina fa izahay taranaka andriana mi­vondrona ato amin' ny vo­vonan' ny taranaky ny andriamanjaka eto Imerina, mahasolo tena ny andriana isan-tokony, dia tsy mbola nanendry olona ho lasa mpanjakan' Ime­rina, na mpanjakan' i Mada­ga­sikara. Noho izany, tsy eken' ny taranaka andriana, tsy nahazo ny tso­dra­non' Andriamanitra Andrianana­ha­ry ary tsy nahazo ny tsodranon' ny razana sy ny zava-ma­sina ambony i Ndriana Rabarioelina. Fisolo­kiana sy fisandohana ny fiziriziriany ho mpanjaka, ary fisandohana andraikitra koa ny maka ny toeran' ny vondrona amin' ny fandravana ny Coli­sée"</blockquote> ==== Fitsipahana ny maha ara-dalàna ny tetiarana ==== Maro no milaza fa tsy voamarina ampahibemaso sy tsy misy fomba azo amarinana azy ny [[tetiarana]] anohanana ny sata maha mpandova fanjakana an' i Ndriana Rabarioelina. Ampahampahany na tsy hita amin' ny fomba ampy ao amin' ny arisiva ara-tantara azo jerena ny fampahalalana momba ny tetiarany. Tsy namela taranaka handova fanjakana amin' ny fomba mazava ny mpanjaka merina farany, [[Ranavalona III]], taorian' ny fanjavonan' ny taranany. Amin' ity toe-javatra ity dia sarotra porofoina amin' ny fomba azo antoka ny fitakiana fandovana fanjakana aty aorina. Tsy nanana afa-tsy zanakavavy iray ity mpanjakavavy ity, dia i Marie-Louise (1894-1948) izay tsy nanambady sy tsy nanan-janaka<ref><small>I Marie-Louise (1894-1948) izay teraka nandritra ny sesitany taorian' ny fanafoanan' i Frantsa ny Fanjakan' i Madagasikara tamin' ny 1897. Tsy nanambady sy tsy nanan-janaka izy. Maty tamin' ny taona 1948 izy. Noho izany dia tapitra teo aminy ny taranaka mivantana avy amin-dRanavalona III.</small></ref>. Misy ny miaiky fa mety ho anisan' ny fianakavian' andriana i Rabarioelina, nefa tsy avy hatrany dia manome zo ho eo amin' ny seza fiandrianana ny maha andriana. ==== Olana momba ny fitsipiky ny fifandimbiasana ==== Nomarihin' ny sasany fa tsy nanaraka rafitra henjana momba ny maha lahimatoa ny fandovana ny seza fiandrianan' ny [[Fanjakan' Imerina]], tsy toy ny fitondram-panjaka eorôpeana sasany. Araka ny tantara dia niankina amin' ny lafin-javatra maro ny fifandimbiasana: ny fanendren' ny mpanjaka ny handimby azy (amin' ny alalan' ny hafatra sy ny kabary), ny fanohanan' ny fianakavian' andriana malaza, ny fifandanjana ara-pôlitika anatiny, ary ny fankatoavan' ny mpitana ny fomban-drazana<ref><small>Lantosoa Volaniaina Irina Andrianjafitrimo, ''[https://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/DB=2.1/SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=076593061 La femme malgache en Imerina au début du XXIe siècle]'', Karthala ; Paris : Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales, 2003, www.sudoc.abes.fr</small></ref>. Izany dia manasarotra ny famantarana mandeha hoazy ny mpandova aty amin' ny taranaka maromaro taorian' ny naharavan' ilay fanjakana. Milaza ireo mpitsikera ireo fa tsy misy fitsipika voarakitry ny tantara azo anondroana mazava ny mpandimby tokana. ==== Tsy fahampian' ny fankatoavana iombonana ==== Amin' ny fanao ara-pôlitika merina, ny fikarana eo amin' ny seza fiandrianana amin' ny ankapobeny dia mitaky ny fisian' ny marimaritra iraisana eo amin' ny taranaka [[andriana]] lehibe, sy ny fankatoavan' ny manam-pahefana nentim-paharazana, ary ny fanatanterahana ny fombafomba mifandray amin' izany. Tsy nisy anefa izany fankatoavana iombonana izany na tao [[Faritra Analamanga|Analamanga]] na tany amin' ny faritra hafa eto Madagasikara. Maro ny mpanjaka, ny lehibe ara-drazana, ny taranak' andriana sns izay tsy manaiky ny maha mpanjaka an-dRabarioelina, na ho an' ny [[Merina]] na ho an' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] rehetra. Koa satria ahitana andriana sy taranaka mpanjaka isan-karazany sy isam-paritra eto Madagasikara, dia tsy hisy olon-tokana hekena amin' ny alalan' ny marimaritra iraisana ho mpanjaka. Ao koa ny fisian' ny firazanana na vondrona maro ao amin' ny Merina izay samy milaza tena fa afaka na tokony ho eo amin' ny toeran' ny mpanjaka. Izany no mahasarotra ny fahazoana olona iray eken' ny taranaka mpanjaka merina na malagasy ho mpanjakany. ==== Fanakianana ara-pôlitika sy ara-pivavahana ==== Misy koa tsikera maromaro mifantoka amin' ny tsy tena maha zava-dehibe ara-pôlitika ny famerenana ny [[fanjakà-mpanjaka]]. [[Repoblika]] i [[Madagasikara]] ankehitriny ka tsy manaiky fisiana fanjakà-mpanjaka ny andrim-panjakana misy ao aminy. Mety hampifandraisina amin' ny fanjakazakana ara-pôlitikan' ny Merina tamin' ny faritra hafa teto amin' ny Nosy ny [[Fanjakan' Imerina]] teo aloha, ka mety hiteraka fanoherana eo amin' ny toe-draharaham-pirenena mandala ny fahasamihafana ny fikasana hamerina ny fitondrà-mpanjaka. Maro koa ny mihevitra fa efa nilaozan' ny toetrandro na tsy mifanentana amin' ny zava-misy ara-pôlitika ankehitriny ny fiheverana ny fiverenana amin' ny fanjakà-mpanjaka. Araka io fomba fijery io dia tetikasa ideôlôjika na an' ohatra ny fitakiana ny maha mpanjaka fa tsy safidy ara-pôlitika mifanentana amin' ny zava-misy. Anisan' ny fanakianana ihany koa ny momba ny fiheverana ara-pôlitika sasany voizin-dRabarioelina, indrindra ny fikasany hametraka fahefana ara-pôlitika eo amin' ny fototra ara-pivavahana. Milaza ny mpanohitra izany hevitra izany fa ny fanandratana ny fahefana [[Teôkrasia|teôkratika]] dia tsy mifanaraka amin' ny foto-kevitra momba ny [[Sekiolarisma|maha laîka]] ny fanjakana sy ny fandalana ny fahasamihafan' ny [[Fivavahana eto Madagasikara|atokom-pivavahana]]. ==== Kely ny fankatoavan' ny besinimaro sy ny fitondram-panjakana malagasy ==== Mpandinika maro no manamarika fa toa tsy miteraka hetsi-bahoaka miely patrana ho amin' ny famerenana ny fanjakà-mpanjaka ny hetsika sy ny hevitra voizin' i Ndriana Rabarioelina. Ny asany dia fantatra indrindra ao anatin' ny faribolan' ny mpandala ny famerenana ny fanjakà-mpanjaka sasany, sy ampahany amin' ny zanaka am-pielezana, ary vondrona manam-pahaizana sy ara-pivavahana voafetra isa. Izany dia manamafy ny fiheveran' ny mpanohitra azy fa mipetraka ho tsinontsinoavina ny fitakiana ataony eo amin' ny adihevitra pôlitika eto [[Madagasikara]]. Ankoatra izany dia saika tsy misy na kely dia kely ny fankatoavan' ny fitondram-panjakana sy ny andrim-panjakana malagsy ny maha mpanjaka azy raha ampitahaina amin' ny mpanjaka any amin' ny faritra hafa eto Madagasikara (any amin' ny [[Sakalava]] sy ny [[Antankarana]], ohatra). == Ny zava-bitany == === Ny boky nosoratany === Amin' ny asasorany dia ireto no azo tanisaina: * ''[[Biblical Relations between Israel and Madagascar]]'' (2010)<ref name=":4"><small>"[https://royal-academy-of-madagascar.blogspot.com/2017/11/iii-members-of-royal-academy-of.html Some members of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Madagascar]", ''Royal Academy of Sciences of Madagascar''</small></ref>; * ''[[The King and High Priest Andriantompokoindrindra]]'' (2012)<ref name=":4" />; * ''[[The New Kingdom of Madagascar]]'' (2014)<ref name=":4" />; * ''[[Madagascar in the Last Vestiges of the Birthplace of Humanity]]'' (2016)<ref name=":4" />. Ireo boky ireo dia maneho ny fahavononany hikaroka ny fifandraisan' ny [[Tantaran' i Madagasikara|tantara malagasy]] sy ny ara-panahy ary ny sivilizasiôna fahiny<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /><ref><small>"[https://royal-house-of-madagascar.blogspot.com/2012/07/interview-du-prince-rev-dr-ndriana.html? Interview de S.A.R. le Prince Rev. Dr. Ndriana Rabarioelina: " La christocratie est la solution durable de l'Eternel pour Madagascar]", ''Royal House of Madagascar'', 26 juillet 2012.</small></ref>. === Ny zavatra natsangany === ==== Momba ny hira sy mozika ==== Mpitendry [[gitara klasika]] iraisam-pirenena i Ndriana Rabarioelina sady lehiben' ôrkesitra. Izy no filoha mpanorina ny fikambanana ''Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique de Madagascar'' (ONG-CNSMM) sy ny ''Orchestre Philharmonique Amontana,'' nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1996'','' izay natao hanomezam-boninahitra an' Andriamanitra sy hanomezana lanja ny haimozika malagasy avo lenta, ary efa nanao fampisehoana maro, anisan' izany ny fampisehoana impito ny ''oratorio'' "''Messiah''" ([[George Frideric Handel|G.F. Hande]]<nowiki/>l) amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] niaraka amin' ny mpihira miisa 90 ao amin' ny antoko mpihira Zanak' Ambohimalaza (ZAMA) sy mpitendry mozika iraisam-pirenena miisa 20, ny "''Messe en Si mineur''" ([[Johann Sebastian Bach|J.S. Bach]]) niaraka tamin' ny ''CNSMM Choir'' sy ny ''Orchestre Philharmonique Amontana'', ary ny "Haleloia" (G.F. Handel) niaraka tamin' ny antoko mpihira malagasy maro izay nisy mpihira niisa 600 teo anoloan' ny Lapan' ny Tanàna Antananarivo<ref name=":4" /><ref><small>"[https://conservatoire-cnsmm-madagascar.blogspot.com/2020/05/blog-post_17.html Maestro Étienne Ramboatiana (1930-2007): Orchestra for Orchestra for 40 Guitars]",</small> <small>''Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique de Madagascar''.</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://conservatoire-cnsmm-madagascar.blogspot.com/2011/01/realisations-du-conservatoire-cnsmm.html? Achievements of the Superior Royal Conservarory of Music in Madagascar - CNSMM]", ''Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique de Madagascar''</small></ref>. Filoha mpanorina ny ''Festival International de Musique Classique'' voalohany teto Madagasikara, nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1998, ary nikarakara [[kônseritra]] ampolony maro, izay nandraisan' ny mpitendry zavamaneno anjara avy eto [[Madagasikara]], any [[Etazonia]], any [[Alemaina]], [[Fanjakana Mitambatra|United Kingdom]], [[Frantsa]], [[Nôrvezy]], [[Brezila]], [[Italia]], [[Rosia]], [[Afrika Atsimo]], nosy [[La Réunion|La Reunion]] sy firenena hafa. ^{[Omeo ny loharano hanamarinana izany rehetra izany]} Filoha mpanorina ny ''Festival International de Jazz'' ''à Madagascar'', izay nanao fampisehoana mihoatra ny zato ary nandraisan' ny mpitendry zavamaneno anjara avy eto Madagasikara, Etazonia, Alemana, [[Soisa]], [[Belzika]], United Kingdom, Nôrvezy, Brezila, Italia, [[Afrika Atsimo]], Frantsa, nosy La Reunion, nosy [[Maorisy]] sy firenena hafa. ^{[Omeo ny loharano hanamarinana izany rehetra izany]} ==== Akademia ==== Filoha mpanorina ny ''International Royal Academy of Theology'' i Ndriana Rabarioelina nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2010, izay misy <u>manampahaizana mikasika ny [[teôlôjia]] eto Madagasikara sy maneran-tany</u> ^{[Omeo ny loharano]}. Filoha mpanorina ny ''Royal Academy of Sciences of Madagascar'' koa izy nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2016, izay misy Malagasy manampahaizana amin' ny taranja maro (teôlôjia, siansa teôrika, siansa ampiharina, kolontsaina sy haikanto, siansa mikasika ny olombelona, tantara sy lalàna ary pôlitika, siansan' ny fampandrosoana). ^{[Omeo ny loharano]} ==== Fikambanana ==== Izy dia nanorina ny Fianakaviamben' ny Andriana Merina, ny Fianakaviamben' ny Andriana eto Madagasikara, ny Fianakaviamben' ny Mpanjaka eto Madagasikara, ny Fiombonamben' ny Ampanjaka eto Madagasikara ary niaraka nanorina ny fiombonamben' ny Taranaka Andriana Miray eto Madagasikara (TAMIMA) niaraka tamin' ny mpitandrina [[Ratefy Tolotra|Tolotra Ratefy]] taorian' ny 06 Novambra 1995. === Ny blaogy ampiasainy === Ity ny topimaso momba ny [[blaogy]] na [[vohikala]] izay anehoan' i Ndriana Rabarioelina tsy tapaka ny tenany. Ireo blaogy ireo dia manasongadina ny maha andriana azy sy ny fiheverany ny tenany ho mpanjaka hatrany na dia misy isan-karazany aza ny lohahevitra hita ao amin' izy ireo. Indreto ny sasany amin' izy ireo: ==== Blaogy momba ny tantara, ny siansa, ny zavakanto, sns ==== * ''Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique de Madagascar''<ref><small>"[https://conservatoire-cnsmm-madagascar.blogspot.com/ Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique de Madagascar"], ''conservatoire-cnsmm-madagascar.blogspot.com''</small></ref><ref><small>Ny ''Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique de Madagascar'' dia miompana amin' ny [[kolontsaina]] sy ny [[mozika]] izay namoahany ny asany amin' ny maha lehiben' [[ôrkesitra]] sy mpitendry [[gitara klasika]] azy. Ato amin' ity blaogy ity dia manambara ny fomba fijeriny ara-javakanto sy ara-panabeazana izy, manasa amin' ny fampisehoana kôseritra, mitantara ny fiaraha-miasany iraisam-pirenena ary manome voninahitra ny lafiny ara-panahy amin' ny mozika.</small></ref>; * ''Royal Academy of Sciences of Madagascar''<ref><small>Ity blaogy ity dia manolotra ny asany amin' ny maha filohan' ny ''Royal Academy of Sciences of Madagascar'' azy. Hita ny tantaram-piainany, ny andraikitra akademika sahaniny, ary ny seha-pikarohana andraisany anjara ([[Teôlôjia]], [[Jeôpôlitika]], [[Fiandohan'_ny_olombelona]], ​​sns.). Ity blaogy ity koa dia mamintina ny fizotran' ny fianarana sy fikarohana nataon' i Ndriana Rabarioelina, ny mari-pahaizana momba ny teôlôjia sy ny fikarohana momba ny fisian' ny fifandraisana ara-[[Baiboly]] eo amin' i Madagasikara sy i [[Fanjakan' i Israely (mitambatra)|Israely]], ny fiheverany ny anajara toeran' i [[Madagasikara]] eo amin' ny fiandohan' ny olombelona.</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://royal-academy-of-madagascar.blogspot.com/ Royal Academy of Sciences of Madagascar]", ''royal-academy-of-madagascar.blogspot.com''</small></ref>; ==== Blaogy momba pôlitika, ny sôsialy, ny fanjakana sns ==== Ireo blaogy ireo dia sehatra miompana amin' ny mpanjaka ara-drazana, ka izy no mpandray anjara lehibe amin' izany. Mamoaka lahatsoratra sy sary ary manambara hetsika ao izy. * ''Fanjakan' i Madagasikara''<ref><small>Ao amin' ity blaogy ''Fanjakan' i Madagasikara'' ity no itantarany ny fitarihany lanonana miaraka amin' ny tarana-mpanjaka antemoro sy merina, sy ny maro hafa, manamafy ny fifandraisan' ny samy [[Foko eto Madagasikara|foko]] [[Foko eto Madagasikara|malagasy]] sy ny tarana-mpanjaka manerana an' i Madagasikara. Asehony ny fanomezana — anisan' izany ny "Boky Masina" mirakitra ny 6&nbsp;000 taona nisian' ny tantaran' ny [[Merina]] sy ny [[Antemoro]] — nandritra ireo fivoriana ireo. Takiany ny hananganana fanjakana kristiana araka ny "Sitrapon' Andriamanitra", tsy araka ny [[Repoblika|lamina repoblikana]], izay heveriny fa mifanohitra amin' ny soatoavina' ny razambe malagasy. Manohana am-pahavitrihana ny [[teôkrasia]] kristiana izy, miara-miasa amin' ny Fiangonana eto Madagasikara ([[Fiombonan' ny Fiangonana Kristiana eto Madagasikara|FFKM]]), amin' ny sendikan' ny oniversite, ary amin' ny mpisehatra ara-tsôsialy, ho fototry ny fitantanana ny firenena.</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://fanjakana-madagasikara.blogspot.com/ Fanjakan' i Madagasikara]", ''fanjakana-madagasikara.blogspot.com''</small></ref>; * ''Fianakaviamben' ny Andriana Merina''<ref><small>Ato amijn' ity blaogy ity no ahitana ny fiantsoan' i Ndriana Rabarioelina, tamin' ny 14–15 Desambra 2022, ny mpanjaka sy ny andriana mba hanavotra ny firenena malagasy. Tsikerainy ny kolikoly mirongatra, ny fanitsakitsahana ny [[Zon' olombelona|zon']] [[Zon' olombelona|olombelona]] ary ny hosoka amin' ny fifidianana, ny fanimbana ny [[Tontolo iainana eto Madagasikara|tontolo iainana]] sy ny fahantran' ny 81,6% amin' ny vahoaka malagasy. Hamafisiny ny maha zava-dehibe ny [[soatoavina]] malagasy, ny fanajana ny fomba amam-panao ary ny firaisankinan' ny tarana-mpanjaka.</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://mpanjaka-madagasikara.blogspot.com/ ''Fianakaviamben' ny Andriana Merina''], ''mpanjaka-madagasikara.blogspot.com''</small></ref>; * ''Fianakaviamben' ny Mpanjaka eto Madagasikara''<ref><small>Ao amin' ity blaogy ity no iresahany ny lanjan' ny Fiambonamben' ny Ampanjaka eto Madagasikara. Ao no ahitana ny fanambaràna ataony, ny fanosorana azy ho mpanjaka, ny zava-mitranga amin' ny taranaka mpanjaka. Mampivondrona ny Raiamandreny ara-drazana (mpanjaka sy andriana) avy amin' ny [[Foko eto Madagasikara|foko malagasy]] rehetra izy. Resahiny ny fivoriana miaraka amin' ny mpanjaka solontena amin' ny lanonana nentim-paharazana (taombaovao, fanosorana ho mpanjaka, sns).</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://ampanjaka-madagasikara.blogspot.com/ Fianakaviamben' ny Mpanjaka eto Madagasikara]", ''ampanjaka-madagasikara.blogspot.com''</small></ref>; * ''Fiombonamben' ny Taranaka Andriana Miray eto Madagasikara'' (''TAMIMA'')<ref><small>Ny blaogy ''Fiombonambe Taranaka Andriana Miray (TAMIMA)'' dia iresahany momba ny fivondronan' ny Andriana, anisan' izany ny fihaonana tamin' ny taona 2021 sy 2022 izay niompana amin' ny tantara sy ny firaisankinan' ny taranaka mpanjaka. Ato amin' ity blaogy ity izy no mankalaza ny fety toy ny [[Taom-baovao malagasy|Taombaovao]] [[Taom-baovao malagasy|Malagasy]], izay angatahany ny fitahian' Andriamanitra ho an' ny tarana-mpanjaka.</small> </ref><ref><small>"[https://tamima-madagasikara.blogspot.com/ Fiombonamben' ny Taranaka Andriana Miray eto Madagasikara (TAMIMA)]", ''tamima-madagasikara.blogspot.com''</small></ref>; * ''Ny Andriantompokoindrindra''<ref><small>Ity blaogy ''Ny Andriantompokoindrindra'' ity dia mifantoka amin' ny Fanjakana Merina sy ny andraikitra maha mpitarika ny Fiombonamben' ny Andriana eto Madagasikara azy. Ao amin' ity blaogy ity koa i Ndriana Rabarioelina dia manazava ny maha taranaky ny "mpanjaka-mpisorona" [[Andriantompokoindrindra|Andrianatompokoindrindra]] azy (1600–1610 tany ho any) sy ny mpanjaka tao [[Fanjakan' Imerina|Imerina]], itantarany ny fanosorana azy ho Mpanjaka tamin' ny taona 2015. Asehony ihany koa ny fototra ara-pivavahana sy ara-drazana momba ny maha ara-dalàna ny maha Mpanjaka azy sy ny fanoloran-tenany amin' ny hamerina indray ny Fanjakana Masina miorina amin' ny soatoavina malagasy sy kristiana .</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://andriantompokoindrindra.blogspot.com/ Ny Andriantompokoindrindra]", ''andriantompokoindrindra.blogspot.com''</small></ref>; * ''Ny Jiosy eto Madagasikara''<ref><small>Ato no iresahany fa misy ifandraisany amin' ny [[Israelita]] fahiny ny razamben' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]], nanomboka amin' ny fifindra-monina ara-[[Baiboly]] teto [[Madagasikara]] tany amin' ny 3&nbsp;000 taona lasa izay. Milaza koa izy fa avy amin' ny [[Fiteny hebreo|teny hebreo]] ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny]] sy ny [[Kolontsaina malagasy|kolontsaina]] ary ny [[Fomban-drazana malagasy|fomban-drazana]] sasany eto Madagasikara, araka ny fikarohana nataony nandritra ny telopolo taona. Miezaka mampiseho ny fitoviana misy eo amin' ny tantara malagasy sy ny fitantarana ao amin' ny [[Testamenta Taloha]] izy, indrindra amin' ny filazany fa eto Madagasikara ilay toerana atao hoe [[Ôfira]] .</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://jiosy-eto-madagasikara.blogspot.com/ Jiosy eto Madagasikara]", ''jiosy-eto-madagasikara.blogspot.com''</small></ref>; * ''Royal House of Madagascar''<ref><small>Io no blaogy ôfisialin' ny ''Royal House of Madagascar'', izay mirakitra hafatra ara-[[pôlitika]] sy ara-[[kolontsaina]], indrindra momba ny famerenana indray [[Fanjakan' Imerina|Fanjakan' i Madagasikara]] miorina amin' ny soatoavina malagasy, ny fanolorana lalàmpanorenana vaovao eo ambany fahefan' ny mpanjaka, ary momba ny fifandraisana amin' ny fikambanana maneran-tany (ny [[Firenena Mikambana]], ny [[Fandaharan' Asan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Fampandrosoana|Fandaharan' Asan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Fampandrosoan]]<nowiki/>a (PNUD), sns.). Ity blaogy ity koa dia itakiany ny tokony hiverenana amin' Andriamanitra.</small></ref><ref name=":7"><small>"[https://royal-house-of-madagascar.blogspot.com/ Royal House of Madagascar]", ''royal-house-of-madagascar.blogspot.com''</small></ref>. Anisan' ny anehoany hevitra koa ny blaogy ''Taniko Madagasikara'' ([https://tanikomadagascar.com/ Jereo eto]) sy blaogy maro hafa izay matetika manana anarana ahitana ny teny hoe "''Royal''". == Fikambanana sy hetsika iraisam-pirenena == === Fikambanana iraisam-pirenen' ny mpanjaka === I Ndriana Rabarioelina dia mpikambana miaraka amin' ny [[mpanjaka]] notsongaina eran-tany ao anatin' ny ''Delphic Royal Society'', nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2011 tao [[Berlin]] any [[Alemaina]], izay miaraka amin' ny ''Delphic International Council'' manome lanja ny kolontsaina sy haikanto avo lenta eran-tany. ^{[Omeo ny loharano]} === Fifandraisana amin' ny samy mpanjaka maneran-tany === I Ndriana Rabarioelina dia nampita "Hafatr' Andriamanitra" manohitra ny fiarahan' ny olona mitovy fananahana na ''Message of the Lord Adonai Elohim to All Churches in the World on the Homosexuality'' ary nalefa tamin' ny mpitarika fiangonana lehibe maneran-tany (ny [[Eglizy Katôlika Rômanina|Eglizy Katolika Apostolika Romana]] any [[Vatikàna]], ny [[Fiombonambe Anglikana|Anglican Communion]], ny [[Alliance réformée mondiale|World Reformed Alliance]], ny [[Fiangonana Loterana Eran-Tany|World Lutheran Federation]], ny [[Filankevitra Ekiomenikan' ny Fiangonana|World Council of Churches]], ...) tamin' ny taona 2010 sy 2011. ^{[Omeo ny loharano]} Lehiben' ny delegasiona malagasy misy ny mpanjaka malagasy notsongaina, tamin' ny Fihaonambe Iraisam-Pirenenan' ny Mpanjaka sy Zanakandriana ary Mpitarika ara-drazana, indroa miantoana, tany [[Tripoli]] sy [[Benghazi]] any [[Libia]] tamin' ny taona 2008 sy 2009. Ary notendrena ho lehiben' ny delegasiona mitarika ny mpanjaka rehetra avy amin' ny firenena miisa dimampolo mahery raha nihaona tamin' ny filoham-pirenena miisa folo mahery avy any [[Amerika]], [[Eorôpa]], [[Afrika]] ary [[Atsinanana Afovoany|Afovoany Atsinanana]] tany Libia tamin' ny taona 2009. ^{[Omeo ny loharano]} I Ndriana Rabarioelina koa dia solontenan' ny ampanjaka rehetra eto Madagasikara tamin' ny Fihaonambe Iraisam-Pirenenan' ny Mpanjaka sy Zanakandriana ary Mpitarika ara-drazana, ary nihaona tamin' ny filoham-pirenena maro tany [[Pretoria]] atsy [[Afrika Atsimo]] tamin' ny taona 2011. ^{[Omeo ny loharano]} Nahazo ny mariboninahitra ''Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom'' any [[Oganda]] izy<ref name=":7" />. == Jereo koa == * [[Andriana]] * [[Jiosy malagasy]] * [[Ratefy Tolotra]] * [[Joseph Briant]] * [[Vahoaka milaza fa taranaky ny Israelita]] * [[Richard Brothers]] * [[Anglô-israelisma]] * [[Fanorona]] * [[Fiavian' ny Malagasy]] * [[Fanjakan' Imerina]] == Fanovozan-kevitra == '''Boky sy lahatsoratra''' * Briant, Joseph, ''[https://www.google.com/search?q=Briant%2C+Joseph%2C+L%27h%C3%A9breu+%C3%A0+Madagascar&sca_esv=c7c67eb20f0b5775&sxsrf=ADLYWIKaeaF1lxKCRhfWaMtjxkig_QiHCw%3A1734705771500&ei=a4JlZ6CmHoHOhbIPxdK5gAE&ved=0ahUKEwjgh7PKyraKAxUBZ0EAHUVpDhAQ4dUDCA8&uact=5&oq=Briant%2C+Joseph%2C+L%27h%C3%A9breu+%C3%A0+Madagascar&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiJ0JyaWFudCwgSm9zZXBoLCBMJ2jDqWJyZXUgw6AgTWFkYWdhc2NhcjIIEAAYgAQYogQyCBAAGIAEGKIEMggQABiABBiiBDIIEAAYgAQYogRItRBQ4AZYlwpwBHgBkAEAmAHHA6ABxwOqAQM0LTG4AQPIAQD4AQH4AQKYAgWgAv4DqAIKwgIKEAAYsAMY1gQYR8ICDRAAGIAEGLADGEMYigXCAgcQIxgnGOoCmAMN8QWSdHSb40MGMYgGAZAGCpIHBTQuNC0xoAeGAw&sclient=gws-wiz-serp L'hébreu à Madagascar]''. * Ferrand, Gabriel (1905). ''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1667374 Les migrations musulmanes et juives à Madagascar]''. Paris: Revue de l'histoire des religions. * Rabarioelina, Ndriana (Rev. Dr.) (2011), "''Biblical Relations between Israel and Madagascar''", Doctoral Dissertation, Ph.D in Theology, SAHTS, États-Unis, 2010, 458 pages. Abstract in Saint-Alcuin House Journal, Volume 8, N^o 1, États-Unis, And in Library of Congress, number (ISSN 1548-4459), États-Unis. * Ramilison, Emmanuel (1951), ''[https://books.google.mg/books/about/Ny_Loharanon_ny_Andriana_nanjaka_teto_Im.html?id=LfxmQwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y Andriantomara-Andriamamilazabe. Loharanon' ny Andriana nanjaka eto Imerina]'', Imprimerie Ankehitriny. * Ramilison, Emmanuel (1962), ''Ny Baiboly sy Andrianampoinimerina'', Librarie Iarivo, Antananarivo, 66 pejy. * Kasanga, Fernand (1963), ''Ny Antemoro Anakara voasoratra tamin' ny taona 1506,'' Imprimerie Iarivo, Antananarivo. * Rombaka, Jacques Philippe (1963), ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20241220155652/https://www.bulac.fr/image/tantaran-drazana Tantaran-drazana Antemoro-Anteony]'', Antananarivo, Imprimerie LMS. * Rombaka, Jacques Philippe (1970), ''[https://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/xslt/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=097789631 Fomban-drazana antemoro-usages et coutumes antemoro] {{Wayback|url=https://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/xslt/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=097789631 |date=20241220155652 }}'', Ambozontany, Fianarantsoa. * [[Ratefy Tolotra|Ratefy, Tolotra]] (1986), ''"Sind die Madagassichen Juden"'' na "Jiosy ve ny malagasy ?", Munster-Antananarivo, 600 pejy. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20241220155652/https://forum.serasera.org/forum/message/m4f91363e6aa74/m4f914d7409e95 Lahatsoratra tao amin' ny ''Midi Madagascar'' tamin' ny 20 Avrily 2012] (rohy maty: http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/index.php/component/content/article/5-societe/2933-declaration--les-malagasy-descendants-de-juifs) * "[https://www.madagate.org/politique-madagascar/dossier/1752-ndriana-rabarioelina--des-propositions-pertinentes.html Ndriana Rabarioelina : des propositions pertinentes…] {{Wayback|url=https://www.madagate.org/politique-madagascar/dossier/1752-ndriana-rabarioelina--des-propositions-pertinentes.html |date=20241220163037 }}", ''www.madagate.org'' * "[https://www.malagasynews.com/info-breves/le-prince-ndriana-rabarioelina-appelle-les-dirigeants-a-demolir-toutes-nouvelles-constructions-dans-le-rova-dantananarivo/ Le prince Ndriana Rabarioelina appelle les dirigeants à démolir toutes nouvelles constructions dans le Rova d’Antananarivo].", ''www.malagasynews.com'' * International Royal Academy of Theology (2010): ''Message of the Lord Adonai Elohim to All Churches in the World on the Homosexuality,'' http://academy-of-theology.blogspot.com/2011/06/message-of-the-lord-adonai-elohim-to-all.html * "[https://gw.geneanet.org/kingofmada_w?lang=fr&pz=king+ndriana&nz=ndriana Ndriana Rabarioelina]", ''gw.geneanet.org'' * "[https://web.facebook.com/ndriana.rabarioelina?_rdc=1&_rdr Ndriana Rabarioelina]", ''web.facebook.com'' * "[https://fanjakana-madagasikara.blogspot.com/2020/? Fanosorana mpanjaka sy tsodrano ny Mpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina, avy amin' ny Lahimatoan' Imerina, Lehiben' ny Fianakaviamben' ny Mpanjaka eto Madagasikara (Taona 2015)]", ''fanjakana-madagasikara.blogspot.com'' * "[https://royal-house-of-madagascar.blogspot.com/2020/09/? The anointing and the consecration of HRM King Ndriana Rabarioelina (in 2015)]", ''royal-house-of-madagascar.blogspot.com'' * "[https://mpanjaka-madagasikara.blogspot.com/2020/? Famindrana zakaka sy famindrana fahefana ho an' ny Mmpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina avy amin' ny Lahimatoan' Imerina (taona 2015)]", ''mpanjaka-madagasikara.blogspot.com'' * "[https://www.geneanet.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=276352&start=15 Bouteille à la mer (recherche avec lieu inconnu)]", ''www.geneanet.org'' (08 juin 2010 - 16 juillet 2010) '''Sary mihetsika''' * "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BeFJAOfucqs Ny Jiosy eto Madagasikara, ny Mpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina]", ''youtube.com'' * "[https://tanikomadagascar.com/2019/10/05/tantara-sy-fiainam-pirenena-prince-dr-ndriana-rabarioelina/ Tantara sy Fiainam-pirenena]" (''youtube''), ''tanikomadagascar.com'' * "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6UVnBc0dgE Ndriana Rabarioelina: Manandratra Fanjakan' ny Mpisorona]", ''youtube.com''. * "[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Mpanjaka+Ndriana+Rabarioelina%3A+Teny+Gasy Mpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina: "Teny Gasy"]", 06 Novambra 2021, Madagascar24TV, youtube.com: "(66) Ny Mpanjaka Ndrian<nowiki/>a Rabarioelina, "Tena Gasy" 01 Oktobra 2022, Madagascar24TV - YouTube". * "[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Mpanjaka+Ndriana+Rabarioelina%3A+Dinika Mpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina: "Dinika"]", MBSTV, 03 Oktobra 2022, youtube.com: "Ny Mpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina, "Dinika" 03oktobra2022, MBS TV". * "[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Mpanjaka+Ndriana+Rabarioelina%3A%22Antso+ho+an%27+ny+firenena Mpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina:''"Antso ho an' ny firenena'']''"''', 13 Oktobra 2022, youtube.com: "Antso ho an' ny Firenena, Ny Mpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina". * "[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Mpanjaka+Ndriana+Rabarioelina%2C+Fanjakan%27+i+Madagasikara Mpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina, ''Fanjakan' i Madagasikara'']''"'', 21/07/2023, Le 20H15, Madagascar24Redaction: youtube.com: "(66) Le 20H15 - 2023 07 21 - Mpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina- YouTube". * "[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Mpanjaka+Ndriana+Rabarioelina%C2%A0%3A+%22Fanjakam-Pisorona%2C+Fanjakan%27i+Madagasikara Mpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina : "''Fanjakam-Pisorona, Fanjakan'i Madagasikara'']''""'', 22/07/2023, youtube.com". * "[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Mpanjaka+Ndriana+Rabarioelina%3A+%22Mijoro+ny+Fianakaviambe+eto+Madagasikara%22 Mpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina: "''Mijoro ny Fianakaviambe eto Madagasikara"'']''"'', 05 Aogositra 2023, youtube.com". * "[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Mpanjaka+Ndriana+Rabarioelina%3A+%22Ny+Jiosy+eto+Madagasikara%22 Mpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina: "''Ny Jiosy eto Madagasikara"'']''"'', TV I-BC, 2023, youtube.com". == Loharano sy fanamarihana == [[Sokajy:Mpanao malagasy]] 60lfmba7aiq7ldx2678vdapz95hnd9d 0 283646 1152888 1105382 2026-11-03T11:26:24Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152888 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Akwasidae Celebration in Manhyia Palace.jpg|vignette|282x282px|Lanonam-pankalazana ny Akwasidae]] Ny '''Asanty''' na '''Asante''' dia vahoakan' i [[Afrika Andrefana]] monina ao [[Ganà]]. Ao amin' ny vondrona [[Akàna (vahoaka)|Akàna]] izy ireo ary anisan' ny tena maro anisa sady mizarazara ho zana-bondrona maro. Miteny [[Fiteny toỳ|toỳ]] (''twi'') izy ireo, fiteny ao amin' ny [[Fiteny akàna|fianakaviam-piteny akàna]] ao amin' ny [[Fiteny koà|vondrom-piteny koà]] (''kwa''). == Tantara == Vitsy mponina ny ala tao Côte de l'Or ([[Fiteny anglisy|anglisy]]: ''Gold Coast'') tamin' ny fotoana niorenan' ny Fanjakana Bônô (''Bono''), tany atsimon' ny ony [[Vôlta Mainty|Vôlta Minty]], tamin' ny faran' ny taonjato faha-13. Ny Fanjakan' ny [[Abrôna (vahoaka)|Abrôna]] (''Abron'') kosa dia niorina tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 tany andrefana, avy eo dia nanorim-ponenana tany avaratra atsinanana ny ny [[Gônja (vahoaka)|Gônja]], tamin' ny taonjato faha-16. Ireo fanjakana naty [[hivoka]] ireo dia mpanelanelana teo amin' ny [[Sodaney (vahoaka)|Sodaney]] amin' ny raharaham-barotra  [[volamena]] sy [[Kôlà (zavamaniry)|kôlà]]. Nifindra tany amin' ny morontsiraka avy any Bônô ny [[Fanty (vahoaka)|Fanty]]. Hitan' izy ireo tany atsimo ny Fanjakan' ny [[Denkiira (vahoaka)|Denkiira]]. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-18 dia nanandrana nampiditra an' ireo mponina ireo sy ny mponina teo akaiky ho feheziny ny Fanty. Nisy foiben-toerana niforona tao amin' ny faritr' i Kumasi manodidina ny lehibe mpifehy antsoina hoe Osai Tutu (1695-1731), sady mpanorina ny Fiombonamben' ny Fanjakana Asanty. Niorina amin' ny fianakaviana manara-dreny ny fandaminana ara-piarahamonina. Avy amin' ny torohevitry ny mpanjakavavy reny no anendrena ny mpanjaka. Nanana ny seza fiandrianany volamena, izay maneho ny fanahin' ny firenena (''sunsum''), ny lehibe mpifehy ilay fikambanambe. Ny mpifidy no manendry na manongana ny lehiben' ilay fiombonambe. Noravan' ity fiombonambe ity ny tanànan' i Bono-Mansu mpifaninana aminy ary nahatratra hatrany amin' ny morontsiraka ny fandresena nifanesy azony. Nifehy tsikelikely ireo fanjakana fanty kely ireo ny Britanika. Azon’ ny Britanika ny tanànan' i Kumasi tamin' ny taona 1874 nefa votsotra indray tamin' ny taona 1896. Tamin' ny farany dia natao sesitany ny mpanjaka Prempeh. Afaka niitatra nianavaratra ny zanatany Gold Coast avy eo. Izany zava-nitranga izany no nahatonga ny fifindrà-monin' ny fiombonan-tanàna maro niankandrefana, izay namorona ny fianakaviana [[Agny (vahoaka)|Agny]] sy [[Baole (vahoaka)|Baole]], tao [[Kôtidivoara]] taorian' izay, izay teo ambany fitarihan' ny mpanjakavavy Poku, andriambavy asanty. Niorim-ponenana tamin' ny [[riakasia]] izy ireo ary nivelona amin' ny fivarotana [[volamena]] sy [[Kôlà (zavamaniry)|kôlà]] ary [[Fivarotana andevo|andevo]]. == Kolontsaina == === Zavakanto === [[Sary:Akan dancers.jpg|vignette|198x198px|Ankizy asanty manao fitafiana sy dihy asanty]] Fantatra eran-tany ny asa tananana, ny firavaka [[volamena]], ny vatomizana vita amin' ny laiton fandanjana volamena, ny akanjo [[landy]], ny seza ary ny sarivongana (vita amin' ny hazo sy amin' ny [[alimo]]) amboarin' izy ireo. === Fiteny === Ny fintenim-paritry ny [[fiteny toỳ]] no fitenin' ny Asanty, izay [[Fiteny ôfisialy|fiteny ôfisiali]]<nowiki/>n' ny Faritr' i Ashanti sady fiteny fototra ampiasaina ao Asante sy ampiasain' ny vahoaka Asanty maherin' ny 9 tapitrisa ho fiteny voalohany na faharoa. === Finoana === Ny Asanty dia manaraka ny [[fivavahana akàna]] sy ny [[fivavahana asanty]] ([[Fivavahan-drazana|fivavahana nentim-paharazana]] izay toa mihamaty, izay tsy velona raha tsy amin' ny fotoan-dehibe manokana — kanefa dia mandalo fifohazana maneran-tany any amin' ireo Asanty am-pielezana). Misy koa ireo izay manaraka ny [[kristianisma]] ([[Katôlisisma|Katôlika rômanina]] sy [[Prôtestantisma|Prôtestanta]]) ary ny [[Silamo|fivavahana silamo]]. Ny Asanty dia nandray ny fivavahana silamon' i [[Afrika Avaratra]] tao anatin' ny fomban-drazana mitoky amin' ny ody (talismana), manao ody ampiasana ny famakiana sy fanoratana andalana ao amin' ny [[Kor'any]], mampiasa ny anaran' ireo anjely arabo na [[jiny]]. Apetraka eny an-joron-trano na alona anaty rano ny ody mba hahazoana tambavy hosotroina sy hisasana ka heverina fa manana toetra mandroaka fanahy ratsy izany. Ny pretra asanty dia saika heverina ho [[Andriamanitra (ankapobeny)|andriamanitra]] avokoa sady mifandray maharitra amin' ny any an-koatra izay ipoiran' ny hafatry ny andriamanitra izay azon' ireo pretra ireo vakina avy hatrany. Mino ny Asanty fa misy [[fanahy]] fito mifanitsy amin' ny andro fito ao amin' ny herinandro. Noho izany dia omena ny anaran' ny andro nahaterahany ny zaza vao teraka. Mino ny fiverenan' ny maty ho nofo indray ny Asanty: miverina any amin' ny Mpahary ny fanahy fa ny foto-javatra lahy kosa mitoetra ao amin' ny razana ary ny fatoran' ny "ra" dia miampita amin' ny alalan' ny kibon-dreny. Ny zaza dia mety ho lasa olona mitovy tanteraka amin' ny olona efa maty iray nefa tsy tena izy raha ampitahaina amin' ilay olona efa maty (matetika ilay zaza no mitondra ny anarana sy ny fanampin' anaran' ny maty). == Jereo koa == * [[Vahoaka ao Ganà]] * [[Vahoaka ao Kôtidivoara]] * [[Fivavahana ao Ganà]] [[Sokajy:Ghana]] [[Sokajy:Vahoaka]] [[Sokajy:Asanty]] rp6x0vrtexce2wbge4g4rz2vjblcavo 0 284924 1152808 1114053 2026-11-02T16:14:44Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152808 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Benjamin Netanyahu, February 2023.jpg|vignette|344x344px|Benyamin Netanyahu]] I '''Benyamin Netanyahu''' dia mpitondra fanjakana [[Israely|israeliana]]. Filohan' ny Likud, antoko [[Nasiônalisma|nasiônalista]] sy mpandala ny nentin-drazana, izy no praiminisitra israeliana hatramin' ny 1996 ka hatramin' ny 1999, hatramin' ny 2009 ka hatramin' ny 2021 ary nanomboka amin' ny 2022 indray. Soratana hoe '''בנימין נתניהו''' / ''Benyamin Netanyahu'' izany anarana izany amin' ny [[Fiteny hebreo|teny hebreo]]. Nahazo anaram-bosotra hoe "'''Bibi'''" avy amin' ny mpanohana azy. Teraka tamin' ny 21 Ôktôbra 1949 tao [[Tel-Aviv-Jaffa]] izy, zanaky ny mpahay tantara nasiônalista Bension Netanyahu, izay diplômaty aloha, indrindra fa masoivohon' ny Fanjakan' i Israely tao amin' ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] teo anelanelan' ny taona 1984 sy 1988. Sambany izy no niditra tao amin' ny governemanta tamin' ny taona 1990, tamin' ny naha minisitra-lefitry ny Raharaham-bahiny. Lasa praiminisitra izy tamin' ny taona 1996, taorian' ny nandreseny ny praiminisira teo alohany avy amin' ny Antokon' ny Mpiasa Israeliana, [[Shimon Peres]]. Niala tamin' ny fitondrana izy tamin' ny taona 1999, taorian' ny fandresen' i [[Ehud Barak]], mpitarika ny Antokon' ny Mpiasa Israeliana. Tamin' ny taona 2002 izy dia nahazo toerana manan-danja indray tamin' ny nanendrena azy ho minisitry ny Raharaham-bahiny tao amin' ny governemantan' i [[Ariel Sharon]], izay nankinina aminy ny Minisiteran' ny Fitantanam-bola tamin' ny taona nanaraka. Nandao ny governemanta izy tamin' ny taona 2005 ary niditra tao amin' ny fanoherana. Taorian' ny fifidianana [[solombavambahoaka]] tamin' ny taona 2009 dia niverina ho lohan' ny governemanta izy, ary nitana nifandimby na niaraka andraikitra ministerialy hafa (Trano fonenana, Raharaha ara-pivavahana, Fitsarana, Fitantanam-bola, Raharaham-bahiny, Fahasalamana, Fifindrà-monina, Fiarovana, sns.). Voatendry ho praiminisitra indray izy taorian' ny fifidianana solombavambahoaka tamin' ny taona 2013 sy tamin' ny taona 2015. Ny antokony ihany koa dia nahazo ny laharana voalohany tamin' ny fifidianana efatra natao teo anelanelan' ny taona 2019 sy 2021, saingy tsy nahavita nanangana fiaraha-mitantana marin-toerana tao anatin' ny antenimiera nizarazara; nahomby tamin' ny fananganana governemanta ihany koa i [[Naftali Bennett]] ary nandimby azy tamin' ny taona 2021. Nandritra ny fe-potoam-piasany faharoa amin' ny maha praiminisitra azy dia nomeny alalana ny fananganana tanàm-boanjo israeliana vaovao, nandany ny "lalàna Israely, firenena-fanjakana ho an' ny vahoaka jiosy" (חוֹק יְסוֹד: יִשְׂרָאֵל—מְדִינַת הַלְּאוֹם שֶׁל הָעַם הַיְּהוּדִי), nanao izay hamindrana ny foiben' ny masoivohon' i [[Etazonia]] ho ao [[Jerosalema]], firenena maro hafa no natao toy izany koa, nanao sonia ny Fifanarahana Abrahama, ka nampihena ny firaisan-kina arabo manohana an' i [[Palestina]], ary nanomboka dingana mankany amin' ny fenitra ara-diplômasia miaraka amin' i [[Marôka]]. Nitantana ny ady tao [[Salavantanin' i Gaza|Gaza]] tamin' ny 2012 sy tamin' ny 2014 ihany koa izy. Ny fifidianana solombavambahoaka tamin' ny taona 2022 dia nahazoana ny maro anisa tanteraka ho an' ireo antoko manohana ny fiverenany eo amin' ny fitondrana, ka izany dia namela azy ho lasa praiminisitra indray, tamin' ity