Maorisy

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    <title>Maorisy</title>
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        <username>Thelezifor</username>
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      <comment>Nanitsy hadisoam-pitendrena</comment>
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      <text bytes="10568" sha1="0nal339tqalysh58ykbmcidux770akh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox_Country
|native_name =Republic of Mauritius
|common_name = Maorisy
|fullcountryname = Maorisy
|image_flag =Flag of Mauritius.svg 
|image_coa =Coat_of_arms_of_Mauritius.svg 
|image_location =LocationMauritius.png 
|nationalmotto =Stella Clavisque Maris Indici&lt;br /&gt;(Kintana sy Fanalahidin'ny Ranomasime Indianina) 
|nationalsong = ''[[Motherland (anthem)|Motherland]]''
|official_languages =[[Fiteny anglisy|anglisy]]
|country_capital =[[Port Louis]] 
|latd=20 |latm=10 |latNS=S |longd=57 |longm=31 |longEW=E
|country_largest_city =[[Port Louis]] 
|government_type = [[Repoblika]]                                                                                                                                                                    
|leader_title1 =[[List of Presidents of Mauritius|President]]
|leader_title2 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Mauritius|Prime Minister]]
|leader_title_name =[[Dharam Gokhool]]
|leader_name2 = [[Navinchandra Ramgoolam]]
|area_rank =169th 
|area_magnitude =1 E9 
|area_total=2,040
|areami²=   787&lt;!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --&gt;
|area_water_percent =0.05 
|population_total =1,245,000 &lt;!--UN WPP--&gt;
|population_rank = 153rd
|population_estimate_year =July 2005 
|population_census = 
|population_census_year = 
|population_density =603
|population_densitymi² =  1,564&lt;!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --&gt;
|population_density_rank =11th
|GDP_PPP =$16.36 billion &lt;!--cia.gov--&gt; 
|GDP_PPP_rank =119th 
|GDP_PPP_year=2005 
|GDP_PPP_per_capita =$13,300 
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 52nd 
|sovereignty_type =[[Independence]] 
|sovereignty_note = de [[Fanjakana Mitambatra]]
|established_event1 = Date
|established_in =[[March 12]], [[1968]] 
|HDI =0.791 
|HDI_rank =65th 
|HDI_year =2003 
|HDI_category =&lt;font color=&quot;#FFCC00&quot;&gt;medium&lt;/font&gt; 
|currency =[[Mauritian Rupee]] 
|currency_code = MUR
|country_code = 
|time_zone = 
|utcoffset =+4 
|time_zone_DST = 
|utc_offset_DST = 
|internet_tld =[[.mu]] 
|dialing_code = 230
|footnotes = 
}}

I '''Maorisy''' na  ny '''Repoblikan' i Maorisy''' dia [[nosy]] vitsivitsy aty [[Afrika Atsinanana]], ao amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]], manana velarana mirefy 2&amp;nbsp;040&amp;nbsp;km², 900&amp;nbsp;km atsinanan' i [[Madagasikara]] sy 3&amp;nbsp;943&amp;nbsp;km atsimo-atsinanan' i [[India]]. Ny nosy [[Cargados Carajos|St. Brandon]] sy [[Rodrigues (island)|Rodrigues]] ary [[Agalega Islands]] dia ao anatin' ny Repoblikan' i Maorisy. Anisan' ny vondro-nosy [[Maskarena]] i Maorisy, miampy ny nosy [[La Réunion]] 200&amp;nbsp;km ao atsimo-andrefany. 

Atao hoe '''''Moris''''' izy amin' ny [[Fiteny kreôly maorisiana|teny kreôly maorisiana]] fa '''''Republic of Mauritius''''' kosa amin' ny [[teny anglisy]] ary '''''République de Maurice''''' amin' ny [[teny frantsay]]. Atao hoe '''[[Maorisiana]]''' ny vahoakan' io firenena io.

Nosin' [[afotroa]] ny nosy Maorisy. Ahitana [[lembalemba]] rakotra [[farihy]] ny eo afovoany fa tany lemaka iva kosa ny faritra avaratra. Be tendrombohitra ny faritra atsimo.

Manam-piaviana indiana ny 2/3 amin' ny mponin' i Maorisy; ny sisa dia safiotra manam-piaviana afrikana. Manaraka ny [[Hindoisma|fivavahana hindo]] ny antsasany mahery kely amin' ny vahoaka maorisiana, ny 30&amp;nbsp;% dia Kristiana [[Katôlisisma|katôlika]] ary ny 15&amp;nbsp;% kosa Mozilmana. Ambony dia ambony ny hakitroky ny mponina ao Maorisy.

Miankina amin' ny [[Indostria|taozava-baventy]] momba ny fanenoman-damba ny toekaren' i Maorisy. Mandroso ihany koa ny sehatry ny raharaham-bola sy ny [[Fizahàn-tany|fizahan-tany]]. Maro amin' ny Maorisiana no misahana asa momba ny [[fambolena]], ka anisan' ny be mpamboly ny [[fary]] sy ny [[Dite (zavamaniry)|dite]] ary ny [[voanjo]].

Zanatany britanika taloha i Maorisy izay nahazo ny fahaleovan-tenany tamin' ny taona 1968. Mpikambana ao amin' ny [[Commonwealth]] izy ary ny [[fiteny anglisy]] no fiteny ôfisialiny.

== Famerenana nosy amin' i Maorisy ==
Tamin' ny 3 Oktobra 2024, nilaza ny governemanta britanika sy maorisianina, tamin'ny fanambarana iombonana, ny famindram-pahefana amin'ny vondronosy ho an'i Maorisy. Ny nosy Diego Garcia, izay misy ny toby miaramila ao amin'ny Camp Justice, no hany naningana tamin'ity fifanarahana vaovao ity, ka natolotry ny governemanta Maorisiana an'i [[Fanjakana Mitambatra]] ny fitondrana nandritra ny 99 taona farafahakeliny. Tamin'ny 22 May 2025, ny praiminisitra britanika Kier Starmer dia nanao sonia ny fifanarahana ofisialy momba ny famindrana Vondro-nosy Chagos ho ao amin' ny fiandrianan' i Maorisy. Araka ny voalazan'ilay fifanarahana dia naverina avy hatrany tany amin'ny Fanjakana Mitambatra ny nosin-karan-dranomasina stratejikan'i Diego Garcia sy ny faritra 38 km manodidina azy. Ity fifanarahana ity dia mamela ny fanohizana ny fampandehanana ny toby iraisan'ny Anglisy-Amerikana ao amin'ilay nosy mandritra ny 99 taona manaraka, miaraka amin'ny fanitarana 40 taona sy ny zon'ny mialoha. Hahazo fandoavana hofany £165 tapitrisa isan-taona avy any Angletera i Maorisy mandritra ny telo taona voalohany, arahin'ny £120 tapitrisa isan-taona mandritra ny folo taona manaraka. Aorian'izay, ity fandoavana £120 tapitrisa isan-taona ity dia hasondrotra araka ny fisondrotry ny vidim-piainana.

== Boky ==

* Dodd, Jan and Madeleine Philippe. ''Lonely Planet Mauritius Reunion &amp; Seychelles''. Lonely Planet Publications, 2004. ISBN 1-74059-301-4

* Lee, Jacques: &quot;Mauritius: Its Creole Language - The Ultimate Creole Phrase Book and Dictionary&quot;, Paperback 160 pages (August 15, 2005) Publisher: Nautilus ISBN 0-9511296-4-3

* Lee, Jacques: &quot;Sega: The Mauritian Folk Dance&quot;, Paperback 104 pages (December 1990)  Publisher: Nautilus ISBN 0-9511296-1-9
==Vola==
*[[Mauritian Rupee]]

== Jereo koa ==
'''Firenena aty Afrika:'''

[[Afrika Atsimo]] - [[Alzeria]] - [[Angôla]] - [[Benino]] - [[Borkina Fasô]] - [[Borondy]] - [[Bôtsoana]] - [[Ejipta]] - [[Eritrea]] - [[Esoatiny]] ([[Soazilandy]] taloha) - [[Etiôpia]] - [[Gabôna]] - [[Gambia]] - [[Ganà]] - [[Ginea]] - [[Ginea Bisao]] - [[Ginea Ekoatôrialy]] - [[Jibotỳ]] - [[Kamerona]] - [[Kapvera]] - [[Kenia]] - [[Kômôro]] - [[Kôtidivoara]] - [[Lezôtô]] - [[Liberia]] - [[Libia]] - [[Madagasikara]] - [[Malaoỳ|Malaoy]] - [[Malỳ]] - [[Maorisy]] - [[Maoritania]] - [[Marôka]] - [[Môzambika]] - [[Namibia]] - [[Nizera]] - [[Nizeria]] - [[Oganda]] - [[Repoblika Arabo Saharaoy Demôkratika]] - [[Repoblika Demôkratikan' i Kôngô]] - [[Repoblikan' i Afrika Afovoany]] - [[Repoblikan' i Kôngô]] - [[Roanda]] - [[Saô Tôme e Prinsipe]] - [[Seisely]] - [[Senegaly]] - [[Siera Leôna]] - [[Sodàna]] - [[Sodàna Atsimo]] - [[Sômalia]] - [[Sômalilandy]] - [[Tanzania]] - [[Tôgô]] - [[Tonizia]] - [[Tsady]] - [[Zambia]] - [[Zimbaboe]]


'''Kôntinenta eto an-tany'''

* [[Afrika]]
* [[Amerika]] ([[Amerika Avaratra]] - [[Amerika Atsimo]])
* [[Azia]]
* [[Eorôpa]]
* [[Ôseania]]
* [[Antarktika]]

== Rohy Ivelany ==
{{sisterlinks|Mauritius}}

=== Governmenta ===
* [http://www.gov.mu/ Government of Mauritius] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gov.mu/ |date=20080203103234 }} official government site
* [http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/ncb/cso/ Central Statistics Office] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/ncb/cso/ |date=20160304093908 }} - Official gatherer and provider of statistical information for Mauritius

=== Gazety ===
* [http://www.lexpress.mu/ L'Express (Mauritius)] - French language newspaper
* [http://www.lemauricien.com/ Le Mauricien] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lemauricien.com/ |date=20110903215533 }} - French language newspaper
* [http://www.lematinal.com/ Le Matinal (Mauritius)] - Newspaper
* [http://allafrica.com/mauritius/ allAfrica.com - ''Mauritius''] {{Wayback|url=http://allafrica.com/mauritius/ |date=20060718121441 }} news headline links
* [http://mbc.intnet.mu/ Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation] - Public TV/Radio Broadcasting

=== Internet Radio ===
* [http://www.r1.mu/ Radio One] {{Wayback|url=http://www.r1.mu/ |date=20120415032406 }} - 24/7 broadcast from Mauritius (private station)
* [http://www.topfmradio.com/ Top FM] {{Wayback|url=http://www.topfmradio.com/ |date=20060716131546 }} - Private station (affiliated to Sunrise Radio (UK))
* [http://www.radioplus.mu/ Radio Plus] - Private radio broadcaster
* [http://mbc.intnet.mu/radiomain.htm/ MBC Radio] {{Wayback|url=http://mbc.intnet.mu/radiomain.htm/ |date=20060709163836 }} - Kool FM and Taal FM (official public stations)

=== Banky ===
* [http://www.mcb.mu/ Mauritius Commercial Bank]
* [http://www.sbmonline.com State Bank of Mauritius] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sbmonline.com/ |date=20180505080706 }}

=== Business ===
* [http://www.mcci.org/ Mauritius Chamber of Commerce and Industry]
* [http://www.enterprisemauritius.biz/ Enterprise Mauritius]

=== Fizahan-tany ===
* [http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mauritius Mauritius - Wikivoyage]
* [http://www.mauritius.net/ Mauritius Tourism Promotion Authority] official government site for travel to Mauritius
* [http://www.mauritiusmuseums.org/ The Mauritius Museums Council] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mauritiusmuseums.org/ |date=20060818093012 }}, a body corporate under the aegis of the Ministry of Arts and Culture
* [http://www.island-of-mauritius.com/forum/ Mauritius Forum] {{Wayback|url=http://www.island-of-mauritius.com/forum/ |date=20200928045648 }} Discusss about your next stay or your past experience on the island of Mauritius
* [http://www.grandbaie.org/ Grand Baie] {{Wayback|url=http://www.grandbaie.org/ |date=20121015150809 }} Popular coastal village among tourists

=== Samihafa ===
* [http://www.edwebproject.org/mauritius/ A Week in Mauritius] - A Photo Gallery and Travelogue, by Andy Carvin
* [http://www.uom.ac.mu/ University of Mauritius] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uom.ac.mu/ |date=20200909031645 }}
* [http://ile-maurice.tripod.com Cuisine of Mauritius]
* [http://www.intnet.mu/iels/ Institute for Environmental Studies] {{Wayback|url=http://www.intnet.mu/iels/ |date=20060620071543 }}
* [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Mauritius Open Directory Project - ''Mauritius''] {{Wayback|url=http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Mauritius |date=20060614050139 }} directory category
* [http://www.thisismauritius.com This is Mauritius] - Satirical news and information portal for the Mauritian Community
* Entry on [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/mp.html Mauritius] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/mp.html |date=20060706165018 }} in the CIA World Factbook

{{Africa}}

[[Sokajy:Maorisy|*]]
[[Sokajy:Firenena ao Afrika]]
[[Sokajy:Firenena]]
[[Sokajy:Nosy ao Afrika]]
[[Sokajy:Nosy ny ranomasimbe Indiana]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Andrianampoinimerina</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Gaël RALANTONIRINA</username>
        <id>35834</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Nanamboatra fomba fanehoana</comment>
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      <text bytes="36493" sha1="ddy9nn0ubw8966ffb2l51jida2ce9rw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox olona|anarana=Ramboasalama Andrianamponimerina|teraka=Teraka ny taona manodinana 1745|toerana=Ikaloy avaratr'Antananarivo|maty=1810|firenena=Malagasy|asa=Mpanjakan'ny foko merina, mpandrafitra lalàna|seha-pitiavana=Maro vady|asa hafa=Mpandrafitra lalàna
Mpampandry tany|sary=Andrianamponimerina}}
'''Andrianampoinimerina''' dia anisan' ny [[mpanjaka]] voalohany teo amin' ny [[Fanjakan' Imerina|Fanjakana Merina]]. Teraka tamin' ny taona 1745 izy ary maty tamin' ny taona 1810. Imboasalama no anarany font izy  mbola kely. [[Andriamiharamanjaka]] no rainy ary [[Ranavalonandriambelomasina]] no reniny. Nanambady maro izy ka anisan' izany [[Rabodonimerina]], [[Rasendrasoa|Rasendrasoa,]] [[Rambolamasoandro]] ary i [[Miangaly]]. [[Radama I]] zanany no nandimby azy rehefa niamboho izy.

== Ny fanjakany ==
Nanjaka teo anelanelan ' ny 1787-1810 izy. Ny nanamarika ny fanjakany dia ny fampihavanana  indray an' Imerina taorian' ny ady an-trano nandritra ny 77 taona, ary ny fanitaram-panjakana nanaraka izany tany amin' ny faritra manodinana ny foko Merina ka nahatonga ny fampiraisana an' i [[Madagasikara]] teo ambany fitondran' ny Merina. Andrianampoinimerina dia olo-malaza eo amin' ny kolontsaina.  Ny  tantaram-piainany, araka ny lovantsofin' ny [[Merina]], dia mifangaro [[angano]], ary heverina ho anisan' ny mpitari-tafika sy mpitarika ara-pôlitika lehibe indrindra teo amin' ny tantaran' i Madagasikara.

Andrianampoinimerina dia nandray fahefana rehefa nesorina ny dadatoany, [[Andrianjafy]], izay nanjaka tao [[Avaradrano|Imerina Avaradrano]]. Talohan' ny nanjakan' Andrianampoinimerina dia nifandona tamin' ny faritany telo hafa mifanolo-bodirindrina tao amin' ny [[Fanjakan' Imerina]] teo aloha Imerina Avaradrano, [[faritany]] izay niray hina tamin' ny vanim-potoana nanjakan' [[Andriamasinavalona]] 100 taona lasa izay. Andrianampoinimerina dia nanao ny renivohiny tao [[Ambohimanga]] izay voaaro manda, sady toerana manan-danja ara-panahy sy ara-kolontsaina ary ara-pôlitika izay voatendry ho lova Iraisam-pirenenan' ny [[UNESCO]] tamin' ny taona 2001. Natao toerana  ho tsidihana mihitsy ny trano fonenan' ny mpanjaka tany am-boalohany izay eny Ambohimanga ankehitriny .

Avy amin' io toerana io no nanitarany tsikelikely ny fanjakany nanerana an' Imerina rehetra tamin' ny voalohany, ary avy eo nanerana ny faritra afovoany lehibe kokoa, ka nitelina ny tanin' ny [[Betsileo]], ny an' ny [[Sihanaka]], ny an' ny [[Bezanozano]] ary ny an' ny [[Bara]]. Rehefa nanjaka nandritra ny 23 taona Andrianampoinimerina tamin' ny fotoana nahafatesany, dia voatambatra soa aman-tsara Imerina ary voaitatra be ny Fanjakana Merina, sady nikasa ny hampiray an' i Madagasikara manontolo mihitsy izy ho eo ambany fahefahany merina. Notohizan-d[[Radama Voalohany|Radama I]], zanany izany fanambarana an'i madagasikara ho iray izany ,izy moa sady mpandova azy ary notanterahin-dRanavalona izany vinavinan-drainy izany tao anatin' ny roapolo taona.

== Ny nahaterahan' Andrianampoinimerina ==

=== Ny zava-nisy momba ny fanjakana talohan' ny hanjakany ===
Raha tsiahivina, dia fanjakana iray tsy mivaky [[Imerina-Ambaniandro|Imerina]] hatramin' ny mpanjaka [[Ralambo]] (1575-1610) ka hatramin’ ny mpanjaka [[Andriamasinavalona]]. Nozarain’ Andriamasinavalona tamin’ ny zanany efa-dahy ny faritry ny fanjakany ka nisy fanjakana 4 teto Imerina dia teo [[Antananarivo]], [[Ambohidrabiby]], [[Ambohimanga]] ary [[Ambohidratrimo]] izay samy nanana ny renivohiny avy. Nifandrafy ireo fanjakana merina efatra ireo ka resiny  fanjakan’ Ambohimanga ny an’Ambohidrabiby ary lasany ny fanjakana ka telo sisa dia ny fanjakan’ Ambohimanga, ny fanjakan’ Imerinatsimo (nanana an’ Antananarivo ho renivohiny) ary ny fanjakan’ Ambohidratrimo. Ireo fanjakana Merina ireo nohodidinin' ny fanjakana tsy Merina dia ny fanjakan’ [[Anjozorobe]] tao avaratra sy avaratra antsinanana, ny fanjakan’ [[Andratsay]] tao atsimo, ireo fanjakan' ny [[Bezanozano]] tao atsinanana, ny fanjakan' Imamo tao andrefana atsimo ary ny fanjakan’ i Vonizongo tao andrefana avaratra. Na dia miady sy mifandrafy aza ireo fanjakana Merina telo ireo dia mbola nanao lova tsy mifindra ihany ka nifanambady ny ankohonan' ny mpanjaka tao amin’ izy ireo mba hitazomana ny hasin-drazana sy ny fihavanana.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.scribd.com/document/582290090/ANDRIANAMPOINIMERINA?utm_source=chatgpt.com&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ny renin' Andrianampoinimerina ===
Fony [[Andriambelomasina]] (1730-1760) no nanjaka teo [[Ambohimanga]], dia nisy fifanatonana teo amin’ ny fanjakany sy ny fanjakan’ Anjozorobe izay marihina fa tsy isan’ ny fanjakana Merina sy nanana an’ [[Andriamiharamanjaka]] ho mpanjakany. Tamin' ny zanany ampolony maro dia akaikin' ny fon' Andriambelomasina kokoa Andrianjafy zanany lahimatoa sy [[Ranavalonandriambelomasina]] zanany vavi matoa. Koa nomen' Andriambelomasina ho vadin’ Andriamiharamanjaka i Ranavalonandriambelomasina mba hitandrovana ny fahalemana amin’ ny fanjakana roa tonta ary hiatrehana ny ady amin’ ny fanjakan’ Imerinatsimo sy Ambohidratrimo. Vadikely anefa Ranavalonandriambelomasina satria Andriamiharamanjaka efa nanana vadibe talohan’ izany.

=== Ny fahaterahany ===
Nanaraka sy nitoetra tamin' [[Andriamiharamanjaka]] vadiny tany [[Anjozorobe]] [[Ranavalonandriambelomasina]] ary nitoe-jaza taminy. Rehefa akaiky ny andro hahaterahany dia nananainga Ranavalonandriambelomasina hiteraka any amin' ny ray aman-dreniny eny [[Ambohimanga]]. Saingy teny andalana, raha mbola tsy tafavoaka ny fanjakan’ Andriamiharamanjaka akory dia nihetsi-jaza Ranavalonandriambelomasina ary niteraka teo an-dalana. [[Ikaloy]] no niantsoana io toerana niterahany io ary Andrianampoinimerina ilay zaza naterany. Araka izany, Andriamiharamanjaka mpanjakan’ Anjozorobe no rain’ Andrianampoinimerina. Manila zanak’ Anjozorobe avy amin’ ny rainy ary manila &quot;merina&quot; avy amin' ny reniny Andrianampoinimerina fa tsy &quot;Merina madio&quot; akory. Marihina anefa fa Andriamiharamanjaka dia manila koa satria anisan' ny razambeny sy razan' andriana nanjaka tamin' ny faritr' Anjozorobe dia ireo Andriamamilaza sy [[Andriandoriamanjaka]] izay samy niainga avy eo [[Ambohidrabiby]] ary tarana-d[[Rabiby]] no niverina nankany [[Anjozorobe]].

Manodidina ny taona 1720–1730 ny taona nahaterahan’ Andrianampoinimerina satria i [[Mayeur]], frantsay nivahiny tao amin' ny fanjakan’ Andratsay tamin' ny taona 1777, dia nirakitra tamin’ ny diariny ny filazan’ ny olona nohadihadiany fa Andrianampoinimerina mpanjakan’ Ambohimanga dia antidahy. Raha apetraka ary fa efa antidahy Andrianampoinimerina tamin’ ny taona 1777 nanoratan’ i Mayeur dia efa mahatratra 50 taona farafahakeliny Andrianampoinimerina tamin’ ny taona 1777. [[Alahamadibe|Vava Alahamady]] amin' ny volana [[Alahamady]] kosa no voalazan' ny lovantsofina fa andro nahaterahany.

== Ny endriny sy ny toe-batany ==

=== Lehilahy fohy ===
Tsy azo sary Andrianampoinimerina satria norarany tsy hiakatra an’ Imerina ny vahiny. Ny [[lovantsofina]] anefa dia mitazona fa lehilahy fohy fa tsy lava Andrianampoinimerina. Araka ny filazan' ny mpitazona tantara momba ny fandrian’ Andrianampoinimerina ao amin’ ny lapany atao hoe &quot;Mahandrihono&quot; ao amin’ ny rovan’ Ambohimanga dia sahabo ho 1,45 m ny halavan’ Andrianampoinimerina. Ary farany, i Mayeur dia nanoratra tamin’ ny taona 1777 tao amin’ ny diariny fa araka ny notaterina taminy dia fohy Andrianampoinimerina mpanjakan’ Ambohimanga.  

=== Mazava hoditra ===
Momba ny fihodirany dia tsisy sary ahafahana mamantatra izany. &quot;Ilahifotsy&quot; anefa no niantsoan’ [[Andriambelomasina]] raibeny azy. Midika izany fa fotsy fihodirana na mazava hoditra Andrianampoinimerina. Mbola ny hafa-draibeny manao hoe &quot;Ilahifotsy avy amin’ alahamadintany no tompon’ ny farany&quot; no nentiny nandresy lahatra ny vahoakan’ [[Ambohimanga]] raha naka ny fanjakana tao Ambohimanga Andrianampoinimerina satria mantsy mitovy volonkoditra sy fiaviana amin’ ny voalazan’ Andriambelomasina izy (fa raha tsy fotsy izy no tsy avy amin’ ny alahamadintany dia ho mpisandoka fotsiny ihany). Manaraka izany, [[Radama I]] zanaka naterak’ Andrianampoinimerina dia olona fotsy fihodirana na mazava fihodirana, malama volo, maranitr' orona fa tsy mangamanga sy ngita volo, no tsy manana endrika afrikana. Inoana araka izany fa tsy mifanalavitra loatra amin’ ny endri-d[[Radama Voalohany|Radama I]] Andrianampoinimerina rainy. Ary farany, nisy sary vita hosodoko momba an’Andrianampoinimerina, sary izay mampiseho fa olona fotsy na mazava fihodirana, maranitr' orona ary lavalava endrika izy. Misy moa ny milaza fa tsy tena endrik’ Andrianampoinimerina no hita amin’ ilay hosodoko. Ny tsy azo hidivirana anefa dia hatramin’ ny nahavitan’ izany sary hosodoko izany dia maro ireo taranak’ Andrianampoinimerina no nitazona dika mitovy amin’ izany, eny hatrany anaty rovan’ Antananarivo sy Ambohimanga ary amin’ ny rova maro amin’ ny vohitra 12. Midika izany fa saika noeken’ ny maro ho manakaiky tanteraka ny endrik’ Andrianampoinimerina iny sary hosodoko mahakasika azy iny. [[Sary:Sary maneho ny Mpanjaka Andrianampoinimerina, antsoina koa hoe Ilahifotsy na Imboasalama.JPG|vignette|329x329px|Andrianampoinimerina]]

== Ny nitazaina azy ==

=== Fahazazany ===
Kamboty reny fahazaza Andrianampoinimerina ka teo anilan-drainy tany Anjozorobe izy no nitoetra. Tsy zanaky ny vadiben’ Andriamiharamanjaka moa izy no tsy mba nisy reny hihantahantana ka tamin’ ny fahazazany dia efa nahakarakara tena sy nahay nitady vola ary nampiasa ny herin-tsandriny izy. Ny manarakandro, ny miasa tany, ny kilalaon-tsaina, ny [[tafasiry]] amin’ ny antitra, ny mikarakara ny zandriny iray tampo aminy, ny mitsidika ny vohitra manan-tantara ary ny mihaino kabary an-dapa no nandaniany ny antokonandrony fa tsy mba liana tamin’ ny fanaon’ ny zaza sy tanora mitovy taona aminy izy.

Rehefa henon’ [[Andrianjafy]] anadahin-dreniny, Andrianjafy izay efa nanjaka nandimby an’ [[Andriambelomasina]] teo [[Ambohimanga]], ary Andrianjafy moa tsy niteraka rahateo, ny nahazo an’ Andrianampoinimerina dia nalainy ho any aminy eny Ambohimanga izy izay hany havany akaiky. Koa nandao an-drainy Andrianampoinimerina ary tonga nonina teo Ambohimanga ka nankinin' Andrianjafy tamin' ny loholona teo Ambohimanga ny fitaizana azy. Na dia teo Ambohimanga aza dia mbola notohizan' Andrianampoinimerina hatrany ilay toetrany mahakarakara tena sy be atao.

Ho fehiny, [[kolontsaina]] roa samy hafa no nitaizana an’ Andrianampoinimerina dia ny kolontsain’ [[Anjozorobe]] avy amin’ ny rainy ary ny kolontsaina merina avy amin’ ny fianakavian-dreniny.

== Ny nahazoany ny fanjakana sy ny nanitarany izany ==

=== Saika Ralaitokana no nanjaka ===
[[Sary:Vavahady avaratra ao amin'ny vohitra masina Ambohimanga.JPG|vignette|Vavahady avaratra ao amin'ny vohitra masina Ambohimanga]]
Tsiahivina ny hafatr’ [[Andriambelomasina]] fony fahavelony fa rehefa modimandry izy dia [[Andrianjafy]] no manjaka ary aorian’ Andrianjafy kosa dia Ilahifotsy avy amin’ Alahamadintany zafikeliny no manjaka. Nankato tanteraka ny hafa-drainy Andrianjafy fony izy nihevitra fa momba izy, koa nankininy tamin’ ireo loholona teo [[Ambohimanga]] ny fitaizana an’ Andrianampoinimerina nandrandrainy handimby azy rahatrizay. Tato aoriana anefa dia niteraka an-d[[Ralaitokana]] i Andrianjafy ka novoriny ny vahoaka ary nilazany fa Ralaitokana no hanjaka aoriany. Tezitra tamin’ Andrianjafy ny loholon’ Ambohimanga izay efa nifankahazo am-po tamin’ Andrianampoinimerina.

Nohararaotin’ ireo loholona ireo ny tsy nahateo Ambohimanga an’ Andrianjafy hanandratany ho mpanjaka an’ Andrianampoinimerina sy hakana ny fon’ [[Ambohidrabiby]] sy ny vohitra miaraka aminy. Koa nandefa iraka teroa Ambohidrabiby Andrianampoinimerina handresy lahatra an' Ambohidrabiby sy ny vohitra manodidina hiandany aminy sy haka lamba jaky tenomin' [[Andriandoriamanjaka]] hotafiany amin' ny fanandratana azy ho mpanjaka. Tsy nanaiky Ambohidrabiby raha tsy natao [[Menabe (tany)|menabe]] sy tsy alaimbodihena koa neken' Andrianampoinimerina izany. Ny Andriandoriamanjaka kosa nampitondra lamba jaky ireo irak' Andrianampoinimerina mba hatafy ity farany ho mariky ny maha mpanjaka azy. Vao tafiditra teo Ambohimanga ireo iraka dia nasain’ ny loholon’ Ambohimanga nohidiana ny vavahadin’ Ambohimanga ary natafin’ izy ireo an’ Andrianampoinimerina ny [[jaky]] nentin’ ny iraka sady napetrak’ izy ireo miaraka amin’ ny mpanotrona maro teo [[Ambatomiatendro]] Andrianampoinimerina ary natao fararano ny fanapoahana [[basy]] sy dobok’ [[amponga]] sy [[sodina]]. Teny an-dalana hody ho any Ambohimanga Andrianjafy no nilazana fa efa natsangan’ Ambohimanga ho mpanjaka Andrianampoinimerina. Tsy nino izany izy fa niroso hatrany ny diany ka afaka an’ [[Ambohitrandriamanjaka]] izy no nahatazana an’ Andrianampoinimerina eroa Ambatomiatendro miavaka amin’ ny jaky tinafiny izay mbola mazava loko tsara satria vaovao ka fantatr’ Andrianjafy fa efa lasan’ Andrianampoinimerina Ambohimanga ary Ambohidrabiby koa. Hany hery, nitodi-doha nankeny amin’ ny lafin-kavany eny [[Ilafy (Analamanga)|Ilafy]] Andrianjafy no nanozona an’ Ambohimanga.

=== Niezaka nampiray ny tany nanjakany ===
Araka izany, tamin’ Ambohimanga sy ny manodidina no nanjaka Andrianampoinimerina. Ambohidrabiby sy ny vohitra miaraka aminy moa dia nanaiky niandany taminy rehefa nataony tsy alaimbodihena sy menabe. Ilafy sy Andrianjafy kosa mbola nanohitra azy ka niadiany ka resiny. Natambany ho tokon’ [[Avaradrano]], zokin’ Imerina enin-toko ireo. Tsy fantatra marina ny taona nanombohan’ Andrianampoinimerina nanjaka tao Ambohimanga fa efa talohan’ ny taona 1777 nivahinianan’ i Mayeur tao Andratsay izany ka hatramin’ ny taona 1787. Rehefa izany, na dia teo aza ny fifamitranam-pihavanana nifanaovan’ izy sy [[Andrianamboatsimarofy]] mpanjakan’ Imerinatsimo tamin’ ny [[fanambadiana]] dia ady no niafaran’ izy roalahy ka resy sy nandositra any [[Imamo]] Andrianamboatsimarofy (fa tato aoriana izy vao nafindra nafenina tao [[Antsahadinta]]).

Nozarain’ Andrianampoinimerina ho toko roa Imerinatsimo mba tsy hatanjaka intsony, dia tokon’ny Vakinisisaony sy tokon' Ambodirano ka nalainy vady ny maro tamin' ny [[Zanakandriana|Zanak' andriana]] teo [[Alasora]] ka nisy napetrany teo Antsahadinta fa izy kosa nanao lapa hitoerany teo Antananarivo.

=== Fanitarany ny fanjakana ===
[[Sary:Mahandrihono, lapan'ny Mpanjaka Andrianampoinimerina ao amin'ny Rovan' Ambohimanga.JPG|vignette|Mahandrihono, lapan' ny mpanjaka Andrianampoinimerina ao amin' ny Rovan' Ambohimanga.]]
Rehefa izany, dia nanoa an’ Andrianampoinimerina ny fanjakan’ [[Ambohidratrimo]] izay nanolotra an-d[[Rambolamasoandro]] ho vadiny ka nataony ho toko iray dia [[Marovatana]] izany. Ary ny fanjakana madinika maro tamin’ ny tany antsinanan’ [[Ambohimalaza]] dia nanoa azy na dia nanohitra mafy aza ny tao Ambatomanga ka lasany hatramin’ ny fanjakana [[bezanozano]] amin’ ny faritry [[Mantasoa]]. Nataony isan’ Avaradrano ireo fa tato aoriana vao natao ho [[Vakiniadiana]]. Rehefa izany dia nitarin’ Andrianampoinimerina miakandrefana ny fanjakany ka nanoa azy ny fanjakan’ [[Imamo]], izay nataony isan’ ny tokon’ Ambodirano. Nanoa koa ny fanjakan’ i [[Vonizongo]] ka nataony toko iray dia Vonizongo.

Rehefa izany dia nitariny nianatsimo ny fanjakany ka nanoa azy mora foana [[Andriamanalinibetsileo]] mpajakan’ [[Andratsay]]. Dia nitariny nianatsimo amin’ ny [[Betsileo]] ny fanjakany ka Ilaidama ([[Radama I]]) vao 20 taona monja no nasainy nitaritafika ka resy i [[Rivoekembahoaka]] mpanjakan’ i [[Fisakàna]] sy [[Andrinaompanalina]] mpanjakan’ Ambositra Sahasomangana; nanoa azy Andrianantara mpanjakan’ny Manandriana sy [[Andriamanalina III]] mpanjakan’ [[Isandra]] sy [[Raonimpanarivotomponony]] mpanjakan’ i [[Lalazana]] sy [[Andriambavizanaka]] mpanjakan’ i [[Lalangina]] sy [[Rarivoarindrano]] mpanjakan’ i Arindrano. Natambany ho tokon’ ny [[Vakinankaratra]] ireo fanjakan’ [[Andratsay]] sy [[Betsileo]]. Mbola navelany hitondra ny anaram-boninahitra mpanjaka anefa ireo mpanjaka nanoa fa [[Radama I]] no nilaza tany [[Fianarantsoa]] fa tsisy mpanjaka intsony amin’ ny fanjakany eto [[Madagasikara]] afa-tsy izy ihany fa [[Zanakandriana|zanak' andriana]] no anaram-boninahitra isaloran’ ireo mpanjaka  nanoa azy. Nandritra izany, ny fanjakan’ Anjozorobe dia efa ireo zanaky ny vadiben’ [[Andriamiharamanjaka]] no nanjaka tao ary izy ireo tsy nety nanoa an’ Andrianampoinimerina koa notafihan’ ito farany izy ireo ka lasany ny ampahany amin’ ny faritry ny fanjakan’ Anjozorobe ka nataony ho anisan’ Avaradrano. Tsy fantatra mazava anefa ny sisin-tany amin’ ny fanjakany sy ny fanjakan’ Anjozorobe fa dia namporisihiny ny vahoakany hianavaratra mihoatra ny reniranon' i Mananara araka izay tratra.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrianampoinimerina?utm_source=chatgpt.com&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vokatry ny fanitaram-panjakana ===
[[Sary:Expansion of Merina Kingdom during reign of Andrianampoinimerina 1787-1810.png|vignette|413x413px|Fanitarana ny Fanjakan' Imerina notarihin' Andrianampoinimerina (taona 1787-1810)]]
Araka izany, niainga tamin’ ny faritra kely indrindra Andrianampoinimerina ka tonga lehibe indrindra ny fanjakany, ary izy no mpanjaka voalohany nahatafaray ny fanjakana merina hatramin' ny andro nizaran' [[Andriamasinavalona]] izany ho fanjakana efatra. Nataony enin-toko Imerina.

Raha tsiahivina dia talohan’ ny taona 1787 (ary efa talohan’ ny taona 1777) no efa mpanjakan’ [[Ambohimanga]] Andrianampoinimerina ary teo ny renivohitry ny fanjakany nisy ny lapany natao hoe Mahandrinono. Tamin’ izany, ny andriana fito toko dia tsy mba nomeny zaratany teo Ambohimanga satria tsy neken’ Ambohimanga izany, fa dia ny terak’ Ambohimanga (na [[andriana]] na [[hova]] na [[Mainty enin-dreny|mainty]]) efa tompontany teo ihany sy ny olona avy amin’ ny lafy valo nampiakarin’ Andrianampoinimerina taty Imerina (ny mpanandro, ny mpisikidin' andriana, ny [[ombiasa]]) sy ny mpiambina andriana ary ny vady amanjanak’ Andrianampoinimerina no nonina teo Ambohimanga.

Tamn' ny taona 1787 ka hatramin’ ny taona 1810 kosa no namoriany an’ Imerina sy nampanekeny ny fanjakana maro hafa ka ny rovan’ Antananarivo no renivohitry ny fanjakany izay nisy ny lapany atao hoe &quot;Mahitsielafanjaka&quot;. Ny tranokotona maro nitoeran’ ny ankohonana sy fianakaviana akaiky an’ Andrianampoinimerina no nanodidina ny lapa tao an-d[[Rova Manjakamiadana|rovan' Antananarivo]]. Teroa ambany avaratry ny rova kosa, manodidina an’ [[Andohalo]] dia nisy faritra nohodidininy hadivory ka fianakaviana notsongainy avy amin' [[Andriatompokoindrindra]], [[Andriandranando]], [[Andrianamboninolona]], [[Andriamasinavalona]], [[Andriandoriamanjaka]], [[Raberanto]] ary [[Zazamarolahy]] no namponeniny tamin’ izany faritra voahodidina hadivory izany. Teo atsimon’ ny rova kosa no nametrahany ny Voromahery mpiambina azy. Tsy noekeny hisy loholona hova sy mpanandro sy mpimasy nonina teo akaikin’ ny rovan’ Antananarivo. Fa ny sisa amin’ ny andriana sy hova ary mainty enin-dreny amin’ Imerina enin-toko dia samy nomeny zaratany saingy ivelan’ Andohalo sy tamin’ ny faritra manodidina ny vohitr’ Antananarivo azon’ izy ireo honenana.  Izany fizaran-tany izany  no tsy itovizan’ Antananarivo sy Ambohimanga.
== Ny anarana nisalorany ==
[[Sary:Mahitsielafanjaka, lapan'ny Mpanjaka Andrianampoinimerina ao amin'ny Rovan'Antananarivo.JPG|vignette|Mahitsielafanjaka, lapan' ny Mpanjaka Andrianampoinimerina ao amin' ny Rovan'Antananarivo]]

=== Imboasalama na Ramboasalama ===
Mpanjaka nitondra anarana betsaka indrindra Andrianampoinimerina. Tamin' ny fahazazany dia Imboasalama no anarana niantsoan’ ny lafin-drainy azy tany [[Anjozorobe]] fa farariana izy noho izy [[Alahamady|vintan' Alahamady]]. 

=== Ilahifotsy ===
Ilahifotsy kosa no niantsoan’ [[Andriambelomasina]] sy ny lafin-dreniny azy teny [[Ambohimanga]]. Vao nanjaka teo Ambohimanga izy dia nisalotra ny anarana Andrianampoinimerina, nentiny nampangina ny andriana merina madio izay nanenjika azy ho manila merina sy mpisandoka fahefana ary koa hanehoany ny maha zafind-[[Rangorinimerina]] azy, ary ny vadibeny dia nantsoiny hoe [[Rabodonimerina]]. 

=== Ny Ombalahibemaso ===
Noho izy manana toe-tsaina mpitarika, tsy mifidy tany hiadiana, sahy manao dingana lehibe ho amin' ny fanovana, manana vinam-piarahamonina, hendry, mahalala ny pitsony amin’ ny fanjakany, mikendry hatrany ny fampandrosoana ny fanjakany sy ny vahoakany ary miaro ny harem-pireneny sy ny vahoakany amin' ny hafetsen' ny vahiny dia nantsoin’ ny vahoakany sy ny fanjakana manodidina tamin’ ny anarana hoe Ny Ombalahibemaso izy.

Tamin’ Andrianampoinimerina nampandry tany [[Mandiavato]] no mianavaratra-atsinana dia nitaingina ny vatolampy avobe eo ambony atsinanan’ ny tanàna [[Imiantsoarivo]]. Betsaka ny fanomezana naterin’ ny olona ho azy ka faly izy noho izany. Nitsangana izy amin’ ny maso mihiratra be nijery ny vahoaka, toy ny ombilahy hiady. Izany, hono, nanaovan’ ny olona azy hoe ”Ombalahibemaso”. Tamin’ izay koa no nanovany ny anaran’ ny tanàna natao hoe “Ambatofisaorana” satria teo no nisaorany ny vahoaka naneho fitiavana azy.

== Ny toetsainy ==

=== Saro-piaro tamin' ny fanjakany ===
Olon’ ny fitiavan-tanindrazana sy ny firaisam-pirenena: &quot;Ny ranomasina no valamparihiko&quot;, izany no teny filamatra napetrany entiny nanehoany ny finoany fa foin’ Andriananahary ho fanjakany ny Nosy iray manontolo. Na dia tsy tanteraka aza izany dia efa nanaiky azy ny ampahatelon’ny faritr' i Madagasikara ary natahoran' ny fanjakana maro sisa izy talohan' ny fodiamandriny. Ambonin’ izany, navahan’ Andrianampoinimerina tsara ny teraky ny Nosy sy ny vahiny (Arabo, Vazaha, Sinoa, Karana, Afrikana).

Noheverin’ Andrianampoinimerina fa hametsifetsy ny vahoakany sy hanangona ny harena eto an-toerana fotsiny no ahatongavan’ ireo vahiny (Arabo, Eropeana, Indiana, Sinoa, Afrikana) ka noferan’ Andrianampoinimerina fa hatreo Ambatomanga sy Betafo ary Maevatanana no azon’ ireo vahiny hiakarana sy tsidihana raha avy any amorontsiraka sy avy any atsimo hoany ankibon' Imerina izy ireo. Ny Malagasy kosa, dia ny [[Sakalava]], [[Betsileo]], [[Betsimisaraka]] sy ireo foko hafa mponina amin’ ny Nosy, dia navelan’ Andrianampoinimerina hiakatra an’ Imerina satria noheveriny fa ny lafivalon’ ny Nosy no fanjakany ka vahoakany no niheverany azy ireo na dia hafa foko aza. 

Fantatr’ Andrianampoinimerina koa fa hamotika ny vahoaka ny toaka sy fomban’ ny vahiny koa  nofehezin’ Andrianampoinimerina tamin’ ny sainy ny vahoakany ka novoriany ny vahoaka ary nalainy ny omby velona nampibobohany toaka ary nasainy norasainy ka indreo ny atin’ ny omby masaky ny toaka ka niaiky ny vahoaka fa ratsy ny fomba vahiny.

=== Olon' ny fisokafana amin' ny samy Malagasy ===
Olon’ ny fisokafana: Voalohany, amin’ ny lafiny firazanana dia maro ireo hova sy olona avy amin’ ny fanjakan’ [[Anjozorobe]], [[Imamo]], [[Vonizongo]], [[Andratsay]], [[Betsileo]], [[Sakalava]], [[Antemoro]], sns izay nankasitrahany no nataon’ Andrianampoinimerina ho isan’ ny [[Zanadralambo]], [[Andriandranando]], [[Andrianamboninolona]], [[Andriamasinavalona]] ary [[Zazamarolahy]]. Niteraka fahatezerana teo amin’ ny andriana merina mpanindrahindra fahadiovan' ny firazanana izany saingy gadra lava no sazy miandry ireo andriana merina mpanindrahindra fahadiovan' ny firazanana ireo raha nanohitra izany ka tsy nisy sahy nivolana imaso. Nipetraka ho tarazo tamin' ny mpanjaka nandimby azy izany fisokafana izany, ka [[Radama I]] dia nanana vady sakalava, [[Ranavalona I]] dia niteraka tamin’ Andriamihaja [[hova]], Ranavalona I dia nanangana zaza avy amin’ ny fanjakan’ Andratsay ary [[Ranavalona II]] sy [[Ranavalona III]] ary [[Rasoherina]] dia vadin’ ny [[Rainilaiarivony|praiministra]] izay hova. Faharoa, teo amin’ ny raharaham-panjakana koa dia nanao fisokafana tamin’ ny [[Vondrom-poko|foko]] hafa sy ny hova merina izy ka saika ny olona avy amin’ ny foko hafa sy hova merina no nanodidina azy tao androvan’ Ambohimanga. Ohatra, Ratendro sy Rabefiraisana taranak’ andriana avy any Imamo no lehiben’ ny mpanandrony sy mpanolo-tsainy. Nodidiany àry fa izay hanjaka handimby azy dia tsy maintsy miditra ao amin’ ny tranon-dRabefiraisana eo Ambohimanga aloha. I [[Hagamainty]] sy i [[Hagafotsy]] hova koa no anisan’ ny mpanolo-tsainy. Ary rehefa notaterina taminy fa ny mpanjakan’ Andratsay sy ireo mpanjakan’ ny [[Betsileo]] tao atsimon’ ny fanjakany dia nampiasa [[Anakara]] dia nampiakatra Anakara avy any [[Vohipeno]] izy ho ombiasiny sy hampianatra [[sorabe]] ny zanany ka ireo Anakara ireo dia to teny taminy. Fahatelo, teo amin’ ny fanambadiana koa dia nanohy ny fisokafana efa nataon’ [[Andriambelomasina]] raibeny izy satria ny zanany tamin’ ny andriambavy merina ampolony maro dia nampanambadiny zanakandriana tamin’ ny foko hafa manodidina an’ Imerina. Inoana fa ilay maha manila merina-Anjozorobe azy no nahatonga an’ Andrianampoinimerina tsy nanana olana amin’ ny fisokafana sy fifandraisana amin’ ny foko sy firazanana hafa. 

=== Olon' ny toekarena Andrianamponimerina ===
Olon’ ny toekarena: &quot;Izaho tsy manampahavalo afa-tsy ny [[mosary]]&quot; hoy Andrianampoinimerina. Nezahiny ho mandry ny tany ary notolorany [[angady]] ny isan-dahy ka nasainy namboly ny olona. Rehefa izany dia nanisy tsena iray isan-kerinandro sy isam-bohitra izy ka nitobaka ny vokatra, resy ny mosary ary voky ny vahoaka. Satria vory maro ny olona isaky ny tsena koa nataony andro sy toerana nampitàna ny hafany ny andro tsena ary [[kabary]] no anaovan’ ny irak’ andriana izany.

=== Olon' ny fahamarinana sy ny fikirizana ===
Olon’ ny fahamarinana: “Ny fanjakana tsy ananako havana, hoy izy, ka rehefa vandana dia [[kary]]&quot;. Tsy tiany ny [[kolikoly]] sy ny tsy marina. Tsy nanavahany io fa na dia ny vady amanjanany sy ny iray tampo aminy aza dia maro no nokendaina sy natao sesitany raha nikasa ny hiaka-dapa na hanohitra azy. 

Olon’ ny fikirizana: Na teo amin’ ny lafiny ara-tafika, na fambolena na fotodrafitrasa na fitiavana sy maro hafa dia olona be kiry Andrianampoinimerina ka tsy navelany raha tsy azony izay ilainy. Toy izany, raha hariva nandrotsa-bary iny izy tao an-d[[Rova Manjakamiadana|rovan’ Antananarivo]] no nahatsiaro [[sakay]] dia naniraka olona haka [[pilokely]] teny Ambohimanga ka voaloatra ny vary tonga ny pilokely. Toy izany koa, manina an’ i [[Miangaly]] izy ka tsy navelany raha tsy iny maizim-bava vilany izy nanainga teo [[Antananarivo]] ary nandry tamin’ i Miangaly tany [[Manjakandriana]] ny halina iny ihany. Ary raha nisy vohitra notafihiny nanohitra azy dia tsy navelany fa notafihiny sy nataony fahirano tsy ankiato ka nanaiky azy ny farany.

Olona tia tsidi-bohitra sy mamangy havana: Tsy mba mahatafatoetra ao an-drova Andrianampoinimerina fa dia mitsidika ny tanàna sy vohitra sy lohasaha sy fantsakana maro amin’ ny fanjakany, tsy mba ho fialamboly fa fitiavana mifanerasera mivantana amin’ ny vahoakany ahalalany ny olana sy vokatra ary ny tantaram-bohitra ka maro ny vatolahy sy anaran-tanàna ary loharano saika nifamatotra tamin’ ny nandalovany.
 
Olon’ ny tontolo iainana: Izy no mpanjaka voalohany taty Imerina namoaka didy fa tsy azo aripaka ny [[ala]] amin’ ny tanin’ andriamanjaka rehetra indrindra ny manodidina ny vohitr’ [[Ambohimanga]]. Anefa ny hazo nianjera sy maina amin' ny tanin' ny mpanjaka dia azon' ny mananontena alaina atao [[kitay]]. Notsinjoviny koa ny biby maro ka ny [[goaika]] teo Ambohimanga dia tsy nekeny ny famonoana izany ary namonoany [[omby]] isan-kerinandro.

Olona tia rà: Nahagaga tokoa fa tamin’ ny fanjakana fahavalony dia ny fo no nentin’ Andrianampoinimerina nampanaiky azy ireny ka raha nanda izany ireo [[Vondrom-poko|foko]] ireo dia notafihiny ka tsy navelany raha tsy resiny sy voababony. Fa ny amin' ny vady aman-janany kosa dia tsy mba namindrany fo fa dia novonoiny tsisy antra na nataony sesitany lavareny raha noheveriny fa namadika azy.

=== Tia vehivavy: vady, reny, anabavy,siny maro hafa izy ===
[[Sary:Fasan-dRasendrasoa , vadiben'ny Mpanjaka Andrianampoinimerina, ao amin'ny Rovan' Ambohidrabiby.JPG|vignette|248x248px|Fasan-dRasendrasoa, vadiben' Andrianampoinimerina, ao amin' ny Rovan' Ambohidrabiby.]]

Olona tia vehivavy: Nomen' Andrianampoinimerina lanja sy anjara manokana teo amin' ny fiainany ny vehivavy. Voalohany, ampolony maro ny vadiny ka misy ny tena tiany ary misy kosa vadim-panjakana ho fitandroana fahalemana. Tany amboalohany dia [[Rabodonimerina]] no vadibeny ary nampitoeriny tao [[Ambohimanga]] saingy tsy niteraka izy ireo. Nony niamboho Rabodonimerina dia [[Rasendrasoa]] zanak' Andriamanitrirazaka taranak' [[Andriampolofantsy]] no lasa vadibeny ary napetrany tao [[Ambohidrabiby]]. Faharoa, ny lapa Mahandrihono ao Ambohimanga izay misy azy dia ahitana sary nono eny akaikin' ny tapenaka izay tazan' ny masony raha mitsilany matory eo ampandriany izy.
[[Sary:Fasan'i Rabodozafimanjaka vadin'Andrianampoinimerina ao amin'ny Rovan'Antsahadinta.JPG|vignette|253x253px|Fasan'i Rabodozafimanjaka vadin'Andrianampoinimerina ao amin'ny Rovan'Antsahadinta]]

Fahatelo, nanana lanja manokana taminy ny anabaviny sy ny reniny ary ny renibeny ka noferany fa ny tera-d[[Rangorinimerina]] renibeny sy ny tera-d[[Ralesoka]] anabaviny ihany no mahazo manjaka mandimby azy. Ankoatr' izany, navahany manokana ny vehivavy mananotena izay nomeny alalana haka kitay amin' ny alany. Ary farany, nofaritany fa mitondra Radama I nefa an' ny vehivavy ny farany dia an' i Mavo izany izay nisalotra ny anarana [[Ranavalona I|Ranavalona]] izay nalaina avy amin' ny anarana [[Ranavalonandriambelomasina]] renin' Andrianampoinimerina.

== Ny niafarany ==

Tsisy nisy nahavita izay vitan’ Andrianampoinimerina tamin’ ny mpanjaka rehetra teto [[Madagasikara]] talohany. Izy no nampanaiky ny fanjakana maro nanodidina an’ Ambohimanga sy [[Imerina]]. Matsilo saina izy satria na dia tsy nahita ranomasina aza izy ary na dia nonina taty anivon-tany dia fantany fa [[nosy]] i Madagasikara ary tokony ho fanjakana tokana fa tsy hizarazara. Izy no Rain’ ny fampivondronana ho fanjakana tokana an’ i Madagasikara.

Raha  nitaratra tamin’ ny loharano teo [[Ankatso]] izy dia hitany fa efa antomotra ny fodiamandriny ka nanafatra izy fa eny [[Ambohimanga]] no hafenina izy noho io vohitra io iafenan' ny lafin-kavany akaiky azy. Fa ny andriana miafina tamin' ny [[fitomiandalana]] teo androvan' Antananarivo dia misy razany ny sasany saingy lavitra kokoa. Tratra antitra Andrianampoinimerina ka ny taona 1810 izy no niamboho ary nafenina teo atsimon’ [[Andriambelomasina]] raibeny ao an-drovan’ Ambohimanga. Sahy nampamono ny zanany roalahy hafa mba hampanjaka an’ Ilaidama. na toy ny nataon’ Andrianampoinimerina taty aoriana.

Tato aoriana anefa, raha vao voazanaka i [[Madagasikara]] dia tsapan’ ny mpitondra frantsay fa mbola maro ny Malagasy nino ny hasin’ ny razan’ andriana koa nafindran’ ny [[Frantsa|Frantsay]] ho ao androvan’ Antananarivo ny taolambalon’ Andrianampoinimerina.

Tamin' ny taona 2008, tamin’ ny fitondran’ i [[Marc Ravalomanana]] no tafaverina ao amin’ ny rovan’ Ambohimanga ny taolambalon’ Andrianampoinimerina. Niteraka resabe anefa izany famindrana izany satria tao ny tsy nankasitraka noho io famindrana io natao mangingina, raha niteraka fankasitrahana kosa hoan' ny hafa izay nihevitra fa voavaha ny famonjàna ara-tantara ny firenena malagasy nataon' ny mpanjanatany.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Lisitry ny mpanjaka merina]]

* '''Mpanjaka merina'''
** [[Rafohy]] (maty tamin' ny 1540) na [[Rangita]] (maty tamin' ny 1530)
** [[Andriamanelo]] (nanjaka 1540-1575)
** [[Ralambo]] (nanjaka 1575-1610)
** [[Andrianjaka]] (nanjaka 1600-1610)
** [[Andriantsitakatrandriana]] (nanjaka 1630-1650)
** [[Andriantsimitoviaminandriandehibe]] (nanjaka 1650-1670)
** [[Andrianjakatsitakatrandriana]] (nanjaka 1670-1675)
** [[Andriamasinavalona]] (nanjaka 1675-1710)
** [[Andriantsimitoviaminandriandrazaka]] (nanjaka 1710-1730)
** [[Andriambelomasina]] (nanjaka 1730-1770)
** [[Andrianjafy]] (nanjaka 1770-1787)
** [[Andrianampoinimerina]] (nanjaka 1787-1810)
** [[Radama I]] (nanjaka 1810-1828)
** [[Ranavalona I]] (nanjaka 1828-1861)
** [[Radama II]] (nanjaka 1861-1863)
** [[Rasoherina]] (nanjaka 1863-1868)
** [[Ranavalona II]] (nanjaka 1868-1883)
** [[Ranavalona III]] (nanjaka 1883-1897)

* [[Fanjakan' Imerina]]

* [[Lisitry ny mpanjaka teto Madagasikara]]
* [[Lisitry ny fanjakana teto Madagasikara]]
* [[Tantaran' i Madagasikara]]

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==

* Ade Ajayi, Jacob F. (1998). ''General history of Africa: Africa in the nineteenth century until the 1880s''. Paris: UNESCO. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780520067011&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Blanchy, Sophie; Rakotoarisoa, Jean-Aimé; Beaujard, Philippe; Radimilahy, Chantal (2006). ''Les dieux au service du peuple. Itinéraires religieux, médiations, syncrétisme à Madagascar''. Paris: Karthala Editions. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9782811140465&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Callet, François (1908). ''Tantara ny andriana eto Madagasikara'' (''histoire des rois''). Antananarivo: Imprimerie Catholique.
* Campbell, Gwyn (2012). ''David Griffiths and the Missionary &quot;History of Madagascar&quot;''. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-04-20980-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Domenichini-Ramiaramanana, Bakoly (1983). ''Du ohabolana au hainteny: langue, littérature et politique à Madagascar''. Paris: KARTHALA Editions. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9782865370634&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Ellis, Stephen; Rajaonah, Faranirina (1998). ''L'insurrection des menalamba: une révolte à Madagascar, 1895–1898''. Paris: Karthala Editions. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-86537-796-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Fage, J.D.; Flint, J.E.; Oliver, R.A. (1986). ''The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 1790 to c. 1870''. London: Cambridge University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-521-20413-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Featherman, Americus (1888). ''Social history of the races of mankind: Volume 2, Part 2''. London: Trübner &amp; Co.
* Fournet-Guérin, Catherine (2007). ''Vivre à Tananarive: géographie du changement dans la capitale malgache''. Antananarivo, Madagascar: Karthala Editions. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-84586-869-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Freeman, Joseph John; Johns, David (1840). ''A narrative of the persecution of the Christians in Madagascar: with details of the escape of six Christian refugees now in England.'' Berlin: J. Snow.
* Frémigacci, Jean (1999). &quot;Le Rova de Tananarive: Destruction d'un lieu saint ou constitution d'une référence identitaire?&quot;. In Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (ed.). ''Histoire d'Afrique''. Paris: Éditions Karthala.
* Galibert, Didier (2009). ''Les gens du pouvoir à Madagascar – Etat postcolonial, légitimités et territoire (1956–2002)''. Antananarivo: Karthala Editions. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9782811131432&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Nave, Ari (2010). &quot;Andrianampoinimerina&quot;. In Appiah, A. and H.L. Gates (ed.). ''Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 2''. Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780195337709&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Ogot, Bethwell (1992). ''Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century''. Paris: UNESCO. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-92-3-101711-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Rabedaoro, Eris (2010). ''Fanorona'' (amin' ny teny frantsay). Paris: Publibook. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9782748355871&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Raison-Jourde, Françoise (1983). ''Les souverains de Madagascar''. Paris: Karthala Editions. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-86537-059-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Raison-Jourde, Françoise (2012). &quot;Andrianampoinimerina et la tentative d'autonomisation de l'état Merina. Madagascar XVIIIe siecle&quot;. In Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (ed.). ''L'invention religieuse en Afrique: histoire et religion en Afrique noire''. Karthala Editions. pp. 201–212. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9782865373734&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Ranaivo, Flavien; Janicot, Claude (1968). ''Les guides bleues: Madagascar''. Paris: Librairie Hachette.
* Rich, Jeremy (2012). &quot;Andrianampoinimerina&quot;. In Akyeampong, EK and HL Gates (ed.). ''Dictionary of African Biography''. Oxford University Press. pp. 229–230. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780195382075&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Van Zant, Peter (2013). ''New Developments In Asian Studies''. New York: Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781136174704&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==
[[sokajy:Tantaran'i Madagasikara]]
[[sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Madagasikara]]</text>
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      <text bytes="36494" sha1="1c2z50wu6m0hbbewf10h9hasrdroj46" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox olona|anarana=Ramboasalama Andrianamponimerina|teraka=Teraka ny taona manodinana 1745|toerana=Ikaloy avaratr'Antananarivo|maty=1810|firenena=Malagasy|asa=Mpanjakan'ny foko merina, mpandrafitra lalàna|seha-pitiavana=Maro vady|asa hafa=Mpandrafitra lalàna
Mpampandry tany|sary=Andrianamponimerina}}
'''Andrianampoinimerina''' dia anisan' ny [[mpanjaka]] voalohany teo amin' ny [[Fanjakan' Imerina|Fanjakana Merina]]. Teraka tamin' ny taona 1745 izy ary maty tamin' ny taona 1810. Imboasalama no anarany font izy  mbola kely. [[Andriamiharamanjaka]] no rainy ary [[Ranavalonandriambelomasina]] no reniny. Nanambady maro izy ka anisan' izany [[Rabodonimerina]], [[Rasendrasoa|Rasendrasoa,]] [[Rambolamasoandro]] ary i [[Miangaly]]. [[Radama I]] zanany no nandimby azy rehefa niamboho izy.