indray mitoraka ity eo amin' ny fitarihana ny governemanta izay eo amin' ny elatra havanana indrindra hatramin' ny nananganana an' i [[Israely]]. Te hanova ny rafitra momba ny lalàna ilay fiaraha-mitantana vaovao ary te hanaisotra ny sasany amin' ny zon' ny Fitsarana Tampony ao Israely, ka nitarika fihetsiketsehana fanoherana faobe izany. Tamin' ny taona 2023 dia nanangana kabinetran' ady tao anatin' ny tontolon' ny fanafihan' ny [[Hamas]], izay nahafatesana Israeliana maherin' ny arivo, izy. Tao anatin' ny enina ambin' ny folo taona mahery nitarihany ny governemanta - anisan' izany ny roa ambin' ny folo taona nifanesy - dia i Benyamin Netanyahu no praiminisitra israeliana nitana io andraikitra io nandritra ny fotoana ela indrindra, na amin' ny fomba nifanesy na amin' ny ankapobeny. Nenjehina noho ny kolikoly sy ny hosoka ary ny fanararaotam-pitokisana izy ka tamin' ny taona 2019 dia izy no lehiben' ny governemanta israeliana voalohany voampanga amperin' asa. == Praiminisitra an'i Israely == {|border="1" align="center" style="border: 10px solid #0; background-color:#FFFFFF" |-align="center" bgcolor="DDEEFF" !nodimbiasany ![[Sary:Flag of Israel.svg|40px]] Praiminisitra an'i [[Israely]] !mpandimby |-align="center" | [[Shimon Peres]] <br/>(1995–1996)<br/> [[Ehud Olmert]]<br/> (2006-2009)<br/> [[Jair Lapid]] (2022) || [[Benyamin Netanyahu]] <br/> (1996–1999) <br/> (2009-2021)<br/> sy (2022- )|| [[ Ehud Barak]]<br/> (1999–2001)<br/> [[Naftali Bennett]] <br/>(2022) |-bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |- |} == Jereo koa == [[Sokajy:Praiminisitra Israely]] [[Sokajy:Mpanao politika israeliana]] [[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1949]] bu6v5ocvby2ji76ql88otuwtku1oaar 14 288922 1152886 1105381 2026-11-03T11:25:51Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152886 wikitext text/x-wiki [[sokajy:Ghana]] [[Sokajy:Mpilalao]] 3ga3ma08naxe28iuj2wtbt779myp9lb 14 288924 1152884 1105380 2026-11-03T11:25:10Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152884 wikitext text/x-wiki [[sokajy:Ggana]] [[Sokajy:Mpanao]] eiqxjvxgpeh6l67lw1ej7354nkzj81w 1152885 1152884 2026-11-03T11:25:29Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152885 wikitext text/x-wiki [[sokajy:Ghana]] [[Sokajy:Mpanao]] nc2euaeofwln8ktf2ctw44t0i4eg0e4 14 288925 1152896 1085448 2026-11-03T11:48:39Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 Pejy nofotsiana 1152896 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 288927 1152880 1105379 2026-11-03T11:24:08Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152880 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sokajy:Ghana]] [[Sokajy:Jeografian' Afrika]] 7ibymejehzorp2urd3624d35gllg6ew 0 289481 1152806 1089641 2026-11-02T16:01:30Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox olona |sary= Ehud Olmert official portrait 2006.png |anarana=Ehud Olmert |teraka=30 septambra 1945 |maty= |firenena={{Israely}} |mpiaraka= |asa= * [[mpanao politika]] |taona niasàna= }}[[File:Ehud Olmert official portrait 2006.png|thumb|left|Ehud Olmert]] I '''Ehud Olmert''' ([[Fiteny hebreo|hebreo]]: אהוד אולמרט ); teraka ny 30 Septambra 1945 tao [[Binjamina]], dia mpanao politika [[Israely|israeliana]] (Antoko Kadima). Izy no [[praiminisitra]] israeliana nanomboka ny Aprily 2006 ka hatramin'ny Martsa 2009. [[Ariel Sharon]] no teo alohany ary [[Benyamin Netanyahu]] no nandimby azy Izy no ben’ny tanànan’i [[Jerosalema]] (1993-2003) . == Praiminisitra an'i Israely == {|border="1" align="center" style="border: 10px solid #0; background-color:#FFFFFF" |-align="center" bgcolor="DDEEFF" !nodimbiasany ![[Sary:Flag of Israel.svg|40px]] Praiminisitra an'i [[Israely]] !mpandimby |-align="center" | [[Ariel Sharon]]<br/> 2001-2006 || [[Ehud Olmert]]<br/> 2006-2009|| [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]<br/> 2009-2021 |-bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |- |} == Jereo koa == {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1945]] [[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona ]] [[Sokajy:Praiminisitra Israely]] [[Sokajy:Mpanao politika israeliana]] jkfxhi7baci4gax7q1rmjmxwp8sh32o 1152807 1152806 2026-11-02T16:02:51Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox olona |sary= Ehud Olmert official portrait 2006.png |anarana=Ehud Olmert |teraka=30 septambra 1945 |maty= |firenena={{Israely}} |mpiaraka= |asa= * [[mpanao politika]] |taona niasàna= }}[[File:Ehud Olmert official portrait 2006.png|thumb|left|Ehud Olmert]] I '''Ehud Olmert''' ([[Fiteny hebreo|hebreo]]: אהוד אולמרט ); teraka ny 30 Septambra 1945 tao [[Binjamina]], dia mpanao politika [[Israely|israeliana]] (Antoko Kadima). Izy no [[praiminisitra]] israeliana nanomboka ny Aprily 2006 ka hatramin'ny Martsa 2009. [[Ariel Sharon]] no teo alohany ary [[Benyamin Netanyahu]] no nandimby azy Izy no ben’ny tanànan’i [[Jerosalema]] (1993-2003) . == Praiminisitra an'i Israely == {|border="1" align="center" style="border: 10px solid #0; background-color:#FFFFFF" |-align="center" bgcolor="DDEEFF" !nodimbiasany ![[Sary:Flag of Israel.svg|40px]] Praiminisitra an'i [[Israely]] !mpandimby |-align="center" | [[Ariel Sharon]]<br/> 2001-2006 || [[Ehud Olmert]]<br/> 2006-2009|| [[Benyamin Netanyahu]]<br/> 2009-2021 |-bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |- |} == Jereo koa == {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1945]] [[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona ]] [[Sokajy:Praiminisitra Israely]] [[Sokajy:Mpanao politika israeliana]] jwm18bvvj81iec4ybaaqh1wld5mwr85 0 290181 1152825 1092882 2026-11-03T01:53:35Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|02|30|S|43|15|W}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Santo Amaro do Maranhão |velarantany =1601 |fanjakana = [[Maranhão]] |isam-ponina = 16.034 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary =BIAMAN PRADO LAGOA ANDORINHAS ESTACIONAMENTO SANTO AMARO MA (27050761148).jpg |saina=Brasão de Santo Amaro do Maranhão.pdf }} [[File:Maranhao Municip SantoAmarodoMaranhao.svg |thumb|left|Santo Amaro do Maranhao]] '''Santo Amaro do Maranhão''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana mizaka tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny {{Brazila}}. Ny tanànan'i Santo Amaro do Maranhão dia iray amin'ireo 3 ao anatin'ny Valan-javaboarin'i [[Lençóis Maranhenses]], faritra iray tsy mahazatra izay mampifangaro pasika sy farihy mazava be. [[São Luís]] dia 236 km miala (4h). == Tsiahy == <references/> {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] lixs8fmd3qsddizjpm3y9eoptkr4tj4 0 290182 1152831 1093516 2026-11-03T01:58:19Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|02|08|S|44|36|W}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana =Guimarães' |velarantany 395.4 |fanjakana = [[Maranhão]] |isam-ponina = 11.966 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary = |saina=Bandeira-guimaraesma.PNG }} [[File:Maranhao Municip Guimaraes.svg|thumb|left|Guimarães']] '''Guimarães''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana mizaka tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny {{Brazila}}. 41 metatra ambonin'ny haabon'ny ranomasina izy io. Ny isam-poniny dia 11.966 mponina. Ny velarantanin'ilay tanàna dia 595,382 kilometatra toradroa. [[pt:Santo Amaro do Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] 6pq4f5nljuukub8tegktqj83txsojhw 1152846 1152831 2026-11-03T04:40:11Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|02|08|S|44|36|W}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana =Guimarães' |velarantany =395.4 |haavo = |fanjakana = [[Maranhão]] |isam-ponina = 11.966 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary = Catholic Church of St. Joseph - Guimarães, Maranhão.jpg |saina=Bandeira-guimaraesma.PNG }} [[File:Maranhao Municip Guimaraes.svg|thumb|left|Guimarães']] '''Guimarães''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana mizaka tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny {{Brazila}}. 41 metatra ambonin'ny haabon'ny ranomasina izy io. Ny isam-poniny dia 11.966 mponina. Ny velarantanin'ilay tanàna dia 595,382 kilometatra toradroa. [[pt:Santo Amaro do Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] bu1qc4crqzez3nl5qjxm8dhnxlu85au 0 290300 1152873 1149019 2026-11-03T11:02:50Z Thelezifor 15140 Loharano 1152873 wikitext text/x-wiki I '''Joseph Briant''' dia [[pretra]], misiônera [[vinsansiana]] sy [[lazarista]] frantsay<ref name=":1"><small>"[https://momentmag.com/madagascar-an-almost-jewish-homeland/2/ Madagascar: An Almost Jewish Homeland]", ''momentmag.com''</small></ref><ref name=":2"><small>"[https://bokundoli.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/T2-32.pdf Chapitre 28 Madagascar P. Vérin]", ''bokundoli.org''</small></ref> izay nipetraka teto [[Madagasikara]] tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-20<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3"><small>"[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/28724?lang=fr Le Malgache et la ville]", ''books.openedition.org''</small></ref>. Nalaza indrindra izy tamin' ny asasorany izay nahabe resaka, ''[[L'hébreu à Madagascar – Aperçus – Suggestions]]'', nivoaka tamin' ny taona 1946<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4"><small>"[https://sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive-files/tudor_parfitt_the_jews_of_ethiopia_the_birth_ofbook4you.pdf Jews of Ethiopia, The Birth of an Elite]", ''sahistory.org.za''</small></ref>. Ao amin' io boky io i Joseph Briant dia mametraka ny vinavina sy ny tombantombana nataony momba ny onjam-pifindrà-monina jiosy roa lehibe teto Madagasikara<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />, izay nandray anjara amin' ny fisian' ny mponina sy ny fiteny ary ny kolontsaina eto amin' ny Nosy<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />. == Ny mombamomba azy == Teraka tamin' ny 15 Jona 1888 tao Plérin ([[Frantsa]]) izy ary maty tamin' ny 13 Novambre 1960 tao [[Antananarivo]] ([[Madagasikara]])^{[mila fanamarinana]}. Mpanoratra tsy dia fantatra loatra eo amin' ny tontolon' ny fikarohana ankehitriny i Joseph Briant, saingy matetika voatonona ao amin' ny asasoratra tranainy na ivelan' ny sehatra akademika momba ny fiandohan' ny mponina sy ny fampitahana ny fomba amam-panao ara-pivavahana. I Joseph Briant dia niseho tao anatin' ny vanim-potoana nisongadinan' ny fomba fikarohana tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 sy tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-20 momba ny fiaviana "tatsinanana" na "ara-Baiboly" ho an' ny vahoaka sasany. Tafiditra ao anatin' ny hetsika manafangaro ny [[Ôrientalisma (siansa)|ôrientalisma]] amin' ny [[Famakafakana ny Baiboly|famakafakana Baiboly]] ary ny prôtô-etnôlôjia ireo asasoratra ireo. Tamin' izany fotoana izany dia maro ny mpanoratra no nanao izay hampifandray ny fitantaran' ny Baiboly sy ny vahoaka ao [[Afrikana (vahoaka)|Afrika]] sy any [[Aziatika|Azia]] ary aty amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]]. == Ny tsangan-kevitr' i Joseph Briant == === Ankapobeny === Ny loharanom-baovao momba an' i Joseph Briant dia maneho azy ho tompon' ny petra-kevitra izay milaza fa ny vahoaka sasany — indrindra aty amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]], anisan' izany i [[Madagasikara]] — dia manam-piaviana mifandray amin' ny [[Hebreo (vahoaka)|Hebreo]] fahiny na amin' ny [[Semita|vahoaka semitika]]. Ny fiheverany dia mifototra amin' ny karazana tohan-kevitra maro: fisian' ny singa ara-kolontsaina mitovy ([[fombafomba]], [[Fady (malagasy)|fady]], fanao ara-piarahamonina), sy fitovitoviana ara-piteny, ary fisian' ny zavatra mitovitovy eo amin' ny lafiny fivavahana ([[mônôteisma]], fanao momba ny [[sorona]], fifadiana ny sakafo sasany). Ireo fiheverana ireo dia fahita matetika tao amin' ny literatioran' izany vanim-potoana izany, saingy heverina ankehitriny ho malemy eo amin' ny lafiny fomba fiasa. Tsy fahita firy ny fanaovana tonon-tsiahy mazava tsara ny asan' i Joseph Briant ary matetika sarotra ny manamarina amin' ny katalôgy akademika ankehitriny. Indraindray izy dia ampifandraisina amin' ny famoahana an-tsoratra na andrana lahatsoratra mifandraika amin' ny "[[Fokom-pirenena folo very|fokon' i Israely very]]", amin' ny fifindra-monina fahiny nankao [[Afrika]] sy nankaty amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]], ary amin' ny fitoviana misy eo amin' ny fomban-drazana afrikana sy ny [[jodaisma]] taloha. === Momba ny fifindrà-monina jiosy eto Madagasikara === Ao amin' ny boky nosoratany mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''L'Hébreu à Madagascar : aperçus – suggestions'' (1945–1946) no ahitana ny tsangan-kevitr' i Joseph Briant momba ny fisian' ny [[Fifindra-monina jiosy aty Madagasikara|fifindrà-monina jiosy nankaty Madagasikara]]. ==== Onja voalohany tamin' ny andron' i Sôlômôna ==== Nilaza i Briant fa ny tantsambo jiosy, izay nanompo an' i [[Sôlômôna]] mpanjaka (nanjaka tamin' ny taonjato faha-10 tal JK), dia nanao dia lavitra an-dranomasina, ka tonga teto [[Madagasikara]]. Mandika andinin-teny sasany ao amin’ ny [[Baiboly]] i Briant, indrindra fa ireo izay miresaka momba ny varotra nataon’ i Sôlômôna tany amin’ ny faritra lavitra, ho porofon’ ny dia lavitra natao taty Madagasikara. Asongadin' i Briant ny fitovian' ny fomba amam-panao malagasy sasany amin' ny fomban-drazana jiosy, sy ny fifandraisana eo amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] sy [[Fiteny hebreo|teny hebreo]]. Ireo fifandraisana ireo dia matetika mifototra amin' ny fitoviana ara-panononana ary tsy jereny ny fivoaran' ny fiteny nandritra ny an' arivony taona. ==== Onja faharoa tamin' ny taonjato faha-2 sy faha-3 ==== Nilaza i Briant fa nisy [[Jiosy]] avy any [[Ejipta tamin' ny Andro Taloha|Egipta]] nonina teto [[Madagasikara]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-2 sy faha-3, ary niandohan' ny [[Antandroy]] sy ny [[Vazimba]] tao [[Fanjakan' Imerina|Imerina]] izy ireo. Izany dia miorina amin' izay heveriny ho fitoviana ara-kolontsaina sy ara-piteny, ary koa amin' ny fandikana ny [[lovantsofina]]. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia miankina amin' ny fisian' ny Jiosy tany Ejipta sy ny fiheverana azy ireo ho nahay nitondra sambo ny petra-kevitr' i Briant. Manasongadina ny fitovian' ny kolontsaina sy ny fiteny i Briant, nefa heverin' ny mpahay siansa ho zavatra ivelambelany fa tsy manaporofo na inona na inona izany. ==== Onja fahatelo tamin' ny taonjato faha-13 sy faha-14 ==== Nilaza i Briant fa ny Jiosy nandray kolontsaina [[silamo]] sy [[Arabo (vahoaka)|arabo]], avy any [[Meka (Arabia Saodita)|Meka]] ao [[Saikanosin' i Arabia|Arabia]], dia niorim-ponenana teto [[Madagasikara]] tamin’ ny taonjato faha-13 sy faha-14, ka niteraka ny [[Antemoro|foko antemoro]] samihafa ([[Zafiraminia]], [[Anakara]], sns.). Izany dia mifototra indrindra amin' ny lovantsofin' ny Antemoro, izay milaza fa manam-piaviana any ivelany. Ny Antemoro dia manana [[lovantsofina]] izay manondro ny fiaviany, matetika mifandray amin' ny olona iray antsoina hoe [[Raminia]]. Adikan' i Briant ho mpitarika jiosy avy any Meka io olona io. I Briant dia manasongadina ny fitoviana misy eo amin' ny [[sorabe]] ampiasain' ny Antemoro sy ny [[Abidy hebreo|soratra hebreo]], ary ny fitovian' ny fanao ara-pivavahana sy fanaovana [[sikidy]] sasany. Asongadin' i Briant ny fisian' ny vondrom-piarahamonina jiosy tany [[Arabia]] tamin' izany fotoana izany mba hanamarinany ny fifindrà-monina avy amin' io faritra io. === Fanakianana ny tsangan-kevitr' i Briant === ==== Fanakianana ny fisian' ny onjam-pifindrà-monina ==== Tsy misy ny soritra [[Arkeôlôjia|arkeôlôjika]], toy ny soratsokitra, na zavatra sisa tavela teto [[Madagasikara]], izay afaka manamarina ny fisian’ ny Jiosy tamin’ ny andro fahiny, tamin’ ny andron’ i [[Sôlômôna]]. Taty aoriana, teo anelanelan' ny taonjato faha-5 sy faha-10 taor JK, ny fifindra-monin' ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostrôneziana]] aty Madagasikara, izay niandohan' ny fonenan' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] taty. Izany dia mahatonga ny fifindrà-monina jiosy tamin' ny taonjato faha-10 tal JK ho sarotra arovana. Tombantombana fotsiny ny fampifanandrifiana ny [[Antandroy]] sy ny [[Vazimba]] amin' ny fiaviana jiosy. Ny Vazimba no heverina ho mponina voalohany teto amin' ny Nosy, talohan' ny nahatongavan' ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostrôneziana]]. Tsy manome porofo mivaingana mampifandray manokana ny Jiosy avy any [[Ejipta tamin' ny Andro Taloha|Ejipta]] amin' i Madagasikara tamin' izany fotoana izany I Briant. Tsy misy fikarohana [[Arkeôlôjia|arkeôlôjika]] eto Madagasikara manamarina ny fisian' ny Jiosy tamin' ny taonjato faha-2 sy faha-3. Tsy misy ny soratra, na zavatra, na sisa tavela momba ny fiorenam-ponenana izay azo atao vavolombelona momba ny fifindrà-monina toy izany. Ambaran' ny angona momba ny arkeôlôjia sy ny fiteny amin' izao fotoana izao fa nanomboka taty aoriana ny fiorenam-ponenan' ny Aostrôneziana teto Madagasikara, teo anelanelan' ny taonjato faha-5 sy faha-10 taor JK. Fanampin' izany dia tsy misy firaketana momba fifindra-monina goavana avy any Ejipta mankany amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]] mandritra io vanim-potoana io. Na dia hita teto Madagasikara aza ny zavatra manam-piaviana [[Arabo (vahoaka)|arabo]] sy [[silamo]], dia tsy misy soritra [[Arkeôlôjia|arkeôlôjika]] manamarina manokana ny fisian' ny Jiosy tamin' ny taonjato faha-13 sy faha-14. Ny fitovian' ny kolontsaina sy ny voambolana hita eo amin' ny [[Antemoro]] dia azo inoana fa vokatry ny fifanakalozana ara-barotra sy ara-kolontsaina nitranga teo amin' i [[Madagasikara]] sy ny [[Tontolo Arabo]] sy [[Tontolo Silamo|Islamika]] nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-10. Nitana anjara toerana lehibe tamin’ ny fampidirana ny [[Silamo|finoana silamo]] sy ny [[Abidy arabo|soratra arabo]] ary singa ara-kolontsaina hafa teto Madagasikara ny tantsambo sy mpivarotra arabo. ==== Haiteny tsy manasaro-javatra ==== Tsikerain' ny mpahay tantara sy ny mpahay teny fatratra ny tsangan-kevitr' i Joseph Briant, indrindra fa i [[Pierre Vérin]], izay mamaritra azy ireny ho mifototra amin’ ny [[Haitsikerafiteny|haiteny]] tsy manasaro-javatra. Tsy misy ny porofo [[Arkeôlôjia|arkeôlôjika]] manohana ny petra-kevitr' i Briant momba ny fifindrà-monina jiosy goavana teto Madagasikara. Ny fifandraisana ara-piteny atolotr' i Briant dia matetika zavatra ivelambelany sy tsy dia misy fomba fiasa hentitra loatra, mifototra amin' ny fifanahafam-panononana kisendrasendra. ==== Fisainana mpanjanaka ==== Ampahany amin' ny fisainana mpanjanaka ny tsangan-kevitr' i Briant, mifanaraka amin' ny tontolon' ny [[rijan-kevitra hamitika]], izay niparitaka be nandritra ny vanim-potoan' ny fanjanahantany, nikatsaka ny haneho fa avy any ivelany ny sivilizasiôna taty [[Afrika]], indrindra fa avy amin' ny [[Semita]], ka mandà ny fahafahan' ny [[Afrikana (vahoaka)|Afrikana]] hampivelatra ny kolontsainy manokana. ==== Tsy manaja ny fomba fiasa siantifika ==== Mampifangaro singa amin' ny haifiteny, ny tantara, ny fivavahana ary ny fomba amam-panao ny asan' i Briant, nefa tsy manaja ny fomba fiasa siantifika hentitra momba ireo taranja ireo. Izany dia nanampy trotraka ny fanjavozavon' ny lalana sy manasarotra ny fanavahana ny tena zava-misy marina. == Mpialoha lalalana sy mpandova == Ny tsangan-kevitra narovan' i Joseph Briant momba ny fiaviana hebreon' ny Malagasy sasany dia tsy nipoitra irery fa anisan' ny lova ara-tsaina efa nisy hatry ny ela, novolavolain' ny lovantsofina sy ny fandinihan' ny mpanjanaka ary ny vinavinan' ny manam-pahaizana, ary avy eo notohizan' ny mpanoratra taty aoriana. === Ny mpialoha === Ela be talohan' i Briant, ny hevitra momba ny fisian' ny Isiraelita aty Afrika dia niorim-paka tamin' ny lovantsofina jiosy tamin' ny [[Andro Antenatenany]]. I [[Eldad ha-Dani]], angamba tamin' ny taonjato faha-9, dia nampiely ny tantaran' ny "[[Fokom-pirenena folo very|Foko folo verin' i Israely]]" izay lazainy fa niorim-ponenana tany amin' ny faritra lavitra dia lavitra, indrindra fa tao [[Afrika Atsinanana]] (''Sefer Eldad ha-Dani'', taonjato faha-9). Na dia tsy nanonona an' i Madagasikara aza izy, dia nandray anjara tamin' ny fametrahana lasitra maharitra, dia ny fisian' ny [[Jiosy am-pielezana|zanaka am-pielezana israelita]] miparitaka hatrany amin' ny faran' ny tany. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-17 no nampiharin' i [[Étienne de Flacourt]] amin' i Madagasikara io fomba famakafakana io. Ao amin' ny bokiny mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Histoire de la Grande Isle Madagascar'' (1658) dia nanoro hevitra izy fa mety misy fiaviana mifandray amin' i [[Abrahama (patriarka)|Abrahama]] ny vondrona sasany, toy ny "[[Zafibrahima|Zafehibrahim]]". Niantehitra amin' ny fampitahana anarana sy fomban-drazana, izay mampiavaka ny manampahaizana tamin' izany fotoana izany, izy. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 sy tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-20, ireo vinavina ireo dia nisy mpijery indray tao anatin' ny tontolo prôtô-siantifika. I [[Jacques Auber]] dia nanao ezaka hametrahana fifandraisana eo amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] sy ny [[Fiteny hebreo|teny hebreo]] (ohatra: ''Histoire de l'Océan Indien'' sy ''La langue malgache en 30 familles de mots'' ary ''Madagascar, clé des études linguistiques d'un vaste secteur oriental''). I [[Myriam Harry]] kosa dia nandinika ny fitoviana misy eo amin' ny [[Fomban-drazana malagasy|fomban-drazana]] [[Fomban-drazana malagasy|malagasy]] sasany sy ny fomba amam-panao tany [[Atsinanana Akaiky]] taloha (''Routes malgaches, le Sud de Madagascar'' (1943), ''D'autres îles de volupté'' (1940), ''Sous le signe du Taureau : Le sud de Madagascar'' (1947). Na izany aza, ireo asa ireo dia mbola voamariky ny fomba fiasa marefo. === Mpandimby sy mpandova === Nanana mpandova ny rijan-kevitra nataon' i Briant, indrindra teo amin' ny sehatra tsy akademika na ara-pivavahana. Nanomboka tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-20, ny mpanoratra malagasy toa an-d[[Ravelojaona (mpitandrina)|Ravelojaona]] (1909) dia namolavola hevitra momba ny fiaviana jiosy ho an' ny Malagasy. Io fomba fisainana io dia notohizan' i [[Roger Andriatsiratahina]] sy [[Ratefy Tolotra]] tamin' ny taompolo 1970. Vao haingana, i [[Rabarioelina Ndriana|Ndriana Rabarioelina]] no nandray an-kitsirano ireo tsangan-kevitra ireo tao amin' ny ''Relations bibliques entre Israël et Madagascar'' (2010), izay niarovany ny hevitra momba ny fifindrà-monina fahiny mampifandray ireo tontolo roa ireo. Mandritra izany fotoana izany, ny mpikaroka toa an' i [[Tudor Parfitt]] dia tsy manohana ireo vinavina ireo, fa mandalina azy ireo amin' ny maha fomba fanehoana ny maha izy azy ara-kolontsaina ny vahoaka sady mamakafaka ny fomba filazan' ny vondrona sasany izay milaza ho manana razambe israelita. ---- == Jereo koa == * [[Fifindra-monina jiosy aty Madagasikara]] * [[Rabarioelina Ndriana]] * [[Ratefy Tolotra]] * [[Semita]] - [[Hamita (vahoaka)|Hamita]] - [[Jafetita]] * [[Jiosy malagasy]] * [[Fiteny malagasy]] * [[Fiteny hebreo]] * [[Ôfira]] == Loharano == tfdyl5uk0iyc5q8kfmp3bu8of0gcxrm 1152875 1152873 2026-11-03T11:07:50Z Thelezifor 15140 Loharano 1152875 wikitext text/x-wiki I '''Joseph Briant''' dia [[pretra]], misiônera [[vinsansiana]] sy [[lazarista]] frantsay<ref name=":1"><small>Moment Magazine, "[https://momentmag.com/madagascar-an-almost-jewish-homeland/2/ Madagascar: An Almost Jewish Homeland]", ''momentmag.com''</small></ref><ref name=":2"><small>Pierre Vérin, "[https://bokundoli.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/T2-32.pdf Chapitre 28 Madagascar P. Vérin]", ''bokundoli.org''</small></ref> izay nipetraka teto [[Madagasikara]] tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-20<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3"><small>Lucien Razanadrakoto, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/28724?lang=fr Le Malgache et la ville]", ''books.openedition.org''</small></ref>. Nalaza indrindra izy tamin' ny asasorany izay nahabe resaka, ''[[L'hébreu à Madagascar – Aperçus – Suggestions]]'', nivoaka tamin' ny taona 1946<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4"><small>Tudor Parfitt, "[https://sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive-files/tudor_parfitt_the_jews_of_ethiopia_the_birth_ofbook4you.pdf Jews of Ethiopia, The Birth of an Elite]", ''sahistory.org.za''</small></ref>. Ao amin' io boky io i Joseph Briant dia mametraka ny vinavina sy ny tombantombana nataony momba ny onjam-pifindrà-monina jiosy roa lehibe teto Madagasikara<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />, izay nandray anjara amin' ny fisian' ny mponina sy ny fiteny ary ny kolontsaina eto amin' ny Nosy<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />. Na izany aza, tsy noraisin' ny mpikaroka maro ny heviny. == Ny mombamomba azy == Teraka tamin' ny 15 Jona 1888 tao Plérin ([[Frantsa]]) izy ary maty tamin' ny 13 Novambre 1960 tao [[Antananarivo]] ([[Madagasikara]])^{[mila fanamarinana]}. Mpanoratra tsy dia fantatra loatra eo amin' ny tontolon' ny fikarohana ankehitriny i Joseph Briant, saingy matetika voatonona ao amin' ny asasoratra tranainy na ivelan' ny sehatra akademika momba ny fiandohan' ny mponina sy ny fampitahana ny fomba amam-panao ara-pivavahana. I Joseph Briant dia niseho tao anatin' ny vanim-potoana nisongadinan' ny fomba fikarohana tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 sy tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-20 momba ny fiaviana "tatsinanana" na "ara-Baiboly" ho an' ny vahoaka sasany. Tafiditra ao anatin' ny hetsika manafangaro ny [[Ôrientalisma (siansa)|ôrientalisma]] amin' ny [[Famakafakana ny Baiboly|famakafakana Baiboly]] ary ny prôtô-etnôlôjia ireo asasoratra ireo. Tamin' izany fotoana izany dia maro ny mpanoratra no nanao izay hampifandray ny fitantaran' ny Baiboly sy ny vahoaka ao [[Afrikana (vahoaka)|Afrika]] sy any [[Aziatika|Azia]] ary aty amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]]. == Ny tsangan-kevitr' i Joseph Briant == === Ankapobeny === Ny loharanom-baovao momba an' i Joseph Briant dia maneho azy ho tompon' ny petra-kevitra izay milaza fa ny vahoaka sasany — indrindra aty amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]], anisan' izany i [[Madagasikara]] — dia manam-piaviana mifandray amin' ny [[Hebreo (vahoaka)|Hebreo]] fahiny na amin' ny [[Semita|vahoaka semitika]]. Ny fiheverany dia mifototra amin' ny karazana tohan-kevitra maro: fisian' ny singa ara-kolontsaina mitovy ([[fombafomba]], [[Fady (malagasy)|fady]], fanao ara-piarahamonina), sy fitovitoviana ara-piteny, ary fisian' ny zavatra mitovitovy eo amin' ny lafiny fivavahana ([[mônôteisma]], fanao momba ny [[sorona]], fifadiana ny sakafo sasany). Ireo fiheverana ireo dia fahita matetika tao amin' ny literatioran' izany vanim-potoana izany, saingy heverina ankehitriny ho malemy eo amin' ny lafiny fomba fiasa. Tsy fahita firy ny fanaovana tonon-tsiahy mazava tsara ny asan' i Joseph Briant ary matetika sarotra ny manamarina amin' ny katalôgy akademika ankehitriny. Indraindray izy dia ampifandraisina amin' ny famoahana an-tsoratra na andrana lahatsoratra mifandraika amin' ny "[[Fokom-pirenena folo very|fokon' i Israely very]]", amin' ny fifindra-monina fahiny nankao [[Afrika]] sy nankaty amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]], ary amin' ny fitoviana misy eo amin' ny fomban-drazana afrikana sy ny [[jodaisma]] taloha. === Momba ny fifindrà-monina jiosy eto Madagasikara === Ao amin' ny boky nosoratany mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''L'Hébreu à Madagascar : aperçus – suggestions'' (1945–1946) no ahitana ny tsangan-kevitr' i Joseph Briant momba ny fisian' ny [[Fifindra-monina jiosy aty Madagasikara|fifindrà-monina jiosy nankaty Madagasikara]]. ==== Onja voalohany tamin' ny andron' i Sôlômôna ==== Nilaza i Briant fa ny tantsambo jiosy, izay nanompo an' i [[Sôlômôna]] mpanjaka (nanjaka tamin' ny taonjato faha-10 tal JK), dia nanao dia lavitra an-dranomasina, ka tonga teto [[Madagasikara]]. Mandika andinin-teny sasany ao amin’ ny [[Baiboly]] i Briant, indrindra fa ireo izay miresaka momba ny varotra nataon’ i Sôlômôna tany amin’ ny faritra lavitra, ho porofon’ ny dia lavitra natao taty Madagasikara. Asongadin' i Briant ny fitovian' ny fomba amam-panao malagasy sasany amin' ny fomban-drazana jiosy, sy ny fifandraisana eo amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] sy [[Fiteny hebreo|teny hebreo]]. Ireo fifandraisana ireo dia matetika mifototra amin' ny fitoviana ara-panononana ary tsy jereny ny fivoaran' ny fiteny nandritra ny an' arivony taona. ==== Onja faharoa tamin' ny taonjato faha-2 sy faha-3 ==== Nilaza i Briant fa nisy [[Jiosy]] avy any [[Ejipta tamin' ny Andro Taloha|Egipta]] nonina teto [[Madagasikara]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-2 sy faha-3, ary niandohan' ny [[Antandroy]] sy ny [[Vazimba]] tao [[Fanjakan' Imerina|Imerina]] izy ireo. Izany dia miorina amin' izay heveriny ho fitoviana ara-kolontsaina sy ara-piteny, ary koa amin' ny fandikana ny [[lovantsofina]]. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia miankina amin' ny fisian' ny Jiosy tany Ejipta sy ny fiheverana azy ireo ho nahay nitondra sambo ny petra-kevitr' i Briant. Manasongadina ny fitovian' ny kolontsaina sy ny fiteny i Briant, nefa heverin' ny mpahay siansa ho zavatra ivelambelany fa tsy manaporofo na inona na inona izany. ==== Onja fahatelo tamin' ny taonjato faha-13 sy faha-14 ==== Nilaza i Briant fa ny Jiosy nandray kolontsaina [[silamo]] sy [[Arabo (vahoaka)|arabo]], avy any [[Meka (Arabia Saodita)|Meka]] ao [[Saikanosin' i Arabia|Arabia]], dia niorim-ponenana teto [[Madagasikara]] tamin’ ny taonjato faha-13 sy faha-14, ka niteraka ny [[Antemoro|foko antemoro]] samihafa ([[Zafiraminia]], [[Anakara]], sns.). Izany dia mifototra indrindra amin' ny lovantsofin' ny Antemoro, izay milaza fa manam-piaviana any ivelany. Ny Antemoro dia manana [[lovantsofina]] izay manondro ny fiaviany, matetika mifandray amin' ny olona iray antsoina hoe [[Raminia]]. Adikan' i Briant ho mpitarika jiosy avy any Meka io olona io. I Briant dia manasongadina ny fitoviana misy eo amin' ny [[sorabe]] ampiasain' ny Antemoro sy ny [[Abidy hebreo|soratra hebreo]], ary ny fitovian' ny fanao ara-pivavahana sy fanaovana [[sikidy]] sasany. Asongadin' i Briant ny fisian' ny vondrom-piarahamonina jiosy tany [[Arabia]] tamin' izany fotoana izany mba hanamarinany ny fifindrà-monina avy amin' io faritra io. === Fanakianana ny tsangan-kevitr' i Briant === ==== Fanakianana ny fisian' ny onjam-pifindrà-monina ==== Tsy misy ny soritra [[Arkeôlôjia|arkeôlôjika]], toy ny soratsokitra, na zavatra sisa tavela teto [[Madagasikara]], izay afaka manamarina ny fisian’ ny Jiosy tamin’ ny andro fahiny, tamin’ ny andron’ i [[Sôlômôna]]. Taty aoriana, teo anelanelan' ny taonjato faha-5 sy faha-10 taor JK, ny fifindra-monin' ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostrôneziana]] aty Madagasikara, izay niandohan' ny fonenan' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] taty. Izany dia mahatonga ny fifindrà-monina jiosy tamin' ny taonjato faha-10 tal JK ho sarotra arovana. Tombantombana fotsiny ny fampifanandrifiana ny [[Antandroy]] sy ny [[Vazimba]] amin' ny fiaviana jiosy. Ny Vazimba no heverina ho mponina voalohany teto amin' ny Nosy, talohan' ny nahatongavan' ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostrôneziana]]. Tsy manome porofo mivaingana mampifandray manokana ny Jiosy avy any [[Ejipta tamin' ny Andro Taloha|Ejipta]] amin' i Madagasikara tamin' izany fotoana izany I Briant. Tsy misy fikarohana [[Arkeôlôjia|arkeôlôjika]] eto Madagasikara manamarina ny fisian' ny Jiosy tamin' ny taonjato faha-2 sy faha-3. Tsy misy ny soratra, na zavatra, na sisa tavela momba ny fiorenam-ponenana izay azo atao vavolombelona momba ny fifindrà-monina toy izany. Ambaran' ny angona momba ny arkeôlôjia sy ny fiteny amin' izao fotoana izao fa nanomboka taty aoriana ny fiorenam-ponenan' ny Aostrôneziana teto Madagasikara, teo anelanelan' ny taonjato faha-5 sy faha-10 taor JK. Fanampin' izany dia tsy misy firaketana momba fifindra-monina goavana avy any Ejipta mankany amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]] mandritra io vanim-potoana io. Na dia hita teto Madagasikara aza ny zavatra manam-piaviana [[Arabo (vahoaka)|arabo]] sy [[silamo]], dia tsy misy soritra [[Arkeôlôjia|arkeôlôjika]] manamarina manokana ny fisian' ny Jiosy tamin' ny taonjato faha-13 sy faha-14. Ny fitovian' ny kolontsaina sy ny voambolana hita eo amin' ny [[Antemoro]] dia azo inoana fa vokatry ny fifanakalozana ara-barotra sy ara-kolontsaina nitranga teo amin' i [[Madagasikara]] sy ny [[Tontolo Arabo]] sy [[Tontolo Silamo|Islamika]] nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-10. Nitana anjara toerana lehibe tamin’ ny fampidirana ny [[Silamo|finoana silamo]] sy ny [[Abidy arabo|soratra arabo]] ary singa ara-kolontsaina hafa teto Madagasikara ny tantsambo sy mpivarotra arabo. ==== Haiteny tsy manasaro-javatra ==== Tsikerain' ny mpahay tantara sy ny mpahay teny fatratra ny tsangan-kevitr' i Joseph Briant, indrindra fa i [[Pierre Vérin]], izay mamaritra azy ireny ho mifototra amin’ ny [[Haitsikerafiteny|haiteny]] tsy manasaro-javatra. Tsy misy ny porofo [[Arkeôlôjia|arkeôlôjika]] manohana ny petra-kevitr' i Briant momba ny fifindrà-monina jiosy goavana teto Madagasikara. Ny fifandraisana ara-piteny atolotr' i Briant dia matetika zavatra ivelambelany sy tsy dia misy fomba fiasa hentitra loatra, mifototra amin' ny fifanahafam-panononana kisendrasendra. ==== Fisainana mpanjanaka ==== Ampahany amin' ny fisainana mpanjanaka ny tsangan-kevitr' i Briant, mifanaraka amin' ny tontolon' ny [[rijan-kevitra hamitika]], izay niparitaka be nandritra ny vanim-potoan' ny fanjanahantany, nikatsaka ny haneho fa avy any ivelany ny sivilizasiôna taty [[Afrika]], indrindra fa avy amin' ny [[Semita]], ka mandà ny fahafahan' ny [[Afrikana (vahoaka)|Afrikana]] hampivelatra ny kolontsainy manokana. ==== Tsy manaja ny fomba fiasa siantifika ==== Mampifangaro singa amin' ny haifiteny, ny tantara, ny fivavahana ary ny fomba amam-panao ny asan' i Briant, nefa tsy manaja ny fomba fiasa siantifika hentitra momba ireo taranja ireo. Izany dia nanampy trotraka ny fanjavozavon' ny lalana sy manasarotra ny fanavahana ny tena zava-misy marina. == Mpialoha lalalana sy mpandova == Ny tsangan-kevitra narovan' i Joseph Briant momba ny fiaviana hebreon' ny Malagasy sasany dia tsy nipoitra irery fa anisan' ny lova ara-tsaina efa nisy hatry ny ela, novolavolain' ny lovantsofina sy ny fandinihan' ny mpanjanaka ary ny vinavinan' ny manam-pahaizana, ary avy eo notohizan' ny mpanoratra taty aoriana. === Ny mpialoha === Ela be talohan' i Briant, ny hevitra momba ny fisian' ny Isiraelita aty Afrika dia niorim-paka tamin' ny lovantsofina jiosy tamin' ny [[Andro Antenatenany]]. I [[Eldad ha-Dani]], angamba tamin' ny taonjato faha-9, dia nampiely ny tantaran' ny "[[Fokom-pirenena folo very|Foko folo verin' i Israely]]" izay lazainy fa niorim-ponenana tany amin' ny faritra lavitra dia lavitra, indrindra fa tao [[Afrika Atsinanana]] (''Sefer Eldad ha-Dani'', taonjato faha-9). Na dia tsy nanonona an' i Madagasikara aza izy, dia nandray anjara tamin' ny fametrahana lasitra maharitra, dia ny fisian' ny [[Jiosy am-pielezana|zanaka am-pielezana israelita]] miparitaka hatrany amin' ny faran' ny tany. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-17 no nampiharin' i [[Étienne de Flacourt]] amin' i Madagasikara io fomba famakafakana io. Ao amin' ny bokiny mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Histoire de la Grande Isle Madagascar'' (1658) dia nanoro hevitra izy fa mety misy fiaviana mifandray amin' i [[Abrahama (patriarka)|Abrahama]] ny vondrona sasany, toy ny "[[Zafibrahima|Zafehibrahim]]". Niantehitra amin' ny fampitahana anarana sy fomban-drazana, izay mampiavaka ny manampahaizana tamin' izany fotoana izany, izy. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 sy tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-20, ireo vinavina ireo dia nisy mpijery indray tao anatin' ny tontolo prôtô-siantifika. I [[Jacques Auber]] dia nanao ezaka hametrahana fifandraisana eo amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] sy ny [[Fiteny hebreo|teny hebreo]] (ohatra: ''Histoire de l'Océan Indien'' sy ''La langue malgache en 30 familles de mots'' ary ''Madagascar, clé des études linguistiques d'un vaste secteur oriental''). I [[Myriam Harry]] kosa dia nandinika ny fitoviana misy eo amin' ny [[Fomban-drazana malagasy|fomban-drazana]] [[Fomban-drazana malagasy|malagasy]] sasany sy ny fomba amam-panao tany [[Atsinanana Akaiky]] taloha (''Routes malgaches, le Sud de Madagascar'' (1943), ''D'autres îles de volupté'' (1940), ''Sous le signe du Taureau : Le sud de Madagascar'' (1947). Na izany aza, ireo asa ireo dia mbola voamariky ny fomba fiasa marefo. === Mpandimby sy mpandova === Nanana mpandova ny rijan-kevitra nataon' i Briant, indrindra teo amin' ny sehatra tsy akademika na ara-pivavahana. Nanomboka tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-20, ny mpanoratra malagasy toa an-d[[Ravelojaona (mpitandrina)|Ravelojaona]] (1909) dia namolavola hevitra momba ny fiaviana jiosy ho an' ny Malagasy. Io fomba fisainana io dia notohizan' i [[Roger Andriatsiratahina]] sy [[Ratefy Tolotra]] tamin' ny taompolo 1970. Vao haingana, i [[Rabarioelina Ndriana|Ndriana Rabarioelina]] no nandray an-kitsirano ireo tsangan-kevitra ireo tao amin' ny ''Relations bibliques entre Israël et Madagascar'' (2010), izay niarovany ny hevitra momba ny fifindrà-monina fahiny mampifandray ireo tontolo roa ireo. Mandritra izany fotoana izany, ny mpikaroka toa an' i [[Tudor Parfitt]] dia tsy manohana ireo vinavina ireo, fa mandalina azy ireo amin' ny maha fomba fanehoana ny maha izy azy ara-kolontsaina ny vahoaka sady mamakafaka ny fomba filazan' ny vondrona sasany izay milaza ho manana razambe israelita. ---- == Jereo koa == * [[Fifindra-monina jiosy aty Madagasikara]] * [[Rabarioelina Ndriana]] * [[Ratefy Tolotra]] * [[Semita]] - [[Hamita (vahoaka)|Hamita]] - [[Jafetita]] * [[Jiosy malagasy]] * [[Fiteny malagasy]] * [[Fiteny hebreo]] * [[Ôfira]] == Loharano == ik3ptr2obtdjkrystx5h4a5vm1vdqkm 0 291215 1152859 1148341 2026-11-03T06:40:48Z Thelezifor 15140 1152859 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Solanum ambosinum1.jpg|vignette|387x387px|''Solanum ambosinum'']] Ny '''''Solanum''''' dia vondron-karazan-javamaniry [[Zavamaniry mamony|mamony]] [[roa ravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'', ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Solanoideae]]'', izay manana miely saika amin' ny toerana rehetra, indrindra any amin' ny faritra mafana any [[Amerika]]. Ity vondron-karazana ity, izay ahitana karazana miisa 1&nbsp;200 any ho any, no lehibe indrindra amin' ny fianakaviana ''Solanaceae'' ary laharana faha-9 amin' ny vondron-karazana lehibe indrindra rehetra ao amin' ny vondron-javamaniry mamony (''[[Angiospermae]]''). Ny zavamaniry ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Solanum'' dia [[Zavamaniry ahitra|ahitra]] sy [[hazobotry]] ary [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]], indraindray mandady mianika, amin' ny ankapobeny misy volovolo, manana ravina mifandimby miaraka amin' ny felana feno na toa voahetihety. Ny voniny, izay sady lahy no vavy, miaraka amin' ny antera ([[totsim-bovoka]]) matetika mitambatra manodidina ny [[tahom-bavimbony]], dia mivondrona ao anaty vondrom-bony. Ny voany amin' ny ankapobeny dia boribory na toy ny atody, misy vihy miovaova isa, amin' ny ankapobeny fisaka. Karazana maro amin' ity vondrona ity no ambolena, na hatao sakafo (toy ny [[ovy]], ny [[voatabia]] na ny [[baranjely]]) na hatao haingo. Ny karazana hafa dia ampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana. Ny karazana rehetra amin' ny ''Solanum'' dia misy poizina kely na be, toy ny ''Solanum laxum'' (fanao haingo) sy ny ''Solanum dulcamara'' (mafai-mamy), satria misy ao amin' ny taovany rehetra (indrindra amin' ny voany sy amin' ny raviny), fa amin' ny fatrany miovaova, ahitana poizina toy ny [[glikôalkalôida]] sy [[sapôninina sterôidika]]. == Karazana == === Karazana maneran-tany === Ity vondron-karazana ity dia ahitana karazana miisa 1&nbsp;200 any ho any. Araka ny ''[[The Plant List]]'' <small>(24 août 2019)</small> (miisa mihoatra ny 900): === A === * ''Solanum abancayense'' Ochoa * ''Solanum abitaguense'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum absconditum'' Agra * ''Solanum abutilifolium'' Rusby * ''Solanum abutiloides'' (Griseb.) Bitter & Lillo * ''Solanum acanthodes'' Hook. f. * ''Solanum acanthoideum'' Drège ex Dunal * ''Solanum acaule'' Bitter * ''Solanum accrescens'' Standl. & C.V. Morton * ''Solanum acerifolium'' Dunal * ''Solanum achacachense'' Cárdenas * ''Solanum acroglossum'' Juz. * ''Solanum acroscopicum'' Ochoa * ''Solanum actaeibotrys'' Rusby * ''Solanum actinocalyx'' (H. Winkl.) Hunz. * ''Solanum aculeastrum'' Dunal * ''Solanum aculeatissimum'' Jacq. * ''Solanum aculeolatum'' M. Martens & Galeotti * ''Solanum acuminatum'' Ruiz & Pav. * ''Solanum acutilobum'' Dunal * ''Solanum adelense'' Delile * ''Solanum adhaerens'' Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. * ''Solanum adoense'' Hochst. ex A. Braun * ''Solanum adscendens'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum adspersum'' Witasek * ''Solanum aemulans'' Bitter & Wittm. * ''Solanum aenictum'' C.V. Morton * ''Solanum aethiopicum'' L. * ''Solanum affine'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum africanum'' Mill. * ''Solanum aggerum'' Dunal * ''Solanum agrarium'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum agrimoniifolium'' Rydb. * ''Solanum ahanhuiri'' Juz. & Bukasov * ''Solanum alandiae'' Cárdenas * ''Solanum alatirameum'' Bitter * ''Solanum albescens'' (Britton) Hunz. * ''Solanum albicans'' (Ochoa) Ochoa * ''Solanum albidum'' Dunal * ''Solanum albornozii'' Correll * ''Solanum aligerum'' Schltdl. * ''Solanum alloiophyllum'' Dammer * ''Solanum allophyllum'' (Miers) Standl. * ''Solanum aloysiifolium'' Dunal * ''Solanum alternatopinnatum'' Steud. * ''Solanum altissimum'' Benitez * ''Solanum amayanum'' Ochoa * ''Solanum amazonium'' Ker Gawl. * ''Solanum amblophyllum'' Hook. * ''Solanum ambosinum'' Ochoa * ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' Mill. * ''Solanum amethystinum'' (Kuntze) Heiser * ''Solanum amnicola'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum amotapense'' Svenson * ''Solanum amygdalifolium'' Steud. * ''Solanum anceps'' Ruiz & Pav. * ''Solanum andersonii'' Ochoa * ''Solanum andreanum'' Baker * ''Solanum andrieuxi'' Dunal * ''Solanum anematophilum'' Ochoa * ''[[Solanum anguivi]]'' Lam. * ''Solanum angustialatum'' Bitter * ''Solanum angustifidum'' Bitter * ''Solanum angustiflorum'' Mart. * ''Solanum angustifolium'' Mill. * ''Solanum angustispinosum'' De Wild. * ''Solanum anisophyllum'' Van Heurck & Müll. Arg. * ''[[Solanum ankazobe]]'' D'Arcy & Rakot. * ''Solanum annuum'' C.V. Morton * ''Solanum anoacanthum'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum anomalum'' Thonn. * ''Solanum antacochense'' Ochoa * ''[[Solanum antalaha]]'' D'Arcy & Rakot. * ''Solanum apaporanum'' R.E. Schult. * ''Solanum aparadense'' L.A. Mentz & M. Nee * ''Solanum aphananthum'' Baker * ''Solanum aphyodendron'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum apiahyense'' Witasek * ''Solanum apiculatibaccatum'' Bitter * ''Solanum apiculatum'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum apocynifolium'' Baker * ''Solanum appendiculatum'' Dunal * ''Solanum appressum'' K.E. Roe * ''Solanum aracc-papa'' Juz. ex Rybin * ''Solanum arachnidanthum'' Rusby * ''Solanum arboreum'' Dunal * ''Solanum arenarium'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum argenteum'' Dunal * ''Solanum argentinum'' Bitter & Lillo * ''Solanum aridum'' Morong * ''Solanum ariduphilum'' Ochoa * ''Solanum armentalis'' J.L. Gentry & D'Arcy * ''Solanum arundo'' Mattei * ''Solanum asperolanatum'' Ruiz & Pav. * ''Solanum asperum'' Rich. * ''Solanum asterophorum'' Mart. * ''Solanum asteropilodes'' Bitter * ''Solanum atitlanum'' K.E. Roe * ''Solanum atriplicifolium'' Gill ex Nees * ''Solanum atropurpureum'' Schrank * ''Solanum aturense'' Dunal * ''Solanum augusti'' Ochoa * ''Solanum aurantiacobaccatum'' De Wild. * ''Solanum aureum'' Dunal * ''[[Solanum auriculatum]]'' Aiton * ''Solanum aviculare'' G. Forst. * ''Solanum axillifolium'' K.E. Roe * ''Solanum ayacuchense'' Ochoa * ''Solanum aymaraesense'' Ochoa === B === * ''Solanum badilloi'' Benitez * ''Solanum bagamojense'' Bitter & Dammer * ''Solanum bahamense'' L. * ''Solanum bahianum'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum bangii'' Bitter * ''Solanum barbeyanum'' Huber * ''Solanum barbisetum'' Nees * ''Solanum barbulatum'' Zahlbr. * ''Solanum basendopogon'' Bitter * ''Solanum batangense'' Dammer * ''Solanum batoides'' D'Arcy & Rakot. * ''Solanum bellicosum'' Bitter * ''Solanum bellum'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum benadirense'' Chiov. * ''Solanum beniense'' De Wild. * ''Solanum berthaultii'' Hawkes * ''Solanum betaceum'' Cav. * ''[[Solanum betroka]]'' D'Arcy & Rakot. * ''Solanum biceps'' Dunal * ''Solanum bicolor'' Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. * ''Solanum bilabiatum'' Dammer * ''Solanum billhookeri'' Ochoa * ''Solanum blanco-galdosii'' Ochoa * ''Solanum blodgettii'' Chapm. * ''Solanum boerhaaviifolium'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum bolivianum'' Britton ex Rusby * ''Solanum boliviense'' Dunal * ''Solanum bombycinum'' Ochoa * ''Solanum bonariense'' L. * ''Solanum bondjorum'' A. Chev. * ''Solanum boselliae'' Chiov. * ''Solanum brachistotrichum'' (Bitter) Rydb. * ''Solanum brachyantherum'' Phil. * ''Solanum brachystachys'' Dunal * ''Solanum brevicaule'' Bitter * ''Solanum brevifolium'' Dunal * ''Solanum brevipedicellatum'' K.E. Roe * ''Solanum brieyi'' De Wild. * ''Solanum buesii'' Vargas * ''Solanum bukasovii'' Juz. * ''Solanum bulbocastanum'' Dunal * ''Solanum bullatum'' Vell. * ''Solanum bumeliifolium'' Dunal * ''Solanum burbankii'' Bitter * ''Solanum burchellii'' Dunal * ''Solanum burtonii'' Ochoa * ''Solanum bussei'' Dammer === C === * ''Solanum caavurana'' Vell. * ''Solanum cacosmum'' Bohs * ''Solanum caesium'' Griseb. * ''Solanum cajamarquense'' Ochoa * ''Solanum cajanumense'' Kunth * ''Solanum calacalinum'' Ochoa * ''Solanum caldense'' Carvalho * ''Solanum calidum'' Bohs * ''Solanum calileguae'' Cabrera * ''Solanum callianthum'' C.V. Morton * ''Solanum callicarpifolium'' Kunth & Bouché * ''Solanum calvescens'' Bitter * ''Solanum campaniforme'' Roem. & Schult. * ''Solanum campechiense'' L. * ''Solanum campetrichum'' Werderm. * ''Solanum campylacanthum'' Hochst. * ''Solanum campylocladum'' Dunal * ''Solanum candelarianum'' Cárdenas * ''Solanum candidum'' Lindl. * ''Solanum candolleanum'' Berthault * ''Solanum canense'' Rydb. * ''Solanum cantense'' Ochoa * ''Solanum capense'' L. * ''Solanum capillipes'' Britton * ''Solanum capoerum'' Dunal * ''Solanum capsicoides'' All. * ''Solanum carautae'' Carvalho * ''Solanum carchiense'' Correll * ''Solanum cardiophyllum'' Lindl. * ''Solanum carense'' Dunal * ''Solanum caricaefolium'' Rusby * ''Solanum caripense'' Dunal * ''Solanum carolinense'' L. * ''Solanum cassioides'' L.B. Sm. & Downs * ''Solanum castaneum'' Carvalho * ''Solanum catombelense'' Peyr. * ''Solanum caudatum'' Dunal * ''Solanum cerasiferum'' Dunal * ''Solanum cernuum'' Vell. * ''Solanum chachapoyasense'' Bitter * ''Solanum chacoense'' Bitter * ''Solanum chalmersii'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum chamaepolybotryon'' Bitter * ''Solanum chamaesarachidium'' Bitter * ''Solanum chancayense'' Ochoa * ''Solanum chariense'' A. Chev. * ''Solanum chaucha'' Juz. & Bukasov * ''Solanum chavinense'' Correll * ''Solanum cheesmaniae'' (Riley) Fosberg * ''Solanum chenopodioides'' Lam. * ''Solanum chiapasense'' K.E. Roe * ''Solanum chilense'' Dunal * ''Solanum chilliasense'' Ochoa * ''Solanum chillonanum'' Ochoa * ''Solanum chimborazense'' Bitter & Sodiro * ''Solanum chiovendae'' Lanza * ''Solanum chiquidenum'' Ochoa * ''Solanum chlamydogynum'' Bitter * ''Solanum chloropetalon'' Schltdl. * ''Solanum chomatophilum'' Bitter * ''Solanum chrysasteroides'' Werderm. * ''Solanum chrysoflorum'' Ochoa * ''Solanum chrysophyllum'' Dunal * ''Solanum chrysotrichum'' Schltdl. * ''Solanum cinereum'' R. Br. * ''Solanum cinnamomeum'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum circaeifolium'' Bitter * ''Solanum circinatum'' Bohs * ''Solanum cirsioides'' A. Chev. * ''Solanum citrinum'' M. Nee * ''Solanum citrullifolium'' A. Braun * ''Solanum cladotrichum'' Vand. ex Dunal * ''Solanum clandestinum'' Bohs * ''Solanum clarum'' Correll * ''Solanum clavatum'' Rusby * ''Solanum clivorum'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum clokeyi'' Munz * ''Solanum cobanense'' J.L. Gentry * ''Solanum coccineum'' Jacq. * ''Solanum cochabambense'' Bitter * ''Solanum coelestispetalum'' Vargas * ''Solanum collectaneum'' C.V. Morton * ''Solanum colombianum'' Dunal * ''Solanum comarapanum'' M. Nee * ''Solanum commersonii'' Dunal * ''Solanum complectens'' M. Nee & G.J. Anderson * ''Solanum compressum'' L.B. Sm. & Downs * ''Solanum comptum'' C.V. Morton * ''Solanum concarense'' Hunz. * ''Solanum concinnum'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum confertiseriatum'' Bitter * ''Solanum confine'' Dunal * ''Solanum confusum'' C.V. Morton * ''Solanum conglobatum'' Dunal * ''Solanum conicum'' Ruiz & Pav. * ''Solanum connatum'' Correll * ''Solanum consimile'' C.V. Morton * ''Solanum contumazaense'' Ochoa * ''Solanum cordatum'' Forssk. * ''Solanum cordifolium'' Dunal * ''Solanum cordioides'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum cordovense'' Sessé & Moc. * ''Solanum coriaceum'' Dunal * ''Solanum cormanthum'' Vell. * ''Solanum corneliomulleri'' J.F. Macbr. * ''Solanum cornifolium'' Dunal * ''Solanum corumbense'' S. Moore * ''Solanum corymbiflorum'' (Sendtn.) Bohs * ''Solanum corymbosum'' Jacq. * ''Solanum costatum'' M. Nee * ''Solanum coxii'' Phil. * ''Solanum crassifolium'' Lam. * ''Solanum crebrum'' L.B. Sm. * ''Solanum cremastanthemum'' Werderm. * ''Solanum crepidotrichum'' Bitter * ''Solanum crinitipes'' Dunal * ''Solanum crinitum'' Lam. * ''Solanum crispum'' Ruiz & Pav. * ''Solanum croatii'' D'Arcy & R.C. Keating * ''Solanum crotonifolium'' Dunal * ''Solanum cruciferum'' Bitter * ''Solanum cucullatum'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum cufodontii'' Lanza * ''Solanum cultum'' De Wild. * ''Solanum curtilobum'' Juz. & Bukasov * ''Solanum cutervanum'' Zahlbr. * ''Solanum cyclophyllum'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum cymosum'' Ruiz & Pav. * ''Solanum cyrtopodium'' Dunal === D === * ''Solanum dalibardiforme'' Bitter * ''Solanum damarense'' Bitter * ''Solanum daphnophyllum'' Bitter * ''Solanum darbandense'' A. Chev. * ''Solanum darienense'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum dasyadenium'' Bitter * ''Solanum dasyanthum'' Brandegee * ''Solanum dasyneuron'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum dasyphyllum'' Schumach. & Thonn. * ''Solanum dasypus'' E. Mey. * ''Solanum dasytrichum'' Bitter * ''Solanum davidsei'' Carvalho * ''Solanum davisense'' Whalen * ''Solanum decipiens'' Opiz * ''Solanum decompositiflorum'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum decorum'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum deflexicarpum'' C.Y. Wu & S.C. Huang * ''Solanum deflexiflorum'' Bitter * ''Solanum delagoense'' Dunal * ''Solanum delicatulum'' L.B. Sm. & Downs * ''Solanum delitescens'' C.V. Morton * ''Solanum delpierrei'' De Wild. * ''Solanum demissum'' Lindl. * ''Solanum dendrophilum'' Bitter * ''Solanum dennekense'' Damm. * ''Solanum densepilosulum'' Bitter * ''Solanum depauperatum'' Dunal * ''Solanum deterrimum'' C.V. Morton * ''Solanum dewildemanianum'' Robyns * ''Solanum diamantinense'' Agra * ''Solanum dianthum'' Rusby * ''Solanum dichroandrum'' Dunal * ''Solanum dichroanthum'' Dammer * ''Solanum didymum'' Dunal * ''Solanum dimidiatum'' Raf. * ''Solanum dimorphandrum'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum dinklagei'' Dammer * ''Solanum dinteri'' Bitter * ''Solanum diphyllum'' L. * ''Solanum diploconos'' (Mart.) Bohs * ''Solanum dissimile'' C.V. Morton * ''Solanum distichophyllum'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum distichum'' Schumach. & Thonn. * ''Solanum diversifolium'' Dunal * ''Solanum doddsii'' Correll * ''Solanum dolichocremastrum'' Bitter * ''Solanum dolichorhachis'' Bitter * ''Solanum dolichosepalum'' Bitter * ''Solanum dolosum'' C.V. Morton ex S. Knapp * ''Solanum domesticum'' A. Chev. * ''Solanum donachui'' (Ochoa) Ochoa * ''Solanum donianum'' Walp. * ''Solanum donnell-smithii'' J.M. Coult. * ''Solanum douglasii'' Dunal * ''Solanum dulcamara'' L. * ''Solanum dulcamaroides'' Dunal * ''Solanum duplo-sinuatum'' Klotzsch === E === * ''Solanum echegarayi'' Hieron. * ''Solanum echidnaeforme'' Dunal * ''Solanum edinense'' Berthault * ''Solanum edmonstonei'' Hook. f. * ''Solanum ehrenbergii'' Rydb. * ''Solanum eickii'' Dammer * ''Solanum eitenii'' Agra * ''Solanum elaeagnifolium'' Cav. * ''Solanum elskensi'' De Wild. * ''Solanum enantiophyllanthum'' Bitter * ''Solanum endlicheri'' Dunal * ''Solanum endlichii'' Dammer * ''Solanum endoadenium'' Bitter * ''Solanum endopogon'' (Bitter) Bohs * ''Solanum ensifolium'' Dunal * ''Solanum erianthum'' D. Don * ''Solanum erosomarginatum'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum erythracanthum'' Bojer ex Dunal * ''Solanum erythrotrichum'' Fernald * ''Solanum etuberosum'' Lindl. * ''Solanum euacanthum'' Phil. * ''Solanum evolvulifolium'' Greenm. * ''Solanum evonymoides'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum exasperatum'' E. Mey. * ''Solanum excisirhombeum'' Bitter * ''Solanum exiguum'' Bohs * ''Solanum extensum'' Bitter === F === * ''Solanum fabrisii'' Cabrera * ''Solanum falconense'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum fallax'' Bohs * ''Solanum felinum'' Bitter * ''Solanum fendleri'' A. Gray * ''Solanum fernandezianum'' Phil. * ''Solanum ferreyrae'' Ugent * ''Solanum ferrugineum'' Jacq. * ''Solanum fiebrigii'' Bitter * ''Solanum filicaule'' Dammer * ''Solanum filiforme'' Ruiz & Pav. * ''Solanum flaccidum'' Vell. * ''Solanum flagellare'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum flamignii'' De Wild. * ''Solanum flavoviridens'' Ochoa * ''Solanum flexicaule'' Benth. * ''Solanum floridanum'' Shuttlew. ex Dunal * ''Solanum florulentum'' Bitter * ''Solanum foetens'' Pittier ex S. Knapp * ''Solanum forskalii'' Dunal * ''Solanum fortunense'' Bohs * ''Solanum fosbergianum'' D'Arcy * ''Solanum fragile'' Wedd. * ''Solanum fraxinifolium'' Dunal * ''Solanum fructo-tecto'' Cav. * ''Solanum fulgens'' (J.F. Macbr.) Roe * ''Solanum fultum'' Schrank * ''Solanum fulvidum'' Bitter * ''Solanum furcatum'' Dunal * ''Solanum fusiforme'' L.B. Sm. & Downs === G === * ''Solanum gandarillasii'' Cárdenas * ''Solanum garcia-barrigae'' Ochoa * ''Solanum gardneri'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum gaudichaudii'' Dunal * ''Solanum gayanum'' Dunal * ''Solanum gemellum'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum geniculatum'' E. Mey. * ''Solanum gertii'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum giftbergense'' Dunal * ''Solanum giganteum'' Jacq. * ''Solanum gilioides'' Rusby * ''Solanum giorgii'' De Wild. * ''Solanum glandulosipilosum'' Bitter * ''Solanum glaucescens'' Zucc. * ''Solanum glaucophyllum'' Desf. * ''Solanum glomuliflorum'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum glutinosum'' Dunal * ''Solanum gnaphalocarpon'' Vell. * ''Solanum goetzei'' Dammer * ''Solanum gomphodes'' Dunal * ''Solanum goniocalyx'' Juz. & Bukasov * ''Solanum goniocaulon'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum gonyrhachis'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum goodspeedii'' K.E. Roe * ''Solanum gorgoneum'' Bitter * ''Solanum gracilifrons'' Bitter * ''Solanum grandiflorum'' Ruiz & Pav. * ''Solanum granuloso-leprosum'' Dunal * ''Solanum gratum'' Bitter * ''Solanum graveolens'' Bunbury * ''Solanum grayi'' Rose * ''Solanum grewioides'' Lanza * ''Solanum griffithii'' (Prain) C.Y. Wu & S.C. Huang * ''Solanum grotei'' Dammer * ''Solanum guamuchilense'' Cast.-Campos & Rzed. * ''Solanum guaraniticum'' A. St.-Hil. * ''Solanum guerreroense'' Correll * ''Solanum guineense'' L. === H === * ''Solanum habrocaulon'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum haematocladum'' Dunal * ''Solanum haleakalaense'' H.St.John * ''Solanum hamatile'' Brandegee * ''Solanum hartwegii'' Benth. * ''Solanum hasslerianum'' Chodat * ''Solanum hastatilobum'' Bitter * ''Solanum hastifolium'' Dunal * ''Solanum hastiforme'' Correll * ''Solanum hayesii'' Fernald * ''Solanum hazenii'' Britton * ''Solanum hederiradiculum'' Bitter * ''Solanum heinianum'' D'Arcy & R.C. Keating * ''Solanum heleonastes'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum helleri'' Standl. * ''Solanum hemisymphyes'' Bitter * ''Solanum herba-bona'' Reiche * ''Solanum herculeum'' Bohs * ''Solanum hermannii'' Dunal * ''Solanum hernandesii'' Dunal * ''Solanum heteroclitum'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum heterodoxum'' Dunal * ''Solanum hexandrum'' Vell. * ''Solanum hibernum'' Bohs * ''Solanum hidetaroi'' Masam. * ''Solanum hieronymi'' Kuntze * ''Solanum hildebrandtii'' BR & Bouche, A. M. * ''Solanum hillebrandii'' Yunck. * ''Solanum himatacanthum'' Dammer * ''Solanum hindsianum'' Benth. * ''Solanum hintonii'' C.V. Morton * ''Solanum hirsuticaule'' Werderm. * ''Solanum hirsutum'' Dunal * ''Solanum hirtellum'' (Spreng.) Hassl. * ''Solanum hirtulum'' Krause * ''Solanum hirtum'' Vahl * ''Solanum hjertingii'' Hawkes * ''Solanum hoehnei'' C.V. Morton * ''Solanum hoffmanseggii'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum holocalyx'' Morton * ''Solanum holophyllum'' Bitter * ''Solanum holtzii'' Dammer * ''Solanum homalospermum'' Chiarini * ''Solanum homblei'' De Wild. * ''Solanum hoopesii'' Hawkes & K.A. Okada * ''Solanum hougasii'' Correll * ''Solanum houstonii'' Dunal * ''Solanum huallagense'' Bitter * ''Solanum huancabambense'' Ochoa * ''Solanum huayavillense'' Del Vitto & Peten. * ''Solanum huitlanum'' Brandegee * ''Solanum humblotii'' Dammer * ''Solanum humectophilum'' Ochoa * ''Solanum humile'' Bernh. ex Willd. * ''Solanum hutchisonii'' (J.F. Macbr.) Bohs * ''Solanum hybridum'' Jacq. * ''Solanum hylobium'' Bitter * ''Solanum hypacrarthrum'' Bitter * ''Solanum hypaleurotrichum'' Bitter * ''Solanum hypermegethes'' Werderm. * ''Solanum hypocalycosarcum'' Bitter * ''Solanum hypomalacum'' (Bitter) C.V. Morton * ''Solanum hypopsilum'' Bitter === I === * ''Solanum iltisii'' K.E. Roe * ''Solanum imamense'' Dunal * ''Solanum imbaburense'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum imberbe'' Bitter * ''Solanum immite'' Dunal * ''Solanum incahuasinum'' Ochoa * ''Solanum incanum'' L. * ''Solanum incarceratum'' Ruiz & Pav. * ''Solanum incasicum'' Ochoa * ''Solanum incisum'' Griseb. * ''Solanum incompletum'' Britton * ''Solanum incomptum'' Bitter * ''Solanum incurvipilum'' Bitter * ''Solanum incurvum'' Ruiz & Pav. * ''Solanum inelegans'' Rusby * ''Solanum infundibuliforme'' Phil. * ''Solanum ingaefolium'' Ochoa * ''Solanum inodorum'' Vell. * ''Solanum inornatum'' Witasek * ''Solanum insidiosum'' Mart. * ''Solanum insolaesolis'' Bitter * ''Solanum insulae-paschalis'' Bitter * ''Solanum interandinum'' Bitter * ''Solanum interius'' Rydb. * ''Solanum intermedium'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum iodotrichum'' Van Heurck & Müll. Arg. * ''Solanum ionidium'' Bitter * ''Solanum iopetalum'' Hawkes * ''Solanum ipomoea'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum iraniense'' L.B. Sm. & Downs * ''Solanum irosinum'' Ochoa * ''Solanum irregulare'' C.V. Morton * ''Solanum isodynamum'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum itatiaiae'' Glaz. ex Edmonds * ''Solanum ivohibe'' D'Arcy & Rakot. === J === * ''Solanum jabrense'' Agra & M. Nee * ''Solanum jaegeri'' Dammer * ''Solanum jaenense'' Ochoa * ''Solanum jalcae'' Ochoa * ''Solanum jamaicense'' Mill. * ''Solanum jamesii'' Torr. * ''Solanum japonense'' Nakai * ''Solanum jasminifolium'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum jasminoides'' J. Paxton * ''Solanum jesperseni'' De Wild. * ''Solanum johannae'' Bitter * ''Solanum johnstonii'' Whalen * ''Solanum jubae'' Bitter * ''Solanum juglandifolium'' Dunal * ''Solanum julocrotonoides'' Hassl. * ''Solanum juncalense'' Reiche * ''Solanum juninense'' Bitter * ''Solanum jussiaei'' Dunal * ''Solanum juvenale'' Thell. * ''Solanum juzepczukii'' Bukasov === K === * ''Solanum kagehense'' Dammer * ''Solanum kandtii'' Dammer * ''Solanum kauaiense'' Hillebr. * ''Solanum keniense'' Standl. * ''Solanum kieslingii'' Cabrera * ''Solanum kifinikense'' Bitter * ''Solanum kioniotrichum'' Bitter ex J.F. Macbr. * ''Solanum kitagawae'' Schonb.-Tem. * ''Solanum kitivuense'' Dammer * ''Solanum kleinii'' L.B. Sm. & Downs * ''Solanum krauseanum'' Phil. * ''Solanum kurtzianum'' Bitter & Wittm. * ''Solanum kwebense'' N.E. Br. === L === * ''Solanum lacerdae'' Dusén * ''Solanum laciniatum'' Aiton * ''Solanum lacteum'' Vell. * ''Solanum laevigatum'' Dunal * ''Solanum lamprocarpum'' Bitter * ''Solanum lanceifolium'' Jacq. * ''Solanum lanceolatum'' Cav. * ''Solanum lantana'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum lanuginosum'' Dunal * ''Solanum lanzae'' J.-P. Lebrun & Stork * ''Solanum lasianthum'' Dunal * ''Solanum lasiocarpum'' Dunal * ''Solanum lasiocladum'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum lasiopodium'' Dunal * ''Solanum lateritium'' Dammer * ''Solanum latiflorum'' Bohs * ''Solanum laurentii'' Dammer * ''Solanum laurifolium'' L. f. * ''Solanum laxissimum'' Bitter * ''Solanum laxum'' Spreng. * ''Solanum leiophyllum'' Benth. * ''Solanum lepidotum'' Dunal * ''Solanum leptocaulon'' Van Heurck & Müll. Arg. * ''Solanum leptophyes'' Bitter * ''Solanum leptopodum'' Van Heurck & Müll. Arg. * ''Solanum leptorhachis'' Bitter * ''Solanum leptosepalum'' Correll * ''Solanum leptostachys'' Dunal * ''Solanum lesteri'' Hawkes & Hjert. * ''Solanum leucandrum'' Whalen * ''Solanum leucanthum'' Dammer * ''Solanum leucocarpon'' Dunal * ''Solanum leucodendron'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum leucophaeum'' Dunal * ''Solanum leucopogon'' Huber * ''Solanum lhotskyanum'' Dunal * ''Solanum lianiforme'' De Wild. * ''Solanum lichtensteinii'' Willd. * ''Solanum lignescens'' Fernald * ''Solanum lignicaule'' Vargas * ''Solanum limbaniense'' Ochoa * ''Solanum lindenii'' Rusby * ''Solanum linnaeanum'' Hepper & P.-M.L.Jaeger * ''Solanum litoraneum'' A.E. Gonç. * ''Solanum litusinum'' Ochoa * ''Solanum lobbianum'' Bitter * ''Solanum longevirgatum'' Bitter * ''Solanum longiconicum'' Bitter * ''Solanum longipes'' Dunal * ''Solanum longiusculus'' Ochoa * ''Solanum lopez-camarenae'' Ochoa * ''Solanum loxense'' Dunal * ''Solanum lucens'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum luffocarpum'' A. Chev. * ''Solanum lumholtzianum'' Bartlett * ''Solanum luridifuscescens'' Bitter * ''Solanum luteoalbum'' Pers. * ''Solanum luteum'' Mill. * ''Solanum luzoniense'' Merr. * ''Solanum lycocarpum'' A. St.-Hil. * ''Solanum lycopersicoides'' Dunal * ''Solanum lycopersicum'' L. * ''Solanum lykipiense'' C.H. Wright * ''Solanum lyratum'' Thunb. === M === * ''Solanum macaonense'' Dunal * ''Solanum macbridei'' Hunz. & Lallana * ''Solanum macowanii'' Fourc. * ''Solanum macracanthum'' A. Rich. * ''Solanum macranthum'' Dunal * ''Solanum macrocarpon'' L. * ''Solanum macrotonum'' Bitter * ''[[Solanum madagascariense]]'' Dunal * ''Solanum madrense'' Fernald * ''Solanum maglia'' Schltdl. * ''Solanum mahoriensis'' D'Arcy & Rakot. * ''Solanum malacothrix'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum malletii'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum mammosum'' L. * ''Solanum mangaschae'' Pax * ''Solanum mapiricum'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum mapiriense'' Bitter * ''Solanum maranguapense'' Bitter * ''Solanum marantifolium'' Bitter * ''Solanum marginatum'' L. f. * ''Solanum marinasense'' Vargas * ''Solanum marojejy'' D'Arcy & Rakot. * ''Solanum maroniense'' Poit. * ''Solanum marquesi'' Dammer * ''Solanum martii'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum martinsii'' Van Heurck * ''Solanum matadori'' L.B. Sm. & Downs * ''Solanum maternum'' Bohs * ''Solanum maturecalvans'' Bitter * ''Solanum mauense'' Bitter * ''[[Solanum mauritianum]]'' Scop. * ''Solanum medians'' Bitter * ''Solanum megalochiton'' Mart. * ''Solanum megalonyx'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum megistacrolobum'' Bitter * ''Solanum melastomoides'' C.H. Wright * ''Solanum melissarum'' Bohs * ''Solanum melongena'' L. * ''Solanum memphiticum'' J.F.Gmel. * ''Solanum merrillianum'' Liou * ''Solanum mesodolichum'' Pic.Serm. * ''Solanum metarsium'' C.V. Morton * ''Solanum metrobotryon'' Dunal * ''Solanum michoacanum'' (Bitter) Rydb. * ''Solanum microdontum'' Bitter * ''Solanum microleprodes'' Bitter * ''Solanum mildbraedii'' Dammer * ''Solanum minutifoliolum'' Correll * ''Solanum mite'' Ruiz & Pav. * ''Solanum mitlense'' Dunal * ''Solanum mochiquense'' Ochoa * ''Solanum moestum'' Dunal * ''Solanum molinarum'' J.L. Gentry * ''Solanum monachophyllum'' Dunal * ''Solanum monactinanthum'' Dammer * ''Solanum monadelphum'' Van Heurck & Müll. Arg. * ''Solanum monanthemon'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum monarchostemon'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum moniliforme'' Correll * ''Solanum monotanthum'' Dammer * ''Solanum montanum'' L. * ''Solanum montigenum'' (C.V. Morton) Cabrera * ''Solanum morellifolium'' Bohs * ''Solanum morelliforme'' Bitter & Münch * ''Solanum morii'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum mortonii'' Hunz. * ''Solanum moscopanum'' Hawkes * ''Solanum moxosense'' M. Nee * ''Solanum mucronatum'' O.E. Schulz * ''Solanum muenscheri'' Standl. & Steyerm. * ''Solanum multifidum'' Lam. * ''Solanum multiflorum'' Vargas * ''Solanum multiglandulosum'' Bitter * ''Solanum multiinterruptum'' Bitter * ''Solanum multispinum'' N.E. Br. * ''Solanum muricatum'' Aiton * ''Solanum murinum'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum murphyi'' I.M. Johnst. * ''Solanum myoxotrichum'' Baker * ''Solanum myriacanthum'' Dunal * ''Solanum myrsinoides'' D'Arcy & Rakot. === N === * ''Solanum nakurense'' C.H. Wright * ''Solanum namaquense'' Dammer * ''Solanum nanum'' Bitter * ''Solanum narcoticosmum'' Bitter * ''Solanum ndellense'' A. Chev. * ''Solanum neglectum'' Dunal * ''Solanum nelsonii'' Dunal * ''Solanum nematopus'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum nematorhachis'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum nemorense'' Dunal * ''Solanum nemorosum'' Ochoa * ''Solanum neocardenasii'' Hawkes & Hjert. * ''Solanum neorossii'' Hawkes & Hjert. * ''Solanum neovargasii'' Ochoa * ''Solanum neovavilovii'' Ochoa * ''Solanum neoweberbaueri'' Wittm. * ''Solanum nesiotes'' Bitter * ''Solanum nguelense'' Dammer * ''Solanum nienkui'' Merr. & Chun * ''Solanum nigrescens'' M. Martens & Galeotti * ''Solanum nigricans'' M. Martens & Galeotti * ''Solanum nitidum'' Ruiz & Pav. * ''Solanum nocturnum'' Fernald * ''Solanum nubicola'' Ochoa * ''Solanum nudum'' Dunal * ''Solanum nuricum'' M. Nee * ''Solanum nutans'' Ruiz & Pav. * ''Solanum nyctaginoides'' Dunal === O === * ''Solanum oaxacanum'' Dunal * ''Solanum oblongifolium'' Dunal * ''Solanum obovalifolium'' Benitez * ''Solanum occultum'' Bohs * ''Solanum ochracanthum'' Bitter * ''Solanum ochraceo-ferrugineum'' Fernald * ''Solanum ochraceum'' Dunal * ''Solanum ochranthum'' Dunal * ''Solanum ochrophyllum'' Van Heurck & Müll. Arg. * ''Solanum odoriferum'' Vell. * ''Solanum okadae'' Hawkes & Hjert. * ''Solanum olgae'' Pojark. * ''Solanum olivaceum'' Dammer * ''Solanum olivaeforme'' Donn. Sm. * ''Solanum olivare'' Paill. & Bois * ''Solanum oliveirae'' Carvalho * ''Solanum olmosense'' Ochoa * ''Solanum olmosianum'' Ochoa * ''Solanum ombrophilum'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum oocarpum'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum opacum'' A. Br. & Bouché * ''Solanum oplocense'' Hawkes * ''Solanum oppositifolium'' Ruiz & Pav. * ''Solanum orientale'' Benitez * ''Solanum orophilum'' Correll * ''Solanum orthocarpum'' Bitter * ''Solanum otites'' Dunal * ''Solanum ovalifolium'' Dunal * ''Solanum ovatifolium'' De Wild. * ''Solanum ovum-fringillae'' (Dunal) Bohs * ''Solanum oxycarpum'' Schiede * ''Solanum oxycoccoides'' Bitter * ''Solanum oxyphyllum'' C.V. Morton === P === * ''Solanum pabstii'' L.B. Sm. & Downs * ''Solanum pachimatium'' Dunal * ''Solanum pachyandrum'' Bitter * ''Solanum pachyarthrotrichum'' Bitter * ''Solanum palinacanthum'' Dunal * ''Solanum palitans'' C.V. Morton * ''Solanum pallidum'' Rusby * ''Solanum palmillae'' Standl. * ''Solanum paludosum'' Moric. * ''Solanum palustre'' Poepp. ex Schltr. * ''Solanum pampaninii'' Chiov. * ''Solanum panduriforme'' E. Mey. * ''Solanum paniculatum'' L. * ''Solanum pannosum'' Phil. * ''Solanum paposanum'' Phil. * ''Solanum paraibanum'' Agra * ''Solanum paralum'' Bohs * ''Solanum paramoense'' Bitter ex Pittier * ''Solanum paranense'' Dusén * ''Solanum parishii'' A. Heller * ''Solanum parvicorollatum'' Lekhnovich * ''Solanum pascoense'' Ochoa * ''Solanum pastillum'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum paucijugum'' Bitter * ''Solanum paucispinum'' Werderm. * ''Solanum paucissectum'' Ochoa * ''Solanum pavimenti'' L.B. Sm. & Downs * ''Solanum pectinatum'' Dunal * ''Solanum pedemontanum'' M. Nee * ''Solanum pedersenii'' Cabrera * ''Solanum peikuoensis'' S.S. Ying * ''Solanum pelagicum'' Bohs * ''Solanum peloquinianum'' Ochoa * ''Solanum penduliflorum'' Dammer * ''Solanum pensile'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum pentagonocalyx'' Bitter * ''Solanum pentaphyllum'' Bitter * ''Solanum pentlandii'' Dunal * ''Solanum perattenuatum'' I.M. Johnst. * ''Solanum pereirae'' Carvalho * ''Solanum perplexum'' Small * ''Solanum pertenue'' Standl. & C.V. Morton * ''Solanum peruvianum'' L. * ''Solanum phaeophyllum'' Werderm. * ''Solanum phaseoloides'' Pol. * ''Solanum phureja'' Juz. & Bukasov * ''Solanum physalidicalyx'' Bitter * ''Solanum physalifolium'' Rusby * ''Solanum pillahuatense'' Vargas * ''Solanum piluliferum'' Dunal * ''Solanum pimpinellifolium'' L. * ''Solanum pimpinelloides'' Hill. * ''Solanum pinetorum'' (L.B. Sm. & Downs) Bohs * ''Solanum pinnatisectum'' Dunal * ''Solanum pinnatum'' Cav. * ''Solanum piperiferum'' A. Rich. * ''Solanum pittosporifolium'' Hemsl. * ''Solanum piurae'' Bitter * ''Solanum placitum'' C.V. Morton * ''Solanum platanifolium'' Hook. * ''Solanum platense'' Dieckman * ''Solanum platycypellon'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum plowmanii'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum plumense'' Fernald * ''Solanum poecilochromifolium'' Rusby * ''Solanum poeppigianum'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum poggei'' Dammer * ''Solanum poinsettiifolium'' Rusby * ''Solanum polyacanthon'' Lam. * ''Solanum polyadenium'' Greenm. * ''Solanum polyanthemum'' Hochst. ex A. Rich. * ''Solanum polygamum'' Vahl * ''Solanum polyphyllum'' Phil. * ''Solanum polytrichostylum'' Bitter * ''Solanum polytrichum'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum praematurum'' Dammer * ''Solanum premnifolium'' (Miers) Bohs * ''Solanum preussii'' Dammer * ''Solanum probolospermum'' Bitter * ''Solanum procumbens'' Lour. * ''Solanum profusum'' C.V. Morton * ''Solanum proteanthum'' Bohs * ''Solanum pruinosum'' Dunal * ''Solanum pseudoauriculatum'' Chodat & Hassl. * ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' L. * ''Solanum pseudodaphnopsis'' L.A. Mentz & Stehmann * ''Solanum pseudogeminifolium'' Dammer * ''Solanum pseudogracile'' Heiser * ''Solanum pseudopersicum'' Pojark. * ''Solanum pseudoquina'' A. St.-Hil. * ''Solanum pseudospinosum'' C.H. Wright * ''Solanum psychotrioides'' Dunal * ''Solanum pterospermum'' Bitter * ''Solanum ptychanthum'' Dunal * ''Solanum pubigerum'' Dunal * ''Solanum pulverulentifolium'' K.E. Roe * ''Solanum purpusii'' Brandegee * ''Solanum pycnanthemum'' Mart. * ''Solanum pygmaeum'' Cav. * ''Solanum pyracanthos'' Lam. === Q === * ''Solanum quaesitum'' C.V. Morton * ''Solanum quebradense'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum quichense'' J.M. Coult. & Donn. Sm. * ''Solanum quitoense'' Lam. === R === * ''Solanum radicans'' L. f. * ''Solanum ramonense'' C.V. Morton & Standl. * ''Solanum ramulosum'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum raphanifolium'' Cárdenas & Hawkes * ''Solanum raquialatum'' Ochoa * ''Solanum ratum'' C.V. Morton * ''Solanum rederi'' Dammer * ''Solanum reductum'' C.V. Morton * ''Solanum reflexiflorum'' Moric. * ''Solanum reflexum'' Schrank * ''Solanum refractifolium'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum refractum'' Hook. & Arn. * ''Solanum regularifolium'' Correll * ''Solanum reineckii'' Briq. * ''Solanum reitzii'' L.B. Sm. & Downs * ''Solanum remyanum'' Phil. * ''Solanum renschii'' Vatke * ''Solanum reptans'' Bunbury * ''Solanum restingae'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum restrictum'' C.V. Morton * ''Solanum retroflexum'' Dunal * ''Solanum rhodesianum'' Dammer * ''Solanum rhomboideilanceolatum'' Ochoa * ''Solanum rhytidoandrum'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum richardii'' Dunal * ''Solanum riedlei'' Dunal * ''Solanum rigescens'' Jacq. * ''Solanum rigescentoides'' Hutch. * ''Solanum riojense'' Bitter * ''Solanum riparium'' Pers. * ''Solanum ripense'' Dunal * ''Solanum robecchii'' Bitter & Dammer * ''Solanum roblense'' Bitter * ''Solanum robustifrons'' Bitter * ''Solanum robustum'' H.L. Wendl. * ''Solanum rogersii'' S. Moore * ''Solanum rohrii'' C.H. Wright * ''Solanum rojasianum'' (Standl. & Steyerm.) Bohs * ''Solanum roseum'' Bohs * ''Solanum rostratum'' Dunal * ''Solanum rovirosanum'' Donn. Sm. * ''Solanum ruandae'' Bitter * ''Solanum rubetorum'' Dunal * ''Solanum rubiginosum'' Vahl * ''Solanum rudepannum'' Dunal * ''Solanum rufescens'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum rufistellatum'' Steyerm. * ''Solanum rugosum'' Dunal * ''Solanum rugulosum'' De Wild. * ''Solanum ruiz-lealii'' Brücher * ''Solanum ruizii'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum runsoriense'' C.H. Wright * ''Solanum rupincola'' Mart. === S === * ''Solanum sakarense'' Dammer * ''Solanum salamancae'' Hunz. & Barboza * ''Solanum salasianum'' Ochoa * ''Solanum salicifolium'' Phil. * ''Solanum saltianum'' Roem. & Schult. * ''Solanum salzmannii'' Dunal * ''[[Solanum sambiranense]]'' D'Arcy & Rakot. * ''Solanum sambuciflorum'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum sambucinum'' Rydb. * ''Solanum sanctae-nevadae'' Dunal & A. DC. * ''Solanum sanctae-rosae'' Hawkes * ''Solanum sandemanii'' Hawkes * ''Solanum sandianum'' Bitter * ''Solanum sandwicense'' Hook. & Arn. * ''Solanum sanfurgoi'' Phil. * ''Solanum santolallae'' Vargas * ''Solanum santosii'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum saponaceum'' Dunal * ''Solanum sarasarae'' Ochoa * ''Solanum sarrachoides'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum saturatum'' M. Nee * ''Solanum savanillense'' Bitter * ''Solanum sawyeri'' Ochoa * ''Solanum saxatilis'' Ochoa * ''Solanum scabrifolium'' Ochoa * ''Solanum scabrum'' Mill. * ''Solanum scandens'' Mill. * ''Solanum schenckii'' Bitter * ''Solanum schimperianum'' Hochst. * ''Solanum schizandrum'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum schlechtendalianum'' Walp. * ''Solanum schliebenii'' Werderm. * ''Solanum schomburgkii'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum schroederi'' Dammer * ''Solanum schumannianum'' Dammer * ''Solanum schwackei'' Glaz. * ''Solanum sciadostylis'' (Sendtn.) Bohs * ''Solanum scuticum'' M. Nee * ''Solanum seaforthianum'' Andrews * ''Solanum secedens'' Dammer * ''Solanum selachophyllum'' Bitter * ''Solanum sellowianum'' Dunal * ''Solanum sellowii'' Dunal * ''Solanum semiscandens'' Bitter * ''Solanum semotum'' M. Nee * ''Solanum sendtnerianum'' Van Heurck & Müll. Arg. * ''Solanum sepiaceum'' Dammer * ''Solanum sepicula'' Dunal * ''Solanum septemlobum'' Bunge * ''Solanum sereti'' De Wild. * ''Solanum sericeum'' Ruiz & Pav. * ''Solanum sessile'' Ruiz & Pav. * ''Solanum sessiliflorum'' Dunal * ''Solanum sessilistellatum'' Bitter * ''Solanum setaceum'' Dammer * ''Solanum setosissimum'' Bitter ex L.A. Mentz & M. Nee * ''Solanum setosum'' (Brandegee) Bitter * ''Solanum sibundoyense'' (Bohs) Bohs * ''Solanum sieberi'' Van Heurck & Müll. Arg. * ''Solanum simplicifolium'' Bitter * ''Solanum simplicissimum'' Ochoa * ''Solanum sinuatiexcisum'' Bitter * ''Solanum sinuatirecurvum'' Bitter * ''Solanum sinuato-repandum'' K. Braun * ''Solanum siparunoides'' Ewan * ''Solanum siphonobasis'' Bitter * ''Solanum sisymbriifolium'' Lam. * ''Solanum sitiens'' I.M. Johnst. * ''Solanum skutchii'' Correll * ''Solanum smithii'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum snoussii'' A. Chev. * ''Solanum sodomaeodes'' Kuntze * ''Solanum soestii'' Hawkes & Hjert. * ''Solanum sogarandinum'' Ochoa * ''Solanum solum'' J.F. Macbr. * ''Solanum somalense'' Franch. in Revoil * ''Solanum sooretamum'' Carvalho * ''Solanum sordidum'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum sparsespinosum'' De Wild. * ''Solanum sparsipilum'' (Bitter) Juz. & Bukasov * ''Solanum spathotrichum'' Dammer * ''Solanum spegazzinii'' Bitter * ''Solanum spirale'' Roxb. * ''Solanum spissifolium'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum sprucei'' Van Heurck & Müll. Arg. * ''Solanum stagnale'' Moric. * ''Solanum stellatiglandulosum'' Bitter * ''Solanum stellativelutinum'' Bitter * ''Solanum stenandrum'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum stenophyllidium'' Bitter * ''Solanum stenophyllum'' Dunal * ''Solanum stenotomum'' Juz. & Bukasov * ''Solanum steyermarkii'' Carvalho * ''Solanum stipulaceum'' Roem. & Schult. * ''Solanum stipulatum'' Vell. * ''Solanum stipuloideum'' Rusby * ''Solanum stolzii'' Dammer * ''Solanum storkii'' C.V. Morton & Standl. * ''Solanum stramoniifolium'' Jacq. * ''Solanum stuckertii'' Bitter * ''Solanum suaveolens'' Kunth & C.D. Bouché * ''Solanum subcoriaceum'' Thell. & H. Dur. xx * ''Solanum subinerme'' Jacq. * ''Solanum sublentum'' Hieron. * ''Solanum subpanduratum'' Ochoa * ''Solanum subquinatum'' Bitter * ''Solanum subserratum'' Dunal * ''Solanum subsessile'' De Wild. * ''Solanum subsylvestre'' L.B. Sm. & Downs * ''Solanum subtusviolaceum'' Bitter * ''Solanum subulatum'' C.H. Wright * ''Solanum subumbellatum'' Vell. * ''Solanum subuniflorum'' Bitter * ''Solanum subvelutinum'' Rydb. * ''Solanum sucrense'' Hawkes * ''Solanum sudanense'' Hammerstein xx * ''Solanum superbum'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum supinum'' Dunal * ''Solanum surattense'' Burm. f. * ''Solanum swartzianum'' Roem. & Schult. * ''Solanum sychnoteranthum'' Bitter * ''Solanum sycocarpum'' Mart. & Sendtn. * ''Solanum sycophanta'' Dunal * ''Solanum symmetricum'' Rusby * ''Solanum symphyandrum'' (Bitter) C.V. Morton === T === * ''Solanum tabanoense'' Correll * ''Solanum tacanense'' Lundell * ''Solanum taeniotrichum'' Correll * ''Solanum taitense'' Vatke * ''Solanum talarense'' Svenson * ''Solanum tampicense'' Dunal * ''Solanum tanysepalum'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum tapojense'' Ochoa * ''Solanum tarapatanum'' Ochoa * ''Solanum tarderemotum'' Bitter * ''Solanum tarijense'' Hawkes * ''Solanum tarnii'' Hawkes & Hjert. * ''Solanum taulisense'' Ochoa * ''Solanum tegore'' Aubl. * ''Solanum tenuiflagellatum'' Bitter ex S. Knapp * ''Solanum tenuilobatum'' Parish * ''Solanum tenuipes'' Bartlett * ''Solanum tenuisetosum'' (Bitter) Bohs * ''Solanum tenuispinum'' Rusby * ''Solanum tenuissimum'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum tepuiense'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum tequilense'' A. Gray * ''Solanum terminale'' Forssk. * ''Solanum ternatum'' Ruiz & Pav. * ''Solanum ternifolium'' Werderm. * ''Solanum tetrachondrum'' Bitter * ''Solanum tetricum'' Dunal * ''Solanum tettense'' Klotzsch * ''Solanum thelopodium'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum theobromophyllum'' Bitter * ''Solanum thomasiifolium'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum thruppii'' C.H. Wright * ''Solanum toldense'' Matesevach & Barboza * ''Solanum toliaraea'' D'Arcy & Rakot. * ''Solanum tomentosum'' L. * ''Solanum torreanum'' A.E. Gonç. * ''Solanum torreyi'' A. Gray * ''Solanum torvum'' Sw. * ''Solanum tovarii'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum trachycarpum'' Bitter & Sodiro * ''Solanum trachycyphum'' Bitter * ''Solanum trachyphyllum'' Dunal * ''Solanum trachytrichium'' Bitter * ''Solanum tredecimgranum'' Bitter * ''Solanum tribulosum'' S. Schauer * ''Solanum trichoneuron'' Lillo * ''Solanum trichopetiolatum'' D'Arcy & Rakot. * ''Solanum tricuspidatum'' Dunal * ''Solanum tridynamum'' Dunal * ''Solanum trifidum'' Correll * ''Solanum triflorum'' Nutt. * ''Solanum trifolium'' Dunal * ''Solanum trifurcum'' Dunal * ''Solanum trigonoplum'' Bitter * ''Solanum trinitense'' Ochoa * ''Solanum tripartitum'' Dunal * ''Solanum triplinervium'' C.V. Morton * ''Solanum triquetrum'' Cav. * ''Solanum triste'' Jacq. * ''Solanum trizygum'' Bitter * ''Solanum tuberosum'' L. * ''Solanum tuerckheimii'' Greenm. * ''Solanum tunariense'' Kuntze * ''Solanum tuquerrense'' Hawkes * ''Solanum turgidum'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum turneroides'' Chodat * ''Solanum tweedianum'' Hook. === U === * ''Solanum ueleense'' De Wild. * ''Solanum ugentii'' Hawkes & K.A. Okada * ''Solanum ukerewense'' Bitter * ''Solanum uleanum'' Bitter * ''Solanum ulei'' Morton * ''Solanum ulugurense'' Dammer * ''Solanum umbellatum'' Mill. * ''Solanum umbelliferum'' Eschsch. * ''Solanum umbratile'' I.M. Johnst. * ''Solanum uncinatum'' Schrank * ''Solanum uncinellum'' Lindl. * ''Solanum undatum'' Lam. * ''Solanum unifoliatum'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum unilobum'' (Rusby) Bohs * ''Solanum uollense'' Pic.Serm. * ''Solanum urosepalum'' Dammer * ''Solanum ursinum'' Rusby * ''Solanum urticans'' Dunal * ''Solanum urubambae'' Juz. * ''Solanum usaramense'' Dammer * ''Solanum utile'' Klotzsch === V === * ''Solanum vacciniiflorum'' Standl. & L.O. Williams * ''Solanum vaillantii'' Dunal * ''Solanum valdiviense'' Dunal * ''Solanum valerioanum'' C.V. Morton & Standl. * ''Solanum validinervium'' Benitez & S. Knapp * ''Solanum vallis-mexici'' Juz. * ''Solanum vanheurckii'' Müll. Arg. * ''Solanum variabile'' Mart. * ''Solanum velardei'' Ochoa * ''Solanum velleum'' Roem. & Schult. * ''Solanum vellozianum'' Dunal * ''Solanum velutinum'' Dunal * ''Solanum velutissimum'' Rusby * ''Solanum venosum'' Dunal * ''Solanum venturii'' Hawkes & Hjerting * ''Solanum vernei'' Bitter & Wittm. * ''Solanum verrucosum'' Schltdl. * ''Solanum vervoorstii'' L.B. Sm. * ''Solanum vestissimum'' Dunal * ''Solanum viarum'' Dunal * ''Solanum vidaurrei'' Cárdenas * ''Solanum villosum'' Mill. * ''Solanum villuspetalum'' Vargas * ''Solanum violaceimarmoratum'' Bitter * ''Solanum violaceum'' Ortega * ''Solanum violifolium'' Schott ex Spreng. * ''Solanum virginianum'' L. * ''Solanum virgultorum'' (Bitter) Cárdenas & Hawkes * ''Solanum viridimaculatum'' Gilli * ''Solanum viridipes'' Dunal * ''Solanum viscosissimum'' Sendtn. * ''Solanum volubile'' Sw. * ''Solanum volubilis'' Rusby === W === * ''Solanum wacketii'' Witasek * ''Solanum wallacei'' (A. Gray) Parish * ''Solanum warmingii'' Hieron. * ''Solanum weberbaueri'' Bitter * ''Solanum weddellii'' Phil. * ''Solanum welwitschii'' C.H. Wright * ''Solanum wendlandii'' Hook. f. * ''Solanum whalenii'' M. Nee * ''Solanum wittmackii'' Bitter * ''Solanum woodburyi'' R.A. Howard * ''Solanum woodsonii'' Correll * ''Solanum wrightii'' Benth. === X === * ''Solanum xanthophaeum'' Bitter * ''Solanum xanti'' A. Gray === Y === * ''Solanum yamobambense'' Ochoa * ''Solanum yanamonense'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum yangambiense'' De Wild. * ''Solanum youngii'' S. Knapp * ''Solanum yungasense'' Hawkes === Z === * ''Solanum zanzibarense'' Vatke * ''Solanum zeylanicum'' Scop. * ''Solanum zuloagae'' Cabrera === Karazana misy eto Madagasikara === Indreto ny karazana ''Solanum'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]] <ref name=":0"><small>"[https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=Solanum Solanum]", ''tenymalagasy.org''</small></ref>(misy ny mitovy zavatra tondroina ary misy ny mila fanamarinana): * ''[[Solanum aphananthum]]'' (ranenda, ranendo) * ''[[Solanum apocynifolium]]'' (kiranzy, vahiara) * ''[[Solanum mauritianum]]'' <small>Scop.</small> (← ''Solanum auriculatum'') (ambiatibe, fanasandovia, sevabe, tambakobe, tambakolahy, tambako ratsy, tsiariboamena, voampoabe) → ''[[Solanum granuloso-leprosum]]'' * ''[[Solanum dulcamara]]'' ([[mafai-mamy]]) * ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' (angivy, fahavalonkazo, hazomiarotena, hazomitompovohitra, heritsilo, hery, tsilohery) * ''Solanum erythrocarpon'' (roingivy, voampoa, voangivy) (?) * ''[[Solanum forsythii]]'' (mangidikely, voampokely) * ''Solanum indicum'' (angivibe, angivy, ankivy, toreraka, voampabe, voampo, voampoa, voampoana, voangily, voangivibe, voapo) → ''[[Solanum violaceum]]'' / ''[[Solanum anguivi]] <small>Lam.</small>'' * ''[[Solanum lycopersicum]]'' (voatabia, voabonga) * ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' (angivibe, angivy, voampoabe, voangivibe) * ''[[Solanum madagascariense]]'' (lahirohy, vahihazo, vahimbingy, vahinaomby) * ''[[Solanum melongena]]'' (angivimbazaha, bana, baranjely, bengaly, beranjely, boraraka, boreraka, toraraka, toreraka, voabana, voangivimbazaha) * ''[[Voanantay|Solanum nigrum]]'' (amafaitra, amelo, anamafaika, anamainty, anamamidia, [[anamamy]], anamangidy, anangitakely, anantsatria, anantsatry, famoizan' aretina, hanga, voanamainty, voananana, voanantay) * ''Solanum nitens'' (hendramena, sakaikely, voamainty) → ''[[Solanum madagascariense]]'' * ''[[Solanum nodiflorum]]'' (anamamy, anantsatria, anantsindrana, avaizo, bemine, mailo) * ''Solanum nossibeense'' (angiviala) → ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' * ''[[Solanum pyracanthos]]'' (roingivy, tsingivy, vangivy) * ''[[Solanum richardii]]'' (voabana) * ''[[Solanum trigonoplum]]'' (fatipatikanala) * ''[[Solanum tuberosum]]'' (kambo, ovy, ovimbazaha, ovivory) === Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy === Indreto ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] ilazana ny sasany amin' ny zavamaniry ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Solanum''<ref name=":0" />: * amafaitra, ambiatibe, amelo, anamafaika, anamafaitra, anamainty, anamamidia, anamamy, anamangidy, anangitakely, anantsatria, anantsatria, anantsatry, anantsindrana, angiviala, angivibe, angivimbazaha, angivy, ankivy, avaizo, * bana, baranjely, bemine, bengaly, beranjely, boraraka, boreraka, * fahavalonkazo, famoizan' aretina, fanasandovia, fatipatikanala, * hanga, hazomiarotena, hazomitompovohitra, hendramena, heritsilo, hery, * kambo, kiranzy, * lahirohy, * mafai-mamy, mailo, mangidikely, * ovimbazaha, ovivory, ovy, * ranenda, ranendo, roingivy, roingivy, * sakaikely, sevabe, * tambako ratsy, tambakobe, tambakolahy, toraraka, toreraka, tsiariboamena, tsilohery, tsingivy, * vahiara, vahihazo, vahimbingy, vahinaomby, vangivy, voabana, voabonga, voamainty, voampabe, voampo, voampoa, voampoabe, voampoana, voampokely, voanamainty, voananana, voanantay, voangily, voangivibe, voangivimbazaha, voangivy, voapo, voatabia == Jereo koa == * [[Angivy]] * [[Voatabia]] * [[Baranjely]] * [[Ambiatibe]]: ''[[Solanum auriculatum]]'' <small>Aiton</small> (''[[Solanaceae]]''); ''[[Dombeya greveana]]'' var. ''metameropsis'' <small>(Hochr.) Arènes</small> (''[[Malvaceae]]''). * [[Anamafaika]]: ''[[Solanum nigrum]]'' L. (''[[Solanaceae]]''); ''[[Mollugo oppositifolia]]'' L. (''[[Molluginaceae]]''). * [[Anamamy]]: ''[[Solanum nigrum]]'' L.; ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' <small>Mill.</small> (na ''Solanum nodiflorum'' <small>Jacq.</small>) (''Solanaceae'') * [[Anantsatria]]: ''[[Solanum nigrum]]'' L.; ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' <small>Mill.</small> (na ''Solanum nodiflorum'' <small>Jacq.</small>) (''Solanaceae'') * [[Angivibe]]: ''[[Solanum indicum]]'' L.; ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' L. (''Solanaceae'') * [[Angivy]]: ''[[Solanum crythracunthum]]'' <small>Bojer</small>.; ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' <small>Bojer ex Dunal</small>; ''[[Solanum heteracanthum]]'' <small>Merr. & L.M. Perry</small>; ''[[Solanum indicum]]'' <small>L.</small>; ''[[Solanum macrocarpon]]'' <small>L.</small> (''Solanaceae'') * [[Boreraka]]: ''[[Solanum melongena]]'' <small>L.</small>; ''[[Helichrysum selaginifolium]]'' <small>(DC.) R. Vig. & Humbert</small> (''Asteraceae'') * [[Fahavalonkazo]]: ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' <small>Bojer ex Dunal</small> (''Solanaceae''); ''[[Zanthoxylum madagascariense]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''Rutaceae'') * [[Fanasandovia]]: ''[[Xerophyta dasylirioides]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''[[Velloziaceae]]''); ''[[Luffa aegyptiaca]]'' <small>Mill.</small> (← ''Luffa cylindrica'' <small>(L.) M. Roem.</small>) (''[[Cucurbitaceae]]''); ''[[Solanum mauritianum]]'' <small>Scop.</small> (← ''Solanum auriculatum'' <small>Aiton</small>) (''[[Solanaceae]]'') * [[Hazomiarotena]]: ''[[Carissa madagascariensis]]'' <small>Thouars ex Poir.</small> (''Apocynaceae''); ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' <small>Bojer ex Dunal</small> (''Solanaceae''); ''[[Zanthoxylum madagascariense]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''Rutaceae'') * [[Hendramena]]: ''[[Dalbergia]]'' sp. (''Fabaceae''); ''[[Solanum nitens]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''Solanaceae'') * [[Hery (zavamairy)]]: ''[[Mimosa asperata]]'' L. (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Solanum erythracanthum]]'' <small>Bojer</small> (''Solanaceae'') * [[Kambo]]: ''[[Portulaca oleracea]]'' <small>L.</small> (''[[Portulacaceae]]''); ''[[Solanum tuberosum]]'' <small>L.</small> (''Solanaceae''); ''[[Ipomoea batatas]]'' <small>(L.) Lam.</small> (''[[Convolvulaceae]]'') * [[Ovy]]: ''[[Dioscorea acuminata]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''[[Dioscoreaceae]]''); ''[[Dioscorea alata]]'' <small>L.</small> (''Dioscoreaceae''); ''[[Ipomoea batatas]]'' <small>(L.) Lam.</small> (''[[Convolvulaceae]]''); ''[[Solanum tuberosum]]'' <small>L.</small> (''Solanaceae'') * [[Ranenda]], [[ranendo]]: ''[[Kaliphora madagascariensis]]'' <small>Hook. f.</small> (''[[Cornaceae]]''); ''[[Solanum aphananthum]]'' <small>Baker</small> (''[[Solanaceae]]'') * [[Roingivy]]: ''[[Solanum erythrocarpon]]'' <small>G.Mey</small> (''Solanaceae''); ''[[Solanum pyracanthos]]'' <small>Lam.</small> (''Solanaceae'') * [[Toreraka]]: ''[[Solanum melongena]]'' <small>L.</small> (''Solanaceae''); ''[[Solanum indicum]]'' <small>L.</small> (''Solanaceae'') * [[Voabana]]: ''[[Solanum melongena]]'' <small>L.</small>; ''[[Solanum richardii]]'' <small>Dunal</small> (''Solanaceae'') * [[Voampoa]]: ''[[Solanum erythrocarpon]]'' <small>G.Mey</small>; ''[[Solanum indicum]]'' <small>L.</small> (''Solanaceae'') * [[Voampoabe]]: ''[[Solanum macrocarpum]]'' <small>(Maxim.) Kudô</small> (''Solanaceae''); ''[[Solanum auriculatum]]'' <small>Aiton</small> (''Solanaceae'') * [[Voampoana]]: ''[[Crateva excelsa]]'' <small>Bojer</small> (''[[Capparaceae]]''); ''[[Solanum indicum]]'' <small>L.</small> (''Solanaceae'') * [[Voangivibe]]: ''[[Solanum indicum]]'' <small>L.</small>; ''[[Solanum macrocarpum]]'' <small>(Maxim.) Kudô</small> (''Solanaceae'') * [[Voangivy]]: ''[[Solanum erythrocarpon]]'' <small>G.Mey</small>; ''[[Solanum heteracanthum]]'' <small>Dunal</small> (''Solanaceae'') == Loharano == [[Sokajy:Zavamaniry]] br5q301h71r66sus80pcky33zdjdd2n 0 291363 1152830 1114719 2026-11-03T01:57:49Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|04|25|S|46|16|W}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Bom Jesus das Selvas |velarantany = 2.679 |fanjakana = {{Maranhao}} |isam-ponina = 28.599 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary =Bom Jesus das Selvas 1.jpg |saina =Bandeira de Bom Jesus das Selvas.svg }} [[File:Maranhao Municip BomJesusdasSelvas.svg|thumb|left|Bom Jesus das Selvas]] '''Imperatriz''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana federaly tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 28.599 mponina. Ny halavirana mankany an-drenivohitra ([[São Luís]]): 465 km == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] t5wqub88pnu7qn7fka2jiij5firu09c 0 291364 1152823 1104133 2026-11-03T01:52:25Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|02|32|S|44|06|W}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Paço do Lumiar |velarantany = 132,41 |fanjakana = {{Maranhao}} |isam-ponina = 125.265 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary =Farol Araçagi, Paço do Lumiar, Maranhão, Brasil.jpg |saina =Bandeira de Paço do Lumiar.png }} [[File:Maranhao Municip PacodoLumiar.svg|thumb|left|Paço do Lumiar]] '''Imperatriz''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana federaly tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 125.265 mponina. Ny halavirana mankany an-drenivohitra ([[São Luís]]): 26 km == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] 9nwnjwqf7qfls9q4gbxpjacou93ta9x 0 291421 1152838 1098128 2026-11-03T02:06:14Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|04|21|S|46|24|W}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Buriticupu |velarantany = 2.545,4 |fanjakana = {{Maranhão}} |isam-ponina = 55.499 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary =Panorama buriticupu.jpg |saina =Bandeira de buriticupu.jpg }} [[File:Maranhao Municip Buriticupu.svg|thumb|left|Buriticupu]] '''Buriticupu''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana federaly tenan'i {{Maranhão}} ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 55.499 mponina. == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] q77hs5ij8lupch0wfa0j6wxc3ujd91v 0 292009 1152781 1124973 2026-11-02T12:26:49Z Thelezifor 15140 Nandamina lahatsoratra 1152781 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Dragon tree 2.jpg|vignette|351x351px|''Dracaena draco'']]Ny '''''Dracaena''''' dia vondron-karazana zavamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]''. Ny ankamaroan' ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Dracaena'' dia avy aty Afrika. I Mwachala dia nanoritsoritra karazana ''Dracaena'' 38, teratany aty [[Afrika]] trôpikaly. Misy karazana vitsivitsy avy any [[Azia Atsimo]], [[Aostralia]] ary karazana iray avy any [[Amerika Afovoany]]. Misy amin' izy ireo ny [[zavamaniry ahitra]] sy ny [[kirihitra]] ary ny [[hazo]]. == Karazana == === Karazana nekena === [[Sary:Snake Plant (Sansevieria trifasciata 'Laurentii').jpg|vignette|297x297px|''[[Dracaena trifasciata]]'']]Indreto ny karazana ''Dracaena'' araka ny ''[[Catalogue of Life]]'' <small>(23</small> <small>Febroary 2018)</small>: * ''Dracaena acaulis'' <small>Baker</small> * ''Dracaena acutissima'' Hua * ''Dracaena adamii'' Hepper * ''Dracaena afromontana'' Mildbr. * ''Dracaena aletriformis'' (Haw.) Bos * ''Dracaena americana'' Donn.Sm. * ''[[Dracaena angustifolia]]'' <small>(Medik.) Roxb.</small> * ''Dracaena arborea'' (Willd.) Link * ''Dracaena aubryana'' Brongn. ex É.Morren * ''Dracaena aurea'' H.Mann * ''Dracaena bella'' T.Moore * ''Dracaena bequaertii'' De Wild. * ''Dracaena bicolor'' Hook. * ''Dracaena borneensis'' (Merr.) Jankalski * ''Dracaena brachyphylla'' Kurz * ''Dracaena brachystachys'' Hook.f. * ''Dracaena breviflora'' Ridl. * ''Dracaena bueana'' Engl. * ''Dracaena buettneri'' Engl. * ''Dracaena calocephala'' Bos * ''Dracaena cambodiana'' Pierre ex Gagnep. * ''Dracaena camerooniana'' Baker * ''Dracaena cantleyi'' Baker * ''Dracaena cerasifera'' Hua * ''Dracaena chiniana'' I.M.Turner * ''Dracaena cincta'' Baker * ''Dracaena cinnabari'' Balf.f. * ''Dracaena cochinchinensis'' (Lour.) S.C.Chen * ''Dracaena concinna'' Kunth * ''Dracaena conferta'' Ridl. * ''Dracaena congoensis'' Hua * ''Dracaena cristula'' W.Bull * ''Dracaena cubensis'' Vict. * ''Dracaena curtisii'' Ridl. * ''Dracaena cuspidata'' Ridl. * ''Dracaena cuspidibracteata'' Engl. * ''Dracaena densifolia'' Baker * ''Dracaena draco'' (L.) L. † * ''Dracaena ellenbeckiana'' Engl. * ''[[Dracaena elliptica]]'' Thunb. & Dalm. * ''Dracaena fernaldii'' (H.St.John) Jankalski * ''Dracaena finlaysonii'' Baker * ''Dracaena floribunda'' Baker * ''Dracaena fontanesiana'' Schult. & Schult.f. * ''Dracaena forbesii'' (O.Deg.) Jankalski * ''Dracaena fragrans'' (L.) Ker Gawl. * ''Dracaena gabonica'' Hua * ''Dracaena glomerata'' Baker * ''Dracaena goldieana'' Bullen ex Mast. & T.Moore * ''Dracaena granulata'' Hook.f. * ''Dracaena griffithii'' Regel * ''Dracaena halaapepe'' (H.St.John) Jankalski * ''Dracaena halemanuensis'' Jankalski * ''Dracaena hewittii'' Ridl. * ''Dracaena hokouensis'' G.Z.Ye * ''Dracaena hosei'' (Ridl.) Jankalski * ''Dracaena impressivenia'' Yu H.Yan & H.J.Guo * ''Dracaena jayniana'' Wilkin & Suksathan * ''Dracaena kaweesakii'' Wilkin & Suksathan * ''Dracaena kirkii'' Baker * ''Dracaena konaensis'' (H.St.John) Jankalski * ''Dracaena kupensis'' Mwachala, Cheek, Eb.Fisch. & Muasya * ''Dracaena lancea'' Thunb. & Dalm. * ''Dracaena lancifolia'' (Ridl.) Jankalski * ''Dracaena laxissima'' Engl. * ''Dracaena le-testui'' Pellegr. * ''Dracaena ledermannii'' Engl. & K.Krause * ''Dracaena litoralis'' Mwachala & Eb.Fisch. * ''Dracaena longifolia'' Ridl. * ''Dracaena longipetiolata'' Mwachala & Eb.Fisch. * ''Dracaena maingayi'' Hook.f. * ''Dracaena mannii'' Baker * ''Dracaena masseffiana'' Pennock ex Bos * ''Dracaena mokoko'' Mwachala & Cheek * ''Dracaena multiflora'' Warb. ex P.Sarasin & Sarasin * ''Dracaena novoguineensis'' Gibbs * ''Dracaena nyangensis'' Pellegr. * ''Dracaena oddonii'' De Wild. * ''Dracaena ombet'' Heuglin ex Kotschy & Peyr. * ''Dracaena ovata'' Ker Gawl. * ''Dracaena pachyphylla'' Kurz * ''Dracaena parviflora'' Baker * ''Dracaena penangensis'' Ridl. * ''Dracaena pendula'' Ridl. * ''Dracaena petiolata'' Hook.f. * ''Dracaena phanerophlebia'' Baker * ''Dracaena phrynioides'' Hook. * ''Dracaena poggei'' Engl. * ''Dracaena porteri'' Baker * ''Dracaena praetermissa'' Bos * ''Dracaena purpurea'' (Ridl.) Jankalski * ''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'' Lam. * ''Dracaena rockii'' (H.St.John) Jankalski * ''Dracaena rosulata'' Mwachala & Eb.Fisch. * ''Dracaena rubroaurantiaca'' De Wild. * ''Dracaena sanderiana'' Mast. * ''Dracaena sarawakensis'' (W.W.Sm.) Jankalski * ''Dracaena scabra'' Bos * ''Dracaena serrulata'' Baker * ''Dracaena siamica'' Ridl. * ''Dracaena singapurensis'' Ridl. * ''Dracaena soyauxiana'' Baker * ''Dracaena spicata'' Roxb. * ''Dracaena steudneri'' Engl. * ''Dracaena surculosa'' Lindl. * ''Dracaena talbotii'' Rendle * ''Dracaena tamaranae'' Marrero Rodr., R.S.Almeira & M.Gonzáles-Martin * ''Dracaena terniflora'' Roxb. * ''Dracaena tessmannii'' Engl. & K.Krause * ''Dracaena thwaitesii'' Regel * ''Dracaena timorensis'' Kunth * ''Dracaena transvaalensis'' Baker * ''[[Dracaena umbraculifera]]'' Jacq. † * ''Dracaena umbratica'' Ridl. * ''Dracaena vanderystii'' De Wild. * ''Dracaena viridiflora'' Engl. & K.Krause * ''[[Dracaena xiphophylla]]'' Baker * ''Dracaena yuccifolia'' Ridl. === Karazana tsy tafiditra ao amin' ny lisitra eo ambony === * ''[[Dracaena trifasciata]]'' === Karazana tafiditra tao amin' ny ''Dracaena'' teo aloha === * ''Asparagus asparagoides'' <small>(L.) Druce</small> (← ''Dracaena medeoloides'' <small>L.f.</small>) * ''Cordyline australis'' <small>(G.Forst.) Endl.</small> (← ''Dracaena australis'' <small>G.Forst.</small>) * ''[[Cordyline fruticosa]]'' <small>(L.) A.Chev.</small> (← ''Dracaena terminalis'' <small>Lam.</small>) * ''Cordyline indivisa'' <small>(G.Forst.) Steud.</small> (← ''Dracaena indivisa'' <small>G.Forst.</small>) * ''Cordyline obtecta'' <small>(Graham) Baker</small> (← ''Dracaena obtecta'' <small>Graham</small>) * ''Cordyline stricta'' <small>(Sims) Endl.</small> (← ''Dracaena stricta'' <small>Sims</small>) * ''Dianella ensifolia'' <small>(L.) DC.</small> (← ''Dracaena ensifolia'' <small>L.</small>) * ''Liriope graminifolia'' <small>(L.) Baker</small> (← ''Dracaena graminifolia'' <small>L.</small>) * ''Lomandra filiformis'' <small>(Thunb.) Britten</small> (← ''Dracaena filiformis'' <small>Thunb.</small>) === Karazana fantatra eto Madagasikara === Ireto ny karazana hita eto [[Madagasikara]]. Atao amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] hoe [[Hasina (zavamaniry)|hasina]] ny maro amin' izy ireo. * ''[[Dracaena angustifolia]]'' <small>(Medik.) Roxb.</small> (← ''Pleomele angustifolia'') -- hasina, hazomasina, kosina, tavivolavavy, tavivolavy, tsihasinkasina, tsikasinkasina<ref name=":02"><small>"''[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=dracaena Dracaena]''", ''[[Rakibolana sy Rakipahalalana malagasy]].''</small></ref> * ''[[Dracaena canaliculata]]'' <small>(Carrière) Byng & Christenh.</small> (← ''Sansevieria canaliculata''). * ''[[Dracaena cincta]]'' <small>Baker</small> * ''[[Dracaena elliptica]]'' <small>Thunb. & Dalm.</small> -- hasimbola, hasingola, kosingola, tavivolavavy, tsikasinkasintaboriravina, tsinkasinkasintaboriboriravina<ref name=":02"><small>"''[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=dracaena Dracaena]''", ''[[Rakibolana sy Rakipahalalana malagasy]].''</small></ref> * ''[[Dracaena marginata]]'' <small>Lam</small>. (be mpanao haingo) * ''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'' <small>Lam.</small> -- fanavy, hasindahy, hola, kosindahy, rajo, ranjo, ronjo, tavivola, tavivolalahy, tavola, tavolahy, tavolalahy, tavololahy, tavovola, tsihasinkasina, tsimitrona, tsimitrova<ref name=":02"><small>"''[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=dracaena Dracaena]''", ''[[Rakibolana sy Rakipahalalana malagasy]].''</small></ref> * ''[[Dracaena sambiranensis]]'' <small>(H.Perrier) Byng & Christenh.</small> (← ''Sansevieria sambiranensis'') * ''[[Dracaena umbraculifera]]'' <small>Jacq. †</small> * ''[[Dracaena xiphophylla]]'' <small>Baker</small> -- hasimbavy, hasina, kosimbavy<ref name=":02" /> (hita koa ao [[Tamba-nosin' i Kômôro|Kômôro]]) == Jereo koa == * [[Lisitry ny karazana Dracaena|Lisitry ny karazana ''Dracaena'']] * ''[[Sansevieria]]'' *''[[Asparagus]]'' * ''[[Cordyline]]'' * ''[[Dianella]]'' * ''[[Liriope (zavamaniry)|Liriope]]'' * ''[[Lomandra]]'' * [[Hasina (zavamaniry)]]: ''[[Dracaena angustifolia]]'' <small>Roxb.</small>; ''[[Dracaena elliptica]]'' <small>Thunb.</small> ; ''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'' <small>Lam.</small>; ''[[Dracaena xiphophylla]]'' <small>Baker.</small> (''Asparagaceae''); ''[[Gossypium arboreum]]'' <small>L.</small>; ''[[Gossypium barbadense]]'' <small>L.</small>; ''[[Gossypium hirsutum]]'' <small>L.</small> (''[[Malvaceae]]'') == Loharano sy fanamarihana == 3dmsu34xq6sa7u78xzaqanryvjz5dqy 1152784 1152781 2026-11-02T12:54:56Z Thelezifor 15140 1152784 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Dragon tree 2.jpg|vignette|351x351px|''Dracaena draco'']]Ny '''''Dracaena''''' dia vondron-karazana zavamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]''. Ny ankamaroan' ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Dracaena'' dia avy aty Afrika. I Mwachala dia nanoritsoritra karazana ''Dracaena'' 38, teratany aty [[Afrika]] trôpikaly. Misy karazana vitsivitsy avy any [[Azia Atsimo]], [[Aostralia]] ary karazana iray avy any [[Amerika Afovoany]]. Misy amin' izy ireo ny [[zavamaniry ahitra]] sy ny [[kirihitra]] ary ny [[hazo]]. == Karazana == === Karazana nekena === [[Sary:Snake Plant (Sansevieria trifasciata 'Laurentii').jpg|vignette|297x297px|''[[Dracaena trifasciata]]'']]Indreto ny karazana ''Dracaena'' araka ny ''[[Catalogue of Life]]'' <small>(23</small> <small>Febroary 2018)</small>: * ''Dracaena acaulis'' <small>Baker</small> * ''Dracaena acutissima'' Hua * ''Dracaena adamii'' Hepper * ''Dracaena afromontana'' Mildbr. * ''Dracaena aletriformis'' (Haw.) Bos * ''Dracaena americana'' Donn.Sm. * ''[[Dracaena angustifolia]]'' <small>(Medik.) Roxb.</small> * ''Dracaena arborea'' (Willd.) Link * ''Dracaena aubryana'' Brongn. ex É.Morren * ''Dracaena aurea'' H.Mann * ''Dracaena bella'' T.Moore * ''Dracaena bequaertii'' De Wild. * ''Dracaena bicolor'' Hook. * ''Dracaena borneensis'' (Merr.) Jankalski * ''Dracaena brachyphylla'' Kurz * ''Dracaena brachystachys'' Hook.f. * ''Dracaena breviflora'' Ridl. * ''Dracaena bueana'' Engl. * ''Dracaena buettneri'' Engl. * ''Dracaena calocephala'' Bos * ''Dracaena cambodiana'' Pierre ex Gagnep. * ''Dracaena camerooniana'' Baker * ''Dracaena cantleyi'' Baker * ''Dracaena cerasifera'' Hua * ''Dracaena chiniana'' I.M.Turner * ''Dracaena cincta'' Baker * ''Dracaena cinnabari'' Balf.f. * ''Dracaena cochinchinensis'' (Lour.) S.C.Chen * ''Dracaena concinna'' Kunth * ''Dracaena conferta'' Ridl. * ''Dracaena congoensis'' Hua * ''Dracaena cristula'' W.Bull * ''Dracaena cubensis'' Vict. * ''Dracaena curtisii'' Ridl. * ''Dracaena cuspidata'' Ridl. * ''Dracaena cuspidibracteata'' Engl. * ''Dracaena densifolia'' Baker * ''Dracaena draco'' (L.) L. † * ''Dracaena ellenbeckiana'' Engl. * ''[[Dracaena elliptica]]'' Thunb. & Dalm. * ''Dracaena fernaldii'' (H.St.John) Jankalski * ''Dracaena finlaysonii'' Baker * ''Dracaena floribunda'' Baker * ''Dracaena fontanesiana'' Schult. & Schult.f. * ''Dracaena forbesii'' (O.Deg.) Jankalski * ''Dracaena fragrans'' (L.) Ker Gawl. * ''Dracaena gabonica'' Hua * ''Dracaena glomerata'' Baker * ''Dracaena goldieana'' Bullen ex Mast. & T.Moore * ''Dracaena granulata'' Hook.f. * ''Dracaena griffithii'' Regel * ''Dracaena halaapepe'' (H.St.John) Jankalski * ''Dracaena halemanuensis'' Jankalski * ''Dracaena hewittii'' Ridl. * ''Dracaena hokouensis'' G.Z.Ye * ''Dracaena hosei'' (Ridl.) Jankalski * ''Dracaena impressivenia'' Yu H.Yan & H.J.Guo * ''Dracaena jayniana'' Wilkin & Suksathan * ''Dracaena kaweesakii'' Wilkin & Suksathan * ''Dracaena kirkii'' Baker * ''Dracaena konaensis'' (H.St.John) Jankalski * ''Dracaena kupensis'' Mwachala, Cheek, Eb.Fisch. & Muasya * ''Dracaena lancea'' Thunb. & Dalm. * ''Dracaena lancifolia'' (Ridl.) Jankalski * ''Dracaena laxissima'' Engl. * ''Dracaena le-testui'' Pellegr. * ''Dracaena ledermannii'' Engl. & K.Krause * ''Dracaena litoralis'' Mwachala & Eb.Fisch. * ''Dracaena longifolia'' Ridl. * ''Dracaena longipetiolata'' Mwachala & Eb.Fisch. * ''Dracaena maingayi'' Hook.f. * ''Dracaena mannii'' Baker * ''Dracaena masseffiana'' Pennock ex Bos * ''Dracaena mokoko'' Mwachala & Cheek * ''Dracaena multiflora'' Warb. ex P.Sarasin & Sarasin * ''Dracaena novoguineensis'' Gibbs * ''Dracaena nyangensis'' Pellegr. * ''Dracaena oddonii'' De Wild. * ''Dracaena ombet'' Heuglin ex Kotschy & Peyr. * ''Dracaena ovata'' Ker Gawl. * ''Dracaena pachyphylla'' Kurz * ''Dracaena parviflora'' Baker * ''Dracaena penangensis'' Ridl. * ''Dracaena pendula'' Ridl. * ''Dracaena petiolata'' Hook.f. * ''Dracaena phanerophlebia'' Baker * ''Dracaena phrynioides'' Hook. * ''Dracaena poggei'' Engl. * ''Dracaena porteri'' Baker * ''Dracaena praetermissa'' Bos * ''Dracaena purpurea'' (Ridl.) Jankalski * ''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'' Lam. * ''Dracaena rockii'' (H.St.John) Jankalski * ''Dracaena rosulata'' Mwachala & Eb.Fisch. * ''Dracaena rubroaurantiaca'' De Wild. * ''Dracaena sanderiana'' Mast. * ''Dracaena sarawakensis'' (W.W.Sm.) Jankalski * ''Dracaena scabra'' Bos * ''Dracaena serrulata'' Baker * ''Dracaena siamica'' Ridl. * ''Dracaena singapurensis'' Ridl. * ''Dracaena soyauxiana'' Baker * ''Dracaena spicata'' Roxb. * ''Dracaena steudneri'' Engl. * ''Dracaena surculosa'' Lindl. * ''Dracaena talbotii'' Rendle * ''Dracaena tamaranae'' Marrero Rodr., R.S.Almeira & M.Gonzáles-Martin * ''Dracaena terniflora'' Roxb. * ''Dracaena tessmannii'' Engl. & K.Krause * ''Dracaena thwaitesii'' Regel * ''Dracaena timorensis'' Kunth * ''Dracaena transvaalensis'' Baker * ''[[Dracaena umbraculifera]]'' Jacq. † * ''Dracaena umbratica'' Ridl. * ''Dracaena vanderystii'' De Wild. * ''Dracaena viridiflora'' Engl. & K.Krause * ''[[Dracaena xiphophylla]]'' Baker * ''Dracaena yuccifolia'' Ridl. === Karazana tsy tafiditra ao amin' ny lisitra eo ambony === * ''[[Dracaena trifasciata]]'' === Karazana tafiditra tao amin' ny ''Dracaena'' teo aloha === * ''Asparagus asparagoides'' <small>(L.) Druce</small> (← ''Dracaena medeoloides'' <small>L.f.</small>) * ''Cordyline australis'' <small>(G.Forst.) Endl.</small> (← ''Dracaena australis'' <small>G.Forst.</small>) * ''[[Cordyline fruticosa]]'' <small>(L.) A.Chev.</small> (← ''Dracaena terminalis'' <small>Lam.</small>) * ''Cordyline indivisa'' <small>(G.Forst.) Steud.</small> (← ''Dracaena indivisa'' <small>G.Forst.</small>) * ''Cordyline obtecta'' <small>(Graham) Baker</small> (← ''Dracaena obtecta'' <small>Graham</small>) * ''Cordyline stricta'' <small>(Sims) Endl.</small> (← ''Dracaena stricta'' <small>Sims</small>) * ''Dianella ensifolia'' <small>(L.) DC.</small> (← ''Dracaena ensifolia'' <small>L.</small>) * ''Liriope graminifolia'' <small>(L.) Baker</small> (← ''Dracaena graminifolia'' <small>L.</small>) * ''Lomandra filiformis'' <small>(Thunb.) Britten</small> (← ''Dracaena filiformis'' <small>Thunb.</small>) === Karazana fantatra eto Madagasikara === Ireto ny karazana hita eto [[Madagasikara]]. Atao amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] hoe [[Hasina (zavamaniry)|hasina]] ny maro amin' izy ireo. * ''[[Dracaena angustifolia]]'' <small>(Medik.) Roxb.</small> (← ''Pleomele angustifolia'') -- hasina, hazomasina, kosina, tavivolavavy, tavivolavy, tsihasinkasina, tsikasinkasina<ref name=":02"><small>"''[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=dracaena Dracaena]''", ''[[Rakibolana sy Rakipahalalana malagasy]].''</small></ref> * ''[[Dracaena canaliculata]]'' <small>(Carrière) Byng & Christenh.</small> (← ''Sansevieria canaliculata''). * ''[[Dracaena cincta]]'' <small>Baker</small> * ''[[Dracaena elliptica]]'' <small>Thunb. & Dalm.</small> -- hasimbola, hasingola, kosingola, tavivolavavy, tsikasinkasintaboriravina, tsinkasinkasintaboriboriravina<ref name=":02"><small>"''[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=dracaena Dracaena]''", ''[[Rakibolana sy Rakipahalalana malagasy]].''</small></ref> * ''[[Dracaena marginata]]'' <small>Lam</small>. (be mpanao haingo) * ''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'' <small>Lam.</small> -- fanavy, hasindahy, hola, kosindahy, rajo, ranjo, ronjo, tavivola, tavivolalahy, tavola, tavolahy, tavolalahy, tavololahy, tavovola, tsihasinkasina, tsimitrona, tsimitrova<ref name=":02"><small>"''[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=dracaena Dracaena]''", ''[[Rakibolana sy Rakipahalalana malagasy]].''</small></ref> * ''[[Dracaena sambiranensis]]'' <small>(H.Perrier) Byng & Christenh.</small> (← ''Sansevieria sambiranensis'') * ''[[Dracaena umbraculifera]]'' <small>Jacq. †</small> * ''[[Dracaena xiphophylla]]'' <small>Baker</small> -- hasimbavy, hasina, kosimbavy<ref name=":02" /> (hita koa ao [[Tamba-nosin' i Kômôro|Kômôro]]) == Jereo koa == * [[Lisitry ny karazana Dracaena|Lisitry ny karazana ''Dracaena'']] * ''[[Sansevieria]]'' *''[[Asparagus]]'' * ''[[Cordyline]]'' * ''[[Dianella]]'' * ''[[Liriope (zavamaniry)|Liriope]]'' * ''[[Lomandra]]'' * [[Hasina (zavamaniry)]]: ''[[Dracaena angustifolia]]'' <small>Roxb.</small>; ''[[Dracaena elliptica]]'' <small>Thunb.</small> ; ''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'' <small>Lam.</small>; ''[[Dracaena xiphophylla]]'' <small>Baker.</small> (''[[Asparagaceae]]''); ''[[Gossypium arboreum]]'' <small>L.</small>; ''[[Gossypium barbadense]]'' <small>L.</small>; ''[[Gossypium hirsutum]]'' <small>L.