== Ny fanjakany ==
Nanjaka teo anelanelan ' ny 1787-1810 izy. Ny nanamarika ny fanjakany dia ny fampihavanana  indray an' Imerina taorian' ny ady an-trano nandritra ny 77 taona, ary ny fanitaram-panjakana nanaraka izany tany amin' ny faritra manodinana ny foko Merina ka nahatonga ny fampiraisana an' i [[Madagasikara]] teo ambany fitondran' ny Merina. Andrianampoinimerina dia olo-malaza eo amin' ny kolontsaina.  Ny  tantaram-piainany, araka ny lovantsofin' ny [[Merina]], dia mifangaro [[angano]], ary heverina ho anisan' ny mpitari-tafika sy mpitarika ara-pôlitika lehibe indrindra teo amin' ny tantaran' i Madagasikara.

Andrianampoinimerina dia nandray fahefana rehefa nesorina ny dadatoany, [[Andrianjafy]], izay nanjaka tao [[Avaradrano|Imerina Avaradrano]]. Talohan' ny nanjakan' Andrianampoinimerina dia nifandona tamin' ny faritany telo hafa mifanolo-bodirindrina tao amin' ny [[Fanjakan' Imerina]] teo aloha Imerina Avaradrano, [[faritany]] izay niray hina tamin' ny vanim-potoana nanjakan' [[Andriamasinavalona]] 100 taona lasa izay. Andrianampoinimerina dia nanao ny renivohiny tao [[Ambohimanga]] izay voaaro manda, sady toerana manan-danja ara-panahy sy ara-kolontsaina ary ara-pôlitika izay voatendry ho lova Iraisam-pirenenan' ny [[UNESCO]] tamin' ny taona 2001. Natao toerana  ho tsidihana mihitsy ny trano fonenan' ny mpanjaka tany am-boalohany izay eny Ambohimanga ankehitriny .

Avy amin' io toerana io no nanitarany tsikelikely ny fanjakany nanerana an' Imerina rehetra tamin' ny voalohany, ary avy eo nanerana ny faritra afovoany lehibe kokoa, ka nitelina ny tanin' ny [[Betsileo]], ny an' ny [[Sihanaka]], ny an' ny [[Bezanozano]] ary ny an' ny [[Bara]]. Rehefa nanjaka nandritra ny 23 taona Andrianampoinimerina tamin' ny fotoana nahafatesany, dia voatambatra soa aman-tsara Imerina ary voaitatra be ny Fanjakana Merina, sady nikasa ny hampiray an' i Madagasikara manontolo mihitsy izy ho eo ambany fahefahany merina. Notohizan-d[[Radama Voalohany|Radama I]], zanany izany fanambarana an'i madagasikara ho iray izany ,izy moa sady mpandova azy ary notanterahin-dRanavalona izany vinavinan-drainy izany tao anatin' ny roapolo taona.

== Ny nahaterahan' Andrianampoinimerina ==

=== Ny zava-nisy momba ny fanjakana talohan' ny hanjakany ===
Raha tsiahivina, dia fanjakana iray tsy mivaky [[Imerina-Ambaniandro|Imerina]] hatramin' ny mpanjaka [[Ralambo]] (1575-1610) ka hatramin’ ny mpanjaka [[Andriamasinavalona]]. Nozarain’ Andriamasinavalona tamin’ ny zanany efa-dahy ny faritry ny fanjakany ka nisy fanjakana 4 teto Imerina dia teo [[Antananarivo]], [[Ambohidrabiby]], [[Ambohimanga]] ary [[Ambohidratrimo]] izay samy nanana ny renivohiny avy. Nifandrafy ireo fanjakana merina efatra ireo ka resiny  fanjakan’ Ambohimanga ny an’Ambohidrabiby ary lasany ny fanjakana ka telo sisa dia ny fanjakan’ Ambohimanga, ny fanjakan’ Imerinatsimo (nanana an’ Antananarivo ho renivohiny) ary ny fanjakan’ Ambohidratrimo. Ireo fanjakana Merina ireo nohodidinin' ny fanjakana tsy Merina dia ny fanjakan’ [[Anjozorobe]] tao avaratra sy avaratra antsinanana, ny fanjakan’ [[Andratsay]] tao atsimo, ireo fanjakan' ny [[Bezanozano]] tao atsinanana, ny fanjakan' Imamo tao andrefana atsimo ary ny fanjakan’ i Vonizongo tao andrefana avaratra. Na dia miady sy mifandrafy aza ireo fanjakana Merina telo ireo dia mbola nanao lova tsy mifindra ihany ka nifanambady ny ankohonan' ny mpanjaka tao amin’ izy ireo mba hitazomana ny hasin-drazana sy ny fihavanana.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.scribd.com/document/582290090/ANDRIANAMPOINIMERINA?utm_source=chatgpt.com&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ny renin' Andrianampoinimerina ===
Fony [[Andriambelomasina]] (1730-1760) no nanjaka teo [[Ambohimanga]], dia nisy fifanatonana teo amin’ ny fanjakany sy ny fanjakan’ Anjozorobe izay marihina fa tsy isan’ ny fanjakana Merina sy nanana an’ [[Andriamiharamanjaka]] ho mpanjakany. Tamin' ny zanany ampolony maro dia akaikin' ny fon' Andriambelomasina kokoa Andrianjafy zanany lahimatoa sy [[Ranavalonandriambelomasina]] zanany vavi matoa. Koa nomen' Andriambelomasina ho vadin’ Andriamiharamanjaka i Ranavalonandriambelomasina mba hitandrovana ny fahalemana amin’ ny fanjakana roa tonta ary hiatrehana ny ady amin’ ny fanjakan’ Imerinatsimo sy Ambohidratrimo. Vadikely anefa Ranavalonandriambelomasina satria Andriamiharamanjaka efa nanana vadibe talohan’ izany.

=== Ny fahaterahany ===
Nanaraka sy nitoetra tamin' [[Andriamiharamanjaka]] vadiny tany [[Anjozorobe]] [[Ranavalonandriambelomasina]] ary nitoe-jaza taminy. Rehefa akaiky ny andro hahaterahany dia nananainga Ranavalonandriambelomasina hiteraka any amin' ny ray aman-dreniny eny [[Ambohimanga]]. Saingy teny andalana, raha mbola tsy tafavoaka ny fanjakan’ Andriamiharamanjaka akory dia nihetsi-jaza Ranavalonandriambelomasina ary niteraka teo an-dalana. [[Ikaloy]] no niantsoana io toerana niterahany io ary Andrianampoinimerina ilay zaza naterany. Araka izany, Andriamiharamanjaka mpanjakan’ Anjozorobe no rain’ Andrianampoinimerina. Manila zanak’ Anjozorobe avy amin’ ny rainy ary manila &quot;merina&quot; avy amin' ny reniny Andrianampoinimerina fa tsy &quot;Merina madio&quot; akory. Marihina anefa fa Andriamiharamanjaka dia manila koa satria anisan' ny razambeny sy razan' andriana nanjaka tamin' ny faritr' Anjozorobe dia ireo Andriamamilaza sy [[Andriandoriamanjaka]] izay samy niainga avy eo [[Ambohidrabiby]] ary tarana-d[[Rabiby]] no niverina nankany [[Anjozorobe]].

Manodidina ny taona 1720–1730 ny taona nahaterahan’ Andrianampoinimerina satria i [[Mayeur]], frantsay nivahiny tao amin' ny fanjakan’ Andratsay tamin' ny taona 1777, dia nirakitra tamin’ ny diariny ny filazan’ ny olona nohadihadiany fa Andrianampoinimerina mpanjakan’ Ambohimanga dia antidahy. Raha apetraka ary fa efa antidahy Andrianampoinimerina tamin’ ny taona 1777 nanoratan’ i Mayeur dia efa mahatratra 50 taona farafahakeliny Andrianampoinimerina tamin’ ny taona 1777. [[Alahamadibe|Vava Alahamady]] amin' ny volana [[Alahamady]] kosa no voalazan' ny lovantsofina fa andro nahaterahany.

== Ny endriny sy ny toe-batany ==

=== Lehilahy fohy ===
Tsy azo sary Andrianampoinimerina satria norarany tsy hiakatra an’ Imerina ny vahiny. Ny [[lovantsofina]] anefa dia mitazona fa lehilahy fohy fa tsy lava Andrianampoinimerina. Araka ny filazan' ny mpitazona tantara momba ny fandrian’ Andrianampoinimerina ao amin’ ny lapany atao hoe &quot;Mahandrihono&quot; ao amin’ ny rovan’ Ambohimanga dia sahabo ho 1,45 m ny halavan’ Andrianampoinimerina. Ary farany, i Mayeur dia nanoratra tamin’ ny taona 1777 tao amin’ ny diariny fa araka ny notaterina taminy dia fohy Andrianampoinimerina mpanjakan’ Ambohimanga.  

=== Mazava hoditra ===
Momba ny fihodirany dia tsy misy sary ahafahana mamantatra izany. &quot;Ilahifotsy&quot; anefa no niantsoan’ [[Andriambelomasina]] raibeny azy. Midika izany fa fotsy fihodirana na mazava hoditra Andrianampoinimerina. Mbola ny hafa-draibeny manao hoe &quot;Ilahifotsy avy amin’ alahamadintany no tompon’ ny farany&quot; no nentiny nandresy lahatra ny vahoakan’ [[Ambohimanga]] raha naka ny fanjakana tao Ambohimanga Andrianampoinimerina satria mantsy mitovy volonkoditra sy fiaviana amin’ ny voalazan’ Andriambelomasina izy (fa raha tsy fotsy izy no tsy avy amin’ ny alahamadintany dia ho mpisandoka fotsiny ihany). Manaraka izany, [[Radama I]] zanaka naterak’ Andrianampoinimerina dia olona fotsy fihodirana na mazava fihodirana, malama volo, maranitr' orona fa tsy mangamanga sy ngita volo, no tsy manana endrika afrikanina. Inoana araka izany fa tsy mifanalavitra loatra amin’ ny endri-d[[Radama Voalohany|Radama I]] Andrianampoinimerina rainy; farany, nisy sary vita hosodoko momba an’Andrianampoinimerina, sary izay mampiseho fa olona fotsy na mazava fihodirana, maranitr' orona ary lavalava endrika izy. Misy moa ny milaza fa tsy tena endrik’ Andrianampoinimerina no hita amin’ ilay hosodoko. Ny tsy azo hidivirana anefa dia hatramin’ ny nahavitan’ izany sary hosodoko izany dia maro ireo taranak’ Andrianampoinimerina no nitazona dika mitovy amin’ izany, eny hatrany anaty rovan’ Antananarivo sy Ambohimanga ary amin’ ny rova maro amin’ ny vohitra 12. Midika izany fa saika noeken’ ny maro ho manakaiky tanteraka ny endrik’ Andrianampoinimerina iny sary hosodoko mahakasika azy iny. [[Sary:Sary maneho ny Mpanjaka Andrianampoinimerina, antsoina koa hoe Ilahifotsy na Imboasalama.JPG|vignette|329x329px|Andrianampoinimerina]]

== Ny nitazaina azy ==

=== Fahazazany ===
Kamboty reny fahazaza Andrianampoinimerina ka teo anilan-drainy tany Anjozorobe izy no nitoetra. Tsy zanaky ny vadiben’ Andriamiharamanjaka moa izy no tsy mba nisy reny hihantahantana ka tamin’ ny fahazazany dia efa nahakarakara tena sy nahay nitady vola ary nampiasa ny herin-tsandriny izy. Ny manarakandro, ny miasa tany, ny kilalaon-tsaina, ny [[tafasiry]] amin’ ny antitra, ny mikarakara ny zandriny iray tampo aminy, ny mitsidika ny vohitra manan-tantara ary ny mihaino kabary an-dapa no nandaniany ny antokonandrony fa tsy mba liana tamin’ ny fanaon’ ny zaza sy tanora mitovy taona aminy izy.

Rehefa henon’ [[Andrianjafy]] anadahin-dreniny, Andrianjafy izay efa nanjaka nandimby an’ [[Andriambelomasina]] teo [[Ambohimanga]], ary Andrianjafy moa tsy niteraka rahateo, ny nahazo an’ Andrianampoinimerina dia nalainy ho any aminy eny Ambohimanga izy izay hany havany akaiky. Koa nandao an-drainy Andrianampoinimerina ary tonga nonina teo Ambohimanga ka nankinin' Andrianjafy tamin' ny loholona teo Ambohimanga ny fitaizana azy. Na dia teo Ambohimanga aza dia mbola notohizan' Andrianampoinimerina hatrany ilay toetrany mahakarakara tena sy be atao.

Ho fehiny, [[kolontsaina]] roa samy hafa no nitaizana an’ Andrianampoinimerina dia ny kolontsain’ [[Anjozorobe]] avy amin’ ny rainy ary ny kolontsaina merina avy amin’ ny fianakavian-dreniny.

== Ny nahazoany ny fanjakana sy ny nanitarany izany ==

=== Saika Ralaitokana no nanjaka ===
[[Sary:Vavahady avaratra ao amin'ny vohitra masina Ambohimanga.JPG|vignette|Vavahady avaratra ao amin'ny vohitra masina Ambohimanga]]
Tsiahivina ny hafatr’ [[Andriambelomasina]] fony fahavelony fa rehefa modimandry izy dia [[Andrianjafy]] no manjaka ary aorian’ Andrianjafy kosa dia Ilahifotsy avy amin’ Alahamadintany zafikeliny no manjaka. Nankato tanteraka ny hafa-drainy Andrianjafy fony izy nihevitra fa momba izy, koa nankininy tamin’ ireo loholona teo [[Ambohimanga]] ny fitaizana an’ Andrianampoinimerina nandrandrainy handimby azy rahatrizay. Tato aoriana anefa dia niteraka an-d[[Ralaitokana]] i Andrianjafy ka novoriny ny vahoaka ary nilazany fa Ralaitokana no hanjaka aoriany. Tezitra tamin’ Andrianjafy ny loholon’ Ambohimanga izay efa nifankahazo am-po tamin’ Andrianampoinimerina.

Nohararaotin’ ireo loholona ireo ny tsy nahateo Ambohimanga an’ Andrianjafy hanandratany ho mpanjaka an’ Andrianampoinimerina sy hakana ny fon’ [[Ambohidrabiby]] sy ny vohitra miaraka aminy. Koa nandefa iraka teroa Ambohidrabiby Andrianampoinimerina handresy lahatra an' Ambohidrabiby sy ny vohitra manodidina hiandany aminy sy haka lamba jaky tenomin' [[Andriandoriamanjaka]] hotafiany amin' ny fanandratana azy ho mpanjaka. Tsy nanaiky Ambohidrabiby raha tsy natao [[Menabe (tany)|menabe]] sy tsy alaimbodihena koa neken' Andrianampoinimerina izany. Ny Andriandoriamanjaka kosa nampitondra lamba jaky ireo irak' Andrianampoinimerina mba hatafy ity farany ho mariky ny maha mpanjaka azy. Vao tafiditra teo Ambohimanga ireo iraka dia nasain’ ny loholon’ Ambohimanga nohidiana ny vavahadin’ Ambohimanga ary natafin’ izy ireo an’ Andrianampoinimerina ny [[jaky]] nentin’ ny iraka sady napetrak’ izy ireo miaraka amin’ ny mpanotrona maro teo [[Ambatomiatendro]] Andrianampoinimerina ary natao fararano ny fanapoahana [[basy]] sy dobok’ [[amponga]] sy [[sodina]]. Teny an-dalana hody ho any Ambohimanga Andrianjafy no nilazana fa efa natsangan’ Ambohimanga ho mpanjaka Andrianampoinimerina. Tsy nino izany izy fa niroso hatrany ny diany ka afaka an’ [[Ambohitrandriamanjaka]] izy no nahatazana an’ Andrianampoinimerina eroa Ambatomiatendro miavaka amin’ ny jaky tinafiny izay mbola mazava loko tsara satria vaovao ka fantatr’ Andrianjafy fa efa lasan’ Andrianampoinimerina Ambohimanga ary Ambohidrabiby koa. Hany hery, nitodi-doha nankeny amin’ ny lafin-kavany eny [[Ilafy (Analamanga)|Ilafy]] Andrianjafy no nanozona an’ Ambohimanga.

=== Niezaka nampiray ny tany nanjakany ===
Araka izany, tamin’ Ambohimanga sy ny manodidina no nanjaka Andrianampoinimerina. Ambohidrabiby sy ny vohitra miaraka aminy moa dia nanaiky niandany taminy rehefa nataony tsy alaimbodihena sy menabe. Ilafy sy Andrianjafy kosa mbola nanohitra azy ka niadiany ka resiny. Natambany ho tokon’ [[Avaradrano]], zokin’ Imerina enin-toko ireo. Tsy fantatra marina ny taona nanombohan’ Andrianampoinimerina nanjaka tao Ambohimanga fa efa talohan’ ny taona 1777 nivahinianan’ i Mayeur tao Andratsay izany ka hatramin’ ny taona 1787. Rehefa izany, na dia teo aza ny fifamitranam-pihavanana nifanaovan’ izy sy [[Andrianamboatsimarofy]] mpanjakan’ Imerinatsimo tamin’ ny [[fanambadiana]] dia ady no niafaran’ izy roalahy ka resy sy nandositra any [[Imamo]] Andrianamboatsimarofy (fa tato aoriana izy vao nafindra nafenina tao [[Antsahadinta]]).

Nozarain’ Andrianampoinimerina ho toko roa Imerinatsimo mba tsy hatanjaka intsony, dia tokon’ny Vakinisisaony sy tokon' Ambodirano ka nalainy vady ny maro tamin' ny [[Zanakandriana|Zanak' andriana]] teo [[Alasora]] ka nisy napetrany teo Antsahadinta fa izy kosa nanao lapa hitoerany teo Antananarivo.

=== Fanitarany ny fanjakana ===
[[Sary:Mahandrihono, lapan'ny Mpanjaka Andrianampoinimerina ao amin'ny Rovan' Ambohimanga.JPG|vignette|Mahandrihono, lapan' ny mpanjaka Andrianampoinimerina ao amin' ny Rovan' Ambohimanga.]]
Rehefa izany, dia nanoa an’ Andrianampoinimerina ny fanjakan’ [[Ambohidratrimo]] izay nanolotra an-d[[Rambolamasoandro]] ho vadiny ka nataony ho toko iray dia [[Marovatana]] izany. Ary ny fanjakana madinika maro tamin’ ny tany antsinanan’ [[Ambohimalaza]] dia nanoa azy na dia nanohitra mafy aza ny tao Ambatomanga ka lasany hatramin’ ny fanjakana [[bezanozano]] amin’ ny faritry [[Mantasoa]]. Nataony isan’ Avaradrano ireo fa tato aoriana vao natao ho [[Vakiniadiana]]. Rehefa izany dia nitarin’ Andrianampoinimerina miakandrefana ny fanjakany ka nanoa azy ny fanjakan’ [[Imamo]], izay nataony isan’ ny tokon’ Ambodirano. Nanoa koa ny fanjakan’ i [[Vonizongo]] ka nataony toko iray dia Vonizongo.

Rehefa izany dia nitariny nianatsimo ny fanjakany ka nanoa azy mora foana [[Andriamanalinibetsileo]] mpajakan’ [[Andratsay]]. Dia nitariny nianatsimo amin’ ny [[Betsileo]] ny fanjakany ka Ilaidama ([[Radama I]]) vao 20 taona monja no nasainy nitaritafika ka resy i [[Rivoekembahoaka]] mpanjakan’ i [[Fisakàna]] sy [[Andrinaompanalina]] mpanjakan’ Ambositra Sahasomangana; nanoa azy Andrianantara mpanjakan’ny Manandriana sy [[Andriamanalina III]] mpanjakan’ [[Isandra]] sy [[Raonimpanarivotomponony]] mpanjakan’ i [[Lalazana]] sy [[Andriambavizanaka]] mpanjakan’ i [[Lalangina]] sy [[Rarivoarindrano]] mpanjakan’ i Arindrano. Natambany ho tokon’ ny [[Vakinankaratra]] ireo fanjakan’ [[Andratsay]] sy [[Betsileo]]. Mbola navelany hitondra ny anaram-boninahitra mpanjaka anefa ireo mpanjaka nanoa fa [[Radama I]] no nilaza tany [[Fianarantsoa]] fa tsisy mpanjaka intsony amin’ ny fanjakany eto [[Madagasikara]] afa-tsy izy ihany fa [[Zanakandriana|zanak' andriana]] no anaram-boninahitra isaloran’ ireo mpanjaka  nanoa azy. Nandritra izany, ny fanjakan’ Anjozorobe dia efa ireo zanaky ny vadiben’ [[Andriamiharamanjaka]] no nanjaka tao ary izy ireo tsy nety nanoa an’ Andrianampoinimerina koa notafihan’ ito farany izy ireo ka lasany ny ampahany amin’ ny faritry ny fanjakan’ Anjozorobe ka nataony ho anisan’ Avaradrano. Tsy fantatra mazava anefa ny sisin-tany amin’ ny fanjakany sy ny fanjakan’ Anjozorobe fa dia namporisihiny ny vahoakany hianavaratra mihoatra ny reniranon' i Mananara araka izay tratra.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrianampoinimerina?utm_source=chatgpt.com&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vokatry ny fanitaram-panjakana ===
[[Sary:Expansion of Merina Kingdom during reign of Andrianampoinimerina 1787-1810.png|vignette|413x413px|Fanitarana ny Fanjakan' Imerina notarihin' Andrianampoinimerina (taona 1787-1810)]]
Araka izany, niainga tamin’ ny faritra kely indrindra Andrianampoinimerina ka tonga lehibe indrindra ny fanjakany, ary izy no mpanjaka voalohany nahatafaray ny fanjakana merina hatramin' ny andro nizaran' [[Andriamasinavalona]] izany ho fanjakana efatra. Nataony enin-toko Imerina.

Raha tsiahivina dia talohan’ ny taona 1787 (ary efa talohan’ ny taona 1777) no efa mpanjakan’ [[Ambohimanga]] Andrianampoinimerina ary teo ny renivohitry ny fanjakany nisy ny lapany natao hoe Mahandrinono. Tamin’ izany, ny andriana fito toko dia tsy mba nomeny zaratany teo Ambohimanga satria tsy neken’ Ambohimanga izany, fa dia ny terak’ Ambohimanga (na [[andriana]] na [[hova]] na [[Mainty enin-dreny|mainty]]) efa tompontany teo ihany sy ny olona avy amin’ ny lafy valo nampiakarin’ Andrianampoinimerina taty Imerina (ny mpanandro, ny mpisikidin' andriana, ny [[ombiasa]]) sy ny mpiambina andriana ary ny vady amanjanak’ Andrianampoinimerina no nonina teo Ambohimanga.

Tamn' ny taona 1787 ka hatramin’ ny taona 1810 kosa no namoriany an’ Imerina sy nampanekeny ny fanjakana maro hafa ka ny rovan’ Antananarivo no renivohitry ny fanjakany izay nisy ny lapany atao hoe &quot;Mahitsielafanjaka&quot;. Ny tranokotona maro nitoeran’ ny ankohonana sy fianakaviana akaiky an’ Andrianampoinimerina no nanodidina ny lapa tao an-d[[Rova Manjakamiadana|rovan' Antananarivo]]. Teroa ambany avaratry ny rova kosa, manodidina an’ [[Andohalo]] dia nisy faritra nohodidininy hadivory ka fianakaviana notsongainy avy amin' [[Andriatompokoindrindra]], [[Andriandranando]], [[Andrianamboninolona]], [[Andriamasinavalona]], [[Andriandoriamanjaka]], [[Raberanto]] ary [[Zazamarolahy]] no namponeniny tamin’ izany faritra voahodidina hadivory izany. Teo atsimon’ ny rova kosa no nametrahany ny Voromahery mpiambina azy. Tsy noekeny hisy loholona hova sy mpanandro sy mpimasy nonina teo akaikin’ ny rovan’ Antananarivo. Fa ny sisa amin’ ny andriana sy hova ary mainty enin-dreny amin’ Imerina enin-toko dia samy nomeny zaratany saingy ivelan’ Andohalo sy tamin’ ny faritra manodidina ny vohitr’ Antananarivo azon’ izy ireo honenana.  Izany fizaran-tany izany  no tsy itovizan’ Antananarivo sy Ambohimanga.
== Ny anarana nisalorany ==
[[Sary:Mahitsielafanjaka, lapan'ny Mpanjaka Andrianampoinimerina ao amin'ny Rovan'Antananarivo.JPG|vignette|Mahitsielafanjaka, lapan' ny Mpanjaka Andrianampoinimerina ao amin' ny Rovan'Antananarivo]]

=== Imboasalama na Ramboasalama ===
Mpanjaka nitondra anarana betsaka indrindra Andrianampoinimerina. Tamin' ny fahazazany dia Imboasalama no anarana niantsoan’ ny lafin-drainy azy tany [[Anjozorobe]] fa farariana izy noho izy [[Alahamady|vintan' Alahamady]]. 

=== Ilahifotsy ===
Ilahifotsy kosa no niantsoan’ [[Andriambelomasina]] sy ny lafin-dreniny azy teny [[Ambohimanga]]. Vao nanjaka teo Ambohimanga izy dia nisalotra ny anarana Andrianampoinimerina, nentiny nampangina ny andriana merina madio izay nanenjika azy ho manila merina sy mpisandoka fahefana ary koa hanehoany ny maha zafind-[[Rangorinimerina]] azy, ary ny vadibeny dia nantsoiny hoe [[Rabodonimerina]]. 

=== Ny Ombalahibemaso ===
Noho izy manana toe-tsaina mpitarika, tsy mifidy tany hiadiana, sahy manao dingana lehibe ho amin' ny fanovana, manana vinam-piarahamonina, hendry, mahalala ny pitsony amin’ ny fanjakany, mikendry hatrany ny fampandrosoana ny fanjakany sy ny vahoakany ary miaro ny harem-pireneny sy ny vahoakany amin' ny hafetsen' ny vahiny dia nantsoin’ ny vahoakany sy ny fanjakana manodidina tamin’ ny anarana hoe Ny Ombalahibemaso izy.

Tamin’ Andrianampoinimerina nampandry tany [[Mandiavato]] no mianavaratra-atsinana dia nitaingina ny vatolampy avobe eo ambony atsinanan’ ny tanàna [[Imiantsoarivo]]. Betsaka ny fanomezana naterin’ ny olona ho azy ka faly izy noho izany. Nitsangana izy amin’ ny maso mihiratra be nijery ny vahoaka, toy ny ombilahy hiady. Izany, hono, nanaovan’ ny olona azy hoe ”Ombalahibemaso”. Tamin’ izay koa no nanovany ny anaran’ ny tanàna natao hoe “Ambatofisaorana” satria teo no nisaorany ny vahoaka naneho fitiavana azy.

== Ny toetsainy ==

=== Saro-piaro tamin' ny fanjakany ===
Olon’ ny fitiavan-tanindrazana sy ny firaisam-pirenena: &quot;Ny ranomasina no valamparihiko&quot;, izany no teny filamatra napetrany entiny nanehoany ny finoany fa foin’ Andriananahary ho fanjakany ny Nosy iray manontolo. Na dia tsy tanteraka aza izany dia efa nanaiky azy ny ampahatelon’ny faritr' i Madagasikara ary natahoran' ny fanjakana maro sisa izy talohan' ny fodiamandriny. Ambonin’ izany, navahan’ Andrianampoinimerina tsara ny teraky ny Nosy sy ny vahiny (Arabo, Vazaha, Sinoa, Karana, Afrikana).

Noheverin’ Andrianampoinimerina fa hametsifetsy ny vahoakany sy hanangona ny harena eto an-toerana fotsiny no ahatongavan’ ireo vahiny (Arabo, Eropeana, Indiana, Sinoa, Afrikana) ka noferan’ Andrianampoinimerina fa hatreo Ambatomanga sy Betafo ary Maevatanana no azon’ ireo vahiny hiakarana sy tsidihana raha avy any amorontsiraka sy avy any atsimo hoany ankibon' Imerina izy ireo. Ny Malagasy kosa, dia ny [[Sakalava]], [[Betsileo]], [[Betsimisaraka]] sy ireo foko hafa mponina amin’ ny Nosy, dia navelan’ Andrianampoinimerina hiakatra an’ Imerina satria noheveriny fa ny lafivalon’ ny Nosy no fanjakany ka vahoakany no niheverany azy ireo na dia hafa foko aza. 

Fantatr’ Andrianampoinimerina koa fa hamotika ny vahoaka ny toaka sy fomban’ ny vahiny koa  nofehezin’ Andrianampoinimerina tamin’ ny sainy ny vahoakany ka novoriany ny vahoaka ary nalainy ny omby velona nampibobohany toaka ary nasainy norasainy ka indreo ny atin’ ny omby masaky ny toaka ka niaiky ny vahoaka fa ratsy ny fomba vahiny.

=== Olon' ny fisokafana amin' ny samy Malagasy ===
Olon’ ny fisokafana: Voalohany, amin’ ny lafiny firazanana dia maro ireo hova sy olona avy amin’ ny fanjakan’ [[Anjozorobe]], [[Imamo]], [[Vonizongo]], [[Andratsay]], [[Betsileo]], [[Sakalava]], [[Antemoro]], sns izay nankasitrahany no nataon’ Andrianampoinimerina ho isan’ ny [[Zanadralambo]], [[Andriandranando]], [[Andrianamboninolona]], [[Andriamasinavalona]] ary [[Zazamarolahy]]. Niteraka fahatezerana teo amin’ ny andriana merina mpanindrahindra fahadiovan' ny firazanana izany saingy gadra lava no sazy miandry ireo andriana merina mpanindrahindra fahadiovan' ny firazanana ireo raha nanohitra izany ka tsy nisy sahy nivolana imaso. Nipetraka ho tarazo tamin' ny mpanjaka nandimby azy izany fisokafana izany, ka [[Radama I]] dia nanana vady sakalava, [[Ranavalona I]] dia niteraka tamin’ Andriamihaja [[hova]], Ranavalona I dia nanangana zaza avy amin’ ny fanjakan’ Andratsay ary [[Ranavalona II]] sy [[Ranavalona III]] ary [[Rasoherina]] dia vadin’ ny [[Rainilaiarivony|praiministra]] izay hova. Faharoa, teo amin’ ny raharaham-panjakana koa dia nanao fisokafana tamin’ ny [[Vondrom-poko|foko]] hafa sy ny hova merina izy ka saika ny olona avy amin’ ny foko hafa sy hova merina no nanodidina azy tao androvan’ Ambohimanga. Ohatra, Ratendro sy Rabefiraisana taranak’ andriana avy any Imamo no lehiben’ ny mpanandrony sy mpanolo-tsainy. Nodidiany àry fa izay hanjaka handimby azy dia tsy maintsy miditra ao amin’ ny tranon-dRabefiraisana eo Ambohimanga aloha. I [[Hagamainty]] sy i [[Hagafotsy]] hova koa no anisan’ ny mpanolo-tsainy. Ary rehefa notaterina taminy fa ny mpanjakan’ Andratsay sy ireo mpanjakan’ ny [[Betsileo]] tao atsimon’ ny fanjakany dia nampiasa [[Anakara]] dia nampiakatra Anakara avy any [[Vohipeno]] izy ho ombiasiny sy hampianatra [[sorabe]] ny zanany ka ireo Anakara ireo dia to teny taminy. Fahatelo, teo amin’ ny fanambadiana koa dia nanohy ny fisokafana efa nataon’ [[Andriambelomasina]] raibeny izy satria ny zanany tamin’ ny andriambavy merina ampolony maro dia nampanambadiny zanakandriana tamin’ ny foko hafa manodidina an’ Imerina. Inoana fa ilay maha manila merina-Anjozorobe azy no nahatonga an’ Andrianampoinimerina tsy nanana olana amin’ ny fisokafana sy fifandraisana amin’ ny foko sy firazanana hafa. 

=== Olon' ny toekarena Andrianamponimerina ===
Olon’ ny toekarena: &quot;Izaho tsy manampahavalo afa-tsy ny [[mosary]]&quot; hoy Andrianampoinimerina. Nezahiny ho mandry ny tany ary notolorany [[angady]] ny isan-dahy ka nasainy namboly ny olona. Rehefa izany dia nanisy tsena iray isan-kerinandro sy isam-bohitra izy ka nitobaka ny vokatra, resy ny mosary ary voky ny vahoaka. Satria vory maro ny olona isaky ny tsena koa nataony andro sy toerana nampitàna ny hafany ny andro tsena ary [[kabary]] no anaovan’ ny irak’ andriana izany.

=== Olon' ny fahamarinana sy ny fikirizana ===
Olon’ ny fahamarinana: “Ny fanjakana tsy ananako havana, hoy izy, ka rehefa vandana dia [[kary]]&quot;. Tsy tiany ny [[kolikoly]] sy ny tsy marina. Tsy nanavahany io fa na dia ny vady amanjanany sy ny iray tampo aminy aza dia maro no nokendaina sy natao sesitany raha nikasa ny hiaka-dapa na hanohitra azy. 

Olon’ ny fikirizana: Na teo amin’ ny lafiny ara-tafika, na fambolena na fotodrafitrasa na fitiavana sy maro hafa dia olona be kiry Andrianampoinimerina ka tsy navelany raha tsy azony izay ilainy. Toy izany, raha hariva nandrotsa-bary iny izy tao an-d[[Rova Manjakamiadana|rovan’ Antananarivo]] no nahatsiaro [[sakay]] dia naniraka olona haka [[pilokely]] teny Ambohimanga ka voaloatra ny vary tonga ny pilokely. Toy izany koa, manina an’ i [[Miangaly]] izy ka tsy navelany raha tsy iny maizim-bava vilany izy nanainga teo [[Antananarivo]] ary nandry tamin’ i Miangaly tany [[Manjakandriana]] ny halina iny ihany. Ary raha nisy vohitra notafihiny nanohitra azy dia tsy navelany fa notafihiny sy nataony fahirano tsy ankiato ka nanaiky azy ny farany.

Olona tia tsidi-bohitra sy mamangy havana: Tsy mba mahatafatoetra ao an-drova Andrianampoinimerina fa dia mitsidika ny tanàna sy vohitra sy lohasaha sy fantsakana maro amin’ ny fanjakany, tsy mba ho fialamboly fa fitiavana mifanerasera mivantana amin’ ny vahoakany ahalalany ny olana sy vokatra ary ny tantaram-bohitra ka maro ny vatolahy sy anaran-tanàna ary loharano saika nifamatotra tamin’ ny nandalovany.
 
Olon’ ny tontolo iainana: Izy no mpanjaka voalohany taty Imerina namoaka didy fa tsy azo aripaka ny [[ala]] amin’ ny tanin’ andriamanjaka rehetra indrindra ny manodidina ny vohitr’ [[Ambohimanga]]. Anefa ny hazo nianjera sy maina amin' ny tanin' ny mpanjaka dia azon' ny mananontena alaina atao [[kitay]]. Notsinjoviny koa ny biby maro ka ny [[goaika]] teo Ambohimanga dia tsy nekeny ny famonoana izany ary namonoany [[omby]] isan-kerinandro.

Olona tia rà: Nahagaga tokoa fa tamin’ ny fanjakana fahavalony dia ny fo no nentin’ Andrianampoinimerina nampanaiky azy ireny ka raha nanda izany ireo [[Vondrom-poko|foko]] ireo dia notafihiny ka tsy navelany raha tsy resiny sy voababony. Fa ny amin' ny vady aman-janany kosa dia tsy mba namindrany fo fa dia novonoiny tsisy antra na nataony sesitany lavareny raha noheveriny fa namadika azy.

=== Tia vehivavy: vady, reny, anabavy,siny maro hafa izy ===
[[Sary:Fasan-dRasendrasoa , vadiben'ny Mpanjaka Andrianampoinimerina, ao amin'ny Rovan' Ambohidrabiby.JPG|vignette|248x248px|Fasan-dRasendrasoa, vadiben' Andrianampoinimerina, ao amin' ny Rovan' Ambohidrabiby.]]

Olona tia vehivavy: Nomen' Andrianampoinimerina lanja sy anjara manokana teo amin' ny fiainany ny vehivavy. Voalohany, ampolony maro ny vadiny ka misy ny tena tiany ary misy kosa vadim-panjakana ho fitandroana fahalemana. Tany amboalohany dia [[Rabodonimerina]] no vadibeny ary nampitoeriny tao [[Ambohimanga]] saingy tsy niteraka izy ireo. Nony niamboho Rabodonimerina dia [[Rasendrasoa]] zanak' Andriamanitrirazaka taranak' [[Andriampolofantsy]] no lasa vadibeny ary napetrany tao [[Ambohidrabiby]]. Faharoa, ny lapa Mahandrihono ao Ambohimanga izay misy azy dia ahitana sary nono eny akaikin' ny tapenaka izay tazan' ny masony raha mitsilany matory eo ampandriany izy.
[[Sary:Fasan'i Rabodozafimanjaka vadin'Andrianampoinimerina ao amin'ny Rovan'Antsahadinta.JPG|vignette|253x253px|Fasan'i Rabodozafimanjaka vadin'Andrianampoinimerina ao amin'ny Rovan'Antsahadinta]]

Fahatelo, nanana lanja manokana taminy ny anabaviny sy ny reniny ary ny renibeny ka noferany fa ny tera-d[[Rangorinimerina]] renibeny sy ny tera-d[[Ralesoka]] anabaviny ihany no mahazo manjaka mandimby azy. Ankoatr' izany, navahany manokana ny vehivavy mananotena izay nomeny alalana haka kitay amin' ny alany. Ary farany, nofaritany fa mitondra Radama I nefa an' ny vehivavy ny farany dia an' i Mavo izany izay nisalotra ny anarana [[Ranavalona I|Ranavalona]] izay nalaina avy amin' ny anarana [[Ranavalonandriambelomasina]] renin' Andrianampoinimerina.

== Ny niafarany ==

Tsisy nisy nahavita izay vitan’ Andrianampoinimerina tamin’ ny mpanjaka rehetra teto [[Madagasikara]] talohany. Izy no nampanaiky ny fanjakana maro nanodidina an’ Ambohimanga sy [[Imerina]]. Matsilo saina izy satria na dia tsy nahita ranomasina aza izy ary na dia nonina taty anivon-tany dia fantany fa [[nosy]] i Madagasikara ary tokony ho fanjakana tokana fa tsy hizarazara. Izy no Rain’ ny fampivondronana ho fanjakana tokana an’ i Madagasikara.

Raha  nitaratra tamin’ ny loharano teo [[Ankatso]] izy dia hitany fa efa antomotra ny fodiamandriny ka nanafatra izy fa eny [[Ambohimanga]] no hafenina izy noho io vohitra io iafenan' ny lafin-kavany akaiky azy. Fa ny andriana miafina tamin' ny [[fitomiandalana]] teo androvan' Antananarivo dia misy razany ny sasany saingy lavitra kokoa. Tratra antitra Andrianampoinimerina ka ny taona 1810 izy no niamboho ary nafenina teo atsimon’ [[Andriambelomasina]] raibeny ao an-drovan’ Ambohimanga. Sahy nampamono ny zanany roalahy hafa mba hampanjaka an’ Ilaidama. na toy ny nataon’ Andrianampoinimerina taty aoriana.

Tato aoriana anefa, raha vao voazanaka i [[Madagasikara]] dia tsapan’ ny mpitondra frantsay fa mbola maro ny Malagasy nino ny hasin’ ny razan’ andriana koa nafindran’ ny [[Frantsa|Frantsay]] ho ao androvan’ Antananarivo ny taolambalon’ Andrianampoinimerina.

Tamin' ny taona 2008, tamin’ ny fitondran’ i [[Marc Ravalomanana]] no tafaverina ao amin’ ny rovan’ Ambohimanga ny taolambalon’ Andrianampoinimerina. Niteraka resabe anefa izany famindrana izany satria tao ny tsy nankasitraka noho io famindrana io natao mangingina, raha niteraka fankasitrahana kosa hoan' ny hafa izay nihevitra fa voavaha ny famonjàna ara-tantara ny firenena malagasy nataon' ny mpanjanatany.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Lisitry ny mpanjaka merina]]

* '''Mpanjaka merina'''
** [[Rafohy]] (maty tamin' ny 1540) na [[Rangita]] (maty tamin' ny 1530)
** [[Andriamanelo]] (nanjaka 1540-1575)
** [[Ralambo]] (nanjaka 1575-1610)
** [[Andrianjaka]] (nanjaka 1600-1610)
** [[Andriantsitakatrandriana]] (nanjaka 1630-1650)
** [[Andriantsimitoviaminandriandehibe]] (nanjaka 1650-1670)
** [[Andrianjakatsitakatrandriana]] (nanjaka 1670-1675)
** [[Andriamasinavalona]] (nanjaka 1675-1710)
** [[Andriantsimitoviaminandriandrazaka]] (nanjaka 1710-1730)
** [[Andriambelomasina]] (nanjaka 1730-1770)
** [[Andrianjafy]] (nanjaka 1770-1787)
** [[Andrianampoinimerina]] (nanjaka 1787-1810)
** [[Radama I]] (nanjaka 1810-1828)
** [[Ranavalona I]] (nanjaka 1828-1861)
** [[Radama II]] (nanjaka 1861-1863)
** [[Rasoherina]] (nanjaka 1863-1868)
** [[Ranavalona II]] (nanjaka 1868-1883)
** [[Ranavalona III]] (nanjaka 1883-1897)

* [[Fanjakan' Imerina]]

* [[Lisitry ny mpanjaka teto Madagasikara]]
* [[Lisitry ny fanjakana teto Madagasikara]]
* [[Tantaran' i Madagasikara]]

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==

* Ade Ajayi, Jacob F. (1998). ''General history of Africa: Africa in the nineteenth century until the 1880s''. Paris: UNESCO. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780520067011&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Blanchy, Sophie; Rakotoarisoa, Jean-Aimé; Beaujard, Philippe; Radimilahy, Chantal (2006). ''Les dieux au service du peuple. Itinéraires religieux, médiations, syncrétisme à Madagascar''. Paris: Karthala Editions. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9782811140465&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Callet, François (1908). ''Tantara ny andriana eto Madagasikara'' (''histoire des rois''). Antananarivo: Imprimerie Catholique.
* Campbell, Gwyn (2012). ''David Griffiths and the Missionary &quot;History of Madagascar&quot;''. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-04-20980-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Domenichini-Ramiaramanana, Bakoly (1983). ''Du ohabolana au hainteny: langue, littérature et politique à Madagascar''. Paris: KARTHALA Editions. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9782865370634&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Ellis, Stephen; Rajaonah, Faranirina (1998). ''L'insurrection des menalamba: une révolte à Madagascar, 1895–1898''. Paris: Karthala Editions. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-86537-796-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Fage, J.D.; Flint, J.E.; Oliver, R.A. (1986). ''The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 1790 to c. 1870''. London: Cambridge University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-521-20413-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Featherman, Americus (1888). ''Social history of the races of mankind: Volume 2, Part 2''. London: Trübner &amp; Co.
* Fournet-Guérin, Catherine (2007). ''Vivre à Tananarive: géographie du changement dans la capitale malgache''. Antananarivo, Madagascar: Karthala Editions. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-84586-869-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Freeman, Joseph John; Johns, David (1840). ''A narrative of the persecution of the Christians in Madagascar: with details of the escape of six Christian refugees now in England.'' Berlin: J. Snow.
* Frémigacci, Jean (1999). &quot;Le Rova de Tananarive: Destruction d'un lieu saint ou constitution d'une référence identitaire?&quot;. In Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (ed.). ''Histoire d'Afrique''. Paris: Éditions Karthala.
* Galibert, Didier (2009). ''Les gens du pouvoir à Madagascar – Etat postcolonial, légitimités et territoire (1956–2002)''. Antananarivo: Karthala Editions. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9782811131432&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Nave, Ari (2010). &quot;Andrianampoinimerina&quot;. In Appiah, A. and H.L. Gates (ed.). ''Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 2''. Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780195337709&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Ogot, Bethwell (1992). ''Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century''. Paris: UNESCO. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-92-3-101711-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Rabedaoro, Eris (2010). ''Fanorona'' (amin' ny teny frantsay). Paris: Publibook. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9782748355871&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Raison-Jourde, Françoise (1983). ''Les souverains de Madagascar''. Paris: Karthala Editions. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-86537-059-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Raison-Jourde, Françoise (2012). &quot;Andrianampoinimerina et la tentative d'autonomisation de l'état Merina. Madagascar XVIIIe siecle&quot;. In Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (ed.). ''L'invention religieuse en Afrique: histoire et religion en Afrique noire''. Karthala Editions. pp. 201–212. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9782865373734&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Ranaivo, Flavien; Janicot, Claude (1968). ''Les guides bleues: Madagascar''. Paris: Librairie Hachette.
* Rich, Jeremy (2012). &quot;Andrianampoinimerina&quot;. In Akyeampong, EK and HL Gates (ed.). ''Dictionary of African Biography''. Oxford University Press. pp. 229–230. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780195382075&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Van Zant, Peter (2013). ''New Developments In Asian Studies''. New York: Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781136174704&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==
[[sokajy:Tantaran'i Madagasikara]]
[[sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Madagasikara]]</text>
      <sha1>1c2z50wu6m0hbbewf10h9hasrdroj46</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Solanum lycopersicum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>6828</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153424</id>
      <parentid>1144885</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T08:59:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanitsy hadisoam-pitendrena</comment>
      <origin>1153424</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11790" sha1="18f0d6m6i8eezubratfvf6yc8lefjf0" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Τομάτα (Solanum lycopersicum) 02.JPG|vignette|440x440px|Fototra voatabia]]
Ny '''voatabia''' dia [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]], [[roa ravin-tsimoka]], ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Solanum]]'', ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]''. Atao hoe '''''Solanum lycopersicum''''' ny anarany ara-tsiansa. Volena na maniry isan-taona izy io. Mandady marindrano na manaroka miakatra izy io rehefa maniry. Avy any amin' ny ilany avaratra-andrefan' i [[Amerika Atsimo]], indrindra any [[Meksika]] no niely eran’ izao tontolo izao. '''''Lycopersicon esculentum''''' ny anarany ara-tsiansa teo aloha. Ambolena izy io mba hahazoana voany. Anisan' ny voankazo fihinan' ny [[olombelona]] sy azo hanina nandrahoina na tsia ny voatabia.

Manondro ny voany izay misy nofony koa ny teny hoe &quot;voatabia&quot;: ny voatabia dia atao [[Legioma voa|legioma voany]], na manta na masaka. Lasa singa tena ilaina amin' ny nahandro any amin' ny firenena maro, indrindra any [[Amerika]], ny voatabia.

Manana ovan-karazany vitsivitsy ny voatabia, anisan' izany ny &quot;voatabia serizy&quot; sy ny karazana ambolena an' arivony (sampan-karazana fantatra amin' ny anarana na marika ara-barotra).

Ambolen' ny tantsaha sy ny mpamboly voninkazo eny an-tsaha na ambany aloka saika amin' ny [[laharam-pehintany]] rehetra, amin' ny velaran-tany maherin' ny efatra tapitrisa hektara, ity zavamaniry ity. Raha ny habetsahany no heverina dia io no voan-javamaniry volena indrindra eran-tany. Nahatonga ny fivoaran' ny indostrian' ny fanodinana lehibe ny voatabia, amin' ny famokarana ny voatabia marihitra, ny saosy voatabia, ny indrindra ny saosy ''ketchup'', ny ranon-degioma ary ny voatavia am-boaty.

Zava-dehibe ara-toekarena lehibe ny voatabia, ary fikarohana siantifika maro no atao momba azy. Heverina ho zavamaniry filamatra eo amin' ny fandalinana ny [[fototarazo]] izy. Niteraka ny zavamaniry voaova ara-pototarazo voalohany izay nahazoana alalana ny fambolena azy sy ny fivarotana azy vetivety tany [[Etazonia]] tamin' ny taompolo 1990.

== Fambolena ==

=== Fielezan' ny fambolena voatabia ===
[[Sary:Uso de polinizadores en el cultivo de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum).jpg|vignette|284x284px|Vonin' ny voatabia]]
Avy any [[Amerika Atsimo]] ([[Kôlômbia]], [[Venezoela]], [[Ekoadôra]], [[Però]], [[Silỳ]] Avaratra) ny voatabia no niely eran’ izao tontolo izao. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 no nampidiran' ny [[Espaniôla (vahoaka)|Espaniôla]] tany [[Eorôpa]] ny fambolena voatabia, tao [[Espaina]] aloha (1523) avy eo tany [[Italia]] (1544). Any Eorôpa ny voatabia dia voankazo manan-danja ao amin' ny fanaovana nahandro, indrindra any [[Grisia]] (72 kg/mpo./taona)&lt;ref&gt;Lanja tontalin' ny voatabia hoanin' ny olona any [[Grisia]] : 72 kg [[Espaina]] : 38 kg [[Frantsa]] : 18kg [[Fanjakana Mitambatra]] : 6kg http://www.princejardinier.fr/magazine/spip.php?article31 {{Wayback|url=http://www.princejardinier.fr/magazine/spip.php?article31 |date=20091203021014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;, any Italia, any Espaina ary any [[Frantsa]] (anisan' ny [[Vondrona Eorôpeanina]]).

=== Famokarana ===
Tamin' ny taona 2013 dia ireto ny firenena voalohany sasany mamokatra voatabia betsaka maneran-tany: i [[Sina]] (50&amp;nbsp;552&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;t), i [[India]] (18&amp;nbsp;227&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;t), i [[Etazonia]] (12&amp;nbsp;598&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;t), i [[Torkia]] (11&amp;nbsp;820&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;t), i [[Ejipta]] (8&amp;nbsp;534&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;t), i [[Iràna]] (6&amp;nbsp;174&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;t), i [[Italia]] (4&amp;nbsp;932&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;t), i [[Brezila|Brezily]] (4&amp;nbsp;188&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;t) ary i [[Espaina]] (3&amp;nbsp;684'''&amp;nbsp;'''000&amp;nbsp;t). Manaraka azy ireo i [[Meksika]], i [[Rosia]], i [[Ozbekistàna]], i [[Okraina]], i [[Pôrtogaly]] ary i [[Nizeria]].

=== Toerana ambolena azy ===
[[Sary:Tomatoes-on-the-bush.jpg|298x298px|ankavanana|thumb|voatabia masaka]]Volena eny an-tsaha na anaty trano tantera-pahazavana mitazona hafanana ny voatabia, amin' ny faritra ambanin' ny fehin-tany rehetra (faritra manana [[toetany]] mafana). Telo tapitrisa hektara ny velaran-tany ambolena voatabia (30&amp;nbsp;% amin' ny velaran-tany ambolena [[legioma]] izany). Zavamaniry mila toetany antonony mafana ny voatabia. Eo anelanelan' ny 15&amp;nbsp;°C (amin' ny alina) sy 25&amp;nbsp;°C (amin' ny andro) ny maripana ilain' ny voatabia. Mila [[masoandro]] koa izy sady mila [[hamandoana]] antonony. Maharitra dimy na enim-bolana ny fitomboany madra-piotazana azy.

== Famariparitana ==
Zavamaniry ahitra, ao amin' ny vndron-karazana ''[[Solanum]],'' ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'', ny voatabia, ''Solanum lycopersicum''. Mampiseho toetra mampiavaka ny zavamaniry volena ao amin' io fianakaviana io ny rafitr' endrinty.

Maniry isan-taona (indraindray maharitra mihoatra ny roa taona any amin' ny toetany trôpikaly) ny voatabia, amin' ny ankapobeny dia manana sampana misandrahaka na miparitaka. Mahatratra haavo 0,5 ka hatramin' ny 2 m izy io. Be zana-drantsana izy io ka mitaky tsatoka (andry) hitazonana ny tahony hahitsy.

=== Tahony ===
Miendrika varingarina poakaty na somary feno ny tahon' ny voatabia, ary rakotra volovolony sy manana fofona miavaka rehefa hesena amin' ny tanana. Marefo izy ireo, misy zorony amin' ny dingana sasany, ary misampana be dia be. Rehefa mihalehibe izy dia mety ho lasa manana nofon-kazo amin' ny ampahany eo amin' ny fotony.

=== Ravina ===
[[Sary:Starr 080117-2163 Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum.jpg|ankavia|vignette|Ravin' ny voatabia]]
Mifandimby ny ravin' ny voatabia izay foronina [[Zana-pelana|zanapelana]]. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia mirefy 10 ka hatramin' ny 30 sm ny halavany. Misy nifinifiny na sofiny samihafa habe ny zanapelana izay misy volovolony eo amin' ny velarany. Manomboka amin' ny maitso antitra ka hatramin' ny maitso tanora ny lokon' ny ravina. Mamoaka fofona mahery mampiavaka ny fianakaviana ''[[Solanaceae]]'' ny raviny.

=== Vony ===
[[Sary:Solanum lycopersicum - Fleurtomate.jpg|vignette|Vonin' ny voatabia]]
Mamorona [[vondrombony]] ny vonin' ny voatabia miloko mavo izay matetika mipoitra eo am-poto-dravina. Sady lahy no vavy izy ireo: ahitana [[lahimbony]] sy [[vavimbony]] miaraka. Foronin' ny [[ravimbony]] dimy mitambatra eo amin' ny fotony ny [[vondron-dravimbony]] izay maharitra ary matetika mihalehibe na dia aorian' ny famelanana aza. Misy felany dimy mitambatra ka mamorona endrika kintana ny [[vondrom-pelambony]]. Mifamatotra ny lahimbony miisa dimy ka manome kitsoloha manodidina ny vavimbony. Eo ambony ny fihary atodinaina izay manana [[singam-bavimbony]] roa misy kitrano maro.

=== Voa sy vihim-boa ===
[[Sary:Formes de tomates.svg|vignette|315x315px|Endriky ny voan' ny voatabia arakaraka  ny ovan-karazana]]
[[Sary:Tomato je (cropped).jpg|ankavia|vignette|Voan' ny voatabia]]
Nofosana sy manana hoditra malama sy manify ny voan' ny voatabia izay miovaova endrika sy habe arakaraka ny ovan-karazana (boribory, fisaka, lava, miendrika serizy, sns.). Rehefa masaka izy ireo dia misy mena ka hatramin' ny mavo voasary, na maitso na volomparasy mihitsy aza. Betsaka rano, siramamy, asidra ôrganika, ary fandoko toy ny [[likôpena]], ny voany.

Kely, fisaka, miendrika kapila, ary miloko mavo na volontany ny vihim-boa. Rakotra volovolo sy voahodidin' ny akora hatrotro ao anatin' ilay voa izy ireo. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia ambony ny tahan' ny fitsimohany.

=== Faka ===
[[Sary:Tomatoes-RootSystem1-SouthGardenBed.jpg|vignette|Fakan' ny voatabia]]
Mipoitra manodidina teza iray ny fakan' ny voatabia amin' ny voalohany, saingy lasa misandrahaka haingana izany amin' ny fanirian' ny faka fiandry maro, indrindra raha mikasika amin' ny tany ny taho. Somary marivo ihany ny fakany, nefa afaka miparitaka amin' ny faritra midadasika kokoa, ka ahafahany mitroka tsara ny [[rano]] sy ny [[otrikaina]].

=== Singa simika ===
Ny taovan' ny voatabia rehetra dia misy [[alkalôida]], indrindra fa ny [[Sôlaninina|sôlanina]], indrindra amin' ny faritra maitso (ravina, taho, voany tsy matoy). Izany dia manome akora manapoizina, ankoatry ny voany masaka.

== Ovan-karazana ==
[[Sary:Yellow cherry tomatoes 2.jpg|ankavia|vignette|206x206px|Voatabia mavo]]
[[Sary:20210731 Hortus botanicus Leiden - Solanum lycopersicum.jpg|vignette|Voatabia &quot;manga&quot; ]]Maro ny endrika isehoan' ny voatabia ka samy manana ny voany, ary samihafa habe sy bika ary loko ny ovan-karazana tsirairay: ny sasany boribory, ny sasany miendrika atody, ny sasany lavalava, ny sasany miloko mavo, ny sasany miloko mena, ny sasany miloko anelanelan’ ny mavo sy mena.

== Fampiasana ==

=== Sakafo ===
[[Sary:Tomato soup with bread.jpg|vignette|Lasopy voatabia sy mofo]]
Ny voatabia dia ambolena sy hanina indrindra noho ny nofony be ranony, ny tsirony somary makirana sy mamy, ary koa noho ny [[otrikaina]] ao aminy. Ny voatabia tsy nahandroina dia azo atao [[salady]], silatsilahina, atao [[saosy]] mangatsiaka na atao [[ranomboankazo]] hosotroina. Azo hanina koa ny voatabia avy nahandroina: saosy, [[lasopy]], fangaron-daoka na fangaron' ny nahandro hafa. Azo atao ny mitahiry azy io am-boaty: marihitra, koba be ranony, [[ketchup]], voatabia maina, mba hahafahana mihinana azy amin' ny fotoana itiavana azy na dia efa tsy misy aza ny eny an-tsaha na ny eny an-jaridaina.

=== Fitsaboana sy fahasalamana ===
[[Sary:TomateSanMarzano.jpg|vignette|285x285px|Voatabia 'San Marzano']]
Ampiasaina amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana amin' ny fisorohana ny aretina sy ny fitsaboana ny voatabia. Ahitana [[otrikaina]] betsaka ihany koa ny voatabia ka anisany ny [[vitaminina]] [[Vitaminina C|C]] sy [[Vitaminina A|A]] (beta-karôtena) ary [[Vitaminina K1|K]] ary fôlata. Ohatra, ny voany salantsalany iray dia afaka miantoka 28&amp;nbsp;% eo ho eo amin' ny filana vitaminina C isan' andro.

Ahitana [[mineraly]] toy ny [[pôtasiôma]] sy [[maneziôma]] koa ny ao amin' ny voatabia. Misy ao koa ny [[antiôksida]] toy ny [[likôpena]] sy ny [[flavônôida]]. Ny likôpena dia azon' ny vatan' olombelona kokoa rehefa avy mahandroina miaraka amin' ny zavatra matavy kely. Ny likôpena izay misy betsaka ao aminy no mahatonga ny loko mena manopy volomboasary ao aminy.

[[Antiôksida]] sy mampihena ny mety hitrangan' ny [[homamiadana]] ny [[prôstaty]] sy ny homamiadana mahazo ny taova hafa koa ny fihonanana voatabia ([[sarakaty]], [[tsinaibe]], [[havokavoka]], [[tsinaimbody]], [[vavony]], aty vava, [[nono]], [[vozon' ny tranonjaza]]) noho ny fisian' ny vitaminina C sy ny likôpena ao aminy.

Manamora ny [[fandevonan-kanina]] sy mampizotra tsara ny asan' ny [[tsinay]] koa ny fihinana azy (mampihena ny mety hitrangan' ny [[fitohanana]]). Manatsara ny fahasalaman' ny [[fo]] sy ny [[lalandra]] ny fihinanana voatabia: ny likôpena dia manampy amin' ny fampihenana ny kôlesterôla amin' ny fisorohana ny aterôsklerôzy (fahatsentseman' ny lalandra noho ny fiangonan' ny [[lipida]], ny [[gliosida]], ny [[ra]] mandry, ny [[Tavy (akora)|tavy]], ny [[Sokay (akora)|sokay]] sy ny [[mineraly]] hafa).

Ampiasana amin' ny fikarakarana [[hoditra]] sy hiadiana amin' ny fahanteran' ny sela koa ny voatabia: atao [[fesana]], hampitony ny fanaintainan' ny faritra may sy hanasitranana ny mony kely (mahazatra any amin' ny kolontsaina sasany).

=== Fampitandremana ===
Mety ho tohina na tsy mahalevona voatabia ny olona sasany. Mety hanana olana amin' ny fandevonan-kanina (ohatra ny mamerina izay natelina) na tokony tsy hihinana voatabia loatra (ohatra, ny olona marary voa na ny olona tokony hihinanana pôtasiôma ambany dia ambany) ny olona sasany. Na dia mahasalama ho an' ny ankamaroan' ny olona aza ny voatabia, dia mety hiteraka olana ny fihinanana azy io tafahoatra.

== Jereo koa ==
* ''[[Solanum]]'' 
* [[Baranjely]] 
* [[Piper|Dipoavatra (zavamaniry)]] 
* [[Sakamalao]]
* [[Sakay (fanao sakafo)|Sakay]]
* [[Sakaibe]]
* [[Tamotamo]]
* [[Tongolo]]
* [[Tongologasy]]
* [[Legioma]]

== Tsiahy ==
{{ref}}

[[Sokajy:Voankazo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Radio Studio 54 Network</title>
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      <text bytes="501" sha1="bb6i7lnz70lxk2oa7nwsyom731yi8oj" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Radio Studio 54 Network logo.svg|thumb|le Logo de Studio 54 Network]]
'''Radio Studio 54 Network''' na koa '''Studio 54 Network''' dia radio any [[Italia]].

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191225112737/http://www.studio54network.it/ Tranonkala ofisialy]
* [http://share.xdevel.com/scriptshare/streamsolution/playeros/index.php?logobackground=000000&amp;logo=true&amp;autostart=true&amp;height=36&amp;width=380&amp;id=442964986e275016d0e4a3e3ec40e0d6 streaming web]

[[Sokajy:Radiô ao Italia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Akeley, Minnesota</title>
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{{infobox tanàna
|tanàna=Akeley, Minnesota
|firenena={{Etazonia}}
|faritany=Minnesota
|velarantany=3.88
|isam-ponina=432
|ben'ny tanàna=
}}

'''Akeley, Minnesota''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny faritany mizaka tenan'i [[Minnesota]], ao [[Etazonia]]. Ny kaodim-paositra dia 56433..

== Jeografia ==
 
Ny laharam-pehintaniny ary ny laharan-jarahasiny dia 47.0016666667 ary -94.7280555556.
Ny faritr'ora dia GMT -6.

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Etazonia]]
** [[Minnesota]]
=== Rohy ivelany ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001437/http://www.akeleymn.com/  https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001437/http://www.akeleymn.com//city.htm]


[[sokajy:Tanàna ao amin'ny faritany mizaka tenan'i Minnesota]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Davida (mpanjaka)</title>
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      <text bytes="24821" sha1="cxktxrg9ysd15ei6480cgrlqodyw7vj" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Unción de David por Samuel, de Antonio González Velázquez (Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando).JPG|vignette|351x351px|Fanosorana an' i Davida ho mpanjaka]]
I '''Davida''' dia [[mpanjakan' i Israely]] teraka tokony ho tamin' ny  taona 1040 tal. J.K. ary maty tamin' ny taona 970 tal. J.K. tao [[Jerosalema (Andro Taloha)|Jerosalema]]. Araka ny [[Testamenta Taloha]] ao amin' ny [[Baiboly]] dia mpanjaka faharoan' i [[Fanjakan' i Israely (mitambatra)|Israely]] nandimby an' i [[Saoly]] (na Saola) i Davida teo anelanelan' ny taona 1000 sy 970 tal. J.K. Taranany ny [[mpanjakan' i Jodà]] nifandimby. I Davida no mpanjaka nahatanteraka ny firaisan' ny [[Israelita]] rehetra sady nanao an' i Jerosalema ho renivohitry ny fanjakany. Amin' ny Kristiana dia tandindon' ny [[Mesia]] izy. Ao amin' ny ''[[Bokin' i Samoela]]'' roa sy ny ''[[Bokin' ny Mpanjaka]]'' roa ary ny ''[[Boky voalohan' ny Tantara]]'' no tena ahitana ny tantarany ao amin' ny Baiboly. 

== I Davida araka ny Baiboly ==
Araka ny fampahatsiahivan' i [[André Chouraqui]], ny boky ao amin' ny [[Baiboly]] dia tsy natao hitantarana tantara amin' ny fomba fijery araka ny literatiora na ara-tsiansa, fa amin' ny ankapobeny dia misy fikendrena ara-[[Faminaniana|paminaniana]].

Ny lahatsoratra lehibe miresaka an' i Davida dia ireto manaraka ireto:

* ''[[Boky voalohan' i Samoela]]'' toko faha-16 ka hatramin' ny faha-31&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://motmalgache.org/bins/bcv?bcv=9.16 1Samoela 16-31], ''tenymalagasy.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://nybaiboly.net/Bible/BibleMalagasyHtm-at09-1Samuel.htm#at09_16 1Samoela 16-31], ''nybaiboly.net''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://baiboly.katolika.org/boky/1%20Samoela/16 1Samoela 16-31] {{Wayback|url=https://baiboly.katolika.org/boky/1%20Samoela/16 |date=20240317000859 }}, ''baiboly.katolika.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;;
* ''[[Boky faharoan' i Samoela]]'' toko voalohany ka hatramin' ny faha-24&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://motmalgache.org/bins/bcv?bcv=10.1 2Samoela 1-24], ''tenymalagasy.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://nybaiboly.net/Bible/BibleMalagasyHtm-at10-2Samuel.htm#at10_01 2Samoela 1-24], ''nybaiboly.net''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://baiboly.katolika.org/boky/2%20Samoela/1 2Samoela 1-24] {{Wayback|url=https://baiboly.katolika.org/boky/2%20Samoela/1 |date=20240317000859 }}, ''baibolykatolika.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;;
* ''[[Boky voalohan' ny Mpanjaka]]'' toko voalohany sy faha-2&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://motmalgache.org/bins/bcv?bcv=11.1 1Mpanjaka 1-2], ''tenymalagasy.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://nybaiboly.net/Bible/BibleMalagasyHtm-at11-1Rois.htm#at11_01 1Mpanjaka 1-2], ''nybaiboly.net''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://baiboly.katolika.org/boky/1%20Mpanjaka/1 1Mpanjaka 1-2] {{Wayback|url=https://baiboly.katolika.org/boky/1%20Mpanjaka/1 |date=20240317000858 }}, ''baibolykatolika.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ny anarany ===
Atao hoe דָּוִד / ''Dawid'' i Davida amin' ny [[Fiteny hebreo|teny hebreo]], izay midika hoe &quot;tiana indrindra&quot;, &quot;malala&quot;, ary ary ampiasaina amin' io heviny io ao amin' ny [[Tononkira Fanaperana|Tononkiran' i Sôlômôna]]. 

=== Ny fianakaviany ===
I [[Jese (rain' i Davida)|Jese]] no rainy. Ny vadiny dia i [[Batseba]] (na Betsabe) sy i [[Abigaila]] sy i [[Egla]] sy i [[Maka (vadin'i Davida)|Maaka]] sy i [[Ahinôama]] sy i [[Hagita]] ary i [[Abitala]].  

Araka ny [[Bokin' i Samoela]], i Davida dia nanan-janaka lahy enina nateraky ny vehivavy samy hafa tao [[Hebrôna]], sy iraika ambin' ny folo lahy nateraky ny vehivavy samihafa tao [[Jerosalema]]: i [[Amnôna]] (אַמְנוֹן), tamin' i Akinôama avy any Jezirela, no lahimatoany; i [[Kileaba]] (כִלְאָב) tamin' i Abigaila, vady navelan' i Nabala avy any Karmela, no faharoa; [[Absalôma]] (אַבְשָׁלוֹם), tamin' i Maaka, zanakavavin' i Talmay, mpanjakan' i Gesora, no fahatelo; i [[Adônia (zanak' i Davida)|Adônia]] (אֲדֹנִיָּה) no fahefatra, tamin' i Hagita; i Kefatia (שְׁפַטְיָה) no fahadimy, tamin' i Abitala; i Jistreama (יִתְרְעָם) tamin' i Egla. Ny iraika ambin' ny folo lahy teraka tao [[Jerosalema]] dia i [[Jibara]] (יִבְחָר), i Elisama (אֱלִישׁוּעַ), i Nefega (נֶפֶג), i Jafia (יָפִיעַ), i Elisama (אֱלִישָׁמָָּע), i Eliada (אֱלִישָׁמָע) sy i Elifeleta (אֱלִיפָלֶט), i Samoa (שַׁמּוּעַ), i Sobaba (שׁוֹבָב), i [[Natana (zanak' i Davida)|Natana]] (נתן) tamin' i Davisy, ary i [[Sôlômôna]] (שְׁלֹמֹה) izay nandova an-drainy.  I Jerimôta, izay tsy hita ao amin' ny tetiaraa dia resahina ao amin' ny Boky faharoan' ny Tantara (2Tantara11:18). Nanan-janaka vavy tamin' i Maaka i Davida, dia i Tamara. 

=== Ny fahazazany sy ny fahatanorany ===
Teraka tao [[Betlehema]] i Davida. Izy no faralahin' i [[Jese (rain' i Davida)|Jese]] mpiompy ondry tao amin' ny [[fokom-pirenen' i Jodà]]. Niandry ny andian' ondrin-drainy i Davida nandritra ny fahatanorany. Nibaiko ny mpaminany [[Samoela]] Andriamanitra mba handeha mangingina any amin' i Jese hisafidy izay handimby an' i [[Saoly]] mpanjakan' i Israely amin' ireo zanany sivy lahy. I Davida faralahy no nosafidin' i Samoela ka nohosorany menaka, araka ny [[Boky voalohan' i Samoela]] (1Sam. 16.1-13). Mpitendry zavamaneno mahay i Davida ka noraisin' i Saoly tao an-dapany mba hankafizany ny fanenenon' ny valihany.  
[[Sary:Sweet stories of God; in the language of childhood and the beautiful delineations of sacred art (1899) (14751566596).jpg|vignette|258x258px|''Nobatain' i Davida ny lohan' i  Gôliata'', sary nataon' i Josephine Pollard, taona 1899.]]

=== Ny fandreseny an' i Gôliata sy ny fanenjehan' i Saoly azy ===

Taty aoriana, nandritra ny fotoana nampifandimbiasany ny findrasana ondry sy ny nitendreny valiha tao an-dapa dia nitsidika ny tobin' ny miaramila israelita izy mba hanome hanina ny rahalahiny. Tany no nahalalany fa misy lehilahy amin' ny fahavalon' ny [[Israelita]], dia ilay mpiady mahery indrindra tamin' ny tafiky ny [[Filistina (ao amin' ny Baiboly)|Filistina]], atao hoe [[Gôliata]] avy any Gata, izay nanao fihaikana ny Israelita hanao adin' olon-droa alohan' ny tena hiadian' ny tafika roa tonta. Nanolo-tena hamaly izany fihaikana izany amim-pahasahiana i Davida. Rehefa natao ny adin' i Davida sy i Gôliata teo amin' ny lohasaha Elaha, dia voan' ny vato natorak' i Davida tamin' ny [[antsamotady]] i Gôliata ka maty dia notapahin' i Davida ny loha (1Sam. 17.40-54). Raiki-tahotra ny Filistina ka nandositra. Tamin' izany no nahatonga an' i Davida ho mpinamana tamin' i [[Jônatana]] zanak' i Saoly.[[Sary:Rosselli Triunfo David.jpeg|vignette|195x195px|''I Davida mpandresy'', sary nataon' i  Matteo Rosselli, 1620]]Niteraka fatahorana sy fialonan' i Saoly izany lazan' i Davida izany, satria nihevitra i Saoly fa tsy hahatanteraka ny fandovan' ny zanany lahy ny fanjakana izany. Nikendry ny hahafaty an' i Davida i Saoly ka nomeny azy ho vadiny ny zanany vavy atao hoe Mikala nefa tsy maintsy hiady amin' ny Filistina zato i Davida alohan' ny hanatanterahana ny fanambadiana (1Sam. 18.20-27). Resin' i Davida, izay lasa vinanton' i Saoly noho izany, ny Filistina, nefa nitohy ny fifofoan' i Saoly ny ain' i Davida. Nandositra tany an-tany efitra sahala amin' ny olon-dratsy i Davida ka nikambana tamin' ny jiolahy izay nanampy azy. Rehefa nitady azy i Saoly ka nahita azy sady saika hahafaty azy, dia nakany amin' ny Filistina fahavalony taloha, ka nanompo ny mpanjakan' ny Filistina tao Gata, atao hoe Akisy, i Davida.

=== Ny fiakaran' i Davida teo amin' ny fitondrana ===
[[Sary:081.David Mourns the Death of Absalom.jpg|vignette|246x246px|''Misaona ny fahafatesan' i Absalôma i Davida'', sary nataon' i Gustave Doré, 1866.]]
Rehefa maty i [[Saoly]] sy i [[Jônatana]], tamin' ny ady nifanaovany tamin' ny [[Filistina (ao amin' ny Baiboly)|Filistina]], dia niverina tao amin' ny [[tanin' i Israely]] i Davida ka nasandratra ho mpanjakan' ny [[fokom-pirenen' i Jodà]] tao Hebrôna (2Sam. 2.1-4), nefa tsy nanitatra ny fanjakany tamin' ny [[fokom-pirenen' i Israely]] hafa izy. Fito taona taty aoriana dia nanaiky an' i Davida ho mpanjakany ny fokon' i Israely sisa rehetra, talohan' izany dia notapahin' i [[Isbôseta|Isbaala]] (na [[Isbôseta]]) zanak' i Saoly izy ireo (2Sam. 5.1-5).

Niady matetika i Davida ka nandresy ny [[Filistina]], ny [[Môaba (fanjakana)|Môabita]], ny [[Arameana]], ny [[Edôma|Edômita]] ary ny [[Amôna (fanjakana)|Amônita]], dia lasa lehibe ny tany notapahiny tao amin' ny [[Fanjakan' i Israely (mitambatra)|Fanjakan' i Israely]] fony mbola tsy nivaky, ka izany no tanim-panjakana lehibe indrindra teo amin' ny tantaran' i Israely. Mba hampiraisany tanteraka ilay fanjakana vaovao dia nalainy ny mandan' ny [[Jebosita]] (na Jeboseana) tao [[Ziôna]] (na Siôna) ka nataony renivohitra ny tanàna jebosita atao hoe [[Jerosalema (Andro Taloha)|Jerosalema]], izay lasa fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe &quot;tanànan' i Davida&quot; (2Sam. 5.6-9). Nitoky tamin' Andriamanitra i Davida ka nanaraka an-tsakany sy an-davany ny tenin' ny mpaminany, indrindra ny an' ny mpaminany [[Natàna (mpaminany)|Natàna]] izay nandrara azy tsy hanangana ny [[Tempolin' i Jerosalema|tempoly]] hametrahana ny [[Fiaran' ny Fanekena]]. Nanambara ny mpaminany fa tsy mendrika ny olona mpiady ny hanao izany asa izany sady ny zanak' i Davida no hanatanteraka ny fananganana ny tempoly (2Sam. 7.1-7). Noho izany dia tao anaty [[tabernakely]] ao Jerosalema no nametrahana ny Fiaran' ny Fanekena, ka nahatonga an'io tanàna io ho foiben' ny fivavahana sy renivohi-panjakan' ny tany nakamban' i Davida. Tao Jerosalema no tena nanaovana fihirana salamo amin' ny fotoam-pivavanana ka nahatonga an' i Davida ataon' ny [[lovantsofina]] fa mpamorona ny salamo miisa 73 ao amin' ny ''[[Bokin' ny Salamo]]'' ao amin' ny [[Baiboly]].

=== Ny fahotan' i Davida sy ny vokatr' izany ===
Nanao fahadisona lehibe i Davida rehefa nahatratra ny tampon' ny voninahiny, dia ny nanaovany fijangajangana niampy vonoana olona. Raiki-pitia tamin' i [[Batseba]] (na Betsabe), izay vadin' ny miaramilany atao hoe Oria izay lehilahy [[Hitita (vahoaka)|Hitita]] (na Heteana), mantsy ny mpanjaka Davida. Nitoe-jaza ilay vehivavy dia nalefan' i Davida tany an' ady eny alohan' ny miaramila rehetra i Oria ka maty (2Sam. 11.2-27). Mba ho setrin' ny fahotany dia maty ilay zaza vokatry ny fijangajangana tamin' i Batseba. Fanampin' izany koa dia nanakorontana ny filaminana tao an-dapa ny zanaka lahin' i Davida, ohatra amin' izany i Absalôma zanany izay tsy nikomy taminy nefa tsy nahomby ka niafara tamin' ny fahafatesana, sy i Adônia (na Adôniasa) izay nikononkonona fikomiana tao an-dapa mba haka ny fitondrana. Tsy nahomby i Adônia ka i [[Sôlômôna]] (na Salômôna) zanaka lahin' i Davida faharoa tamin' i Batseba no nataon' i Davida mpandova ny fanjakany, araka ny ''[[Boky voalohan' ny Mpanjaka]]'' (1Mpanj. 1.11-40).

== I Davida araka ny fivavahana abrahamika ==

=== I Davida araka ny jodaisma ===
I Davida dia olo-malaza ao amin' ny [[jodaisma rabinika]], ary misy angano maro momba azy. Araka ny lovantsofina iray, i Davida dia notezaina amin' ny maha zanak' i [[Jese (rain' i Davida)|Jese]] rainy ary nandany ny fahazazany niandry ny ondrin-drainy tany an-tany efitra, nefa tany an-tsekoly ny rahalahiny.

Ny fijangajangana nataon’ i Davida tamin' i [[Batseba]] dia adika ho fahafahana hanehoana ny herin' ny fibebahana, ary ny [[Talmoda]] dia milaza fa tsy fijangajangana mihitsy izany, amin' ny filazana ny fanao jiosy momba ny fisaraham-panambadiana amin' ny ankatoky ny ady. Fanampin’ izany, araka ny Talmoda ihany dia tsy famonoana olona ny fahafatesan' i Oria satria nanao heloka bevava i Oria tamin' ny nandavany tsy hankatò ny baiko mivantana avy amin' ny mpanjaka. Kanefa, ao amin' ny lahatsoratra atao hoe ''Sanedrina'' ​​i Davida dia naneho nenina noho ny fandikan-dalàna nataony ary nangataka famelan-keloka. Nahazo faelan-keloka avy amin' Andriamanitra i Davida sy i Batseba tamin' ny farany, nefa tsy nesorin' izy ireo tao amin' ny [[Soratra Masina]] ny [[Fahotana|fahotany]].

Ao amin' ny angano jiosy, ny fahotan' i Davida tamin' i Batseba dia sazy noho ny fahatsiarovan-tena tafahoatra nataon' i Davida. Niangavy an' Andriamanitra hitarika azy ho amin' ny fakam-panahy izy mba hahafahany manome porofo ny amin' ny tsy fivadihany toa an' i [[Abrahama (patriarka)|Abrahama]] sy [[Isaaka zanak' i Abrahama|Isaaka]] ary [[Jakôba (patriarka hebreo)|Jakôba]], izay nahomby tamin' ny fitsapana ary ny anarany tatỳ aoriana dia niray tamin’ ny anaran' Andriamanitra, fa i Davida kosa tsy nahomby noho ny fakam-panahin' ny vehivavy. Araka ny filazan' ny [[midrasa]] dia nahafoy ny 70 taona tamin' ny fiainany i Adama ho an' ny fiainan' i Davida. Ary koa, araka ny ''[[Talmodan' i Jerosalema]]'', i Davida dia teraka sy maty tamin' ny fety jiosy ''[[Shavuot]]'' (&quot;[[Shavuot|Fetin' ny Herinandro]]&quot;). Lazaina fa lehibe tokoa ny fivavahany ka afaka nampidina zavatra avy any an-danitra ny vavaka nataony.

=== I Davida araka ny kristianisma ===
Ny fiheverana momba ny [[Mesia]] dia zava-dehibe ao amin' ny [[kristianisma]]. Tamin' ny fiandohany dia mpanjaka nanapaka teto an-tany tamin' ny alalan 'ny fanendren' [[Andriamanitra (tokana)|Andriamanitra]] (&quot;ilay voahosotra&quot;, araka ny hevitry ny anaram-boninahitra hoe ''Mesia''), tamin' ny taonjato roa farany tal. J.K., ny &quot;zanak' i Davida&quot; dia lasa ilay olona [[Literatiora apôkaliptika|apôkaliptika]] sy avy any an-danitra, izay hanafaka an' i [[Zanak' i Israely|Israely]] sy hanomboka fanjakana vaovao. Izany no fototry ny fiheverana ny atao hoe Mesia tao amin' ny kristianisma voalohany, izay nandika ny asan' i [[Jesoa]] na [[Jesoa|Jesosy]] tamin' ny alalan' ny anaram-boninahitra sy ny asa nanendrena an' i Davida tao amin' ny [[mistisisma]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' ny fanompoam-pivavahana tao [[Ziôna]] na [[Siôna]], izay nanompoany tamin' ny naha mpanjaka-mpisorona azy. Izy no mpanelanelana eo amin' Andriamanitra sy ny olona&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/David David]&quot; in ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20090819074455/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/152497/David arsiva] tamin’ ny 19 Aogositra 2009&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny Fiangonana voalohany dia nino fa &quot;ny fiainan' i Davida dia tandindon' ny fiainan' i [[Kristy]]; i [[Betlehema]] no toerana nahaterahan' izy roa, ny fiainan' i Davida mpiandry ondry dia manondro an' i Kristy, ilay Mpiandry Tsara; ny vato dimy nofidina hamonoana an' i [[Gôliata]] dia mariky ny ratra dimy; ny famadihana nataon' i Ahitôfela, mpanolo-tsaina nitokisany, sy ny fiampitana an’i Kedrôna, dia mampahatsiahy antsika ny [[Fijalian' i Jesoa|fijalian' i Kristy]]. Maro amin' ny [[Bokin' ny Salamo|salamo]] nataon' i Davida, araka ny ianarana azy ao amin' ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]], no mampiseho mazava tsara ny amin' ny Mesia ho avy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/David David]&quot; in ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20090819074455/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/152497/David arsiva] tamin' ny 19 Aogositra 2009&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamin' ny [[Andro Antenatenany]] dia nihevitra ny tenany i Charlemagne, ary noheverin' ny manam-pahaizana tao an-dapany, ho toy ny &quot;Davida vaovao&quot;. Tsy zava-baovao izany nefa naitatra ho lehibe ny lanjany sy ny hevitra fonosiny&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;McManners, John (2001-03-15). ''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=DhpKxQT8n74C&amp;pg=PA101&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity]''. OUP Oxford. p. 101. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160209020220/https://books.google.com/books?id=DhpKxQT8n74C&amp;pg=PA101 Arsiva] tamin’ ny 2016 09 Febroary 2016.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny [[Kristianisma Tandrefana|fiangonana tandrefana]] ([[Loteranisma|loterana]], [[Katôlisisma|katôlika rômana]]) dia mankalaza ny fetin' i Davida amin' ny 29 Desambra na 6 Ôktôbra, fa ny [[Fiangonana Tatsinanana|fiangonana tatsinanana]] amin' ny 19 Desambra. Ny [[Fiangonana ôrtôdôksa tatsinanana|Fiangonana Ôrtôdôksa Tatsinanana]] sy ny [[Fiangonana katôlika tatsinanana|Eglizy Katôlika Tatsinanana]] dia mankalaza ny andro firavoravoana fahatsiarovana ny &quot;Mpaminany masina sy mpanjaka Davida&quot; amin' ny Alahadin' ny Razambe masina (Alahady roa alohan' ny andro firavoravoana lehibe amin' ny fankalazana ny [[fahaterahan' i Jesoa]]) sy ny Alahadin' ny Ray Masina (Alahady alohan' ny nahaterahan' i Jesoa), rehefa ankalazaina miaraka amin' ny razamben' i Jesoa hafa izy. Ankalazaina koa ny Alahady aorian' ny nahaterahan' i Jesoa, miaraka amin' i [[Jôsefa (vadin' i Maria)|Jôsefa]] sy [[Jakôba ilay Marina|Jakôba]], rahalahin' ny Tompo ary ny 26 Desambra (Sinaksisy ho an' ny [[Renin' Andriamanitra]])&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://azbyka.ru/days/sv-david-car Пророк Дави́д Псалмопевец, царь Израильский]&quot;. ''azbyka.rudays'' (amin' ny teny rosiana).&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== I Davida araka ny silamo ===

Manao an' i [[Dawud|Dâwûd]] ho mpaminany-mpanjaka lehibe sy mpitsara feno fahendrena manatanteraka ny sitrapon' i [[Allah]], ny lovan-tsofina silamo. Tahaka ny amin' ny tantara hafa, ny [[Kor'any]] dia tsy mitazona afa-tsy singa manan-danja vitsivitsy amin' ny tantara ara-[[Baiboly]], toy ny ady amin' i [[Gôliata]], izay fitantarana manan-tanjona amin' ny  fitorian-teny. Nampiasa ny fitantarana ao amin' ny Baiboly kosa ny mpanao heviteny silamo toa an' i Tabari mba hamenoana ny fitantarana ao amin' ny  Kor'any.[[Sary:King David Bathsheba Bathing.jpg|vignette|201x201px|''Ny mpanjaka Davida mitazana an' i [[Batseba]] mandro'']]Iray amin' ny fizaràna resahina an-kolaka ao amin' ny soràta faha-38 ny fitantarana ny fahadisoan’ i Davida. Miresaka ny fitiavan' i Davida an' i [[Batseba]], vadin' i Oria, ny mpivaofy teny momba io andalan-teny io. Araka ny hevitr' i Dye dia misy fitoviana amin' ny [[Boky faharoan' i Samoela|2Sam]] 12:1-6 ity lahatsoratra ity, saingy faritany ny fahasamihafana misy amin' ireo lahatsoratra roa ireo. Azo atao ny fampitahana hafa amin' ny lahatsoratra hafa ao amin' ny [[Baiboly]] ([[Salamo faha-148|Salamo 148]]; 9-10 ho an' ny soràta 38:18-19) na amin’ ny olona hafa ao amin' ny Baiboly. Ho an' i Gobillot, ny fitantarana ao amin' ny Kor'any dia mampiseho ny fahalalana ny [[Torah]] sy ny [[Filazantsara]] ananan' ny mpanoratra an' ity andalan-tsoratra ity izay manambatra fitantarana roa. Na izany aza dia manao ny [[fakam-panahy]] nahazo an' i Davida ho fizahan-toetra sitrak' Andriamanitra ny fitantaran' ny mpanao heviteny, izany dia famerenana mandrafitra ny lahatsoratra mba hiarovana ny [[Tenim-pinoana|dôgma]] momba ny [[tsy fahaizan' ny mpaminany manota]].

Ny fitantarana ao amin' ny Kor'any dia &quot;''dhikr''&quot;, izany hoe fampahatsiahivana ny singa efa voarakitra ao amin' ny asasoratra ara-pivavahana isan-karazany. Ho an' ny Kor'any, tahaka ny nandraisan' i [[Mosesy]] ny [[Tawrat|Torah]] sy ny fandraisan' i [[Jesoa araka ny silamo|Jesoa]] ny [[Injil|Evanjely]], dia nandray ny [[Fanambaràna (finoana)|fanambaràna]] ny soratra masina iray i Davida, tsy inona izany fa ny [[Zabur]], izay mifandray amin' ny ''[[Bokin' ny Salamo]]''. Na izany aza, ho an' ny mpandinika maro dia boky mampandroso kokoa fa tsy Lalàna vaovao  ny Zabur. Ny Kor'any dia manantitrantitra ny fanomezam-pahasoavan' i Davida amin' ny fihirana sy ny mozika, ka manome azy ny anjara asany amin' ny fandaminana ny zavamaneno ao amin' ny [[litorjia]] kôsmika: nanazava izy fa nampanompoin' Andriamanitra azy ny vorona sy ny tendrombohitra mba hahafahan' izy ireo mitory ny fiderana avy amin' i Davida ho an' Andriamanitra. Hazavain’ ny mpanao heviteny fa ny hakanton’ ny feony, rehefa nihira ny salamo izy, dia nampijanona ny vorona eny am-panidinana mba hamaly azy, na koa voasinton' ny hiran’ ny mpanjaka ny biby ka mety ho faty mosary na hetaheta.

Ilay mpahay tantara persiana Ibn Jarīr Tabari dia miresaka ao amin' ny fitantarany momba ny fifaninanana fanontaniana folo mba hahitana hoe iza amin' ireo mpandova no mahazo ny zo hipetraka eo amin' ny seza fiandrianana ho mpandimby an' i Davida mpanjaka, araka izao: &quot;Inona no kely indrindra? Inona no lehibe indrindra? Ny mangidy indrindra? Ny mamy indrindra? Ny mahamenatra indrindra? Ny tsara indrindra? Ny akaiky indrindra? lavitra indrindra? Inona no mahatonga ny alahelo lehibe? Ary ny mahafinaritra indrindra?&quot;. Ilay Alemàna Tatsinanana Gustave Weil dia mitatitra ao amin' ny ''angano silamo'' nosoratany fa i [[Sôlômôna]] dia teraka nanana fahendrena sy fahalalana lehibe.

Araka ny voalazan' ny Kor'any dia nomen' Andriamanitra azy ny &quot;maha mpanjaka sy ny fahendrena&quot;, ny &quot;fahalalana&quot; ary ny &quot;teny fanapahan-kevitra&quot;, ka nanome azy fahalehibiazana roa sosona, mpanjaka sy mpaminany. I Davida, izay nalaza noho ny fanfalany ny rariny, dia anisan' ny taranaky ny [[mpaminanin' ny silamo]] izay mitory ny [[mônôteisma]] hatramin' ny voalohany ka hatramin' ny farany amin' izy ireo, dia i [[Mohamady]] izany. Ankoatra izany dia mitatitra ny Kor'any fa Andriamanitra dia nampianatra an' i Davida ny tsiambaratelon' ny fanaovana akanjo fiarovan-tratra mba hiarovan' ny olona tena amin' ny herisetra. [[Hadita]] maromaro no manao an' i Davida ho lehilahy be herim-po amin' ny fotoanan' ny ady (ohatra ny ady tamin' i [[Gôliata]]) sy firesahana momba ny fomba [[Vavaka|fivavahany]] mandritra ny ampahatelon' ny alina sy ny [[fifadian-kanina]] isaky ny roa andro. Ny lovan-tsofina silamo dia manao azy ho maty teo am-piankohofana.

== Ny salamo ==
Ny ''[[Bokin' i Samoela]]'' dia manao an' i Davida ho mpitendry harpa nahay sy mpanao salamon' i Israely ([[Boky voalohan' i Samoela|1Samoela]] 16:15–18). Na dia efa ho ny antsasaky ny [[Bokin' ny Salamo|Salamo]] aza dia mitondra ny lohateny hoe &quot;Salamo nataon' i Davida&quot; (adika koa hoe &quot;ho an' i Davida&quot;) ary ny lovantsofina dia manondro ny sasany amin' ireo zava-mitranga manokana teo amin' ny fiainan' i Davida (ohatra ny Salamo [[Salamo faha-3|3]], [[Salamo faha-7|7]], [[Salamo faha-18|18]], [[Salamo faha-34|34]], [[Salamo faha-51|51]], [[Salamo faha-52|52]], [[Salamo faha-54|54]], [[Salamo faha-56|56]], [[Salamo faha-57|57]], [[Salamo faha-59|59]], [[Salamo faha-60|60]], [[Salamo faha-63|63]] ary [[Salamo faha-142|142]]), ny lohateny dia fanampiny natovona taty aoriana ary tsy misy salamo azo lazaina fa an' i Davida.

Nolazaina fa nataon' i Davida ny [[Salamo faha-34]] tamin' ny fotoana nandosirany an' i Abimeleka (na Akisy Mpanjaka) tamin' ny nanaovany mody adala. Araka ny fitantarana mifanitsy ao amin' ny 1Samoela 21, dia tsy namono an' ilay lehilahy nitaky fatiantoka be dia be taminy i Abimeleka, fa namela an' i Davida handeha, ary niantsoantso hoe:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Moa tsy ampy adala loatra va aho, ka entinao atỳ ity lehilahy ity hanohy ny asany tahaka izao eto anatrehako? Moa tsy maintsy miditra ao an-tranoko va ity lehilahy ity?&quot;.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Biôgrafia]]
* [[Dawud]] (Davida araka ny [[silamo]])

* '''Mpanjakan' i Israely:''' [[Saoly]] - [[Isbôseta]] - Davida - [[Sôlômôna]] (na Salômôna) - [[Jerôbôama I]] - [[Nadaba]] - [[Baasa]] (na Basa) - [[Ela (mpanjakan' i Israely)|Ela]] - [[Zimry]] - [[Ômry]] - [[Ahaba]] (na Akaba) - [[Ahazia (mpanjakan' i Israely)|Ahazia]] (na Ôkôziasa) - [[Jôrama (mpanjakan' i Israely)|Jôrama]] - [[Jeho]] - [[Jôahaza (mpanjakan' i Israely)|Jôahaza]] (na Jôakaza) - [[Jôasy (mpanjakan' i Israely)|Jôasy]] (na Jôasa) - [[Jerôbôama II]] - [[Zakaria (mpanjakan' i Israely)|Zakaria]] - [[Saloma (mpanjakan' i Israely)|Saloma]] - [[Menahema]] - [[Pekahia]] (na Faseia) - [[Peka (mpanjakan' i Israely)|Peka]] (na Fasea) - [[Hôsea (mpanjakan' i Israely)|Hôsea]] (na Ôsea).

* '''Mpanjakan' i Jodà:''' [[Saoly]] - [[Isbôseta]] - Davida - [[Sôlômôna]] (na Salômôna) - [[Rehôbôama]] (na Rôbôama) - [[Abiama]] (na Abia) [[Asa (mpanjakan'i Jodà)|- Asa]] - [[Jôsafata]] - [[Jehôrama (mpanjakan' i Jodà)|Jehôrama]] (na Jôrama) - [[Ahazia (mpanjakan'i Jodà)|Ahazia]] (na Ôkôziasa) - [[Atalia]] - [[Jôasy (mpanjakan' i Jodà)|Jôasy]] (na Jôasa) - [[Amazia]] (na Amaziasa) - [[Ozia]] (na Oziasa na [[Azaria]] na Azariasa) - [[Jôtama]] - [[Ahaza]] (na Akaza) - [[Hezekia]] (na Ezekiasa) - [[Manase]] - [[Amôna (mpanjakan' i Jodà)|Amôna]] - [[Jôsia (mpanjakan' i Jodà)|Jôsia]] (na Jôsiasa) - [[Jôahaza (mpanjakan' i Jodà)|Jôahaza]] (na Jôakaza) -[[Jôiakima]] (na Jôakima) - [[Jôiakina]] (na Jôasina na [[Jôiakina|Jekônia]] na Jekôniasa) - [[Zedekia]] (na Sedekiasa).

* [[Mpaminanin' ny jodaisma]]
* [[Mpaminanin' ny kristianisma]]
* [[Mpaminanin' ny silamo]]

== Rohy ivelany ==
* Ao amin' ny Freebase: [https://www.freebase.com/m/02cvn]

== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==
[[sokajy:Biôgrafia]]
[[sokajy:mpanao politika]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona -1040]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona -970]]</text>
      <sha1>cxktxrg9ysd15ei6480cgrlqodyw7vj</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Betlehema</title>
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      <text bytes="11355" sha1="dqio6ixz83j9k1kt9y40sl99dvoelrh" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Bethlehem skyline, West Bank.jpg|vignette|379x379px|I Betlehema jerena avy eny amin' ny Fiangonan' ny Fahaterahana]]
I '''Betlehema''' dia tanàna ao amin' ny [[Jôrdania Andrefana]], ao amin' ny Fizaràn-tany palestiniana voabodo, 10 km eo atsimon' i [[Jerosalema]]. Ny velarany dia 10,61 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Ity tanàna ity dia nisy mponina 28.591 tamin' ny taona 2017, indrindra ny Palestiniana mozilmana. Izy io koa dia fonenan' ny Kristianina palestiniana vitsy, izay anisan' ny vondrom-piarahamonina kristiana tranainy indrindra eran-tany. Ny faritry ny tanànan' i Betlehema dia mipaka hatrany amin' ny tanànan' i Beit Jala sy i Beit Sahour.

Amin' ny [[Fiteny hebreo|teny hebreo]] izy dia atao hoe בֵּית לֶחֶם / ''Bet Lekhem'' fa amin'ny [[Fiteny arabo|teny arabo]] kosa dia بَيْت لَحْم, ''Bayt Laḥm''.

Foibem-pivavahana lehibe ilay tanàna. Ny lovantsofina jiosy, izay miantso azy koa hoe '''''Efrata''''', dia mahatonga azy io hoheverina fa toerana nahaterahan' i [[Davida (mpanjaka)|Davida]], [[Mpanjakan' i Israely|mpanjakan' i Isiraely]]. Toerana masina ao amin' ny [[jodaisma]] koa izy io, satria ahitana ny fasan' i [[Rahely]] (na [[Rahely|Rasela]]), eo amin' ny fidirana amin' ilay tanàna. Ny Kristiana dia mihevitra azy ho ny tanàna nahaterahan' i [[Jesosy|Jesoa]], araka ny voasoratra ao amin' ny [[Baiboly]]. Toerana fanaovana [[fivahiniana masina]] i Betlehema, izay miteraka asa ara-toekarena lehibe mandritra ny vanim-potoan' ny [[Noely|Krismasy]].

Nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1995, araka ny fepetran' ny Fifanarahana tany Oslo, ny tanànan' i  Betlehema dia eo ambany fitantanan' ny Fahefana Palestiniana, na dia i Israely no mitantana n ampahany be amin'  ilay tanàna (85%).

== Tantara sy lanjany ==

=== Ao amin' ny jodaisma ===

==== Ao amin' ny Testamenta Taloha ====
Ao amin' ny [[Bokin' ny Genesisy|Genesisy]], i Betlehema no toerana nahafatesan' i [[Rahely]] (na [[Rahely|Rasela]]) sy nahaterahan' i [[Benjamina]], zanakalahy faharoan' i Rahely sady faralahy tamin' ny zanakalahin' i [[Jakôba (patriarka hebreo)|Jakôba]]. Miseho imbetsaka ao amin' ny [[Baiboly]] ilay fomba fiteny hoe &quot;Betlehema ... amin' ny lalana mankany Efrata&quot;.

Ao amin' ny [[Bokin' i Rota]], dia nanambady an' i [[Rota (Baiboly)|Rota]] mpitondratena mahantra tonga hitsimpona tany an-tsahany i [[Bôaza]], tompon-tany manankarena avy any Betlehema. Avy amin' ny taranany no hahaterahan' i [[Davida (mpanjaka)|Davida]], [[Mpanjakan' i Israely|mpanjakan' i Isiraely]].

Ao amin' ny [[Bokin' i Samoela]], i Davida mpanjaka dia zanak' i [[Jese (rain' i Davida)|Jese]] avy any Betlehema, ka izany no nahatonga an' i [[Mikà (mpaminany)|Mika]] mpaminany nanao azy ho tanindrazan' ny [[Mesia]] ho avy: &quot;Ary hianao, ry Betleema Efrata, kely tsy tokony ho isan' ireo arivon' i Jodà akory, avy aminao no hivoaka ho ahy ilay tsy maintsy ho Mpanapaka amin' Israely, ary ny niandohany dia efa hatramin' ny andro fahagola, hatramin' ny andro mandrakizay.&quot; ([[Bokin' i Mikà|Mikà]] 5:1- ''[[Baiboly katôlika amin' ny teny malagasy|Ny Baiboly Masina]]'').

==== Ankehitriny ====
Toerana masina maromaro no hita ao Betlehema ka anisan' izany ny fasan' i Rahely.

=== Ao amin' ny kristianisma ===

==== Ao amin' ny Testamenta Vaovao ====
[[Sary:Folio 52r - The Adoration of the Magi.jpg|vignette|''Mitsaoka an' i Jesoa Zaza ireo [[Magy ao amin'ny Baiboly|Magy]]'', nataon' ireo Limbourg brothers]]Ao amin' ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]], araka ny voalazan' i [[Filazantsara araka an' i Matio|Matio]] sy i [[Filazantsara araka an' i Lioka|Lioka]], dia i Betlehema any [[Jodea]] (na [[Jodea|Jodia]]) no toerana [[Fahaterahan' i Jesoa|nahaterahan' i Jesoa]]; raha nanapaka i Publius Sulpicius Quirinius, dia nankany ny ray aman-dreniny mba hosoratana anarana any, dia i [[Jôsefa (vadin' i Maria)|Jôsefa]], taranak' i Davida, izay tompon-tany avy any&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Ary rehefa teraka Jesosy tao Betlehema an' i [[Jodea|Jodia]], tamin' ny andron' i [[Herôda Lehibe|Heroda]] mpanjaka, indreo, nisy [[Magy ao amin' ny Baiboly|Magy]] avy tany atsinanana tonga tany [[Jerosalema (Andro Taloha)|Jerosalema]] [...]&quot; (Matio 2:1- ''[[Baiboly prôtestanta amin' ny teny malagasy|Ny Baiboly]]'').&lt;/small&gt;

&lt;small&gt;&quot;Ary [[Jôsefa (vadin' i Maria)|Josefa]] koa niakatra avy tany [[Galilea (faritra)|Galilea]] avy tao an-tanàna [[Nazareta]] hankany [[Jodea]] ho ao an-tanànan' i Davida atao hoe Betlehema, fa taranaka sy fianakavian' i [[Davida (mpanjaka)|Davida]] izy,&quot; (Lioka 2:4 - ''[[Baiboly katôlika amin' ny teny malagasy|Ny Baiboly Masina]]'')&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Taty aoriana ====
Tamin' ny taonjato faha-11, i Bernard de Clairvaux dia nanitatra ny famotoran-teny hebreo momba an' i ''Betlehema'' (&quot;tranon' ny mofo&quot;) tao amin' ny fampiasana kristiana: ka i Jesoa izay teraka tao Betlehema no lasa &quot;Mofo velona nidina avy any an-danitra&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Bernard de Clairvaux, ''[https://www.jarrige.fr/wp-content/uploads/motos/templiers/Bernard_de_Clairvaux-De_laude_novae_militiae.pdf De laude Novae Militiae] {{Wayback|url=https://www.jarrige.fr/wp-content/uploads/motos/templiers/Bernard_de_Clairvaux-De_laude_novae_militiae.pdf |date=20251118043330 }}'', 1129 [PDF] ([https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jarrige.fr%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fmotos%2Ftempliers%2FBernard_de_Clairvaux-De_laude_novae_militiae.pdf Arsiva]), chapitre VI, 21.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Toerana masina maromaro no hita ao Betlehema ka anisan' izany ny Bazilikan' ny Fahaterahana sy ny Lavabaton-dRonono.

==== Toerana nahaterahan' i Jesoa ====
Momba ny toerana nahaterahan' i Jesoa, dia nisalasala ny mpahay tantara teo fisafidianana an' ii Nazareta izay toerana nisy ny fianakaviany, izay nandaniany ny fahazazany sy ny fahatanorany manontolo, sy ny tanànan' i [[Kafarnahoma]] na [[Kafarnahoma|Kapernaomy]] (''Kfar Nahoma'', &quot;Tanànan' i [[Nahoma]]&quot;) izay hita ao amin' ny Filazantsara izay maneho azy ho foiben' ny asa fitoriana nataony, eny fa na dia ny tanànan' i [[Kôrazaina]] na [[Kôrazina]] izay niraiketan' ny fon' i Jesoa indrindra.

Ny fitantaran' i [[Filazantsara araka an' i Lioka|Lioka]] sy ny an' i [[Filazantsara araka an' i Matio|Matio]], izay samy milaza fa tao Betlehema any Jodea no nahaterahan' i Jesoa, dia mahatonga ny mpamakafaka ny Baiboly hirona amin' ny fandraiketana an-tsoratra ara-teôlôjia fa tsy araka ny zava-misy, - satria i Betlehema no tanànan' i Davida mpanjaka izay tsy maintsy hiavian' ny [[Mesia]] andrasan' ny [[Jiosy]] na [[Jiosy|Jody]], araka ny voalazan' ny faminanian' i [[Mikà (mpaminany)|Mikà]].

Ao amin' ny fitantaran' izy ireo ny nahaterahan' i Jesoa, ireo evanjelista ireo dia nanao fandrafetana ara-bakiteny izay manome fanazavana ny antony maha Mesia an' i Jesoa, amin' ny alalan' ny fanakarana taty aoriana (satria ny lovantsofina momba an' i Betlehema dia tsy nanomboka any alohan' ny fiafaran' ny taonjato voalohany).

Ny [[Filazantsara araka an' i Lioka|Filazantsaran' i Lioka]] sy ny [[Filazantsara araka an' i Matio|an' i Matio]] dia mitatitra fa i Betlehema no toerana nahaterahan' i Jesoa, ny [[Filazantsara araka an' i Marka|an' i Marka]] sy ny [[Evanjely araka an' i Joany|an' i Joany]] kosa nanomboka amin' ny fiainan' i [[Joany Batista]], avy eo ny an' i Jesoa, nefa tsy milaza na inona na inona momba ny [[Evanjelin' ny fahazazana|fahazazany]].

Araka ny voalazan' i [[Jerôma avy any Stridôna|Hierônimo avy any Stridôna]] (''Epistola'', 58:3), izay nipetraka tany Betlehema tamin' ny faran' ny taonjato faha-4, dia efa nohajaina sahady ny lavabato nisy ny nahaterahan' i Kristy, tamin' ny andron' i [[Hadriano]], izay nanorina tempoly natokana ho an' i Adônisy teo, mba hanakanana an' io fanomezam-boninahitra io; voalaza fa ity emperora rômana ity dia nanao toy izany koa tany [[Jerosalema]] tao amin' ny [[Tempolin' i Jerosalema]] sy ny tao amin' ny [[Fasana Masina]].

Raha voamarina ny fanambaràn' ilay apôlôjeta momba ny Fasana Masina, ny fanambaràn' ity apôlôjeta kristiana ity dia tsy voamarin' ny zavatra hita tamin' ny fikarohana arkeôlôjika tao Betlehema izay tsy nahitana soritra toeram-ponenana tamin' ny andron' i Jesoa hatramin' izao. Ankoatr' izany dia toa nisy koa ny toerana nivavahana amin' ny Fahaterahana, talohan' ny Bazilika Kônstantiniana, na dia teo aza ny firesahana ankolaka nataon' ny apôlôjeta [[Jostinôsy Martira|Jostino]] avy any Nablosy sy [[Ôrigenesy avy any Aleksandria|Ôrigenesy]].

Teo anelanelan' ny taona 1992 sy 2003, i Aviram Oshri, arkeôlôga israeliana, dia nanao fikarohana  fanavotana tao amin' ny tanàna mitovy anarana antsoina hoe Betlehema any Galilea, 6 km andrefan' i [[Nazareta]]. Navoakany tao ny sisa tavela tamin' ny fonenana jiosy tao tamin' ny Vanim-potoana Herôdiana (taonjato voalohany tal JK sy taor JK) ary tamin' ny taonjato faha-6, ny an' ny basilika kristiana iray, mifandray amin' ny mônasitera sy toerana fandraisam-bahiny. Araka ireo zavatra hita ireo dia nanatsoaka hevitra izy fa nisy ny fivahiniana masina kristianina ary nihevitra izy fa ny tanànan' i [[Betlehema any Galilea]] no toerana nahaterahan' i Jesoa marina.

==== Amin' izao fotoana izao ====
[[Sary:Bethlehem-street2.JPG|vignette|Lalana ao amin' ny tanànan' i Betlehema ankehitriny|373x373px]]
Amin' izao fotoana izao dia mihena isa ny Kristiana manerana an' i [[Palestina (faritra)|Palestina]], indrindra fa ao Betlehema izay misy vondrom-piarahamonin' ny Kristiana maherin' ny 11&amp;nbsp;000, izany hoe 20&amp;nbsp;% amin' ny mponina ao an-tanàna, ka ny 40&amp;nbsp;% amin' izany dia Katôlika. Tamin' ny taona 2016 dia ny 12&amp;nbsp;% amin' ny mponina Kristiana, hoy ny ben' ny tanàna ao an-toerana. Tamin' ny taona 1950 dia ny 86&amp;nbsp;% amin' ny mponina tao Betlehema sy ny tanàna manodidina dia Kristiana.

==== Ny Bazilikan' ny Fahaterahana ====
Taorian' ny namonoan' i [[Kônstantino I]] ny emprora vavy rômana Faosta (''Fausta'') sy an' i Krispo (''Crispus''), dia nitsidika ny toerana masina ny emperora vavy [[Helena (emperora vavy)|Helena]], renin' i Kônstantino I, ary ity farany ity nanangana ny Bazilikan' ny Fahaterahana ao Betlehema. Nandeha nitoetra tany amin' ny zohy teo akaiky teo i [[Jerôma avy any Stridôna|Hierônimo]] (na i [[Jerôma avy any Stridôna|Jerôma]]) avy any Stridôna, ary nandika ny [[Tanakh|Baiboly hebreo]] tamin' ny [[Fiteny latina|teny latina]], tao amin' ny dikan-teny antsoina hoe ''[[Volgata|Vulgata]]''.

Naverin' i [[Jostiniano I|Jostiniano]] tamin' ny laoniny ny Bazilikan' ny Fahaterahana ary io irery no [[fitoerana masina]] tsy noravan' ny [[Persàna (vahoaka)|Persiana]] rehefa nanafika an' i [[Palestina (faritra)|Palestina]] izy ireo. Mbola naverin' ny [[Kroazada]] tamin' ny laoniny izy io tamin' ny taonjato faha-12.

=== Ao amin' ny silamo ===
[[Sary:No Peace with Settlements protest banner.jpg|vignette|&quot;Tsy misy fandriampahalemana amin' ny mpibodo tanàna (Israeliana)”, sora-baventy eo amin' ny Môskean' i Omar, ao Betlehema, tamin' ny taona 2008.]]
Ny [[Môskean' i Omar (Brtlehema)|Môskean' i Omar]] dia naorina tamin' ny taona 1860 ary natokana ho an' ny [[kalifa]] [[Omar ibn al-Khattâb|Omar ibn al-Khattab]] izay nandresy sy naka an' i [[Jerosalema]] ary nankany Betlehema tamin' ny taona 637, araka ny lovantsofina silamo. Nohavaozina izy io tamin' ny taompolo 1950.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Nazareta]]

== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==
[[Sokajy:Tanàna ao Israely]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tamarindus indica</title>
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        <username>Thelezifor</username>
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      <comment>Toetra farmakôlôjika</comment>
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      <text bytes="18599" sha1="fu2ie4o2y1wn4h7yqtagr3vw938q0wu" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Tamarindus_indica_pods.JPG|thumb|Kily na madilo na madiro|434x434px]]

Ny '''''Tamarindus indica''''' dia karazana hazo ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]],'' sy ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Caesalpinioideae]]''. Io no hany karazana ao amin' ny vondron-karazana '''''Tamarindus'''''. ''Tamarindus indica'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; ny anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izy io dia atao hoe '''dilo''', '''diro''', '''kile''', '''kililo''', '''kily''', '''lilo''', '''madilo''', '''madiro''', '''monte''', '''monty''', '''voamadilo''', '''voamatony''', ary '''voamatory'''.

Karazan-kazo maniry amin' ny faritra trôpikaly maina aty [[Afrika Atsinanana]] ny kily na madiro. Efa hatry ny elabe no nambolena azy tany [[Azia Atsimo]] ka avy any no niparitahany amin' ny faritra trôpikaly rehetra. Nisy vitsivitsy nampidirina tany [[Amerika Afovoany]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 ka miparitaka ao [[Meksika]] sy ao [[Hôndorasy]] ary [[Goatemala]] io hazo io amin' izao fotoana izao.[[Sary:Tamarin en koro.jpg|vignette|Voan-kily]]
Hazo mety mahatratra 10 m hatramin' ny 20 m ny kily. Fohifohy ny vatany. Miadam-paniry izy sady velona maharitra ela. Maharitra ny raviny izay miisa hatramin' ny 24 isaky ny tahon-dravina. Manopy mavo ny voniny izay maniry midina amin' ny volana Mey ka mamoaka voa makirana amin' ny volana Ôktôbra. Eto [[Madagasikara]], indrindra ao amin' ny faritra nentim-paharazana misy ny [[Sakalava]], dia heverina ho hazo masina ny kily na madiro, izay atao hoe &quot;mpanjakan' ny hazo&quot;.