</small> (''[[Malvaceae]]'') == Loharano sy fanamarihana == nx5cbkkihund4kjnofa4mjan011kzq7 0 293162 1152842 1152493 2026-11-03T03:40:26Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152842 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''fivarotan-tena eto Madagasikara''' dia vokatry ny zava-misy ara-[[toekarena]], ara-[[Fiarahamonina|piarahamonina]], ara-[[Lalàna|dalàna]] ary ara-[[kolontsaina]]. Toe-javatra mampanahy ny [[fivarotan-tena]] eto [[Madagasikara]], indrindra ny resaka [[fanararaotana ara-nofo]] atao amin' ny [[zaza tsy ampy taona]]. Tatitra maro avy amin' ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena sy fikambanana tsy miankina amin' ny fitondram-panjakana no manasongadina ny halehiben' ity olana ity. Miaina ao anatin' ny toe-javatra sarotra ny ankamaroan' ny mpivaro-tena eto Madagasikara. Matetika izy ireo no iharan' ny [[herisetra]] sy ny fanararaotana ary ny fanilikilihan' ny fiarahamonina. Mampitohy ny tsingerin' ny [[fahantrana]], izay sarotra tapahina, ny tsy fahampian' ny fahafaha-mahazo tolotra ara-[[Fahasalamana|pahasalamana]] sy ara-[[Fanabeazana|panabeazana]], ary ny tsy fahafaha-misitraka tombontsoa ara-toekarena hafa. Maro amin' ny mpivaro-tena no milaza fa tsy safidy mahafinaritra ho azy ireo ny fivarotan-tena, fa zavatra tsy maintsy atao noho ny fahaverezan-kevitra vokatry ny [[fahantrana lalina]]<ref name=":7"><small>"[https://www.madagascar-voyage.fr/2025/02/22/prostitution-travail-sexe-madagascar La prostitution n’est pas un choix de plaisir»: les voix des travailleuses du sexe à Madagascar s’élèvent] {{Wayback|url=https://www.madagascar-voyage.fr/2025/02/22/prostitution-travail-sexe-madagascar |date=20250908031238 }}", ''www.madagascar-voyage.fr''</small></ref><ref name=":8"><small>"[https://www.madagascar-voyage.fr/2025/02/22/prostitution-travail-sexe-madagascar La prostitution n’est pas un choix par plaisir : les travailleuses du sexe de Madagascar revendiquent leur réalité] {{Wayback|url=https://www.madagascar-voyage.fr/2025/02/22/prostitution-travail-sexe-madagascar |date=20250908031238 }}", ''www.madagascar-voyage.fr''</small></ref><ref name=":9"><small>"[https://www.afd.fr/fr/actualites/madagascar-combattre-le-tourisme-sexuel À Madagascar, combattre le tourisme sexuel] {{Wayback|url=https://www.afd.fr/fr/actualites/madagascar-combattre-le-tourisme-sexuel |date=20250424040202 }}", AFD - Agence Française de Développement</small></ref>. == Tantara == === Faha mpanjaka === Niseho tamin' ny fomba hafa vokatry ny rafi-piarahamonina sy ny varotra ary ny fifaneraserana amin' ny vahiny ny fivarotan-tena teto [[Madagasikara]] tamin' ny vanim-potoana faha mpanjaka (talohan' ny [[Zanatanin' i Madagasikara sy ny tany miankina|fanjanahantany frantsay]]). ==== Fivarotan-tena tany amorontsiraka ==== Nifandray akaiky amin' ny asa aman-draharaha eny an-dranomasina sy momba ny raharaham-barotra ny fivarotan-tena tany amin' ny tanàna misy [[seranan-tsambo]] any amin' ny morontsiraka, toa an' i [[Toamasina]] sy i [[Hell-Ville]] ([[Nosy Be]]). Nanam-pifandraisana amin' ny vehivavy teo an-toerana ny tantsambo sy mpivarotra vahiny, indrindra fa ny Eorôpeana, matetika tamin' ny endrika vadikely ([[vaditsindrano]]). Noleferin' ny mpitondra teo an-toerana izany firaisan-trano izany, izay indraindray tsy maharitra, ary nandray anjara amin' ny fananganana aristôkrasia safiotra nanan-kery tany amin' ireo faritra ireo<ref name=":5"><small>"[https://www.academia.edu/123699305/Fraternit%C3%A9_de_sang_et_mariages_Les_traitants_europ%C3%A9ens_et_les_soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s_malgaches_au_XIXe_si%C3%A8cle? Fraternité de sang et mariages. Les traitants européens et les sociétés malgaches au XIXe siècle]", ''www.academia.edu''</small></ref>. ==== Anjara asa ara-tsôsialy sy kolontsaina ==== Nalaza tamin' ny fandraisany anjara amin' ny fitsenana sy fanotronana ôfisialy sady nilain' ny tantsambo eorôpeana amin' ny [[firaisana ara-nofo]] ny vehivavy sasany izay antsoina hoe "tsimihorirana" na "tsimanetsa". Samihafa ny fiheverana izany fanao izany arakaraka ny kolontsaina sy ny fivavahana nisy tamin' izany fotoana izany. Tamin' ny fahatongavan' ny "[[kristianisma]], indrindra fa nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-19, dia nitombo ny fanilikilika ny fitondran-tena toy izany, ary nanameloka ny "faharavan' ny fitondran-tena" tany amin' ireo faritra misy seranan-tsambo ireo ny misiônera<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6"><small>"[https://fr.scribd.com/document/509250569/La-Prostitution-Des-Enfants-a-Antananarivo-2 La prostitution des enfants à Antananarivo 2]", ''fr.scribd.com''</small></ref>. ==== Nivoatra ny fomba fijery ==== Talohan' ny fitaoman' ny kristianisma dia somary nalalaka ihany ny fiainana ara-pananahana teto Madagasikara, ary tsy voatery ho noheverina ho fitondran-tena maloto ny fivarotan-tena. Na izany aza, ny fidiran' ny soatoavina kristiana dia nanova tsikelikely io fomba fijery io, ka nampifandray ny fivarotan-tena amin' ny filiban-dratsy sy ny tsy fivavahana. Nalahelo, ohatra, ny misiônera katôlika raha nahita ny [[tokantranomaso]] teo amin' ny Eorôpeanina sy ny Malagasy, satria amin' izy ireo dia tsy ara-dalàna sady fitiavana fahafinaretan' ny nofo ny fiainana toy izany<ref name=":5" />. === Tamin' ny fanjanahan-tany === Nivoatra noho ny pôlitikam-panjanahana sy ny rafitra ara-miaramila ary ny fivoaran' ny fiarahamonina araka ny faneren' ny fitondrana mpanjanaka ny [[fivarotan-tena]] teto [[Madagasikara]] nandritra ny [[Zanatanin' i Madagasikara sy ny tany miankina|fanjanahan-tany frantsay]] (1896–1960). ==== Fampidirana ny fivarotan-tena ao anaty lamina ==== Tamin' ny fametrahana toby miaramila frantsay, indrindra tany [[Antsiranana|Diego-Suarez]] (na [[Antsiranana]]) sy [[Toamasina|Tamatave]] (na [[Toamasina]]), dia noleferina ny fisian' ny trano fivarotan-tena ho an' ny filan' ny miaramila<ref name=":2" />. Matetika ny vehivavy malagasy no nivezivezy tao amin' ireny toerana ireny, ary matetika koa ny vehivavy avy any amin' ny nosy [[La Réunion]] izay voasariky ny fiheverana ara-toekarena. Lasa zava-dehibe ho an' ny fitantanan-draharaha mpanjanaka ny fivarotan-tena mba hanohanana ny toe-tsain' ny miaramila sy hanaraha-maso sy hifehezana ny fifandraisan' ny [[Voanjo (olona)|voanjo]] sy ny teratany"<ref><small>"[https://fr.scribd.com/document/509250645/La-prostitution-a-Mahajanga-et-Nosy-Be-2 La prostitution à Mahajanga et Nosy-Be 2]", ''fr.scribd.com''</small></ref>. ==== Fifehezana sy fanaraha-maso ara-pahasalamana ==== Nametraka fepetra hentitra momba ny [[fahasalamana]] ny fitantanana mpanjanaka, izay nanahy momba ny fiparitahan' ny [[aretina vokatry ny firaisana ara-nofo]] amin' ny [[miaramila]] sy ny [[Voanjo (olona)|voanjo]]. Nanaovana fitsiriham-pahasalamana tsy tapaka ny mpivaro-tena, ary matetika no napetraka any amin' ny toeram-pitsaboana manokana ny vehivavy voan’ ireo aretina ireo. Natao voalohany indrindra hiarovana ny mponina eorôpeana ity fomba fiasa ity, izay maneho ny fanavakavahana sarangam-pirazanana (eorôpeana sy malagasy) sy ny finiavana hifehy ny vatan' ny vehivavy teratany<ref><small>"[https://ehne.fr/fr/encyclopedie/th%C3%A9matiques/genre-et-europe/la-prostitution-de-1800-a-nos-jours/la-prostitution-en-situation-coloniale La prostitution en situation coloniale]", ''ehne.fr''</small></ref>. ==== Famoretana sy fanilikilihana ==== Nenjehina ny fivarotan-tena tsy voafehin' ny fitondrana. Nosamborina, nogadraina, na nandoa lamandy ny vehivavy tsy voasoratra anarana na miasa ivelan' ny faritra voatondro. Anisan' ny finiavana lehibe kokoa hifehy ny fitondran-tenan' ny vahoaka voazanaka sy hitandroana ny filaminana ity famoretana ity<ref name=":6" />. == Fivarotan-tena ankehitriny == Amin' izao fotoana izao, ny [[fivarotan-tena]] eto [[Madagasikara]] dia mijanona ho tranga saro-drafitra, miorim-paka amin' ny zava-misy ara-piarahamonina sy ara-toekarena anaty fahasarotana. Hita indrindra izany any amin' ny faritra an-tanàn-dehibe sy faritra mampirorobo ny [[Fizahàn-tany|fizahan-tany]]. === Anton' ny fivarotan-tena === Miombon-kevitra ny loharanom-baovao fa ny fivarotan-tena eto Madagasikara dia atao mba hahafahana mivelona voalohany indrindra, izany hoe vokatry ny fahantrana lalina ('''''[[:fr:Extrême_pauvreté|fr]]''''') sy ny tsy fahampian' ny fahafahana ara-toekarena. Na izany aza, manana ny anjara toerany lehibe koa ny lafin-javatra ara-piarahamonina sasany sy ny maro hafa. ==== Fahantrana tsy maha azo antoka ny hoavy ==== Maherin' ny telo ampahefan' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] no mivelona [[Fahantrana eto Madagasikara|latsaky ny 1 dôlara isan' andro]], ka voatery maro ny vehivavy sy tovovavy mivaro-tena mba ho velona<ref name=":0"><small>"[https://fides.org/en/news/32578-AFRICA_MADAGASCAR_One_out_of_7_women_is_sexually_exploited_poverty_allows_prostitution_to_spread AFRICA/MADAGASCAR - One out of 7 women is sexually exploited: poverty allows prostitution to spread]", ''fides.org''</small></ref>. Ny tambajotran' ny mpanao ratsy dia mitaona tovovavy avy any ambanivohitra hankany an-tanàn-dehibe mba hanararaotana ny vola azon' izy ireo amin' ny fivarotan-tena, matetika amin' ny alalan' ny fampanantenana poaka azy momba ny fahazoana asa na ny fandrantoana fianarana<ref name=":2" />. Tanora an' arivony, anisan' izany ny zaza tsy ampy taona sy ny zazahy, no voatery mivaro-tena mba hahazoany izay ilainy sy ny an' ny fianakaviany. Ny ECPAT France sy ny tatitry ny TV5Monde dia manasongadina fa ny vantojaza dia afaka mampiditra vola avo telo heny ho an' ny tokantrano amin' ny alalan' ny fivarotan-tena noho ny amin' ny fomba hafa<ref name=":15"><small>"[https://ecpat-france.fr/www.ecpat-france/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/rapport-global-de-suivi-2015-madagascar-ilovepdf-compressed.pdf Madagascar]", ECPAT France</small></ref><ref name=":16"><small>"[https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/lutter-contre-la-prostitution-de-mineures-madagascar-23203 Lutter contre la prostitution de mineures à Madagascar]", TV5MONDE</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://fides.org/fr/news/34132-AFRIQUE_MADAGASCAR_Une_femme_sur_sept_exploitee_sexuellement_augmentation_vertigineuse_de_la_prostitution_du_fait_de_la_pauvrete AFRIQUE/MADAGASCAR - Une femme sur sept exploitée sexuellement - augmentation vertigineuse de la prostitution du fait de la pauvreté]", ''fides.org''</small></ref>. Ny sehatr' asa tsy manaraka ny lalàna no mibahan-toerana (96&nbsp;% amin' ny mpiasa), ary tena sarotra ny fahazoana asa mendrika: matetika ny fivarotan-tena dia heverina ho fomba mora na haingana hahazoana vola raha oharina amin' ny asa hafa mandreraka vatana sy ambany karama<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18"><small>"[https://www.heard.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Remise-en-cause-frontie%CC%80res-entre-travail-du-sexe-et-sexe-transactionnel-a%CC%80-Nosy-Be-1.pdf Remise en cause des frontières supposées entre travail du sexe et sexe transactionnel à Madagascar - Cas de Nosy Be] {{Wayback|url=https://www.heard.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Remise-en-cause-frontie%CC%80res-entre-travail-du-sexe-et-sexe-transactionnel-a%CC%80-Nosy-Be-1.pdf |date=20240715044645 }}", ''www.heard.org.za''</small></ref>. Ny vanim-potoanan' ny krizy, toy ny [[Krizy pôlitika teto Madagasikara tamin' ny 2009|tamin']] [[Krizy pôlitika teto Madagasikara tamin' ny 2009|ny taona 2009]], dia nitarika ny fihenan' ny famatsiam-bola ho an' ny [[fahasalamana]] sy ny [[fanabeazana]] ary ny raharaham-piarahamonina hafa, ka nampitombo ny fahasahiranana sy ny faharefoan' ny mponina, indrindra ny [[ankizy]] sy nampironhatra ny fivarotan-tena<ref name=":15" />. ==== Herefoan' ny tanora sy ny zaza ==== Tena tanora tokoa ny ankamaroan' ny mponin' i Madagasikara (eo amin' ny roa ampahatelony latsaka no latsaky ny 25 taona); izany dia mametraka tsindry ara-demôgrafia amin' ny tolotra avy amin' ny fanjakana (fanabeazana, fahasalamana, asa) ary mamela ny ampahany betsaka amin' ny mponina amin' ny fahasahiranana<ref name=":18" />. Ny tsy fahampian' ny fitaovam-panabeazana sy ny filàn' ny ankizy hiasa dia mampitombo ny tsy fahombiazan' ny fianarana sy ny fialana fianarana, ary ireo ankizy tsy mianatra ireo no tena iharan' ny fanararaotana ara-nofo<ref><small>Rakotomamonjy Henintsoa Marinah Emeline, ''[https://www.ceja.ch/images/CEJA/DOCS/Bib/Pays/Madagascar/BD.pdf La protection des enfants contre l'exploitation sexuelle à des fins commerciales à Madagascar : entre textes et réalités]'', Mémoire Master II, Droit Privé Appliqué, 18 Mars 2015,</small> </ref>. Amin' ny tranga sasany, ny ray aman-dreny na ny mpitaiza dia mandao ilay zaza na mandefa azy hiasa any amin' ny toerana na toe-javatra mahatonga azy hivaro-tena. Milaza ny tatitra sasany fa mety handefitra na hampirisika ny fivarotan-tenan' ny zanany ny ray aman-dreny na ny havany sasany, noho ny tombontsoa ara-bola ho azon' ny fianakaviana<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":19"><small>"[https://webapps.ilo.org/ipecinfo/product/download.do?type=document&id=2609 Madagascar Les Enfants Victimes de l'Exploitation Sexuelle à Antsiranana, Toliary, et Antananarivo]" - OIT</small></ref>. ==== Antony ara-piarahamonina sy ara-kolontsaina ==== Any amin' ny faritra sasany, ny fivarotan-tena, indrindra fa ny an' ny zaza tsy ampy taona, dia tsy heverina ho herisetra ara-nofo, ary ny sasany mihevitra fa ny faneken' ilay zaza tsy ampy taona dia manafaka ny maha herisetra izany<ref name=":15" />. Mety hanosika ny tanora avy any ambanivohitra hifindra monina ny fisintoman' ny tanàn-dehibe sy ny toerana fizahan-tany, ka mamela azy ireo amin' ny tontolo isian' ny fivarotan-tena matanjaka izay mahamora ny fanararaotana azy ireo<ref name=":18" />. Ny fandehanana matetika any amin' ny toerana sasany (trano fandihizana, trano fisotroana) sy ny fahitana ny fomba fiainan' ny mpivaro-tena, izay heverina ho manana fahombiazana ara-bola indraindray, dia mety hitarika ny tanora hivaro-tena koa<ref name=":19" />. ==== Fizahan-tany mamoafady ==== Na dia ny fahantrana aza no antony lehibe amin' ny fivarotan-tena, ny fisian' ny tinady lehibe, indrindra avy amin' ny vahiny (ary koa ny teratany malagasy), any amin' ny faritra fizahan-tany, dia mahatonha ny fivarotan-tena hiroborobo. Matetika ny mpanjifa dia voasarika amin' ny vidiny mora kokoa sy ny fiheverana ny fanjifana izany ho tsy misy fanenjehana kokoa<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":13"><small>"[https://shs.cairn.info/revue-annales-de-geographie-2011-3-page-334?lang=fr Tourisme international et prostitution féminine : le cas de Nosy-Bé (Madagascar)]", ''shs.cairn.info''</small></ref><ref name=":10"><small>"[https://www.jacaranda.fr/en/tourisme-sexuel-les-attractions-touristiques-majeures-de-madagascar-sont-confrontees-au-tourisme TOURISME SEXUEL. Les attractions touristiques majeures de Madagascar sont confrontées au tourisme sexuel impliquant des enfants] {{Wayback|url=https://www.jacaranda.fr/en/tourisme-sexuel-les-attractions-touristiques-majeures-de-madagascar-sont-confrontees-au-tourisme |date=20250429215404 }}", ''www.jacaranda.fr''</small></ref>. Ny toerana fizahan-tany toa an' i [[Nosy Be]] sy i [[Toamasina]], i [[Mahajanga]] ary [[Antsiranana]] dia toerana mafana amin' ny [[fizahan-tany mamoafady]], anisan' izany ny ankizy tsy ampy taona<ref name=":3"><small>"[https://www.afd.fr/fr/actualites/madagascar-combattre-le-tourisme-sexuel À Madagascar, combattre le tourisme sexuel] {{Wayback|url=https://www.afd.fr/fr/actualites/madagascar-combattre-le-tourisme-sexuel |date=20250424040202 }}", ''www.afd.fr''</small></ref>. Lasa toerana fanaovana fizahan-tany mamoafady ny faritra [[Fizahàn-tany|fizahan-tany]] toa an' i [[Nosy Be]]<ref name=":13" />, ka mahasarika mpitsidika vahiny mitady [[firaisana ara-nofo]] aloa vola. Nitarika ho amin' ny fanararaotana ara-nofo amin' ny vehivavy sy ny tovovavy maro izany toe-javatra izany, ary ny sasany amin' izy ireo dia 12 taona. Tambajotra voalamina tsara, indraindray ahitana mpanera sy ny firaisana tsikombakomba amin' ny toeram-pandraisam-bahiny sasany, no manamora izany fanao izany<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":15" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":11"><small>"[https://news.un.org/fr/story/2022/02/1114532 Madagascar : le Comité des droits de l'enfant préoccupé par la persistance du tourisme sexuel impliquant les mineurs] {{Wayback|url=https://news.un.org/fr/story/2022/02/1114532 |date=20250819163535 }}", ''news.un.org''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Ex_Summary_Madagascar_v2017.pdf RÉSUMÉ - Madagascar] {{Wayback|url=https://ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Ex_Summary_Madagascar_v2017.pdf |date=20250706175116 }}", ''ECPAT''</small></ref>. === Ny fiainan' ny mpivaro-tena eto Madagasikara === Ny fiainan' ny mpivaro-tena eto [[Madagasikara]] amin' ny ankapobeny dia anjakan' ny fahasahiranana tafahoatra sy ny herisetra matetika ary ny fanilikilihana lalina avy amin' ny fiarahamonina. Na dia tsy raran' ny lalàna tanteraka aza ny fivarotan-tena eto amin' ny firenena, ny mpivaro-tena dia miasa ao anatin' ny tontolo feno fankahalana sy tsy misy fiarovan' ny lalàna. ==== Antontanisa ==== Mampanahy ny fivarotan-tenan' ny zaza tsy ampy taona: any [[Nosy Be]]<ref><small>"[https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Exploitation-sexuelle-une-realite-inquietante-en-pleine-expansion.html Nosy Be : une réalité inquiétante en pleine expansion]", 31 Jolay 2024, ''www.madagascar-tribune.com''</small></ref>, manodidina ny 40&nbsp;% amin' ny tovovavy no nanao firaisana ara-nofo voalohany amin' ny alalan' ny fivarotan-tena, matetika manomboka amin' ny 14 taona<ref><small>"[https://www.humanium.org/fr/la-prostitution-des-mineures-a-madagascar La prostitution des mineures à Madagascar] {{Wayback|url=https://www.humanium.org/fr/la-prostitution-des-mineures-a-madagascar |date=20150201070921 }}", 7 Janoary 2015, ''www.humanium.org''</small></ref>. Any [[Morondava]], ny 50 % amin' ny mpivaro-tena dia tsy ampy taona. Nitombo ny isan' ny mpivaro-tena: tany [[Toamasina]], nitombo ny isan' ny mpivaro-tena raha 17&nbsp;000 tamin' ny taona 1993 ka lasa 29&nbsp;000 ny tamin' taona 2012<ref name=":0" />. Ny zaza tsy ampy taona mpivarotan-tena teto [[Antananarivo]], tamin' ny taona 2013, dia 1.&nbsp;132 no latsaky ny 18 taona amin' nnivaro-tena 1&nbsp;237<ref name=":1"><small>"[https://www.ilo.org/fr/resource/article/combattre-lexploitation-sexuelle-commerciale-des-enfants-madagascar Combattre l’exploitation sexuelle commerciale des enfants à Madagascar]", 30 Avrily 2014, ''www.ilo.org''</small></ref>. ==== Herisetra ==== Matetika mitranga ny herisetra: ny vehivavy sasany dia mitatitra fa nodarohan' ny mpanjifa tsy mety mandoa vola, ary ny pôlisy, izay tokony hiaro azy ireo, indraindray dia tafiditra amin' ireny fanararaotana ireny<ref name=":20"><small>"[https://loeildusahara.com/madagascar-quand-la-prostitution-devient-une-question-de-survie/ Madagascar : Quand la prostitution devient une question de survie]", ''loeildusahara.com''</small></ref>. ==== Tsy fahampian' ny vola azo ==== Tena ambany dia ambany ny vola miditra, indrindra amin' ny mpanjifa eto an-toerana. Ohatra, any [[Nosy Be]], ny firaisana ara-nofo amin' ny lehilahy malagasy iray dia ahazoana 5&nbsp;000 Ariary hatramin' ny 10&nbsp;000 Ariary (manodidina ny 1 ka hatramin' ny 2 [[euro]]), ny vahiny kosa dia ahazoana hatramin' ny 60&nbsp;000 Ariary (12 euro eo ho eo)<ref name=":20" /><ref><small>"[https://labalisemadagascar.wordpress.com/2022/09/27/tourisme-sexuel-une-pratique-devenue-un-peu-trop-courante-a-madagascar/ Tourisme sexuel : Une pratique devenue un peu trop courante à Madagascar]", ''labalisemadagascar.wordpress.com''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/09/14/je-n-ai-pas-vraiment-le-choix-a-madagascar-le-covid-19-entraine-une-hausse-de-la-prostitution_6052166_3212.html? « Je n’ai pas vraiment le choix » : à Madagascar, le Covid-19 entraîne une hausse de la prostitution]", ''www.lemonde.fr''</small></ref>. ==== Aretina ==== Ny fihanaky ny aretina azo avy amin' ny firaisana ara-nofo dia ambony ao amin' ny mpivaro-tena. Ohatra, ny 12&nbsp;% amin' izy ireo dia voan' ny tety (na sifilisy). Voafetra anefa ny fahazoana fitsaboana, ary matetika tsy ampy ny hetsika fisorohana<ref name=":21"><small>"[https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/fr/report/96195/madagascar-du-sexe-pour-survivre Du sexe pour survivre]", ''www.thenewhumanitarian.org''</small></ref>. ==== Hetsika fisorohana ==== Nanatanteraka fandaharan' asa hiadiana amin' ny fanararaotana ara-nofo tao amin' ny ankizy, indrindra eo amin' ny sehatry ny fizahan-tany, ny fitondram-panjakana malagasy miaraka amin' ny fikambanana tsy miankina amin' ny fitondram-panjakana toa ny ''End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes'' (''End Child Prostitution in Asian Tourism'' na ECPAT teo aloha)<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref><small>"[https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/lutter-contre-la-prostitution-de-mineures-madagascar-23203 Lutter contre la prostitution de mineures à Madagascar]", ''information.tv5monde.com''</small></ref>. Nandray fitsipi-pitondran-tena ny mpisehatra amin' ny fizahan-tany mba hisorohana ny fanararaotana ara-nofo atao amin' ny ankizy<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4"><small>"[https://www.linfo.re/ocean-indien/madagascar/687972-exploitation-sexuelle-des-enfants-un-phenomene-inquietant-a-madagascar Exploitation sexuelle des enfants : un phénomène inquiétant à Madagascar]", ''www.linfo.re''</small></ref>. Izany hetsika izany dia mikendry ny hampiditra indray ny tovovavy iharan' ny fanararaotana ara-nofo amin' ny fianarana sy hanome azy ireo fiofanana amin' ny asa<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />. ==== Fanampiana ==== Ny hetsika toy ny fandaharana "Espoir 2.0 Bootcamp" natomboky ny ''Alternatives Madagascar'' dia mikendry ny hanolotra safidy ara-toekarena ho an' ny mpivaro-tena amin' ny alalan' ny fanomezana azy ireo fiofanana amin' ny fitantanana orinasa bitika sy amin' ny fahasalaman' ny fananahana<ref><small>"[https://newsmada.com/2022/11/22/prostitution-la-moitie-des-travailleuses-du-sexe-sont-des-mineures Prostitution : la moitié des travailleuses du sexe sont des mineures]", ''newsmada.com''</small></ref>. Ny fikambanana toa ny FIVEMITO sy ny AFSA dia miasa ho fankatoavana sy fiarovana ny mpivaro-tena. Manao hetsika fanentanana izy ireo sady mizara kapaoty ary manolotra fiofanana amin' ny asa hanampiana ireo vehivavy ireo hiala amin' ny fivarotan-tena<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":21" /><ref><small>"[https://educationsante.be/madagascar-les-prostituees-font-de-la-prevention/ Madagascar, les prostituées font de la prévention]", ''educationsante.be''</small></ref><ref name=":22" />. Any amin' ny faritra sasany dia misy ny karatra manokana natao mba hanamora ny fidirana amin' ny fikarakarana ara-pahasalamana sy hanomezana fiarovan' ny lalàna. Voafetra ihany anefa ny fahombiazan’ izy ireny, ary mety hampiasain' ny manam-pahefana indraindray mba hanorisorenany ny mpivaro-tena<ref name=":21" />. === Karazam-pivarotan-tena === ==== Fivarotan-tenan' ny zaza tsy ampy taona ==== Lafiny iray mampanahy indrindra ny fidiran' ny zaza tsy ampy taona amin' ny [[fivarotan-tena]]. Araka ny fanadihadiana nataon' ny fikambanana ''Alternatives Madagascar'' dia zaza tsy ampy taona ny 50 % amin' ny mpivaro-tena. Vao mainka miharatsy izany toe-javatra izany noho ny [[Fahantrana eto Madagasikara|fahantrana lalina]] sy ny tsy fahampian' ny [[fanabeazana]], izay mahatonga ireto tovovavy ireto tsy hanan-tsafidy firy<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref><small>"[https://newsmada.com/2022/11/22/prostitution-la-moitie-des-travailleuses-du-sexe-sont-des-mineures Prostitution : la moitié des travailleuses du sexe sont des mineures]", ''newsmada.com''</small></ref>. Amin' ny toe-javatra sasany, ny fianakaviana na ny fiarahamonina dia mamporisika na farafaharatsiny mandefitra amin' ny fanararaotana ara-nofo atao amin' ny ankizy noho ny tombony ara-bola azon' ny tokantrano mahantra<ref name=":12"><small>"[https://upr-info.org/sites/default/files/documents/2019-10/ecpat_international_upr34_mdg_f_main.pdf L'exploitation sexuelle des enfants à Madagascar » pour l'Examen Périodique Universel de la situation des droits de l'homme au Madagascar]" (PDF), ''upr-info.org''</small></ref>. ==== Fivarotan-tenan' ny lehilahy ==== Amin' ny ankapobeny dia tsy dia hita fa miafina ny fivarotan-tenan' ny lehilahy izay ailikiliky ny fiarahamonina malagasy kokoa<ref name=":17"><small>"[https://www.medecinsdumonde.org/app/uploads/2024/05/Etude-Resume-VLG-TDS-Madagascar-FR.pdf Violence basée sur le genre envers les professionnel.les du sexte à Madagascar]", ''www .medecinsdumonde .org''</small> </ref>. Manao izany indrindra ireo lehilahy ireo noho ny fahantrana<ref><small>"[https://afriquinfos.com/madagascar-proliferation-prostitution-mineurs-220617/ Madagascar : Prolifération de la prostitution des mineurs] {{Wayback|url=https://afriquinfos.com/madagascar-proliferation-prostitution-mineurs-220617/ |date=20250529100753 }}", ''afriquinfos.com''</small></ref>. Ny tanàn-dehibe tena ahitana fivarotanan' ny lehilahy dia [[Antananarivo]] (ao amin' ny vakin-tanàna sasany toa an' [[Analakely]], Ampefiloha, Isoraka)<ref name=":14"><small>"[https://www.linfo.re/ocean-indien/madagascar/719262-madagascar-les-lyceens-plongent-dans-la-prostitution Madagascar : les lycéens plongent dans la prostitution]", ''www.linfo.re''</small></ref>, i [[Toamasina]], i [[Nosy Be]], i [[Mahajanga]], i [[Toliara]]<ref><small>"[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345286378_ECPAT_-_Etude_sur_les_violences_sexuelles_dans_les_6_villes_Nosy_Be_Antsiranana_Mahajanga_Antananarivo_Fianarantsoa_Toliara Etude sur les violences sexuelles dans les 6 villes: Nosy Be, Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Antananarivo, Fianarantsoa, Toliara]" (PDF), ''www.researchgate.net''</small></ref>: ireo dia toerana misy fizahan-tany izay anaovan' ny tovolahy fivarotan-tena amin' ny mpanjifa vahiny, na lahy na vavy. Ambatoloaka (any Nosy Be) dia toerana iray ivarotan' ny "beach boys" (na "gasy gigolos") ny tenany amin' ny vehivavy eorôpeana (indrindra ny frantsay sy ny italiana). Amin' ny ankapobeny dia eo anelanelan' ny 15 sy 30 taona ny lehilahy mpivaro-tena ary avy amin' ny fianakaviana mahantra sady manana olana ara-pianakaviana indraindray, ary tsy nahita fianarana firy<ref name=":14" />. Ny sasany dia milaza fa manao firaisana ara-nofo amin' ny lehilahy mba hahazoana karama fa tsy safidy, ny sasany misafidy izany (LGBT)<ref><small>''[https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/186425.pdf 2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Madagascar]'', Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, p 26,</small> </ref>, ny hafa dia tsy manao afa-tsy amin' ny vehivavy. Ny tanjona amin' izany rehetra izany moa dia ny mba hahazo vola haingana na ny hanambady vahiny. ==== Fivarotan-tena an-tserasera ==== Noho ny fahatongavan' ny teknôlôjia nomerika dia nifindra an-tserasera ihany koa ny [[fivarotan-tena]]<ref><small>"[https://midi-madagasikara.mg/fivarotan-tena-lasa-feno-izany-ny-facebook/ Fivarotan-tena : Lasa feno izany ny facebook]", ''midi-madagasikara.mg''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://newsmada.com/2022/11/24/fivarotan-tena-ana-habaka-vehivavy-telo-nalefa-eny-am-ponja/ Fivarotan-tena ana habaka: vehivavy telo nalefa eny am-ponja]", , ''newsmada.com''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.freenews.mg/fivarotan-tena-anaty-tambazotra-sarona-ny-vehivavy-iray-tomponantoka/ Fivarotan-tena anaty tambazotra: sarina ny vehivavy iray tompon' antoka]", ''www.freenews.mg''</small></ref>. Mampiasa tambajotran-tserasera ny tambajotran' ny fivarotan-tena mba hanome tolotra firisana ara-nofo, ka mahatonga ny fisavana sy ny fanasaziana ho sarotra tanterahina kokoa. Tamin' ny taona 2023 dia ravan' ny pôlisy ny tambajotram-pivarotan-tena an-tserasera tao Mahajanga, izany dia mampiseho ny fampifanarahana ny fivarotan-tena amin' ny teknôlôjia vaovao<ref><small>"[https://la1ere.franceinfo.fr/mayotte/madagascar-coup-de-filet-contre-la-prostitution-en-ligne-1369498.html Madagascar : Coup de filet contre la prostitution en ligne]", ''la1ere.franceinfo.fr''</small></ref>. == Lalàna == === Fifehezan' ny lalàna === ==== Ara-dalàna amin' ny fepetra sasany ==== Tsy voarara ny fivarotan-tena amin' ny maha fivarotan-tena azy eto [[Madagasikara]] dia ara-dalàna, fa ny fivelomana amin' ny fampivarotan-tena ny hafa sy ny fanondranana olona an-tsokosoko ary ny fivarotan-tenan' ny zaza dia tsy ara-dalàna<ref><small>"[https://www.dcn-pac.mg/uploads/loi/09c7c5cd99c7e43213ef7f5389fdc3bf.pdf Loi n°2014-040 du 20 janvier 2015 sur la lutte contre la Traite des Etres Humains] {{Wayback|url=https://www.dcn-pac.mg/uploads/loi/09c7c5cd99c7e43213ef7f5389fdc3bf.pdf |date=20250325055921 }}", ''www.dcn-pac.mg''</small></ref>. ==== Heloka amin' ny tranga sasany ==== Ny fehezan-dalàna famaizana malagasy dia manome sazy henjana ny fivarotan-tena, indrindra fa raha ao anatin' izany ny zaza tsy ampy taona. Manasazy higadra hatramin' ny 10 taona an-tranomaizina sy handoa onitra vokatry ny fandikan-dalàna mifandray amin' ny fivarotan-tenan' ny zaza tsy ampy taona ny lalàna famaizana malagasy<ref><small>"[https://mg.ambafrance.org/Avertissement-contre-le-tourisme Avertissement contre le tourisme sexuel]", ''mg.ambafrance.org''</small></ref>. Na dia misy aza ny lalàna dia voafetra ihany ny fampiharana azy noho ny [[Kolikoly eto Madagasikara|kolikoly]], ny tsy fahampian' ny olona sy ny fitaovana ho enti-miasy amin' izany ary ny fandeferan' ny fiarahamonina amin' ny fivarotan-tena<ref name=":2"><small>"[https://www.humanium.org/fr/madagascar Enfants de Madagascar]", ''www.humanium.org''</small></ref>. ==== Mankany amin' ny fankatoavana sy fiarovana bebe kokoa ==== Misy ny mampaka-peo hitakiana ny fiarovana tsara kokoa sy fankatoavana ny zon' ny mpivaro-tena, izay lasa nantsoina hoe "mpampanofa tena". Mitaky lalàna hiaro azy ireo sy fahazoana tolotra ara-pahasalamana ary fampihenana ny fanilikilihan' ny fiarahamonina izy ireo. Manana anjara toerana lehibe amin' ity ady ity ny fikambanana mpiaro ny zon' olombelona sy ny feminista, izay manaitra ny sain' ny daholobe sy ny mpanao pôlitika momba ny tsy rariny iainan' ireo vehivavy ireo<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":22"><small>"[https://africapresse.com/madagascar-quand-la-prostitution-devient-un-dernier-recours-pour-des-femmes-en-souffrance Madagascar : quand la prostitution devient un dernier recours pour des femmes en souffrance]", ''africapresse.com''</small></ref>. == Rohy ivelany == * Tisseau, ''[https://www.karthala.com/accueil/3155-etre-metis-en-imerina-madagascar-aux-xixe-xxe-siecles-9782811118556.html Être métis en Imerina (Madagascar) aux XIXe-XXe siècles] {{Wayback|url=https://www.karthala.com/accueil/3155-etre-metis-en-imerina-madagascar-aux-xixe-xxe-siecles-9782811118556.html |date=20250324122609 }}'', Karthala, 2017 * Fabien Brial, "[https://shs.cairn.info/revue-annales-de-geographie-2011-3-page-334?lang=fr Tourisme international et prostitution féminine : le cas de Nosy-Bé (Madagascar)]", ''shs.cairn.info'' * "[https://popups.uliege.be/1370-2262/index.php?id=625 De la caserne aux maisons closes : la réglementation de la prostitution au profit de l’institution militaire (1900-1939)]", ''popups.uliege.be'' * "[https://www.dcn-pac.mg/uploads/loi/09c7c5cd99c7e43213ef7f5389fdc3bf.pdf Loi n°2014-040 du 20 janvier 2015 sur la lutte contre la Traite des Etres Humains] {{Wayback|url=https://www.dcn-pac.mg/uploads/loi/09c7c5cd99c7e43213ef7f5389fdc3bf.pdf |date=20250325055921 }}", ''www.dcn-pac.mg'' * "[https://textes.lexxika.com/lois-malagasy/loi-modifiant-completant-certaines-dispositions-code-penal-lutte-contre-traite-personnes-tourisme-sexuel/ Loi modifiant et complétant certaines dispositions du Code Pénal sur la lutte contre la traite des personnes et le tourisme sexuel] [https://textes.lexxika.com/lois-malagasy/loi-modifiant-completant-certaines-dispositions-code-penal-lutte-contre-traite-personnes-tourisme-sexuel/ - Droit malgachel]", ''textes.lexxika.com'' * "[https://www.matin.mg/?p=22833 Mpivarotena !]", ''www.matin.mg'' * "[https://midi-madagasikara.mg/fivarotan-tena-lasa-feno-izany-ny-facebook/ Fivarotan-tena : Lasa feno izany ny facebook] {{Wayback|url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/fivarotan-tena-lasa-feno-izany-ny-facebook/ |date=20250129071802 }}", ''midi-madagasikara.mg'' * "[https://www.moov.mg/article/79222-terre-rouge-maorisy-vehivavy-malagasy-roa-tratra-teo-am-pivarotan-tena Terre-Rouge Maorisy : Vehivavy malagasy roa tratra teo am-pivarotan-tena]", ''www.moov.mg'' == Loharano sy fanamarihana == a5zr266zib70jmts0ddnwzs163aowdx 0 293239 1152860 1151262 2026-11-03T07:42:46Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152860 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''literatioran' i Madagasikara''' dia ny literatiora rehetra, na am-bava na an-tsoratra, amin'ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] na amin' ny [[Fiteny eto Madagasikara|fiteny hafa]], nataon' ny Malagasy (anisan' izany ny any am-pielezana) na nataon' ny vahiny avy any ivelany. Mandrakotra ny literatiora am-bava ([[tononkalo]], [[kabary]], [[ohabolana]], tantara) sy ny asa soratra; izay maneho ny fahasamihafana ara-[[kolontsaina]] sy ara-[[Fedrà|pedrà]] eto Madagasikara ary ny literatiora malagasy<ref><small>"[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-010-1761-9_12? The Literature of Madagascar]", ''link.springer.com''</small></ref><ref name=":2"><small>"[https://globhistory.org/en/article/madagaskar/znamenitye_literaturnye_proizvedeniya_madagaskara? Famous Literary Works of Madagascar] {{Wayback|url=https://globhistory.org/en/article/madagaskar/znamenitye_literaturnye_proizvedeniya_madagaskara? |date=20250807081350 }} {{Wayback|url=https://globhistory.org/en/article/madagaskar/znamenitye_literaturnye_proizvedeniya_madagaskara |date=20250807081350 }}", ''globhistory.org''</small></ref>. Ny endriky ny literatiora am-bava lehibe dia ny [[Hainteny|haiteny]] (tononkalo feno fanoharana) sy ny [[kabary]] ary ny [[ohabolana]], izay aseho matetika amin' ny hetsika ara-piarahamonina<ref><small>"[https://pantheon.world/profile/occupation/writer/country/madagascar? The most famous writers from Madagascar]", ''pantheon.world''</small></ref>. Ny tantaran' ''[[Ibonia]]'', izay nampitaina am-bava nandritra ny taonjato maro, dia ahitana ireo endrika pôetika ireo, mampifangaro ny ara-panahy sy ny fisedrana mahery<ref><small>"[https://www.newyorker.com/books/this-week-in-fiction/andrea-lee-01-04-21? Andrea Lee on Fictionalizing Madagascar]", ''www.newyorker.com''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110605051817/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~Public/Ibonia/text.html Ibonia: the text in 17 sections]". University of Virginia.</small></ref>. Talohan' ny taonjato faha-19 dia nandrakitra [[Esôterisma|fahalalana]] [[Esôterisma|miafina]] amin' ny alalan' ny [[sorabe]], izay [[tarehin-tsoratra arabo]] namboarina ho an' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]], saingy vitsy dia vitsy ireo lahatsoratra ireo ankehitriny. Ny firaketana an-tsoratra voalohany momba ny [[lovantsofina am-bava]] dia nataon' ny misiônera sy manam-pahaizana eorôpeanina sy malagasy toa an-d[[Raombana]] sy ny fanangonana ao amin' ny ''[[Tantara ny Andriana eto Madagasikara|Tantara ny Andriana]]'', izay ahitana ny lovantsofina momba mpanjaka merina. Nandritra ny [[Zanatanin' i Madagasikara sy ny tany miankina|fanjanahantany]], ny pôeta toa an-dry [[Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo]] (1901–1937), izay heverina ho ny pôeta afrikana môderina voalohany, dia nanafangaro ny fomba fanoratra môderina (siorealisma, sns.) sy ny literatiora am-bava nentin-paharazana malagasy<ref name=":2" />. Ny mpanoratra malaza hafa, anisan' izany [[Ny Avana Ramanantoanina]] sy i [[Dox (Jean Verdi Salomon Razakandrainy)|Dox]], dia niasa tamin' ny fiarovana ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]], nampitambatra ny tononkalo sy ny teatra ary ny hafatra ara-pôlitika<ref><small>Andrzejewski, B.W.; Piłaszewicz, Stanisław; Tyloch, Witold (1985). ''Literatures in [https://books.google.mg/books?id=gfH2A6AhZ7wC&redir_esc=y African Languages: Theoretical Issues and Sample Surveys]''. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780521256469</nowiki>, p. 454.</small> </ref>. Nandritra ny taonjato faha-20, ny literatiora malagasy ankehitriny dia nampitombo ny lova eo amin' ny literatiora am-bava sy an-tsoratra tamin' ny alalan' ny fikarohana ny maha-izy azy ny firenena malagasy sy ny tantaran' ny [[Zanatanin' i Madagasikara sy ny tany miankina|fanjanahantany]] ary ny fivoaran' ny karazana literatiora toy ny tantara foronina sy ny teatra ary ny fitsikerana. == Literatiora am-bava == Betsaka ny [[literatiora am-bava]] nentim-paharazana no nivoatra teto [[Madagasikara]]. Anisan’ ny literatiora am-bava nentim-paharazana malaza indrindra eto amin’ ny Nosy ny lahabolana, izay aseho amin' ny endrika [[hainteny]] sy ny [[kabary]] ary ny [[ohabolana]]. [[Tononkalo]] mampisongadina ireo lovantsofina ireo, ilay mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''[[Ibonia]]'', dia niampitampita nandritra ny taonjato maro manerana ny Nosy tamin' ny endriny maro samihafa, ary maneho ny [[fedrà]] sy ny [[finoana]] nentim-paharazana malagasy. Ankoatra ireo lova ara-javakanto ireo, ny fitantarana am-bava dia nampitaina tamin' ny taranaka maro. Fitantarana sy [[tononkalo]] ary [[tantara]] maro no naverina tamin' ny endrika [[Mozika malagasy|mozika]]. Tsy afa-misaraka amin’ ny [[hira]] ny tononkalo ao amin' ny literatiora am-bava netim-paharazana malagasy, araka ny asehon' ny teny malagasy hoe ''tononkira'' na ''tononkalo'' – izay miforona amin' ny fampiarahana ny tonony amin' ny hira na kalo<ref><small>Nadika avy amin' ny [[:en:Literature_of_Madagascar#Oral_literary_traditions|pejy]] ao amin' ny Wikipedia amin' ny teny anglisy tamin' ny 16/07/2025</small></ref>. Fizarana azo arahina<ref><small>Nadika avy amin' ny [[:fr:Littérature_malgache#Littérature_orale|pejy]] ao amin' ny Wikipedia amin' ny teny frantsay tamin' ny 16/07/2025</small></ref>: # endrika fohy: [[ohabolana]], ohapitenena, [[teny filamatra]], [[teny faneva]], [[ankamantatra]], [[Angano malagasy|angano]], [[hira]]; # ny [[anaran-tsamirery]] (anaran' olona, anaram-pianakaviana, anaran-tanàna, anaran-toerana); # ny voambolana sy teknika momba ny [[zavakanto]] sy [[asa tanana]]; # ny [[raokandro]] sy [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]]; # ny fitantarana fanorenana ([[fedrà]], [[Angano malagasy|angano]]); # fombafomba ara-pivavahana na ivelan' ny fivavahana<ref><small>{{Cite journal|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/392036/pdf}}</small></ref>. == Topi-maso ara-tantara == === Literatiora an-tsoratra voalohany === Ny fahalalana [[Esôterisma|miafina]] isan-karazany, mifandraika amin' ny fombafomba ara-pivavahana, amin' ny fitsaboana amin' ny alalan' ny [[raokandro]] ary ny fahalalana manokana hafa, dia noraketin' ny [[Ombiasa|ombiasy]] tamin' ny alalan' ny [[sorabe]], [[tarehin-tsoratra arabo]] namboarina hanoratana ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. Nampidirin' ny tantsambo arabo teo anelanelan' ny taonjato faha-7 sy faha-10 izy io. Ireo asa soratra voalohany ireo dia natokana ho an' ny ombiasy fotsiny fa tsy naparitaka. Ny mpanjaka malagasy dia nanana mpanolo-tsaina ombiasy ary nampianarina namaky teny sy nanoratra amin' ny sorabe, ary mety nampiasa ho an' ny tanjona maro izany, na dia vitsy aza ny tahirin-kevitra vita amin' ny sorbe mbola ananana hatramin' izao<ref name=":0"><small>Nadika avy amin' ny [[:en:Literature_of_Madagascar#Early_written_works|pejy]] ao amin' ny Wikipedia amin' ny teny anglisy tamin' ny 16/07/2025</small></ref>. Misy zavatra avy amin' ny lovantsofina am-bava sy ny kabary nentim-paharazana izay noraketin' ny mpitsidika britanika sy frantsay teto amin' ny Nosy. Ny mpahay tantara malagasy voalohany dia [[Raombana]] (1809–1855), iray amin' ny mpianatra voalohany tao amin' ny sekolin' ny [[London Missionary Society]] tao amin' ny [[Rovan' Antananarivo]], izay nandrakitra an-tsoratra amin' ny teny anglisy sy amin' ny teny malagasy ny tantaran' ny [[Merina]] tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-19. Ny ''[[Tantara ny Andriana eto Madagasikara]]'', izay fanangonana lovantsofina momba ny mpanjaka merina, dia loharanom-pahalalana lehibe hafa momba ny fiarahamonina tany afovoan-tanin' i [[Madagasikara]] ary nangonina sy navoakan' ny pretra katôlika iray ([[François Callet]]) nonina tao amin' io faritra io tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19<ref name=":0" />. === Literatiora malagasy === Nivelatra teto Madagasikara fotoana fohy taorian’ ny fanjanahantany ny literatiora an-tsoratra avy amin’ ny aingam-panahy tandrefana, izay nipoitra voalohany tamin’ ny 1906-1938, izay azo zaraina ho vanim-potoana efatra. * Ny vanim-potoana voalohany dia fantatra amin' ny hoe "''<u>miana-mamindra</u>''" ary tamin' ny taona 1906-1914. Nandritra izany fotoana izany dia nanomboka nanoratra tononkalo sy tantara ary diary tamin' ny fomba eorôpeana ny andiany voalohany. Ho fanajana ny <u>fisarahan</u><u>' ny fanjakana sy ny fiangonana</u> any [[Frantsa]], ireo mpanoratra ireo dia namaritra ny tenany ho "mpino" nahazo aingam-panahy avy amin' ny lohahevitra ara-pivavahana, ary ireo "tsy mpino" izay nanentana lalina kokoa ny vetsovetsony. Maro amin' ireo mpanakanto ireo no mpikambana ao amin' ny [[Vy Vato Sakelika]], fikambanana ara-kolontsaina manana tanjona [[Fanindrahindram-pirenena|nasiônalista]] miafina. Ny fahitan' ny fitondrana frantsay ny fikasan' ilay fikambanana sy ny fanaovana sesitany ny maro amin' ny mpikambana ao aminy dia niteraka fahabangana teo amin' ny fivoaran' ny literatiora teto amin' ny Nosy nanomboka tamin' ny 1915 ka hatramin' ny 1922. * Ny vanim-potoana faharoa, tamin' ny taona 1922 ka hatramin' ny 1929, dia nahitana mpanoratra nandalina ny lohahevitra malagasy momba ny "<u>''embona sy hanina''</u>''"''. * Nanaraka izany ny vanim-potoana fahatelo izay niompana amin' "<u>''ny lasa''</u>" (fiverenana an-doharano). * Nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1932 kosa ny vanim-potoana fahefatra, ny "''<u>mitady ny very</u>"''. Ireo lohahevitra ireo dia maneho ny lohahevitra lehibe kokoa momba ny fahaverezan' ny maha-izy azy, ny fahatsapana ho vahiny an-tanin' ny tena ary ny fanembonana ny lasa, izay vokatry ny fanjanahantany. Izy ireo dia narahin' ny "''<u>hita ny very</u>''" tamin' ny taona 1934-1938<ref name=":1"><small>Nadika avy amin' ny [[:en:Literature_of_Madagascar#Malagasy_literature|pejy]] ao amin' ny Wikipedia amin' ny teny anglisy tamin' ny 16/07/2025</small></ref>. Ny mpanoratra nanoratra nandritra ny vanim-potoana 1906-1938 dia fantatra teto Madagasikara amin' ny anarana roa: ny "''mpanoratra zokiny''", izay teraka nandritra ny andron' ny [[Fanjakan' Imerina]] teo aloha, sy ny "''mpanoratra zandriny''" izay teraka tamin' ny fitondrana frantsay ary matetika miezaka mamerina sy mankalaza ny lasa talohan' ny [[Zanatanin' i Madagasikara sy ny tany miankina|fanjanahantany]]<ref name=":1" />. Ny pôeta afrikanina môderina voalohany, izay [[Merina]], antsoina hoe [[Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo]] (1901 na 1903–1937), dia nalaza noho ny fampifangaroana ireo endrika pôetika siorealista, rômantika ary môdernista miaraka amin' ny singa avy amin' ny fandaha-teny malagasy nentim-paharazana, ary koa noho ny [[Famonoan-tena|famonoan-tenany]] tamin' ny alalan' ny poizina [[Sianida|sianiora]] tamin' ny taona 1937. I Rabearivelo ihany koa no anisan' ny voalohany namoaka boky tantara foronina miresaka tantara tena nisy ary nanoratra ny hany [[ôperà]] tokana amin' ny fomba tandrefana eto [[Madagasikara]]. Ny