== Anarana ara-tsiansa hafa ==
[[Sary:TAMARIND FLOWER.jpg|vignette|Vonin-kily]]
Indreto ny anarana hafa ahafantarana ny ''Tamarindus indica'':

* ''Cavaraea elegans'' &lt;small&gt;Speg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tamarindus erythraeus'' &lt;small&gt;Mattei&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tamarindus occidentalis'' &lt;small&gt;Gaertn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tamarindus officinalis'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tamarindus somalensis'' &lt;small&gt;Mattei&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tamarindus umbrosa'' &lt;small&gt;Salisb.&lt;/small&gt;

== Fampiasana ==

=== Fampiasana amin' ny fitsaboana ===
Ampahany samihafa amin' ny ''Tamarindus indica'' no ampiasaina ao amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana atỳ [[Afrika]] sy any [[Azia]], ary any amin' ny faritra mafana hafa. Ireo fampiasana ireo dia mifantoka indrindra amin' ny nofon-boany, ny raviny, ny hoditry ny vatany, ny vihim-boany ary ny fakany. Matetika izy ireo no karakaraina amin' ny endrika ranoka azo amin' ny alalan' ny fampangotrahana, ranoka azo amin' ny alalan' ny fadomana, zava-pisotro, vovoka, na fesana apetaka ivelany&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Havinga, R. M. et al. (2010). &quot;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19963055/ ''Tamarindus indica'' L. (''Fabaceae''): Patterns of use in traditional African medicine]&quot;. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 127(3), 573-588. PubMed.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Ravina ====
[[Sary:Gardenology.org-IMG 7349 qsbg11mar.jpg|vignette|281x281px|Ravin-kily]]
Ao [[Afrika Afovoany]] sy [[Afrika Andrefana]] dia ampiasaina manokana ny ravin' ny ''Tamarindus indica'' amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ny ratra sy ny fery. Matetika izy ireo no totoina ho lasa feta ahosorana eo ivelany, na andrahoina anaty rano mba hahazoana ranoka ampiasaina hanasana ny ratra na ny fery&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;De Caluwé, E., Halamová, K. et Van Damme, P. (2010). &quot;[https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/990834 Tamarindus indica L.: A review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology]&quot;. ''Afrika Focus'', 23(1), 53-83.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Any [[Afrika Atsinanana]], indrindra any [[Tanzania]], dia ampiasaina hitsaboana ny [[Piriritra|fivalanana mipiriritra]] amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana ny ravin' ny ''Tamarindus indica''. Matetika izy ireo no andrahoina anaty rano ary sotroina. Tsy mitovy amin' izany ny fomba fanao any Afrika Andrefana, izay ampiasana ny hodi-kazo matetika kokoa hitsaboana io aretina io&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.
[[Sary:Tamarindus indica pods2.JPG|vignette|272x272px|Ravina sy voan-kily]]
Any amin' ny faritra avaratra amin' i [[Madagasikara]] dia ampiasaina amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana ny raviny. Ny ranoka azo avy amin' ny fampangotrahana ravin' ny ''Tamarindus indica'' miaraka amin' ny ravin' ny  satrikoefamaratra (''[[Sida urens]]'') dia sotroina mba hitsaboana ny fivontosana misy ra (hematôma). Misy fomba fikarakarana hafa koa, izay mampiasa ravina ''Tamarindus indica'' sy ranom-boankazo vita alin' ny voan' ny ''Tamarindus indica'', hitsaboana ny [[angorosy]] sy ny tosi-dra ambony&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Nicolas, J.-P. (2012). ''[https://www.ethnopharmacologia.org/prelude2020/pdf/biblio-hn-42-nicolas.pdf Plantes médicinales du Nord de Madagascar : ethnobotanique antakarana et informations scientifiques]''. [[Jardins du monde|Jardins du Monde]]. (PDF).&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Any [[Filipina]], ny raviny dia alona anaty rano mafana mba hitsaboana amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana ny [[fanaviana]] vokatry ny [[tazomoka]]. Voarakitra ao anatin' ny [[farmakôpea]] maro (boky maro momba ny fanafody) any [[Azia]] ihany koa ny fampiasana azy io hitsaboana ny aretin-koditra sy ny areti-maso sasany&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly hafa, ampiasaina amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana ihany koa izy ireo amin' ny endrika [[fesana]] na fanafody ahosotra ivelany mba hitsaboana fivontosana sy fanaintainan' ny tonon-taolana. Voarakitra ao anatin' ny fanadihadiana momba ny [[etnôfarmakôlôjia]] mikasika io karazana io izany fampiasana izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

==== Hodi-kazo ====
[[Sary:Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) Tree lower trunk.jpg|vignette|281x281px|Vatan-kily]]
Any [[Afrika Andrefana]], ampiasaina amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana hitsaboana ny [[Piriritra|fivalanana mipiriritra]] sy aretina sasany ao amin' ny tsinay izy io. Matetika izy io no karakaraina amin' ny alalan' ny fampangotrahana anaty rano, ary sotroina. Voarakitra an-tsoratra ihany koa fa any [[Afrika Afovoany]] sy [[Afrika Andrefana]] dia ampiasaina hitsaboana ratra ny hodi-kazo&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Any amin' ny faritra avaratra amin' i [[Madagasikara]], ny hoditry ny madiro dia ampiasaina amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana hitsaboana ny [[Piriritra|fivalanana]] [[Piriritra|mipiriritra]], ny fanaintainan' ny kibo, ary ny [[angorosy]]. Ny fomba fanomanana dia ny fandrahoana ny hodi-kazo anaty rano, izay sotroina. Ampiasaina ao anatin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ho an' ny [[diabeta]] ihany koa izy io, azo amin' ny alalan' ny fandrahoana ela ny hodi-kazo eran-tanana iray ao anaty rano iray litatra, ka sotroina mifandimby amin' ny fanafody vita avy amin' ny voan-tsaramaso (''[[Tsaramaso|Phaseolus vulgaris]]'') sy voanjo (''[[Arachis hypogaea]]'')&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.
[[Sary:Tamarindus indica, leaves, pod.jpg|vignette|Ravin-kily]]
Any [[Afrika]] sy [[Azia]], ny hoditry ny madiro dia ampiasaina amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana ihany koa hitsaboana ratra sy fery ary fivontosana. Anisan' ny fomba fanomanana azy ny fandrahoana ny hodi-kazo anaty rano mba hahazoana ranoka fanasana ratra na fery, ary misy ihany koa ireo karazana fanomanana natao hapetaka ivelany amin' ny vatana&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Voalaza ao anatin' ny boky mirakitra ny fampiasana an' io karazana zavamaniry io amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ihany koa fa azo ampiasaina hitsaboana [[fanaviana]] sy aretina sasany mifandraika amin' ny taovam-pisefoana izy; na izany aza, samy hafa arakaraka ny faritra ny fampiasana azy manokana sy ny fomba fanomanana azy&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

==== Voany sy nofom-boany ====
[[Sary:YosriBuahAsamJawa.jpg|vignette|253x253px|Voamadilo]]
Any amin' ny faritra saheliana sy sodaniana ao [[Afrika]], dia fanao mahazatra ny mihinana ny nofom-boan-kily mba hanamorana ny fandehan' ny sakafo ao anatin' ny tsinay sy hanalana ny [[fitohanana]]. Matetika izy io no hanina mivantana, na afangaro amin' ny rano, na atao zava-pisotro. Any [[Senegaly]], voalaza ihany koa fa ampiasaina ho fanafody mampamany betsaka izy io&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Ao anatin' ny farmakôpea indiana sy any amin' ny faritra hafa any [[Azia]], dia ampiasaina amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana hitsaboana ny tsy fahalevonan-kanina sy ny olana sasany eo amin' ny vavony ihany koa ny nofom-boany. Hanina izy io, ohatra, amin' ny endrika ranom-boankazo na zava-pisotro, na koa ampiasaina amin' ny fanomanana sakafo&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Any amin' ny faritra atsimo-andrefana amin' i [[Madagasikara]], ny nofon' ny voan-kily masaka dia ampiasaina amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana ho fanafody fampamaniana. Any amin' ny faritra avaratra amin' ny ny Nosy kosa dia hanina ny voan-kily ary ampiasaina hanaovana zava-pisotro izay inoana fa manampy amin' ny fiasan' ny tsinay&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Debray, M., Jacquemin, H. et Razafindrambao, R. (1971). ''[https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi%3A14508 Contribution à l'inventaire des plantes médicinales de Madagascar]''. ORSTOM, Travaux et Documents, no 8. Notice bibliographique IRD.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

Any amin' ny faritra saheliana sy sodaniana ao Afrika, ny nofom-boan-kily dia ampiasaina amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana ho fanafody mampidina fanaviana. Matetika izy io no atao zava-pisotro, amin' ny fakana ny singa ao anatiny amin' ny alalan' ny fanomana azy anaty rano&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Ao anatin' ny fomba fitsaboana nentim-paharazana sasany, indrindra any [[India]] sy any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly, dia anaovana [[gararàka]] ny rano mandomana ny nofom-boany mba hitsaboana ny tenda marary. Voalaza ihany koa fa anisan' ny akora ampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana ny [[kohaka]] sy ny [[Sita (aretina)|sita]] (aretin' ny traotraoka) izy io&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]], ny nofom-boan-kily dia ampiasaina amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana hitsaboana ny famelezan' ny tara-masoadro ny hoditra. Any [[Java]] ([[Indônezia]]), ampiasaina amin' ny fanomanana fanafody sasany koa izy io mba hitsaboana ny [[forifotra]] sy ny famaivain' ny hoditra. Matetika izy io no ampiharina ivelany amin' ny endrika feta na fesana&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Any [[Maorisy]] sy any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly hafa, ny nofom-boan-kily dia ampiasaina ivelany amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana mba hanamaivanana ny fanaintainana vokatry ny [[rohana]] sy ny fivontosana. Azo afangaro amin' ny [[sira]] izany mba hanaovana feta, izay ahosotra eo amin' ny faritra maharary&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

==== Vihim-boa ====
[[Sary:Tamarind fruits (Tamarindus indica 'Si Thong').jpg|vignette|Voa sy vihim-boan-kily]]Ahitana akora isan-karazany ao anatin' ny vihim-boan-kily, anisan' izany ny [[pôlisakarida]] maro toy ny [[ksilôgliokana]], izay manana lanjany eo amin' ny sehatry ny indostria sy ny fanamboaram-panafody. Any [[India]] sy [[Kambôdia|Kambôja]], ny vihim-boan-kily dia ampiasaina amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana hitsaboana ny [[valan-dra]] (disanteria) sy ny [[Piriritra|fivalanana mipiriritra]] (diarea) sasany. Matetika izy ireny no hamainina sy totoina ho vovoka ary afangaro amin' ny rano mba hanaovana fanafody sotroina.

Any [[India]] sy [[Kambôdia|Kambôja]] amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana dia afangaro amin' ny rano ny vihim-boan-kily efa voatoto mba hahazoana feta hapetaka eo amin' ny [[vailahy]] sy ny [[vaivonto]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Any [[Etiôpia]] dia voalaza fa misy fanafody nentim-paharazana vita amin' ny vihim-boa nohalemena na nalona mialoha, izay ampiasaina hiadiana amin' ny kankana ao amin' ny tsinay.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Efa nanaovana fikarohana eo amin' ny sehatry ny fanafody fitsaboana maso ny ksilôgliokana nalaina avy amin' ny vihim-boa. Ampiasaina indrindra ao anatin' ny karazana fanafody natao hiarovana ny ivelan' ny maso sy hahosotra azy mba ho malama ity karazana pôlisakarida ity. Izany fampiasana izany dia mifototra amin' ny akora nalaina sy nokarakaraina tamin' ny fomba indostrialy, fa tsy amin' ny fampiasana mivantana ny vihim-boa na ny akora voaomana  eo amin' ny maso amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

==== Fakany ====
Any atsimo-andrefan' i Madagasikara, ny ao anatin' ny faka dia atao anaty rano mafana hanamboarana zava-pisotro ary sotroina mba hitsaboana kohaka ao amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana. Voarakitra ao anatin' ny lisitra etnôbôtanika nataon' i Debray sy i Jacquemin ary i Razafindrambao (1971) io fomba fampiasana io&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.ethnopharmacologia.org/recherche-dans-prelude/?plant_id=5792&amp;utm Tamarindus indica L.]&quot;, ''www.ethnopharmacologia.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana sasany ao [[Afrika]] sy any [[Azia]] dia voalaza fa ampiasaina amin' ny fanomanana fanafody hitsaboana aretina maro, indrindra fa ireo mifandraika amin' ny taovam-pisefoana, ny fakan' ity zavamaniry ity. Misy fitantarana avy amin' ny kolontsaina sasany any [[Nizerià|Nizeria]] sy any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly hafa milaza fa nampiasaina hitsaboana ny [[habokana]] izy io; kanefa, tsy midika izany fa voaporofo ara-tsiansa ny fahombiazan' io zavamaniry io amin' ny fitsaboana io aretina io&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

==== Vony ====
[[Sary:Tamarindus indica-flowers.jpg|vignette|Vonin-kily]][[Sary:Fleurs tamarinier.jpg|vignette|204x204px|Vonin-kily|ankavia]]Any amin' ny faritra sasany ao [[Afrika]] sy any [[Azia]], voalaza fa ampiasaina ao anatin' ny fanomanana nentim-paharazana hitsaboana aretina isan-karazany izy ireo, indrindra fa ireo mifandraika amin' ny fivontosana na ny taovam-pisefoana. Azo sotroina amin' ny endrika ranom-panafody (azo tamin' ny alalan' ny fanondrahana rano mafana) izy ireo, na afangaro amin' ny faritra hafa amin' ilay zavamaniry.

Nodinihina ihany koa ny asan' izy ireo eo amin' ny lafiny farmakôlôjia, indrindra fa ny toetra mampiavaka azy amin' ny maha antiôksida sy ny antimikrôba azy. Mbola eo amin' ny sehatry ny andrana ihany anefa ireo vokatra hita ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. 

==== Rantsana sy faritra hafa ====
[[Sary:Branches of a Tamarind tree.jpg|vignette|Sampan-kily]]Any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sasany, ny rantsana tanora avy amin' ny kily dia ampiasaina indraindray ho fisokirana nify. Fomba fanao mifandraika amin' ny fahadiovana nentim-paharazana izany.

Ao anatin' ny fitsaboana biby nentim-paharazana, ampiasaina ihany koa ny faritra samihafa amin' ilay hazo. Any [[Borkina Fasô]], indrindra ao amin' ny faritanin' i Passoré, dia voalaza fa ampiasaina amin' ny fanomanam-panafody nentim-paharazana ho an' ny biby ny voany, rehefa avela hilona anaty rano&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

==== Fitandremana ====
Matetika no hanina ny nofon' ny voan-kily, ary amin' ny ankapobeny dia tsy miteraka olana izany rehefa hanina amin' ny fatra mahazatra. Mifanohitra amin' izany kosa, matetika no tsy ampy ny angona momba ny fiarovana, ny fatra tokony horaisina, ary ny mety ho fifandraisany amin' ny fanafody hafa, raha ny momba ny karazana fanafody marihitra azo avy amin' ny ravina, ny hodi-kazo, ny fakany, na ny vihim-boany.

Tsy tokony hasolo ny fitsaboana môderina ekena ny fanafody nentim-paharazana ampiasaina amin' ny [[diabeta]], ny aretin' ny aty, na ny aretina vokatry ny otrikaretina. Ny fanafody namboarina an-trano, indrindra fa ireo natao hampiasaina amin' ny maso, dia mety hiteraka famaivay sy fandotoana.

==== Toetra farmakôlôjika ====
Ny fikarohana farmakôlôjika momba ny ''Tamarindus indica'' dia naneho hetsika biôlôjika isan-karazany, indrindra fa ao anatin' ny akora nalaina avy amin' ny raviny, ny voany, ny vihim-boany ary ny hoditry ny vatany.

Ny toetra fototra nodinihina dia ireto:

* toetra miady antiôksida: mifandray indrindra amin' ny tambatra fenôlika sy flavônôida ao amin' ny faritra samihafa amin' ilay zavamaniry;
* toetra miady amin' ny fivontosana: hita tamin' ny alalan' ny akora voasintona isan-karazany avy amin' ilay zavamaniry, nandritra ny andrana mao natao mialoha ny fitsapana amin' ny olombelona;
* toetra manohitra ny mikrôba: naneho fisakanana ny fitomboan' ny [[bakteria]] sy ny [[holatra]] sasany tao amin' ny laboratoara ny akora voasintona avy amin' ilay zavamaniry;
* ny fanandramana natao tamin' ny biby dia nanoro hevitra fa misy akora sasany azo avy amin' ny vihim-boa sy ny ravina ary ny hodi-kily izay misy fiantraikany amin' ny tahan' ny siramamy ao amin' ny ra  ([[glisemia]]);
* mety hiaro ny aty: nisy akora sasany naneho vokany miaro ny aty nandritra ny fanandramana maro natao;
* mety hanana vokany amin' ny fampihenana ny lipida ao amin' ny ra: nisy fanadihadiana andrana, indrindraindrindra, nandinika ny fiantraikan' ny nofom-boan-kily eo amin' ny fatran' ny lipida ao amin' ny ra.

Ireo toetra ireo dia voalaza ao anatin' ny famintinana farmakôlôjika nataon' i De Caluwé sy ny mpiara-miasa aminy, ary koa ao anatin' ny asa soratra etnôfarmakôlôjia aô Afrika. Tsy ampy ho porofon' ny fahombiazana ara-pitsaboana eo amin' ny olombelona anefa izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Zavamaniry fanao fanafody eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Kililo]]: ''[[Acalypha vulneraria]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Euphorbiaceae]]''); ''[[Isolona humbertiana]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ghesq. ex Cavaco &amp; Keraudren&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Isolona madagascariensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) Engl.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Annonaceae]]''); ''[[Kaliphora madagascariensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Cornaceae]]''); ''[[Metaporana parvifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(K.Afzel.) Verdc.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Convolvulaceae]]''); ''Tamarindus indica'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]'') 
* [[Monty]]: ''[[Chadsia grevei]]'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]'');  ''Tamarindus indica'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]'').

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==

* De Caluwé, E., Halamová, K. et Van Damme, P. (2010). &quot;[https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/990834 Tamarindus indica L.: A review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology]&quot;. ''Afrika Focus'', 23(1), 53-83.
* Debray, M., Jacquemin, H. et Razafindrambao, R. (1971). ''[https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi%3A14508 Contribution à l'inventaire des plantes médicinales de Madagascar]''. ORSTOM, Travaux et Documents, no 8. Notice bibliographique IRD.
* Havinga, R. M. et al. (2010). &quot;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19963055/ ''Tamarindus indica'' L. (''Fabaceae''): Patterns of use in traditional African medicine]&quot;. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 127(3), 573-588. PubMed.
* Nicolas, J.-P. (2012). ''[https://www.ethnopharmacologia.org/prelude2020/pdf/biblio-hn-42-nicolas.pdf Plantes médicinales du Nord de Madagascar : ethnobotanique antakarana et informations scientifiques]''. [[Jardins du monde|Jardins du Monde]]. (PDF).
* Morton, J. F. (1987). &quot;[https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/tamarind.html Tamarind]&quot;, ''Fruits of Warm Climates'', p. 115-121. 

== Loharano ==
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  <page>
    <title>Lantana camara</title>
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      <text bytes="13169" sha1="j7d01ccvukgn4ronrnv010691aesglr" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Lantana camara 5.jpg|vignette|454x454px|Ravina sy vony ary voan' ny ''Lantana camara'']]
Ny '''''Lantana camara''''' dia karazana [[kirihitra]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Verbenaceae]]''. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe  '''radredreka''', '''radriaka''', '''riadriatra''' ary '''taindelontsinoa'''. Ity zavamaniry ity dia teratany any any [[Meksika]] ka hatrany [[Amerika Trôpikaly]], saingy amin' izao fotoana izao dia maniry manerana ny [[faritra trôpikaly]] rehetra izy. Anisan' ny karazan-javamaniry 100 ratsy indrindra izy io araka ny voalazan' ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|IUCN]]. Tao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Lamiaceae]]'' izy ity tamin' ny fanakilasiana taloha.

== Famariparitana ==
K[[kirihitra|irihitra]] misy tsilo, miendrika boribory na mivelatra ny ''Lantana camara''. Mahatratra 0,5 hatramin’ ny 3 m ny haavony. Efa-joro sy misy tsilo maro mifaingoka midina ny tahony.

=== Ravina ===
[[Sary:Lantana.jpg|vignette|202x202px|Voniny sy raviny|ankavia]]

Mitambatambatra ary mifanohitra ny raviny maitso matroka sy misy nifinifiny. Tahaka ny tahony dia mamoaka fofona mahery ny raviny rehefa potehina.

=== Vony ===
Ao anaty katsaoka misy loko maro ny vondromboniny. Manomboka amin' ny [[lohataona]] ka hatramin' ny [[fararano]] ny fe-potoana mampamony azy. Mavo na mavokely ny voniny.

=== Voa ===
[[Sary:Lantana camara 05 ies.jpg|vignette|207x207px|Voany masaka]]
Kely ny voany ary mivondrona nefa tsy mitambatra. Mainty izy ireo rehefa masaka. Poizina izy ireo raha mbola manta. Any [[India]], mamoa mandavan-taona io zavamaniry io, izay toa misy fiatraikany amin' ny [[vorona]].

== Ekôlôjia ==
[[Sary:Antillean crested hummingbird feeding.jpg|ankavia|vignette|207x207px|Ny vorona ''Orthorhyncus cristatus'']][[Sary:Cethosia cyane qtl1.jpg|vignette|213x213px|Ny lolo ''Cethosia cyane'' eo amin' ny vonin&quot; ny radriaka]]Maro ny vorona sy biby hafa mihinana ny voany ka manampy azy amin' ny fiparitahany. Maro koa ny karazana [[Lolo (bibikely)|lolo]] mihinana ny [[Mamimbony|mamimbonin]]' ny ''Lantana camara''. Fantatra fa mihinana ny mamin' ny voniny ny ''Papilio homerus'', izay lolo lehibe indrindra any amin' ny [[ila bolantany andrefana]]. Mifandray akaiky amin' ny ''Lantana camara'' ny [[hala]] ''Evarcha culicivora'' izay mihinana ny mamimboniny io sy mampiasa an' io zavamaniry io ho toerana fihaon' ny lahy sy ny vavy.

== Faritra sy toerana aniriany ==
[[Sary:Global distribution of Lantana camara.svg|vignette|337x337px|Faritra eto amin' izao tontolo izao anirian' ny ''Lantana camara'']]
Araka ny voalazan' ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' (POWO)&lt;ref&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;mg&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;POWO : ''[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/325686-2 Lantana camara] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/325686-2 |date=20261004031706 }}'' L.  [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2F3256 arsiva]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, ny faritra anirian' ny ''Lantana camara'' dia mivelatra manomboka any Meksika ka hatrany amin' ny [[Faritra trôpikaly|faritra trôpikali]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' i [[Amerika]]: [[Meksika]], [[Goatemala|Goatemalà]], [[Nikaragoa|Nikaragoà]], [[Panamà|Panama]], [[Kiobà]], faritra atsimo-andrefana amin' ny [[Karaîba|Karaiba]], [[Repoblika Dôminikana|Repoblika Dôminikanina]], [[Antilia Neerlandey]], [[Venezoela]], [[Kôlômbia]], [[Ekoadôra]], ary ny faritra avaratra sy afovoany-andrefana amin' i [[Brezila]].

Nampidirina tany amin' ny faritra hafa koa io karazana zavamaniry io, dia tany [[Assam]] ([[India]]), [[Bangladesy]], [[Galápagos]], [[Ginea]], [[Hawaii]], [[Italia]], [[Malta]], [[Kenià]], [[Nepaly]], [[Queensland]] ([[Aostralia]]), [[Srilanka]], ary [[Repoblika Demôkratikan' i Kôngô]]. Ao amin' ny faritra manana toetany sobtrôpikaly no tena anirian' io zsavamaniry io.

Nampidirin' ny zaridaina bôtanika maro na nampiasaina ho zavamaniry fanao haingon-tanàna any amin' ny kôntinanta samihafa izy io&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?310628. Lantana camara L.]&quot;. ''Germplasm Resources Information Network'' [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars-grin.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnpgs%2Fhtml%2Ftaxon.pl%3F310628. arsiva]]. Département de l'Agriculture (USA).&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Heverina ho teratany avy ao amin' ny lohasaha ambany amin' i [[Rio Grande (ony)|Rio Grande]] ([[Texas]]) any [[Etazonia]] izy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Hagne, Martin (2009-01-01). &quot;[http://nativeplantproject.com/SABALS/SABAL0109.pdf Native Lantana Species of the LRGV]&quot; [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnativeplantproject.com%2FSABALS%2FSABAL0109.pdf arsiva]] (PDF). ''The Sabal'' (Native Plant Project) 26 (1): 3.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Fampiasana azy ==

=== Asa tanana ===
Azo ampiasaina hanamboarana [[latabatra]] sy [[seza]] vita amin' ny tahony, [[kifafa]] vita amin' ny fanambarana ny rantsany madinika ny radriaka&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Khanna, L. S.; Prakash, R. (1983). ''Theory and Practice of silvicultural Systems''. International Book Distributions. 400 pages.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Toetra ara-pitsaboana ===
Toa manamora ny fanaretan' ny [[vavony]] misy fery ary manakana ny fivoaran' ny ferin' ny [[Lohatsinay|lohatsinaikelin]]' ny [[voalavo]] ny akora misy [[metanôla]] avy amin' ny ravin' ny ''Lantana camara''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;R. Sathisha, Bhushan Vyawaharea, and K. Natarajanb &quot;Antiulcerogenic activity of Lantana camara leaves on gastric and duodenal ulcers in experimental rats&quot;, ''[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]]'', Volume 134, Issue 1, 8 mars 2011, pages 195-197 doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.049 |&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Any [[Brezila]] dia azo iadiana amin' ny [[bakteria]] ary heverina ho mampihena [[fanaviana]] sy manamora ny fanafoanana ny [[etona anaty tsinay]] (&quot;rivotra anaty kibo&quot;) ary mahasoa amin' ny fitsaboana ny aretin' ny [[taovam-pisefoana]] ny zavatra azo avy amin' ny raviny vaovao&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Barreto F, Sousa E, Campos A, Costa J, Rodrigues F., &quot;Antibacterial Activity of Lantana camara Linn and Lantana montevidensis Brig Extracts from Cariri-Ceará, Brazil. ''J Young Pharm''. 2010 1;2(1):42-44&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Eto [[Madagasikara]], ny radriaka iray manontolo dia atao tambavy hampihenana ny fanaviana&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Makikool, &quot;[https://www.nosykomba.com/nature/plantes-medicinales/ Plantes médicinales - Phytothérapie]&quot; [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nosykomba.com%2Fnature%2Fplantes-medicinales%2F arsiva]], ''Nosy Komba'', 23 février 2022&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny fandinihana natao tany [[India]] dia nahitana fa afaka iadiana amin' ny [[bakteria]] (''[[Escherichia coli]]'', ''[[Proteus mirabilis]]'', ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'') sy amin' ny [[Fungi|holatra bitika]] (''[[Candida albicans]]'', ''[[Trichophyton mentagrophytes]]'') ary ary amin' ny [[bibikely]] ny ravin' ny radriaka&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

=== Fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ===
Nampiasaina tamin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana hitsaboana aretina isan-karazany ny ''Lantana camara'', anisan' izany ny [[homamiadana]], ny hoditra mangidihidy, ny [[habokana]], ny [[nendram-boalavo]], ny [[kitrotro]], ny [[sohika]] ary ny [[fery]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12229-019-09209-8 Ecology and Use of ''Lantana camara'' in India]&quot;, ''link.springer.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11858648/ Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Biological Activity of Extracts and Non-Volatile Compounds from Lantana camara L. and Semisynthetic Derivatives—An Updated Review]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov'' (2025 Feb 12)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Eto Madagasikara dia ampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ny ''Lantana camara'' hitsaboana ny [[fiakaran' ny tosi-dra]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;M. Debray, H. Jacquemin, R. Razafindrambao, ''[https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/Tra_d_cm/14508.pdf Contribution àl'inventaire des plantes medicinales de Madagascar]'' (PDF) ORSTOM, 1971&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;M. Debray, ''[https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/doc34-08/21760.pdf Medecine et pharmacopée traditionnelles à Madagascar]'' (PDF),&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;, ny [[fanaviana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;, ny [[kohaka]] sy ny [[aretin' ny taovam-pisefoana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.ethnopharmacologia.org/recherche-dans-prelude/?plant_id=3598&amp;utm_source Lantana camara L.]&quot;, ''www.ethnopharmacologia.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, ny [[Piriritra|fivalanana piriritra]] sy ny [[aretim-bavony]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;, ny [[fery]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8348691/ Natural Products from Madagascar, Socio-Cultural Usage, and Potential Applications in Advanced Biomedicine: A Concise Review]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, ny [[aretin-koditra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; ary ny [[harerahana]] sy ny fanaviana vokatry ny harerahana&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. Ampiasaina koa izy io hikarakarana ny vehivavy avy niteraka&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

Ireo fampiasana ny ''Lantana camara'' amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ireo dia tsy porofon' ny fahombiazany.

=== Haingo ===
Nampidirina tany [[Kaledônia-Vaovao|Nouvelle-Calédonie]] tamin' ny taona 1863 ny ''Lantana camara'' mba hanamboarana fefy manaingo. Amin' izao fotoana izao dia hita matetika any amin' ny zaridainana any Nouvelle-Calédonie io zavamaniry io na dia eo aza ny maha [[zavamaniry manafika]] azy sy ny fandraran' ny fanjakana ny fananana azy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Bernard Suprin, ''Mille et une plantes en Nouvelle-Calédonie'', Nouméa, Editions Photosynthèse, 2013, 382 p. (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9782952731638&lt;/nowiki&gt;), p. 241&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fisian' ny pozina ao aminy ===
[[Sary:Lantana camara6.jpg|vignette|214x214px|Voany manta]]Ankoatra ny fironan' ny ''Lantana camara'' haka ny toerana voajanahary anirian' ny karazan-javamaniry hafa, dia mamokatra voa tena misy poizina ho an' ny olombelona sy ny biby maro ity zavamaniry ity raha hanina mbola maitso alohan' ny fahamasahany&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (2005). &quot;[https://www.fleppc.org/ID_book/lantana%20camara.pdf. Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council: ''Lantana camanara'']&quot; [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fleppc.org%2FID_book%2Flantana%2520camara.pdf. arsiva]] (PDF). ''Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Mamokatra [[triterpenôida]] ny raviny:

izay mahatonga azy hanimba ny [[aty]] sy hahatonga ny biby mpihinana ahitra ([[ondry]], [[osy]], [[omby]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Barceloux, Donald G. (2008). [https://books.google.mg/books?id=CpqzhHc072AC.&amp;redir_esc=y Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances: Foods, Fungi, Medicinal Herbs, Plants, and Venomous Animals] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCpqzhHc072AC. arsiva]]. John Wiley and Sons. p. 867–868. (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780471727613&lt;/nowiki&gt;).&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, ary [[soavaly]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Burns, Deborah (2001). ''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=DzTaTRqJTjgC.&amp;redir_esc=y Storey's Horse-Lover's Encyclopedia: an English &amp; Western A-to-Z Guide]'' [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDzTaTRqJTjgC. arsiva]]. Storey Publishing. p. 302. (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781580173179&lt;/nowiki&gt;).&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;) ho mora tohina amin' ny tara-pahazavana, ka miteraka fahafatesan' ny biby maro be any [[Etazonia]], ao [[Afrika Atsimo]], any [[India]], any [[Meksika]] ary any [[Aostralia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

=== Fanadiovana ny fahalotoan' ny tany ===
Araka ny fanadihadiana iray navoaka tamin' ny taona 2009, ao anatin' ny tany voaloton' ny [[firamainty]] (Pb), ny fisian' ny karazana kankan-tany ''[[Pontoscolex corethrurus]]'' (ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Glossoscolecidae]]'') dia mampitombo ny fahafahan' ilay zavamaniry mitroka io metaly io sy mampitombo ny habetsahana sy ny lanjan' ilay zavamaniry (na ny ampahany ambonin' ny tany na ny ao ambanin' ny tany); mampitombo ny tahan' ny akora ôrganika, ny fahafahan' ny tany mifanakalo katiôna, ary ny totalin' ny fisian' ny azôta ao amin' ny tany io kankana io, sady mahatonga ny totalin' ny pôtasiôma ho azon' ny zavamaniry ampiasaina. Mitombo ihany koa ny asan' ny [[anzima]] ao amin' ny faritra manodidina ny fakan' ilay zavamaniry. Azo lazaina fa vokatry ny asan' ny [[zavamananaina bitika]] ao anaty tany (indrindra fa ny [[bakteria]] sy ny [[holatra]]) izany, izay mahazo tosika avy amin' ny asan' ny kankan-tany ao anatin' ny nofon-tany miraikitra amin' ny faka. Araka ny voalazan' ny mpanoratra ilay asa fikarohana, ny fiaraha-miasan' ireo zavamananaina roa ireo dia manana fahafahana lehibe hanadiovana ny toerana indostrialy voaloton' ny firamainty&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Thi My Dung Huynh, &quot;[https://theses.fr/2009PEST0060 Impact des métaux lourds sur les interactions plante/ ver de terre/ microflore tellurique]&quot; [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theses.fr%2F2009PEST0060 arsiva]] (Tezy), 22 Desambra 2009&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Lantana]]''
* [[Riadriatra]] ( ''[[Erica baroniana]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dorr &amp; E.G.H.Oliv.&lt;/small&gt;; ''Lantana camara'' L.; ''[[Myrothamnus moschatus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) Baill.&lt;/small&gt;)

== Loharano ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sonchus oleraceus</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-09T11:00:52Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
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      <text bytes="8677" sha1="kfue8bxzutdqqs2k1b7vefugpeq5sz8" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Sonchus oleraceus PID1767-2.jpg|vignette|490x490px|''Sonchus oleraceus'']]
Ny '''''Sonchus oleraceus''''' dia karazana zavamaniry mamony ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Sonchus]]'' sy ny fianakaviana ''[[Asteraceae]]''. Teratany any [[Eorôpa]], any [[Afrika Avaratra]] ary any [[Atsinanana Afovoany|Afovoany Atsinanana]] io karazana io ary efa nampidirina tany amin' ny firenena hafa rehetra maneran-tany. Maniry amin' ny [[tany kotra]] eny an-tsaha, amin' ny zaridaina, amin' ny korontam-bato, amin' ny tany lao, amoron-dalana an-tanàna na ivelan' ny tanàna ity zavamaniry ity. Azo hanina manta na masaka ny raviny. ''Sonchus oleraceus'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; ny anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izy dia atao hoe '''beroberoka''', nefa tsy io ihany no ataon' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] hoe [[beroberoka]]. Misy koa ny miantso azy hoe '''anamboraka''', '''beroberobazaha''', '''beroberokamboa''', '''beroberokondrilahy''' na '''majajay'''.

== Anarana hafa ahafantarana azy ==
Indreto ny anarana ara-tsiansa hafa ahafantarana ny ''Sonchus oleraceus'':

* ''Carduus amplexicaulis'' Noronha
* ''Sonchus angustissimus'' Hook.f.
* ''Sonchus ciliatus'' Lam.
* ''Sonchus ciliatus'' var. ''subbipinnatifidus'' Guss.
* ''Sonchus fabrae'' Sennen
* ''Sonchus glaber'' Gilib.
* ''Sonchus gracilis'' Phil.
* ''Sonchus gracilis'' Sennen
* ''Sonchus lacerus'' Willd.
* ''Sonchus laevis'' Vill.
* ''Sonchus laevis'' Garsault
* ''Sonchus longifolius'' Trevir.
* ''Sonchus macrotus'' Fenzl
* ''Sonchus mairei'' H.Lév.
* ''Sonchus maritimus'' Moc. &amp; Sessé
* ''Sonchus oleraceus'' subsp. angustissimus H.Lindb.
* ''Sonchus oleraceus'' var. ''integrifolius'' Wallr.
* ''Sonchus oleraceus'' var. ''lacerus'' (Willd.) Wallr.
* ''Sonchus oleraceus'' var. ''litoralis'' P.D.Sell
* ''Sonchus oleraceus'' f. ''runcinatus'' Fiori
* ''Sonchus oleraceus'' var. ''triangularis'' Wallr.
* ''Sonchus pallescens'' Pancic
* ''Sonchus parviflorus'' Lej. ex Rchb.
* ''Sonchus plumieri'' Sessé &amp; Moc.
* ''Sonchus reversus'' E.Mey. ex DC.
* ''Sonchus rivularis'' Phil.
* ''Sonchus roseus'' Besser ex Spreng.
* ''Sonchus royleanus'' DC.
* ''Sonchus runcinatus'' (Fiori) Zenari
* ''Sonchus schimperi'' A.Braun &amp; C.D.Bouché
* ''Sonchus schmidianus'' K.Koch
* ''Sonchus spinulifolius'' Sennen
* ''Sonchus subbipinnatifidus'' (Guss.) Zenari
* ''Sonchus sundaicus'' Blume
* ''Sonchus tenerrimus'' Schur
* ''Sonchus umbellifer'' Thunb.
* ''Sonchus zacinthoides'' DC.

== Famariparitana ==
[[Sary:Sonchus oleraceus1.jpg|ankavia|vignette|Tahon' ny ''Sonchus oleraceus'']]
Ahitra velona mandritra ny taona iray ny ''Sonchus oleraceus'', izay manana haavo mahatratra 30 ka hatramin' ny 80 sm. Manana taho poaka aty sy misy rirany izy ary tsy maro rantsana, sady malama na misy votrovotro kely mamoaka ranoka eo amin' ny faritra ambony.  Misy ranoka fotsy (lateksa) ao anatiny izay mivoaka rehefa tapahina ilay zavamaniry.

=== Ravina ===
[[Sary:Sonchus oleraceus 001 - IES Perdouro.jpg|vignette|Ravin' ny ''Sonchus oleraceus'']]
Manana ravina mifandimby eo amin' ny taho sady tsy misy volo na tsilo ny ''Sonchus oleraceus''. Mivondrona toy ny fehezam-boninkazo ny ravina eo amin' ny fotony sy ny faritra ambany amin' ny tahony izay mijoro mahitsy na mitongilana miakatra, ary miova eo anelanelan' ny maitso mavana sy maitso manopy manga ny lokony. Mamihina ny taho, mibikan' atody mivadika, lava, tsy misy volovolo ny ravina eo amin' ny faritra afovoany sy ambony amin' ny taho, ary manana endrika voazarazara lalina sady misy sisiny mitarehin-nify ny ravina tsirairay; telozoro ny endriky ny fizaràna farany sady lehibe kokoa noho ny hafa.

=== Vony ===
[[Sary:Sonchus oleraceus (4934782644).jpg|vignette|Vondrom-bonin' ny ''Sonchus oleraceus'']]
[[Sary:Sonchus oleraceus - Flickr - aspidoscelis.jpg|ankavia|vignette|Vonin' ny ''Sonchus oleraceus'']]
Mavo sady miendrika lela ary mitambatra ho vodrom-bony miendrika poara, izay milahatra amin' ny endrika salohy malalaka sady misy ravina miaro azy vonin' ny ''Sonchus oleraceus'' dia m. Ny rafitra miaro ny vony dia somary miendrika lakolosy, ary ahitana ravina kely fiarovana (brakte) tsy misy volovolo na misy fa kely mamoaka akora madity. Sady lahy no vavy ny vony nefa mivoaka alohan' ny vavimbony ny lahimbony. Ny [[Rivotra mitsoka|rivotra]] na ny [[Insecta|bibikely]] no manatanteraka ny [[famindrana ny vovobony]]. 

=== Voa ===
[[Sary:46 Sonchus oleraceus.jpg|vignette|330x330px|''Sonchus oleraceus'']]Maina sy miloko manja, miendrika boribory somary lava, sady tena marokoroko sy misy tsipitsipika mitsivalana ny voan' ny ''Sonchus oleraceus''. Mirefy 4 mm ireo voa ireo sady misy volovolo fotsy madinika sady malama manana halava 7 ka hatramin' ny 8 mm. Mamokatra vihim-boa betsaka ny ''Sonchus oleraceus'' (hatramin' ny 100&amp;nbsp;000 isam-pototra), izay miparitaka amin' ny alalan' ny rano sy ny rivotra.

== Toerana sy faritra aniriany ==
[[Sary:Starr-060405-6900-Sonchus oleraceus-habit-Molokini-Maui (24859318155).jpg|vignette|304x304px|''Sonchus oleraceus''|ankavia]]
Araka ny voalazan' ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' (POWO)&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;''POWO'' : ''[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/250268-1 Sonchus oleraceus] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/250268-1 |date=20260924182554 }}''  [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2F250268-1 arsiva]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; dia teratany  any [[Eorôpa]] (hatrany amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Atlantika]] ka hatrany amin' ny [[Tendrombohitra Oraly|Tendrombohitra Ural]]) sy ao [[Afrika Avaratra]] ary any [[Atsinanana Afovoany|Atsinanana]] [[Atsinanana Afovoany|Afovoany]] ny ''Sonchus oleraceus''. Nampidirina tany amin' ny firenena saika izy rehetra eran-tany izy io, ka mahatonga azy ho karazana miparitaka saika manerana izao tontolo izao. Rehefa mahazo vahana tsara amin' ny tontolo vaovao izy, dia matetika lasa [[Ahidratsy|ahi-dratsy]].

Karazana maniry amin' ny tany voakorontana na lao sady miparitaka be izy io. Hita any amin' ny saha, ny zaridaina, ny faritra misy poti-javatra na korontan-trano, ny tany tsy voavoly, ary eny amoron-dalana izy io. Hatramin' ny [[haambo]] 2&amp;nbsp;650 m no aniriany.

== Fampiasana ==

=== Sakafon' olombelona ===
[[Sary:Melkdistel.jpg|vignette|310x310px|''Sonchus oleraceus'']]
Raha malefaka tsara ny fakany malemy dia azo hanina rehefa avy nadrahoina. Azo hanina manta ny raviny (ny raviny tanora atao salady) na nadrahoina (ny raviny efa antitra kokoa atao legioma, anaovana lasopy, na andrahoina miaraka amin' ny herotra). Ny vondrom-bony mbola tsy mivelatra dia azo ampiasaina manta ao anaty salady na atao anaty vinaingitra sahala amin' ny kapra&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;François Couplan, ''[https://fr.scribd.com/document/459681369/75767538-pdf Le régal végétal. plantes sauvages comestibles]'', Editions Ellebore, 2009, p. 324-325.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; (''[[Capparis spinosa]]'' sy ''[[Capparis ovata]]''). Ao [[La Réunion]] dia atao anana izy io.

=== Fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ===
Manana toetra mahasoa ara-pahasalamana ny ''Sonchus oleraceus'' (toy ny fampitomboana ny famoahana amany sy ny fanalefahana ny fivalanana ary ny famporisihana ny famokarana ranon' [[afero]] amin' ny [[aty]])&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Marie-Pierre Arvy et François Gallouin, ''[https://www.belin-editeur.com/legumes-dhier-et-daujourdhui Légumes d'hier et d'aujourd'hui]'', Belin, 2007, p. 261.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Any [[Tanzania]] sy eto [[Madagasikara]] dia ampiasaina ho fanafody fanadiovana kibo (mampivalana mafy) ny fakany; any Tanzania ihany dia ampiasaina koa izy io mba [[Fanalan-jaza sy fahafahan-jaza|hanalana vohoka]] sy handroahana [[kankana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;G. J. H. Grubben, ''[https://books.google.mg/books/about/L%C3%A9gumes.html?hl=fr&amp;id=O9D28_OaDJUC&amp;redir_esc=y Légumes]'', PROTA, 2004, p. 575.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Sakafom-biby ===
[[Sary:Sonchus February 2008-1.jpg|vignette|240x240px|Ravina sy vondrom-bonin' ny ''Sonchus oleraceus'']]Ampiasaina ho sakafom-biby koa ny ''Sonchus oleraceus''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Tian' ny [[omby]] sy ny [[kisoa]] ary ny [[bitro]] fatratra io zavamaniry io.

=== Fisintonana bibikely ===
[[Ahidratsy|Ahi-dratsy]] eo amin' ny voly io zavamaniry io sady toeram-ponenan' ny otrikaretina sy bibikely mpanimba voly; izany no mahatonga ity karazana zavamaniry ity hampiasaina ho voly fisintonana mba hiadiana amin' ny bibikely&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;G. J. H. Grubben, ''Légumes'', PROTA, 2004, p. 576.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Sonchus]]'' 
* ''[[Carduus]]''
* ''[[Taraxacum]]'' 
* [[Beroberoka]]: ''[[Lactuca indica]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''Sonchus oleraceus'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Sonchus arvensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Asteraceae]]'')

== Loharano ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mucuna</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-09T07:54:04Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
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      <text bytes="8331" sha1="d24snsyo5hgsilvwktdyfwp46fx0mbv" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Mucuna pruriens Blanco2.331-cropped.jpg|vignette|397x397px|''[[Takilodambo|Mucuna pruriens]]'']]
Ny '''''Mucuna''''' dia vondron-karazana zavamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', misy voniny, roa ravin-tsimoka (dikôtiledôna). Izy ireo dia [[vahy]] na [[zavamaniry mianika]], na [[hazobotry]] na [[Zavamaniry ahitra|ahitra]], misy [[Ravina (zavamaniry)|ravina]] misampana telo sy [[Voninkazo|vony]] miendrika [[Lolo (bibikely)|lolo]] (''[[Faboideae|Papilionaceae]]''). 

Ahitana karazana 110 eo ho eo ekena ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', foko ''[[Phaseoleae]]'',  zana-pianakaviana ''[[Faboideae]]'', ka ny karazana filaatra dia ny ''[[Mucuna urens]]'' (na ''Dolichos urens'' L.).

Misampana telo, na mifandimby, na mitangolika ny raviny, ary ny voniny dia mitovy amin' ny [[tsaramaso]] saingy lehibe kokoa, misy felana miolana izay mampiavaka azy, ary miseho amin' ny endrika [[sampaho]]. Tahaka ny voamaina (''[[Fabaceae]]'') hafa dia misy [[pepa]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;ny ny ''Mucuna''. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia ampifandraisin' ny [[ramanavy]] ny [[lahimbony]] sy ny [[Vavimbony|vavimboni]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' izy ireo ary mamokatra voa sahala amin' ny an' ny tsaramaso. Miseho amin' ny endrika telo sosona izay mampiavaka azy izy ireo, toy ny mason' ny biby mampinono lehibe amin' ny karazana sasany ary toy ny hamburger amin' ny hafa (indrindra indrindra ny ''Mucuna sloanei'').

Manana tsinjara toerana manerana ny faritra trôpikaly rehetra, matetika hita any amin' ny ala trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly any [[Amerika]], aty [[Afrika atsimon' i Saharà]], any [[Azia Atsimo]], any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana|Azia]] [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana|Atsimo Atsinanana]], ary any [[Azia Atsinanana|Azia]] [[Azia Atsinanana|Atsinanana]], any [[Ginea Vaovao]], any [[Aostralia]] ary any amin' ny nosy maro any amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Pasifika]].

Avy amin' ny hoe ''mucunã'', [[Fiteny topy-goarany|teny]] [[Fiteny topy-goarany|topy-goarany]] aninadriana ny ireo karazana ireo, ny anaran' ity vondron-karazana ity.

== Karazana ==

=== Karazana fantatra eto Madagasikara ===

* ''[[Takilodambo|Mucuna pruriens]]'' -- taingilotra, tainkiloka, takilodambo, takiloka, takilotra
** ''Mucuna pruriens var. pruriens'' (na ''Mucuna axillaris'' teo aloha&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A509143-1?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Mucuna axillaris'' Baker] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A509143-1?utm_source=chatgpt.com |date=20250421232424 }}&quot;, ''Plants of the World Online''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;) -- agy
** ''Mucuna pruriens var. utilis'' (Wall. ex Wight) Baker ex Burck (na ''Mucuna utilis'' teo aloha&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A77251100-1?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Mucuna pruriens'' var. ''utilis''] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A77251100-1?utm_source=chatgpt.com |date=20250421223246 }}&quot;, ''Plant of the World Online''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;) -- kalamakantsoavaly

* ''[[Mucuna paniculata]]'' Baker. (na ''Mucuna horrida'' teo aloha&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A509264-1?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Mucuna paniculata'' Baker] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A509264-1?utm_source=chatgpt.com |date=20250422000810 }}&quot;, ''Plant of the Word Online''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;) -- agivavy, agy, hagy, takilotra, tangilotra, tankiloka, tsingonihoniagy

=== Karazana voafariparitra ===
Tamin' ny Febroary 2025, ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' dia manaiky ireto karazana 112 manaraka ireto:

* ''Mucuna acuminata'' Graham ex Baker
* ''Mucuna aimun'' Wiriad.
* ''Mucuna analuciana'' T.M.Moura, Mansano &amp; A.M.G.Azevedo
* ''Mucuna angustifolia'' Adema
* ''Mucuna argentea'' T.M.Moura, G.P.Lewis &amp; A.M.G.Azevedo
* ''Mucuna argyrophylla'' Standl.
* ''Mucuna atropurpurea'' (Roxb.) DC. ex Wight
* ''Mucuna aurea'' C.B.Rob.
* ''Mucuna bennettii'' F.Muell.
* ''Mucuna biplicata'' Teijsm. &amp; Binn. ex Kurz
* ''Mucuna birdwoodiana'' Tutcher
* ''Mucuna bodinieri'' H.Lév.
* ''Mucuna brachycarpa'' Rech.
* ''Mucuna bracteata'' DC. ex Kurz
* ''Mucuna cajamarca'' T.M.Moura, G.P.Lewis &amp; A.M.G.Azevedo
* ''Mucuna calophylla'' W.W.Sm.
* ''Mucuna canaliculata'' Verdc.
* ''Mucuna championii'' Benth.
* ''Mucuna chiapaneca'' M.Sousa &amp; T.M.Moura
* ''Mucuna coriacea'' Baker
* ''Mucuna cuatrecasasii'' Hern.Cam. &amp; C.Barbosa ex L.K.Ruíz
* ''Mucuna curranii'' Elmer
* ''Mucuna cyclocarpa'' F.P.Metcalf
* ''Mucuna diabolica'' Backer
* ''Mucuna diplax'' Wilmot-Dear
* ''Mucuna discolor'' Merr. &amp; L.M.Perry
* ''Mucuna ecuatoriana'' T.M.Moura, G.P.Lewis, Mansano &amp; A.M.G.Azevedo
* ''Mucuna elliptica'' DC.
* ''Mucuna elmeri'' Merr.
* ''Mucuna eurylamellata'' Adema
* ''Mucuna flagellipes'' Vogel ex Hook.f.
* ''[[Mucuna gigantea]]'' (Willd.) DC.
* ''Mucuna glabra'' (Reinecke) Wilmot-Dear
* ''Mucuna glabrialata'' (Hauman) Verdc.
* ''Mucuna globulifera'' T.M.Moura, N.Zamora &amp; A.M.G.Azevedo
* ''Mucuna gracilipes'' Craib
* ''Mucuna guangxiensis'' K.W.Jiang &amp; Y.Feng Huang
* ''Mucuna hainanensis'' Hayata
* ''Mucuna havilandii'' Wiriad.
* ''Mucuna hirtipetala'' Wilmot-Dear &amp; R.Sha
* ''Mucuna holtonii'' (Kuntze) Moldenke
* ''Mucuna hooglandii'' Verdc.
* ''Mucuna humblotii'' Drake
* ''Mucuna imbricata'' (Roxb. ex Lindl.) DC. ex Loudon
* ''Mucuna incurvata'' Wilmot-Dear &amp; R.Sha
* ''Mucuna interrupta'' Gagnep.
* ''Mucuna jarocha'' T.M.Moura, Mansano, Gereau &amp; A.M.G.Azevedo
* ''Mucuna kabaenensis'' Adema
* ''Mucuna kawakabuti'' Wiriad.
* ''Mucuna keyensis'' Burck
* ''Mucuna killipiana'' Hern.Cam. &amp; C.Barbosa
* ''Mucuna klitgaardiae'' T.M.Moura, G.P.Lewis &amp; A.M.G.Azevedo
* ''Mucuna kostermansii'' Wiriad.
* ''Mucuna lamellata'' Wilmot-Dear
* ''Mucuna lamii'' Verdc.
* ''Mucuna laticifera'' Ingalh., N.V.Page &amp; S.S.Gaikwad
* ''Mucuna longipedunculata'' Merr.
* ''Mucuna macrobotrys'' Hance
* ''Mucuna macrocarpa'' Wall.
* ''Mucuna macrophylla'' Miq.
* ''Mucuna macropoda'' Baker f.
* ''Mucuna manongarivensis'' Du Puy &amp; Labat
* ''Mucuna melanocarpa'' Hochst. ex A.Rich.
* ''Mucuna membranacea'' Hayata
* ''Mucuna mindorensis'' Merr.
* ''Mucuna mitis'' (Ruiz &amp; Pav.) DC.
* ''Mucuna mollis'' (Kunth) DC.
* ''Mucuna mollissima'' Teijsm. &amp; Binn. ex Kurz
* ''Mucuna monosperma'' DC. ex Wight
* ''Mucuna monticola'' N.Zamora, T.M.Moura &amp; A.M.G.Azevedo
* ''[[Mucuna mooneyi]]'' T.M.Moura, Gereau &amp; G.P.Lewis
* ''Mucuna mutisiana'' (Kunth) DC.
* ''Mucuna neocaledonica'' Baker f.
* ''Mucuna novoguineensis'' Scheff.
* ''Mucuna occidentalis'' (Hepper) T.M.Moura &amp; G.P.Lewis
* ''Mucuna oligoplax'' Niyomdham &amp; Wilmot-Dear
* ''Mucuna pachycarpa'' Parreno ex Wilmot-Dear
* ''Mucuna pacifica'' Hosok.
* ''Mucuna pallida'' Cordem.
* ''[[Mucuna paniculata]]'' Baker
* ''Mucuna papuana'' Adema
* ''Mucuna persericea'' (Wilmot-Dear) T.M.Moura &amp; A.M.G.Azevedo
* ''Mucuna pesa'' De Wild.
* ''Mucuna platyphylla'' A.Gray
* ''Mucuna platyplekta'' Quisumb. &amp; Merr.
* ''Mucuna poggei'' Taub.
* ''[[Takilodambo|Mucuna pruriens]]'' (L.) DC.
* ''Mucuna pseudoelliptica'' T.M.Moura, G.P.Lewis &amp; A.M.G.Azevedo
* ''Mucuna pungens'' (Vell.) H.F.Menezes &amp; J.F.B.Pastore
* ''Mucuna reptans'' Verdc.
* ''Mucuna reticulata'' Burck
* ''Mucuna revoluta'' Wilmot-Dear
* ''Mucuna rostrata'' Benth.
* ''Mucuna sakapipei'' Wiriad.
* ''Mucuna samarensis'' Merr.
* ''Mucuna sanjappae'' Aitawade &amp; S.R.Yadav
* ''Mucuna schlechteri'' Harms
* ''[[Mucuna sempervirens]]'' Hemsl.
* ''Mucuna sericophylla'' Perkins
* ''Mucuna sloanei'' Fawc. &amp; Rendle
* ''Mucuna stanleyi'' C.T.White
* ''Mucuna stans'' Welw. ex Baker
* ''Mucuna stenoplax'' Wilmot-Dear
* ''Mucuna subumbellata'' Wilmot-Dear
* ''Mucuna sumbawaensis'' Wiriad.
* ''Mucuna tapantiana'' N.Zamora &amp; T.M.Moura
* ''Mucuna thailandica'' Niyomdham &amp; Wilmot-Dear
* ''Mucuna tomentosa'' K.Schum.
* ''Mucuna toppingii'' Merr.
* ''[[Mucuna urens]]'' (L.) Medik.
* ''Mucuna verdcourtii'' Wiriad.
* ''Mucuna warburgii'' K.Schum. &amp; Lauterb.

Tany aloha dia natao tao ain' ity vondron-karazana ity ireto karazana ireto:

* ''Canavalia mattogrossensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Barb. Rodr.) Malme&lt;/small&gt; (izay natao hoe ''M. mattegrossensis'' &lt;small&gt;Barb. Rodr.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Psophocarpus scandens'' &lt;small&gt;(Endl.) Verdc.&lt;/small&gt; (izay natao hoe ''M. comorensis'' &lt;small&gt;Vatke&lt;/small&gt;)

== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==</text>
      <sha1>d24snsyo5hgsilvwktdyfwp46fx0mbv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Catharanthus scitulus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>292260</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153399</id>
      <parentid>1128400</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T01:49:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>25011</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>1153399</origin>
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      <text bytes="2416" sha1="jbikbdrjlztzk9ks0phtqn36uaxlmun" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Catharanthus scitulus''''' dia karazan-[[Angiospermae|javamaniry mamony]], ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]''. izay tsy hita raha tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A77881-1/general-information? ''Catharanthus scitulus'' (Pichon) Pichon] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A77881-1/general-information? |date=20260106180631 }}&quot;, ''powo.science.kew.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://grokipedia.com/page/Catharanthus? Catharanthus]&quot;, ''grokipedia.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. I Marcel Pichon no nanao ny fanoritsoritana azy io voalohany sady nanome ny anarany ara-tsiansa&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Maniry any amin' ny faritra maina any atsimo izy io&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Mitovitovy amin' ny ''Catharanthus lanceus'' ity zavamaniry ity izay misandrahaka kokoa noho ny karazana ''Catharanthus'' hafa. 

== Famariparitana ==

=== Endrika ankapobeny sy toerana aniriana ===
[[Zavamaniry ahitra]] na [[kirihitra]] madinika ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]'' ny ''Catharanthus scitulus'' izay tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. Mahatratra 4 hatramin' ny 18 sm ny haavony raha ambony indrindra. Hita indrindra any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' ny Nosy izy io. Maniry amin' ny tontolo maina: toerana malalaka misy sokay na fasehana, eny amoron-drano amin' ny faritra maina. Hita amin' ny haambo 10 hatramin' ny 750 m izy io.

=== Tahony sy raviny ===
Misampantsampana maro ny tahon' ny ''Catharanthus scitulus''. Misandrahaka bebe kokoa noho ny karazana hafa ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Catharanthus'' izy io. Mizara roa amin' ny fomba miverimberina ny taho rehefa mitombo. 

=== Raviny ===
Manana ravina tsotra mifanohitra sy mirindra tsara eo amin' ny tahony sady manana tangozan-dravina fohy ny ''Catharanthus scitulus''. Mibikan' atody na somary lavalava ny endriky ny ravina. Maitso lalandava toy ny mahazatra ao amin' ny vondron-karazana misy azy ny raviny. 

=== Voniny ===
Mampiavaka ny ''Catharanthus scitulus'' ny fananany [[Voninkazo|vony]] mitsitokantokana na mandeha tsiroaroa eo am-poto-dravina. Miloko ny [[vondrom-pelambony]]. Mavokely na volomparasy eo amin' ny [[felambony]].

=== Voany ===
Voaforona fôlikiola roa manana elatra, tsy misy volovolo, sady misy vihy mainty maro ny voany.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Catharanthus]]''

== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==</text>
      <sha1>jbikbdrjlztzk9ks0phtqn36uaxlmun</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Plants of the World Online</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>292717</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153425</id>
      <parentid>1130552</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T09:14:26Z</timestamp>
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        <id>25011</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>1153425</origin>
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      <text bytes="1445" sha1="mgyagnf137ahlgnp48ujlpjynur6j71" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Plants of the World Online''''' na '''POWO''' dia angona bôtanika an-tserasera avoakan' ny [[Kew Gardens]]. Natomboka tamin' ny volana Marsa 2017 izy io, ka ny tanjona faratampony dia ny &quot;hahafahan' ny mpampiasa miditra amin' ny fahalalana momba ny zavamaniry misy vihim-boa (''[[Spermatophyta]]'') fantatra eran' izao tontolo izao amin' ny taona 2020&quot;.

Nifantola amin' ny zavamaniry lehibe indrindra aty [[Faritra Afrôtrôpikaly|Afrika]] [[Afrika Trôpikaly|Trôpikaly]] ilay tetikasa tamin' ny voalohany, indrindra fa ny ''Flora Zambesiaca'' (zavamaniry ao amin' ny lemak' i Zambezi), ny zavamaniry any [[Afrika Andrefana]] trôpikaly, ary ny zavamaniry aty [[Afrika Atsinanana]] trôpikaly. Nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2023, ny tranonkala ''[[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]]'' (WCSP) sy ''[[World Checklist of Vascular Plants]]'' (WCVP) teo aloha dia natodika any amin' ny tranokala ''Plants of the World Online''.

Ity farany ity dia loharano amin' ny lafiny taksônômia ho an' ny ''[[World Flora Online]]'' momba ny zavamaniry misy [[lalan-dranon-kazo]] ary manome azy koa ny famaritana môrfôlôjika. Ny POWO dia noforonin' ny bôtanista Rafaël Govaerts.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Catalogue of Life]]
* [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]]
* [[The Plant List]]

== Rohy ivelany ==
Tranonkala: &lt;abbr&gt;(en)&lt;/abbr&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20200415061345/http://powo.science.kew.org/ powo.science.kew.org]</text>
      <sha1>mgyagnf137ahlgnp48ujlpjynur6j71</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dioscorea bemandry</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>293011</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153402</id>
      <parentid>1146973</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T02:42:07Z</timestamp>
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        <id>25011</id>
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      <origin>1153402</origin>
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      <text bytes="3286" sha1="2bbxlabxv80xeqyquki1zik47jyb3b5" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Dioscorea bemandry'''''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Jum. &amp; H.Perrier, 1909 ''In: Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 149: 484''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; dia karazana [[oviala]], zavamaniry [[tokan-dravintsimoka]], [[Zavamaniry mianika|mianika]] sy misy [[Vodin-javamaniry|vodiny]], nofaritan' i Henri Lucien Jumelle sy i Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie. Ny ''Dioscorea bemandry'' dia anisan' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Dioscorea]]'' sy ny fianakaviana ''[[Dioscoreaceae]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed) (28 april 2014). ”[http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/9743392 Species 2000 &amp; ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist].”. Species 2000: Reading, UK.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/ WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/ |date=20200415061345 }}&quot;, ''Plants of the World Online''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Tsy misy ny zana-karazana voatanisa ao amin' ny ''Catalogue of Life''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]] ity zavamaniry ity, ary ataon' ny olona sakafo ny vodiny, any amin' ny faritra misy ala any atsimo-andrefana.

== Toerana aniriany sy fampiasana azy ==

=== Toerana aniriany ===
Maniry any amin' ny faritra maina sy be vato any atsimo andrefan' i [[Madagasikara]] izy io, ary matetika any amin' ny toerana sarotra idirana. [[Zavamaniry mianika]] izy, sady mampiavaka ny faritry ny ala maina na alan-tsilo, izay mihodidina ny [[kirihitra]] na ny [[hazo madinika]]. Tandindomin-doza ny toerana aniriany voajanahary noho ny [[fandripahana ala]] sy ny fanangonana azy tafahoatra.

=== Fampiasana azy ===
Mamokatra [[Vodin-javamaniry|vodiny]] any ambanin' ny tany, izay azo ampiasaina ho sakafo, ity ovy ity. Any amin' ny faritra sasany dia sakafo nentim-paharazana ny vodiny, izay hanina indrindra amin' ny fotoanan' ny tsy fahampian-tsakafo. Mety mitaky fanomanana manokana (toy ny fandrahoana na fandomana ela) ity ovy ity mba hanesorana ny zavatra mangidy na misy poizina ao aminy.