fampifangaroana ny fomba tandrefana sy ny fomba nentim-paharazana eo amin' ny haisoratra dia notohizin' ny mpanoratra toa an' i [[Elie Rajaonarison]], ohatra iray amin' ny onja vaovao eo amin' ny tononkalo malagasy. Anisan' ny pôeta malaza i [[Rabemananjara Jacques|Jacques Rabemananjara]], i [[Pierre Randrianarisoa]], i [[Georges Andriamanantena]] (na [[Georges Andriamanantena|Rado]]), i [[Jean Verdi Salomon Razakandraina]] (na [[Dox (Jean Verdi Salomon Razakandrainy)|Dox]]) sy ny hafa. Ny mpanoratra sangany dia i [[Jean-Luc Raharimanana]], i [[Michèle Rakotoson]], i [[Clarisse Ratsifandrihamanana]], i [[David Jaomanoro]], i [[Solofo Randrianja]], i [[Emilson Daniel Andriamalala]] ary i [[Celestin Andriamanantena]]. Betsaka ihany koa ny bokin-tantara an-tsary noforonin' ny mpanoratra malagasy toa an' i [[Anselme Razafindrainibe]] (1956–2011)<ref name=":1" />. Mpanoratra malagasy maro no samy nanantitra mafy ny fampiroboroboana sy ny fankalazana ny hakanto sy ny fahafahan' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] milaza zavatra maro ary ny haren' ny [[lovantsofina am-bava]] malagasy<ref name=":1" />. '''Ny karazana literatiora''' Araka ny voalaza tao amin’ny famaritana ankapobeny, ny [[Literatiora]] dia teny entina maneho hevitra sy na fihetseham-po atao amin’ny fomba kanto, dia azo lazaina fa efa nanana ny Literatiorany ny Malagasy hatramin’izay, izay natsoin’ny mpandinika sy ny mpikaroka taty aoriana hoe Literatiora am-bava. Nanomboka tamin’ny taona 1820 vao nanana ny Literatiora an-tsoratra izy. Misy karazany roa izy araka izany: * [[Literatiora am-bava]] na literatiora nentim-paharazana na lahabolana na na lahatenim-bahoaka * [[Literatiora an-tsoratra]] == Mpanoratra sy asa soratra == [[Sary:Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_(per_Benton_et_al,_2012,_adapted_from_Bellwood,_2011).png|vignette|328x328px| Kronolojian' ny fiparitahan' ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostrôneziana]]]] Indreto ny mpanoratra sy asa soratra aseho araka ny fizotran' ny fotoana<ref><small>Nadika avy amin' ny [[:fr:Littérature_malgache#Histoire|pejy]] ao amin' ny Wikipedia amin' ny teny frantsay tamin' ny 16/07/2025</small></ref>. === Talohan' ny tantara voasoratra === * Fiorenam-ponenan' ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostroneziana]] (manodidina ny 2&nbsp;000 hatramin' ny 1&nbsp;500 tal JK); * Fifindra-monin' ny vahiny, manodidina ny taona 700 hatramin' ny taona 1&nbsp;500. === Talohan' ny taona 1500 === * [[Vazimba]], mponina voalohany, vondrona tsy azo antoka; * Varotra andevo tatsinanana, [[Ômàna|Oman]], [[Zanguebar]] avy eo [[Zanzibar]] ([[Soltàna|soltanata]]), Islamizasiona; * Karazana literatiora [[betsileo]], am-bava indrindra; * ''[[Ibonia]]'', tononkalo epika, endrika isan-karazany amin' ny lovantsofina am-bava, nangonina tamin' ny taona 1830, avy eo nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1870 ka hatramin' ny taonjato faha-21. === Taonjato faha-16 hatramin' ny faha-18 === * Vanim-potoana manan-tantara: vanim-potoan' ny tompomenakely (1500-1895), [[Fanjakan' Imerina|Fanjakan' i Madagasikara]] (1500-1817), [[Eorôpeana (vahoaka)|Eorôpeana]] voalohany tonga teto [[Madagasikara]] (1500-1817) * Mpifindra-monina: [[Karàna]], [[Sinoa eto Madagasikara|Sinoa]], [[Vazaha eto Madagasikara|Vazaha]] * [[Libertalia]] (manodidina ny taona 1670), [[Maurice Benyovszky|Maurice Beniowski]] (manodidina ny 1775) * ny [[Compagnie française des Indes orientales]] * ny [[Sorabe]]: [[Abidy arabo|abidy avy amin' ny arabo]] natao hanoratana ny fiteny any atsimo-atsinanan' i Madagasikara, indrindra fa ny [[fiteny antemoro]], hita ao amin' ny [[Sora-tanam-piraketana|sora-tanana]] maherin' ny zato * ny [[hiragasy]] na [[vakodrazana]]; * [[Andrianampoinimerina]] (1745c-1810), mpitondra voalohany niezaka nampiray ny Nosy manodidina ny [[Fanjakan' Imerina]]. === Taonjato faha-19 === * Vanim-potoana manan-tantara: [[Fanjakan' Imerina|Fanjakan' i Madagasikara]] (1817-1897) * ''[[:en:Tantara ny Andriana eto Madagasikara|Tantara ny Andriana]]'' ''eto Madagasikara'' * Ny programa [[Mémoire du monde]] ([[UNESCO]], 1992) dia tafiditra ao amin' ny rejisitra iraisam-pirenena Mémoire du monde (tamin' ny 15/01/2016), tamin' ny taina 2009: Archives royales (1824 – 1897) * [[Hainteny]], fanehoan-kevitra be pitsiny, izay ahitana [[tononkalo]], sarin-teny fohy, môdely kabary, [[ohabolana]], [[angano]], [[tantara]], izay nampiasain' ny [[Merina]] no nangonin' i [[Jean Paulhan]] (1884-1968), ''Les Hain-Tenys Merinas'' (Geuthner, 1913 avy eo 2007). ==== Fiafaran' ny taonjato faha-19: fanjanahantany eorôpeana ==== * ny [[Ady Hova-Frantsay|Expédition de Madagascar]] (1881-1882 sy 1894-1895), ny [[Ady Hova-Frantsay Voalohany]] (1883-1885) * ny [[Prôtektôrata Frantsain' i Madagasikara|Prôtektôrata Frantsain' i Madagasikararate]] (1882-1897), ny [[Ady Hova-Frantsay|Expédition de Madagascar]] (1895) === Taonjato faha-20 === Ny vanim-potoana voalohany (1906-1938), an' ny ''Mpanoratra zokiny'' izay teraka teo nandrita ny Fanjakan' Imerina teo aloha, ary ny ''Mpanoratra zandriny'' teraka tamin' ny fitondrana frantsay, dia azo fintinina ao anatin'ny fe-potoana dimy: * 1906-1914: ''Miana-mamindra'', nataon' ny mpino kristianina malaza, nikambana tamin' ny farany tao amin' ny [[Vy Vato Sakelika]] (1913); * 1915-1922: fanakanana frantsay, famoretana, asa an-terivozona, fanaovana gadralava any [[Nosy Lava]], sesitany, fanoloran-tena hanao miaramila; * 1922-1929: ''Embona sy hanina''; * 1929-1932 : ''Ny lasa'' (fiverenana an-doharano); * 1932-1939 : ''Mitady ny very''. Ilay pôeta malagasy voalohany, [[Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo]] (1901 na 1903-1937), dia nahay nampifangaro ny endrika tononkalo siorealista sy rômantika ary môdernista miaraka amin' ny singa avy amin' ny lahateny malagasy nentim-paharazana, ary koa (anisan' ny voalohany) namoaka bokin-tantara foronina mirakitra tantara tena nisy (sy ny ôperà tandrefana tokana noforonin' ny Malagasy). Ny famonoan-tenany tamin' ny alalan' ny [[Sianida|sianiora]] tamin' ny taona 1937 no nanamarika ny fidiran' ny literatiora malagasy môderina. ==== Vanim-potoana manan-tantara ==== * [[Zanatanin' i Madagasikara sy ny tany miankina]] (1897-1958), [[Tolom-bahoaka tamin' ny 1947]] * [[Repoblika Malagasy|Repoblika voalohany (Madagascar)]] (1958-1975), [[Repoblika Demôkratika Malagasy|Repoblika Demokratika Malagasy]] (1975-1992) * [[Repoblikan' i Madagasikara (1992-2009)|Repoblika fahatelo (Madagascar)]] (1992-2010) ==== Gazety momba ny literatiora ==== * ''18 Degrees South Latitude'' (1923), ''Notebook Malagasy'' * ''Capricorn, The Madagascar Review'' * ''Tanamasoandro'', ''Mpanolotsaina'' * ''An-dRakoto'' (1938-1939) * ''Madagascar'' (1930-1931) * ''Madagascar Youth Review'' (&935) ==== Malagasy mpanoratra ==== * [[Rajaonah Tselatra]] (1863-1931), pôeta, mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra, ''Voninkazo 50'' (''50 fleurs'', 1912) * [[Ny Avana Ramanantoanina]] (1891-1940), pôeta, mpanoratra * [[Esther Razanadrasoa]] (1892-1931) * [[Pastora Rahajason]] (1897-1971), pôeta, mpanoratra * [[Eliza Freda]] (Alfred Andrianaly) (1900-?), mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra * [[Samuel Ratany]] (1901-1926), pôeta, novelista * [[Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo]] (1903-1937), pôeta, novelista, mpanoratra malagasy amin' ny teny frantsay voalohany, ''Imaitsoanala'' (1933-1936), ''Aux portes de la ville'' (1934-1935) * [[Fidelis Justin Rabetsimandranto]] (1907–1966), novelista, mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra * [[S. Bem]] (Randrianasolo) (1908-?), mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra * [[Laurent W. Ramambason]]<ref><small>{{Cite journal|date=01-01-2008|url=https://journals.openedition.org/oceanindien/1400}}</small>.</ref> (1909-), mpitoriteny, pôeta, ''Missiology'' (1999) * [[Antoine de Padoue Rahajarizafy.|Antoine de Padoue Rahajarizafy]] (1911-1974) ** {{Lien|langue=mg|trad=Régis Rajemisa Raolison|fr=Régis Rajemisa-Raolison}} (1913–1990){{,}}, pôeta, [[Fanabeazana|mpanabe]], ''Sur les marches du soir'' (1940), ''Rites millénaires'' (1955), ''Antsa'' (1956), ''Lamba'' (1956), ''Antidote'' (1961)... * [[Rabemananjara Jacques|Jacques Rabemananjara]] (1913-2005), pôeta, mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra, pôlitika * [[Raymond William Rabemananjara]] (1913–2010), mpahay tantara, mpanoratra * [[Dox (Jean Verdi Salomon Razakandrainy)|Dox]] na Jean Verdi Salomon Razakandraina (1913-1978), pôeta, mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra, mpanoratra tantara foronina, [[Fandikan-teny|mpandika teny]] * Flavien Ranaivo (1914–1999), pôeta, mpanoratra * [[Emilson Daniel Andriamalala]] (1918-1979){{,}}, mpanoratra tantara foronina, ''Ma Promise'' (1954 amin' ny teny malagasy, 2020 amin' ny teny frantsay) * {{Lien|langue=pt|trad=Elie-Charles Abraham|fr=Elie-Charles Abraham}} (1919–1989), pôeta * [[Georges Andriamanantena]] Rado (1923-2008), pôeta, mpanao gazety * [[Arthur Razakarivony]] (1897-?), mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra, ''Rodlish'' (1924), ''La bienfaisante vengeance'' (''Ny valifaty mahavelona'', 1925), ''Nofim-paradisa'' (1933), ''Le Jugement suprême'' (1939) * [[Clarisse Ratsifandrihamanana]] (1926-1987), pôeta, mpanoratra * [[Lucien Xavier Michel Andrianarahinjaka|Lucien Xavier Michel-Andrianarahinjaka]] (1929-1997), mpanoratra, pôlitika, pôeta * [[Esther Nirina]] (1932-2004), pôeta, mpiasa amin' ny tranom-boky * [[Pierre Randrianarisoa]] (1932-2010), mpahay tantara, pôeta, diplômaty, pôlitika * [[Esther Randriamamonjy]] (1933-) * {{lien|lang=en|trad=Ramilison Besigara|fr=Ramilison Besigara}} (1934-2009) (''Dadamily Besigara''), pôeta, mpikabary, mpamorona [[hiragasy]], mpanorina ny [[Tarika Ramilison Fenoarivo]] * [[Charlotte-Arrisoa Rafenomanjato]] (1936-2008), mpanoratra, mpandika teny, mpitantara angano, novelista, mpanoratra tantara foronina, mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra * {{Lien|langue=en|trad=Victor Georges Andriananjason|fr=Victor Georges Andriananjason}} (1940–), mpanao mozika, mpanoratra * [[Michèle Rakotoson]] (1948-), mpanoratra, mpanao gazety * [[Nestor Rabearizafy]] (1949-), mpampianatra eny amin' ny oniversite, pôeta, mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra, ''Nocturne pour un dire'' (2003), ''La Sève des jours'' (2004), ''Les Mots comestibles'' (2004) * [[Elie Rajaonarison|Élie Rajaonarison]] (1951-2010), pôeta * [[David Jaomanoro]] (1953–2014), pôeta, novelista, mpanoratra tantara foronina, mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra * [[Narcisse Randriamirado]] (1954-), mpanao gazety, novelista, mpanoratra tantara foronina, mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra * [[Hajasoa Vololona Picard]] ''Ravololonirina'' (1956-), mpampianatra eny amin' ny oniversite, pôlitika, pôeta, mpanoratra, ''De Jaspe et de sang'' (1998) * Naivo ([[Naivoharison Patrick Ramanmonjisoa]]) (1960-), mpanoratra tantara foronina, novelista, ''[[Au-delà des rizières]]'' (2012) * [[Johary Ravaloson]] (1965-), mpanoratra tantara foronina, novelista, ''Les Larmes d’Ietsé'' (2013), ''Géotropiques'' (2010), ''La Porte du Sud'' (2003) * [[Jean-Luc Raharimanana]] (1967-), mpanoratra, pôeta, mpanoratra tantara foronina, mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra, manoratra amin' ny teny frantsay, ''Le prophète et le président'' (1989), ''Lucarnes'' * [[Marie Ranjanoro]] (1990-), mpanoratra tantara foronina, ''Feux, fièvres, forêts'' (2023) * [[Hary Rabary]], mpanoratra tantara foronina, ''Zakoa'' (2023)  === Taonjato faha-21 === Kelly ny vanim-potoana manan-tantara: * [[Repoblikan' i Madagasikara (1992-2009)|Repoblika fahatelo (Madagascar)]] (1992-2010); * [[Krizy pôlitika teto Madagasikara tamin' ny 2009|Krizy politika 2009 teto Madagasikara]], * [[Repoblika Fahefatra (Madagasikara)|Repoblika fahefatra (Madagascar)]] nanomboka tamin’ny 2010 Mbola manan-danja toy ny hatramin' izay ny literatiora am-bava ankehitriny. Manaporofo izany ny [[karazana literatiora betsileo]] ('''''[[:fr:Genres_littéraires_Betsileo|fr]]'''''), amin’ny fiovaovana mahakasika ny zavatra iainana ankehitriny izay hita ao amin' ny lahateny ([[kabary]], [[hainteny]]), ao amin' ny [[hira]], ao amin' ny [[Hiragasy|vakodrazana]], ao amin' ny [[toriteny]], ao amin' ny [[fampielezam-peo]] ary ao amin' ny [[fahitalavitra]] sns. Ny mpanoratra mavitrika malaza ankehitriny dia: * Naivo ('''''[[:en:Naivo|en]]''''') ([[Naivoharison Patrick Ramanmonjisoa]]) (1960-), mpanoratra tantara foronina, novelista, ''Au-delà des rizières'', Paris, Sépia, 2012 * [[Johary Ravaloson]] (1965-), mpanoratra tantara foronina, novelista, ''Les Larmes d’Ietsé '', ''Géotropiques'', ''La Porte du Sud'' * [[Jean-Luc Raharimanana]] (1967-), mpanoratra, pôeta, mpanoratra tantara foronina, mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra, manoratra amin' ny teny fratsay, ''Le prophète et le président'' (1989), ''Lucarnes'' * [[Solofo Randrianja]], mpanoratra, mpahay tantara, mpampianatra amin' ny oniversite. == Karazana literatiora == === Hiragasy === [[Sary:1FACE_COUVERTURE_FACE_OPERA_MADAGASCAR.tif|vignette|322x322px| Emeline Raholiarisoa manao ny opéra [[Hiragasy|hiradasy]] miaraka amin’ny tarika Tarika Ramilison Fenoarivo rainy. Milamina manodidina ny tarika ny mpanatrika. Tany Ambatolampy no nitranga ny seho tamin’ny taona 1997.]] Ny [[Tarika Ramilison Fenoarivo]] (''[[:fr:Tarika_Ramilison_Fenoarivo|fr]]'') dia mivondrona ary efa nanomboka ny taona 1986 no nikarakara hetsika teo amin’ny sehatry ny fialamboly, ny fanabeazana ary ny toekarena firaisankina malaza. [[Ramilison Besigara]] ('''''[[:en:Ramilison_Besigara|en]]'''''), hoy i Dadamily Besigara ( [[Ambatokely]], 1934 – [[Isotry]], 2009) no mpanorina sy mpitarika azy. I [[Perline Razafiarisoa]] ('''''[[:fr:Perline_Razafiarisoa|fr]]''''') (1963-2007) dia malaza amin' ny fanaovana hiragasy<ref><small>"[https://www.madagascar-vision.com/tradition-kabary-malagasy/ La tradition orale et théâtre rural à Madagascar – Kabary -Hain-teny- culture orale]", ''www.madagascar-vision.com''</small></ref>. === Tantara an-tsary === * [[Anselme Razafindrainibe]] ('''''[[:fr:Anselme_Razafindrainibe|fr]]''''') == Rafitra mikarakara ny literatiora == * [[Akademia Malagasy]] (1902) * [[:Sokajy:Prix littéraire à Madagascar|Loka literatiora eto Madagasikara]] * Prix littéraire des Alliances Françaises de Madagascar (2018) * [[Prix des Mascareignes]] ('''''[[:fr:Prix_des_Mascareignes|fr]]''''') * Éditions Jeunes Malgaches (2004) ('''''[[:fr:Éditions_Jeunes_Malgaches|fr]]''''') == Literatiora araka ny fijery tsy malagasy == [[Sary:Couverture-Histoire-Madagascar-Flacourt.PNG|vignette|346x346px|Fonon' ny ''L'histoire de la Grande Isle'' (1661), nosoratan' i [[Étienne de Flacourt]], misy famintinana ny ''[[Ibonia]].'']] Indreto kosa ny mpanoratra tsy malagasy nanoratra momba an' i [[Madagasikara]] sy ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]]<ref><small>Nadika avy amin' ny [[:fr:Littérature_malgache#Littérature_sur_Madagascar_:_regards_non_malgaches|pejy]] ao amin' ny Wikipedia amin' ny teny frantsay tamin' ny 16/07/2025</small></ref>. * Pôrtogey mpahita tany<ref><small>Filipe F.R. Thomaz, Luis, « [https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_2009_num_78_1_4147 La découverte de Madagascar par les Portugais au XVIe siècle] », Archipel, Persée - Portail des revues scientifiques en SHS, vol. 78, no 1,‎ 2009, p. 153–180 (DOI 10.3406/arch.2009.4147, [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Farch_0044-8613_2009_num_78_1_4147 archive]]).</small></ref> * Diabe frantsay, ara-pivavahana sy ara-tafika; arsiva ara-diplômasia sy ara-toekarena ... * Tantara foronina momba ny tontolon' ny fanjanahantany ('''''[[:fr:Roman_colonial|fr]]''''') nosoratan' ny [[Vazaha eto Madagasikara|Vazaha]] na momba azy ireo. * Nivoelisoa Galibert, ''Chronobibliographie analytique de la littérature de voyage imprimée en français sur l’Océan Indien (Madagascar-Réunion-Maurice) des origines à 1896'', Paris, Honoré Champion, 2000 * Nivo Andrianjafy-Ratsiomihamina, ''Madagascar dans la littérature française de 1558 à 1990'', Thèse de Doctorat d’Etat de Lettres, Paris-Nord, 1995 * Françoise Chenet (eo ambany fitarihan' ny), ''Routes malgaches'', Revue ''Les carnets de l’exotisme'', no 2-3, Poitiers, Le Torii éditions, 1990 === Taonjato faha-17 === * [[Étienne de Flacourt]] (1607-1660),, ''Histoire de la Grande Isle Madagascar, Nouvelle édition annotée, augmentée et présentée par Claude Allibert'' (1661), 2007, Paris, Karthala, 712 p * Claude Allibert (dir.), ''Autour d’Etienne de Flacourt'', Revue « Etudes Océan Indien », no 23-24,Paris, INALCO === Taonjato faha-18 === * [[Daniel Defoe]] (1660-1731), ''Madagascar ou le journal de Robert Drury'', Londres, 1729 * [[Évariste de Parny]] (1753-1814), ''Chansons madécasses'', 1787 === Taonjato faha-19 === * [[Ida Pfeiffer]] (1797-1858), ''Voyage à Madagascar'', 1881 * [[André Coppalle]] (1800?-1850?), ''Voyage dans l’intérieur de Madagascar et à la capitale du roi Radama I'' en 1825-1826 (1910) ,, éditions la Lanterne magique, Paris, 2006 * B.-F. Leguével de Lacombe (1800?-1870?) , ''Voyage à Madagascar et aux îles Comores : 1823 à 1830'' (1840) * Émile Raymond Blavet (1838-1924), ''Au pays malgache'' (1897) * Henri Pouget de Saint André (1858-1932), ''La colonisation de Madagascar sous Louis XV, d'après la correspondance inédite du comte de Maudave'' (1886) * Etienne Grosclaude (1858-1932), ''Un Parisien à Madagascar'' (1898) * [[Henri Louis Douliot]] (1859-1892), ''Journal du voyage fait sur la côte ouest de Madagascar, 1891-1892'', ''Bulletin de la Société de Géographie'', 1893, 1895 et 1896 === Taonjato faha-20 === * Edouard Deburaux (1864-1904), Léo Dex et Maurice Dibos, ''Voyage et aventures d'un aérostat à travers Madagascar insurgée'', 1901, réédition 2009 * Pierre Mille (1864-1941), ''Mes trônes et dominations'' (1936) * Charles Renel (1866-1925), ''La race inconnue'' (1910), ''La coutume des ancêtres'' (1913), ''Le "décivilisé"'' (1923), ''La fille de l'île rouge'' (1924), ''L'oncle d'Afrique'' (1926) * Myriam Harry (1869-1958), ''Routes malgaches'' (1943) * Charles Renel (1870-1925), ''La race inconnue'' (1910), ''Le décivilisé'', ''La coutume des ancêtres'', ''La fille de l’Île Rouge'', ''L’oncle d’Afrique'', ''La métisse'' * Roger Martin du Gard (1881-1958), ''Le voyage à Madagascar'' (1934) * Jean Paulhan (1884-1968), ''Aytré qui perd l’habitude'' (1910) * Pierre Benoit (1886-1962), ''Le Commandeur'' (1960) * Jean d'Esme (1894-1966), ''Epave australe'' (1931) * Octave Mannoni (1899-1989), ethnologue, philosophe, psychanalyste, ''Prospero et Caliban. Psychologie de la colonisation'' (1950) * Victor Sartre (1902-2000), évêque, ''Mémoires : pour l'histoire à Madagascar-- 1933-1990'' (2008) * André Brunel (1912-1981), médecin * [[Claude Simon]] (1913-2005), ''L’acacia'' (1989) * Max-Pol Fouchet (1913-1980), ''Les peuples nus'' (1953) * Robert Mallet (1915-2002), recteur de l’université de Tananarive, ''Mahafaliennes'' (1961), ''Région inhabitée'' (1964) * Jean-Maurice Comte (1921-?), ''Les rizières du Bon Dieu'' (1966) * George Lejamble (1921-2001), ''Les Coloniaux'', ''Les chênes de la place Colbert, ou BBC nostalgie'' * Ferdinand Déléris (1922-2009), ''Le Vazaha'' * Jacques Lalut (1923-2011), ''La Promesse'' * Alain Gandy (1924-2015), ''Le sang des colons'' * Louis Szumski (1927-2000), ''Les Mikeha'' * Guy Pommereau (1928-), ''Tropiques d’antan'' (1993) * Patrick Cauvin (1932-2010), ''Villa Vanille'' * Pierre Sogno (1932-), ''Ranavalo, reine cruelle'' (1990) * Adrien Le Bihan (1938-), ''Retour de Lémurie'' (1993) * Monique Agénor (1940-), ''Comme un vol de papang''(1998), ''Cocos-de-mer'' (2000). * Suzanne Mollet (1940?), Lucile Allorge (1937-), ''Histoire du parc botanique et zoologique de Tsimbazaza'' (2000) * Bernard Ucla (1942 ?), ''Madagascar, les larmes du roi Radame'' (1992) * Jean-Patrick Lebel (1942-2012), cinéaste * Chantal Serrière (1946-), ''Pangalanes, retour à Madagascar'' (2001) * Jacques Lardoux (1944-), ''Mihamavana Madagascar'' (1999) * Antoine (chanteur) (1944-) * Jean-Marie Seillan (1946-), <nowiki>''</nowiki>''La (para)littérature (pré)coloniale à la fin du <abbr>XIX^e</abbr> siècle'' * Éric Nonn (1947-2017), ''Imerina'' (1998) * François Thibaux (1947-) * Daniel Vaxelaire (1948-), ''Chasseurs de Noirs'' (1982), ''L’île des damnés'' (1999) * [[Pedro Opeka]] (1948-), mpanao asa soa * Dominique Ranaivoson (1950 ?-), ''La littérature coloniale entre 1896 et 1960'' (à Madagascar) * Jean Decampe (1951?-1992), ''L’ombrelle écarlate'' (1992) * Madeleine Malet (1952-), ''Zanatane, Fleur de lances'' (1997) * Philippe Jeantot (1952-2016), navigateur * Philippe Eidel (1956-2018), musicien * Jean-Luc Coatalem (1959-), ''Les beaux horizons'' (1997) * Laurence Ink (1960-), ''Chants de corail et d’argent'' (2001) === Taonjato faha-21 === * Michaël Ferrier (1967-), ''Memoirs from Overseas'', Paris, Gallimard, 2015 * Douna Loup (1982-), ''The Stormy'', Paris, Mercure de France, 2015 == Tovana == === Bibliôgrafia === * [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]], ''Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache de langue française'', Paris, PUF, 1948 * [[Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo|Rabearivelo]], ''Vieilles chansons des pays d’Imerina'', Editions Madprint, 1967 * [[Rabemananjara Jacques|Jacques Rabemananjara]], ''Antsa'', poèmes, Paris, Présence Africaine, 1956, ''Lucarnes'', Paris, Le Serpent à plumes, 1996 * [[Michèle Rakotoson]], ''Juillet au pays : chroniques d’un retour à Madagascar'', Bordeaux, Elytis, 2007 * [https://www.bibliothequemalgache.com/bme/bme.html Bibliothèque malgache électronique gratuite] ([https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibliothequemalgache.com%2Fbme%2Fbme.html arsiva]) * Dominique Ranaivoson, ''Iza moa, petit dictionnaire historique de Madagascar'', Tananarive-Paris, Tsipika-Karthala, 2004 * Dominique Ranaivoson, ''La prod+uction littéraire francophone à Madagascar depuis 1980'', thèse, 2001 * Didier Mauro, ''Madagascar, l'opéra du peuple, anthropologie d'un fait social total : l'art Hira Gasy entre tradition et rébellion'', Paris, Éditions Karthala, France, 2001. <small>(<nowiki>ISBN 978-2-84586-019-3</nowiki>)</small> === Diskôgrafia === * ''Les littératures des îles de l'océan Indien'' par Jean-Louis Joubert, (enregistrement lors de la rencontre ''Couleur saphir'', <abbr>n^o</abbr> 91, du 27 février 2004), ARCC, Paris, 51' == Jereo koa == * [[Kolontsaina malagasy]] * [[Fanabeazana eto Madagasikara]] * [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenen' ny Frankôfônia|Frankôfônia]] * [[Lisitry ny mpanoratra malagasy]] == Rohy ivelany == * [https://malagasy.hypotheses.org/ Littérature malgache sur ''malagasy.hypotheses.org''] * [http://ile-en-ile.org/lit-malgache/ Littérature malgache sur ''ile-en-ile.org''] * [http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20161124-francophonie-litterature-malgache-rabearivelo-rabemananjara-rakotoson-raharimanana Tirthankar Chanda, '' Littérature francophone malgache: engagement et double appartenance'', article sur ''rfi''] * [https://journals.openedition.org/oceanindien/1398 François-Xavier Razafimahatratra, ''De l’exil à la nostalgie au travers de la littérature malgache'', 2008, article] * [http://www.sielec.net/pages_site/DESTINATIONS/AFRIQUE/Ranaivoson_madagascar/Ranaivoson_madagascar_1.htm Dominique Ranaivoson ( Université Rennes III), ''Littérature coloniale à Madagascar'', Site SIELEC (Société Internationale d'Études des littératures de l'Ère Coloniale, 2005 ?] * [https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00834726 Njaka Tsitohaina Ramiandrarivo, ''La littérature malgache d’expression française, une littérature en exil, une littérature de l’exil, une littérature des exilés''] * [http://books.openedition.org/pum/9639?lang=fr Nivoelisoa D. Galibert, ''Madagascar : les écrivaines des années 1980 et la langue française''] * [http://mondemalgache.org/bins/alphaLists Site ''Monde malgache''.org, section lexique], [http://www.mondemalgache.org/bins/sources section auteurs''] * [https://noocultures.info/litterature-malgache-les-auteurs-contemporains-malgaches-contraints-a-lautoedition/ ''Littérature à Madagascar, les auteurs contemporains contraints à s’autoéditer''] * [http://ellaf.huma-num.fr/litteratures/litterature-en-malgache/ Littérature en malgache, site ELLAF] * [http://ellaf.huma-num.fr/corpora/corpora-malgaches/malgache-oralite-textes-narratifs/ Corpus de textes malgaches, site ELLAF] * [https://www.soumbala.com/ Site Soumbala.com, ''Portail francophone du livre africain''] {{Wayback|url=https://www.soumbala.com/ |date=20250601014415 }} * [https://fr.mondemalgache.org/bins/homePage Jean-Marie de la Beaujardière, ''Dictionnaire Malgache et Encyclopédie de Madagascar'', site ''fr.mondemalgache.org''] {{Wayback|url=https://fr.mondemalgache.org/bins/homePage |date=20221118142620 }} * [https://bibliotheque.auf.org/doc_num.php?explnum_id=235 Virginie Coulon, Bibliographie francophone de littérature africaine, EDICEF/AUPELF, 1994] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250602034027/https://sismo.inha.fr/s/fr/item?property%5B0%5D%5Bproperty%5D=dcterms:coverage&property%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=eq&property%5B0%5D%5Btext%5D=Madagascar Anciennes revues de Madagascar, ''Portail mondial des revues'', site sismo.inha.fr] * [https://lemurie.blogspot.com/ ''Lettres de Lémurie'' (Comores, Madagascar, Maurice, La Réunion)] * [https://www.aedim.mg/ Association des éditeurs de Madagascar] {{Wayback|url=https://www.aedim.mg/ |date=20240618205343 }} (AEDIM) * [https://data.bnf.fr/fr/11932388/15325769/madagascar/ Bibliographie BNF sur Madagascar] == Laha-tsary == <gallery> Sary:Esther_Razanadrasoa.JPG|lien=Fichier:Esther_Razanadrasoa.JPG| [[Esther Razanadrasoa]] (1892-1931) Sary:Jean-Joseph_Rabearivelo.jpg|lien=Fichier:Jean-Joseph_Rabearivelo.jpg| [[Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo]] (1901c-1937) Sary:Lucien_Xavier_Michel-Andrianarahinjaka_2.jpg|lien=Fichier:Lucien_Xavier_Michel-Andrianarahinjaka_2.jpg| [[Lucien Xavier Michel Andrianarahinjaka|Lucien Xavier Michel-Andrianarahinjaka]] (1929-1997) Sary:Pierre_Randrianarisoa_en_2000.jpg|lien=Fichier:Pierre_Randrianarisoa_en_2000.jpg| [[Pierre Randrianarisoa]] (1932-2010) Sary:Elie_Rajaonarison_Malagasy_Poet.jpg|lien=Fichier:Elie_Rajaonarison_Malagasy_Poet.jpg| [[Elie Rajaonarison|Élie Rajaonarison]] (1951-2010) </gallery><gallery> Sary:Jean_Luc_Raharimanana.jpg|lien=Fichier:Jean_Luc_Raharimanana.jpg| [[Jean-Luc Raharimanana]] (1977-) </gallery> == Loharano sy fanamarihana == a9xvi1yv0lu3rsoltoh7s4aq5cdpd20 14 293411 1152882 1105374 2026-11-03T11:24:26Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152882 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sokajy:Endrika]][[Sokajy:Ghana]] ap3fw9ab590z94vyeyg7xzmrivdh7hz 14 293413 1152887 1105378 2026-11-03T11:26:06Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152887 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sokajy:Politika]] [[Sokajy:Ghana]] ofo17jx8dnfy9adpufc7vyy0bnp9g21 14 293414 1152883 1105383 2026-11-03T11:24:40Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152883 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sokajy:Ghana]] [[Sokajy:Vahoaka]] lh1mf0m7iub9d8qxb7kz0eqeyhtvfg0 0 294197 1152869 1129553 2026-11-03T09:17:13Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 Sokajy:Reich fahatelo 1152869 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Balkenkreuz.svg|thumb|left|Wehrmacht]] [[File:War ensign of Germany (1938–1945).svg|thumb|War Ensign of Germany 1938–1945]] Nandritra ny vanim-potoanan'ny [[Nazisma|Nazi]], ny '''Wehrmacht''' dia nanondro ny [[tafika]] [[Alemaina|alemà]] manontolo nanomboka tamin'ny Martsa 1935. Nivoatra avy amin'ny ''Reichswehr'' an'ny [[Repoblikan'i Weimar]] izy io. Taorian'ny fanovana ny anarana hoe ''Reichswehr'' ho '''Wehrmacht''', izay nanomboka tamin'ny fampidirana indray ny miaramila sy ny Lalàna momba ny fanarenana ny Wehrmacht, dia nomena anarana ny sampana roa an'ny tafika, ny ''Reichsheer'' (Tafika Reich) ary ny ''Reichsmarine'' (Tafika an-dranomasina Reich). Nandritra izany fotoana izany, ny ''Luftwaffe'' (Tafika an'habakabaka) dia napetraka ho sampana fahatelo amin'ny tafika. Nofoanana ny Wehrmacht tamin’ny 20 Septambra 1945, tamin’ny alalan’ny Fanambarana laharana faha-2 ao amin’ny Filan-kevitry ny Fiaraha-miombon’antoka. [[File:Franz Liss - colorized.jpg|thumb|left|Miaramila Wehrmacht]] [[File:Ein Wolgatatarischer Soldat in Wehrmachtsuniform - koleriert.jpg|thumb|t]] ==Taorian'ny 1945== Natao tamin'ny 1955 ny fiadiana alemana; ny tafika ankehitriny dia antsoina hoe ''Bundeswehr'' (Tafika Alemà). Tao amin'ny [[Repoblika Demôkratika Alemàna]] dia nisy ny ''NVA'' (Tafika Nasionalin'ny Vahoaka) hatramin'ny 1991. [[Sokajy:Tafika]] [[Sokajy:Reich fahatelo]] [[Sokajy:Miaramila alemà]] b8ihrku15smtu8gggpc0ths3ci2h4cy 0 295024 1152800 1128095 2026-11-02T14:44:14Z Thelezifor 15140 Nandamina lahatsoratra 1152800 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Salix formosa1.jpg|vignette|346x346px|''Salix formosa'']] Ny '''''Salicaceae''''' dia fianakavian-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] [[roa ravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny filaharana [[Malpighiales]]. Ity fianakaviana ity dia ahitana karazany maro, manomboka amin' ny [[kirihitra]] madinika ka hatramin' ny [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]] eny amin' ny faritra iva sy an-tendrombohitra. Ny fanadihadiana momba ny [[fototarazo]] nofintinin' ny [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] (APG) dia nanitatra be ny fianakaviana ''Salicaceae'' ka ahitana vondron-karazana 56 sy karazana 1&nbsp;220 eo ho eo, anisan' izany ny karazana tao amin' ny ''[[Scyphostegiaceae]]'' maniry any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy ny maro amin' ny karazana tao amin' ny ''[[Flacourtiaceae]]'' taloha. Ao amin' ny [[fanasokajian' i Cronquist]] teo aloha, ny ''Salicaceae'' dia nomena filaharana manokana, [[Salicales]], ary misy vondron-karazana telo, ''Salix'' sy ''Populus'' ary ''Chosenia'' (ankehitriny syn. ''Salix''). Fantatra fa mifandray akaiky amin' ny ''[[Violaceae]]'' sy ''[[Passifloraceae]]'' ity fianakaviana ity izay napetraky ny APG ao amin' ny filaharana [[Malpighiales]]. Eo amin' ny famaritana vaovao, ny ankamaroan' ny mpikambana ao amin' ilay fianakaviana dia [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]] na [[kirihitra]] izay manana [[ravina tsotra]] miaraka amin' ny fandaminana [[Ravina mifandimby|mifandimby]], ary matetika ny mpikambana dia mihantona. Manana sisin-dravina misy kinifinifiny ny ankamaroan' ny karazana. Matetika manana vony kely sy tsy dia hita ny karazana ao amin' ilay fianakaviana. == Lisitry ny vondron-karazana == [[Sary:20110716Salix alba.jpg|vignette|''Salix alba''']] Inty ny lisitry ny vondron-karazana ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''Salicaceae'': * ''[[Abatia]]'' Ruiz & Pavón (tafiditra ao anatiny ny ''Aphaerema'') * ''[[Ahernia]]'' Merrill * ''[[Azara]]'' Ruiz & Pavón * ''[[Banara]]'' Aublet * ''[[Bartholomaea]]'' Standley & Steyermark * ''[[Bembicia]]'' <small>Oliver</small> * ''[[Bennettiodendron]]'' Merrill * ''[[Bivinia]]'' <small>Tulasne</small> * ''[[Byrsanthus]]'' Guillemin * ''[[Calantica]]'' <small>Tulasne</small> * ''[[Carrierea]]'' Franchet * ''[[Casearia]]'' <small>Jacquin</small> (tafiditra ao anatiny ny ''Hecatostemon'', ny ''Laetia'', ny ''Samyda'', ary ny ''Zuelania'') * ''[[Dianyuea]]'' C. Shang ''et al''. * ''[[Dissomeria]]'' Bentham * ''[[Dovyalis]]'' Arnott * ''[[Euceraea]]'' Martius * ''[[Flacourtia]]'' <small>L'Heritier</small> * ''[[Hasseltia]]'' Kunth * ''[[Hasseltiopsis]]'' Sleumer * ''[[Hemiscolopia]]'' van Slooten * ''[[Homalium]]'' <small>Jacquin</small> * ''[[Idesia]]'' <small>Maximowicz</small> * ''[[Irenodendron]]'' Alford & Dement * ''[[Itoa]]'' Hemsley * ''[[Ludia]]'' <small>de Jussieu</small> * ''[[Lunania]]'' Hooker * ''[[Macrohasseltia]]'' L. O. Williams * ''[[Macrothumia]]'' M.H.Alford * ''[[Neopringlea]]'' S. Watson * ''[[Neoptychocarpus]]'' Buchheim * ''[[Neosprucea]]'' Sleumer * ''[[Olmediella]]'' Baillon * ''[[Oncoba]]'' Forsskahl * ''[[Ophiobotrys]]'' Gilg * ''[[Osmelia]]'' Thwaites (tafiditra ao anatiny ny ''Pseudosmelia'') * ''[[Pineda]]'' Ruiz & Pavón * ''[[Piparea]]'' Aublet * ''[[Pleuranthodendron]]'' L. O. Williams * ''[[Poliothyrsis]]'' Oliver * ''[[Populus]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Prockia]]'' L. * †''[[Pseudosalix]]'' Boucher, Manchester, & Judd * ''[[Pseudoscolopia]]'' Gilg * ''[[Ryania]]'' Vahl * ''[[Salix]]'' <small>L.</small> * †''[[Saxifragispermum]]'' Reid & Chandler * ''[[Scolopia]]'' <small>Schreber</small> * ''[[Scyphostegia]]'' Stapf * ''[[Tetrathylacium]]'' Poeppig & Endlicher * ''[[Tisonia]]'' <small>Baillon</small> * ''[[Trichostephanus]]'' Gilg * ''[[Trimeria]]'' Harvey * †''[[Utkholokia]]'' (Cheleb.) Iljinskaja & Chelb. * ''[[Xylosma]]'' G. Forster (tafiditra ao anatiny ny ''Priamosia'' sy ny ''Lasiochlamys'') === Vondron-karazana misy eto Madagasikara === Indreto ny vondron-karazana ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''Salicaceae'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]]: * ''[[Bembicia]]'' <small>Oliver</small> * ''[[Bivinia]]'' <small>Tulasne</small> * ''[[Calantica]]'' <small>Tulasne</small> * ''[[Casearia]]'' <small>Jacquin</small> * ''[[Flacourtia]]'' <small>L'Heritier</small> * ''[[Homalium]]'' <small>Jacquin</small> * ''[[Ludia]]'' <small>de Jussieu</small> * ''[[Scolopia]]'' <small>Schreber</small> * ''[[Tisonia]]'' <small>Baillon</small> == Jereo koa == * ''[[Flacourtiaceae]]'' * ''[[Passifloraceae]]'' * ''[[Scyphostegiaceae]]'' * ''[[Violaceae]]'' jlve5sn7jivflt59v4d6oh5sa2yfqir 0 295949 1152857 1142647 2026-11-03T06:14:09Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152857 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Julia Zanatta.jpg|thumb|Julia Zanatta]] '''Júlia Pedroso Zanatta''' dia [[mpisolovava]], [[mpanao gazety]] ary [[mpanao politika]] mizaka ny zom-pirenen'i {{Brazila}}, teraka ny 20 Martsa 1985 tao [[Criciúma]]. ==Tantaram-piainany== Miaraka amin'ny mari-pahaizana momba ny asa fanaovan-gazety sy ny lalàna, izy dia misolo tena ny zo hiaro tena, fahalalahana ara-toekarena, ary ny fizakan-tenan'ny fianakaviana amin'ny fanabeazana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hcnoticias.com.br/geral/67500/deputada-julia-zanatta-denuncia-doutrinacao-ideologica-em-escola-de-sao-bonifacio |title=Deputada Júlia Zanatta denuncia doutrinação ideológica em escola de São Bonifácio |access-date=2025-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428191508/https://www.hcnoticias.com.br/geral/67500/deputada-julia-zanatta-denuncia-doutrinacao-ideologica-em-escola-de-sao-bonifacio |archive-date=2025-04-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Zanatta dia manakiana ny antsoiny hoe "fampidirana ideolojika" any an-tsekoly ary manohitra ny zo hampitsahatra ny fitondrana vohoka. Zanatta dia manambady mpisolovava Guilherme Colombo. == Fahombiazana amin'ny fifidianana == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Taona !Fifidianana !Antoko !Position !Vato !