== Rohy ivelany ==

* &quot;[http://madarevues.recherches.gov.mg/IMG/pdf/04_les_sp_d_ignames.pdf#:~:text=Trente%20deux%20esp%C3%A8ces%20sauvages%20du%20genre%20Dioscorea,(BURKILL%20et%20PERRIER%20DE%20LA%20B%C3%82THIE%201950).&amp;text=Les%20tubercules%20de%20la%20majorit%C3%A9%20de%20ces,en%20bordure%20de%20for%C3%AAts%20(JEANNODA%20et%20al. Les espèces d'ignames (''Dioscorea'' sp.) dans la sud de Madagascar. Inventaires et aires de répartition 3] {{Wayback|url=http://madarevues.recherches.gov.mg/IMG/pdf/04_les_sp_d_ignames.pdf#:~:text=Trente%20deux%20esp%C3%A8ces%20sauvages%20du%20genre%20Dioscorea,(BURKILL%20et%20PERRIER%20DE%20LA%20B%C3%82THIE%201950).&amp;text=Les%20tubercules%20de%20la%20majorit%C3%A9%20de%20ces,en%20bordure%20de%20for%C3%AAts%20(JEANNODA%20et%20al. |date=20220329200241 }}&quot;, ''madarevues.recherches.gov.mg''
* &quot;[https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Dioscorea+bemandry Dioscorea bemandry]&quot;, ''tropical.theferns.info''
* &quot;[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/429388-Dioscorea-bemandry Dioscorea bemandry]&quot;, ''www.inaturalist.org'' (misy sary)

== Loharano sy fanaùarihana ==</text>
      <sha1>2bbxlabxv80xeqyquki1zik47jyb3b5</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bechium</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>294916</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153397</id>
      <parentid>1141160</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T01:11:19Z</timestamp>
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        <id>25011</id>
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      <text bytes="1546" sha1="on6urbdo4o2is995l4p8fzitoogn1nx" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Bechium''''' dia vondron-karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry]] [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asteraceae]]''. Ny faritra ahitana azy dia i [[Madagasikara]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:7866-1 Bechium DC. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:7866-1 |date=20250802232626 }}&quot;. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Notsidihina tamin' ny 19 Marsa 2021.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Telo ny karazana voafariparitra ao aminy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130719171124/http://compositae.landcareresearch.co.nz/Default.aspx?Page=NameSearch&amp;searchText=Bechium Bechium]&quot;'', Global Compositae&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;''[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=Bechium Bechium]&quot;,'' ''[[PlantList]]''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nofaritan' i Augustin Pyrame de Candolle ity vondron-karazana ity ary navoaka tao amin' ny ''Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis'' 5: 70. 1836&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.tropicos.org/Name/40025825 Bechium]&quot;. ''Tropicos.org''. [[Missouri Botanical Garden]]. Consultado el 21 Aogositra 2012.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.​

== Karazana ==
Ireto ny karazana hita ao amin' io vondron-karazana io&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;:

* ''[[Bechium nudicaule]]'' (Less.) H.Rob.
* ''[[Bechium rhodolepis]]'' (Baker) H.Rob.
* ''[[Bechium rubricaule]]'' DC.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Vernonia]]''
* ''[[Cacalia]]''
* ''[[Cyanthillium]]''
* ''[[Vernoniastrum]]''
* [[Kilahimena]]

== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==</text>
      <sha1>on6urbdo4o2is995l4p8fzitoogn1nx</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Emilia (zavamaniry)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>294923</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153404</id>
      <parentid>1115336</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T03:01:16Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="6615" sha1="o9lh7kodzgh26dap1jar0nw8sgs9m95" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Starr 050405-5699 Emilia fosbergii.jpg|vignette|''Emilia fosbergii'']]
Ny '''''Emilia''''' dia vondron-karazan-javamaniry [[Zavamaniry ahitra|ahitra]] [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asteraceae]]''. Ny mpikambana ao amin' ity ny vondron-karazana ity dia miparitaka indrindra any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy ambanin' ny trôpika aty [[Afrika]] sy any [[Azia]]. Misy karazana sasany koa napetraka taloha tao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Cacalia]]''.

== Karazana ==
Indreto ny karazana eken' ny [[Plants of the World Online]] tamin' ny 2022&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:329398-2 Emilia Cass] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:329398-2 |date=20250629215809 }}&quot;. ''Plants of the World Online''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2022.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:

* ''Emilia abyssinica'' (Sch.Bip. ex A.Rich.) C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia adamagibaensis'' Mesfin &amp; Beentje
* ''[[Emilia adscendens]]'' DC. (atao amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] hoe ''anampoza'', ''ravintsarahazo'', ''tsiontsiondahy'')&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=Emilia Emilia]&quot;, ''tenymalagasy.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Emilia alstonii'' Fosberg
* ''Emilia arvensis'' Mesfin &amp; Beentje
* ''Emilia aurita'' C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia baberka'' (Hutch.) C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia baldwinii'' Fosberg
* ''Emilia bampsiana'' Lisowski
* ''Emilia basifolia'' Baker
* ''[[Emilia bathiei]]'' Humbert (atao amin' ny teny malagasy hoe ''anamananjary'')&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* ''Emilia baumii'' S.Moore
* ''Emilia bellioides'' (Chiov.) C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia bianoensis'' Lisowski
* ''Emilia biensis'' (Torre) Mapaya &amp; Cron
* ''Emilia blittersdorffii'' Beentje
* ''Emilia brachycephala'' (R.E.Fr.) C.Jeffrey
* ''[[Emilia capillaris]]'' Humbert (atao amin' ny teny malagasy hoe a''ntsointsoimbohitra'')&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* ''Emilia cenioides'' C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia charlesii'' Kottaim.
* ''Emilia chiovendeana'' (Muschl.) Lisowski
* ''[[Emilia citrina]]'' DC. (atao amin' ny teny malagasy hoe ''antsointsoimbavy'', ''antsointsoina'', ''antsointsoindahy'', ''kitsointsoina'', ''tsintsiona'', ''tsiontsiona'', ''tsiotsiona'')&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* ''Emilia coccinea'' (Sims) G.Don
* ''Emilia coloniaria'' (S.Moore) C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia crepidioides'' Garab.
* ''Emilia crispata'' C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia cryptantha'' C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia debilis'' S.Moore
* ''Emilia decaryi'' Humbert
* ''Emilia decipiens'' C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia discifolia'' (Oliv.) C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia djalonensis'' Lisowski
* ''Emilia drummondii'' (Torre) Mapaya &amp; Cron
* ''Emilia duvigneaudii'' Lisowski
* ''Emilia emilioides'' (Sch.Bip.) C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia epapposa'' (Lisowski) Mapaya &amp; Cron
* ''Emilia everettii'' (Hemsl.) Steenis
* ''Emilia exigua'' (S.Moore) Mapaya &amp; Cron
* ''Emilia exserta'' Fosberg
* ''Emilia fallax'' (Mattf.) C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia flaccida'' Miq.
* ''Emilia fosbergii'' Nicolson
* ''Emilia fugax'' C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia gaudichaudii'' Gagnep.
* ''Emilia gossweileri'' (S.Moore) C.Jeffrey
* ''[[Emilia graminea]]'' DC. (atao amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] hoe ''anantahalaka'', ''antsointsoindahy'', ''faninkandro'', ''kiboiboitany'', ''kimboiboitany'', ''kimboimbointany'', ''tanikandro'', ''taninandro'', ''tarikandro'')&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* ''Emilia helianthella'' C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia herbacea'' Mesfin &amp; Beentje
* ''Emilia hiernii'' C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia hockii'' (De Wild. &amp; Muschl.) C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia homblei'' (De Wild.) C.Jeffrey
* ''[[Emilia humifusa]]'' DC. (atao amin' ny teny malagasy hoe ''anampoza'', ''antsointsoinkary'', ''ravintsarahazo'', ''siasia'', ''tsiontsiona'', ''tsiotsiona'', ''tsoina'')&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* ''Emilia infralignosa'' Humbert
* ''Emilia integrifolia'' Baker
* ''Emilia irregularibracteata'' (De Wild.) C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia javanica'' (Burm.f.) C.B.Rob.
* ''Emilia jeffreyana'' Lisowski
* ''Emilia juncea'' Robyns
* ''Emilia kasaiensis'' Lisowski
* ''Emilia khaopawtaensis'' H.Koyama
* ''Emilia kilwensis'' C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia kivuensis'' (Muschl.) C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia × latens'' J.Y.Wang &amp; J.C.Wang
* ''Emilia lejolyana'' Lisowski
* ''Emilia leptocephala'' (Mattf.) C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia leucantha'' C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia libeniana'' Lisowski
* ''Emilia limosa'' (O.Hoffm.) C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia lisowskiana'' C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia longifolia'' C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia longipes'' C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia longiramea'' (S.Moore) C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia lopollensis'' (Hiern) C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia lubumbashiensis'' Lisowski
* ''Emilia luwiikae'' (D.J.N.Hind &amp; Frisby) Mapaya &amp; Cron
* ''Emilia lyrata'' (Cass.) C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia malaisseana'' Lisowski
* ''Emilia marlothiana'' (O.Hoffm.) C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia mbagoi'' Beentje &amp; Mesfin
* ''Emilia micrura'' C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia moutsamboteana'' Lisowski
* ''Emilia myriocephala'' C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia negellensis'' Mesfin &amp; Beentje
* ''Emilia palhinhana'' (Torre) Mapaya &amp; Cron
* ''Emilia pammicrocephala'' (S.Moore) C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia papuana'' Mattf.
* ''Emilia parnassiifolia'' S.Moore
* ''Emilia perrieri'' Humbert
* ''Emilia petitiana'' Lisowski
* ''Emilia pinnatifida'' Merr.
* ''Emilia praetermissa'' Milne-Redh.
* ''Emilia prenanthoidea'' DC.
* ''Emilia protracta'' S.Moore
* ''Emilia pseudactis'' C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia pumila'' DC.
* ''Emilia ramulosa'' Gamble
* ''Emilia reddyi'' Satish &amp; J.Prak.Rao
* ''Emilia rehmanniana'' Lisowski
* ''Emilia rigida'' C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia robynsiana'' Lisowski
* ''Emilia scabra'' DC.
* ''Emilia schinzii'' (O.Hoffm.) Cron
* ''Emilia schmitzii'' Lisowski
* ''Emilia serpentina'' Mesfin &amp; Beentje
* ''Emilia serrata'' Humbert
* ''Emilia shabensis'' Lisowski
* ''Emilia simulans'' C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia somalensis'' (S.Moore) C.Jeffrey
* ''[[Emilia sonchifolia]]'' (L.) DC.
* ''Emilia speeseae'' Fosberg
* ''Emilia subscaposa'' Lisowski
* ''Emilia tenellula'' (S.Moore) C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia tenera'' (O.Hoffm.) C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia tenuicaulis'' (C.D.Adams) Mapaya &amp; Cron
* ''Emilia tenuipes'' C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia tenuis'' C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia tessmannii'' (Mattf.) C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia transvaalensis'' (Bolus) C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia tricholepis'' C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia ukambensis'' (O.Hoffm.) C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia ukingensis'' (O.Hoffm.) C.Jeffrey
* ''Emilia vanmeelii'' Lawalrée
* ''Emilia violacea'' Cronquist
* ''Emilia zairensis'' Lisowski
* ''Emilia zambiensis'' (Torre) Mapaya &amp; Cron
* ''Emilia zeylanica'' C.B.Clarke

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Cacalia]]''

== Azo anovozan-kevitra ==

* &quot;[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=Emilia Emilia]&quot;, ''tenymalagasy.org'' (zavamiry eto [[Madagasikara]])

== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==</text>
      <sha1>o9lh7kodzgh26dap1jar0nw8sgs9m95</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Loganiaceae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>294944</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153414</id>
      <parentid>1131237</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T06:34:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
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      <text bytes="3967" sha1="k9biu5yn1620uf5zwakp13so0cxb2jz" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Strychnos nux-vomica in Kinnarsani WS, AP W IMG 5873.jpg|vignette|390x390px|''[[Strychnos nux-vomica]]'']]
Ny '''''Loganiaceae''''' dia fianakavian-javamaniry [[Roa ravin-tsimoka|dikôtiledôna]]. Zavamaniry [[Zavamaniry ahitra|ahitra]] na [[hazobotry]] na [[vahy]], na [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]] izy ireo, izay maniry any amin' ny faritra manana [[toetany antonony]] ka hatrany amin' ny faritra manana [[Toetanin-jana-pehin-tany|toetany]] [[Toetanin-jana-pehin-tany|trôpikaly]], indrindra any amin' ny [[Ila bolantany atsimo|ila-bolantany atsimo]]. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia mifanipaka, tsotra, feno, na misy vilombilona ny [[Ravina (zavamaniry)|raviny]]. Matetika ahitana lahimbony sy vavimbony miaraka ny [[Voninkazo|voniny]].
[[Sary:Bois de piment.JPG|ankavia|vignette|190x190px|''Geniostoma borbonicum'']]

== Fanasokajiana ==
[[Sary:Spigelia marilandica redclay.jpg|vignette|247x247px|''Spigelia marilandica'']]
Araka ny [[fanasokajiana klasika]] dia misy karazana 500 mahery izay mitsinjara ao amin' ny vondron-karazana telopolo eo ho eo ny fianakaviana ''Loganiaceae''. Nanao fanavaozana ny [[Fanasokajiana APG|fanasokajiana filôjenetika APG]] (1998) sy ny [[Fanasokajiana APG II|fanasokajiana filôjenetika APG II]] (2003) ary ny [[Fanasokajiana APG III|fanasokajiana filôjenetika APG III]] (2009) ka lasa misy karazana 400 mahery kely mitsinjara amin' ny vondron-karazana 13 na 14 ity fianakaviana ity. Natao ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Gelsemiaceae]]'' sy ''[[Gentianaceae]]'' ary ''[[Scrophulariaceae]]'' ny zavamaniry sasany tao amin' io fianakaviana io. Namindra ny vondron-karazana ''[[Sanango]]'' avy amin' ny ''Loganiaceae'' mankany amin' ny ''[[Gesneriaceae]]'' ([[Lamiales]]) ny [[Fanasokajiana APG IV|fanasokajiana filôjenetika APG IV]] (2016).
[[Sary:Schizacme novae-zelandiae 248125202.jpg|vignette|223x223px|''Schizacme novae-zelandiae'']]

== Lisitry ny vondron-karazana ==
Tamin' ny Nôvambra 2023, ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' dia manaiky vondron-karazana miisa16&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30002038-2 ''Loganiaceae'' R.Br. ex Mart.] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30002038-2 |date=20240615050243 }}&quot;, ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:

* ''Adelphacme'' &lt;small&gt;K.L.Gibbons, B.J.Conn &amp; Henwood&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Antonia'' &lt;small&gt;Pohl&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bonyunia'' &lt;small&gt;R. H. Schomb. ex Progel&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Gardneria'' &lt;small&gt;Wall.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Geniostoma'' &lt;small&gt;J. R. Forst. &amp; G.Forst.&lt;/small&gt; (syn. ''Labordia'' &lt;small&gt;Gaudich.&lt;/small&gt; )
* ''Logania'' &lt;small&gt;R.Br.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mitrasacme'' &lt;small&gt;Labill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mitreola'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;

* ''Neuburgia'' &lt;small&gt;Blume&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Norrisia'' &lt;small&gt;Gardner&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Orianthera'' &lt;small&gt;C.S.P.Foster &amp; B.J.Conn&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Phyllangium'' &lt;small&gt;Dunlop&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Schizacme'' &lt;small&gt;Dunlop&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Spigelia'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Strychnos]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Usteria'' &lt;small&gt;Willd.&lt;/small&gt;

'''Vondron-karazana nesorina'''

* ''Androya'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; -&gt; ''Scrophulariaceae''
* ''Anthocleista'' &lt;small&gt;Afzel. ex R.Br.&lt;/small&gt; -&gt; ''Gentianaceae''
* ''Buddleja'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -&gt; ''Scrophulariaceae''
* ''Desfontainia'' &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt; -&gt; ''Columelliaceae''
* ''Emorya'' &lt;small&gt;Torr.&lt;/small&gt; -&gt; ''Scrophulariaceae''
* ''Fagraea'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb.&lt;/small&gt; -&gt; ''Gentianaceae''
* ''Gelsemium'' &lt;small&gt;Juss.&lt;/small&gt; -&gt; ''Gelsemiaceae''
* ''Gomphostigma'' &lt;small&gt;Turcz.&lt;/small&gt; -&gt; ''Scrophulariaceae''

* ''Mostuea'' &lt;small&gt;Didr.&lt;/small&gt; -&gt; ''Gelsemiaceae''
* ''Nuxia'' &lt;small&gt;Comm. ex Lam.&lt;/small&gt; -&gt; ''Stilbaceae''
* ''Peltanthera'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; -&gt; ''Gesneriaceae''
* ''Plocosperma'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; -&gt; ''Plocospermataceae''
* ''Polypremum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -&gt; ''Tetrachondraceae''
* ''Potalia'' &lt;small&gt;Aubl.&lt;/small&gt; -&gt; ''Gentianaceae''
* ''Retzia'' &lt;small&gt;Thunb.&lt;/small&gt; -&gt; ''Stilbaceae''

== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Crateva greveana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>297488</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153401</id>
      <parentid>1128052</parentid>
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      <text bytes="4028" sha1="n6u65u4x5h5ifx73h5kjbvvmsfa1b5s" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Crateva greveana''''' dia karazan-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Capparaceae]]''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:147468-1 ''Crateva greveana'' Baill.] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:147468-1 |date=20220417113100 }}&quot;, ''powo.science.kew.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Ity karazana ity dia sy hita raha tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. Nanangona santionany ny any amin' ny faritra toa ny tangorom-bohitra be alan' i Beanka ([[Distrikan'i Maintirano|distrikan' i Maintirano]], faritra [[Melaky]]). Amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izy io dia atao hoe '''boramena''', '''hazoampasy''', '''keleoñy''', '''kelihony''', '''keliony''', '''kipipika''', '''manarotoloho''', '''mangilakelika''', '''mangily''', '''salobe''', '''teloravina''', '''teloravy''', '''tongotrakoho''' ary '''tsilehibeko'''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;''[https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=crateva Crateva]''&quot;, ''tenymalagasy.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Toetoetrany ==
Ity zavamaniry ity dia [[hazobotry]] na [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]], mitovitovy habe amin' ny karazana ''[[Crateva]]'' malagasy hafa (hatramin' ny 20 m eo ho eo). Mizara ho [[zana-pelana]] telo ny raviny amin' ny ankapobeny, izay itoviany amin' ny karazana hafa ao amin' ny ''Crateva''. Matetika miseho alohan' ny fiposahan' ny ravina vaovao ny voniny fotsy, izay misy [[lahimbony]] maro dia maro. Boribory ny voany izay manana savaivo mahatratra 4-5 sm eo ho eo.

== Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy ==
Misy amin' ny anarana ahafantarana ny ''Crateva greveana'' amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] ny itoviany amin' ny karazan-javamaniry hafa:

* ny hoe &quot;boramena&quot; dia anaran' ny ''Hildegardia erythrosiphon'' (''[[Malvaceae]]'') sy na ''[[Combretum grandidieri]]'' (na ''Poivrea grandidieri,'' ''[[Combretaceae]]'') ary ny ''Camptolepis ramiflora'' (''[[Sapindaceae]]'');
* ny hoe &quot;mangily&quot; dia anaran' ny ''[[Physena madagascariensis]]'' (''[[Physena|Physenaceae]]'');
* ny hoe &quot;teloravina&quot; sy &quot;teloravy&quot; dia anaran' ny ''[[Allophylus macrocarpus]]'' (''[[Sapindaceae]]''), ny ''[[Boscia madagascariensis]]'' (na ''Boscia heterophyllum'', ''[[Capparaceae]]''), ny ''[[Crateva excelsa]]'' (''Capparaceae''), ny ''[[Crotalaria grevei]]'', ny ''[[Crotalaria pervillei]]'' (''[[Fabaceae]]''), ny ''[[Dalechampia clematidifolia]]'' (''[[Euphorbiaceae]]''), ny ''[[Melicope fatraina]]'' (na ''Euodia fatraina,'' ''[[Rutaceae]]''), ny ''[[Halleria ligustrifolia]]'' (na ''Halleria tetragona'', ''[[Stilbaceae]]'' na ''[[Orobanchaceae]]''), ny ''[[Malleastrum pseudodepauperatum]]'' (''[[Meliaceae]]''), ny ''[[Plectaneia thouarsii]]'' (na ''Plectaneia elastica,'' ''[[Apocynaceae]]''), ny ''Teramnus labialis'' (''[[Fabaceae]]''), ny ''Thilachium panduriforme'' (na ''Thilachium heterophyllum''), ny ''Thilachium sumangui'' (''[[Capparaceae]]''), ny ''[[Vitex teloravina]]'' (''[[Lamiaceae]]'');
* ny hoe &quot;tongotrakoho&quot; dia anaran' ny ''Crateva excelsa'' (''[[Capparaceae]]'') sy ny ''[[Vomanga|Ipomoea batatas]]'' (''[[Convolvulaceae]]'') ary ny ''[[Xerophyta dasylirioides]]'' (''[[Velloziaceae]]'').

== Fahasalamana sy fitsaboana ==
Manana toetra manaitra ny fikorianan' ny [[ra]] eo amin' ny faritra voakasiny ny raviny vaovao, ary mahatonga ny [[hoditra]] ho mena. Mety miteraka fiempaka ihany koa, izay toetra mahazatra ao amin' ny ''Capparaceae'', ny raviny.

Amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana dia anaovana [[fesana]] na [[petakilasy]] ny fakany mba hitsaboana ny areti-nify sy ny aretin' ny [[hihy]]. Ampiasaina hanaitaitra ny filana ara-nofo sy hamporisika amin' ny fisakafoana ary hanampy amin' ny fandevonan-kanina ny hodiny. Afangaro amin' ny toaka izy io indraindray. Ampiasaina koa izy io mba hiadiana amin' ny  [[tsongofoitra]] na [[mandala]] (manamora ny fiasan' ny [[tsinay]]) sy amin' ny tazo. Izy io dia ampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana ny aretin' ny fitaovam-pamaniana, toy ny vatokely anaty [[Voa (taovam-biby)|voa]].

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Crateva]]''

== Loharano ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fifanarahana momba ny sisin-tanin'i Rosia sy Okraina</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>297512</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153407</id>
      <parentid>1128922</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T03:44:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
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      <text bytes="1475" sha1="h0rphixh6y7hwsjth14lougr0pzmhzp" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Map of Ukraine border with Russia.png|thumb|Sarintanin'ny sisin-tanin'i Okraina amin'i Rosia]]
Ny '''Fifanarahana momba ny sisin-tanin'i Rosia sy Okraina''' dia fifanarahana iraisam-pirenena roa tonta eo amin'ny Federasiona {{Rosia}}na sy {{Okraina}}, izay namaritra ny sisin-tany eo amin'ny firenena roa tonta.

==Fanasoniavana sy fankatoavana==
Tamin'ny 28 Janoary 2003, nandritra ny fitsidihan'ny Filohan'ny Federasiona Rosiana [[Vladimir Putin]] tany [[Kyiv]], dia nosoniavina ny Fifanarahana momba ny sisin-tany eo amin'ny firenena roa tonta, izay nametraka ny ampahan-taniny.

Nankatoavin'i [[Okraina]] ny Fifanarahana tamin'ny 20 Aprily 2004, ary ny Federasiona Rosiana tamin'ny 22 Aprily.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/643_157#Text |title=Подробности того, как поделили границу Кучма и Путин, не разглашаются&quot;. УП. June 23, 2003. Archived |access-date=2026-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128104607/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/643_157#Text |archive-date=2021-01-28 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I Vladimir Putin sy [[Leonid Kuchma]] no nanao sonia

==Jereo koa==
*[https://treaties.un.org/Pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=08000002803fe18a Ny lahatsoratry ny fifanarahana, anisan'izany ny sarintany (eo amin'ny Server an'ny [[Firenena Mikambana]])]


[[Sokajy:Fifanarahana]]
[[Sokajy:Rosia]]
[[Sokajy:Okraina]]
[[Sokajy:Fifanarahana roa tonta an'i Rosia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Albizia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>297885</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153381</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Mpanoratra</comment>
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      <text bytes="6391" sha1="bgyynmgna95ec1bu2zln8mck8e95dbs" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:20130822Albizia julibrissin4.jpg|vignette|415x415px|''Albizia julibrissin'']]
Ny '''''Albizia''''' dia antokon[[Angiospermae|-javamaniry mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Fabales]]. Ahitana karazana [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]] sy [[hazobotry]] trôpikaly na sobtrôpikaly 150 ka hatramin' ny 160 eo ho eo izy io. Araka ny fanasokajiana klasika, dia ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Mimosaceae]]'' izy io, fa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''Fabaceae'', zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideae]]'', araka ny [[Fanasokajiana filôjenetika|fanasokajiana]] [[Fanasokajiana filôjenetika|filôjenetika]]. Nahazo ny anarany avy amin' ny anaran' i [[Filippo degli Albizzi]], italiana izay nampiditra azy tany [[Eorôpa]] tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-18, ity antoko ity, izay matetika diso tsipelina (&quot;''Albizzia''&quot;).
[[Sary:Doon Siris (Albizia procera) pod at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W Picture 215.jpg|vignette|274x274px|Pepan' ny ''Albizia procera'']]
Fahita any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly any [[Azia]], ao [[Afrika]], eto [[Madagasikara]], any [[Amerika Afovoany]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo|Atsimo]] ary any [[Aostralia]], ny karazana ao amin' io antoko io. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia maty tanora ireo zavamaniry ireo, izay manana haavo 6 ka hatramin' ny 12 m sy sakany 5 ka hatramin' ny 8 m. Manana tampona midadasika sy mivelatra izy ireo, ka mitovy amin' ny hazo manana voninkazo lehibe hafa hita aty amin' ny tany mafana (''[[Delonix regia]]'', ''[[Caesalpinia pulcherrima]]'', ''[[Jacaranda mimosifolia]]'').

Ny raviny dia mitapatapaka tsara sy itambaran' ny [[Zana-pelana|zanapelana]] kely miforitra eo amin' ny tenany rehefa tsy ampy [[hazavana]] ilay zavamaniry. Mampiseho [[lahimbony]] izay matetika mahavariana sy lava kokoa noho ny [[felambony]] ny voniny izay kely. Heverina ho [[zavamaniry manafika]] ny karazana sasany.

== Fanasokajiana ==
[[Sary:Albizia lophanta0.jpg|vignette|''Albizia lophanta'']]
Karazana maro napetraky ny mpanoratra voalohany tao amin' ny ''Albizia'' no nafindra any amin' ny antoko hafa, indrindra fa ao amin' ny ''Archidendron''. Nahazo ny anjarany avy amin' ny karazana tao amin' ny ''Albizia'' teo aloha ny antoko hafa ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideae]]'' (''Abarema, Archidendropsis, Blanchetiodendron, Calliandra, Cathormion, Enterolobium, Havardia, Hesperalbizia, Hydrochorea, Pararchidendron, Paraserianthes, Pseudosamanea'' ary ''Serianthes''), toy ny an' ny ''Newtonia'' sy ny ''Schleinitzia''. Raha ny marina dia mpikambana ao amin' ny antoko ''Erythrophleum'' (''[[Caesalpinioideae]]'') sy ''[[Lebeckia]]''  (''[[Faboideae]]''), izay tsy dia mifandray akaiky, ny sasany izay heverina ho &quot;hazon-dandy&quot;.

Malaza ho saro-drafitra ny famaritana ny ''[[Falcataria]]'' sy ny ''Pithecellobium'', izay havana akaikin' ny ''Albizia'', satria ahitana karazana efa nafindra teo amin' ireo antoko ireo matetika, ary mety hitohy izany. Anisan' izany ny ''Falcataria falcata'' (ilay nantsoina hoe ''Albizia moluccana'' taeo aloha), izay hazo fialokalofana mahazatra eo amin' ny tany fambolena [[Dite (zavamaniry)|dite]]. Matetika atambatra amin' ny ''Albizia'' manontolo ny antoko hafa mifandray akaiky toa ny ''Chloroleucon'' sy ny ''Samanea''.

== Karazana notsongaina ==

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
Ny fitambaran' ny karazana ''Albizia'' eto [[Madagasikara: Televiziona noterena hijanona|Madagasikara]] dia tombanana eo amin' ny 30 eo ho eo, izay ny ankamaroany (24 ka hatramin' ny 27 karazana) dia tsy hita raha tsy eto amin' ny Nosy. Ireto ny sasany:

* ''Albizia adianthifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Schumach&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Albizia androyensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia arenicola'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia atakataka]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia aurisparsa'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia balabaka]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia mahalao]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia bernieri'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn. ex Villiers&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia boinensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia boivinii'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia commiphoroides'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia divaricata'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia greveana'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia gummifera'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F.Gmel.) C.A.Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia jaubertiana'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia mainaea'' &lt;small&gt;Villiers&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia masikororum]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia morombensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia numidarum'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia odorata'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia perrieri'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia polyphylla]]'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia sahafariensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia tulearensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia verrucosa'' &lt;small&gt;(E.Fourn.) R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;

Indreto ny karazana nampidirina na voamarika, fa tsy voatery ho teratany:

* ''[[Albizia adianthifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Schumach.) W.Wight&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia chinensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Osbeck) Merr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia lebbeck]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia saman]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) F.Muell.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Samanea saman'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) Merr.&lt;/small&gt;)

== Fampiasana ==
Zavamaniry fanao sakafom-biby fiompy sy fakana hazo hampiasaina ary zavamaniry fanafody ny karazana albizia, ary maro no ambolena hatao haingo noho ny voniny mahafinaritra - indrindra ny ''Albizia julibrissin''. Sakafon' ny olitry ny lolo sasany ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Endoclita]]'' ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Albizia'', anisan' izany ny ''[[Endoclita damor]]'' sy ny ''[[Endoclita malabaricus]]'' ary ny ''[[Endoclita sericeus]]''. Miparitaka be any amin' ny faritra manana toetany antonony any amin' ny [[ila bolantany]] avaratra ny karazana iray, ny hazon-landy ''Albizia julibrissin''. Izy io no karazana mahatanty indrindra ao amin' ilay vondron-karazana (mahazaka mari-pana hatramin' ny -30 °C raha mafana ny fahavaratra ka ahafahan' ilay hazo haniry). Any [[Amerika Avaratra]], izay ambolena be dia be azy io hatao hazo haingo, ary matetika no afangaro amin' ny karazana ao amin' ny ''[[Mimosa]]''. Any amin' ny fanjakana amerikanina maro dia nanjary tena mifanaraka amin' ny toetany any ny ''Albizia julibrissin'' ary heverina ho karazana manafika ankehitriny.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny Albizia|Lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Albizia'']]</text>
      <sha1>bgyynmgna95ec1bu2zln8mck8e95dbs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153383</id>
      <parentid>1153381</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-08T20:38:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy</comment>
      <origin>1153383</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7710" sha1="2ngejdczv7iy7cvt6py4vooovob6d9d" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:20130822Albizia julibrissin4.jpg|vignette|415x415px|''Albizia julibrissin'']]
Ny '''''Albizia''''' dia antokon[[Angiospermae|-javamaniry mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Fabales]]. Ahitana karazana [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]] sy [[hazobotry]] trôpikaly na sobtrôpikaly 150 ka hatramin' ny 160 eo ho eo izy io. Araka ny fanasokajiana klasika, dia ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Mimosaceae]]'' izy io, fa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''Fabaceae'', zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideae]]'', araka ny [[Fanasokajiana filôjenetika|fanasokajiana]] [[Fanasokajiana filôjenetika|filôjenetika]]. Nahazo ny anarany avy amin' ny anaran' i [[Filippo degli Albizzi]], italiana izay nampiditra azy tany [[Eorôpa]] tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-18, ity antoko ity, izay matetika diso tsipelina (&quot;''Albizzia''&quot;).
[[Sary:Doon Siris (Albizia procera) pod at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W Picture 215.jpg|vignette|274x274px|Pepan' ny ''Albizia procera'']]
Fahita any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly any [[Azia]], ao [[Afrika]], eto [[Madagasikara]], any [[Amerika Afovoany]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo|Atsimo]] ary any [[Aostralia]], ny karazana ao amin' io antoko io. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia maty tanora ireo zavamaniry ireo, izay manana haavo 6 ka hatramin' ny 12 m sy sakany 5 ka hatramin' ny 8 m. Manana tampona midadasika sy mivelatra izy ireo, ka mitovy amin' ny hazo manana voninkazo lehibe hafa hita aty amin' ny tany mafana (''[[Delonix regia]]'', ''[[Caesalpinia pulcherrima]]'', ''[[Jacaranda mimosifolia]]'').

Ny raviny dia mitapatapaka tsara sy itambaran' ny [[Zana-pelana|zanapelana]] kely miforitra eo amin' ny tenany rehefa tsy ampy [[hazavana]] ilay zavamaniry. Mampiseho [[lahimbony]] izay matetika mahavariana sy lava kokoa noho ny [[felambony]] ny voniny izay kely. Heverina ho [[zavamaniry manafika]] ny karazana sasany.

== Fanasokajiana ==
[[Sary:Albizia lophanta0.jpg|vignette|''Albizia lophanta'']]
Karazana maro napetraky ny mpanoratra voalohany tao amin' ny ''Albizia'' no nafindra any amin' ny antoko hafa, indrindra fa ao amin' ny ''Archidendron''. Nahazo ny anjarany avy amin' ny karazana tao amin' ny ''Albizia'' teo aloha ny antoko hafa ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideae]]'' (''Abarema, Archidendropsis, Blanchetiodendron, Calliandra, Cathormion, Enterolobium, Havardia, Hesperalbizia, Hydrochorea, Pararchidendron, Paraserianthes, Pseudosamanea'' ary ''Serianthes''), toy ny an' ny ''Newtonia'' sy ny ''Schleinitzia''. Raha ny marina dia mpikambana ao amin' ny antoko ''Erythrophleum'' (''[[Caesalpinioideae]]'') sy ''[[Lebeckia]]''  (''[[Faboideae]]''), izay tsy dia mifandray akaiky, ny sasany izay heverina ho &quot;hazon-dandy&quot;.

Malaza ho saro-drafitra ny famaritana ny ''[[Falcataria]]'' sy ny ''Pithecellobium'', izay havana akaikin' ny ''Albizia'', satria ahitana karazana efa nafindra teo amin' ireo antoko ireo matetika, ary mety hitohy izany. Anisan' izany ny ''Falcataria falcata'' (ilay nantsoina hoe ''Albizia moluccana'' taeo aloha), izay hazo fialokalofana mahazatra eo amin' ny tany fambolena [[Dite (zavamaniry)|dite]]. Matetika atambatra amin' ny ''Albizia'' manontolo ny antoko hafa mifandray akaiky toa ny ''Chloroleucon'' sy ny ''Samanea''.

== Karazana notsongaina ==

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
Ny fitambaran' ny karazana ''Albizia'' eto [[Madagasikara: Televiziona noterena hijanona|Madagasikara]] dia tombanana eo amin' ny 30 eo ho eo, izay ny ankamaroany (24 ka hatramin' ny 27 karazana) dia tsy hita raha tsy eto amin' ny Nosy. Ireto ny sasany:

* ''Albizia adianthifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Schumach&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Albizia androyensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia arenicola'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia atakataka]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia aurisparsa'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia balabaka]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia mahalao]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia bernieri'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn. ex Villiers&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia boinensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia boivinii'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia commiphoroides'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia divaricata'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia greveana'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia gummifera'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F.Gmel.) C.A.Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia jaubertiana'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia mainaea'' &lt;small&gt;Villiers&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia masikororum]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia morombensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia numidarum'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia odorata'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia perrieri'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia polyphylla]]'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia sahafariensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia tulearensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia verrucosa'' &lt;small&gt;(E.Fourn.) R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;

Indreto ny karazana nampidirina na voamarika, fa tsy voatery ho teratany:

* ''[[Albizia adianthifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Schumach.) W.Wight&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia chinensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Osbeck) Merr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia lebbeck]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia saman]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) F.Muell.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Samanea saman'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) Merr.&lt;/small&gt;)

== Fampiasana ==
Zavamaniry fanao sakafom-biby fiompy sy fakana hazo hampiasaina ary zavamaniry fanafody ny karazana albizia, ary maro no ambolena hatao haingo noho ny voniny mahafinaritra - indrindra ny ''Albizia julibrissin''. Sakafon' ny olitry ny lolo sasany ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Endoclita]]'' ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Albizia'', anisan' izany ny ''[[Endoclita damor]]'' sy ny ''[[Endoclita malabaricus]]'' ary ny ''[[Endoclita sericeus]]''. Miparitaka be any amin' ny faritra manana toetany antonony any amin' ny [[ila bolantany]] avaratra ny karazana iray, ny hazon-landy ''Albizia julibrissin''. Izy io no karazana mahatanty indrindra ao amin' ilay vondron-karazana (mahazaka mari-pana hatramin' ny -30 °C raha mafana ny fahavaratra ka ahafahan' ilay hazo haniry). Any [[Amerika Avaratra]], izay ambolena be dia be azy io hatao hazo haingo, ary matetika no afangaro amin' ny karazana ao amin' ny ''[[Mimosa]]''. Any amin' ny fanjakana amerikanina maro dia nanjary tena mifanaraka amin' ny toetany any ny ''Albizia julibrissin'' ary heverina ho karazana manafika ankehitriny.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny Albizia|Lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Albizia'']]

* [[Alomboro]]: ''[[Albizia bernieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;E. Fourn. ex Villiers&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia boinensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R. Vig.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia perrieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) R. Vig.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia tulearensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R. Vig.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]'')
* [[Halomboro]]: ''[[Albizia tulearensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt; ; ''[[Albizia bernieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn. ex Villiers&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]'').
* [[Sambalahy]]: ''[[Albizia adianthifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Schumann) W.Wight&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Albizia fastigiata'' &lt;small&gt;(E. Mey.) Oliv.&lt;/small&gt;; ''Albizia sassa'' &lt;small&gt;(Willd.) Chiov.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Albizia boivinii]]'' &lt;small&gt;E. Fourn.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia gummifera]]'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F. Gmel.) C.A. Sm.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Cassia hippophallus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]'').
* [[Singena]]: ''[[Albizia bernieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;E. Fourn.ex Villiers&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia boinensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Macphersonia gracilis]]'' &lt;small&gt;O. Hoffm.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Sapindaceae]]'').
* [[Volomboroña (zavamaniry)]]:  ''[[Albizia adianthifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Schumann) W.Wight&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Albizia fastigiata'' &lt;small&gt;(E. Mey.) Oliv.&lt;/small&gt;; ''Albizia sassa'' &lt;small&gt;(Willd.) Chiov.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Albizia gummifera]]'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F. Gmel.) C.A. Sm.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]'').</text>
      <sha1>2ngejdczv7iy7cvt6py4vooovob6d9d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153385</id>
      <parentid>1153383</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-08T20:50:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153385</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7810" sha1="8n4g135fno6c2gn9xocn98qjbq4lg6b" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:20130822Albizia julibrissin4.jpg|vignette|415x415px|''Albizia julibrissin'']]
Ny '''''Albizia''''' dia antokon[[Angiospermae|-javamaniry mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Fabales]]. Ahitana karazana [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]] sy [[hazobotry]] trôpikaly na sobtrôpikaly 150 ka hatramin' ny 160 eo ho eo izy io. Araka ny fanasokajiana klasika, dia ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Mimosaceae]]'' izy io, fa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''Fabaceae'', zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideae]]'', araka ny [[Fanasokajiana filôjenetika|fanasokajiana]] [[Fanasokajiana filôjenetika|filôjenetika]]. Nahazo ny anarany avy amin' ny anaran' i [[Filippo degli Albizzi]], italiana izay nampiditra azy tany [[Eorôpa]] tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-18, ity antoko ity, izay matetika diso tsipelina (&quot;''Albizzia''&quot;).
[[Sary:Doon Siris (Albizia procera) pod at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W Picture 215.jpg|vignette|274x274px|Pepan' ny ''Albizia procera'']]
Fahita any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly any [[Azia]], ao [[Afrika]], eto [[Madagasikara]], any [[Amerika Afovoany]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo|Atsimo]] ary any [[Aostralia]], ny karazana ao amin' io antoko io. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia maty tanora ireo zavamaniry ireo, izay manana haavo 6 ka hatramin' ny 12 m sy sakany 5 ka hatramin' ny 8 m. Manana tampona midadasika sy mivelatra izy ireo, ka mitovy amin' ny hazo manana voninkazo lehibe hafa hita aty amin' ny tany mafana (''[[Delonix regia]]'', ''[[Caesalpinia pulcherrima]]'', ''[[Jacaranda mimosifolia]]'').

Ny raviny dia mitapatapaka tsara sy itambaran' ny [[Zana-pelana|zanapelana]] kely miforitra eo amin' ny tenany rehefa tsy ampy [[hazavana]] ilay zavamaniry. Mampiseho [[lahimbony]] izay matetika mahavariana sy lava kokoa noho ny [[felambony]] ny voniny izay kely. Heverina ho [[zavamaniry manafika]] ny karazana sasany.

== Fanasokajiana ==
[[Sary:Albizia lophanta0.jpg|vignette|''Albizia lophanta'']]
Karazana maro napetraky ny mpanoratra voalohany tao amin' ny ''Albizia'' no nafindra any amin' ny antoko hafa, indrindra fa ao amin' ny ''Archidendron''. Nahazo ny anjarany avy amin' ny karazana tao amin' ny ''Albizia'' teo aloha ny antoko hafa ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideae]]'' (''Abarema, Archidendropsis, Blanchetiodendron, Calliandra, Cathormion, Enterolobium, Havardia, Hesperalbizia, Hydrochorea, Pararchidendron, Paraserianthes, Pseudosamanea'' ary ''Serianthes''), toy ny an' ny ''Newtonia'' sy ny ''Schleinitzia''. Raha ny marina dia mpikambana ao amin' ny antoko ''Erythrophleum'' (''[[Caesalpinioideae]]'') sy ''[[Lebeckia]]''  (''[[Faboideae]]''), izay tsy dia mifandray akaiky, ny sasany izay heverina ho &quot;hazon-dandy&quot;.

Malaza ho saro-drafitra ny famaritana ny ''[[Falcataria]]'' sy ny ''Pithecellobium'', izay havana akaikin' ny ''Albizia'', satria ahitana karazana efa nafindra teo amin' ireo antoko ireo matetika, ary mety hitohy izany. Anisan' izany ny ''Falcataria falcata'' (ilay nantsoina hoe ''Albizia moluccana'' taeo aloha), izay hazo fialokalofana mahazatra eo amin' ny tany fambolena [[Dite (zavamaniry)|dite]]. Matetika atambatra amin' ny ''Albizia'' manontolo ny antoko hafa mifandray akaiky toa ny ''Chloroleucon'' sy ny ''Samanea''.

== Karazana notsongaina ==

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
Ny fitambaran' ny karazana ''Albizia'' eto [[Madagasikara: Televiziona noterena hijanona|Madagasikara]] dia tombanana eo amin' ny 30 eo ho eo, izay ny ankamaroany (24 ka hatramin' ny 27 karazana) dia tsy hita raha tsy eto amin' ny Nosy. Ireto ny sasany:

* ''Albizia adianthifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Schumach&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Albizia androyensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia arenicola'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia atakataka]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia aurisparsa'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia balabaka]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia mahalao]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia bernieri'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn. ex Villiers&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia boinensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia boivinii'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia commiphoroides'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia divaricata'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia greveana'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia gummifera'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F.Gmel.) C.A.Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia jaubertiana'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia mainaea'' &lt;small&gt;Villiers&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia masikororum]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia morombensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia numidarum'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia odorata'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia perrieri'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia polyphylla]]'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia sahafariensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia tulearensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia verrucosa'' &lt;small&gt;(E.Fourn.) R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;

Indreto ny karazana nampidirina na voamarika, fa tsy voatery ho teratany:

* ''[[Albizia adianthifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Schumach.) W.Wight&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia chinensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Osbeck) Merr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia lebbeck]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia saman]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) F.Muell.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Samanea saman'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) Merr.&lt;/small&gt;)

== Fampiasana ==
Zavamaniry fanao sakafom-biby fiompy sy fakana hazo hampiasaina ary zavamaniry fanafody ny karazana albizia, ary maro no ambolena hatao haingo noho ny voniny mahafinaritra - indrindra ny ''Albizia julibrissin''. Sakafon' ny olitry ny lolo sasany ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Endoclita]]'' ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Albizia'', anisan' izany ny ''[[Endoclita damor]]'' sy ny ''[[Endoclita malabaricus]]'' ary ny ''[[Endoclita sericeus]]''. Miparitaka be any amin' ny faritra manana toetany antonony any amin' ny [[ila bolantany]] avaratra ny karazana iray, ny hazon-landy ''Albizia julibrissin''. Izy io no karazana mahatanty indrindra ao amin' ilay vondron-karazana (mahazaka mari-pana hatramin' ny -30 °C raha mafana ny fahavaratra ka ahafahan' ilay hazo haniry). Any [[Amerika Avaratra]], izay ambolena be dia be azy io hatao hazo haingo, ary matetika no afangaro amin' ny karazana ao amin' ny ''[[Mimosa]]''. Any amin' ny fanjakana amerikanina maro dia nanjary tena mifanaraka amin' ny toetany any ny ''Albizia julibrissin'' ary heverina ho karazana manafika ankehitriny.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny Albizia|Lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Albizia'']]

* [[Alomboro]]: ''[[Albizia bernieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;E. Fourn. ex Villiers&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia boinensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R. Vig.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia perrieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) R. Vig.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia polyphylla]]'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia tulearensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R. Vig.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]'')
* [[Halomboro]]: ''[[Albizia tulearensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia bernieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn. ex Villiers&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia polyphylla]]'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]'')
* [[Sambalahy]]: ''[[Albizia adianthifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Schumann) W.Wight&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Albizia fastigiata'' &lt;small&gt;(E. Mey.) Oliv.&lt;/small&gt;; ''Albizia sassa'' &lt;small&gt;(Willd.) Chiov.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Albizia boivinii]]'' &lt;small&gt;E. Fourn.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia gummifera]]'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F. Gmel.) C.A. Sm.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Cassia hippophallus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]'').
* [[Singena]]: ''[[Albizia bernieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;E. Fourn.ex Villiers&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia boinensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Macphersonia gracilis]]'' &lt;small&gt;O. Hoffm.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Sapindaceae]]'').
* [[Volomboroña (zavamaniry)]]:  ''[[Albizia adianthifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Schumann) W.Wight&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Albizia fastigiata'' &lt;small&gt;(E. Mey.) Oliv.&lt;/small&gt;; ''Albizia sassa'' &lt;small&gt;(Willd.) Chiov.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Albizia gummifera]]'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F. Gmel.) C.A. Sm.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]'').</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153387</id>
      <parentid>1153385</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-08T20:53:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153387</origin>
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      <text bytes="7809" sha1="12vp3l3kj149ft49lwir2p0ibzc5k5v" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:20130822Albizia julibrissin4.jpg|vignette|415x415px|''Albizia julibrissin'']]
Ny '''''Albizia''''' dia antokon[[Angiospermae|-javamaniry mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Fabales]]. Ahitana karazana [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]] sy [[hazobotry]] trôpikaly na sobtrôpikaly 150 ka hatramin' ny 160 eo ho eo izy io. Araka ny fanasokajiana klasika, dia ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Mimosaceae]]'' izy io, fa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''Fabaceae'', zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideae]]'', araka ny [[Fanasokajiana filôjenetika|fanasokajiana]] [[Fanasokajiana filôjenetika|filôjenetika]]. Nahazo ny anarany avy amin' ny anaran' i [[Filippo degli Albizzi]], italiana izay nampiditra azy tany [[Eorôpa]] tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-18, ity antoko ity, izay matetika diso tsipelina (&quot;''Albizzia''&quot;).
[[Sary:Doon Siris (Albizia procera) pod at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W Picture 215.jpg|vignette|274x274px|Pepan' ny ''Albizia procera'']]
Fahita any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly any [[Azia]], ao [[Afrika]], eto [[Madagasikara]], any [[Amerika Afovoany]] sy [[Amerika Atsimo|Atsimo]] ary any [[Aostralia]], ny karazana ao amin' io antoko io. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia maty tanora ireo zavamaniry ireo, izay manana haavo 6 ka hatramin' ny 12 m sy sakany 5 ka hatramin' ny 8 m. Manana tampona midadasika sy mivelatra izy ireo, ka mitovy amin' ny hazo manana voninkazo lehibe hafa hita aty amin' ny tany mafana (''[[Delonix regia]]'', ''[[Caesalpinia pulcherrima]]'', ''[[Jacaranda mimosifolia]]'').

Ny raviny dia mitapatapaka tsara sy itambaran' ny [[Zana-pelana|zanapelana]] kely miforitra eo amin' ny tenany rehefa tsy ampy [[hazavana]] ilay zavamaniry. Mampiseho [[lahimbony]] izay matetika mahavariana sy lava kokoa noho ny [[felambony]] ny voniny izay kely. Heverina ho [[zavamaniry manafika]] ny karazana sasany.

== Fanasokajiana ==
[[Sary:Albizia lophanta0.jpg|vignette|''Albizia lophanta'']]
Karazana maro napetraky ny mpanoratra voalohany tao amin' ny ''Albizia'' no nafindra any amin' ny antoko hafa, indrindra fa ao amin' ny ''Archidendron''. Nahazo ny anjarany avy amin' ny karazana tao amin' ny ''Albizia'' teo aloha ny antoko hafa ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideae]]'' (''Abarema, Archidendropsis, Blanchetiodendron, Calliandra, Cathormion, Enterolobium, Havardia, Hesperalbizia, Hydrochorea, Pararchidendron, Paraserianthes, Pseudosamanea'' ary ''Serianthes''), toy ny an' ny ''Newtonia'' sy ny ''Schleinitzia''. Raha ny marina dia mpikambana ao amin' ny antoko ''Erythrophleum'' (''[[Caesalpinioideae]]'') sy ''[[Lebeckia]]''  (''[[Faboideae]]''), izay tsy dia mifandray akaiky, ny sasany izay heverina ho &quot;hazon-dandy&quot;.

Malaza ho saro-drafitra ny famaritana ny ''[[Falcataria]]'' sy ny ''Pithecellobium'', izay havana akaikin' ny ''Albizia'', satria ahitana karazana efa nafindra teo amin' ireo antoko ireo matetika, ary mety hitohy izany. Anisan' izany ny ''Falcataria falcata'' (ilay nantsoina hoe ''Albizia moluccana'' taeo aloha), izay hazo fialokalofana mahazatra eo amin' ny tany fambolena [[Dite (zavamaniry)|dite]]. Matetika atambatra amin' ny ''Albizia'' manontolo ny antoko hafa mifandray akaiky toa ny ''Chloroleucon'' sy ny ''Samanea''.

== Karazana notsongaina ==

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
Ny fitambaran' ny karazana ''Albizia'' eto [[Madagasikara: Televiziona noterena hijanona|Madagasikara]] dia tombanana eo amin' ny 30 eo ho eo, izay ny ankamaroany (24 ka hatramin' ny 27 karazana) dia tsy hita raha tsy eto amin' ny Nosy. Ireto ny sasany:

* ''Albizia adianthifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Schumach&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Albizia androyensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia arenicola'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia atakataka]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia aurisparsa'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia balabaka]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia mahalao]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia bernieri'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn. ex Villiers&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia boinensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia boivinii'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia commiphoroides'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia divaricata'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia greveana'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia gummifera'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F.Gmel.) C.A.Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia jaubertiana'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia mainaea'' &lt;small&gt;Villiers&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia masikororum]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia morombensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia numidarum'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia odorata'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia perrieri'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia polyphylla]]'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia sahafariensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia tulearensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Albizia verrucosa'' &lt;small&gt;(E.Fourn.) R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;

Indreto ny karazana nampidirina na voamarika, fa tsy voatery ho teratany:

* ''[[Albizia adianthifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Schumach.) W.Wight&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia chinensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Osbeck) Merr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia lebbeck]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Albizia saman]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) F.Muell.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Samanea saman'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) Merr.&lt;/small&gt;)

== Fampiasana ==
Zavamaniry fanao sakafom-biby fiompy sy fakana hazo hampiasaina ary zavamaniry fanafody ny karazana albizia, ary maro no ambolena hatao haingo noho ny voniny mahafinaritra - indrindra ny ''Albizia julibrissin''. Sakafon' ny olitry ny lolo sasany ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Endoclita]]'' ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Albizia'', anisan' izany ny ''[[Endoclita damor]]'' sy ny ''[[Endoclita malabaricus]]'' ary ny ''[[Endoclita sericeus]]''. Miparitaka be any amin' ny faritra manana toetany antonony any amin' ny [[ila bolantany]] avaratra ny karazana iray, ny hazon-landy ''Albizia julibrissin''. Izy io no karazana mahatanty indrindra ao amin' ilay vondron-karazana (mahazaka mari-pana hatramin' ny -30 °C raha mafana ny fahavaratra ka ahafahan' ilay hazo haniry). Any [[Amerika Avaratra]], izay ambolena be dia be azy io hatao hazo haingo, ary matetika no afangaro amin' ny karazana ao amin' ny ''[[Mimosa]]''. Any amin' ny fanjakana amerikanina maro dia nanjary tena mifanaraka amin' ny toetany any ny ''Albizia julibrissin'' ary heverina ho karazana manafika ankehitriny.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny Albizia|Lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Albizia'']]

* [[Alomboro]]: ''[[Albizia bernieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;E. Fourn. ex Villiers&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia boinensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R. Vig.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia perrieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) R. Vig.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia polyphylla]]'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia tulearensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R. Vig.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]'')
* [[Halomboro]]: ''[[Albizia tulearensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia bernieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn. ex Villiers&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia polyphylla]]'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]'')
* [[Sambalahy]]: ''[[Albizia adianthifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Schumann) W.Wight&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Albizia fastigiata'' &lt;small&gt;(E. Mey.) Oliv.&lt;/small&gt;; ''Albizia sassa'' &lt;small&gt;(Willd.) Chiov.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Albizia boivinii]]'' &lt;small&gt;E. Fourn.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia gummifera]]'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F. Gmel.) C.A. Sm.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Cassia hippophallus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]'').
* [[Singena]]: ''[[Albizia bernieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;E. Fourn.ex Villiers&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia boinensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Macphersonia gracilis]]'' &lt;small&gt;O. Hoffm.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Sapindaceae]]'').
* [[Volomborona (zavamaniry)]]:  ''[[Albizia adianthifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Schumann) W.Wight&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Albizia fastigiata'' &lt;small&gt;(E. Mey.) Oliv.&lt;/small&gt;; ''Albizia sassa'' &lt;small&gt;(Willd.) Chiov.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Albizia gummifera]]'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F. Gmel.) C.A. Sm.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]'').</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lisitry ny hazo fihinam-boa eto Madagasikara</title>
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      <id>1153412</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-09T06:28:10Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="29788" sha1="hy2ododi7l2l92gam0rypa15lihbfgm" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Litchi chinensis fruits.JPG|vignette|408x408px|[[Litisia|Letisia]] (''[[Litchi chinensis]]'')]]
Inty ny '''lisitry ny hazo fihinam-boa eto Madagasikara'''. Marihina fa ny teny hoe &quot;hazo&quot; ampiasaina eto dia anondroana ny [[Hazo (zavamaniry)|hazo]], ny [[hazobotry]], ny [[kirihitra]], ary ny [[vahy]], eny fa na ny zavamaniry atao amin' ny anarana hoe [[Zavamaniry ahitra|ahitra]] rehefa tena lehibe (ohatra: [[akondro]]) na ireo ivelan' ny fanasokajiana mahazatra (toy ny [[raketa]]) koa aza. Misy amin' ny zavamaniry hotanisaina eto ny tsy misy afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]], ny sasany hita ihany koa any amin' ny firenena sy faritra any ivelany ary ny hafa nampidirina teto. Tsy nampidirina ao amin' ity ny [[voamaina]] ([[kabaro]], [[tsaramaso]], sns) sy ny [[voamadinika]] ([[vary]], [[Zea mays|katsaka]], sns), ny [[voa fakana menaka]] ([[Arachis hypogaea|voanjo]], [[sôza]], sns).

== Lisitry ny fianakaviana sy ny antoko ==

=== Lisitry ny fianakavian-javamaniry ===
Inty ny lisitry ny fianakavian-javamaniry ahitana karazana fihinam-boa maniry eto [[Madagasikara]], nalahatra araka ny abidy:

* ''[[Anacardiaceae]]'' ''- [[Anisophylleaceae]] - [[Annonaceae]] - [[Apocynaceae]] - [[Arecaceae]] -'' ''[[Bromeliaceae]]'' ''- [[Burseraceae]] - [[Cactaceae]] - [[Caricaceae]] - [[Celastraceae]] - [[Clusiaceae]] - [[Combretaceae]] - [[Ebenaceae]] - [[Fabaceae]] - [[Lauraceae]] - [[Loganiaceae]] - [[Malvaceae]]'' (ankehitriny dia tafiditra ao ny ''[[Bombacaceae]]'') - ''[[Menispermaceae]]'' ''- [[Moraceae]] - [[Musaceae]] - [[Myrtaceae]] - [[Orchidaceae]] - [[Pandanaceae]] - [[Passifloraceae]] - [[Phyllanthaceae]] - [[Piperaceae]] - [[Proteaceae]] - [[Rosaceae]] - [[Rubiaceae]] - [[Rutaceae]] - [[Sapindaceae]] - [[Sapotaceae]] - [[Solanaceae]] - [[Vitaceae]]''

=== Lisitry ny antokon-javamaniry ===
Inty ny lisitry ny antoko ahitana karazana fihinam-boa maniry eto [[Madagasikara]], nalahatra araka ny abidy:
* ''[[Adansonia]] - [[Ananas]] - [[Anisophyllea]] - [[Annona]] - [[Bismarckia]] - [[Borassus]] - [[Bromelia]] - [[Canarium (zavamaniry)|Canarium]] - [[Carica]] - [[Carissa]] - [[Causonis]] - [[Cayratia]] - [[Cereus]] - [[Cissus]] - [[Citrus]] - [[Cocos (zavamaniry)|Cocos]] - [[Cola (zavamaniry)|Cola]] - [[Cyphostemma]] - [[Dilobeia]] - [[Diospyros]] - [[Dypsis]] - [[Elaeis]] - [[Eugenia]] - [[Ficus]] - [[Fragaria]] - [[Hylocereus]] - [[Hyphaene]] - [[Labramia]] - [[Landolphia]] - [[Leuenbergeria]] - [[Litchi]] - [[Malus]] - [[Mangifera]] - [[Mimusops]] - [[Musa]] - [[Opuntia]] - [[Pandanus]] - [[Passiflora]] - [[Persea]] - [[Pereskia]]'' (jereo koa: ''[[Leuenbergeria]]'' sy ''[[Rhodocactus]]'') ''- [[Phoenix]] - [[Piper]] - [[Poivrea]] - [[Physalis]] - [[Prunus]] - [[Psidium]] - [[Pyrus]] - [[Raphia]] - [[Ravenea]] - [[Rheedia]] - [[Rhipsalis]] - [[Rhodocactus]] - [[Rubus]] - [[Saba (zavamaniry)|Saba]]'' - ''[[Salacia]] - [[Satranala]] - [[Selenicereus]] - [[Sorindeia]] - [[Spondias]] - [[Strychnos]] - [[Solanum]] - [[Symphonia]] - [[Syzygium]] - [[Tamarindus]] - [[Treculia]] - [[Uapaca]] - [[Vangueria]] - [[Vasconcellea]] - [[Vanilla]] - [[Vitis]]''

== Lisitry ny karazana (anarana ara-tsiansa) ==
Inty ny lisitry ny karazan-javamaniry fihinam-boa maniry eto [[Madagasikara]], nalahatra araka ny abidy:

=== A ===
[[Sary:Adansonia rubrostipa 03.jpg|vignette|Ringy na fony  (''[[Adansonia rubrostipa]]'')|205x205px]]
* ''[[Adansonia digitata]]'' [''[[Bombacaceae]]'' na ''[[Malvaceae]]''] -- baobaba, baobaza, baovola, bontona, boringy, fontana, rainiala, ringy, sefo, vonoa, vontana, vontona
* ''[[Adansonia grandidieri]]'' [''Bombacaceae'' na ''Malvaceae''] -- renala, reniala, renibeala, vonoa
* ''[[Adansonia madagascariensis]]'' (← ''Adansonia bernieri'') [''Bombacaceae'' na ''Malvaceae''] --  bontana, bontona, bozy, fony, mboio, reniala
* ''[[Adansonia perrieri]]'' [''Bombacaceae'' na ''Malvaceae''] – za
* ''[[Adansonia rubrostipa]]'' (← ''Adansonia fony'') [''Bombacaceae'' na ''Malvaceae''] -- ringy
* ''[[Adansonia suarezensis]]'' [''Bombacaceae'' na ''Malvaceae''] --  vonoa, za
* ''[[Adansonia za]]'' (← ''Adansonia alba, Adansonia bozy'') [''Bombacaceae'' na ''Malvaceae''] -- bontana, bontona, boringy, bozo, bozy, fony, mboio, ringy, voajabo, za, zabo
* ''[[Ananas bracteatus]]'' [''[[Bromeliaceae]]''] --
* ''[[Mananasy|Ananas comosus]]'' (= ''Bromelia ananas'') [''Bromeliaceae''] --  fandra, fandrana, mananasy, satra, voafandrana
* ''[[Anisophyllea anisophyllea]]'' [''[[Anisophylleaceae]]''] -- ambalasira
* ''[[Anisophyllea fallax]]'' [''Anisophylleaceae''] -- hazomamy
* ''[[Anisophyllea madagascariensis]]'' [''Anisophylleaceae''] --
* ''[[Anisophyllea masoalensis]]'' [''Anisophylleaceae''] --
* ''[[Anisophyllea parafallax]]'' [''Anisophylleaceae''] --
* ''[[Anisophyllea purpurascens]]'' [''Anisophylleaceae''] --
* ''[[Anisophyllea schatzii]]'' [''Anisophylleaceae''] --
* ''[[Annona muricata]]'' [''[[Annonaceae]]''] -- karaosoly, koropataka, kôrôsôly // voantsokona, voatsiriry,
* ''[[Annona squamosa]]'' [''Annonaceae''] -- konikony, konokono // voasaritany
* ''[[Artocarpus altilis]]'' [''[[Moraceae]]''] -- [[soanambo]], tsirapay
* [[Ampalibe|''Artocarpus heterophyllus'']] [''Moraceae''] -- ampalibe
* ''[[Artocarpus integer]]'' (← ''Artocarpus integrifolia'') [''Moraceae''] -- finesy, kimahatorolela, sonambo, voanampalibe
[[Sary:Bismarckia nobilis3498.jpg|vignette|208x208px|Satrana (''[[Bismarckia nobilis]]'')]]

=== B ===

* ''[[Bismarckia nobilis]]'' [''[[Arecaceae]]''] -- [[satrana]]
* ''[[Borassus aethiopum]]'' [''Arecaceae''] --
* ''[[Borassus madagascariensis]]'' [''Arecaceae''] – dimaka, befelatanana:
* ''[[Borassus madagascariensis]]'' [''Arecaceae''] – voanio
* ''[[Burasaia madagascariensis]]'' [''[[Menispermaceae]]''] -- amborasahamaitso, amborasahy, amborasaka, amboravaky, borasaha, faritatsy, faritsaty, hazondahy, odiandro, oditohina, ralakamisy, vodihazo // madiriandro

=== C ===
[[Sary:Citrus-aurantiifolia-fruits.JPG|vignette|Voasary (''[[Citrus aurantiifolia]]'')]]
* ''[[Canarium madagascariensis]]'' [''[[Burseraceae]]''] -- aramy, haramy, ramy, tambazotse
* ''[[Carica papaya]]'' [''[[Caricaceae]]''] -- [[papay]], mapaza
* ''[[Carissa boiviniana]]'' [''[[Apocynaceae]]''] --
* ''[[Carissa densiflora]]'' [''Apocynaceae''] -- mango
** ''Carissa densiflora'' var ''microphylla'' -- mango
* ''[[Carissa macrocarpa]]'' [''Apocynaceae''] --
* ''[[Carissa pichoniana]]'' [''Apocynaceae''] -- hazombato
* ''[[Carissa sessiliflora]]'' [''Apocynaceae''] -- tavaka, voantsikomoka, voantsikopiky
* ''[[Carissa spinarum]]'' (← ''Carissa edulis,'' ''Carissa pubescens, Carissa comorensis'') [''Apocynaceae''] -- taolana, taolanomby, voakandrina, voamantsoana
* ''[[Cayratia trifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Desc.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Causonis trifolia'') [''Vitaceae''] --
* ''[[Cereus peruvianus]]'' [''[[Cactaceae]]''] --
* ''[[Cissus quadrangularis]]'' [''[[Vitaceae]]''] --
* ''[[Cissus lenticellata]]'' (← ''Vitis lenticellata'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;) [''[[Vitaceae]]''] -- vahintakifitra, vahintankifitra, vahintankifotra
* ''[[Cissus verticillata]]'' [''Vitaceae''] -- voalobokadia
* ''[[Citrus aurantiifolia]]'' (← ''Citrus aurantifolia'') [''[[Rutaceae]]''] -- angy, besenta, hangy, matsitso, soa, tsirebika, voantolongo, voasarimakirana, voasarimamy, voasarimandina, voasarisoa, voasary
* ''[[Citrus aurantium]]''  [''Rutaceae''] -- voangikely, voatolongo
* ''[[Citrus hystrix]]'' [''Rutaceae''] --  voangabe, voangibe // kaombava
* ''[[Citrus limon]]'' [''Rutaceae''] -- voasarimakirana
* ''[[Citrus maxima]]'' (← ''Citrus grandis, Citrus decumana'') [''Rutaceae''] -- angibe, hangibe, papelimosy, pilionosy, tremo, voahangibe, voasaribe, voasarihangibe // vangisay
* ''[[Citrus medica]]'' [''Rutaceae''] --  voantolongo,  voasarimandina
** ''Citrus medica'' subsp. ''bajoum'' --  tolongo,  tsilongo, voatsilongo
* ''[[Citrus paradisi]]'' [''Rutaceae'']
* ''[[Citrus reticulata]]'' [''Rutaceae''] -- // mandarina
* ''[[Citrus sinensis]]'' [''Rutaceae''] -- voasarimamy, voasary
* ''[[Citrus voangiala]]'' [''[[Rutaceae]]''] -- voangiala
* ''[[Cocos nucifera]]'' [''[[Arecaceae]]''] -- [[voanio]]
* ''[[Cola acuminata]]'' [''[[Malvaceae]]''] -- kôlà
* ''[[Cola nitida]]'' [''Malvaceae''] -- kôla
* ''[[Cola perrieri]]'' [''Malvaceae''] --
* ''[[Combretum grandidieri]]'' (← ''Calopyxis grandidieri'') [''[[Combretaceae]]''] -- tamenaka
* ''[[Combretum calopyxis]]'' (← ''Calopyxis eriantha'') [''Combretaceae''] -- boka, matitihena, tamenaka, temenaka, voantamenaka
* ''[[Combretum coccineum]]'' [''Combretaceae''] -- halaitra, manikibonga
* ''[[Combretum coursianum]]'' (← ''Calopyxis coursiana'') [''Combretaceae''] -- tamenaka, voatamenaka
* ''[[Combretum eriogynum]]'' (← ''Calopyxis eriogyna'') [''Combretaceae''] -- voatamenaka
* ''[[Combretum indicum]]'' [''Combretaceae''] --
* ''[[Combretum macrocalyx]]'' (← ''Calopyxis bernieriana'') (= Poivrea bernieriana) [''Combretaceae''] -- voantamenaka, voatamenaka
* ''[[Combretum oxygonium]]'' (← ''Calopyxis oxygonia'') [''Combretaceae''] -- menakabongo, voantamenaka
* ''[[Combretum sphaeroides]]'' (← ''Calopyxis brevistyla'') [''[[Combretaceae]]''] -- voantamenaka
* ''[[Combretum subumbellatum]]'' (← ''Calopyxis subumbellata'') [''Combretaceae''] -- mangitohezitra, tamenaka, vakakoana, voantamenaka, voatamenaka // voanjonala
* ''[[Cyphostemma greveanum]]'' [''[[Vitaceae]]''] -- vahimboamena
* ''[[Cyphostemma microadiparthros]]'' / ''[[Cyphostemma microadiparthra]]'' (= ''Cissus microadiparthros'') [''Vitaceae''] --
* ''[[Cyphostemma microdipterum]]'' (← ''Vitis microdiptera'') [''Vitaceae''] -- divay, famakientana
* ''[[Cyphostemma montagnacii]]'' [''Vitaceae''] --
[[Sary:Fuyu Persimmon (Diospyros Kaki) editMMK.jpg|vignette|211x211px|Kaky (''[[Diospyros kaki]]'')]]

=== D ===

* ''[[Dilobeia thouarsii]]'' [''[[Proteaceae]]''] – bakaravina, hazobaka, hazontavolo, hovao, makaleona, mankaleo, ovao, ramandriona, rihaona, tambelomanana, tavolohazo, tavolopika, vazano, vivaona
* ''[[Diospyros ferrea]]'' [''[[Ebenaceae]]''] --
* ''[[Diospyros kaki]]'' [''Ebenaceae''] -- kaky
* ''[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]'' [''Ebenaceae''] --
* ''[[Diospyros perrieri]]'' [''Ebenaceae''] -- hazoarina, hazozoby, lopingo, mapingo, pingo, volombodimpoina
* ''[[Diospyros sakalavarum]]'' [''Ebenaceae''] --  hazomafana
* ''[[Diospyros squamosa]]'' [''Ebenaceae''] --
* ''[[Dypsis baronii]]'' [''[[Arecaceae]]''] --
* ''[[Dypsis lutescens]]'' [''Arecaceae''] -- lafahazo, lafaza, lafohaza, na rehazo.
* ''[[Dypsis madagascariensis]]'' [''Arecaceae''] – // farihazo, hirihiry
[[Sary:Elaeis guineensis oil palm fruit Portoviejo Ecuador.jpg|vignette|209x209px|''[[Elaeis guineensis]]'']]

=== E ===

* ''[[Elaeis guineensis]]'' [''[[Arecaceae]]''] – palmie fanaova-menaka,  tsingilo
** ''Elaeis guineensis'' var ''madagascariensis'' (= ''Elaeis madagascariensis'') --  tsingilo
*''[[Epiphyllum anguliger]]'' [''[[Cactaceae]]''] --
* ''[[Epiphyllum oxypetalum]]'' [''Cactaceae''] –
* ''[[Epiphyllum phyllanthus]]'' [''Cactaceae''] --
* ''[[Eugenia brasiliensis]]'' [''[[Myrtaceae]]''] --
* ''[[Eugenia cotinifolia]]'' [''Myrtaceae''] -- mangidika, mantsidika
* ''[[Eugenia hazomamy]]'' [''Myrtaceae''] --
* ''[[Eugenia lokhensis]]'' [''Myrtaceae''] --
* ''[[Eugenia louvelii]]'' [''Myrtaceae''] --
* ''[[Eugenia lucida]]'' [''Myrtaceae''] -- atsingilo, tsaringila
* ''[[Eugenia nosibensis]]'' [''Myrtaceae''] --
* ''[[Eugenia parkeri]]'' [''Myrtaceae''] --
* ''[[Eugenia uniflora]]'' [''[[Myrtaceae]]''] --
[[Sary:Ficus polita (nom), vye, Manie van der Schijff BT, c.jpg|vignette|208x208px|Mandresy (''[[Ficus polita]]'')]]

=== F ===

* ''[[Ficus carica]]'' L. [''[[Moraceae]]''] – aviavimbazaha
* ''[[Ficus grevei]]'' [''Moraceae''] -- fihamy
* ''[[Ficus lutea]]'' Vahl [''Moraceae''] – amontana,  mandresy , nonokalika, aviavy
* ''[[Ficus pachyclada]]'' [''Moraceae''] -- adabo
* ''[[Ficus polita]]'' [''Moraceae''] -- mandresy, tsaramady.
* ''[[Ficus reflexa]]'' Thunb. [''[[Moraceae]]''] --
* ''[[Ficus sakalavarum]]'' [''Moraceae''] – adabo
* ''[[Ficus sur]]'' [''Moraceae''] --
* ''[[Ficus sycomorus]]'' L. [''Moraceae''] -- amontana
* ''[[Ficus trichoclada]]'' Baker [''Moraceae''] --
* ''[[Ficus tiliifolia]]'' Baker (ou ''Ficus trichophlebia'') [''[[Moraceae]]''] -- voara, ara, aviavy, amontana
* ''[[Fragaria × ananassa]]'' [''[[Rosaceae]]''] -- [[frezy]]
* ''[[Fragaria vesca]]'' [''Rosaceae''] --

=== G ===

* ''[[Garcinia aphanophlebia]]'' (← ''[[Rheedia aphanophlebia]]'') [''[[Clusiaceae]]''] --
* ''[[Garcinia chapelieri]]'' (← ''[[Rheedia chapelieri]]'') [''Clusiaceae''] -- dampy, vandrika, leandriaka.
* ''[[Garcinia madagascariensis]]'' (← ''[[Rheedia madagascariensis]]'') [''Clusiaceae''] --
* ''[[Garcinia mangorensis]]'' [''[[Clusiaceae]]''] – vandrika
* ''[[Garcinia mangostana]]'' [''Clusiaceae''] – mangostana
* ''[[Garcinia pauciflora]]'' [''Clusiaceae''] – vandrikala
* ''[[Garcinia verrucosa]]'' [''Clusiaceae''] -- dampy
* ''[[Garcinia zeylanica]]'' [''[[Clusiaceae]]''] --
[[Sary:Hyphaene coriacea kz1.JPG|vignette|273x273px|Babangy (''[[Hyphaene coriacea]]'')]]

=== H ===

* ''[[Hyphaene compressa]]'' H.Wendl. [''[[Arecaceae]]''] --
* ''[[Hyphaene coriacea]]'' (Gaertn.) [''Arecaceae''] -- babangy, lokoko // satramira
* ''[[Hyphaene shatan]]'' [''Arecaceae''] -- dana,  satra, satrakely, satramira, satrana, satrantoloho, satraviehy, satsa, taliona

=== L ===

* ''[[Labramia ambondrombeensis]]'' [''[[Sapotaceae]]''] --
* ''[[Labramia boivinii]]'' [''Sapotaceae''] -- faho, mantsadaka
* ''[[Labramia bojeri]]'' [''Sapotaceae''] --
* ''[[Labramia costata]]'' [''Sapotaceae''] -- todinga
* ''[[Labramia platyphylla]]'' [''Sapotaceae''] --
* ''[[Landolphia kirkii]]'' [''Sapotaceae''] --
* ''[[Landolphia madagascariensis]]'' [''Sapotaceae''] --
* ''[[Landolphia myrtifolia]]'' [''Sapotaceae''] --
* ''[[Landolphia perrieri]]'' [''Sapotaceae''] --
* ''[[Litchi chinensis]]'' [''[[Sapindaceae]]''] -- [[litisia]], letisy

=== M ===
[[Sary:Musa acuminata 337319858.jpg|vignette|212x212px|Akondro (''[[Musa acuminata]]'')]][[Sary:Mangifera indica 1a 13.jpg|vignette|Manga (''[[Mangifera indica]]'')|207x207px]]
* ''[[Malus domestica]]'' [''Rosaceae''] -- paoma
* ''[[Malus × robusta]]'' [''[[Rosaceae]]''] --
* ''[[Malus pumila]]'' [''Rosaceae''] --
* ''[[Mangifera foetida]]'' [''[[Anacardiaceae]]''] --
* ''[[Mangifera indica]]'' [''Anacardiaceae''] -- manga
* ''[[Mangifera odorata]]'' [''Anacardiaceae''] --
* ''[[Mimusops coriacea]]'' (← ''[[Mimusops commersonii]]'') [''[[Sapotaceae]]''] -- tsirika, vohimpiky
* ''[[Mimusops elengi]]'' [''Sapotaceae''] --
* ''[[Mimusops obtusifolia]]'' [''Sapotaceae''] --
* ''[[Musa acuminata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Colla&lt;/small&gt; [ ''Musaceae''] -- foignonana, akondro
* ''[[Musa balbisiana]]'' [''Musaceae''] --
* ''[[Musa × paradisiaca]]'' L. (''Musa sapientum'' L.) (safiotra ''M. acuminata'' × ''M. balbisiana'') [''[[Musaceae]]''] -- akondro, akondrofify, batavia, fontsilahy, fontsy, hontsy, horita, katakata, kifapanonotsy, mavokely, otsy, tsienamboa
[[Sary:Hint inciri - Indian fig - Opuntia ficus-indica 01.JPG|vignette|219x219px|Raketa (''[[Opuntia ficus-indica]]'')]]

=== O ===

* ''[[Opuntia dillenii]]'' [''[[Cactaceae]]''] --
* ''[[Opuntia ficus-indica]]'' [''Cactaceae''] --
* ''[[Opuntia monacantha]]'' [''Cactaceae''] -- raketa malady
* ''[[Opuntia stricta]]'' [''Cactaceae''] -- raketa mena

=== P ===
[[Sary:Starr 020803-0117 Psidium guajava.jpg|vignette|Goavy (''[[Psidium guajava]]'')|210x210px]]
* ''[[Pandanus tectorius]]'' [''[[Pandanaceae]]''] --
* ''[[Pandanus utilis]]'' [''Pandanaceae''] --
* ''[[Passiflora caerulea]]'' [''[[Passifloraceae]]''] --
* ''[[Passiflora edulis]]'' [''Passifloraceae''] -- 
** ''Passiflora edulis'' f. ''edulis'' --
** ''Passiflora edulis'' f. ''flavicarpa'' --
* ''[[Passiflora foetida]]'' [''Passifloraceae''] -- tsipopoka
* ''[[Passiflora incarnata]]'' [''Passifloraceae''] --
* ''[[Passiflora laurifolia]]'' [''Passifloraceae''] ---
* ''[[Passiflora ligularis]]'' [''Passifloraceae''] --
* ''[[Passiflora quadrangularis]]'' [''Passifloraceae''] --
* ''[[Pereskia aculeata]]'' [''[[Cactaceae]]''] --
* ''[[Pereskia grandifolia]]'' [''Cactaceae''] --
* ''[[Persea americana]]'' [''[[Lauraceae]]''] -- [[Zavôka|zavôkà]]
* ''[[Phoenix canariensis]]'' [''[[Arecaceae]]''] --
* ''[[Phoenix dactylifera]]'' [''Arecaceae''] -- [[Antrendry (zavamaniry)|antrendry]] // rofiavahiny
* ''[[Phoenix reclinata]]'' [''Arecaceae''] -- antrendry, kalabo, kalalo, dara, daro, taratra, taratsa, taratsy
* ''[[Phoenix roebelenii]]'' [''Arecaceae''] --
* ''[[Physalis angulata]]'' [''[[Solanaceae]]''] --
* ''[[Physalis minima]]'' [''Solanaceae''] --
* ''[[Physalis peruviana]]'' [''Solanaceae''] --
* ''[[Piper borbonense]]'' [''[[Piperaceae]]''] -- tsiperifery, voatsiperifery
* ''[[Piper guineense]]'' [''Piperaceae''] -- kisiditry
* ''[[Piper nigrum]]'' [''Piperaceae''] --
* ''[[Piper pachyphyllum]]'' [''Piperaceae''] --
* ''[[Piper pyrifolium]]'' [''Piperaceae''] -- voatsiperifery

* ''[[Prunus africana]]'' (= ''[[Pygeum africanum]]'') [ ''[[Rosaceae]]''] -- kotofihy
* ''[[Prunus armeniaca]]'' [''Rosaceae''] --
* ''[[Prunus avium]]'' [''Rosaceae''] --
* ''[[Prunus cerasifera]]'' [''Rosaceae''] --
* ''[[Prunus cerasus]]'' [''Rosaceae''] --
* ''[[Prunus domestica]]'' [''Rosaceae''] --
* ''[[Prunus persica]]'' [''[[Rosaceae]]''] -- [[paiso]]
* ''[[Psidium cattleianum]]'' [''[[Myrtaceae]]''] -- goavimena
* ''[[Psidium guajava]]'' [''[[Myrtaceae]]''] -- [[Goavy (zavamaniry)|goavy]]
* [[Psidium guineense|''Psidium guineens''e]] [''[[Myrtaceae]]''] --
* ''[[Pyrus communis]]'' [''[[Rosaceae]]''] -- [[poara]]
* ''[[Pyrus pyrifolia]]'' [''Rosaceae''] --
[[Sary:Raphia farinifera, Mahajanga Rural, Madagascar 1.png|vignette|Rofia (''[[Raphia farinifera]]'')]]

=== R ===

* ''[[Raphia farinifera]]'' (= ''Raphia ruffia'') [''[[Arecaceae]]''] -- rofia
* ''[[Ravenea dransfieldii]]'' [''Arecaceae''] --
* ''[[Ravenea madagascariensis]]'' [''Arecaceae''] – gora, matitanana
* ''[[Ravenea rivularis]]'' [''Arecaceae''] --  // akoraka, bakaly, gora, gory, ravina
* ''[[Ravenea sambiranensis]]'' [''Arecaceae''] – manarana, sira

* ''[[Rhipsalis baccifera]]'' [''[[Cactaceae]]''] --
** [[Rhipsalis baccifera subsp. horrida|''Rhipsalis baccifera'' subsp. ''horrida'']] (= ''[[Rhipsalis horrida]]'') --
** [[Rhipsalis baccifera subsp. mauritiana|''Rhipsalis baccifera'' subsp. ''mauritiana'']] (= ''[[Rhipsalis mauritiana]]'') --
* ''[[Rhipsalis madagascariensis]]'' [''Cactaceae''] --
* ''[[Rubus alceifolius]]'' [''[[Rosaceae]]''] --

* ''[[Rubus apetalus]]'' [''Rosaceae''] --
* ''[[Rubus eichleri]]'' [''Rosaceae''] --
* ''[[Rubus fraxinifolius]]'' [''Rosaceae''] --
* ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' [''Rosaceae''] --
* ''[[Rubus idaeus]]'' [''Rosaceae''] --
* ''[[Rubus pauciflorus]]'' [''Rosaceae''] --
* ''[[Rubus pyrifolius]]'' [''Rosaceae''] --
* ''[[Rubus rosifolius]]'' [''[[Rosaceae]]''] -- voafotsy
[[Sary:Satranala decussilvae 2703559.jpg|vignette|307x307px|Satranala (''[[Satranala decussilvae]]'')]]

=== S ===
* ''[[Saba comorensis]]'' [''[[Apocynaceae]]''] –  vandribanga  // vontaka, made
* ''[[Salacia leptoclada]]'' [''[[Celastraceae]]''] --
* ''[[Salacia madagascariensis]]'' [''Celastraceae''] --
* ''[[Satranala decussilvae]]'' [''[[Arecaceae]]''] -- satranala
* ''[[Selenicereus costaricensis]]'' (← ''[[Hylocereus costaricensis]]'', ''[[Hylocereus polyrhizus]]'') [''[[Cactaceae]]''] --
* ''[[Selenicereus megalanthus]]'' (← ''[[Hylocereus megalanthus]]'') [''Cactaceae''] --
* ''[[Selenicereus undatus]]'' (← ''[[Hylocereus undatus]]'') [''Cactaceae''] --
* ''[[Solanum betaceum]]'' (← ''Cyphomandra betacea'') [''[[Solanaceae]]''] – voatabiahazo
* ''[[Sorindeia madagascariensis]]'' [''[[Anacardiaceae]]''] -- sorindrano
* ''[[Spondias dulcis]]'' (← ''Spondias cytherea'') [''[[Anacardiaceae]]''] -- sakoagna, sakoamanga
* ''[[Spondias mombin]]'' [''Anacardiaceae''] --
* ''[[Spondias purpurea]]'' [''Anacardiaceae''] --
* ''[[Spondias tefyi]]'' [''Anacardiaceae''] -- [[sakoa]]
* ''[[Strychnos madagascariensis]]'' [''[[Loganiaceae]]''] -- mokotra
* ''[[Strychnos spinosa]]'' [''Loganiaceae''] -- mokotra
* ''[[Symphonia louvelii]]'' [''[[Clusiaceae]]''] --
* ''[[Symphonia globulifera]]'' [''Clusiaceae''] --
* ''[[Symphonia urophylla]]'' [''Clusiaceae''] -- sirambo
* ''[[Syzygium cumini]]'' (← ''Eugenia jambolana'') [''[[Myrtaceae]]''] -- rotra, rôtra, rotrazo
* ''[[Syzygium emirnense]]'' (← ''Eugenia emirnensis'') [''Myrtaceae''] -
* ''[[Syzygium guineense]]'' [''Myrtaceae''] --
* ''[[Syzygium jambos]]'' (← ''[[Eugenia jambos]]'') [''Myrtaceae''] --
* ''[[Syzygium madagascariense]]'' [''Myrtaceae''] --
* ''[[Syzygium malaccense]]'' [''Myrtaceae''] -- makoba
* ''[[Syzygium samarangense]]'' [''Myrtaceae''] --
* ''[[Syzygium tsimihetyglandulosum]]'' [''Myrtaceae''] --
[[Sary:Tamarindus indica pods.JPG|vignette|272x272px|Kily (''[[Tamarindus indica]]'')]]

=== T ===

* ''[[Tamarindus indica]]'' [''[[Fabaceae]]''] -- [[kily]], madilo, madiro
* ''[[Treculia africana]]'' [''[[Moraceae]]''] --
* ''[[Treculia lamiana]]'' [''Moraceae''] -- ampalibeala
* ''[[Treculia madagascarica]]'' [''Moraceae''] -- ampalibeala, dipaka, famelona, tapabatry, fantsinakoho, sakoambitsy, tsipaka
** ''Treculia madagascarica'' var. ''sambiranensis'' -- dipaka, tsipaka, tsitimpahy, foza
* ''[[Treculia obovoidea]]'' [''Moraceae''] --
* ''[[Treculia perrieri]]'' (= ''Treculia africana'' var. ''ilicifolia'') [''Moraceae''] -- katoka, tsipa, tobory, tsitendry

=== U ===
[[Sary:Tapia Uapaca bojeri Ibity.jpg|vignette|Tapia (''[[Uapaca bojeri]]'')|274x274px]]
* ''[[Uapaca ambanjensis]]'' [''[[Phyllanthaceae]]''] --
* ''[[Uapaca betamponensis]]'' [''Phyllanthaceae''] --
* ''[[Uapaca bojeri]]'' [''Phyllanthaceae''] -- tapia, voapaka
* ''[[Uapaca densifolia]]'' [''Phyllanthaceae''] --
* ''[[Uapaca ferruginea]]'' [''Phyllanthaceae''] --
* ''[[Uapaca louvelii]]'' [''Phyllanthaceae''] -- anisena
* ''[[Uapaca thouarsii]]'' [''[[Phyllanthaceae]]''] -- voapaka
[[Sary:Solaris grapes in Chateaux Luna vineyard 24.jpg|vignette|236x236px|Voaloboka (''[[Vitis vinifera]]'')]]

=== V ===

* ''[[Vasconcellea×heilbornii]]'' [''[[Caricaceae]]''] --
* ''[[Vangueria infausta]]'' [''[[Rubiaceae]]''] -- voavanga
* ''[[Vangueria madagascariensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;J.F. Gmelin&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Vangueria edulis'' &lt;small&gt;(Vahl) Vahl&lt;/small&gt;) [''Rubiaceae''] -- vandrika, vanga, vavandrika, voandrika, voavandrika, voavanga 
* ''[[Vitis labrusca]]'' [''[[Vitaceae]]''] -- voaloboka
* ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'' [''Vitaceae''] -- [[voaloboka]]

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Lisitry ny anaram-boankazo fihinana amin' ny teny malagasy]]

* [[Zavamaniry fanao fanafody eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Lisitry ny anaran-javamaniry fanao fanafody amin' ny teny malagasy]]
* [[Legioma]]
* [[Anana]]
* [[Voamaina]]
* [[Voamadinika]]

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==

=== Boky ===

* Allorge, L. (2008). ''Atlas des plantes de Madagascar''. Paris : Éditions Ulmer.
* Andrianarivelo, Rafrezy, V. (1989). ''Travaux sur les plantes utiles et l’environnement à Madagascar''. BIT/FNUAP, Projet MAG/87/P02. [https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/documents/PGR/SoW1/africa/MADAGASC.pdf? Document FAO – Madagascar]
* Boiteau, P., Boiteau, M. &amp; Allorge-Boiteau, L. (1999). ''Dictionnaire des noms malgaches de végétaux''. 4 vol. + index. Éditions Alzieu.
* Carrière, S. M. et al. (2023). ''Savoirs locaux et usage des plantes sauvages comestibles à Madagascar''.
* Divers auteurs. (2003). ''Voly voankazo (Cultures fruitières)''. Diary Valy, Valy Agridéveloppement SARL, MADPRINT, 38 p.
* François, E. (1927). « [https://www.persee.fr/doc/jatba_0370-3681_1927_num_7_75_4576?utm La production des fruits à Madagascar] ». ''Revue de botanique appliquée et d’agriculture coloniale'', 7e année, bulletin n° 75, p. 713–724. DOI : 10.3406/jatba.1927.4576. (Persée) [Lahatsoratra feno]
* François, P. J. (1968). « Place des fruits dans l’alimentation malgache (étude du milieu rural) ». ''Terre malgache / Tany Malagasy'', n° 4, juillet 1968, p. 155–178.
* Heckel, É. (1910). ''[https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/122535/records/65de11320f3e94b9e5ca3ce8?utm_source=chatgpt. Les plantes utiles de Madagascar : catalogue alphabétique et raisonné]''. Paris : Augustin Challamel, 372 p. (AGRIS)
* Humbert, H. (dir.) et collaborateurs (1936–2001). ''Flore de Madagascar et des Comores. Plantes vasculaires''. Paris/Tananarive : Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle / Imprimerie officielle.
* Montagnac, P. (1960). ''[https://miremby.mg/opac_css/index.php?id=9974&amp;lvl=author_see&amp;utm Les cultures fruitières à Madagascar]''. Institut de Recherches Agronomiques à Madagascar (IRAM), 2 tomes. (Miremby)
* Perrier de la Bâthie, H. (1924). « [https://www.persee.fr/doc/jatba_0370-3681_1924_num_4_38_4224?utm_source=chatgpt.com Sur quelques plantes non cultivées de Madagascar à fruits comestibles ou utiles et sur la possibilité de leur culture] ». ''Revue de botanique appliquée et d’agriculture coloniale'', 4e année, bulletin n° 38, p. 652–663. DOI : 10.3406/jatba.1924.4224. (Persée) Persée [Lahatsoratra feno]
* Perrier de la Bâthie, H. (1927). ''La production des fruits à Madagascar''.
* Petitjean, M., Rakotovao, L. H. &amp; Rasoanaivo, P. (1992). ''[https://miremby.mg/opac_css/index.php?id=5086&amp;lvl=publisher_see&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com Plantes utiles de Madagascar : répertoire des noms vernaculaires]''. Faculté des Sciences, 300 p.
* Porcher, V., Carrière, S. M., Gallois, S., Randriambanona, H., Rafidison, V. M. &amp; Reyes-García, V. (2022). « [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0264147&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com Growing up in the Betsileo landscape: Children’s wild edible plants knowledge in Madagascar] ». ''PLOS ONE'', 17(2), e0264147. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0264147. (PLOS) [Lahatsoratra feno]
* Schatz, G. E. (2001). ''[https://shop.kew.org/generic-tree-flora-of-madagascar?utm_source=chatgpt.com Generic Tree Flora of Madagascar]''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew &amp; Missouri Botanical Garden, 490 p. (Kew Gardens)
* Styger, E., Rakotoarimanana, J. E. M., Rabevohitra, R. &amp; Fernandes, E. C. M. (1999). « [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226459138_Indigenous_fruit_trees_of_Madagascar_Potential_components_of_agroforestry_systems_to_improve_human_nutrition_and_restore_biological_diversity Indigenous fruit trees of Madagascar: Potential components of agroforestry systems to improve human nutrition and restore biological diversity] ». ''Agroforestry Systems'', 46, p. 289–310. DOI : 10.1023/A:1006295530509. (ResearchGate)
* Ranaivosoa et collaborateurs. « Ethnobotanical Survey in Tampolo Forest (Fenoarivo Atsinanana, Northeastern Madagascar) ».

=== Tanonkala ===

* Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ Biodiversity Heritage Library]
* CIRAD – [https://open-library.cirad.fr/ Open Library] {{Wayback|url=https://open-library.cirad.fr/ |date=20260205210339 }}. CIRAD Open Library
* FAO AGRIS. [https://agris.fao.org/ Système international d’information sur les sciences et technologies agricoles]. FAO AGRIS
* FAO. ''[https://www.fao.org/family-farming/detail/fr/c/1600148/ Potentially Important Food Plants of Madagascar]''. (FAOHome) FAO – Potentially Important Food Plants of Madagascar
* FAO. [https://www.fao.org/4/y9601f/y9601f03.htm? ''Situation des ressources génétiques forestières de Madagascar'' (2002)]. FAO – Ressources génétiques forestières de Madagascar
* [https://www.persee.fr/ Journal d’agriculture tropicale et de botanique appliquée (JATBA)] – Persée. Collection d’articles anciens sur les plantes et cultures fruitières de Madagascar. Persée – JATBA
* Madadoc / Miremby. [https://madadoc.miremby.mg/ Catalogue documentaire malgache] {{Wayback|url=https://madadoc.miremby.mg/ |date=20260417193129 }}. Madadoc / Miremby
* Madagascar Catalogue / Missouri Botanical Garden (MBG). ''[https://mobot.mg/research/base-de-donnees/ Madagascar Catalogue]''. Missouri Botanical Garden – Madagascar Research Unit
* Missouri Botanical Garden – Madagascar Research Unit. Bases de données et ressources botaniques sur la flore de Madagascar. [https://mobot.mg/research/base-de-donnees/ Madagascar Research Unit – MBG]
* Pl@ntNet – Madagascar. [https://identify.plantnet.org/fr/madagascar?utm_source=chatgpt.com Pl@ntNet]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200415061345/http://powo.science.kew.org/ Plants of the World Online (POWO)]. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Plants of the World Online
* PLOS ONE. Collection d’articles scientifiques en accès libre, notamment sur les plantes sauvages comestibles de Madagascar. [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0264147&amp;utm PLOS ONE – Wild edible plants of Madagascar]
* PROTA / PROTA4U. ''[https://www.prota4u.org/ Plant Resources of Tropical Africa]'' – ressources sur les plantes alimentaires et les fruits tropicaux. PROTA4U
* [https://protectedareas.mg/fr? Protected Areas Madagascar]. Protected Areas Madagascar
* Tropical Restoration Library / ELTI. ''[https://restoration.elti.yale.edu/resource/indigenous-fruit-trees-madagascar-potential-components-agroforestry-systems-improve-human? Indigenous Fruit Trees of Madagascar]''. Tropical Restoration Library – Indigenous Fruit Trees of Madagascar
* [https://www.tropicos.org/ Tropicos]. Missouri Botanical Garden. Tropicos

* Université d’Antananarivo – [https://web.archive.org/web/20260612165435/https://biblio.univ-antananarivo.mg/ Bibliothèque numérique]. Bibliothèque numérique de l’Université d’Antananarivo
* [https://www.worldfloraonline.org/?utm_source=chatgpt.com World Flora Online (WFO)]. World Flora Online</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Celosia</title>
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      <text bytes="7980" sha1="il1u5t4ilzkxvgt6ek3vf5ua0bwp01k" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Celosia argentea4.jpg|vignette|422x422px|''Celosia argentea'']]
Ny '''''Celosia''''' dia antokon-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] sy [[roa ravin-tsimoka]] isan-taona ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Amaranthaceae]]''. Ambolena hatao haingo (noho ny vondromboniny miendrika sampaho mahavariana) na indraindray hatao sakafo (noho ny raviny azo hanina mitovy amin' ny [[epinara]], na ny vihim-boany) ny karazana sasany. Ahi-dratsy fahita eny an-tanimboly ny karazana sasany. Manome voniny miendrika volom-borona ny vondrona ''Plumosa'', fa ny vondrona ''Olympia'' kosa dia manana vondrombony miendrika sanga miolikolika. Anisan' ny karazana fantatra indrindra ireto tanisaina ireto: ''[[Celosia argentea]]'' (anandasoa, mamiratsy), ''Celosia isertii,'' ''Celosia leptostachya,'' ''Celosia odorata,'' ''[[Celosia trigyna]]'' (ananakondro, kiananotsy, kimasakopanoko, masakopanoka, masintombo) ary ''[[Celosia cristata]]'' (sangasanga, sangasanganakoholahy).

== Fiforonan-teny ==
[[Sary:Celosia spicata.jpg|vignette|316x316px|''Celosia spicata'']]
Ny teny hoe ''Celosia'' dia avy amin' ny [[Fiteny grika|teny grika]] hoe ''keleos'', midika hoe &quot;mirehitra&quot;, ilazana ny voniny miendrika lelafo.

== Karazana ==

=== Karazana nofantenana ===
Ahitana karazana 50 eo ho eo, indrindra avy any amin' ny faritra manana toetany mafana sy toetany antonony any [[Amerika]] sy atỳ [[Afrika]], anisan' izany ireto:

* ''Celosia anthelminthica''
* ''[[Celosia argentea]]''
* ''Celosia chiapensis''
* ''[[Celosia cristata]]''
* ''Celosia digynia''
* ''Celosia dioica''
* ''Celosia elegantissima''
* ''Celosia eriantha''
* ''Celosia fadeniorum''
* ''Celosia floribunda''
* ''Celosia globosa''
* ''Celosia grandifolia''
* ''Celosia hastata''
* ''Celosia humbertiana''
* ''Celosia isertii''
* ''Celosia leptostachya''
* ''Celosia linearis''
* ''Celosia longifolia''
* ''Celosia major''
* ''Celosia moquini''
* ''Celosia'' ''nitida''
* ''Celosia odorata''
* ''Celosia orcutti''
* ''Celosia palmeri''
* ''Celosia patentiloba''
* ''Celosia'' ''persicaria''
* ''Celosia polystachia''
* ''Celosia salicifolia''
* ''Celosia schweinfurthiana''
* ''[[Celosia spicata]]''
* ''Celosia splendens''
* ''Celosia taitoensis''
* ''[[Celosia trigyna]]''
* ''Celosia tristata''
* ''Celosia virgata''
* ''Celosia virgata''
* ''Celosia whitei''

=== Karazana natao tao taloha ===
Indreto ny karazana napetraka tao amin' ny ''Celosia'' taloha:

* ''Chamissoa altissima'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) Kunth&lt;/small&gt; (←''Celosia tomentosa'' &lt;small&gt;Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Schult.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Deeringia amaranthoides'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Merr.&lt;/small&gt; (←''Celosia baccata'' &lt;small&gt;Retz.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Deeringia polysperma'' &lt;small&gt;(Roxb.) Moq.&lt;/small&gt; (←''Celosia polysperma'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Iresine diffusa'' &lt;small&gt;Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Willd.&lt;/small&gt; (←''Celosia paniculata'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;)

=== Lisitry ny karazana ===
Inty ny lisitry ny karazana izay mety misy anarana mitovy hevitra:

* ''Celosia acroprosodes''
* ''Celosia angustifolia''
* ''Celosia anthelminthica''
* ''[[Celosia argentea]]''
* ''Celosia argenteiformis''
* ''Celosia bakeri''
* ''Celosia benguellensis''
* ''Celosia bonnivairii''
* ''Celosia brevispicata''
* ''Celosia castrensis''
* ''Celosia caudata''
* ''Celosia chenopodiifolia''
* ''Celosia coccinea''
* ''Celosia cuneifolia''
* ''Celosia debilis''
* ''Celosia dewevreana''
* ''Celosia digyna''
* ''Celosia echinulata''
* ''Celosia elegantissima''
* ''Celosia exellii''
* ''Celosia expansifila''
* ''Celosia fadenorum''
* ''Celosia falcata''
* ''Celosia fleckii''
* ''Celosia floribunda''
* ''Celosia gnaphaloides''
* ''Celosia gracilenta''
* ''Celosia grandifolia''
* ''Celosia hastata''
* ''Celosia herbacea''
* ''Celosia humilis''
* ''Celosia isertii''
* ''Celosia lanata''
* ''Celosia laxa''
* ''Celosia leptostachya''
* ''Celosia loandensis''
* ''Celosia longifolia''
* ''Celosia longistyla''
* ''Celosia macrocarpa''
* ''[[Celosia madagascariensis]]''
* ''Celosia margaritacea''
* ''Celosia marilandica''
* ''Celosia melanocarpos''
* ''Celosia minutiflora''
* ''Celosia moquinii''
* ''Celosia namaensis''
* ''Celosia nana''
* ''Celosia nervosa''
* ''Celosia nitida''
* ''Celosia oblongocarpa''
* ''Celosia odorata''
* ''Celosia pallida''
* ''Celosia pandurata''
* ''Celosia paniculata''
* ''Celosia patentiloba''
* ''Celosia persicaria''
* ''Celosia pleiogyna''
* ''Celosia polygonoides''
* ''Celosia polystachia''
* ''Celosia procumbens''
* ''Celosia pseudovirgata''
* ''Celosia pulchella''
* ''Celosia pyramidalis''
* ''Celosia recurva''
* ''Celosia richardsiae''
* ''Celosia schaeferi''
* ''Celosia schinzii''
* ''Celosia schweinfurthiana''
* ''Celosia semperflorens''
* ''Celosia spathulifolia''
* ''[[Celosia spicata]]''
* ''Celosia splendens''
* ''Celosia staticodes''
* ''Celosia stuhlmanniana''
* ''Celosia thyrsiflora''
* ''Celosia toenjesii''
* ''Celosia tomentosa''
* ''Celosia tonjesii''
* ''[[Celosia trigyna]]''
* ''Celosia vanderystii''
* ''Celosia welwitschii''
* ''Celosia virgata''

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
Indreto ny karazana misy eto [[Madagasikara]]:

* ''[[Celosia argentea]]'' -- anandasoa, mamiratsy
* ''[[Celosia baronii]]'' (tsy hita raha tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Celosia argentea var. cristata|Celosia cristata]]'' (= ''Celosia argentea var cristata'') -- sangasanga, sangasanganakoholahy
* ''[[Celosia humbertiana]]'' (tsy hita raha tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Celosia leptostachya]]''

* ''[[Celosia spicata]]''
* ''[[Celosia trigyna]]'' -- ananakondro, kiananotsy, kimasakopanoko, masakopanoka, masintombo

Nafindra ao amin' ny antokon-javamaniry ''[[Lagrezia]]'' ka lasa antsoina hoe ''[[Lagrezia madagascariensis]]'' ny ''[[Celosia madagascariensis]]'' (tsy hita raha tsy eto Madagasikara)

== Tsinjara toerana ==
[[Sary:Célosia cristata plante rose-rouge.JPG|vignette|228x228px|''Celosia cristata'' (mena sy volomparasy vony)]]
[[Sary:Célosia cristata plante jaune 2.JPG|vignette|240x240px|''Celosia cristata'' (mavo vony)]]
Toy izao ny tsinjnara toeran' ny karazana sasany ao amin' ny ''Celosia'': 
* [[Amerika Afovoany]]: ''Celosia chiapensis, Celosia digynia, Celosia dioica, Celosia floribunda, Celosia moquini, Celosia'' ''nitida, Celosia orcutti, Celosia palmeri, Celosia     polystachia, Celosia virgata, Celosia whitei''
* [[Amerika Atsimo]]: ''Celosia eriantha, Celosia grandifolia, Celosia humbertiana, Celosia longifolia, Celosia major, Celosia''     ''persicaria, Celosia salicifolia, Celosia virgata''
* [[Afrika]]: ''Celosia anthelminthica, Celosia elegantissima, Celosia fadeniorum, Celosia globosa, Celosia hastata, Celosia'' ''isertii, Celosia leptostachya, Celosia linearis, Celosia patentiloba, Celosia schweinfurthiana, Celosia splendens, Celosia trigyna''
* Karazana roa fotsiny no hita any [[Karaîba|Karaiba]] ka anisany ny ''Celosia nitida'', ary roa any [[Azia]] ka anisany ny ''Celosia     taitoensis''.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Chamissoa]]''
* ''[[Deeringia]]'' 
* ''[[Iresine]]''
* ''[[Lagrezia]]''

* [[Ananakondro]]: ''[[Nasturtium barbareaefolium]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Brassicaceae]]''); ''[[Celosia trigyna]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Amaranthaceae]]'')
* [[Masintombo]]: ''[[Celosia trigyna]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Digera|Digera muricata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Mart.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Digera arvensis'' &lt;small&gt;Forssk&lt;/small&gt;.) (''[[Amaranthaceae]]'')
* [[Sangasanga]]: ''[[Celosia cristata]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Amaranthaceae]]''); ''[[Hydrostachys imbricata]]'' &lt;small&gt;A. Juss.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Hydrostachyaceae]]''); ''[[Mesosphaerum pectinatum]]'' (← ''[[Hyptis pectinata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Poit.&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Lamiaceae]]''); ''[[Salvia coccinea]]'' &lt;small&gt;Buc'hoz ex Etl.&lt;/small&gt; (''Lamiaceae'')
* [[Sangasanganakoholahy]]: ''[[Celosia cristata]]'' L. (''[[Amaranthaceae]]''); ''[[Clerodendrum petunioides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Lamiaceae]]''); ''[[Cnestis glabra]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam&lt;/small&gt;. (''[[Connaraceae]]''); ''[[Hydrostachys imbricata]]'' &lt;small&gt;A. Juss.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Hydrostachyaceae]]'')</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Leucaena leucocephala</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
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      <text bytes="12884" sha1="prkb2bj87pquqinmtk80q0meh8soa96" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Leucaena leucocephala boutons floraux.jpg|vignette|415x415px|''Leucaena leucocephala'']]
Ny '''''Leucaena leucocephala''''' dia karazan-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] [[roa ravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', zana-pianakaviana ''[[Mimosoideae]]''. Hazo teratany any [[Meksika]] (tapany atsimo) sy [[Amerika Afovoany]] (tapany avaratra: [[Belizy]] sy [[Goatemala]]) izy io. Nambolena ka lasa maniry hoazy any [[Azia]] sy amin' ny faritra hafa koa izy io. Atao hoe '''bonaramantsina''' izy io amin' ny [[teny malagasy]].

Ampiasaina amin' ny tanjona isan-karazany ny ''Leucaena leucocephala'': atao [[fefy]], ampahavokarana ny tany, atao [[kitay]], akana [[tsiraka]], ary atao [[vilona]] ho an' ny [[biby fiompy]].

== Anarany hafa ==
Indreto ny anarana hafa ahafantarana ny ''Leucaena leucocephala'' araka ny ''[[Catalogue of Life]]'' &lt;small&gt;(13&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;sepT 2016)&lt;/small&gt;:

* ''Acacia frondosa'' Willd.
* ''Acacia leucocephala'' (Lamark) Link 1822
* ''Leucaena glabrata'' Rose 1897
* ''Leucaena glauca'' (L.) Benth. 1842
* ''Mimosa glauca'' ''sensu'' L.1763
* ''Mimosa leucocephala'' Lamark 1783

== Famariparitana ==
[[Hazo madinika]] trôpikaly maniry haingana ny ''Leucaena leucocephala''. 10 m eo ho eo (7 ka hatramin' ny 18 m) ny haavony, volondavenona ary somary misy mivotrovotro na misy triatriatra ny hodiny. Tsy misy tsilo ny rantsany.

=== Ravina ===
[[Sary:Folhas de leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) em Bagé, RS, Brasil.jpg|vignette|313x313px|Ravin' ny ''Leucaena leucocephala'']]
Ny rantsana tsirairay amin' ny ''Leucaena leucocephala'' dia misy [[tangozan-dravina]] 6 hatramin' ny 8 tsiroaroa izay mitondra [[Zana-pelana|zanapelana]] 11-23 tsiroaroa, ny zanapelana tsirairay dia manana halava 8 hatramin' ny 17 mm sady manana lafiny ambony maitso mavana sy lafiny ambany manopy fotsy.

=== Voniny ===
[[Sary:Leucaena leucocephala.jpg|vignette|286x286px|''Leucaena leucocephala''|ankavia]]
Mamony amin' ny faran' ny [[lohataona]] ka hatramin' ny fararano (Jona ka hatramin' ny Septambra) ny ''Leucaena leucocephala'' ary mamokatra [[vondrombony]] boribory fotsy mavo na maitso tanora, mipoitra eo am-pototry ny tangozan-dravina, manana savaivo 2 ka hatramin' ny 3 sm, entin' ny tangozany manana halava 2 hatramin' ny 5 sm.

=== Voa ===
[[Sary:Leucaena leucocephala00.jpg|vignette|Pepany sy vihim-boany]]
[[Pepa]] lava, fisaka, mikirazorazo, manana halava 8 hatramin' ny 20 sm sy sakany 2 sm ny voan' ny ''Leucaena leucocephala''. Maitso mangarangarana izy ireo, izay lasa miova ho manja antitra rehefa masaka. Misy vihim-boa miloko volondavenona manja volomboasary miisa 8 ka hatramin' ny 18 miendrika salavalava ny pepa tsirairay, ary manana halava 8 mm sy sakany 4 mm ny vihim-boa tsirairay.

== Tontolo iainana ==
=== Faritra aniriany ===
[[Sary:Leucaena leucocephala forêt.jpg|vignette|367x367px|Alam-bonaramantsina ]]
Mahazaka ny karazan-tany rehetra ny ''Leucaena leucocephala'', ary maniry amin' ny toerana mahazo masoandro feno, sady mety tsara amin' ny [[Haintany|hain-tany]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;''[https://www.doc-developpement-durable.org/fiches-arbres/Fiche-presentation-bonaramantsina.pdf Leucaena leucocephala]''&quot; [PDF], www.doc-developpement-durable.org (Notsidihina tamin' ny Marsa 2025) ([https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc-developpement-durable.org%2Ffiches-arbres%2FFiche-presentation-bonaramantsina.pdf Arsiva])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Zavamaniry trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly ny ''Leucaena leucocephala'' nefa mahazaka mari-pana somary ambany hatramin' ny 0°C, saingy tsy mahazaka fanala maharitra&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;. 

=== Zavamaniry manafika ===
Voatanisa ao anatin' ny lisitry karazana manafika sy ratsy indrindra eran-tany miisa 100 mahery ny ''Leucaena leucocephala'' izay lasa maniry hoazy any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly rehetra. Tena mora miparitaka izy io araka izao: any amin' ny faritra sasany, dia afaka mamorona vondron-javamaniry tsy ahitana afa-tsy karazana tokana amin' ny velarana midadasika izy io&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;GEE (Groupe Espèces Envahissantes), ''Plantes envahissantes pour les milieux naturels de Nouvelle-Calédonie'', Nouméa, APICAN (Agence pour la Prévention et l'Indemnisation des Calamités Agricoles ou Naturelles), janvier 2012, 224 p., page 180&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Lowe S., Browne M., Boudjelas S., De Poorter M. (The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG), a specialist group of the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of the World Conservation Union (IUCN)), &quot;[https://issg.org/pdf/publications/worst_100/english_100_worst.pdf 100 of the World’s Worst Invasive Alien Species, A selection from the Global Invasive Species Database]&quot;, Aliens 12,‎ décembre 2000, p. 6 ([https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.issg.org%2Fpdf%2Fpublications%2Fworst_100%2Fenglish_100_worst.pdf Arsiva])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;The Global Invasive Species Database, &quot;[https://issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=23&amp;fr=1&amp;sts ''Leucaena leucocephala'' (tree)]&quot; [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.issg.org%2Fdatabase%2Fspecies%2Fecology.asp%3Fsi%3D23%26fr%3D1%26sts Arsiva]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nampidirina tany [[Nouvelle-Calédonie]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 izy io mba hatao voly fihinan' ny biby fiompy, nefa nandrahona ny fahaveloman' ny ala maina; miparitaka indrindra any amin' ny morontsiraka andrefana, any amin' ny kijana nilaozana ary amin' ny tehezan-tendrombohitra mideza&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;. Amin' ny zava-manahirana hafa aterany dia [[Alelôpatia|alelôpatika]] koa ity karazana ity, izany hoe mandefa akora simika biôlôjika izay misy fiantraikany amin' ny fitsimohana, ny fitomboana, ny fahavelomana ary ny fitomboan' ny zavamananaina hafa&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Petra Bakewell-Stone, &quot;[https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.31634 Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena)]&quot; [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabidigitallibrary.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1079%2Fcabicompendium.31634 Arsiva]], ''CABI Compendium'', 7 janvier 2022 (DOI 10.1079/cabicompendium.31634).&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Fampiasana ==
[[Sary:Subabul - പീലിവാക 03.JPG|vignette|''Leucaena leucocephala'' Voa sy vonin' ny ]]
Karazana zavamaniry azo ampiasaina amin' ny fomba maro samihafa ny ''Leucaena leucocephala'': ampiasaina indrindra izy io ho sakafom-biby, amin' ny fanorenana, amin' ny fanatsarana ny kalitaon' ny tany, ho sakafon' [[olombelona]] ary amin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;''&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/138955-2 Leucaena leucocephala] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/138955-2 |date=20261006181833 }}'' [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/138955-2 (Lam.) de Wit] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/138955-2 |date=20261006181833 }}&quot;, ''powo.science.kew.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A331713-2/general-information ''Leucaena'' Benth.] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A331713-2/general-information |date=20261006095418 }}&quot;, ''powo.science.kew.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nandritra ny taompolo 1970 sy 1980 dia noheverina ho &quot;hazo mahagaga&quot; izy io noho ny fampiasana azy maro samihafa&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Gutteridge, Ross C., and H. Max Shelton. 1998. &quot;Leucaena leucocephala - the Most Widely Used Forage Tree Legume&quot;, ''Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical Agriculture''. Tropical Grassland Society of Australia, Inc., 2.1  [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fag%2FAGP%2FAGPC%2Fdoc%2FPublicat%2FGutt-shel%2Fx5556e06.htm Arsiva]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Sakafom-biby ===
[[Sary:Leucaena leucocephala Leucena białogłówkowa 2019-07-20 01.jpg|vignette|284x284px|''Leucaena leucocephala'']]
Hazo natao ho sakafo ho an' ny biby indrindra ny ''Leucaena leucocephala'': ny raviny sy ny rantsany tanora, izay be prôteina, dia hanin' ny [[omby]], ny [[ondry]], ny [[osy]], ary ny biby hafa. Mahatanty tsara ny fanapahana sy ny fihinan' ny biby azy ilay zavamaniry, ary afaka manome sakafo ho an' ny biby mandritra ny vanim-potoana maina&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.feedipedia.org/node/282 ''Leucaena'' (''Leucaena leucocephala'')]&quot;, ''www.feedipedia.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Ao Afrika dia ampiasaina ho sakafom-biby izy io any amin' ny faritra maro ao [[Afrika Atsinanana]], [[Afrika Afovoany|Afovoany]], [[Faritra Atsimo ao Afrika|Atsimo]] ary [[Afrika Andrefana|Andrefana]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.fao.org/4/v5020e/V5020E04.htm Importance of Leucaena in Africa]&quot;, ''www.fao.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.fao.org/4/v5020e/v5020e06.htm Leucaena Psyllid in the Asia-Pacific Region: implications for its Management in Africa]&quot;, ''www.fao.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Any [[Filipina]] dia ampidirina ao anatin' ny sakafon' ny [[akoho amam-borona]] koa ny raviny&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.fao.org/4/i3825e/i3825e54.pdf The State of the World's Forest Genetic Ressources: Conutry Report Philippines]&quot; (PDF), ''www.fao.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fandrehitra ===
Ampiasaina ho [[kitay]] sy [[arina]] ny hazo avy amin' ny ''Leucaena leucocephala''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Any Filipina dia ampiasaina ho [[fandrehitra]] ao an-trano sy any amin' ny indostria izy io, ary koa hanaovana arina&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

=== Taozavatra ===
Azo anaovana zavatra madinika, fanaka, sy paty hanaovana taratasy koa ny ''Leucaena leucocephala''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Any amin' ny [[Antilia|Vondro-nosy Antilia]] dia ampiasaina hanaovana vakana ny vihim-boany maina&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Michel Chauvet,  &quot;Leguminosae-Mimosoideae&quot;, ''Encyclopédie des plantes alimentaires'', Paris, Belin, 2018, 878 p. (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-7011-5971-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Any [[Filipina]] dia ampiasaina hanaovana arina, fanaka, gorodona, takelaka hazo ary feta fanamboarana taratasy&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

=== Sakafon' olombelona ===
[[Sary:Leucaena leucocephala jda.jpg|vignette|300x300px|Pepan' ny ''Leucaena leucocephala'']]
Any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly maro ([[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]] sy [[Filipina]]) dia atao [[legioma]] ny ravina tanora, ny tsimoka, ny [[pepa]], ary ny [[vihim-boa]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' ny ''Leucaena leucocephala''. Azo ampiasaina ho solon-kafe koa ireo vihim-boa ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;''&quot;[https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/3/4/3471 Leucaena]'' [https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/3/4/3471 ''leucocephala'' (Lam.) de Wit]&quot;, ''www.nparks.gov.sg''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

=== Fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ===
Misy filazana momba ny fampiasana ny ''Leucaena leucocephala'' amin' ny lafiny fitsaboana isan-karazany any [[Filipina]], indrindra amin' ny fampiasana ny vihim-boany hiadiana amin' ny [[kankan-tsinay]] sy ny fampiasana ny raviny amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana sasany. Na izany aza, tsy porofon' ny fahombiazany ara-pitsaboana ireo fampiasana ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.