% !Vokatra !Ref |- |2020 |Fifidianana monisipaly [[Criciúma]] | [[Partido Liberal|PL]] | Ben'ny tanàna |6,953 |7,03% |Tsy voafidy | <ref>[https://g1.globo.com/sc/santa-catarina/eleicoes/2020/resultado-das-apuracaoes/criciuma.ghtml Voka-pifidianana sy fanisana Criciúma-SC]</ref> |- |2022 |Fifidianana Fanjakana any [[Santa Catarina]] | [[Partido Liberal|PL]] | Deputada federaly |111,588 |2,81% | Voafidy |<ref>[https://g1.globo.com/sc/santa-catarina/eleicoes/2022/apuracao/governador.ghtml| Fanisana ny Fifidianana Governemanta 2022 ao [[Santa Catarina]]]</ref> |} {{commonscat}} {{CLEDETRI:Zanatta, Julia}} [[Sokajy:Mpanao politika ao Santa Catarina]] [[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1985]] [[Sokajy:solombavambahoaka breziliana|Zanatta, Julia]] [[Sokajy:Mpanao gazety bresiliana|Zanatta, Julia]] [[Sokajy:Partido Liberal|Zanatta, Julia]] [[Sokajy:mpisolovava breziliana|Zanatta, Julia]] 6ix4mijine7bvjwjfe5fjgdod5yls6k 0 296034 1152870 1121890 2026-11-03T10:15:58Z HBoina 40172 Nanampy 1152870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox olona |anarana=Michaël Randrianirina |asa=[[Filoham-pirenena]] [[miaramila]] |firenena={{Madagasikara}} |anarana hafa= |sary= |teraka=23 aogositra 1973 |seha-pitiavana= |image= |Fonction preceda=Gouverneur du region Androy|Autre fonction=Colonel d'armée militaire Commandant CAPSAT|Etude=Officier militaire ACMIL Antsirabe}} I '''Michaël Randrianirina''', teraka tamin'ny 23 Aogositra 1974 tao Sevohipoty, [[faritra Androy|faritra Ambovombe Androy]], dia manamboninahitra ambony ao amin'ny [[Foloalindahy Malagasy]]. Niiatra tao amin'ny akademy an'ny tafika ao Antsirabe (ACMIL). Amin'ny maha-komandin'ny [[CAPSAT]] (''Corps d'Armée des personnels et des services administratifs et techniques''), sangany amin'ny tafika malagasy, dia lasa olo-malaza tamin'ny fihetsiketsehana tamin'ny Oktobra 2025 sy ny fanonganam-panjakana taorian'izay. Tamin'ny 14 Oktobra 2025, taorian'ny fandosiran'ny filoha [[Rajoelina Andry|Andry Rajoelina]] sy ny fandroahana azy avy eo anivon'ny [[Antenimierampirenena]], dia nandrombaka ny fahefana izy ary nanao fianianana ny [[Fitsarana momba ny Lalàmpanorenana|Fitsarana Avo momba ny Lalàmpanorenana]] ny 17 Oktobra 2025<ref>[http://www.hcc.gov.mg/?p=9647 Haute Cour Constitutionnelle]</ref>. Efa goverinora ny faritra Androhy izy tamin'ny fitondran'i Filoha Andry Rajoelina. ==Tantaram-piainany== ===Asa miaramila=== [[Kolonely]] ao amin'ny [[Tafika Malagasy]] i Michaël Randrianirina, miofana ao amin'ny [[Akademia Miaramila Antsirabe]] (ACMIL) ary komandin'ny CAPSAT, sangany manana ny maha izy azy eo anivon'ny fiarovam-pirenena. ==Fitanana am-ponja tamin' ny 2024== Voalaza fa voaheloka ary notanana vetivety ny kolonely Randrianirina tamin' ny volana Novambra 2023 ka hatramin'ny Febroary 2024, talohan'ny niverenany amin'ny asany indray taorian'ny nidirany tao amin'ny [[Hopitaly Soavinandriana]]. ==Finoana ara-pivavahana== Mpikambana mavitrika ao amin'ny [[Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy]] ny kolonely Randrianirina izay [[Fifohazana (kristianisma malagasy)|mpiandry]], izany hoe [[Laîka|laika]] nomena fahefana [[Diakra|diakona]]. == Mari-pankasitrahana == * [[sary:MDG_National_Order_-_Grand_Cross_1st_Class_BAR.png|50px|MDG National Order - Grand Cordon BAR]] Grand-croix - 1re classe de l'[[Ordre national malgache]] (2025) == Jereo koa == * [[Repoblikan' i Madagasikara (1992-2009)]] *[[Andry Rajoelina]] {{Filohan'i Madagasikara}} == Loharano sy fanamariana == {{Ref}} {{commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Randrianirina, Michaël}} [[Sokajy:Politika ao Madagasikara|Randrianirina]] [[Sokajy:Mpanao politika malagasy|Randrianirina]] [[Sokajy:Filohan'i Madagasikara|Randrianirina]] [[Sokajy:Michaël Randrianirina|Randrianirina]] [[Sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1973]] [[Sokajy:Koronely malagasy|Randrianirina]] 293yn3vb2grk9v9zzh63nye98toqxie 0 296152 1152818 1132832 2026-11-03T01:03:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152818 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Coccinia grandis fruit.jpg|vignette|331x331px|Ravina, voniny (fotsy), voany masaka (mena) sns amin' ny ''Coccinia grandis'']] Ny '''''Coccinia grandis''''' dia karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]], ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Cucurbitaceae]]''. Izy io dia [[zavamaniry ahitra]] maniry mihoatra ny roa taona, mianika, teratany any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly aty [[Afrika]] sy [[Azia]]. Matetika izy io no hita any amin' ny fanjakana maro any [[India]] izay anaovan' ny olona azy sakafo. Ny ''Coccinia grandis'' dia ahandroina atao [[legioma]]. Any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]] dia ambolena izy io mba hahazoana tsimoka tanora sy ny voany azo hanina. == Toetoetrany == Ny ''Coccinia grandis'' dia zavamaniry ahitra, [[vahy]] [[Zavamaniry mianika|mianika]] na mandady, [[Zavamaniry velona mihoatra ny roa taona|velona mihoatra ny roa taona]] noho ny fananany faka mibontsina ka lasa vodiny. Misy lahy sy vavy ity zavamaniry ity (diôika). === Tahony === [[Sary:(Coccinia grandis) at Madhurawada 02.JPG|vignette|Raviny sy tahony ary voan' ny ''Coccinia grandis'' manta]] Ny tahon' ny ''Coccinia grandis'', izay tsy misy volovolony, dia mety hanana halavany hatramin' ny 20 m. Ireo tahony ireo dia misy [[tangolika]] mpanampy tsotra. Raha mandady amin' ny tany ny tahony dia ivoahan' ny faka saika amin' ny tonony rehetra, izay mihalehibe sady manjary vodiny, ka miteraka zanany maro ary ahafahany mitombo taranaka amin' ny fomba mahomby. === Raviny === Mifandimby sy feno ny ravin' ny ''Coccinia grandis,'' izay manana halava mahatratra 15 sm. Mizara dimy ny [[felan-dravina]], izay miendrika fo eo amin' ny fotony sady manana tendro maranitra. Mety hahatratra halavany 5 sm ny [[Tangozan-dravina|tangozan-draviny]]. === Voniny === [[Sary:Starr 020620-0060 Coccinia grandis.jpg|vignette|193x193px|Vonin' ny ''Coccinia grandis'' ]] Mipoitra eo ampototry ny ravina ny vonin' ny ''Coccinia grandis'', izay matetika manirery. Lahy na vavy ny voniny izay manana felambony miendrika atody miisa dimy, miloko fotsy. Manana lahimbony telo ny voniny lahy, Lasa lahimbony momba izany ao amin' ny voniny vavy. Ity farany ity dia manana fihary atodinaina ambany. === Voany === [[Sary:(Coccinia grandis) at Madhurawada 03.jpg|ankavia|vignette|209x209px|Voan' ny ''Coccinia grandis'' manta]] [[Sary:Coccinia grandis (Cucurbitaceae).jpg|vignette|211x211px|Voan' ny ''Coccinia grandis'' masaka]] Miendrika atody lavalava, manana halava mirefy 2,5 hatramin' ny 6 sm ny voan' ny ''Coccinia grandis''. Malambolambo ny hodiny ary miloko maitso amin' ny voalohany sady misy soritsoritra mazava kokoa, izay mivadika mena midorehitra rehefa masaka. Misy vihiny maromaro mirefy 6 mm eo ho eo ireo voany ireo. Misy ny manana tsiro mamy fa misy koa ny mangidy. Ahitana [[beta-karôtenina]] betsaka ny voan' ny ''Coccinia grandis''. == Jeôgrafia sy ekôlôjia == === Faritra eto ambonin' ny tany anirany === [[Sary:Coccinia grandis11.JPG|vignette|''Coccinia grandis'']] Ny ''Coccinia grandis'' dia teratany aty [[Afrika]] ka hatrany [[Azia]]. Aty Afrika dia hita any [[Senegaly]] ka hatrany [[Sômalia]] sy any [[Tanzania]], mandalo an' i [[Malỳ|Maly]], i [[Tsady]], [[Sodàna|Sodana]], [[Etiôpia]], [[Eritrea]], [[Nizerià|Nizeria]], [[Kamerona]], [[Repoblikan' i Afrika Afovoany]], [[Repoblika Demôkratikan'i Kôngô|Repoblika Demôkratikan’ i Kôngô]], [[Oganda]] ary [[Kenià|Kenia]], Anisan' ny firenena any Azia ahitana azy i [[India]], i [[Filipina]], i [[Kambôdia|Kambôja]], i [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]], i [[Indônezia]], i [[Malezia]], i [[Mianmara]], '''i''' [[Tailandy]], i [[Vietnamy]], i [[Papoazia-Ginea-Vaovao]] (tapany atsinanana), ary i [[Aostralia]] (any Northern Territory). Anisan' ny nampidirana azy i [[Mikrônezia]], [[Fijy]], Gam (nosy any amin' ny faritra [[Mikrônezia (faritra)|Mikrônezia]]), [[Espaina]], [[Hawaii]], tangoronosy Marshall, [[Samôa]], [[Tônga]], ary [[Vanoato|Vanoatuo]]. === Fielezany === [[Sary:Graines de coccinia grandis.jpg|vignette|182x182px|Vihin' ny ''Coccinia grandis'']] Ny vihy na ny ampahan-tahony dia azo afindra toerana ary mampitombo ny taranaka. Mitranga izany rehefa mitondra fako na fitaovana misy ''Coccinia grandis'' ny olona. Raha vao tafaorina ilay zavamaniry dia azo inoana fa hampiely azy ny [[vorona]] sy ny [[voalavo]] ary ny [[biby mampinono]] hafa. Any [[Hawaii]] dia aparitaky ny [[kisoa]] ny voa. Ny fanaparitahana any amn' ny toeran-davitra dia matetika ataon' ny olombelona noho ny fampiasana azy amin' ny fikarakarana sakafo na tsy nahy. [[Sary:Coccinia grandis Cocos nucifera.jpg|vignette|''Coccinia grandis'' nanafika voanio tanora any Tongatapu, [[Tônga]].|ankavia]] [[Sary:Starr 050225-4663 Coccinia grandis.jpg|vignette|304x304px|''Coccinia grandis'']] Heverina ho zavamaniry tena manafika sy tafiditra ao amin' ny lisitry ny ahi-dratsy ao amin' ny fanjakan' i Hawaii izy zavamaniry ity, izay afaka hitombo hatramin' ny 4 sm isan' andro. Izy io dia mamorona lafika matevina, manakona ny tara-masoandro sy mitroka otrikaina be dia be, ka mahafaty ny zavamaniry ao ambaniny. Nampidirina tany Hawaii izy io mba hovolena an-jaridaina hatao sakafo. Indraindray izy io dia avela haniry amin' ny fefin-jaridaina sy ny zavatra hafa ivelan' ny trano noho fananany ny voniny fotsy mahafinaritra. Tafala avy amin' ny zaridaina izy io ary lasa zavamaniry mpanimba mahery vaika any [[Hawaii]], any [[Florida]], any [[Aostralia]] ary any [[Texas]]. == Fampiasana azy amin' ny sakafo == [[Sary:Ivy gourd in India.JPG|ankavia|vignette|219x219px|Voan' ny ''occinia grandis'' hatao sakafo]] [[Sary:దొండకాయ ఉల్లిపాయ కారం కూర.jpg|vignette|202x202px|Voan' ny ''Coccinia grandis'' mifangaro amin' ny tongolo]] Azo hanina ny ravina sy ny voan' ny ''Coccinia grandis'' rehefa voakarakara tsara. Tena tsara izy ireo rehefa masaka nandrahoina, ary matetika ampitovina amin' ny [[margôzy]]. Ny voany dia matetika ampiasaina amin' ny nahandro indiana. Any Indônezia sy amin' ny firenena sasany any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana|Azia Atsimo Atsinanana]] dia hanin' ny olona ny voany sy ny raviny. Any [[Tailandy]] dia anisan' ny akora ampiasaina amin' ny fanamboarana lasopy ny voany. Any Tailandy ihany dia atao legioma ampiarahina amin' ny sakafo misy vary na paty ny zavamaniry tanora raha mbola eo anelanelan' ny 40 ka sy 50 sm ny halavany. Any [[India]] dia hanina izy io: na endasina miaraka amin' ny zava-manitra, na tsentsemana masala sy endasina maimaika, na andrahoina amin' ny rano aloha alohan' ny hanendasana azy. Izy io koa dia ampiasaina amin' ny lasopy misy [[legioma]] sy karazana voamaina ''[[Lens culinaris]]''. Ampiasaina koa ny voany mantatsy matoy mba hikarepoka rehefa hanina. == Fampiasana amin' ny fitsaboana == [[Sary:Baby Watermelon BNC.jpg|vignette|228x228px|Voa sy vihin' ny ''Coccinia grandis'']] Ampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana aty [[Afrika]] sy any [[Azia]] ny taova rehetra amin' ny ''Coccinia grandis'': raviny, taho, fakany ary voany<ref name=":0"><small>"[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5580868/ Antibacterial, antioxidant and cell proliferative properties of Coccinia grandis fruits]", ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Coccinia+grandis& Coccinia grandis]", ''tropical.theferns.info''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1079/cabicompendium.14659? Coccinia grandis (scarlet-fruited ivy gourd)]", ''www.cabidigitallibrary.org''</small></ref>. Ny fanadihadiana momba ny farmakôlôjia dia nanamafy ny toetra mahasoa maro ananan' io zavamaniry io, indrindra fa ny fiantraikany amin'ny diabeta, izay fototry ny fampiasana azy<ref name=":2"><small>"[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6104235/ Ethanolic leaf extract of ''Coccinia grandis'' is effective against both drug resistant and drug sensitive clinical isolates of Indian Kala-azar]", ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''</small></ref>. Manana hery iadiana amin’ ny anti-inflammatory, amin’ ny mikrôba, antiôksida ary miaro ny aty ihany koa izy io. Ity fahombiazana ity dia vokatry ny fisian'ny zavatra simika isan-karazany ao aminy toy ny flavônôida, anisan' izany ny kersetinina sy ny kaempferôla, ary koa ny triterpenina, ny sapôninna, ary ny sterôlan-javama iry<ref name=":3"><small>"[https://journals.lww.com/jrsm/fulltext/2024/01000/pharmacognostical_standardization_of_coccinia.2.aspx? Pharmacognostical standardization of ''Coccinia grandis'' (L.) Voigt root]", ''journals.lww.com''</small></ref>. === Raviny === Ny ravin' ny ''Coccinia grandis'' dia manana anjara toerana lehibe amin' ny fitsaboana, indrindra amin' ny fandrindrana ny [[siramamy]] ao amin' ny [[ra]], amin' ny alalan' ny fisotroana ny rano nafangaro ravina nopotehina, mba hifehezana ny [[diabeta]]<ref><small>"[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21822423/ Blood sugar lowering effect of Coccinia grandis (L.) J. Voigt: path for a new drug for diabetes mellitus]", ''pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''</small></ref> sy ny [[tsirirìka]] koa<ref name=":4"><small>"[https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2412397.pdf? Phytochemical Investigation of ''Coccinia grandis'' for Anti-diarrhoeal Activity]", ''www.jetir.org''</small></ref>. Ampiasaina hiadiana amin' ny [[bakteria]] sady [[antiôksida]]<ref name=":2" /> koa izy io ka ampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana ny [[sita]] (aretin' ny zanatraoka)<ref name=":5"><small>"[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4027332 Efficacy and toxicological evaluation of ''Coccinia grandis'' (''Cucurbitaceae'') extract in male Wistar rats]", ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''</small></ref>, ny areti-mifindra ao amin' ny [[amany]], ary ny [[aretin-koditra]] isan-karazany. Ampiasaina ity zavamaniry ity hanamora ny fiasan' ny [[tsinay]] ([[fitohanana]]) sy [[vavony]]<ref><small>"[https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1104/ivy-gourd Ivy Gourd - Uses, Side Effects, and More]", ''www.webmd.com''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://ijpjournal.com/bft-article/the-medical-uses-of-coccinia-grandis-l-voigt-a-review/ The medical use of Coccinia grandis L. Voiht: A Review]", ''ijpjournal.com''</small></ref>. Araka ny fanadihdiana neorôlôjika, ny tambavy azo avy amin' ny fitanehana ny ravina dia mampihena ny fikorontanan' ny rafi-pitatitra (mahakasika ny fitatitra sy ny atidoha)<ref><small>"[https://www.wisdomlib.org/science/journal/world-journal-of-pharmaceutical-research/d/doc1381681.html? Study on antipsychotic effects of Coccinia grandis leaf decoction]", ''www.wisdomlib.org''</small></ref>. Azo apetaka amin' ny hoditra koa ny ravina nototoina atao [[petakilasy]] mba hitsaboana ny [[forofotra]] sy ny [[hatina]] (na lagaly) ary [[psôriasisy]]<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> ary fibontsibontsina ny hoditra (fr.: ''[[:fr:Exanthème|exanthème]]'')<ref name=":1"><small>"[https://globalresearchonline.net/ijpsrr/v74-2/14.pdf Pharmacological Review on Coccinia grandis Leaves]", ''globalresearchonline.net''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/393844199_Coccinia_Grandis_a_Potential_Herb_in_Traditional_Use_and_Recent_Established_Biological_Activities_with_New_Prospectives_-A_Review Coccinia Grandis a Potential Herb in Traditional Use and Recent Established Biological Activities with New Prospectives -A Review]", ''www.researchgate.net''</small></ref>. Ny fametahana ny ravina dia afaka manamaivana ny [[aretina an-doha]] sy ny [[rohana]]<ref name=":5" />. === Voany === [[Sary:Coccinia grandisZ.jpg|vignette|Voa manta (maitso) sy masaka (mena) an' ny ''Coccinia grandis'']] Ny voan' ny ''Coccinia grandis'' mbola manta (maitso) dia ampiasaina hifehezana ny tahan' ny [[siramamy]] ao amin' ny [[ra]] na hanina manta hitsaboana [[areti-tenda]]<ref name=":3" />. Rehefa masaka ny voany be [[pektinina]], dia manampy amin' ny fampidinana ny [[gliokôzy]] ao amin' ny ra rehefa anamboarana ranom-boankazo ka sotroina<ref name=":3" />. Ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana koa dia mampiasa izany ranom-boankazo izany mba hitsaboana aretina isan-karazany toy ny [[tazo]], ny [[sohika]] (na asma), ny [[sita]] (aretin' ny zanatraoka) ary ny [[angorosy]]<ref name=":6"><small>"''[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/coccinia-grandis Coccinia grandis]''", ''www.sciencedirect.com''</small></ref>. Ao amin' ny fitsaboana ''Unani'' dia mampitombo ny filana ara-nofo, mampitony ny hetaheta, ary ilaina amin' ny fitsaboana ny aretina vokatry ny fikorontanan' ny [[aty]] sy ny [[ra]] ny voany<ref><small>"[http://ecoport.org/ep?Plant=4713&entityType=PL****&entityDisplayCategory=PL****3000&menuStyle=text#PL****3000 Coccinia grandis - Ethnobotany, Dr. Pankaj Oudhia]", ''Ecoport''. [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fecoport.org%2Fep%3FPlant%3D4713%26entityType%3DPL****%26entityDisplayCategory%3DPL****3000%26menuStyle%3Dtext%23PL****3000 Arsiva]]</small></ref>. === Fakany === Ny fakan' ny ''Coccinia grandis'' dia matetika atambatra amin' ny raviny amin' ny endrika ranom-boankazo hosotroina mba hifehezana ny [[diabeta]]<ref name=":4" /><ref><small>"[https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coccinia+grandis Coccinia grandis - (L.)J.Voigt.]", ''Plants for a Future'' (PFAF) [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pfaf.org%2Fuser%2FPlant.aspx%3FLatinName%3DCoccinia%2Bgrandis Arsiva]]</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/393844199_Coccinia_Grandis_a_Potential_Herb_in_Traditional_Use_and_Recent_Established_Biological_Activities_with_New_Prospectives_-A_Review Antioxidant, antiglycation and insulinotrophic properties of ''Coccinia grandis'' (L.) ''in vitro'': Possible role in prevention of diabetic complications]", ''www.researchgate.net''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33352495/ Efficacy and safety of a herbal drug of Coccinia grandis (Linn.) Voigt in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A double blind randomized placebo controlled clinical trial]", ''pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''</small></ref>. Raha tanehina atao tambavy izy io dia azo ampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana aretim-behivavy toy ny fivoahan-javatra avy ao amin' ny [[tranonjaza]], na ny olan' ny fandevonan-kanina toy ny mandoa sy ny mamaivay<ref name=":3" />. Fanampin' izay, izany tambavy izany ihany koa dia ampiasaina hitsaboana aretina mitaiza, indrindra ny fanaintainan' ny [[tonon-taolana]] (artrôzy)<ref name=":6" />. Indraindray izy io dia ampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana ny aretina [[Angatra (aretina)|angatra]] (na sifilisy)<ref><small>"[https://www.academia.edu/82525078/Pharmacological_Review_On_Coccinia_grandis_Leaves Pharmacological Review On Coccinia grandis Leaves]", ''www.academia.edu''</small></ref><ref name=":1" /><ref><small>"[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361742334_Pharmacological_Review_on_Coccinia_grandis_Leaves Pharmacological Review on Coccinia grandis Leaves]", ''www.researchgate.net''</small></ref>. Araka ny ''Ayurveda'' dia mampitombo ny filana ara-nofo<ref><small>"[https://ajpsonline.com/HTML_Papers/Asian%20Journal%20of%20Research%20in%20Pharmaceutical%20Sciences__PID__2013-3-1-9.html A Marvel Plant: ''Coccinia indica''] {{Wayback|url=https://ajpsonline.com/HTML_Papers/Asian%20Journal%20of%20Research%20in%20Pharmaceutical%20Sciences__PID__2013-3-1-9.html |date=20250429234335 }}", ''ajpsonline.com''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5580868/ Antibacterial, antioxidant and cell proliferative properties of Coccinia grandis fruits]", ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''</small></ref> sy manakana ny fandoavana sy ny fivoahan' ny amany tsy voafehy fampiasana ny fakan' ny ''Coccinia grandis''. === Tahony sy taova hafa === Ny zavamaniry iray manontolo dia azo ampiasaina amin' ny endrika tambavy notanehina mba hiadiana amin' ny [[sery]] sy ny [[Angatra (aretina)|angatra]], ary ny areti-mifindra isan-karazany. Ny rano nandomana ny taho dia ampiasana hitsaboana areti-maso, na dia mbola tsy voamarin' ny fikarohana aza izany. Amin' ny ankapobeny, ny ''Coccinia grandis'' dia fantatra amin' ny fahafahany manadio tsinay sy manamora ny fanesorana ny poizina amin' ny vatana. === Fanamarihana === Misy fatra somary ambany azo hanina sy azo itsaboana aizina ny fanadihadiana, saingy mety hisy fiantraikany amin' ny [[vavony]] sy ny [[tsinay]] ny [[kokorbitasinina]] (mafaitra) ao aminy ka mety hampalailay<ref><small>"[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4027332/ Efficacy and toxicological evaluation of ''Coccinia grandis'' (''Cucurbitaceae'') extract in male Wistar rats]", ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''</small></ref><ref name=":0" />. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Coccinia]]'' * ''[[Cucurbitaceae]]'' == Loharano sy fanamarihana == kdtwmtyluv9zo0og001qcel3740dd8d 0 298407 1152802 1133017 2026-11-02T15:06:36Z Thelezifor 15140 1152802 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Flacourtia indica fruit in Hyderabad W IMG 7481.jpg|vignette|367x367px|''[[Flacourtia indica]]'']] Ny '''''Flacourtia''''' dia vondron-karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] izay nosokajiana taloha tao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Flacourtiaceae]]'', ary ankehitriny ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Salicaceae]]''. Nanomezam-boninahitra an' i [[Étienne de Flacourt]] (1607–1660), governoran' i [[Madagasikara]], ny anarany. Ahitana karazana hazobotry sy hazo madinika 23 izay teratany any amin' ny faritra trôpika sy sobtrôpikaly aty [[Afrika]] sy any [[Azia]]. Karazana maro, indrindra fa ny ''[[Flacourtia indica]]'', no ambolena ho haingo sy hahazoana. Matetika arovan' ny tsilo eny amin' ny sampana ny vatan' ny hazo madinika. == Lisitry ny karazana == [[Sary:Lubika - ലൂബിക്ക 04.JPG|vignette|''[[Flacourtia jangomas]]'']] Inty ny lisitry ny karazana araka ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'': * ''Flacourtia amalotricha'' <small>A.C.Sm.</small> * ''Flacourtia cavaleriei'' <small>H.Lév.</small> * ''Flacourtia degeneri'' <small>A.C.Sm.</small> * ''Flacourtia flavescens'' <small>Willd.</small> * ''Flacourtia helferi'' <small>Gamble ex Ridl.</small> * ''[[Flacourtia indica]]'' <small>(Burm.f.) Merr.</small> * ''Flacourtia inermis'' <small>Roxb</small>. * ''[[Flacourtia jangomas]]'' <small>(Lour.) Raeusch.</small> * ''Flacourtia kinabaluensis'' <small>Sleumer</small> * ''Flacourtia latifolia'' <small>(Hook.f. & Thomson) T.Cooke</small> * ''Flacourtia mollipila'' Sleumer * ''Flacourtia mollis'' <small>Hook.f. & Thomson</small> * ''Flacourtia montana'' <small>J.Graham</small> * ''Flacourtia occidentalis'' <small>Blatt.</small> * ''Flacourtia oppositifolia'' <small>Gagnep.</small> * ''[[Flacourtia ramontchi]]'' <small>L'Hér.</small> * ''Flacourtia rukam'' <small>Zoll. & Moritzi</small> * ''Flacourtia subintegra'' <small>A.C.Sm.</small> * ''Flacourtia territorialis'' <small>Airy Shaw</small> * ''Flacourtia tomentella'' <small>Miq.</small> * ''Flacourtia vitiensis'' <small>(Seem.) A.C.Sm</small>. * ''Flacourtia vogelii'' <small>Hook.f.</small> * ''Flacourtia zippelii'' <small>Slooten</small> === Karazana misy eto Madagasikara === Roa ny karazana ''Flacourtia'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]]: araka ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' (POWO): * ''[[Flacourtia indica]]'' <small>(Burm.f.) Merr.</small> -- hazombavy, jingôma, ramontsy, tsingoma, tsongoma, voalamoty, voatronaka, voavoa * ''[[Flacourtia ramontchi]]'' <small>L'Hér.</small> -- jingaoma, lamontiala, lamonty, lamotsy, lamoty, ramontsy, voatronaka == Jereo koa == * [[Lamoty]]: ''[[Capurodendron ankaranense]]'' <small>Aubrév.</small> (''[[Sapotaceae]]''); ''[[Flacourtia indica]]''; ''[[Flacourtia ramontchi]]'' <small>L'Hér.</small> (''[[Salicaceae]]''); ''[[Tamarindus indica]]'' <small>L.</small> (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Vaccinium madagascariense]]'' <small>(Thouars ex Poir.) Sleumer</small> (← ''Vaccinium emirnens'' sy ''Vaccinium fasciculatum'') (''[[Ericaceae]]''); ''[[Vaccinium secundiflorum]]'' (fianakaviana ''[[Ericaceae]]''); ''[[Ziziphus jujuba]]'' <small>Mill.</small>; ''[[Ziziphus spina-christi]]'' (''[[Rhamnaceae]]'') * [[Ramontsy]]: ''[[Flacourtia ramontchi]]'' <small>L'Hér.</small>; ''[[Flacourtia indica]]'' <small>Roxb</small>. (''[[Salicaceae]]'') ousy4a0ykv2adkzujdna2kawqf22x3o 0 299462 1152795 1137301 2026-11-02T13:55:41Z Thelezifor 15140 Nandamina lahatsoratra 1152795 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Moringa ovalifolia03.jpg|vignette|445x445px|''Moringa ovalifolia'']] Ny '''''Moringa''''' dia antokon-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] [[roa ravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana '''''Moringaceae''''', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Capparales]], izay tsy manana afa-tsy io antoko tokana io. Ahitana karazana hazo 13 izay maniry amin' ny toetany trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly izy io. Ny karazana fantatra indrindra dia ny ''[[Moringa oleifera]]'' izay hazo maro fampiasana (anisan' izany ny maha zavamaniry fanafody azy), avy any [[India]], ambolena any amin' ny tany trôpikaly. Ambolena betsaka ihany koa ny ''[[Moringa stenopetala]]'', izay karazana afrikana, na dia ny ''Moringa oleifera'' aza no be mpamboly indrindra. == Lisitry ny karazana == [[Sary:Moringa oleifera pods NP.JPG|vignette|206x206px|''[[Moringa oleifera]]'']] Karazana ''Moringa'' 13 no misy. * ''Moringa arborea'' <small>Verdc.</small> (ao [[Kenià]]) * ''Moringa borziana'' <small>Mattei</small> (ao [[Sômalia]]) * ''Moringa concanensis'' <small>Nimmo ex Dalzell & A.Gibson</small> (any [[India]]) * ''[[Moringa drouhardii]]'' <small>Jum.</small> (eto [[Madagasikara]]) * ''[[Moringa hildebrandtii]]'' <small>Engl.</small> (ao atsimo-atsinanan’ i Madagasikara) * ''Moringa longituba'' <small>Engl.</small> (ao [[Etiôpia]] sy [[Sômalia]]) * ''[[Ananambo|Moringa oleifera]]'' <small>Lam.</small> (← ''Moringa pterygosperma'' <small>Gaertn.</small>) (any India) * ''Moringa ovalifolia'' <small>Dinter & A.Berger</small> (ao [[Namibia]] sy ao [[Angôla]]) * ''Moringa peregrina'' <small>(Forssk.) Fiori</small> (any amin' ny [[Saikanosin' i Arabia|Saikinosy Arabo]], ao amin' ny [[Tandrok' i Afrika]], any [[Tany efitr' i Sinay|Sinay]] atsimo, ao [[Ejipta]]) * ''Moringa pygmaea'' <small>Verdc.</small> (ao [[Sômalia]]) * ''Moringa rivae'' <small>Chiov.</small> (ao Kenià sy ao Etiôpia) * ''Moringa ruspoliana'' <small>Engl.</small> (ao Etiôpia) * ''Moringa stenopetala'' <small>(Baker f.) Cufod.</small> (← ''Moringa streptocarpa'' Chiov.) (ao Kenià sy ao Etiôpia) === Karazana misy eto Madagasikara === [[Sary:Moringa hildebrandtii 2.JPG|vignette|276x276px|''[[Moringa hildebrandtii]]'']] [[Sary:Moringa drouhardii.JPG|ankavia|vignette|311x311px|''[[Moringa drouhardii]]'']] Telo ny karazana ''Moringa'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]]: * ''[[Moringa drouhardii]]'' <small>Jum. —</small> hazomalanga, maroseranana, marosirana (tsy fahita raha tsy eto Madagasikara) * ''[[Moringa hildebrandtii]]'' <small>Engl.</small> — felinimirongo, maroseranana (tsy fahita raha tsy eto Madagasikara) * ''[[Moringa oleifera]]'' <small>Lam.</small> — anambo, anamorongo, ananaboringa, ananambo, felikambo, felikamoranga, felinimorongovazaha, landihazo, moringa, morongo, morongy, soahazo (nampidirina avy any [[India]]) == Jereo koa == * [[Ananambo]]: ''[[Moringa oleifera]]'' <small>Lam.</small> (''Moringaceae''); ''[[Psophocarpus palustris]]'' <small>Desv</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Hazomalanga]]: ''[[Hazomalania voyronii]]'' <small>(Jumelle) Capuron</small> (''[[Hernandiaceae]]''); ''[[Mauloutchia humblotii]]'' <small>(H. Perr.) Capuron</small> (''[[Myristicaceae]]''); ''[[Moringa drouhardii]]'' <small>Jum.</small> (''Moringaceae'') * [[Maroseranana (zavamaniry)|Maroseranana]]: ''[[Casearia]]'' sp. (''[[Salicaceae]]''); ''[[Moringa drouhardii]]'' <small>Jum.</small>; ''Moringa hildebrandtii'' <small>Engl.</small> (''Moringaceae'') 1r5dyw8paspo77r0zru1urqrobu460s 1152798 1152795 2026-11-02T14:06:24Z Thelezifor 15140 1152798 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Moringa ovalifolia03.jpg|vignette|445x445px|''Moringa ovalifolia'']] Ny '''''Moringa''''' dia antokon-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] [[roa ravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana '''''Moringaceae''''', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Capparales]], izay tsy manana afa-tsy io antoko tokana io. Ahitana karazana hazo 13 izay maniry amin' ny toetany trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly izy io. Ny karazana fantatra indrindra dia ny ''[[Moringa oleifera]]'' izay hazo maro fampiasana (anisan' izany ny maha zavamaniry fanafody azy), avy any [[India]], ambolena any amin' ny tany trôpikaly. Ambolena betsaka ihany koa ny ''[[Moringa stenopetala]]'', izay karazana afrikana, na dia ny ''Moringa oleifera'' aza no be mpamboly indrindra. == Lisitry ny karazana == [[Sary:Moringa oleifera pods NP.JPG|vignette|206x206px|''[[Moringa oleifera]]'']] Karazana ''Moringa'' 13 no misy. * ''Moringa arborea'' <small>Verdc.</small> (ao [[Kenià]]) * ''Moringa borziana'' <small>Mattei</small> (ao [[Sômalia]]) * ''Moringa concanensis'' <small>Nimmo ex Dalzell & A.Gibson</small> (any [[India]]) * ''[[Moringa drouhardii]]'' <small>Jum.</small> (eto [[Madagasikara]]) * ''[[Moringa hildebrandtii]]'' <small>Engl.</small> (ao atsimo-atsinanan’ i Madagasikara) * ''Moringa longituba'' <small>Engl.</small> (ao [[Etiôpia]] sy [[Sômalia]]) * ''[[Ananambo|Moringa oleifera]]'' <small>Lam.</small> (← ''Moringa pterygosperma'' <small>Gaertn.</small>) (any India) * ''Moringa ovalifolia'' <small>Dinter & A.Berger</small> (ao [[Namibia]] sy ao [[Angôla]]) * ''Moringa peregrina'' <small>(Forssk.) Fiori</small> (any amin' ny [[Saikanosin' i Arabia|Saikinosy Arabo]], ao amin' ny [[Tandrok' i Afrika]], any [[Tany efitr' i Sinay|Sinay]] atsimo, ao [[Ejipta]]) * ''Moringa pygmaea'' <small>Verdc.</small> (ao [[Sômalia]]) * ''Moringa rivae'' <small>Chiov.</small> (ao Kenià sy ao Etiôpia) * ''Moringa ruspoliana'' <small>Engl.</small> (ao Etiôpia) * ''Moringa stenopetala'' <small>(Baker f.) Cufod.</small> (← ''Moringa streptocarpa'' Chiov.) (ao Kenià sy ao Etiôpia) === Karazana misy eto Madagasikara === [[Sary:Moringa hildebrandtii 2.JPG|vignette|276x276px|''[[Moringa hildebrandtii]]'']] [[Sary:Moringa drouhardii.JPG|ankavia|vignette|311x311px|''[[Moringa drouhardii]]'']] Telo ny karazana ''Moringa'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]]: * ''[[Moringa drouhardii]]'' <small>Jum. —</small> hazomalanga, maroseranana, marosirana (tsy fahita raha tsy eto Madagasikara) * ''[[Moringa hildebrandtii]]'' <small>Engl.</small> — felinimirongo, maroseranana (tsy fahita raha tsy eto Madagasikara) * ''[[Moringa oleifera]]'' <small>Lam.</small> — anambo, anamorongo, ananaboringa, ananambo, felikambo, felikamoranga, felinimorongovazaha, landihazo, moringa, morongo, morongy, soahazo (nampidirina avy any [[India]]) == Jereo koa == * [[Ananambo]]: ''[[Moringa oleifera]]'' <small>Lam.</small> (''Moringaceae''); ''[[Psophocarpus palustris]]'' <small>Desv</small>. (''[[Fabaceae]]'') * [[Hazomalanga]]: ''[[Hazomalania voyronii]]'' <small>(Jumelle) Capuron</small> (''[[Hernandiaceae]]''); ''[[Mauloutchia humblotii]]'' <small>(H. Perr.) Capuron</small> (''[[Myristicaceae]]''); ''[[Moringa drouhardii]]'' <small>Jum.</small> (''Moringaceae'') * [[Maroseranana (zavamaniry)|Maroseranana]]: ''[[Casearia]]'' sp. (''[[Salicaceae]]''); ''[[Moringa drouhardii]]'' <small>Jum.</small>; ''[[Moringa hildebrandtii]]'' <small>Engl.</small> (''Moringaceae'') 4ml6izbr5ev93wvdwwxahn95cmgfp5w 0 299745 1152811 1139021 2026-11-02T21:58:07Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152811 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Ananas.comosus1web.jpg|vignette|384x384px|[[Mananasy]] (''Ananas comosus'')]] Ny '''''Ananas''''' dia antokon-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Bromeliaceae]]''. Teratany any [[Amerika Atsimo]] izy. Io no antoko ahitana ilay "[[voankazo]]" azo hanina ho an' ny olombelona, avy amin' ​​ny karazana atao hoe ''[[Mananasy|Ananas comosus]]'' (mananasy), izay tsy inona fa vondromboniny. Misy karazany 2 hatramin' ny 6 izy, arakaraka ny mpanoratra. == Lisitry ny karazana == Fanasokajiana klasika izay nahitana karazana 6 hatramin' ny 8<ref><small>"[http://www.bromeliad.org.au/news/DD0314.htm DD0314 Most ''Ananas'' are Cultivars.]", ''www.bromeliad.org.au''</small></ref>: * ''[[Ananas ananassoides]]'' <small>(Baker) L.B.Sm.</small> (→''Ananas comosus'' var. ''ananassoides'') * ''[[Ananas bracteatus]]'' <small>(Lindl.) Schult. & Schult.f.</small> (→''Ananas comosus'' var. ''bracteatus'') * ''[[Mananasy|Ananas comosus]]'' <small>(L.) Merr.</small> (→''Ananas comosus'' var ''comosus'') * ''[[Ananas lucidus]]'' <small>Mill.</small> (→''Ananas comosus'' var. ''erectifolius'') * ''[[Ananas parguazensis]]'' <small>Camargo & L.B.Sm.</small> (→''Ananas comosus'' var. ''parguazensis'') * ''Ananas nanus'' (→''Ananas comosus'' var. ''ananassoides'') * ''[[Ananas sagenaria]]'' <small>(Arruda) Schult. & Schult.f.</small> (→''[[Ananas macrodontes]]'' ''←Pseudananas sagenarius'') [[Sary:Pinapple - Ananas macrodontes - Jardin du Roi.jpg|vignette|328x328px|''[[Ananas macrodontes]]'']] Ny antoko ''Ananas'' dia ahitana karazany roa ihany, araka ny voalazan' ny ''[[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]]''<ref name=":0"><small>"[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30005793-2 ''Ananas'' Mill.] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30005793-2 |date=20240907233221 }}", ''powo.science.kew.org''</small></ref> sy ny mpanoratra hafa<ref><small>"[https://agritrop.cirad.fr/583248/1/Coppens%202016%20The%20last%20revision%20of%20pineapple%20nomenclature.pdf The Last Revision of Pineapple Nomenclature]", ''agritrop.cirad.fr''</small></ref>: * ''[[Mananasy|Ananas comosus]]'' <small>(L.) Merr.</small> * ''[[Ananas macrodontes]]'' <small>E.Morren</small> (''Pseudananas macrodontes'' <small>(Morren) Harms</small>, ''Pseudananas sagenarius'' <small>(Arruda da Câmara) Camargo</small>) === Ovan-karazan' ny ''Ananas comosus'' === Indreto ny ovan-karazan' ny ''Ananas comosus'' izay heverin' ny mpanoratra talohan' ny taona 2003 ho karazana manokana<ref name=":0" />: * ''Ananas comosus'' var. ''bracteatus'' <small>(L.B.Sm.) Coppens & F.Leal</small> (← ''[[Ananas bracteatus]]'' <small>(Lindl.) Schult. & Schult.f.</small>) * ''Ananas comosus'' var. ''comosus'' <small>(Linnaeus) Merrill</small> (← ''Ananas comosus'') * ''Ananas comosus'' var. ''erectifolius'' <small>(L.B.Sm.) Coppens & F.Leal</small> (← ''Ananas erectifolius'' <small>Smith</small><small>,</small> ''[[Ananas lucidus]]'' <small>Mill.</small>) * ''Ananas comosus'' var. ''microstachys'' <small>(Mez) L.B.Sm.</small> (← [[Ananas ananassoides|''Ananas'' ''ananassoides'']] <small>(Baker) L.B.Sm.</small>) * ''Ananas comosus'' var. ''parguazensis'' <small>(Camargo & L.B.Sm.) Coppens & F.Leal</small> (← ''[[Ananas parguazensis]]'' <small>Camargo & L.B.Sm.</small>) == Jereo koa == * ''[[Pseudananas]]'' == Loharano == ef38hwcv3dpk71p3gqja2fdmy2c08go 0 300731 1152794 1144144 2026-11-02T13:53:22Z Thelezifor 15140 Nandamina lahatsoratra 1152794 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''ananambo''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Moringaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Capparales]]) sy ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Fabales]]): * ''[[Moringa oleifera]]'' <small>Lam.</small> (''Moringaceae'') -- anambo, anamorongo, ananaboringa, ananambo, felikambo, felikamoranga, felinimorongovazaha, landihazo, moringa, morongo, morongy, soahazo * ''[[Psophocarpus palustris]]'' <small>Desv</small>. (''Fabaceae'') -- ananambo, antaka, vahembiry, vahimafoaka, vanosakoandro == Jereo koa == * ''[[Moringa]]'' * ''[[Psophocarpus]]'' 31di6bdzaz60xp6yzfbezyfpqhk4w96 0 301436 1152839 1147637 2026-11-03T02:10:11Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152839 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Elaeodendron croceum.jpg|vignette|358x358px|''Elaeodendron croceum'']] Ny '''''Elaeodendron''''' dia antokon-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Celastraceae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Celastrales]], izay hita any amin' ny nosy [[Antilia]], ao [[Afrika]], eto [[Madagasikara]], ao [[La Réunion]], ao [[Maorisy]] ary any [[Aostralia]]. Ny antoko ''Elaeodendron'' dia ahitana karazana misa 40 eo ho eo miparitaka manerana ny faritra trôpikaly any [[Amerika]], aty [[Afrika atsimon' i Saharà|Afrika atsimon' i Sahara]], any [[Azia]], any [[Aostralia]] ary any Pasifika Atsimo<ref><small>Plants of the World Online, "[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:6553-1 ''Elaeodendron'' Jacq.] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:6553-1 |date=20260715051038 }}", ''powo.science.kew.org''</small></ref>. == Karazana == Indreto ny karazana 40 ao amin' ny antoko ''Elaeodendron'', araka ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' tamin' ny Marsa 2025: * ''Elaeodendron anjouanense'' H.Perrier * ''Elaeodendron aquifolium'' (Fiori) Chiov. * ''Elaeodendron australe'' Vent. * ''Elaeodendron brachycremastron'' Guillaumin * ''Elaeodendron buchananii'' (Loes.) Loes. * ''Elaeodendron bupleuroides'' (Guillaumin) R.H.Archer * ''Elaeodendron croceum'' (Thunb.) DC. * ''Elaeodendron cunninghamii'' Montrouz. * ''Elaeodendron curtipendulum'' Endl. * ''Elaeodendron ehrenbergii'' Urb. * ''Elaeodendron ellipticum'' Decne. * ''Elaeodendron fruticosum'' N.Robson * ''Elaeodendron glaucum'' (Rottb.) Pers. * ''Elaeodendron gymnosporoides'' Baker * ''Elaeodendron humbertii'' H.Perrier * ''Elaeodendron kamerunense'' (Loes.) Villiers * ''Elaeodendron lanceolatum'' Urb. & Ekman * ''Elaeodendron laneanum'' A.H.Moore * ''Elaeodendron lycioides'' Baker * ''Elaeodendron matabelicum'' Loes. * ''Elaeodendron melanocarpum'' F.Muell. * ''Elaeodendron nipense'' Bisse * ''Elaeodendron nitidulum'' Baker * ''Elaeodendron orientale'' Jacq. * ''Elaeodendron paniculatum'' Wight & Arn. * ''Elaeodendron papillosum'' Hochst. * ''Elaeodendron parvifolium'' R.H.Archer * ''Elaeodendron pauciflorum'' Tul. * ''Elaeodendron pilosum'' Baker * ''Elaeodendron pininsulare'' Hürl. * ''Elaeodendron schinoides'' Spreng. * ''Elaeodendron schlechterianum'' (Loes.) Loes. * ''Elaeodendron schweinfurthianum'' (Loes.) Loes. * ''Elaeodendron trachycladum'' Baker * ''Elaeodendron transvaalense'' (Burtt Davy) R.H.Archer * ''Elaeodendron vaccinioides'' Baker * ''Elaeodendron viburnifolium'' (Juss.) Merr. * ''Elaeodendron vitiense'' A.C.Sm. * ''Elaeodendron xylocarpum'' (Vent.) DC. * ''Elaeodendron zeyheri'' Turcz. === Karazana napetraka tao taloha === * ''Cassine laneana'' <small>(A.H.Moore) J.Ingram</small> (← ''E. laneanum'') * ''Euonymus fortunei'' <small>(Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz.</small> (← ''E. fortunei'' <small>Turcz.</small>) * ''Flindersia maculosa'' <small>(Lindl.) F.Muell.</small> (← ''E. maculosum'' <small>Lindl.</small>) * ''Maytenus quadrangulata'' <small>(Schrad.) Loes.</small> (← ''E. quadrangulatum'' <small>(Schrad.) Reissek</small>) === Karazana misy eto Madagasikara === Indreto ny karazana misy eto [[Madagasikara]]: * ''Elaeodendron alluaudianum'' <small>H.Perrier</small> * ''Elaeodendron cowanii'' <small>H.Perrier</small> * ''Elaeodendron griseum'' <small>Baker</small> * ''Elaeodendron gymnosporoides'' <small>Baker</small> * ''[[Elaeodendron humbertii]]'' <small>H.Perrier</small> * ''[[Elaeodendron lycioides]]'' <small>H.Perrier</small> * ''Elaeodendron micranthum'' <small>Tul</small>. * ''Elaeodendron nitidulum'' <small>Baker</small> * ''[[Elaeodendron oliganthum]]'' <small>Baker</small> * ''Elaeodendron pachypodum'' <small>H.Perrier</small> * ''Elaeodendron pauciflorum'' <small>Tul.</small> * ''Elaeodendron pilosum'' <small>Baker</small> * ''Elaeodendron trachycladum'' <small>Baker</small> == Jereo koa == * ''[[Cassine]]'' * ''[[Euonymus]]'' * ''[[Flindersia]]'' * ''[[Maytenus]]'' * ''[[Mystroxylon]]'' == Loharano == 7zqkxyicccnyon0hld02srwyigdaxqe 0 301682 1152813 1149273 2026-11-02T22:17:58Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152813 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Apocissus hypoglauca SF26183-05.jpg|vignette|''Apocissus hypoglauca'']] Ny '''''Apocissus''''' dia karazana [[zavamaniry mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Vitaceae]]''. Ahitana karazana zavamaniry mianika na mandady fito izy io: karazany enina no any [[Ginea Vaovao]] sy [[Aostralia]], ary karazany iray no any [[Amerika Afovoany]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo]]. Vao noforonin' ny bôtanista Betsy R. Jackes sy Alistair Trias-Blasi tamin' ny volana Jona 2023 ity dia vondron-karazan-javamaniry ity. Noheverina ho anisan' ny ''[[Cissus]]'' teo aloha, izayvondrona lehibe sady miparitaka be any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly, ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Apocissus''. Nanatsoaka hevitra i Jackes sy Trias-Blasi (2023) fa nisaraka tamin' ny vondrona fototra ''Cissus'' ny ''Apocissus'' nandritra ny fiandohan' ny [[vanim-potoana Eôsena]], tamin' ny fotoana mbola nifandraisan' i Amerika Atsimo sy i Aostralia tamin' ny alalan' i [[Antarktika]]. == Lisitry ny karazana == [[Sary:Cissus antarctica kz1.JPG|vignette|290x290px|''Apocissus antarctica'']] [[Sary:Cissus hypoglauca new red leaves.jpg|vignette|208x208px|''Apocissus hypoglauca'']] [[Sary:Cissus oblonga fruit.jpg|vignette|207x207px|''Apocissus oblonga'']] Indreto ny karazana fito ao amin' ny ''Apocissus'' araka ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' (notsidihina tamin' ny 18 Jolay 2025)<ref><small>"[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/77322784-1 Apocissus Jackes & Trias-Blasi] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/77322784-1 |date=20260815075559 }}". ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (Notsidihina tamin' ny 18 Jolaly 2025).