Ny ''Leucaena leucocephala'' dia misy [[mimôzinina]] izay akora misy poizina izay mety hiteraka olana ara-pahasalamana ho an' ny biby sasany raha miangona ao amin' ny vatany. Ka noho izany dia tsy maintsy ampiasaina amim-pitandremana ny fanomezana azy ho sakafom-biby&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

=== Fambolena ===
Noho ny fahafahan' ny ''Leucaena leucocephala'' manangona [[azôta]] avy amin' ny [[rivotra]] dia ampiasaina ho [[zezika maitso]] izy io, ary koa amin' ny fambolena mifangaro amin' ny hazo sy hanatsarana ny kalitaon' ny tany. Azo ambolena ho fefy koa izy mba hisorohana ny [[fikao-tany]], hanomezana alokaloka, na ho fanohanana ny karazam-boly sasany, indrindra fa ny [[dipoavatra]] sy ny [[Vanila|lavanila]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;''[https://plantuse.plantnet.org/fr/Leucaena_leucocephala Leucaena leucocephala]''&quot;, ''plantuse.plantnet.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]], mifandray akaiky amin' ny fambolena [[Coffea|kafe]], [[Kakaô (zavamaniry)|kakaô]], [[dipoavatra]], [[Vanila|lavanila]] ary [[Camellia sinensis|dite]] izy io.  Any [[Indônezia]], ohatra, dia ambolena ho hanome alokaloka ao amin' ny sahan-kakaô, dite, kafe ary lavanila izy&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

Anisan' ny lafy ratsin' ity karazana ity ny tsy fahazakany ny fiparitahan' ny [[bibikely]] eny aminy. Tamin' ny taompolo 1980 dia nisy fatiantoka be dia be tany [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]] noho ny fanafihan' ny [[Zavamananaina mpanimba|bibikely]] [[Zavamananaina mpanimba|mpanimba]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Psyllidae]]''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[http://www.odi.org.uk/nrp/odi_alleyfarming.html Alley farming: have resource-poor farmers benefited?]&quot;, ''www.odi.org.uk'' ([https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odi.org.uk%2Fnrp%2Fodi_alleyfarming.html Arsiva])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Leucaena]]''
* Bonara (''[[Albizia lebbeck]]'')
* [[Zavamaniry fanao fanafody eto Madagasikara]]

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>prkb2bj87pquqinmtk80q0meh8soa96</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aerva</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299595</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153370</id>
      <parentid>1137962</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-08T16:05:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanitsy hadisoam-pitendrena</comment>
      <origin>1153370</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2239" sha1="9f0lfbul7yisv1im8280vssds8q1h0z" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Aerva tomentosa.JPG|vignette|370x370px|''[[Aerva javanica]]'' (na ''Aerva tomentosa'')]]
Ny '''''Aerva''''' dia antokon-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Amaranthaceae]]''. Teratany any amin' ny [[Faritra Paleôtrôpikaly]]&lt;nowiki/&gt; ny karazana ao aminy, manerana an' i Afrika sy i [[Madagasikara]] ary ny nosy kely kokoa ([[Maorisy]] sy [[Socotra]]), manerana ny [[Atsinanana Afovoany|Atsinanana]] [[Atsinanana Afovoany|Afovoany]], any [[India]] ary any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]]. Karazana any avaratr' i [[Aostralia]] ny ''[[Aerva javanica]]''.

== Lisitry ny karazana ==
[[Sary:Aerva javanica and Danaus chrysippus kz04.jpg|vignette|209x209px|''[[Aerva javanica]]'']]
Karazana enina  no ekena:

* ''[[Aerva javanica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult.&lt;/small&gt; – fotivolo, fotsivony, makosy, volofotsy, volofoty, volompotsy [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Afrika Avaratra]] sy [[Afrika Atsinanana|Afrika]] [[Afrika Atsinanana|Atsinanana]], [[Madagasikara]], [[Saikanosin' i Arabia|Saikinosy Arabo]] ary [[Azia Andrefana|Azia]] [[Azia Andrefana|Andrefana]], [[Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana|Zana-kôntinanta Indiana]], ary [[Mianmara]]]
* ''[[Aerva madagassica]]'' &lt;small&gt;Suess.&lt;/small&gt; – [Madagasikara]
* ''Aerva radicans'' &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt; – [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[India]]]
* ''Aerva sericea'' &lt;small&gt;Moq.&lt;/small&gt; – [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Hawaii]]] (lany tamingana)
* ''Aerva villosa'' &lt;small&gt;Moq.&lt;/small&gt; – [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Maorisy]]]
* ''Aerva wightii'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt; – [India]

=== Napetraka tao taloha ===
[[Sary:Aerva lanata in Bhongir AP W I2 IMG 3064.jpg|vignette|221x221px|''Ouret lanata'' (← ''Aerva lanata'')]]
Ireto ny karazana napetraka tao amin' ny antoko ''Aerva'' teo aloha:

* ''[[Ouret lanata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Kuntze&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Aerva lanata'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Juss. ex Schult.&lt;/small&gt;) --  voalafotsy, volafotsy
* ''Paraerva microphylla'' (← ''Aerva microphylla'' &lt;small&gt;Moq.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Paraerva revoluta'' (← ''Aerva revoluta'' &lt;small&gt;Balf.f.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Wadithamnus artemisioides'' &lt;small&gt;(Vierh. &amp; O.Schwartz) T.Hammer &amp; R.W.Davis&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Aerva artemisioides'' &lt;small&gt;Vierh. &amp; O.Schwartz&lt;/small&gt;)

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Abutilon]]''
* ''[[Ouret]]''
* ''[[Paraerva]]''
* ''[[Wadithamnus]]''</text>
      <sha1>9f0lfbul7yisv1im8280vssds8q1h0z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153372</id>
      <parentid>1153370</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-08T18:37:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanitatra votoatiny</comment>
      <origin>1153372</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3693" sha1="pxsb72lpmzutaulhudmo548ehr85kbn" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Aerva tomentosa.JPG|vignette|370x370px|''[[Aerva javanica]]'' (na ''Aerva tomentosa'')]]
Ny '''''Aerva''''' dia antokon-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Amaranthaceae]]''. Teratany any amin' ny [[Faritra Paleôtrôpikaly]]&lt;nowiki/&gt; ny karazana ao aminy, manerana an' i Afrika sy i [[Madagasikara]] ary ny nosy kely kokoa ([[Maorisy]] sy [[Socotra]]), manerana ny [[Atsinanana Afovoany|Atsinanana]] [[Atsinanana Afovoany|Afovoany]], any [[India]] ary any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]]. Karazana any avaratr' i [[Aostralia]] ny ''[[Aerva javanica]]''.

== Lisitry ny karazana ==
[[Sary:Aerva javanica and Danaus chrysippus kz04.jpg|vignette|224x224px|''[[Aerva javanica]]'']]
Karazana enina  no ekena:

* ''[[Aerva javanica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult.&lt;/small&gt; [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Afrika Avaratra]] sy [[Afrika Atsinanana|Afrika]] [[Afrika Atsinanana|Atsinanana]], [[Madagasikara]], [[Saikanosin' i Arabia|Saikinosy A]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Saikanosin' i Arabia|rabo]] ary [[Azia Andrefana|Azia]] [[Azia Andrefana|Andrefana]], [[Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana|Zana-kôntinanta Indiana]], ary [[Mianmara]]]
* ''[[Aerva madagassica]]'' &lt;small&gt;Suess.&lt;/small&gt; – [Madagasikara]
* ''Aerva radicans'' &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt; – [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[India]]]
* ''Aerva sericea'' &lt;small&gt;Moq.&lt;/small&gt; – [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Hawaii]]] (lany tamingana)
* ''Aerva villosa'' &lt;small&gt;Moq.&lt;/small&gt; – [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Maorisy]]]
* ''Aerva wightii'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt; – [India]

=== Napetraka tao taloha ===
[[Sary:Aerva lanata in Bhongir AP W I2 IMG 3064.jpg|vignette|221x221px|''Ouret lanata'' (← ''Aerva lanata'')]]
Ireto ny karazana napetraka tao amin' ny antoko ''Aerva'' teo aloha:

* ''Nothosaerva brachiata'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Wight&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Aerva brachiata'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Mart.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Ouret congesta'' &lt;small&gt;(Balf.f. ex Baker) Kuntze&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Aerva congesta'' &lt;small&gt;Balf.f. ex Baker&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''[[Ouret lanata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Kuntze&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Aerva lanata'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Juss. ex Schult.&lt;/small&gt;) -- voalafotsy, volafotsy
* ''Paraerva microphylla'' &lt;small&gt;(Moq.) T.Hammer&lt;/small&gt;  (← ''Aerva microphylla'' &lt;small&gt;Moq.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Paraerva revoluta'' &lt;small&gt;(Balf.f.) T.Hammer&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Aerva revoluta'' &lt;small&gt;Balf.f.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Wadithamnus artemisioides'' &lt;small&gt;(Vierh. &amp; O.Schwartz) T.Hammer &amp; R.W.Davis&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Aerva artemisioides'' &lt;small&gt;Vierh. &amp; O.Schwartz&lt;/small&gt;)

=== Karazana maniry eto Madagasikara ===
Indreto ny karazana maniry eto [[Madagasikara]]:

* ''[[Aerva javanica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult.&lt;/small&gt; -- fotivolo, fotsivony, makosy, volofotsy, volofoty, volompotsy
* ''[[Aerva madagassica]]'' &lt;small&gt;Suess.&lt;/small&gt; -- 

'''Nafindra vondron-karazana:'''

* ''[[Ouret lanata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Kuntze&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Aerva lanata'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Juss. ex Schult.&lt;/small&gt;) -- voalafotsy, volafotsy

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Abutilon]]''
* ''[[Ouret]]''
* ''[[Paraerva]]''
* ''[[Wadithamnus]]''
* [[Fotsivony]]: ''[[Aerva javanica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Burn.f.) Juss.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Amaranthaceae]]''); ''[[Ageratum conyzoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Asteraceae]]''); ''[[Clerodendrum hiulcum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Moldenke&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Lamiaceae]]''); ''[[Homalium microphyllum]]'' var. ''delphinense'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Salicaceae]]'')
* [[Volafotsy (zavamaniry)]]: ''[[Aerva lanata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Juss. ex Schult.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Amaranthaceae]]''); ''[[Croton argyrodaphne]]'' var. ''occidentalis'' &lt;small&gt;Leandri&lt;/small&gt;;  ''[[Croton elaeagni]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;.; ''[[Croton jennyanus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Gris ex Baill.&lt;/small&gt;;  ''[[Croton lepidotus]]'' &lt;small&gt;A. DC.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Croton salviformis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;. (''[[Euphorbiaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>pxsb72lpmzutaulhudmo548ehr85kbn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153380</id>
      <parentid>1153372</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-08T19:35:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
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      <text bytes="3693" sha1="gc1w7okydcdajqsrlquz8molzrfs8z3" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Aerva tomentosa.JPG|vignette|370x370px|''[[Aerva javanica]]'' (na ''Aerva tomentosa'')]]
Ny '''''Aerva''''' dia antokon-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Amaranthaceae]]''. Teratany any amin' ny [[Faritra Paleôtrôpikaly]]&lt;nowiki/&gt; ny karazana ao aminy, manerana an' i Afrika sy i [[Madagasikara]] ary ny nosy kely kokoa ([[Maorisy]] sy [[Socotra]]), manerana ny [[Atsinanana Afovoany|Atsinanana]] [[Atsinanana Afovoany|Afovoany]], any [[India]] ary any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]]. Karazana any avaratr' i [[Aostralia]] ny ''[[Aerva javanica]]''.

== Lisitry ny karazana ==
Karazana enina  no ekena:

* ''[[Aerva javanica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult.&lt;/small&gt; [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Afrika Avaratra]] sy [[Afrika Atsinanana|Afrika]] [[Afrika Atsinanana|Atsinanana]], [[Madagasikara]], [[Saikanosin' i Arabia|Saikinosy A]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Saikanosin' i Arabia|rabo]] ary [[Azia Andrefana|Azia]] [[Azia Andrefana|Andrefana]], [[Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana|Zana-kôntinanta Indiana]], ary [[Mianmara]]]
* ''[[Aerva madagassica]]'' &lt;small&gt;Suess.&lt;/small&gt; – [Madagasikara]
* ''Aerva radicans'' &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt; – [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[India]]]
* ''Aerva sericea'' &lt;small&gt;Moq.&lt;/small&gt; – [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Hawaii]]] (lany tamingana)
* ''Aerva villosa'' &lt;small&gt;Moq.&lt;/small&gt; – [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Maorisy]]]
* ''Aerva wightii'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt; – [India]

=== Napetraka tao taloha ===
[[Sary:Aerva lanata in Bhongir AP W I2 IMG 3064.jpg|vignette|221x221px|''Ouret lanata'' (← ''Aerva lanata'')]]
Ireto ny karazana napetraka tao amin' ny antoko ''Aerva'' teo aloha:

* ''Nothosaerva brachiata'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Wight&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Aerva brachiata'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Mart.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Ouret congesta'' &lt;small&gt;(Balf.f. ex Baker) Kuntze&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Aerva congesta'' &lt;small&gt;Balf.f. ex Baker&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''[[Ouret lanata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Kuntze&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Aerva lanata'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Juss. ex Schult.&lt;/small&gt;) -- voalafotsy, volafotsy
* ''Paraerva microphylla'' &lt;small&gt;(Moq.) T.Hammer&lt;/small&gt;  (← ''Aerva microphylla'' &lt;small&gt;Moq.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Paraerva revoluta'' &lt;small&gt;(Balf.f.) T.Hammer&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Aerva revoluta'' &lt;small&gt;Balf.f.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Wadithamnus artemisioides'' &lt;small&gt;(Vierh. &amp; O.Schwartz) T.Hammer &amp; R.W.Davis&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Aerva artemisioides'' &lt;small&gt;Vierh. &amp; O.Schwartz&lt;/small&gt;)

=== Karazana maniry eto Madagasikara ===
[[Sary:Aerva javanica and Danaus chrysippus kz04.jpg|vignette|224x224px|''[[Aerva javanica]]'']]
Indreto ny karazana maniry eto [[Madagasikara]]:

* ''[[Aerva javanica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult.&lt;/small&gt; -- fotivolo, fotsivony, makosy, volofotsy, volofoty, volompotsy
* ''[[Aerva madagassica]]'' &lt;small&gt;Suess.&lt;/small&gt; -- 

'''Nafindra vondron-karazana:'''

* ''[[Ouret lanata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Kuntze&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Aerva lanata'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Juss. ex Schult.&lt;/small&gt;) -- voalafotsy, volafotsy

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Abutilon]]''
* ''[[Ouret]]''
* ''[[Paraerva]]''
* ''[[Wadithamnus]]''
* [[Fotsivony]]: ''[[Aerva javanica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Burn.f.) Juss.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Amaranthaceae]]''); ''[[Ageratum conyzoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Asteraceae]]''); ''[[Clerodendrum hiulcum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Moldenke&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Lamiaceae]]''); ''[[Homalium microphyllum]]'' var. ''delphinense'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Salicaceae]]'')
* [[Volafotsy (zavamaniry)]]: ''[[Aerva lanata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Juss. ex Schult.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Amaranthaceae]]''); ''[[Croton argyrodaphne]]'' var. ''occidentalis'' &lt;small&gt;Leandri&lt;/small&gt;;  ''[[Croton elaeagni]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;.; ''[[Croton jennyanus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Gris ex Baill.&lt;/small&gt;;  ''[[Croton lepidotus]]'' &lt;small&gt;A. DC.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Croton salviformis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;. (''[[Euphorbiaceae]]'')</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cleidion</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>300366</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153400</id>
      <parentid>1141952</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T02:13:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
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      <text bytes="3025" sha1="sk2fzac0z8gyujtcram9t68ujzw4v1r" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Cleidion verticillatum photographié sur la colline du Ouen Toro à Nouméa, Province Sud, Nouvelle-Calédonie.jpg|vignette|386x386px|''Cleidion verticillatum'']]
Ny '''''Cleidion''''' dia antokon-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Euphorbiaceae]]'', voafariparitra voalohany tamin' ny taona 1826. Hita any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly any [[Azia]], atỳ [[Afrika]], any [[Aostralia]], any [[Amerika Latina]], ary any amin' ny nosy samihafa any amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Pasifika]] sy aty amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]] izy io.

== Lisitry ny karazana ==
Indreto ny karazana ao amin' ny antoko ''Cleidion''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/?name_id=41683 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/?name_id=41683 |date=20250927185950 }}&quot;, ''wcsp.science.kew.org''. (05/05/2021).&lt;/ref&gt;:

* ''Cleidion amazonicum'' – 
* ''Cleidion bracteosum'' – 
* ''Cleidion brevipetiolatum'' – 
* ''[[Cleidion capuronii]]'' – [[Madagasikara]]
* ''Cleidion castaneifolium'' – 
* ''Cleidion claoxyloides'' – 
* ''Cleidion gabonicum'' – 
* ''[[Cleidion javanicum]]'' – 
* ''Cleidion lasiophyllum'' – 
* ''Cleidion lemurum'' – 
* ''Cleidion leptostachyum'' – 
* ''Cleidion lochmios'' – 
* ''Cleidion luziae'' – 
* ''Cleidion macarangoides'' – 
* ''Cleidion macrophyllum'' – 
* ''Cleidion marginatum'' – 
* ''Cleidion megistophyllum'' –
* ''Cleidion microcarpum'' – 
* ''Cleidion minahassae'' – 
* ''Cleidion moniliflorum'' – 
* ''Cleidion neoebudicum'' – 
* ''Cleidion nitidum'' – 
* ''Cleidion papuanum'' – 
* ''Cleidion ramosii'' – 
* ''Cleidion sessile'' – 
* ''Cleidion spathulatum'' – 
* ''Cleidion taynguyenense'' – 
* ''Cleidion tricoccum'' – 
* ''Cleidion veillonii'' – 
* ''Cleidion velutinum'' – 
* ''Cleidion verticillatum'' – 
* ''Cleidion vieillardii'' –

; Karazana nafindra antoko

Indreto ny karazana nesorina avy ao amin' ny ''Cleidion'' ka nafindra any amin' ny antoko hafa ''([[Acalypha]], [[Acidoton]], [[Adenophaedra]], &lt;u&gt;[[Alchornea]]&lt;/u&gt;, [[Bocquillonia]], [[Cleidiocarpon]], [[Conceveiba]], &lt;u&gt;[[Macaranga]]&lt;/u&gt;, [[Orfilea]], [[Plukenetia]], [[Trigonostemon]]''):

* ''Cleidion bishnui → Cleidiocarpon laurinum''
* ''Cleidion cafcaf → Orfilea neraudiana''
* ''Cleidion coriaceum → Macaranga coriacea''
* ''Cleidion denticulatum → Adenophaedra grandifolia''
* ''Cleidion lutescens → Macaranga lutescens''
* ''Cleidion mannii → Plukenetia conophora''
* ''Cleidion nicaraguense → Acidoton nicaraguensis''
* ''Cleidion platystigma → Bocquillonia codonostylis''
* ''Cleidion praealtum → Conceveiba praealta''
* ''Cleidion preussii → Plukenetia conophora''
* ''Cleidion spiciflorum → [[Acalypha spiciflora]]''
* ''Cleidion tenuispica → Macaranga vieillardii''
* ''Cleidion ulmifolium → Alchornea ulmifolia''
* ''Cleidion xyphophylloides → Trigonostemon xyphophylloides''

== Loharano ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Philippia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>300417</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153422</id>
      <parentid>1142196</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T08:46:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>1153422</origin>
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      <text bytes="2865" sha1="4brpg5we31bzhf35hmimt9qplgxwnei" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Erica herbacea0.jpg|vignette|368x368px|''Erica herbacea'']]
Ny '''''Philippia''''' dia antokon-javamaniry nekena tany aloha tao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Ericaceae]]'', izay heverina ho mitovy amin' ny ''[[Erica (zavamaniry)|Erica]]'' ankehitriny&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:14842-1 Philippia Klotzsch | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:14842-1 |date=20260608083111 }}&quot;. ''Plants of the World Online''. Notsidihina tamin' ny 10 Septambra 2022.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Hita any amin' ny faritra atsimo ka hatrany amin' ny faritra trôpikalin' i [[Afrika]] sy eto [[Madagasikara]] ary ao amin' ireo nosy [[Maskareina (tamba-nosy)|Maskarena]] ny karazana ao aminy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Allaby, Michael (ed.) ''A Dictionary of Plant Sciences'' (2 ed.). Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 9780198608912&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Antoko any amin' ny faritra atsimo sy atsinanana amin' i Afrika, hita any amin' ny ala sy ny kirihitra an-tendrombohitra, ny ''Philippia''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;White F. (1978) &quot;The Afromontane Region.&quot; In: Werger M.J.A. (eds) ''Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa''. Monographiae Biologicae, vol 31. Springer, Dordrecht. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-9951-0_11&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Fanomezam-boninahitra an' i Rodolfo Amando Philippi na Rudolph Amandus Philippi (1808–1904), izay paleôntôlôga sy zôôlôjista alemàna-siliana, ny anaran' io antoko io&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). ''[[doi:10.3372/epolist2022|Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen]]''. Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-946292-41-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 246307410. Retrieved January 27, 2022.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Indreto ny karazana sy zana-karazana malagasy sasany izay nafindra ao amin' ny antoko ''Erica'':

* ''Philippia aristata'' Benth. → ''[[Erica bojeri]]'' Dorr &amp; E.G.H.Oliv. -- anjavidilahimadinika
* ''Philippia cauliflora''  → ''[[Erica goudotiana]]'' (Klotzsch) Dorr &amp; E.G.H.Oliv. --
* ''Philippia cauliflora'' subsp. ''tenuis'' H. Perrier → ''Erica goudotiana'' (Klotzsch) Dorr &amp; E.G.H.Oliv. -- anjavidilahimadinika
* ''Philippia floribunda'' Benth. → ''[[Erica baroniana]]'' Dorr &amp; E.G.H.Oliv. --  anjavidilahy, anjavidy, riadriatra
* ''Philippia floribunda'' subsp. ''orientalis'' H. Perrier → ''Erica goudotiana'' (Klotzsch) Dorr &amp; E.G.H.Oliv. -- anjavily, enjavily
* ''Philippia gracilis'' (Benth.) H. Perrier → ''[[Erica rakotozafyana]]'' Dorr &amp; E.G.H.Oliv. -- anjavidilahimadinika
* ''Philippia latifolia'' H. Perrier → ''[[Erica perrieri]]'' Dorr &amp; E.G.H.Oliv. -- anjavidivavy
* ''Philippia parkeri'' Baker → ''[[Erica parkeri]]'' (Baker) Dorr &amp; E.G.H.Oliv. -- ngitakely

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Erica (zavamaniry)|Erica]]''
* [[Anjavidy]]

== Loharano ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Malus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>300707</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153416</id>
      <parentid>1144101</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T06:49:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
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      <text bytes="6510" sha1="ra5kxjh8jhu5v00d237f5axdplr75wo" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Pommier.jpg|vignette|366x366px|Foto-paoma misy voany (''[[Malus domestica]]'')]]
Ny '''''Malus''''' dia antokon-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Rosaceae]]'', fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe '''paoma'''. Zavamaniry matanjaka manana toetra mahasoa maro ny karazana ao aminy. Ity antoko ity dia ahitana karazana hazo na hazobotry efapolo eo ho eo, ny tena manan-danja indrindra amin' ny sakafon' olombelona dia ny paoma famboly (''[[Malus domestica]]''). Ankehitriny dia zana-karazana sy ovan-karazana ambolena 20&amp;nbsp;000 mahery no fantatra. Na dia mamokatra vony sy voa aza ny hazo paoma rehetra, dia misy ny karazana ambolena hatao haingo fotsiny noho ny voniny na ny voany mahafinaritra.

== Lisitry ny karazana ==
Inty ny lisitry ny karazana sy ny safiotra ao amin' ny antoko Malus araka ny ''[[The Plant List]]'' &lt;small&gt;(13&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Mey 2017)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. Published on the Internet; [http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Rosaceae/Malus http://www.theplantlist.org]/, consulté le 13 mai 2017. ([https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theplantlist.org%2F1.1%2Fbrowse%2FA%2FRosaceae%2FMalus Arsiva])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:

* ''[[Malus angustifolia]]'' (Aiton) Michx.
* ''Malus arnoldiana'' (Rehder) Rehder
* ''[[Malus asiatica]]'' Nakai
* ''[[Malus baccata]]'' (L.) Borkh.
* ''Malus bracteata'' Rehder
* ''Malus chitralensis'' Vassilcz.
* ''[[Malus coronaria]]'' (L.) Mill.
* ''Malus daochengensis'' C.L.Li
* ''Malus dasyphylla'' Borkh.
* ''Malus dawsoniana'' Rehder
* ''[[Malus domestica]]'' Borkh. (= ''Malus pumila'' Mill.)
* ''[[Malus doumeri]]'' (Bois) A.Chev.
* ''[[Malus florentina]]'' (Zuccagni) C.K.Schneid.
* ''[[Malus ×floribunda]]'' Siebold ex Van Houtte
* ''[[Malus fusca]]'' (Raf.) C.K.Schneid.
* ''Malus glabrata'' Rehder
* ''Malus glaucescens'' Rehder
* ''[[Malus halliana]]'' Koehne
* ''[[Malus honanensis]]'' Rehder
* ''[[Malus hupehensis]]'' (Pamp.) Rehder
* ''[[Malus ioensis]]'' (Alph.Wood) Britton
* ''[[Malus jinxianensis]]'' J.Q.Deng &amp; J.Y.Hong
* ''[[Malus kansuensis]]'' (Batalin) C.K.Schneid.
* ''Malus kirghisorum'' Al.Fed. &amp; Fed.
* ''[[Malus komarovii]]'' (Sarg.) Rehder
* ''Malus lancifolia'' Rehder
* ''[[Malus leiocalyca]]'' S.Z.Huang
* ''[[Malus mandshurica]]'' (Maxim.) Kom. ex Juz.
* ''Malus manshurica'' (Maxim.) Kom. ex Skvortsov
* ''Malus melliana'' (Hand.-Mazz.) Rehder
* ''Malus micromalus'' Makino
* ''Malus montana'' Uglitzk.
* ''[[Malus muliensis]]'' T.C.Ku
* ''[[Malus niedzwetzkyana]]'' Dieck ex Koehne
* ''[[Malus ombrophila]]'' Hand.-Mazz.
* ''[[Malus orientalis]]'' Uglitzk. ex Juz.
* ''Malus pallasiana'' Juz.
* ''Malus platycarpa'' Rehder
* ''Malus praecox'' (Pall.) Borkh.
* ''[[Malus prattii]]'' (Hemsl.) C.K.Schneid.
* ''[[Malus prunifolia]]'' (Willd.) Borkh.
* &lt;u&gt;''Malus ×purpurea'' (E.Barbier) Rehder&lt;/u&gt;
* ''Malus robusta'' (CarriŠre) Rehder
* ''[[Malus rockii]]'' Rehder
* ''Malus sachalinensis'' Kom. ex Juz.
* ''Malus sargentii'' Rehder
* ''Malus sieboldii'' (Regel) Rehder
* ''Malus sieversii'' (Ledeb.) M.Roem.
* ''[[Malus sikkimensis]]'' (Wenz.) Koehne ex C.K.Schneid.
* ''[[Malus ×soulardii]]'' (L.H.Bailey) Britton
* ''[[Malus spectabilis]]'' (Sol.) Borkh.
* ''[[Malus spontanea]]'' (Makino) Makino
* ''[[Malus sylvestris]]'' (L.) Mill.
* ''[[Malus toringo]]'' (Siebold) Siebold ex de Vriese
* ''[[Malus toringoides]]'' (Rehder) Hughes
* ''[[Malus transitoria]]'' (Batalin) C.K.Schneid.
* ''[[Malus trilobata]]'' (Labill. ex Poir.) C.K.Schneid.
* ''Malus tschonoskii'' (Maxim.) C.K.Schneid.
* ''[[Malus turkmenorum]]'' Juz. &amp; Popov
* ''[[Malus yunnanensis]]'' (Franch.) C.K.Schneid.
* ''[[Malus ×zumi]]'' (Matsum.) Rehder
Inty ny karazana 36 sy safiotra 4 ekena ao amin' ny antoko ''Malus'' araka ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30024474-2 Malus Mill] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30024474-2 |date=20260824162336 }}&quot;. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Notsidihina tamin' ny 17 Desambra 2023.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:

* ''[[Malus angustifolia]]'' (Aiton) Michx. 
* ''[[Malus asiatica]]'' Nakai 
* ''[[Malus baccata]]'' (L.) Borkh. 
* ''Malus brevipes'' 
* ''[[Malus coronaria]]'' (L.) Mill. 
* ''Malus crescimannoi'' Raimondo
* ''[[Malus daochengensis]]'' C.L.Li
* ''Malus delavayi'' (Franch.) B.B.Liu
* ''[[Malus domestica]]'' (Suckow) Borkh. 
* ''[[Malus doumeri]]'' (Bois) A.Chev. 
* ''[[Malus florentina]]'' (Zuccagni) C.K.Schneid. 
* ''[[Malus fusca]]'' (Raf.) C.K.Schneid. 
* ''[[Malus halliana]]'' Koehne 
* ''[[Malus honanensis]]'' Rehder
* ''[[Malus hupehensis]]'' (Pamp.) Rehder 
* ''Malus indica'' (Wall.) B.B.Liu
* ''[[Malus ioensis]]'' (Alph.Wood) Britton 
* ''[[Malus jinxianensis]]'' J.Q.Deng &amp; J.Y.Hong
* ''[[Malus kansuensis]]'' (Batalin) C.K.Schneid. 
* ''[[Malus komarovii]]'' (Sarg.) Rehder
* ''[[Malus leiocalyca]]'' S.Z.Huang
* ''Malus longiunguis'' (Q.Luo &amp; J.L.Liu) B.B.Liu
* ''[[Malus mandshurica]]'' (Maxim.) Kom. ex Skvortsov
* ''[[Malus muliensis]]'' T.C.Ku
* ''[[Malus niedzwetzkyana]]'' Dieck ex Koehne
* ''[[Malus ombrophila]]'' Hand.-Mazz.
* ''[[Malus orientalis]]'' Uglitzk.
* ''[[Malus prattii]]'' (Hemsl.) C.K.Schneid. 
* ''[[Malus prunifolia]]'' (Willd.) Borkh. 
* ''[[Malus rockii]]'' Rehder 
* ''[[Malus sikkimensis]]'' (Wenz.) Koehne 
* ''[[Malus spectabilis]]'' (Aiton) Borkh. 
* ''[[Malus spontanea]]'' (Makino) Makino 
* ''[[Malus sylvestris]]'' (L.) Mill. 
* ''[[Malus toringo]]'' (Siebold) de Vriese (= ''Malus sargentii'', ''Malus sieboldii'') 
* ''[[Malus toringoides]]'' (Rehder) Hughes 
* ''[[Malus transitoria]]'' (Batalin) C.K.Schneid. 
* ''[[Malus trilobata]]'' (Labill. ex Poir.) C.K.Schneid. 
* ''[[Malus turkmenorum]]'' Juz. &amp; Popov (= ''Malus sieversii'') – razan' ny paoma famboly ''Malus domestica''
* ''[[Malus yunnanensis]]'' (Franch.) C.K.Schneid. 
* ''Malus zhaojiaoensis'' N.G.Jiang

* ''[[Malus × floribunda]]'' Siebold ex Van Houtte 
* ''Malus × kaido'' (Wenz.) Pardé (= ''Malus × micromalus'') 
* ''[[Malus × soulardii]]'' (L.H.Bailey) Britton
* ''[[Malus × zumi]]'' (Matsum.) Rehder
* ''Malus × sublobata'' (''M. asiatica'' × ''M. toringo'')

Napetraka tao taloha:

* ''[[Macromeles tschonoskii]]'' (Maxim.) Koidz. (← ''Malus tschonoskii'' (Maxim.) C.K.Schneid.) 

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Docynia]]''
* ''[[Macromeles]]''
* ''[[Pyrus]]''
* [[Lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny Malus|Lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Malus'']]

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>ra5kxjh8jhu5v00d237f5axdplr75wo</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dioscorea minutiflora</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>300997</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153403</id>
      <parentid>1145280</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T02:43:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>1153403</origin>
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      <text bytes="6024" sha1="1q75j8g693c0pnkwqdgmle9uumzarff" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Dioscorea minutiflora''''' dia karazan-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Dioscoreaceae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;''[https://www.ethnopharmacologia.org/recherche-dans-prelude/?plant_id=2149 Dioscorea minutiflora Engl.]''&quot;, ''www.ethnopharmacologia.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;''[https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Dioscorea+minutiflora Dioscorea minutiflora]''&quot;, ''tropical.theferns.info''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:318274-1 ''Dioscorea minutiflora'' Engl.] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:318274-1 |date=20250416222819 }}&quot;, ''powo.science.kew.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.plantes-botanique.org/f-Dioscoreaceae Famille des ''Dioscoreaceae'']&quot;, ''www.plantes-botanique.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;''. ''Dioscorea minutiflora'' &lt;small&gt;Engl.&lt;/small&gt; ny anarany feno. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''oviazo''' na '''ovihazo'''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=dioscorea Dioscorea]&quot;, ''tenymalagasy.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Famariparitana ==
Zavamaniry mianika sy maniry mihoatra ny roa taona, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Dioscoreaceae]]'', ny ''Dioscorea minutiflora''. Teratany ao [[Afrika]] trôpikaly manana toetany mando sy maniry amin' ny faritra sasany eto [[Madagasikara]] izy&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Zavamaniry mianika sy matanjaka ary misy [[tsilo]] izay mahatratra halava 10 m izy io. Miodinkodina ankavanana amin' ny tohana na hazo ataony fiakarana manaraka ny fihodin' ny famantaranandro na misandrahaka eo ambonin' ny tany ny tahony mba hahazo hazavana&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/jatba_0370-3681_1938_num_18_197_5820 Notes sur deux Ignames. (''Dioscorea cayenensis'' Lamk. et ''D. minutiflora'' Engler)]&quot;, ''www.persee.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Tsy sahala amin' ny karazana hafa amin' ny antoko ''[[Dioscorea]]'' ny ''Dioscorea minutiflora'' izay afaka hiorim-paka sy hamokatra vodiny vaovao mivantana avy eo amin' ny tonon' ny tahony ambany ([[markôtazy]] voajanahary). Izany dia ahafahany maniry mandritra ny taona maro&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;J. Miège., &quot;[https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers19-09/010056371.pdf Deux Ignames ouest-africaines à tubercules vivaces]&quot;, ''horizon.documentation.ird.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Feno sy miendrika fo ny raviny, toy ny karazana ovy hafa, ary matetika mifanohitra tsiroaroa na mifandimby arakaraka ny faritra misy azy eo amin' ny tahony&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/jatba_0370-5412_1950_num_30_333_6727 Caractères du ''Dioscorea minutiflora'' Engl.]&quot;, ''www.persee.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Fampiasana ==

=== Sakafo ===
Noho ny fiparitahan' ny tsiraka mafy sy ny akora mangidy na mampamaivay ao amin' ny faritra antitra eny aminy, ny ''Dioscorea minutiflora'' dia tsy ambolena betsaka toy ny ''[[Dioscorea alata]]'' (bemako na sorokomby). Na izany aza, ny vodiny tanora any ambanin' ny tany dia alaina avy any an' ala ary hanina mandritra ny fotoan' ny tsy fahampian' ny sakafo any ambanivohitr' i [[Afrika Andrefana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Vololoniaina Harimanga Jeannoda, Julia Louisette Razanamparany, Mamy Tiana Rajaonah, Marie-Odile Monneuse, Annette Hladik, Claude Marcel Hladik, &quot;[https://hal.science/hal-00546221v1/document Les ignames (''Dioscorea''. spp.) de Madagascar : espèces endémiques et formes introduites ; diversité, perception, valeur nutritionnelle et systèmes de gestion durable]&quot;, ''hal.science''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fanafody ===
Any amin' ny kolontsaina afrikanina maro dia manana ny lanjany ny ''Dioscorea minutiflora''. Any [[Siera Leôna]] (indrindra ao amin' ny foko Kpaa Mende), ny vodin' io zavamaniry io dia ahandroina toy ny lasopy misy [[Capsicum annuum|sakay]] sy [[sira]] mba hanamaivanana ny fanaintainan' ny [[tranonjaza]] aorian' ny fiterahana&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Sahala amin' ny karazana hafa ao amin' ny antoko ''Dioscorea'', ny ''Dioscorea minutiflora'' dia mamorona akora mahaliana toy ny sapôninina sterôidaly) izay matetika ampiasaina ho akora fototra amin' ny famolavolana fitsaboana hanoherana ny famaivay na mpandrindra hôrmônina ao amin' ny farmakôpea afrikana nentim-paharazana&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10051580/ ''Dioscorea'' spp.: Bioactive Compounds and Potential for the Treatment of Inflammatory and Metabolic Diseases]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/387564201_Pharmacologically_important_Dioscorea_species Pharmacologically important Dioscorea species]&quot;, ''www.researchgate.net''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://brieflands.com/journals/ijpr/articles/124691 ''Dioscorea'' Plants: A Genus Rich in Vital Nutra-pharmaceuticals-A Review]&quot;, ''brieflands.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.google.com/search?sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;amc=1&amp;atvm=2&amp;gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqFQgFEAAYQhi0AhjqAhjwBRieBhj2BjIPCAAQIxgnGOoCGPAFGJ4GMg8IARAjGCcY6gIY8AUYngYyDwgCECMYJxjqAhjwBRieBjIPCAMQIxgnGOoCGPAFGJ4GMg8IBBAjGCcY6gIY8AUYngYyFQgFEAAYQhi0AhjqAhjwBRieBhj2BtIBCTQyMjJqMGozM6gCBrACAQ&amp;oq=&amp;udm=50&amp;cud=0&amp;source=chrome.crn.obic&amp;mstk=AUtExfD7mt8YScfPeofE5ahH6AD3pVHxA6kLJXTlF08S6XGz8pMYqQdWq_T5IyXbVmM4DN-yxOQ3UPvFLoTI-v2HscludN5Y1DMQzjYf8K-Y5DUTHlBawnHC-p1f3JJxyXjyFjjTB633ayT8qVNRxqBYGz59NeX0sOvC0tk&amp;mtid=G8VAaqSCMvyqhbIPvZW5oQQ&amp;csuir=1&amp;aep=26&amp;q=Parlez+de+Dioscorea+minutiflora&amp;ved=0CAAQ2_wOahcKEwiAtrvkz6mVAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQEg ''Dioscorea'' spp.: Comprehensive Review of Antioxidant Properties and Their Relation to Phytochemicals and Health Benefits]&quot;, ''www.google.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Dioscorea]]''

* [[Ovihazo]]: ''[[Ipomoea batatas]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Lam.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Convolvulaceae]]''); ''[[Mangahazo|Manihot esculenta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Crantz&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Manihot utilissima'') (''[[Euphorbiaceae]]''); ''Dioscorea minutiflora'' &lt;small&gt;Engl.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Dioscoreaceae]]'')

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>1q75j8g693c0pnkwqdgmle9uumzarff</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aulotandra angustifolia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>301247</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153395</id>
      <parentid>1146633</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T00:51:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
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      <text bytes="1282" sha1="lpf7p7han89i4mi61el1s4m0z724qdu" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Aulotandra angustifolia''''' dia karazan-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] [[tokan-dravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Zingiberaceae]]'' (fianakavian' ny [[sakamalao]] sy ny [[tamotamo]])&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Roskov Y.; Kunze T.; Orrell T.; Abucay L.; Paglinawan L.; Culham A.; Bailly N.; Kirk P.; Bourgoin T.; Baillargeon G.; Decock W.; De Wever A.; Didžiulis V., eds. (2014). &quot;[https://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/9737415 Species 2000 &amp; ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist]&quot;. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Retrieved 26 May 2014.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nofaritan' ilay manampahaizana frantsay malaza momba ny zavamaniry, [[Henri Perrier de la Bâthie]], voalohany tamin' ny taona 1939 izy io&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;H.Perrier, 1939 ''In: Bull. Soc. Bot. France 86: 178''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, ary tsy fahita raha tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. Any avaratra-atsinanan' i Madagasikara no ahitana azy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:872180-1 Aulotandra angustifolia H.Perrier | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:872180-1 |date=20260704161130 }}&quot;, ''powo.science.kew.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Aulotandra]]'' 

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>lpf7p7han89i4mi61el1s4m0z724qdu</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Perrierophytum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>301397</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153421</id>
      <parentid>1147335</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T08:43:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
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      <text bytes="2308" sha1="dwjpk3koy2jthjjrefh7k33ohkavlki" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Perrierophytum''''' dia antokon-javamaniry mamony ao anatin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malvaceae]]''. Teratany ao [[Môzambika]] sy eto [[Madagasikara]] ny karazana ao aminy. Nomena io anarana io ho fanomezam-boninahitra an' i [[Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie]] (1873–1958), mpahay zavamaniry frantsay izay nanokana ny asany tamin' ny fandalinana ny zavamaniry eto Madagasikara. Nofaritana sy navoaka voalohany tao amin' ny ''Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Geneva'' (boky faha-18-19, pejy faha-229) tamin' ny taona 1915 izy io.

== Karazana ==
Araka ny [[Kew Gardens|Kew]] [[Kew Gardens|Garden]] ao amin' ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'', dia ireto ny karazana ao amin' ny antoko ''Perrierophytum''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:26021-1 ''Perrierophytum'' Hochr.] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:26021-1 |date=20260807064036 }}&quot;, ''powo.science.kew.org'' (notsidihina tamin' ny 09/07/2026)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:

* ''Perrierophytum glomeratum'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Perrierophytum hispidum'' &lt;small&gt;(Hochr.) Hochr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Perrierophytum humbertianthus'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Perrierophytum humbertii'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Perrierophytum luteum'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Perrierophytum macranthum'' &lt;small&gt;(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes &amp; Callm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Perrierophytum madagascariense]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) M.M.Hanes &amp; Callm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Perrierophytum malvocoeruleum]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes &amp; Callm.&lt;/small&gt; -- hafotra
* ''Perrierophytum paniculatum'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Perrierophytum reflexiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;(Hochr.) M.M.Hanes &amp; Callm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Perrierophytum rubrum'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Perrierophytum thouarsianum]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) M.M.Hanes &amp; Callm.&lt;/small&gt; -- lahiriky
* ''[[Perrierophytum velutinum]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Garcke) M.M.Hanes &amp; Callm.&lt;/small&gt; -- kotosay, trongafotsy
* ''Perrierophytum viridiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Perrierophytum viscosum'' &lt;small&gt;Hochr&lt;/small&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Abelmoschus]]''

* ''[[Alyogyne]]''
* ''[[Astrohibiscus]]''
* ''[[Blanchardia]]''
* ''[[Firmiana]]''
* ''[[Hibiscus]]''
* ''[[Kosteletzkya]]'' 
* ''[[Lagunaria]]''
* ''[[Macrostelia]]''
* ''[[Pavonia]]''
* ''[[Radyera]]''
* ''[[Thespesia]]''

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>dwjpk3koy2jthjjrefh7k33ohkavlki</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Euphorbia tirucalli</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>301511</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153406</id>
      <parentid>1148142</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T03:12:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>1153406</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="7692" sha1="hk2u57mgru9u1ykivgsc9x3d8yy4ziy" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Euphorbia tirucalli in the wild by tonrulkens.jpg|vignette|394x394px|''Euphorbia tirucall''i]]
Ny '''''Euphorbia tirucalli''''' dia karazana zavamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Euphorbiaceae]]'' ia. Zavamaniry minofon-kazo sy manana sampana maitso varingarina (toy ny fantsona) izy io; teratany eto [[Madagasikara]] izy saingy hita ao [[Afrika]] sy any [[Azia]] ihany koa, indrindra any amin' ny faritra mafana sy maina an-tany somary efitra. Ampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ny ranony fotsy izay tena misy poizina. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''famata''', '''famatafotsy''', '''famatalaro''' ary '''famataletandro'''. Ny anarany feno dia ''Euphorbia tirucalli'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;. Anarana ahafantarana azy koa ny hoe '''''Euphorbia geayi''''' &lt;small&gt;Constantin et Gallois&lt;/small&gt; sy '''''Euphorbia laro''''' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;.

== Anarana ==
Mahatratra 13 ny anarana ara-tsiansa ahafantarana ny ''Euphorbia tirucalli''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;POWO: [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/348517-1 ''Euphorbia tirucalli'' L.] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/348517-1 |date=20260729102009 }}  [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2F348517-1 arsiva]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, dia ireto tanisaina manaraka ireto:

* ''Arthrothamnus tirucalli'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Klotzsch &amp; Garcke&lt;/small&gt; (1859)
* ''Tirucalia indica'' &lt;small&gt;Raf&lt;/small&gt;. (1838)
* ''Tirucalia tirucalli'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) P.V.Heath&lt;/small&gt; (1996)

* ''Euphorbia tirucalli rhipsaloides'' &lt;small&gt;(Willd.) A.Chev.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Euphorbia rhipsaloides'' &lt;small&gt;Lem.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Euphorbia media bagshawei'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Euphorbia media'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Euphorbia laro'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Euphorbia geayi'' &lt;small&gt;Costantin &amp; Gallaud&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Euphorbia viminalis'' &lt;small&gt;Mill., nom. illeg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Euphorbia suareziana'' &lt;small&gt;Croizat&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Euphorbia scoparia'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Br.&lt;/small&gt;

== Famariparitana ==
[[Sary:Euphorbia tirucalli 'Sticks on Fire' Closeup 3264px.jpg|vignette|206x206px|Rantsan' ny ''Euphorbia tirucalli'' ahitana ravina kely]]
Miavaka noho ny endriny be sampana sy toa tsy misy ravina (tsy ahitana ravina miharihary) ary noho ny fahafahany mivelona tsara amin' ny tontolo maina ny ''Euphorbia tirucalli''. Hazobotry lehibe na hazo madinika izy io, izay misy lahy sy vavy (diôika), ary mety hahatratra 4 ka hatramin' ny 9 m ny haavony any amin' ny toerana misy azy voajanahary. Misy ranoka fotsy sady marihtra (lateksa) ao amin' ny faritra rehetra amin' ilay zavamaniry, ranoka io izay tena mahamasaka ny  hoditra sy misy poizina. Mivoaka be dia be io ranoka fiarovana io raha vao misy ratra kely fotsiny eo amin' ny tahony. Miteraka fanaintainan' ny hoditra izy io, ary mety hanimba ny maso, na vetivety na maharitra, raha sendra mahazo ny maso.

=== Taho sy rantsana ===
[[Sary:Pencil Cactus (Euphorbia tirucalli).jpg|vignette|271x271px|Rantsan' ny ''Euphorbia tirucalli'' efa lehibe]]
[[Sary:Euphorbia tirucalli3 ies.jpg|vignette|169x169px|Rantsan' ny ''Euphorbia tirucalli''|ankavia]]
Varingarina sady malama sy be nofo ary maitso ny tahon' ny ''Euphorbia tirucalli''. Manana savaivony eo amin' ny 5 ka hatramin' ny 7 mm eo ho eo izy ireo ary milahatra manodidina na mizara roa mifanandrify. Mamorona vondrona matevina sy mikitroka ahitana sampana kely maro mitovitovy endrika amin' ny [[penisilihazo]] ny tampony. Rehefa mihaantitra ny sampana dia very ilay lokony maitso ary lasa manana hoditra marokoroko sy mafy toy ny an' ny hazo, sady miloko volondavenona.

=== Ravina ===
[[Sary:Euphorbiatirucalli.jpg|ankavia|vignette|216x216px|Ravin' ny ''Euphorbia tirucalli'']]
Kely sady miendrika tsipika lava sy maranitra ny ravin' ny ''Euphorbia tirucalli'', ka zara raha mahatratra 1 ka hatramin' ny 2 sm ny halavany. Tsy maharitra ela ireo ravina ireo fa malaky mihintsana. Vokatr' izany dia ny tahony maitso no manatanteraka ny ampahany be amin' ny fôtôsintezy.

=== Vony ===
[[Sary:Euphorbia tirucalli 003.JPG|vignette|201x201px|''Euphorbia tirucalli'' misy voniny vavy]]
Eo amin' ny tendron' ny rantsana tanora ny [[Vondrombony|vondromboni]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' ny ''Euphorbia tirucalli''ary kely ny voniny izay miloko mavo na maitso mavo, ary tsy manana [[ravimbony]] sy [[felambony]] miavaka tsara. Voahodidin' ny fihary mamokatra [[Maminy (amin' ny zavamaniry)|mamimbony]] miloko mavo izy ireo.

=== Voa ===
[[Sary:Euphorbia tirucalli 1DS-II 1-1509.jpg|vignette|208x208px|Voan' ny ''Euphorbia tirucalli'' |ankavia]]
Boribory toy ny baolina ny voan' ny ''Euphorbia tirucalli'', izay karazana kapsily misy fizarana telo sady somary misy volo madinika, ary misokatra sy mipoaka mafy rehefa matoy mba hivoahan' ny vihim-boany.

== Faritra ahitana azy ==
[[Sary:Euphorbia tirucalli, Flora of Tanzania 4532 Nevit.jpg|vignette|''Euphorbia tirucalli'' any [[Tanzania]] |304x304px]]Araka ny voalazan' ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' (POWO)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;dia i [[Madagasikara]] no toerana niavian' ity karazana zavamaniry ity. Nampidirina tany amin' ny firenena maro ao [[Afrika]] sy any [[Azia]] izy io, ka nanjary toy ny teratany tao amin' ireo faritra ireo. Midadasika ny faritra misy azy ao Afrika, manomboka any [[Eastern Cape]] ([[Afrika Atsimo]]) ka hatrany amin' ny faritra avaratra indrindra any [[Etiôpia]] sy any [[Sodàna]]. Hita any amin' ny faritra avaratra-atsinanana sy afovoany ary atsimo amin' ilay kôntinanta izy io, ary koa ao amin' ny [[Saikanosin' i Arabia|Saikinosin' i Arabia]].[[Sary:Euphorbia tirucalli 0005.jpg|ankavia|vignette|209x209px|''Euphorbia tirucalli'' misy voany]]Nampidirina tany amin' ny faritra trôpikaly hafa izy io, indrindra fa tany amin' ny [[Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana|Zana-kôntinanta Indiana]]. Hita betsaka any [[Srilanka]] izy io&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;''&quot;[http://www.instituteofayurveda.org/plants/plants_detail.php?i=508&amp;s=English_name Euphorbia tirucalli L.]&quot;, Ayurveda Plants of Sri Lanka'' [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.instituteofayurveda.org%2Fplants%2Fplants_detail.php%3Fi%3D508%26s%3DEnglish_name arsiva]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Hita any amin' ny faritra atsinanana kokoa ilay zavamairy: any [[Mianmara]], any [[Tailandy]], any [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]], any [[Malezia]], any [[Vietnamy]], any [[Java]], ary any [[Taioàna|Taiwan]]. Hita any [[Tonizia]], any [[Ganà]], any [[Ginea]], ary any [[Espaina]] ihany koa izy io&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Mety ho nentin' ny mpivarotra sy tantsambo fahiny avy any [[Afrika Atsimo]] nankany [[India]] sy ny faritra [[Atsinanana Indrindra|Atsinanana]] [[Atsinanana Indrindra|Indrindra]] izy io&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pza.sanbi.org/euphorbia-tirucalli ''Euphorbia tirucalli'' L.]&quot;, South Africa National Biodiversity Institute, ''PlantZAfrica.com'', [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fpza.sanbi.org%2Feuphorbia-tirucalli arsiva]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Euphorbia]]''
* [[Famata]]: ''[[Cynanchum danguyanum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Choux&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Euphorbia xylophylloides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Brongn. ex Lem.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Euphorbia leucodendron]]'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Euphorbia decorsei]]'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Euphorbia oncoclada]]'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Euphorbia stenoclada]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;.; ''[[Euphorbia tetraptera]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;; ''Euphorbia tirucalli'' &lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;. (← ''Euphorbia geayi'' &lt;small&gt;Constantin et Gallois&lt;/small&gt; na ''Euphorbia laro'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;)

* [[Famatafotsy]]: ''[[Euphorbia decorsei]]'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;; ''Euphorbia tirucalli'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Euphorbia geayi'' &lt;small&gt;Constantin et Gallois&lt;/small&gt; na ''Euphorbia laro'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt;)

== Loharano ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mpanjakavavin'ny alina</title>
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      <text bytes="4443" sha1="6024ihgrv22tk8jylii6oqly5pgwpp5" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''Mpanjakavavin'ny alina''' dia anarana iantsoana ny zavamaniry fantatra amin'ny anarana ara-tsiansa hoe '''Epiphyllum oxypetalum''' (DC.) Haw., karazana ao amin'ny fianakaviana Cactaceae. Zavamaniry raketa epifita izy, malaza noho ny voniny lehibe, fotsy ary manitra, izay misokatra amin'ny alina ihany ary mihidy na malazo alohan'ny fiposahan'ny masoandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://floraurbana.blogspot.com/2012/07/epiphyllum-oxypetalum.html&lt;/ref&gt;

Matetika izy no antsoina amin'ny teny frantsay hoe &quot;Reine de la Nuit&quot; na &quot;Belle de nuit&quot;, ary amin'ny teny anglisy hoe &quot;Queen of the Night&quot;. Na dia misy karazana raketa hafa antsoina amin'io anarana io aza, ny Epiphyllum oxypetalum no iray amin'ireo malaza indrindra amin'ireo zavamaniry mamony amin'ny alina&lt;ref&gt;https://www.fuchsia-delhommeau.com/epiphyllum-oxypetalum.html&lt;/ref&gt;.

Marihina fa samy hafa ny Epiphyllum oxypetalum sy ny Selenicereus grandiflorus na dia samy antsoina hoe &quot;Mpanjakavavin'ny alina&quot; aza izy ireo amin'ny anarana mahazatra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/132938-1 |title=kopian'ny arisiva |access-date=2026-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260731203646/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/132938-1 |archive-date=2026-07-31 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Famaritana ==
Epiphyllum oxypetalum dia zavamaniry manana taho fisaka, maitso ary lava, izay mitovy endrika amin'ny [[Ravina (zavamaniry)|ravina]]. Tsy manana ravina tena izy izy fa ireo taho ireo no manao ny asan'ny ravina amin'ny famokarana sakafo amin'ny alalan'ny fotosintezy.&lt;ref&gt;https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/epiphyllum-oxypetalum/&lt;/ref&gt;

Zavamaniry epifita izy, izany hoe amin'ny toerana niaviany dia mety maniry eo ambonin'ny hazo na zavamaniry hafa mba hahazoana hazavana sy toerana, nefa tsy maka otrikaina avy amin'ilay zavamaniry iorenany&lt;ref&gt;https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/85410-Epiphyllum-oxypetalum&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny tahony dia afaka mitombo hatramin'ny 1,20 m ka hatramin'ny 1,80 m amin'ny toe-piainana mety. Ny [[Vony|voniny]] dia lehibe, manana felany maro manify, miloko fotsy madio, ary mety hahatratra santimetatra maro ny habeny.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/32100/epiphyllum-oxypetalum/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Famelana ==
Ny mampiavaka indrindra ny '''Mpanjakavavin'ny alina''' dia ny fotoam-pamelany. Misokatra amin'ny alina ny voniny, matetika manomboka aorian'ny filentehan'ny masoandro, ary mihidy na malazo tanteraka rehefa maraina.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.fuchsia-delhommeau.com/epiphyllum-oxypetalum.html&lt;/ref&gt;

Mamoaka fofona [[manitra]] sy mahery izy mandritra ny alina. Io hanitra io dia manampy amin'ny fisarihana ireo biby mpandoto voninkazo, indrindra ireo bibikely mivezivezy amin'ny alina.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://gardenworld.app/fr/blog/planten/epiphyllum-oxypetalum&lt;/ref&gt;

Noho ny faharetan'ny voniny izay fohy dia lasa zavamaniry ankafizin'ny mpamboly sy mpitia voninkazo izy, satria fotoana manokana sy mahaliana ny fahitana azy mamony.

== Fiparitahana sy toeram-ponenana ==
Avy any amin'ny faritra tropikaly any Amerika Afovoany sy [[Amerika Atsimo]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.jardin-exotique-de-cosyhome.fr/product/epiphyllum-oxypetalum/&lt;/ref&gt; ny Epiphyllum oxypetalum. Any amin'ny ala mando izy no hita amin'ny toerana voaaro sy misy hamandoana ampy.

Ankehitriny dia ambolena any amin'ny faritra mafana maro maneran-tany izy noho ny hakanton'ny voniny sy ny maha-zavamaniry haingo azy.

== Fikarakarana ==

=== Toerana ===
Mila hazavana tsara ny Mpanjakavavin'ny alina, saingy tsy dia mahazaka tara-masoandro mivantana mafy mandritra ny fotoana maharitra. Ny toerana misy hazavana voasivana no mety aminy&lt;ref&gt;https://www.southsideblooms.com/queen-of-the-night/?srsltid=AfmBOor8639oOHGM1gxkajExFgjLUt9YjK9HSGPtrjwzzZwg4iKkIVcr&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fanondrahana ===
Mila rano antonony izy mandritra ny vanim-potoana mafana. Ahena kosa ny fanondrahana mandritra ny vanim-potoana mangatsiaka mba hisorohana ny fahasimban'ny fakany.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Tany ===
Mila tany malefaka sy mora mamoaka rano izy. Ny tany mifangaro amin'ny [[fasika]], perlite na akora manampy amin'ny fivoahan-drano tsara dia mety amin'ny fitomboany&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Anarana hafa ==
Anarana ara-tsiansa: Epiphyllum oxypetalum (DC.) Haw.