</small></ref>: * ''Apocissus acrantha'' <small>(Lauterb.) Jackes & Trias-Blasi</small> – [[Ginea Vaovao]] * ''Apocissus antarctica'' <small>(Vent.) Jackes & Trias-Blasi</small> – [[Aostralia]] atsinanana * ''Apocissus behrmannii'' <small>(Lauterb.) Jackes & Trias-Blasi</small> – Ginea Vaovao * ''Apocissus hypoglauca'' <small>(A.Gray) Jackes & Trias-Blasi</small> – Aostralia atsinanana sy atsimo atsinanana * ''Apocissus oblonga'' <small>(Benth.) Jackes & Trias-Blasi</small> – Aostralia atsinanana * ''Apocissus sterculiifolia'' <small>(F.Muell. ex Benth.) Jackes & Trias-Blasi</small> – Aostralia atsinanana * ''Apocissus trianae'' <small>(Planch.) Jackes & Trias-Blasi</small> – [[Meksika]] atsimo hatrany [[Bôlivia]] sy [[Brezila]] atsimo atsinanana == Jereo koa == * ''[[Ampelopsis]]'' * ''[[Cayratia]]'' * ''[[Cissus]]'' * ''[[Clematicissus]]'' * ''[[Cyphostemma]]'' * ''[[Rhoicissus]]'' (''[[Rhoicissus revoilii]]'' Planch.) * ''[[Strychnos]]'' * ''[[Tetrastigma]]'' == Loharano == e4pwlmowo7w5l1p1i3006qn1qsyps20 0 302081 1152862 1151084 2026-11-03T08:29:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152862 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Malagasy Woman (26905387615).jpg|vignette|362x362px|Vehivavy malagasy manao masonjoany]] Ny '''masonjoany''' na '''masonjoana''' na '''masinjoany''' na '''masinjoana''' dia karazana feta fanaovana haingon-tarehy nentim-paharazana ampiasain' ny vehivavy atỳ amin' ny faritra sasany manodidina ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]], toy ny ao [[Kômôro]], ny ao [[Mayotte]]<ref><small>"[http://www.budget-mayotte.com/budgetonline/yt-fr/budget.nsf/c/destination_mayotte,les_masques_mahorais Les masques mahorais] {{Wayback|url=http://www.budget-mayotte.com/budgetonline/yt-fr/budget.nsf/c/destination_mayotte,les_masques_mahorais |date=20260520231003 }}", ''www.budget-mayotte.com'' [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.budget-mayotte.com%2Fbudgetonline%2Fyt-fr%2Fbudget.nsf%2Fc%2Fdestination_mayotte%2Cles_masques_mahorais Arsiva]]</small></ref>, ny eto [[Madagasikara]], ary ny ao [[Môzambika]]. Akora fikarakarana tarehy manokana izy io ary lasa marika mampiavaka an' i Madagasikara sy i Mayotte. Ny ''thanaka'' no mitovy aminy any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]]. Manampy amin' ny ady amin' ny [[Mony (aretina)|mony]] sy ny ketrona ary ny poizina ao amin' ny hoditra ny masonjoany, sady manana toetra mampitony sy mampiala sasatra ny [[hoditra]]. Tany am-boalohany, ity tabaky ity, iazy vita tamin' ny fangaro hazo sandalo nokosohina tamin' ny haran-dranomasina, dia ampiasain' ny vehivavy malagasy, indrindra fa ny [[Sakalava]]; niely taty aoriana tany amin' ny nosy ao amin' ny [[Tamba-nosin' i Kômôro|Vondronosy Kômôro]] ny fampiasana azy. Na dia amidy any amin' ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana]] ankehitriny aza izy io ho fikarakarana tarehy natao hanatsarana ny hoditra, ny tena tanjony tany am-boalohany dia ny hiarovana ny hoditra (amin' ny masoandro sy amin' ny [[Insecta|bibikely]]) mandritra ny asa fanao andavanandro toy ny mahandro sakafo na ny asa fambolena. Ny masonjoany dia ilazana ny hazon' ny santaly izay kosehina mba hahazoana feta ampiasaina amin' ny fikarakarana tarehy; ampiasaina koa izy io amin' ny fitsaboana amin' ny alalan' ny hanitra ([[arômaterapia]]), amin' ny fanamboarana ranomanitra, ary amin' ny asa fanaovana fanaka. == Zavamaniry ampiasaina == Indreto ny karazana zavamaniry ampiasaina indrindra amin' ny fanamboarana ilay feta masonjoany: * ''[[Burasaia madagascariensis]]'' <small>DC.</small> (← ''Burasaia crateva'' <small>Baill</small>.; ''Burasaia nigrescens'' <small>Capuron</small>.) (''[[Menispermaceae]]'') -- ambarakasa, ambarasaha, ambarasaka, ambora, amboramanitra, amborasaha, amborasahamaitso, amborasahy, amborasaka, amboravaky, borasaha, faritatsy, faritsaty, hazondahy, odiandro, oditohina, ralakamisy, vodihazo * ''[[Coptosperma madagascarensis]]'' <small>(Baill.) De Block</small> (← ''Enterospermum madagascariense'' <small>(Baill.) Homolle</small>) (''[[Rubiaceae]]'') * ''[[Ficus grevei]]'' <small>Baill.</small> (''[[Moraceae]]'') -- amonta, amota, fihamy * ''[[Santalum album]]'' <small>L.</small> (''[[Santalaceae]]'') -- mazozana, sandaly == Jereo koa == * [[Masinjoana (zavamaniry)|Masinjoany (zavamaniry)]]: ''[[Coptosperma madagascariense]]'' <small>(Baill.) De Block</small> (← ''Enterospermum madagascariense'' <small>(Baill.) Homolle</small>) (''[[Rubiaceae]]''); ''[[Brachylaena microphylla]]'' <small>Humbert</small> (''[[Asteraceae]]'') == Loharano == 5idw1uco86js40u2h9t9lv2m6jn49oa 0 302274 1152814 1151998 2026-11-02T22:19:59Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152814 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Starr 061223-2765 Aptenia cordifolia.jpg|vignette|333x333px|''Aptenia cordifolia'' na ''[[Mesembryanthemum cordifolium]]'']] Ny '''''Aptenia''''' dia vondron-karazana ahitana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] ao anatin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Aizoaceae]]''<ref><small>''Aptenia'' N.E.Br., in ''Gard. Chron.'', ser. 3, 78: 412 (1925), ''in clave'' ; N.E.Br., in ''Gard. Chron.'', ser. 3, 84: 313 (1928) [''descr. ampl.'']</small></ref>. Nanomboka tamin' ny Janoary 2024 dia noraisina ho mitovy hevitra amin' ny ''[[Mesembryanthemum]]'' izy io. Ny karazana efatra tao aminy izay tafiditra tao anatin' io vondrona io dia teratany any amin' ny [[Faritra Atsimo ao Afrika|faritra atsimo]] [[Faritra Atsimo ao Afrika|amin' i Afrika]]<ref><small>''[https://herbariadb.berkeley.edu/cgi/auth/challenge?return_to=/eflora/eflora_display.php?name=10651 Aizoaceae]''. The Jepson eFlora 2013.</small></ref>. Avy amin' ny [[Fiteny grika|teny grika]] hoe ''a''- (midika hoe "tsy") sy ''ptenos'' (midika hoe "misy elatra") ny anarana hoe ''Aptenia'', ary mampahatsiahy ny voany izay tsy misy elatra<ref><small>''[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=102363 Aptenia]''. Flora of North America.</small></ref>. ''Aptenia'' <small>N.E.Br.</small> ny anarany feno. == Taksônômia == Tamin' ny taona 2007, ny vondron-karazana ''Aptenia'' sy ny maro hafa dia nafindra tao anatin' ny ''[[Mesembryanthemum]]''. Roa taona taty aoriana, nisy mpanoratra hafa nanolotra hevitra ny hamerenana ny zava-drehetra ho amin' ny toetrany teo aloha<ref><small>Liede-Schumann, S. and H. E. Hartmann. (2009). [https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2009/00000058/00000002/art00001 Mesembryanthemum – back to the roots?] ''Taxon'' 58(2), 345-46.</small></ref>. Hatramin' ny Janoary 2024, ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' dia mbola mihevitra azy io ho mitovy hevitra amin' ny ''Mesembryanthemum''<ref><small>"[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/30466316-2 Aptenia N.E.Br] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/30466316-2 |date=20250120141750 }}." ''Plants of the World Online''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Notsidihina tamin' ny 08/01/2024.</small></ref>. === Lisitry ny karazana === Indreto ny karazana tao amin' ny ''Aptenia'' izay efa nafindra ao amin' ny ''[[Mesembryanthemum]]'': * ''Aptenia cordifolia'' <small>(L.f.) Schwantes</small> → ''[[Mesembryanthemum cordifolium]]'' <small>L.f.</small> * ''Aptenia geniculiflora'' <small>(L.) Bittrich ex Gerbaulet</small> → ''Mesembryanthemum geniculiflorum'' <small>L.</small> * ''Aptenia haeckeliana'' <small>(A.Berger) Bittrich ex Gerbaulet</small> → ''Mesembryanthemum haeckelianum'' <small>A.Berger</small> * ''Aptenia lancifolia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> → ''Mesembryanthemum lancifolium'' <small>(L.Bolus) Klak</small> == Loharano == dthal5nyf9g21gld064zz5vrp7kw390 0 302297 1152812 1152120 2026-11-02T22:05:41Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152812 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Metarungia pubinervia, Hillcrest, KwaZulu-Natal, b.jpg|vignette|297x297px|''Anisotes pubinervius'' (← ''Metarungia pubinervia'')]] Ny '''''Anisotes''''' dia vondron-karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry]] [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Acanthaceae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Lamiales]]. Teratany ao [[Afrika]] sy eto [[Madagasikara]] ary ao amin' ny [[Saikanosin' i Arabia]] ny karazana ao anatin' io vondrona io. == Karazana == Indreto ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Anisotes'' araka ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' <small>(Desambra 2023)</small><ref><small>"''[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/331350-2 Anisotes] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/331350-2 |date=20250403110646 }}''". ''Plants of the World Online''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Notsidihina tamin' ny 22/12/2026</small></ref>: * ''Anisotes bracteatus'' <small>Milne-Redh.</small> – [[Faritra Atsimo ao Afrika|Faritra Atsimo amin' i Afrika]] * ''Anisotes comorensis'' <small>(Lindau) T.F.Daniel</small> * ''[[Anisotes divaricatus]]'' <small>T.F.Daniel, Mbola, Almeda & Phillipson</small> – [[Madagasikara]] (atsimo-andrefana) * ''Anisotes diversifolius'' <small>Balf.f.</small> * ''Anisotes dumosus'' <small>Milne-Redh.</small> * ''Anisotes galanae'' <small>(Baden) Vollesen</small> * ''Anisotes guineensis'' <small>Lindau</small> * ''[[Anisotes hygroscopicus]]'' <small>T.F.Daniel</small> – Madagasikara * ''Anisotes involucratus'' <small>Fiori</small> * ''Anisotes longistrobus'' <small>(C.B.Clarke) Vollesen</small> * ''Anisotes macrophyllus'' <small>(Lindau) Heine</small> * ''[[Anisotes madagascariensis]]'' <small>Benoist</small> – Madagasikara (atsimo-andrefana) * ''Anisotes mayottensis'' <small>T.F.Daniel</small> * ''Anisotes nyassae'' <small>Baden</small> * ''Anisotes parvifolius'' <small>Oliv.</small> * ''Anisotes pubinervius'' <small>(T.Anderson) Heine</small> * ''Anisotes pulchellus'' <small>(Benoist) T.F.Daniel, Letsara & Rakotonas.</small> * ''Anisotes rogersii'' <small>S.Moore</small> – Faritra Atsimo amin' i Afrika * ''Anisotes sessiliflorus'' <small>(T.Anderson) C.B.Clarke</small> * ''Anisotes spectabilis'' <small>(Mildbr.) Vollesen</small> * ''[[Anisotes subcoriaceus]]'' <small>T.F.Daniel</small> – Madagasikara * ''[[Anisotes tablensis]]'' <small>T.F.Daniel</small> * ''Anisotes tanensis'' <small>Baden</small> * ''Anisotes tangensis'' <small>Baden</small> * ''Anisotes trisulcus'' <small>(Forssk.) Nees</small> * ''Anisotes ukambensis'' <small>Lindau</small> * ''Anisotes umbrosus'' <small>Milne-Redh.</small> * ''[[Anisotes venosus]]'' <small>T.F.Daniel</small> – Madagasikara (atsimo-andrefana) * ''Anisotes zenkeri'' <small>(Lindau) C.B.Clarke</small> === Karazana misy eto Madagasikara === Indreto ny karazana misy eto [[Madagasikara]]: * ''[[Anisotes divaricatus]]'' <small>T.F.Daniel, Mbola, Almeda & Phillipson</small> * ''[[Anisotes hygroscopicus]]'' <small>T.F.Daniel, Letsara & Martín-Bravo</small> * ''[[Anisotes madagascariensis]]'' <small>Benoist</small> * ''[[Anisotes subcoriaceus]]'' <small>T.F.Daniel, Letsara & Martín-Bravo</small> * ''[[Anisotes tablensis]]'' <small>T.F.Daniel</small> * ''[[Anisotes venosus]]'' <small>T.F.Daniel, Letsara & Martín-Bravo</small> Karazana hita eto Madagasikara nefa efa nafindra vondrona ny ''Anisotes perplexus'' <small>T.F.Daniel, Letsara & Martín-Bravo</small> (→ ''[[Isoglossa perplexa]]'' <small>(T.F.Daniel, Letsara & Martín-Bravo) I.Darbysh. & Kiel</small>). == Jereo koa == * ''[[Anisostachya]]'' * ''[[Isoglossa]]'' * ''[[Metarungia]]'' == Loharano == l8akh6h5orjk2ecdzijxcetyuq0bjfs 0 302560 1152819 1152704 2026-11-03T01:04:44Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1152819 wikitext text/x-wiki Cola (cola nitida na cola acuminate) na kola dia voanjava-maniry izay voan'ny hazo atao hoe kolatier (na colatier), miloko mavokely manila fotsy, mitondra enerijika rehefa sotroina miatraka amin'ny ronono sy tantely. Avy any anaty ala ny afrika (occidentale) no nipoirany. Fampiasa amin'ny fitsamboana natioraly izy io izay bé "caféine" izy io. Misy ireo mihinana azy miatraka amin'ny siligaoma.<ref group="Abres fruitier">http://mg.wikipedia.org</ref> Hazo maniry lehibe no mamokatra io voankazo io. Hita aty aminintsika ihany koa izy io.<ref group="Abres fruitiers">http://mg.wikipedua.org</ref> Le Cola Le noix de cola est la graine d'arbres de genre, nommes généralement colatier (ou kolatier), couleur rose et moitier blanche, représente par le cola nitida et le cola acuminate. Cette graine est riche en caféine. On peut le boire comme le the cola avec du lait et du miele. C'est un graine medicinal qu'on l'utilise pour le soin naturel energetique. Les malagasy le mangent avec le swigum.<ref group="Abres fruitiers">http://fr {{Wayback|url=http://fr |date=20180809102605 }}<nowiki/>.wikipediq.org</ref> Le colatier est un arbre originaire des forêts tropicales d'Afrique occidentale. <ref group="Abres fruitiers">http://fr {{Wayback|url=http://fr |date=20180809102605 }}<nowiki/>wikipedia.org</ref> Référence: Aurelia Tricoulet, Les Sodas a base de cola des recettes variétés au service de la médecine, a consommer avec modération, VFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 2014.<ref group="Abres fruitiers">http://fr.wikipedia.org</ref> 3cavwj6xagm8r933qa7aeg9rpqq70nk 0 302574 1152785 2026-11-02T12:57:32Z Thelezifor 15140 Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana 1152785 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''hitsikitsika''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Bignoniaceae]]'', amin' ny filaharana [[Lamiales]]: * ''[[Rhodocolea racemosa]]'' <small>(Lam.) H. Perrier</small> (''Bignoniaceae'') * ''[[Rhodocolea telfairiae]]'' <small>(Boj. ex Hook.) H. Perrier</small> (''Bignoniaceae'') == Jereo koa == * ''[[Rhodocolea]]'' n2n8awobsc39hs6pnb5kmanyyh07w1k 1152786 1152785 2026-11-02T13:00:20Z Thelezifor 15140 Nanisy sary 1152786 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Curtis's botanical magazine (8294312068).jpg|vignette|''[[Rhodocolea telfairiae]]'']] Ny '''hitsikitsika''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Bignoniaceae]]'', amin' ny filaharana [[Lamiales]]: * ''[[Rhodocolea racemosa]]'' <small>(Lam.) H. Perrier</small> (''Bignoniaceae'') -- hitsikitsika, kitsikitsika, lomontsohy, rehitsika, tsetsefinantsoimenafelana * ''[[Rhodocolea telfairiae]]'' <small>(Boj. ex Hook.) H. Perrier</small> (''Bignoniaceae'') -- hazonkitsikitsika, hindramena, hitsika, hitsikitsika, hitsy, kifatatra, kifatra, kitsikitsika, rehitsika == Jereo koa == * ''[[Rhodocolea]]'' jne4t24jhkij16rbfzqfr958cnbm1nm 1152787 1152786 2026-11-02T13:03:57Z Thelezifor 15140 Rohy anatiny 1152787 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Curtis's botanical magazine (8294312068).jpg|vignette|''[[Rhodocolea telfairiae]]'']] Ny '''hitsikitsika''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Bignoniaceae]]'', amin' ny filaharana [[Lamiales]]: * ''[[Rhodocolea racemosa]]'' <small>(Lam.) H. Perrier</small> (''Bignoniaceae'') -- hitsikitsika, kitsikitsika, lomontsohy, rehitsika, tsetsefinantsoimenafelana * ''[[Rhodocolea telfairiae]]'' <small>(Boj. ex Hook.) H. Perrier</small> (''Bignoniaceae'') -- hazonkitsikitsika, hindramena, hitsika, hitsikitsika, hitsy, kifatatra, kifatra, kitsikitsika, rehitsika == Jereo koa == * ''[[Rhodocolea]]'' * [[Hitsikitsika|Hitsikitsika (vorona)]]: ''Falco newtoni'' l8iapn3fmm4ryhb9u2m5a2sqgsoq2nf 0 302575 1152788 2026-11-02T13:22:19Z Thelezifor 15140 Vondron-karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana Bignoniaceae 1152788 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Bignonia telfairia00.jpg|vignette|356x356px|''[[Rhodocolea telfairiae]]'']] Ny '''''Rhodocolea''''' dia vondron-karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] [[roa ravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Bignoniaceae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Lamiales]]. Teratany eto [[Madagasikara]] ny katrazana ao aminy<ref name=":1"><small>"[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:4228-1 ''Rhodocolea'' Baill.]", ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Notsidihina tamin' ny 20 Mey 2021.</small></ref>. ''Rhodocolea'' <small>Baill.</small> no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. == Lisitry ny karazana == Inty ny lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Rhodocolea'' araka ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''<ref name=":1" />: * ''[[Rhodocolea boivinii]]'' <small>(Baill.) H.Perrier</small> -- volimpoly * ''Rhodocolea compressa'' <small>(Lam.) Phillipson & Callm.</small> * ''Rhodocolea humbertii'' <small>Callm. & Phillipson</small> * ''Rhodocolea humblotiana'' <small>(Baill.) Phillipson & Callm.</small> * ''Rhodocolea involucrata'' <small>(Bojer ex DC.) H.Perrier</small> * ''Rhodocolea lemuriphila'' <small>Zjhra</small> * ''Rhodocolea linearis'' <small>H.Perrier</small> * ''Rhodocolea magnifica'' <small>Callm. & Phillipson</small> * ''Rhodocolea multiflora'' <small>Zjhra</small> * ''Rhodocolea nobilis'' <small>Baill</small>. * ''Rhodocolea parviflora'' <small>(Baker) Phillipson & Callm.</small> * ''Rhodocolea parvifoliolata'' <small>Callm. & Phillipson</small> * ''Rhodocolea perrieri'' <small>Capuron</small> * ''[[Rhodocolea racemosa]]'' <small>(Lam.) H.Perrier</small> -- hitsikitsika, kitsikitsika, lomontsohy, rehitsika, tsetsefinantsoimenafelana * ''Rhodocolea ranirisonii'' <small>Callm., Phillipson & L.Gaut.</small> * ''[[Rhodocolea telfairiae]]'' <small>(Bojer ex Hook.) H.Perrier</small> -- hazonkitsikitsika, hindramena, hitsika, hitsikitsika, hitsy, kifatatra, kifatra, kitsikitsika, rehitsika == Jereo koa == * ''[[Bignonia]]'' * Hitsika: ''[[Rhodocolea telfairiae]]'' <small>(Bojer ex Hook.) H.Perrier</small> (''[[Bignoniaceae]]''); ''[[Dalbergia purpurascens]]'' <small>Baill.</small> (''[[Fabaceae]]'') cr5qax3pmyqsdf0v0uimabuukhu20bo 1152789 1152788 2026-11-02T13:24:02Z Thelezifor 15140 Loharano 1152789 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Bignonia telfairia00.jpg|vignette|356x356px|''[[Rhodocolea telfairiae]]'']] Ny '''''Rhodocolea''''' dia vondron-karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] [[roa ravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Bignoniaceae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Lamiales]]. Teratany eto [[Madagasikara]] ny katrazana ao aminy<ref name=":1"><small>"[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:4228-1 ''Rhodocolea'' Baill.]", ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Notsidihina tamin' ny 20 Mey 2021.</small></ref>. ''Rhodocolea'' <small>Baill.</small> no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. == Lisitry ny karazana == Inty ny lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Rhodocolea'' araka ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''<ref name=":1" />: * ''[[Rhodocolea boivinii]]'' <small>(Baill.) H.Perrier</small> -- volimpoly * ''Rhodocolea compressa'' <small>(Lam.) Phillipson & Callm.</small> * ''Rhodocolea humbertii'' <small>Callm. & Phillipson</small> * ''Rhodocolea humblotiana'' <small>(Baill.) Phillipson & Callm.</small> * ''Rhodocolea involucrata'' <small>(Bojer ex DC.) H.Perrier</small> * ''Rhodocolea lemuriphila'' <small>Zjhra</small> * ''Rhodocolea linearis'' <small>H.Perrier</small> * ''Rhodocolea magnifica'' <small>Callm. & Phillipson</small> * ''Rhodocolea multiflora'' <small>Zjhra</small> * ''Rhodocolea nobilis'' <small>Baill</small>. * ''Rhodocolea parviflora'' <small>(Baker) Phillipson & Callm.</small> * ''Rhodocolea parvifoliolata'' <small>Callm. & Phillipson</small> * ''Rhodocolea perrieri'' <small>Capuron</small> * ''[[Rhodocolea racemosa]]'' <small>(Lam.) H.Perrier</small> -- hitsikitsika, kitsikitsika, lomontsohy, rehitsika, tsetsefinantsoimenafelana * ''Rhodocolea ranirisonii'' <small>Callm., Phillipson & L.Gaut.</small> * ''[[Rhodocolea telfairiae]]'' <small>(Bojer ex Hook.) H.Perrier</small> -- hazonkitsikitsika, hindramena, hitsika, hitsikitsika, hitsy, kifatatra, kifatra, kitsikitsika, rehitsika == Jereo koa == * ''[[Bignonia]]'' * [[Hitsika (zavamaniry)|Hitsika]]: ''[[Rhodocolea telfairiae]]'' <small>(Bojer ex Hook.) H.Perrier</small> (''[[Bignoniaceae]]''); ''[[Dalbergia purpurascens]]'' <small>Baill.</small> (''[[Fabaceae]]'') == Loharano == c2xu8ug1vskxpm1h8rkrz5estpmkm4f 0 302576 1152790 2026-11-02T13:32:05Z Thelezifor 15140 Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana 1152790 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Dalbergia purpurascens - Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden - University of California, Los Angeles - DSC02777.jpg|vignette|287x287px|''Dalbergia purpurascens'']] [[Sary:Bignonia telfairia00.jpg|vignette|246x246px|''[[Rhodocolea telfairiae]]'']] Ny '''hitsika''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Bignoniaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Lamiales]]) sy ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Fabales]]), izay samy tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]: * ''[[Dalbergia purpurascens]]'' <small>Baill.</small> (''Fabaceae'') -- hitsika * ''[[Rhodocolea telfairiae]]'' <small>(Bojer ex Hook.) H.Perrier</small> (''Bignoniaceae'') -- hazonkitsikitsika, hindramena, hitsika, hitsikitsika, hitsy, kifatatra, kifatra, kitsikitsika, rehitsika == Jereo koa == * ''[[Dalbergia]]'' * ''[[Rhodocolea]]'' 8maem3rcui3v74z6iljpjj8dohye5bo 0 302577 1152796 2026-11-02T14:03:27Z Thelezifor 15140 Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana 1152796 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''hazomalanga''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Hernandiaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Laurales]]) sy ''[[Moringa|Moringaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Capparales]]) ary ''[[Myristicaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Magnoliales]]): * ''[[Hazomalania voyronii]]'' <small>(Jumelle) Capuron</small> (''Hernandiaceae'') -- hazomalana, hazomalanga * ''[[Mauloutchia humblotii]]'' <small>(H. Perr.) Capuron</small> (''Myristicaceae'') -- basibasy, hazomalanga, molotrandrago, rarà, raramainty, rarandambo, voararà, voararamolotrandrongo * ''[[Moringa drouhardii]]'' <small>Jum.</small> (''Moringaceae'') -- hazomalanga, maroseranana, marosirana == Jereo koa == * ''[[Hazomalania]]'' * ''[[Mauloutchia]]'' * ''[[Moringa]]'' tcsurn1o3nc5otcntdsvfkyud2alelb 1152797 1152796 2026-11-02T14:05:41Z Thelezifor 15140 Jereo koa 1152797 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''hazomalanga''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Hernandiaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Laurales]]) sy ''[[Moringa|Moringaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Capparales]]) ary ''[[Myristicaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Magnoliales]]): * ''[[Hazomalania voyronii]]'' <small>(Jumelle) Capuron</small> (''Hernandiaceae'') -- hazomalana, hazomalanga * ''[[Mauloutchia humblotii]]'' <small>(H. Perr.) Capuron</small> (''Myristicaceae'') -- basibasy, hazomalanga, molotrandrago, rarà, raramainty, rarandambo, voararà, voararamolotrandrongo * ''[[Moringa drouhardii]]'' <small>Jum.</small> (''Moringaceae'') -- hazomalanga, maroseranana, marosirana == Jereo koa == * ''[[Hazomalania]]'' * ''[[Mauloutchia]]'' * ''[[Moringa]]'' * [[Hazomalany]]: ''[[Crateva excelsa]]'' <small>Bojer</small> (''[[Capparaceae]]''); ''[[Macarisia ellipticifolia]]'' <small>Arènes</small> (← ''Macarisia capuronii'' <small>Arènes</small>); ''[[Macarisia lanceolata]]'' <small>Baill</small>. (← ''Macarisia nossibeensis'' <small>Arènes</small>); ''[[Macarisia pyramidata]]'' <small>Thouars</small> (''[[Rhizophoraceae]]''); ''[[Molinaea retusa]]'' <small>Radlk.</small> (''[[Sapindaceae]]''); ''[[Turraea rutilans]]'' <small>(Sm.) Bosser.</small> (← ''Payeria excelsa'' <small>Baill.</small>) (''[[Meliaceae]]''); [[Pittosporum pangalanense|''Pittosporum'' ''pangalanense'']] <small>Cufod.</small> (''[[Pittosporaceae]]'') 3i8h24t8kx8b6ogacwyfxz8vd1uosi3 0 302578 1152799 2026-11-02T14:19:32Z Thelezifor 15140 Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana 1152799 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''maroseranana''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Moringa|Moringaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Capparales]]) sy ''[[Salicaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Malpighiales]]): * ''[[Casearia]]'' sp. (''[[Salicaceae]]'') -- * ''[[Moringa drouhardii]]'' <small>Jum.</small> (''Moringaceae'') -- hazomalanga, maroseranana, marosirana * ''[[Moringa hildebrandtii]]'' <small>Engl.</small> (''Moringaceae'') -- felinimirongo, maroseranana == Jereo koa == * ''[[Casearia]]'' * ''[[Moringa hildebrandtii|Moringa]]'' mt86orb6rgn3pc6x948r8dd395rhlbw 0 302579 1152847 2026-11-03T04:46:55Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « {{coord|02|42|S|44|44|W}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Bacurituba |velarantany = 674,51 |fanjakana = {{Maranhao}} |isam-ponina = 20.339 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary = Bacurituba.JPG |saina = }} [[File:Maranhao Municip Bacurituba.svg|thumb|left|Bacurituba]] '''Bacurituba''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana federaly tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 20.339 mponina.... » 1152847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|02|42|S|44|44|W}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Bacurituba |velarantany = 674,51 |fanjakana = {{Maranhao}} |isam-ponina = 20.339 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary = Bacurituba.JPG |saina = }} [[File:Maranhao Municip Bacurituba.svg|thumb|left|Bacurituba]] '''Bacurituba''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana federaly tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 20.339 mponina. Ny halavirana mankany an-drenivohitra ([[São Luís]]): 137 km Kaominina manamorona: [[São Luís]], [[São Bento]], [[Cajapió]], [[Alcântara]], [[Peri Mirim]], [[Bequimão]] Lavitra ny renivohitra ([[São Luís]]): 137 km == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] o4ghp2ufwmt05mzczabe2v9u19xatfx 1152854 1152847 2026-11-03T05:27:06Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|02|42|S|44|44|W}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Bacurituba |velarantany = 674,51 |fanjakana = {{Maranhao}} |isam-ponina = 20.339 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary = Bacurituba.JPG |saina = }} [[File:Maranhao Municip Bacurituba.svg|thumb|left|Bacurituba]] '''Bacurituba''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana federaly tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 20.339 mponina. Ny halavirana mankany an-drenivohitra ([[São Luís]]): 137 km Kaominina manamorona: [[São Luís]], [[São Bento (Maranhão)|São Bento]], [[Cajapió]], [[Alcântara]], [[Peri Mirim]], [[Bequimão]] Lavitra ny renivohitra ([[São Luís]]): 137 km == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] 3ha4scnuv9zzs3fz7pyrw9sgs3w92ry 0 302580 1152850 2026-11-03T05:05:39Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « {{coord|02|35|S|44|51|W}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana =Peri Mirim |velarantany = 405,29 |haavo = |fanjakana = {{Maranhão}} |isam-ponina = 13.807 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary = PERI MIRIM - MA.jpg |saina =PeriMirim bandeira.jpg }} [[File:Maranhao Municip PeriMirim.svg|thumb|left|Peri Mirim]] '''Peri Mirim''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana federal mizaka tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny Brazil... » 1152850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|02|35|S|44|51|W}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana =Peri Mirim |velarantany = 405,29 |haavo = |fanjakana = {{Maranhão}} |isam-ponina = 13.807 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary = PERI MIRIM - MA.jpg |saina =PeriMirim bandeira.jpg }} [[File:Maranhao Municip PeriMirim.svg|thumb|left|Peri Mirim]] '''Peri Mirim''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana federal mizaka tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 13.807 mponina tamin'ny taona 2010. Halavirana mankany amin'ny renivohitra ([[São Luís]]): 95 km == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] cjx9j927t938aebxvitekb8wqtsbvdu 0 302581 1152853 2026-11-03T05:22:55Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « {{coord|02|53|S|44|40|W}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana =Cajapió |velarantany = 908,72 |haavo = |fanjakana = {{Maranhão}} |isam-ponina = 10.632 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary = |saina = Bandeira Cajapió.svg }} [[File:Maranhao Municip Cajapio.svg|thumb|left|Cajapió]] '''Cajapió''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana federal mizaka tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-... » 1152853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|02|53|S|44|40|W}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana =Cajapió |velarantany = 908,72 |haavo = |fanjakana = {{Maranhão}} |isam-ponina = 10.632 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary = |saina = Bandeira Cajapió.svg }} [[File:Maranhao Municip Cajapio.svg|thumb|left|Cajapió]] '''Cajapió''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana federal mizaka tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 10.632 mponina tamin'ny taona 2010. Kaominina manamorona: [[São Vicente Ferrer]], [[Bacurituba]], [[São João Batista]]. Halavirana mankany amin'ny renivohitra ([[São Luís]]): 68 km == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Maranhão]] == Tsiahy == <references/> {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]] edfy47dktto7abyrjm71yeainuzqdok 0 302582 1152863 2026-11-03T08:40:04Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « [[sary:M1 Carbine Mk I - USA - Armémuseum noBG.jpg|thumb|left|Carabine MI]] [[File:M2CarbineGTAPage3.jpg|thumb|Carabine M2]] Basy semi-automatique ny '''carabine M1''' izay novolavolain'i [[Winchester]] teo anelanelan'ny taona 1940 sy 1941 tany {{Etazonia}}. Nitifitra tamin'ny bala karbine .30 izy io, ary novokarina tamin'ny endrika mandeha ho azy tanteraka, izay nantsoina hoe ''M2''. Miaraka amin'ny basy maherin'ny enina tapitrisa novokarina teo anelanelan... » 1152863 wikitext text/x-wiki [[sary:M1 Carbine Mk I - USA - Armémuseum noBG.jpg|thumb|left|Carabine MI]] [[File:M2CarbineGTAPage3.jpg|thumb|Carabine M2]] Basy semi-automatique ny '''carabine M1''' izay novolavolain'i [[Winchester]] teo anelanelan'ny taona 1940 sy 1941 tany {{Etazonia}}. Nitifitra tamin'ny bala karbine .30 izy io, ary novokarina tamin'ny endrika mandeha ho azy tanteraka, izay nantsoina hoe ''M2''. Miaraka amin'ny basy maherin'ny enina tapitrisa novokarina teo anelanelan'ny taona 1941 sy 1945, ny M1 sy ny karazany M2 no [[basy]] be mpampiasa indrindra nandritra ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]]. Nampiasain'ny Tafika Mitam-piadiana Amerikana izy ireo mba hanoloana ny basy ''Colt M1911'' ho fitaovam-piadiana voalohany ho an'ny miaramila mpanohana, ary koa mba hampitaovana ireo mpanamory parasy sy Marines. Nomena betsaka ihany koa ho an'ireo mpiara-dia amin'i [[Etazonia]], indrindra fa i [[Frantsa]] Afaka. ==Jereo koa== *[[MAS 36]] *[[MAS 49]] *[[Basy]] *[[K-98]] [[fr:Carabine M1]] [[Sokajy:Basy]] [[Sokajy:Winchester]] [[Sokajy:Fiadiana]] [[Sokajy:Fitaovam-piadiana]] 6kzxydwl50hbu5oz8v0isrvidos8jiu 1152865 1152863 2026-11-03T08:41:08Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152865 wikitext text/x-wiki [[sary:M1 Carbine Mk I - USA - Armémuseum noBG.jpg|thumb|left|Carabine MI]] [[File:M2CarbineGTAPage3.jpg|thumb|Carabine M2]] Basy semi-automatique ny '''carabine M1''' izay novolavolain'i [[Winchester]] teo anelanelan'ny taona 1940 sy 1941 tany {{Etazonia}}. Nitifitra tamin'ny bala karbine .30 izy io, ary novokarina tamin'ny endrika mandeha ho azy tanteraka, izay nantsoina hoe '''M2'''. Miaraka amin'ny basy maherin'ny enina tapitrisa novokarina teo anelanelan'ny taona 1941 sy 1945, ny M1 sy ny karazany M2 no [[basy]] be mpampiasa indrindra nandritra ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]]. Nampiasain'ny Tafika Mitam-piadiana Amerikana izy ireo mba hanoloana ny basy ''Colt M1911'' ho fitaovam-piadiana voalohany ho an'ny miaramila mpanohana, ary koa mba hampitaovana ireo mpanamory parasy sy Marines. Nomena betsaka ihany koa ho an'ireo mpiara-dia amin'i [[Etazonia]], indrindra fa i [[Frantsa]] Afaka. ==Jereo koa== *[[MAS 36]] *[[MAS 49]] *[[Basy]] *[[K-98]] [[fr:Carabine M1]] [[Sokajy:Basy]] [[Sokajy:Winchester]] [[Sokajy:Fiadiana]] [[Sokajy:Fitaovam-piadiana]] eb2xji383ieb37xndt6agm6bli8ob4x 1152866 1152865 2026-11-03T08:46:18Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152866 wikitext text/x-wiki [[sary:M1 Carbine Mk I - USA - Armémuseum noBG.jpg|thumb|left|Carabine MI]] [[File:M2CarbineGTAPage3.jpg|thumb|Carabine M2]] Basy semi-automatique ny '''carabine M1''' izay novolavolain'i [[Winchester]] teo anelanelan'ny taona 1940 sy 1941 tany {{Etazonia}}. Nitifitra tamin'ny bala karbine .30 izy io, ary novokarina tamin'ny endrika mandeha ho azy tanteraka, izay nantsoina hoe '''M2'''. Miaraka amin'ny basy maherin'ny enina tapitrisa novokarina teo anelanelan'ny taona 1941 sy 1945, ny M1 sy ny karazany M2 no [[basy]] be mpampiasa indrindra nandritra ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]]. Nampiasain'ny Tafika Mitam-piadiana Amerikana izy ireo mba hanoloana ny basy ''Colt M1911'' ho fitaovam-piadiana voalohany ho an'ny miaramila mpanohana, ary koa mba hampitaovana ireo mpanamory parasy sy Marines. Nomena betsaka ihany koa ho an'ireo mpiara-dia amin'i [[Etazonia]], indrindra fa i [[Frantsa]] Afaka. == Fanondranana == Nomena betsaka ho an'ireo mpiara-dia amin'i Etazonia ny karbina M1. I Frantsa no mpandray betsaka indrindra nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa, izay nahazo 100.000 teo ho eo, ny antsasany dia nalefa an'habakabaka ho an'ny Fanoherana [[Frantsa]]y ary ny antsasany kosa dia nampitaovana ny Tafika Frantsay Afaka. Ireo fitaovam-piadiana ireo dia niditra tao amin'ny fitaovam-piadiana frantsay taty aoriana ary nozaraina manokana ho an'ireo mpanamory parachute sy legionnaires nandray anjara tamin'ny [[Ady Indochina]] sy [[Alzeria]]na. Nahazo mihoatra ny 25.000 ny [[Fanjakana Mitambatra]], anisan'izany ny M1A1 sy M2. Tao amin'ny Teatra [[Pasifika]], ny iray amin'ireo mpandray betsaka indrindra dia ny Repoblikan'i Shina, izay novidian'ny Repoblika Entim-bahoakan'i [[Shina]] taty aoriana ny tahiriny. Raha atambatra, ny karbina M1 sy ny karazany dia naondrana tany amin'ny firenena roapolo eo ho eo amin'ny kaontinanta rehetra. Ankoatra ireo ohatra naondrana na natolotra ara-dalàna, firenena maromaro no mampiasa basy '''M1''' nosamborina, na nafarana tsy ara-dalàna, na basy sandoka. Izany no tena mitranga any amin'ny Repoblika Entim-bahoakan'i {{Vietnam}}, izay mbola nahitana basy maherin'ny iray tapitrisa nalaina taorian'ny nitolo-batana ny Repoblikan'i Vietnam tamin'ny taona 2000. ==Jereo koa== *[[MAS 36]] *[[MAS 49]] *[[Basy]] *[[K-98]] [[fr:Carabine M1]] [[Sokajy:Basy]] [[Sokajy:Winchester]] [[Sokajy:Fiadiana]] [[Sokajy:Fitaovam-piadiana]] hznx1eorcsy4caweaa8mlmcojppbt6z 0 302583 1152864 2026-11-03T08:40:37Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 Pejy fihodinana mankany [[Carabine M-1]] 1152864 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Carabine M-1]] ti14dnypk5l27bch4f9hfgz6isy2rdj 0 302584 1152867 2026-11-03T08:47:07Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 Pejy fihodinana mankany [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina]] 1152867 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina]] 3nxhrmombxvwvzhlw2cdkqkb3orfiol 14 302585 1152877 2026-11-03T11:14:51Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 vaovao 1152877 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sokajy:Ghana]] 1nwdqur4fx40dcxetg9dcpdy3xqzoek 1152878 1152877 2026-11-03T11:15:23Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1152878 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sokajy:Ghana]] [[Sokajy:Filoham-pirenena]] 1nafqsfkwuit7qenco1p1pukiy4pp8i 0 302586 1152879 2026-11-03T11:22:56Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « {{infobox olona |sary= John Dramani Mahama Aug2014 (cropped).jpg |anarana=John Dramani Mahama |teraka=29 Novambra 1958 |maty= |firenena= {{Gana}} |mpiaraka= |asa= * [[mpanao politika]] |taona niasàna= }} '''John Dramani Mahama''' John Dramani Mahama (teraka ny 29 Novambra 1958, tao Bole Bamboi) dia mpanao politika Ganeana ary, nanomboka ny 7 Janoary 2025, no Filoham-pirenena ankehitriny ao amin'ny firenena Afrikana Andrefana {{Gana}}. Efa filoha lefitra izy... » 1152879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox olona |sary= John Dramani Mahama Aug2014 (cropped).jpg |anarana=John Dramani Mahama |teraka=29 Novambra 1958 |maty= |firenena= {{Gana}} |mpiaraka= |asa= * [[mpanao politika]] |taona niasàna= }} '''John Dramani Mahama''' John Dramani Mahama (teraka ny 29 Novambra 1958, tao Bole Bamboi) dia mpanao politika Ganeana ary, nanomboka ny 7 Janoary 2025, no Filoham-pirenena ankehitriny ao amin'ny firenena Afrikana Andrefana {{Gana}}. Efa filoha lefitra izy nanomboka ny taona 2012 ka hatramin'ny 2017 taorian'ny nahafatesan'i John Atta Mills ary voafidy indray tamin'ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena tamin'ny Desambra 2012. Tamin'ny Desambra 2016, resy tamin'ny mpifanandrina aminy, Nana Akufo-Addo izy. Tamin'ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena tamin'ny 7 Desambra 2024, nandresy ny filoha lefitra ankehitriny sady mpandimby an'i Akufo-Addo, Mahamudu Bawumia, izy. Mpikambana ao amin'ny Kongresy Nasionaly Demokratika (NDC) i Mahama. == Jereo koa == ===Rohy ivelany=== {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:mpanao politika ganeana]] [[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1946]] [[Sokajy:Filoham-pirenen' i Gana]] jelu1pieghwvw7m77ugf9towasu7xgd 0 302587 1152894 2026-11-03T11:47:28Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « {{coord|06|41|N|01|37|W}} {{infobox tanàna |tanàna=Kumasi |firenena={{Gana}} |isam-ponina= 4.036.000 |velarantany= |ben'ny tanàna= |sary=Donald Stewart's Monument- Kumasi.jpg }} '''Kumasi''' dia iray amin'ireo tanàna lehibe indrindra ao {{Gana}}, renivohitry ny Faritra Ashanti ary renivohitra ara-tantaran'ny Empira Ashanti. Tombanana ho 4.036 tapitrisa ny mponina ao aminy amin'ny taona 2025. == Jereo koa == * [[Ghana]] {{commonscat}} sokajy:Tanàna ao... » 1152894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|06|41|N|01|37|W}} {{infobox tanàna |tanàna=Kumasi |firenena={{Gana}} |isam-ponina= 4.036.000 |velarantany= |ben'ny tanàna= |sary=Donald Stewart's Monument- Kumasi.jpg }} '''Kumasi''' dia iray amin'ireo tanàna lehibe indrindra ao {{Gana}}, renivohitry ny Faritra Ashanti ary renivohitra ara-tantaran'ny Empira Ashanti. Tombanana ho 4.036 tapitrisa ny mponina ao aminy amin'ny taona 2025. == Jereo koa == * [[Ghana]] {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Faritra Ashanti]] [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Ghana]] [[sokajy:Ghana]] 52lax2tix380m4yy85uq6v1zc44bnu9 14 302588 1152895 2026-11-03T11:48:05Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « [[sokajy:Faritra Ashanti]] [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Ghana]] » 1152895 wikitext text/x-wiki [[sokajy:Faritra Ashanti]] [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Ghana]] djhpl1hghr5fz3i36ykb6goic7zzw8h