Fianakaviana: Cactaceae

Anarana frantsay: Reine de la Nuit, Belle de nuit, Orchidée blanche

Anarana anglisy: Queen of the Night, Dutchman's Pipe Cactus

== Jereo koa ==
[[Cactaceae]]

[[Zavamaniry]] epifita

[[Voninkazo]] mamony amin'ny alina</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ensete perrieri</title>
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      <text bytes="17816" sha1="7pav5h1u9qzfk6sjrwzo6wk5k72o024" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Ensete perrieri''''' dia karazan-javamaniry mamony [[tokan-dravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Musaceae]]'', (fianakavian' ny [[Akondro (zavamaniry)|akondro]]). Io no hany karazana teratany amin' ny fianakaviana ''Musaceae'' eto [[Madagasikara]] sady tsy fahita afa-tsy ao amin' ny faritra andrefana sy afovoan-tany amin' ny Nosy. Amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izy dia atao hoe '''antsirohoroka''', '''ontsy''', '''tsirohoroka'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=musa Musa]&quot;, ''Diksionera sy Rakipahalalana malagasy''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; na '''tsiroroka'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.ethnopharmacologia.org/recherche-dans-prelude/?plant_id=6932 Ensete perrieri (Claverie) Cheesman]&quot;, ''www.ethnopharmacologia.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Atao hoe '''voantsirohoroka''' ny voany&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;'''.'''  ''Ensete perrieri'' &lt;small&gt;(Claverie) Cheesman&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiansa feno ary nantsoina hoe '''''Musa perrieri''''' &lt;small&gt;Claverie&lt;/small&gt; izy io teo aloha. Voasokajy ho karazana tandindomin-doza mafy izy io noho ny fandripahana ala sy ny [[Fiovan' ny toetany|fiovan']] [[Fiovan' ny toetany|ny toetany]]. Misy ny bôtanista mino fa mety ho loharano ara-pototarazon' ny fanoherana ny aretina mpahazo ny akondro, atao hoe [[aretin' i Panama]], ity karazana ity nefa mbola mila porofo izany; io aretina io no nandripaka ny akondro &quot;Gros Michel&quot; (anisan' ny ''[[Musa acuminata]]'') sady mandrahona ny akondro &quot;Cavendish&quot; (anisan' ny ''Musa acuminata'' ihany koa), izay karazana akondro tena lehibe eo amin' ny varotra iraisam-pirenena&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44712034 Yes! We have no bananas: Why the song may come true again]&quot;. ''BBC''. Helen Briggs. 5 July 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241225021534/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44712034 Arsiva] tamin' ny 25/12/2024. Notsidihina tamin' ny 11/12/2024.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Allen, Richard; Clarkson, James J; Ralimanana, Hélène (6 July 2018). &quot;[https://www.kew.org/read-and-watch/madagascan-banana The critically endangered Madagascar Banana]&quot;. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Arsiva tamin' ny 20/12/2024. Notsidihina tamin' ny 11/12/2024. &quot;Only five mature individuals of E. perrieri have been previously identified in the whole of Madagascar, and a recent survey has suggested that now only three of these may be left (Analavelona, Ampefy and Maintirano areas).&quot;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Mampiavaka azy ny fitomboany haingana sy ny toetrany mamoa indray mandeha monja ary ny voany feno vihim-boa sady tsy azo hanina&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://motmalgache.org/bins/teny2/tsirohoroka#mg.n Tsirohoroka]&quot;, ''motmalgache.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Taksônômia ==
Nisy santionany nangonin' ilay bôtanista frantsay antsoina hoe Pierre Claverie tao amin' ny faritr' i [[Betsiboka (ony)|Betsiboka]] tamin' ny taona 1905, ary voatahiry ao amin' ny tahirin-javamanirin' ny [[Muséum national d'histoire naturelle]] any [[Frantsa]] izany&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/4061008915 Occurrence Detail 4061008915]&quot;. ''[[Global Biodiversity Information Facility]]''. Notsidihina tamin' ny 15/12/2024.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny ontsy na tsirohoroka dia nahazo anarana avy amin' i Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie; tany am-boalohany dia tao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Musa]]'' no nanasokajiana azy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.gbif.org/species/8412469 Musa perrieri Bonnier] {{Wayback|url=https://www.gbif.org/species/8412469 |date=20250217190646 }}&quot;. ''www.[[Global Biodiversity Information Facility|gbif]].org''. Notsihina tamin' ny 18/01/2025.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, saingy novan' i Ernest Entwistle Cheesman ho ao amin' ny vondrona ''[[Ensete]]'' izany taty aoriana&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Cheesman, E. E. (1947). &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4109206 Classification of the Bananas: The Genus Ensete Horan]&quot;. Kew Bulletin. 2 (2): 97–106. Bibcode:1947KewBu...2...97C. doi:10.2307/4109206. ISSN 0075-5974. JSTOR 4109206.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Havana akaikin' ny ''[[Ensete ventricosum]]'' ny ''Ensete perrieri''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Famariparitana ==
Zavamaniry manana endrika hazo nefa ahitra lehibe sahala amn' ny [[Akondro (zavamaniry)|akondro]] tena izy ny ''Ensete perrieri''&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:584802-1 Ensete perrieri (Claverie) Cheesman | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science]&quot;. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241215033839/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:584802-1 Arsiva] tamin' ny 15/12/2024. Notsidihina tamin' ny 19/12/2024.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Mitombo haongana izy. Mônôkarpika izy io, izany hoe mamony sy mamoa indray mandeha monja izy ary maty aorian' izay. Amin' ny ankapobeny izy dia maniry irery fa tsy misy solofony izy (tsy toy ny akondro mahazatra ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Musa]]'').

=== Ravina ===
Mahitsy sy miakatra ny ravina, ary ny vondron-dravina dia misaraka eo amin' ny tendrom-batany. Manopy mavo ny ravina sady misy tangozany fohy dia fohy, ka mamorona endrika matevina sy mirindra eo an-tendron' ny vatan' ilay zavamaniry. Mihintsana ny raviny rehetra mandritra ny vanim-potoana maina, ka ny vatany, izay fitambaran' ny fototry ny raviny, ihany no sisa mijanona&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Jolly, Alison; Oberlé, Philippe; Albignac, Roland (2016-01-22) [1984]. ''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=lR0lBQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Ensete+perrieri+-ventricosum&amp;pg=PA27&amp;redir_esc=y Key Environments: Madagascar]'' (1st ed.). Oxford: Pergamon Press, IUCN. p. 42. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4832-8595-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 756437768. OL 39908881M – via ''Plants of the World Online''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. 

=== Vatana sy fakany ===
Lehibe sady matanjaka ny vatan' ny ''Ensete perrieri'', ary manana endrika mahafinaritra miloko somary manga na maitso-manga. Tao amin' ny ''Ensete perrieri'' nodinihin' i Claverie dia manana haavo 5 ka hatramin' ny 6 m, ary manana vatany izay mibontsina eo amin' ny fotony izay lasa vodiny matevina manana hodidina 2,5 m (savaivo 80 sm). Voahodidin' ny fono ravina izay tsy mihintsana ny tahony ka mahatonga azy ho toy ny vatan-kazo lehibe mivelatra eo amin' ny fotony. Mirefy eo amin' ny 2 m eo ho eo ny hodidina (savaivo 64 sm) eo amin' ny fotony, 2,5 m (savaivo 80 sm) kosa rehefa miakatra kely (eo amin' ny haavo 50 sm), ary 0,7 m monja (savaivo 22,3 sm) rehefa manandrify ny ravina ambany&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/161596#page/73/mode/1up Annales du Muśee colonial de Marseille]. Vol. ser.2:v.7. Aix-Marseille University Faculty of Sciences. 1909. pp. 74–86. OCLC 731007973.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Fotsy sy matevina ary miendrika varingarina ny fakany izay tsy misy solofony.

=== Vony sy brakte ===
Mipoitra avy eo afovoan' ny vondron-dravina ny tahon-bony. Alohan' ny hiondrehany, ilay taho mitondra ny vondrom-bony dia ahitana braktre (ravina fiarovana) roa lehibe sady mifanalavitra mitovitovy amin' ny ravin' akondro saingy kely ny fotony mamihina ny taho (ny ambany dia mirefy eo amin' ny 80 sm eo ho eo, ary ny ambony kosa 50 sm). Eo amin' ny farany ambany indrindra amin' ny vondrom-bony dia misy brakte telo tsy mamokatra, izay manana felany tena kely. Mirefy eo amin' ny 60 sm eo ho eo ny halavan 'ilay ambany indrindra, ary 35 sm ny sakany. Mivondrona ho sampaho mihantona ny vony, sady voaaron' ny brakte lehibe sy miloko. Ny vony vavy na ny vony sady lahy no vavy dia mamokatra voa toa akondro kely. 

=== Voa ===
Mitovy amin' ny akondro kely ny von' ny ''Ensete perrieri'' izay mivondrona ho lafitra (andiany), izay voalaza fa mangidy tsy heverina ho fihinana. Tsy toy ny voan' akondro mahazatra ny voany izay maina sy ahitana vihim-boa maro be sy lehibe ary mafy sady miloko volontany. Mivoha amin' ny alalan' ny fivakisany telo manaraka ny andavany ka ahafahana mahita ny vihim-boany izay atao hoe &quot;voantsirohoroka&quot; amin' ny teny malagasy. 

== Toerana sy faritra aniriana ==
Teratany any amin' ny ala trôpikaly misy fizaran-taona maina ao amin' ny faritra andrefana amin' i [[Madagasikara]] ny ''Ensete perrieri''&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Na izany aza, ny angona ara-tantara sy ny lisitry ny fanisana dia mampiseho fiparitahana mihoatra noho ny faritra amorontsiraka andrefana. Mahay miatrika vanim-potoana lava tsy misy orana io karazana io; mandritra izany fotoana izany dia matetika no manary ny sasany amin' ny raviny izy mba ho velona amin' ny alalan' ny tahirin' otrikaina voangony ao amin' ny fotony.  

=== Faritra nahitana azy tamin' ny lasa ===
Ny fanondroana ny santionany fototra navoakan' i Väre &amp; Häkkinen (2011) dia manonona an' [[Ambongo]] ho nahitana an' izany santionany izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Väre &amp; Häkkinen (2011), &quot;[https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/a2011n2a3.pdf? Typification and check-list of Ensete Horan. names (Musaceae) with nomenclatural notes]&quot;, ''Adansonia''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny loharanom-baovao ara-tantara mifandraika amin' ny famariparitana ny ''Musa perrieri'' dia manonona ihany koa an' [[Ankaladina]] sy ny [[Lembalemban' Ankara]] ary i [[Tampoketsa]] eo akaikin' ny renirano [[Mahavavy]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;.

=== Faritra ahitana azy ankehitriny ===
Tamin' ny taona 2018 dia noheverin' ny bôtanista ao amin' ny [[Kew Gardens]] fa telo monja tamin' ny dimy efa lehibe fantatra no sisa amin' ity karazana ity tao amin' ny faritr' [[Analavelona]] sy [[Ampefy]] ary [[Maintirano]], na dia nisy zanany hita ihany koa&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Tsy isany manerana an' i Madagasikara manontolo anefa izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. 

Milaza ny Kew fa hita tao amin' ny [[Tahirin-javaboarin' ny Tsingin' i Bemaraha]] ([[Faritra Melaky]]) ny ''Ensete perrieri''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Ny lisitry ny zavamaniry hita ao amin' ny faritra [[Beanka]] (Faritra Melaky) dia manondro mazava tsara ny ''Ensete perrieri'' ho anisan' ny zavamaniry manana lalan-dranon-kazo (''Tracheophyta'') hita tao amin' io faritra andrefana io&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319159733_Inventaire_des_plantes_vasculaires_de_la_region_de_Beanka_Region_Melaky_Ouest_de_Madagascar Inventaire des plantes vasculaires de la région de Beanka, Région Melaky, Ouest de Madagascar.]&quot;, ''www.researchgate.net''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. I [[Maintirano]] dia anisan' ny faritra telo izay nanamarihan' ny Kew fa mety mbola ahitana zavamaniry efa lehibe, araka ny fanadihadiana notaterina tamin' ny taona 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. 

Toerana manan-danja iray hafa koa ny [[Tangorom-tendombohitra Analavelona]] sy ny [[Alan' Analavelona|ala]] [[Alan' Analavelona|ao aminy]] (ao amin' ny [[Faritra Atsimo-Andrefana]]) izay anisan' ny faritra telo nahitana, na heverina fa mety hahitana, ny santionany efa lehibe farany sisa tavela amin' ny ''Ensete perrieri'' nandritra ny fanadihadiana nataony&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Misy lahatsoratra iray momba ny famerenana amin' ny laoniny ny tontolo iainana eto Madagasikara izay manamafy ihany koa ny fisian' io zavamaniry io ao amin' ny Alan' Analavelona&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://mbgecologicalrestoration.wordpress.com/2023/05/24/valorising-malagasy-protected-areas-as-seed-sources-for-forest-restoration/ Valorising Malagasy protected areas as seed sources for forest restoration]&quot;, ''mbgecologicalrestoration.wordpress.com'' (Missouri Botanical Garden)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nanonona an' [[Ampefy]] ([[Faritra Itasy]]) ho anisan' ny faritra telo ahitana ny ''Ensete perrieri'' efa lehibe farany fantatra fa mbola velona araka ilay fanadihadiana navoaka tamin' ny taona 2018 ny Kew&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.kew.org/read-and-watch/madagascan-banana? The critically endangered Madagascar Banana]&quot;, ''www.kew.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Mampiseho izany fa tsy azo ferana amin' ny faritry ny morontsiraka andrefana fotsiny ny fiparitahan' io karazana io tany aloha.

=== Faritra mbola mila fanamarinana ===
Anisan' ny zavamaniry fanafody voarakitra ao amin' ny faritra nanaovana fanadihadiana tao amin' ny kaominina [[Mahaboboka]] sy [[Amboronabo]] ary [[Mikoboka]] (Faritra Atsimo-Andrefana) ny karazana iray nomena anarana hoe ''Ensete aff. perrieri'', izany hoe zavamaniry tena mitovy amin' ny ''Ensete perrieri'' fa tsy tena fantatra na izy na tsy izy&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

== Fampiasana ==
Tena voafetra ny fampiasana ny ''Ensete perrieri'' eo amin' ny lafiny sakafo sy varotra; izany no mampiavaka azy tanteraka amin' ny akondro mahazatra ao amin' ny vodron-karazana ''[[Musa]]'', na ilay karazana mitovitovy aminy any Etiôpia (''[[Ensete ventricosum]]''). Noho ny vihim-boany lehibe dia tsy dia mahafinaritra ny mihinana ny voany&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Na izany aza dia misy ihany ny fampiasana azy io.

Tsy tokony hafangaro amin' ny [[ambihy]], izay akondrodia, karazana ''[[Musa acuminata]]'', any amin' ny morontsiraka avaratra-atsinanana amin' i [[Madagasikara]] ny ''Ensete perrieri''. Na dia ahitana vihim-boa maro aza dia ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Musa'' no misy ny ambihy, ka tsy mitovy amin' ny tsirohoroka izany.

=== Fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ===
Araka ny angon-drakitra ''Prélude'' momba ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana afrikanina, ny fanadihadiana natao teo anivon' ny mponina any atsimo-andrefana amin' i [[Madagasikara]] (indrindra fa tao [[Mahaboboka]]) dia mitatitra fampiasana azy. Potehina ho vovoka ny voan' ny ''Ensete perrieri'' dia afangaro amin' ny rano io vovoka io avy eo ary apetaka manodidina ny maso mba hitsaboana ny aretin' ny hodi-maso sy aretina hafa mahazo ny maso. Any amin' ny faritra atsimo-andrefana amin' i Madagasikara, fanao nentim-paharazana ny mitoto ny tahony ho vovoka mba hitsaboana ny fanaintainan' ny kibo&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Randrianarivony, Tabita N.; et al. (2016-12-23). &quot;[https://www.ajol.info/index.php/mcd/article/view/149654 Value of useful goods and ecosystem services from Agnalavelo sacred forest and their relationships with forest conservation]&quot;. ''Madagascar Conservation &amp; Development''. 11 (2): 47. doi:10.4314/mcd.v11i2.1. ISSN 1662-2510.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Atao tambavy hosotroina ny ravin' ilay zavamaniry mba hanamaivanana ny [[tsongofoitra]] (fanaintainan' ny kibo) eo amin' ny ankizy. 

=== Fiarovana araka ny finoana nentim-paharazana ===
Ny vihim-boan' ny tsirohoroka, izay atao hoe &quot;voantsirohoroka&quot; amin' ny teny malagasy, dia manana lanja ara-kolontsaina: tadiavina izy ireny hanaovana [[vakana]] izay heverina fa mitondra vintana tsara na manome fiarovana (&quot;ody fiarovana amin-doza&quot;). 

=== Taozavatra ===
Mamoaka [[tsiraka]] avy amin' ny faritra maro samihafa ilay zavamaniry. Ny fonon-dravina mamorona ny vatan' ny tsirohoroka dia mamokatra tsiraka izay tsy dia matanjaka loatra nefa azo ampiasaina amin' ny fanamboarana [[tsihy]] sy [[harona]]. Mamokatra tsiraka tena tsara ihany koa ny sosona hodi-boan' ny ''Ensete perrieri'', izay ampiasaina indrindra hanaovana sivana hanivanana ny tavolo avy amn' ny zavamaniry. 

=== Fikarohana ===
Ho an' ny vondrom-piarahamonina siantifika iraisam-pirenena, ny tena lanjan' ny ''Ensete perrieri'' dia ny firafitry ny fototarazony. Mandinika ity karazana zavamaniry ity ny manampahaizana momba ny zavamaniry sy ny fambolena satria mety hanana fototarazo afaka hanohitra ny [[aretin' i Panama]] ateraky ny holatra ''[[Fusarium oxysporum]]'' izy, nefa mbola mila fanaporofoana izany. Ity aretina ity dia efa nandripaka ny akondro &quot;Gros Michel&quot; tany aloha, ary ankehitriny dia loza mitatao mafy ho an' ny akondro &quot;Cavendish&quot;, izay karazana akondro aondrana betsaka indrindra eran-tany. Noho izany, ny ''Ensete perrieri'' dia loharano tena ilaina amin' ny resaka fototarazo ho an' ny fikarohana momba ny fambolena.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Ensete]]''
* ''[[Musa]]''
* [[Zavamaniry fanao fanafody eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Ontsy]]: ''[[Musa × paradisiaca]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Musa sapientum'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;); ''Ensete perrieri'' &lt;small&gt;(Claverie) Cheesman&lt;/small&gt;  (← ''Musa perrieri'' &lt;small&gt;Claverie&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Musaceae]]''); ''[[Ravinala|Ravenala madagascariensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Sonn&lt;/small&gt;. (''[[Strelitziaceae]]'')

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==

* Cheesman, E. E. (1947, publié en 1948). &quot;Classification of the Bananas. I. The genus ''Ensete'' Horan.&quot;. ''Kew Bulletin'', vol. 2, n° 2, p. 97–106.
* Claverie, P. (1909). « Note sur un bananier nouveau de Madagascar ». ''Annales du Musée Colonial de Marseille'', série 2, vol. 7, p. 74.
* GBIF Secretariat (2026). ''Ensete perrieri (Claverie) Cheesman'' . Fiche taxonomique GBIF.
* Plants of the World Online (POWO). ''Ensete perrieri (Claverie) Cheesman''. Fiche descriptive de Kew Science.
* Randrianarivony, T. N., Ramarosandratana, A. V., Andriamihajarivo, T. H., Rakotoarivony, F., Jeannoda, V. H., Randrianasolo, A., &amp; Bussmann, R. W. (2017). &quot;The most used medicinal plants by communities in Mahaboboka, Amboronabo, Mikoboka, Southwestern, Madagascar&quot;. ''Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine'', 13:19. DOI: 10.1186/s13002-017-0147-x.
* Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2018). ''The critically endangered Madagascar Banana''. 

=== Rohy ivelany ===
* &quot;[https://www.rarepalmseeds.com/ensete-perrieri Ensete perrieri  Madagascar Banana]&quot;, ''www.rarepalmseeds.com''

* Plants of the World Online – ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20241215033839/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:584802-1 Ensete perrieri]''
* Plants of the World Online – ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20241215034344/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/584977-1 Musa perrieri]'' (synonyme)
* IUCN Red List – ''[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/98249345/98249347 Ensete perrieri]''
* Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – [https://www.kew.org/read-and-watch/madagascan-banana The critically endangered Madagascar Banana]
* World Flora Online – ''[https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000407866 Ensete perrieri]''
* Malagasy Dictionary and Encyclopedia – &quot;[https://malagasyword.org/bins/teny1/ontsy ontsy]&quot;

== Loharano ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stevia</title>
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      <text bytes="13173" sha1="hte6dzem3sp4y13uu1jqtks6vaffn4i" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:甜菊 Stevia rebaudiana -泰國清邁花展 Royal Flora Ratchaphruek, Thailand- (9240149538).jpg|vignette|376x376px|''[[Stevia rebaudiana]]'']]
Ny '''''Stevia''''' dia vondron-karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] sy [[roa ravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asteraceae]]'', izay ahitana karazana ahitra sy hazobotry miisa mihoatra ny 264&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/330056-2 ''Stevia'' Cav.] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/330056-2 |date=20260930114413 }}&quot;, ''powo.science.kew.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ary avy amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly manomboka any amin' ny faritra andrefana amin' i [[Amerika Avaratra]] ka hatrany [[Amerika Atsimo]]. Ny karazana atao hoe ''[[Stevia rebaudiana]]'' ao anatin' io vondrona io dia ambolena betsaka mba hakana akora mamy avy amin' ny raviny, ka amidy ho solon-tsiramamy amin' ny anarana hoe &quot;stevia&quot; sy anarana ara-barotra hafa. ''Stevia'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt; ny anarany feno ara-tsiansa. Anisan' ny fantatra indrindra koa ny 

== Faritra sy toerana aniriany ==
Teratany any [[Amerika Atsimo]] sy any [[Amerika Afovoany]] ary any [[Meksika]] ity vondron-karazana zavamaniry ity, nefa misy karazany sasany hita hatrany avaratra any [[Arizona]] sy any [[New Mexico]] ary any [[Texas]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=STEVI ''Stevia'' Cav]&quot;. ''USDA Plants.''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Matetika izy io no miroborobo any amin' ny faritra be tendrombohitra somary maina, nefa afaka maniry any amin' ny toerana hafa ihany koa, toy ny [[kijana]], ny faritra misy kirihitra, ny tehezan-tendrombohitra misy ala, ny ala misy hazo [[Pinophyta|kônifera]], ary ny faritra misy zavamaniry any amin' ny toerana manana haambo ambony&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Borgo, Jimena; Laurella, Laura C.; Martini, Florencia; Catalán, Cesar A. N.; Sülsen, Valeria P. (6 May 2021). &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8125113 Stevia Genus: Phytochemistry and Biological Activities Update]&quot;. Molecules. 26 (9): 2733. doi:10.3390/molecules26092733. PMC 8125113. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 34066562&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Fampiasana ==
Avy any [[Amerika Atsimo]] ny fampiasan' ny olona ilay zavamaniry mamy antsoina hoe ''[[Stevia rebaudiana]]''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Misra, Himanshu; Soni, Manish; Silawat, Narendra; Mehta, Darshana; Mehta, B. K.; Jain, D. C. (2011). &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PM Antidiabetic activity of medium-polar extract from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bert. (Bertoni) on alloxan-induced diabetic rats]&quot;. ''Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences''. 3 (2): 242–248. doi:10.4103/0975-7406.80779. ISSN 0976-4879. PMC 3103919. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 21687353&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Ambolena betsaka io karazana io noho ny akora maro mamy antsoina hoe steviôla glikôsida izay azo avy amin' ny raviny. Amidy ho solon' ny siramamy izy ireo, na amin' ny anarana hoe &quot;stevia&quot; na amin' ny anarana ara-barotra samihafa&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Abdullateef, Raji Akintunde; Osman, Mohamad (1 January 2012). &quot;[[:en:Stevia_(genus)#cite_note-ijb.v4n1p146-11|Studies on effects of pruning on vegetative traits in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Compositae)]]&quot;. ''International Journal of Biology''. 4 (1). doi:10.5539/ijb.v4n1p146.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Taksônômia ==
Ny vondron-karazana ''Stevia'' dia ahitana karazana miisa 264. Nomena izany anarana izany izy io ho fanomezam-boninahitra an' i Petrus Jacobus Stevus (Pedro Jaime Esteve, 1500–1556), mpampianatra bôtanika espaniôla tao amin' ny Oniversiten' i Valencia&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Parsons, WT; Cuthbertson, EG (2001). ''[https://books.google.mg/books?id=sRCrNAQQrpwC&amp;pg=PA309&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Noxious Weeds of Australia, 2nd ed.]'' Collingswood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. p. 309. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-643-06514-7&lt;/nowiki&gt; (miresaka manokana momba ny ''[[Stevia eupatoria]]'')&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Inreto koa ny anarana hafa nahafantarana azy&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;:

* ''Carelia'' &lt;small&gt;Juss. ex Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Metastevia'' &lt;small&gt;Grashoff&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mustelia'' &lt;small&gt;Spreng.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Nothites'' &lt;small&gt;Cass&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Xetoligus'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;

== Lisitry ny karazana ==
[[Sary:Stevia eupatoria - Bergianska trädgården - Stockholm, Sweden - DSC00166.JPG|vignette|''[[Stevia eupatoria]]'']]
Ny ''Stevia'' dia ahitana karazana miisa 264 araka ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' (''POWO'') &lt;small&gt;(29 Septembra 2026)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;:

* ''Stevia alatipes'' B.L.Rob.
* Stevia alexii G.S.S.Almeida &amp; Carv.-Okano
* Stevia alpina Griseb.
* Stevia alternifolia Hieron.
* Stevia amambayensis B.L.Rob.
* Stevia amblyolepis B.L.Rob.
* Stevia ammotropha B.L.Rob.
* Stevia amplexicaulis Hassl.
* Stevia anadenotricha (B.L.Rob.) Grashoff
* Stevia anderssonii H.Rob.
* Stevia andina B.L.Rob.
* Stevia anisostemma Turcz.
* Stevia apensis B.L.Rob.
* Stevia aristata D.Don ex Hook. &amp; Arn.
* Stevia aschenborniana Sch.Bip.
* Stevia baccharifolia B.L.Turner
* Stevia balansae Hieron.
* Stevia beckii R.M.King &amp; H.Rob.
* Stevia benderi Perkins
* Stevia berlandieri A.Gray
* Stevia bermejensis Hieron.
* Stevia bertholdii B.L.Rob.
* Stevia breviaristata Hook. &amp; Arn.
* Stevia bridgesii Rusby
* Stevia burkartii B.L.Rob.
* Stevia burroana B.L.Turner
* Stevia cajabambensis Hieron.
* Stevia calderillensis Hieron.
* Stevia caltepecana B.L.Turner
* Stevia calzadana B.L.Turner
* Stevia camachensis Hieron.
* Stevia camporum Baker
* Stevia caracasana DC.
* Stevia carapariensis Cabrera &amp; Vittet
* Stevia cardiatica Perkins
* Stevia catharinensis Cabrera
* Stevia cathartica Poepp.
* Stevia chacoensis R.E.Fr.
* Stevia chamaedrys Griseb.
* Stevia chiapensis Grashoff
* Stevia chilapensis Soejima &amp; Yahara
* Stevia cinerascens Sch.Bip. ex Baker
* Stevia claussenii Sch.Bip. ex Baker
* Stevia clinopodioides Greenm.
* Stevia clivicola B.L.Rob.
* Stevia coahuilensis Soejima &amp; Yahara
* Stevia cochabambensis Hieron.
* Stevia collina Gardner
* Stevia commixta B.L.Rob.
* Stevia concordiana B.L.Turner
* Stevia congesta Hook. &amp; Arn.
* Stevia connata Lag.
* Stevia constricta (Grashoff) Soejima, Yahara &amp; K.Watan.
* Stevia copiosa J.Kost.
* Stevia cordifolia Benth.
* Stevia crassifolia Soejima &amp; Yahara
* Stevia crenata Benth.
* Stevia crenulata Baker
* Stevia cruziana Malme
* Stevia cruzii Grashoff
* Stevia cryptantha Baker
* Stevia cuneata Hassl.
* Stevia cuzcoensis Hieron.
* Stevia decumbens Greene
* Stevia decussata Baker
* Stevia deltoidea Greene
* Stevia dianthoidea Hieron.
* Stevia dictyophylla B.L.Rob.
* Stevia discolor B.L.Rob.
* Stevia divaricata DC.
* Stevia dubia B.L.Rob.
* Stevia ecatepecana Soejima, Yahara &amp; K.Watan.
* Stevia eclipes B.L.Rob.
* Stevia elatior Kunth
* Stevia enigmatica B.L.Turner
* Stevia entreriensis Hieron.
* Stevia ephemera Grashoff
* Stevia estrellensis Hassl. ex B.L.Rob.
* ''[[Stevia eupatoria]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Spreng.) Willd.&lt;/small&gt;
* Stevia fiebrigii Hieron.
* Stevia filipes Rusby
* Stevia filodecaballoana Soejima, Yahara &amp; K.Watan.
* Stevia fruticosa Griseb.
* Stevia galeopsidifolia Hieron.
* Stevia gardneriana Baker
* Stevia gilliesii Hook. &amp; Arn.
* Stevia glandulosa Hook. &amp; Arn.
* Stevia glanduloso-pubescens Hieron.
* Stevia glomerata Hieron.
* Stevia gratioloides Hook. &amp; Arn.
* Stevia grazielae Quaresma &amp; J.N.Nakaj.
* Stevia heptachaeta DC.
* Stevia herrerae B.L.Rob.
* Stevia hilarii B.L.Rob.
* Stevia hintonii (Grashoff) B.L.Turner
* Stevia hintoniorum B.L.Turner
* Stevia hirsuta DC.
* Stevia hispidula DC.
* Stevia hoppii B.L.Rob.
* Stevia hypomalaca B.L.Rob.
* Stevia iltisiana Grashoff
* Stevia incognita Grashoff
* Stevia involucrata Sch.Bip. ex Baker
* Stevia isomeca Grashoff
* Stevia jaliscensis B.L.Rob.
* Stevia jorullensis Kunth
* Stevia jujuyensis Cabrera
* Stevia karwinskyana Steud.
* Stevia kuhnioides Rusby ex B.L.Rob.
* Stevia kuntzei Hieron.
* Stevia lasioclada Grashoff
* Stevia latifolia Benth.
* Stevia lechleri Hieron.
* Stevia lehmannii Hieron.
* Stevia lemmonii A.Gray
* Stevia leptophylla Sch.Bip. ex Baker
* Stevia leucosticta B.L.Rob.
* Stevia liebmannii Sch.Bip. ex Klatt
* Stevia lilloi B.L.Rob.
* Stevia lita Grashoff
* Stevia lucida Lag.
* Stevia lundiana DC.
* Stevia macbridei B.L.Rob.
* Stevia macvaughii Grashoff
* Stevia maimarensis (Hieron.) Cabrera
* Stevia mandonii Sch.Bip.
* Stevia martinii B.L.Turner
* Stevia mascotensis Soejima &amp; Yahara
* Stevia melancholica B.L.Rob.
* Stevia melissifolia (Lam.) Sch.Bip.
* Stevia menthifolia Sch.Bip.
* Stevia mercedensis Hieron.
* Stevia mexicana Soejima, Yahara &amp; K.Watan.
* Stevia miahuatlana B.L.Turner
* Stevia micradenia B.L.Rob.
* Stevia micrantha Lag.
* Stevia microchaeta Sch.Bip.
* Stevia minor Griseb.
* Stevia mitopoda B.L.Rob.
* Stevia monardifolia Kunth
* Stevia morii R.M.King &amp; H.Rob.
* Stevia multiaristata Spreng.
* Stevia myriadenia Sch.Bip. ex Baker
* Stevia myricoides McVaugh
* Stevia neglecta Rusby
* Stevia nelsonii B.L.Rob.
* Stevia neurophylla B.L.Rob. &amp; Greenm.
* Stevia oaxacana Soejima &amp; Yahara
* Stevia obovata Rusby
* Stevia occidentalis (Grashoff) Soejima, Yahara &amp; K.Watan.
* Stevia okadae Cabrera
* Stevia oligocephala DC.
* Stevia oligophylla Soejima &amp; Yahara
* Stevia ophiomaches B.L.Rob.
* Stevia ophryodonta B.L.Rob.
* Stevia ophryophylla B.L.Rob.
* Stevia organensis Gardner
* Stevia origanoides Kunth
* Stevia orizabensis B.L.Rob.
* Stevia ovalis B.L.Rob.
* Stevia ovata Willd.
* Stevia pabloensis Hieron.
* Stevia pallida Hieron.
* Stevia palmeri A.Gray
* Stevia parvifolia Hassl.
* Stevia pauciflora J.Kost.
* Stevia pearcei B.L.Rob.
* Stevia pelophila S.F.Blake
* Stevia pennellii B.L.Rob.
* Stevia pereyrae (B.L.Rob.) Cabrera
* Stevia perfoliata Cronquist
* Stevia petiolata Sch.Bip.
* Stevia philippiana Hieron.
* Stevia phlebophylla A.Gray
* Stevia pilosa Lag.
* Stevia plummerae A.Gray
* Stevia pohliana Baker
* Stevia polycephala Bertol.
* Stevia polyphylla DC.
* Stevia porphyreoides Yahara &amp; Soejima ex B.L.Turner
* Stevia potosiensis R.M.King &amp; H.Rob.
* Stevia potosina Soejima, Yahara &amp; K.Watan.
* Stevia potrerensis Hieron.
* Stevia pratheri B.L.Turner
* Stevia procumbens Hieron.
* Stevia puberula Hook.
* Stevia punensis B.L.Rob.
* Stevia purdiei B.L.Rob.
* Stevia puricana B.L.Turner
* Stevia purpusii B.L.Rob.
* Stevia pyrolifolia Schltdl.
* Stevia quiexobra B.L.Turner
* ''[[Stevia rebaudiana]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Bertoni) Bertoni&lt;/small&gt;
* Stevia reclinata Rusby
* Stevia regnellii Sch.Bip.
* Stevia reinana B.L.Turner
* Stevia resinosa Gardner
* Stevia reticulata Grashoff
* Stevia revoluta B.L.Rob.
* Stevia riedelii Sch.Bip. ex Baker
* Stevia rojasii Hassl.
* Stevia rosei B.L.Rob.
* Stevia rotundifolia Soejima, Yahara &amp; K.Watan.
* Stevia rzedowskii McVaugh
* Stevia sabulonis B.L.Rob.
* Stevia sahuaribana B.L.Turner
* Stevia salicifolia Cav.
* Stevia samaipatensis B.L.Rob.
* Stevia sanguinea Hieron.
* Stevia santacruzensis Hieron.
* Stevia sarensis B.L.Rob.
* Stevia satureiifolia (Lam.) Cav.
* Stevia scabrella Benth.
* Stevia scabrelloides Soejima &amp; Yahara
* Stevia schiblii B.L.Turner
* Stevia schreiteri B.L.Rob.
* Stevia seemannii Sch.Bip.
* Stevia seemannioides Grashoff
* Stevia seleriana B.L.Rob.
* Stevia selloi (Spreng.) B.L.Rob.
* Stevia serboana B.L.Turner
* Stevia serrata Cav.
* Stevia setifera Rusby ex B.L.Rob.
* Stevia soratensis Hieron.
* Stevia spathulata Cabrera
* Stevia stolonifera Yahara &amp; Soejima
* Stevia strotheriana B.L.Turner
* Stevia stuebelii Hieron.
* Stevia suaveolens Lag.
* Stevia subpubescens Lag.
* Stevia talpensis Grashoff
* Stevia tenuis Hook. &amp; Arn.
* Stevia tephra B.L.Rob.
* Stevia tephrophylla S.F.Blake
* Stevia tomentosa Kunth
* Stevia totalcoana B.L.Turner
* Stevia totorensis B.L.Rob.
* Stevia triangularis Grashoff
* Stevia triaristata Hieron.
* Stevia trifida Lag.
* Stevia triflora DC.
* Stevia tunariensis Hieron.
* Stevia tunguraguensis Hieron.
* Stevia urceolata Grashoff
* Stevia urticifolia Thunb.
* Stevia vacana B.L.Turner
* Stevia vaccinioides J.Kost.
* Stevia vaga Griseb.
* Stevia velutinella Grashoff
* Stevia vernicosa Greenm.
* Stevia veronicae DC.
* Stevia verticillata Schltdl.
* Stevia viejoana Soejima, Yahara &amp; K.Watan.
* Stevia villaregalis McVaugh
* Stevia villaricensis (B.L.Rob.) Cabrera &amp; Vittet
* Stevia viscida Kunth
* Stevia wageneri Hieron.
* Stevia weberbaueri B.L.Rob.
* Stevia westonii R.M.King &amp; H.Rob.
* Stevia yaconensis Hieron.
* Stevia yalae Cabrera
* Stevia zacatecana McVaugh
* Stevia zaragozana B.L.Turner
* Stevia zephyrantha Grashoff

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
[[Sary:Stevia rebaudiana flowers.jpg|vignette|Vonin' ny ''Stevia rebaudiana'']]
Tsy ahitana afatsy karazana tokana izay nampidirina ny eto [[Madagasikara]], dia ny ''[[Stevia rebaudiana]]''. izay ambolena any amin' ny faritr' i [[Brickaville]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://ijariie.com/manuscript/12451 ''Stevia rebaudiana'' Sugar Crystallization Process]&quot;, ''ijariie.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Misy koa ny andrana fambolena natao tao [[Distrikan' Antananarivo-Atsimondrano|Antananarivo Atsimondrano]] tamin' ny taona 2019&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.laboutiqueafricavivre.com/livres-specialises/123476-essai-de-plantation-de-l-herbe-a-sucre-9783841731012.html Essai de Plantation de l'herbe à sucre]&quot;, ''www.laboutiqueafricavivre.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>hte6dzem3sp4y13uu1jqtks6vaffn4i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny Cordia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302188</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153413</id>
      <parentid>1153300</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T06:30:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>1153413</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13529" sha1="arqbjkfr28hj3knreb1v09bazoyay49" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Cordia africana00.jpg|vignette|379x379px|''[[Cordia africana]]'']]
Inty ny '''lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Cordia'''''. Io vondron-karazan-javamaniry io dia ahitana karazana miisa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Boraginaceae]]'' na ''[[Cordiaceae]]''. Hatramin' ny volana Mey 2020 dia nanaiky ireto karazana ''[[Cordia]]'' manaraka ireto ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' (POWO)&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30003373-2 ''Cordia'' L.] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30003373-2 |date=20230402094516 }}&quot;, ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'', Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, (Notsidihina tamin' ny 20 Mey 2020)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:

* ''Cordia aberrans'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia acutifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Fresen.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia affinis'' &lt;small&gt;Fresen.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Cordia africana]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia allartii'' &lt;small&gt;Killip&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia alliodora'' &lt;small&gt;(Ruiz &amp; Pav.) Oken&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Cordia americana]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Gottschling &amp; J.S.Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia anabaptista'' &lt;small&gt;Cham.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia anisophylla'' &lt;small&gt;J.S.Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia aristeguietae'' &lt;small&gt;G.Agostini&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia aspera'' &lt;small&gt;G.Forst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia aurantiaca'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia balanocarpa'' &lt;small&gt;Brenan&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia bantamensis'' &lt;small&gt;Blume&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia bequaertii'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia bicolor'' &lt;small&gt;A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia blanchetii'' &lt;small&gt;A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia blancoi'' &lt;small&gt;S.Vidal&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia bogotensis'' &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia boissieri'' &lt;small&gt;A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia bordasii'' &lt;small&gt;Schinini&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia borinquensis'' &lt;small&gt;Urb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia brachytricha'' &lt;small&gt;Fresen.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia brasiliensis'' &lt;small&gt;(I.M.Johnst.) Gottschling &amp; J.S.Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia brunnea'' &lt;small&gt;Kurz&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia buxifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Juss. ex Poir.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia cabanayensis'' &lt;small&gt;Gaviria&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Cordia caffra]]'' &lt;small&gt;Sond.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia calocoma'' &lt;small&gt;Miq.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia cardenasiana'' &lt;small&gt;J.S.Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia chaetodonta'' &lt;small&gt;Melch.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia chamissoniana'' &lt;small&gt;G.Don&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia cicatricosa'' &lt;small&gt;L.O.Williams&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia clarkei'' &lt;small&gt;Brace ex Prain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia cochinchinensis'' &lt;small&gt;Gagnep.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia colimensis'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia collococca'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia colombiana'' &lt;small&gt;Killip&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia copulata'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia cordiformis'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia correae'' &lt;small&gt;J.S.Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia crassifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Killip&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia crenata'' &lt;small&gt;Delile&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia crispiflora'' &lt;small&gt;A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia croatii'' &lt;small&gt;J.S.Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia curbeloi'' &lt;small&gt;Alain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia cymosa'' &lt;small&gt;(Donn.Sm.) Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia decandra'' &lt;small&gt;Hook. &amp; Arn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia decipiens'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Cordia dentata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia dewevrei'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild. &amp; T.Durand&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia dichotoma'' &lt;small&gt;G.Forst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia diffusa'' &lt;small&gt;K.C.Jacob&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia dillenii'' &lt;small&gt;Spreng.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia diversifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Pav. ex A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia dodecandra'' &lt;small&gt;A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia dodecandria'' &lt;small&gt;Sessé &amp; Moc.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia domestica'' &lt;small&gt;Roth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia domingensis'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia dubiosa'' &lt;small&gt;Blume&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia dumosa'' &lt;small&gt;Alain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia dwyeri'' &lt;small&gt;Nowicke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia ecalyculata'' &lt;small&gt;Vell.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia elaeagnoides'' &lt;small&gt;A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia ellenbeckii'' &lt;small&gt;Gürke ex Vaupel&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia elliptica'' &lt;small&gt;Sw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia ensifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Urb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia eriostigma'' &lt;small&gt;Pittier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia exaltata'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia fallax'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia fanchoniae'' &lt;small&gt;Feuillet&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia faulknerae'' &lt;small&gt;Verdc.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia fischeri'' &lt;small&gt;Gürke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia fissistyla'' &lt;small&gt;Vollesen&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia fitchii'' &lt;small&gt;Urb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia fragrantissima'' &lt;small&gt;Kurz&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia fuertesii'' &lt;small&gt;Estrada&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia fulva'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia furcans'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia fusca'' &lt;small&gt;M.Stapf&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia galeottiana'' &lt;small&gt;A.Rich.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia gardneri'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia gentryi'' &lt;small&gt;J.S.Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia gerascanthus'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia gilletii'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia glabrata'' &lt;small&gt;(Mart.) A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia glabrifolia'' &lt;small&gt;M.Stapf&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia glazioviana'' &lt;small&gt;(Taub.) Gottschling &amp; J.S.Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia globifera'' &lt;small&gt;W.W.Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia globulifera'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia goeldiana'' &lt;small&gt;Huber&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia goetzei'' &lt;small&gt;Gürke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia gracilipes'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia grandicalyx'' &lt;small&gt;Oberm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia grandis'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia greggii'' &lt;small&gt;Torr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia guacharaca'' &lt;small&gt;Gaviria&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia guerkeana'' &lt;small&gt;Loes.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia guineensis'' &lt;small&gt;Thonn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia harrisii'' &lt;small&gt;Urb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia hartwissiana'' &lt;small&gt;Regel&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia hatschbachii'' &lt;small&gt;J.S.Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia heccaidecandra'' &lt;small&gt;Loes.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia ignea'' &lt;small&gt;Urb. &amp; Ekman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia iguaguana'' &lt;small&gt;Melch. ex I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia igualensis'' &lt;small&gt;Bartlett&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia incognita'' &lt;small&gt;Gottschling &amp; J.S.Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia insignis'' &lt;small&gt;Cham.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia intermedia'' &lt;small&gt;Fresen.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia killipiana'' &lt;small&gt;J.S.Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia kingstoniana'' &lt;small&gt;J.S.Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia koemariae'' &lt;small&gt;J.S.Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia laevifrons'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia laevigata'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia laevior'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia lasiocalyx'' &lt;small&gt;Pittier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia lasseri'' &lt;small&gt;G.Agostini ex Gaviria&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia latiloba'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia leonis'' &lt;small&gt;(Britton &amp; P.Wilson) Ekman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia leslieae'' &lt;small&gt;J.S.Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia leucocoma'' &lt;small&gt;Miq.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia leucosebestena'' &lt;small&gt;Griseb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia liesneri'' &lt;small&gt;J.S.Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia lomatoloba'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia longiflora'' &lt;small&gt;Colla&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia longipetiolata'' &lt;small&gt;Warfa&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia lowryana'' &lt;small&gt;J.S.Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia lucidula'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia lutea'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia macleodii'' &lt;small&gt;(Griff.) Hook.f. &amp; Thomson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia macrantha'' &lt;small&gt;Chodat&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia macrophylla'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia macvaughii'' &lt;small&gt;J.S.Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia magnoliifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Cham.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia mairei'' &lt;small&gt;Humbert&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia mandimbana'' &lt;small&gt;E.S.Martins&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia marioniae'' &lt;small&gt;Feuillet&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia megalantha'' &lt;small&gt;S.F.Blake&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia megiae'' &lt;small&gt;J.E.Burrows&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia membranacea'' &lt;small&gt;A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia meridensis'' &lt;small&gt;Gaviria&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia mexiana'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia mhaya'' &lt;small&gt;Kerr&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia micayensis'' &lt;small&gt;Killip&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia micronesica'' &lt;small&gt;Kaneh. &amp; Hatus.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia microsebestena'' &lt;small&gt;Loes.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia millenii'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia moluccana'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia molundensis'' &lt;small&gt;Mildbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia monoica'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia morelosana'' &lt;small&gt;Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia mukuensis'' &lt;small&gt;Taton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Cordia myxa]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia naidophila'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia nervosa'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia nodosa'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia oblongifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Thwaites&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia obovata'' &lt;small&gt;Balf.f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia obtusa'' &lt;small&gt;Balf.f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia ochnacea'' &lt;small&gt;A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia octandra'' &lt;small&gt;A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia oliveri'' &lt;small&gt;(Britton ex Rusby) Gottschling &amp; J.S.Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia oncocalyx'' &lt;small&gt;Allemão&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia panamensis'' &lt;small&gt;L.Riley&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia panicularis'' &lt;small&gt;Rudge&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia parvifolia'' &lt;small&gt;A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia perbella'' &lt;small&gt;Mildbr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia perrottetii'' &lt;small&gt;A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia peteri'' &lt;small&gt;Verdc.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia pilosa'' &lt;small&gt;M.Stapf &amp; Taroda&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia pilosissima'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia platythyrsa'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia porcata'' &lt;small&gt;Nowicke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia propinqua'' &lt;small&gt;Merr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia protracta'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia prunifolia'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia pulverulenta'' &lt;small&gt;(Urb.) Alain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia quercifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Klotzsch&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia ramanujamii'' &lt;small&gt;N.Balach. &amp; Rajendiran&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia ramirezii'' &lt;small&gt;Estrada&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia restingae'' &lt;small&gt;M.Stapf&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia rickseckeri'' &lt;small&gt;Millsp.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia ripicola'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia rogersii'' &lt;small&gt;Hutch.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia rufescens'' &lt;small&gt;A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia saccellia'' &lt;small&gt;Gottschling &amp; J.S.Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia sagotii'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia salvadorensis'' &lt;small&gt;Standl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia santacruzensis'' &lt;small&gt;J.S.Mill. &amp; M.Nee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia scabra'' &lt;small&gt;Desf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia scabrifolia'' &lt;small&gt;A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia schatziana'' &lt;small&gt;J.S.Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia schottiana'' &lt;small&gt;Fresen.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia sebestena'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia seleriana'' &lt;small&gt;Fernald&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia sellowiana'' &lt;small&gt;Cham.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia senegalensis'' &lt;small&gt;Juss. ex Poir.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia sericicalyx'' &lt;small&gt;A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia serratifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia silvestris'' &lt;small&gt;Fresen.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Cordia sinensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia sipapoi'' &lt;small&gt;Gaviria&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia skutchii'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia somaliensis'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia sonorae'' &lt;small&gt;Rose&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia splendida'' &lt;small&gt;Diels&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia sprucei'' &lt;small&gt;Mez&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia stellifera'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia stenoclada'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia stenoloba'' &lt;small&gt;Gürke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia stuhlmannii'' &lt;small&gt;Gürke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia subcordata'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia subdentata'' &lt;small&gt;Miq.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia suckertii'' &lt;small&gt;Chiov.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia sulcata'' &lt;small&gt;A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia superba'' &lt;small&gt;Cham.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia tacarcunensis'' &lt;small&gt;J.S.Mill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia taguahyensis'' &lt;small&gt;Vell.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia tarodae'' &lt;small&gt;M.Stapf&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia tetrandra'' &lt;small&gt;Aubl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia thaisiana'' &lt;small&gt;G.Agostini&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia tinifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Willd. ex Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia toqueve'' &lt;small&gt;Aubl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia torrei'' &lt;small&gt;E.S.Martins&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia tortuensis'' &lt;small&gt;Urb. &amp; Ekman&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia trachyphylla'' &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia triangularis'' &lt;small&gt;Urb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia trichoclada'' &lt;small&gt;A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia trichocladophylla'' &lt;small&gt;Verdc.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia trichostemon'' &lt;small&gt;A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia trichotoma'' &lt;small&gt;(Vell.) Arráb. ex Steud.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia troyana'' &lt;small&gt;Urb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia truncatifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Bartlett&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia ucayaliensis'' &lt;small&gt;(I.M.Johnst.) I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia ulei'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia umbellifera'' &lt;small&gt;Killip ex G.Agostini&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia uncinulata'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia valenzuelana'' &lt;small&gt;A.Rich.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia vanhermannii'' &lt;small&gt;Alain&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia vargasii'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia varroniifolia'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia venosa'' &lt;small&gt;Hemsl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia vestita'' &lt;small&gt;(A.DC.) Hook.f. &amp; Thomson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia vignei'' &lt;small&gt;Hutch. &amp; Dalziel&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia watsonii'' &lt;small&gt;N.E.Rose&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia weddellii'' &lt;small&gt;I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia williamsii'' &lt;small&gt;G.Agostini ex Gaviria&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia yombomba'' &lt;small&gt;Vaupel&lt;/small&gt;

Nisy karazana sasany nafindra na notazonina tao amin' ny vondrona ''[[Varronia]]'', anisan' izany ireto&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30002792-2 ''Varronia'' P.Browne] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30002792-2 |date=20261002145101 }}&quot;, ''Plants of the World Online'', Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Notsidihina tamin' ny 20 Mey 2020)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:

* ''Cordia curassavica'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Varronia curassavica'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia leucophlyctis'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Varronia leucophlyctis'' &lt;small&gt;(Hook.f.)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia polycephala'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) I.M.Johnst.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Varronia polycephala'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cordia rupicol'' &lt;small&gt;Urb.&lt;/small&gt; → ''Varronia rupicola'' &lt;small&gt;(Urb.) Britton&lt;/small&gt;

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Cordia]]'' 

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>arqbjkfr28hj3knreb1v09bazoyay49</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Annona</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302270</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153394</id>
      <parentid>1151967</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T00:31:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>1153394</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4127" sha1="0df97ew8kzzaw48zb1rewpm1ap7cgxp" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Ata Sugar-apple Pinha Fruta do conde.JPG|vignette|341x341px|Konikony (''[[Annona squamosa]]'')]]
Ny '''''Annona''''' dia vondron-karazan-javamaniry mamony (''[[Angiospermae]]'') ao anatin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Annonaceae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Magnoliales]]. Hazo na hazobotry trôpikaly manana miisa manodidina ny 170 ny karazana ao anatin' io vondrona io. Maro amin' ireo karazana ireo no ilaina eo amin' ny lafiny sakafo, fitsaboana, ny indostrian' ny fanafody sns. Na dia misy karazana vitsivitsy hita ao [[Afrika]] aza, ny ankamaroany dia teratany any amin' ny [[Amerika]]. Ny anaran' io vondrona io dia avy amin' ny [[Fiteny tainô|teny]] [[Fiteny tainô|tainô]] hoe ''annon''. Ankafizin' ny olona any amin' ny faritra maro eran-tany ny voan' ny sasany amin' izy ireo.

== Karazana ==
Manana karazana miisa manodidina ny 166 ny vondron-karazana ''Annona'' ka indreto ny sasany amin' izany:

* ''Annona ambotay'' &lt;small&gt;Aubl&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Annona deminuta'' &lt;small&gt;R.E.Fr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Annona dolichophylla'' &lt;small&gt;R.E.Fr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Annona mucosa'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''[[Annona muricata]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Annona paludosa'' &lt;small&gt;Aubl&lt;/small&gt;. 
* ''[[Annona reticulata]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Annona senegalensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pers.&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''[[Annona squamosa]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
[[Sary:Annona senegalensis Bild0878.jpg|vignette|Koropetaka (''[[Annona senegalensis]]'')]]
Indreto ny karazana sy ny safiotra ao amin' ny ''Annona'' hita eto [[Madagasikara]]:

* ''[[Annona × atemoya]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mabb.&lt;/small&gt; (= ''Annona cherimola'' ''×'' ''Annona squamosa'') -- (karazana nampidirina)

* ''[[Annona cherimola]]'' &lt;small&gt;Mill.&lt;/small&gt; -- (karazana nampidirina)
* ''[[Annona glabra]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- (karazana nampidirina)
* ''[[Annona glauca]]'' &lt;small&gt;Schumach. &amp; Thonn.&lt;/small&gt; -- (karazana nampidirina)
* ''[[Annona muricata]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; --  karaosoly, koropataka, kôrôsôly (karazana nampidirina&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Boiteau Pierre; Boiteau Marthe, Allorge-Boiteau Lucile, ''[https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2/dictionnairedesnomsmalgachesdevegetaux?w=dictionnairedesnomsmalgachesdevegetaux Dictionnaire des noms malgaches de végétaux]'', Editions Alzieu. 1999.  (ISBN : 978-2-910717-41-4).&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;''[https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=Annona Annona]''&quot;, ''tenymalagasy.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;)
* ''[[Annona reticulata]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; --  hobohobo, keradebefo, voankobohobo (karazana nampidirina&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;H. Perrier de la Bathie, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/jatba_0370-3681_1932_num_12_128_5126 Les plantes introduites à Madagascar (Suite)]&quot;, Persée, 1932&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;)
* ''[[Annona senegalensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pers.&lt;/small&gt; (''Annona senegalensis'' subsp. ''senegalensis'' ← ''Annona chrysophylla'' &lt;small&gt;Bojer&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;) -- korofetaka, koropetaka, mikongonasy (karazana teratany&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/77228695-1 ''Annona senegalensis'' subsp. ''senegalensis''] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/77228695-1 |date=20261017073722 }}&quot;, powo.science.kew.org&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A72177-1 ''Annona chrysophylla'' Bojer] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A72177-1 |date=20261015214643 }}&quot;, ''powo.science.kew.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;''[https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ANUSE Annona senegalensis]''&quot;, ''gd.eppo.int''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p030360 ''Annona'' ''senegalensis'' Pers. subsp. ''senegalensis'']&quot;, ''science.mnhn.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;)
* ''[[Annona squamosa]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; --  konikony, konokono (karazana nampidirina&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8143558/ Checklist of African Soapy Saponin—Rich Plants for Possible Use in Communities’ Response to Global Pandemics]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;)

== Jereo koa ==

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>0df97ew8kzzaw48zb1rewpm1ap7cgxp</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Trichodesma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302280</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153430</id>
      <parentid>1152020</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T11:38:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>1153430</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3965" sha1="kn5zfocy7tm77a20oiii1d22d80u5og" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Trichodesma indicum (Chhota Kalpa) in Bhongir, AP W2 IMG 2962.jpg|vignette|331x331px|''Trichodesma indicum'']]
Ny '''''Trichodesma''''' dia vondron-karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Boraginaceae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Boraginales]]. Ahitana karazana miisa 38, izay miparitaka any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly atỳ [[Afrika]] sy any [[Azia]] ary any [[Aostralia]] izy. ''Trichodesma'' &lt;small&gt;R.Br.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiansa feno.

== Anarana hafa ==
Indreto ny anarana hafa nahafantarana ny ''Trichodesma'': 

* ''Boraginella'' &lt;small&gt;Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Boraginodes'' &lt;small&gt;T.Post &amp; Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Borraginoides'' &lt;small&gt;Boehm&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Friedrichsthalia'' &lt;small&gt;Fenzl&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Lacaitaea'' &lt;small&gt;Brand&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Leiocarya'' &lt;small&gt;Hochst&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Octosomatium'' &lt;small&gt;Gagnep&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Pollichia'' &lt;small&gt;Medik&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Spiroconus'' &lt;small&gt;Steven&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Streblanthera'' &lt;small&gt;Steud&lt;/small&gt;.

== Lisitry ny karazana ==
[[Sary:Trichodesma zeylanicum habit.jpg|vignette|309x309px|''Trichodesma zeylanicum'']]
Indreto ny karazana 38 ekena ao amin' ny ''Trichodesma''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:332029-2? ''Trichodesma'' R.Br.] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:332029-2? |date=20251217131513 }}&quot;, ''Plants of the World Online''. Notsidihina tamin' ny 17 Oktobra 2024.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:

* ''Trichodesma aellenii'' &lt;small&gt;Riedl&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma afghanicum'' &lt;small&gt;Sadat&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma africanum'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma ambacense'' &lt;small&gt;Welw&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Trichodesma angustifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Harv&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Trichodesma arenicola'' &lt;small&gt;Gürke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma aucheri'' &lt;small&gt;DC&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Trichodesma bamianicum'' &lt;small&gt;Rech.f. &amp; Riedl&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma baumii'' &lt;small&gt;Gürke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma bequaertii'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma boissieri'' &lt;small&gt;Post&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma calcaratum'' &lt;small&gt;Coss. ex Batt.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma calycosum'' &lt;small&gt;Collett &amp; Hemsl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma cinereum'' &lt;small&gt;Mosti &amp; Selvi&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma decurrens'' &lt;small&gt;S.P.Banerjee&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma ehrenbergii'' &lt;small&gt;Schweinf&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Trichodesma elymaiticum'' &lt;small&gt;Mozaff&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Trichodesma griffithii'' &lt;small&gt;(Brand) Planch. ex Riedl&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma hildebrandtii'' &lt;small&gt;Gürke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma inaequale'' &lt;small&gt;Edgew&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Trichodesma incanum'' &lt;small&gt;(Bunge) A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma indicum'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma khasianum'' &lt;small&gt;C.B.Clarke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma kumarianum'' &lt;small&gt;S.D.Yumkham, N.P.Devi, S.D.Khomdram &amp; M.R.Devi&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma laxiflorum'' &lt;small&gt;Balf.f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma lithospermoides'' &lt;small&gt;Roem. &amp; Schult.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma macrocarpum'' &lt;small&gt;Rech.f., Aellen &amp; Esfand.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma marsabiticum'' &lt;small&gt;Brummitt&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma microcalyx'' &lt;small&gt;Balf.f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma mudgalii'' &lt;small&gt;An.Kumar &amp; K.K.Khann&lt;/small&gt;a
* ''Trichodesma paktiense'' &lt;small&gt;Sadat&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma physaloides'' &lt;small&gt;(Fenzl) A.DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma podlechii'' &lt;small&gt;Sadat&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma scottii'' &lt;small&gt;Balf.f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma stocksii'' Boiss.
* ''Trichodesma trichodesmoides'' &lt;small&gt;(Bunge) Gürke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichodesma vanmeelii'' &lt;small&gt;Taton&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Trichodesma zeylanicum]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Burm.f.) R.Br.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
Tsy ahitana afa-tsy karazana tokana ny eto [[Madagasikara]], dia ny ''Trichodesma zeylanicum'', izay avy any [[Aostralia]].  sady atao amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] hoe &quot;lelanaomby&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2/lelanaomby?w=lelanaomby Lelanaomby]&quot;, ''tenymalagasy.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; any amin' ny faritra sakalava.

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>kn5zfocy7tm77a20oiii1d22d80u5og</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anisostachya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302296</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153393</id>
      <parentid>1152118</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T00:27:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>1153393</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6324" sha1="cmo8uvlmw3cv7unnp18brguvizag3yu" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Anisostachya''''' dia vondron-karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Acanthaceae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Lamiales]]. Ahitana karazana miisa 61 ny ao aminy, izay teratany ao [[Afrika Trôpikaly|Afrika]] [[Afrika Trôpikaly|Trôpikaly]], êto [[Madagasikara]], ary ao amin' ny [[Tamba-nosin' i Kômôro|Vondro-nosy Kômôro]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:379-1 Anistostachya Nees.] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:379-1 |date=20261019224939 }}&quot; ''Plants of the World Online''. Notsidihina tamin' ny 18/11/2023.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ''Anisostachya'' &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Anarana nahafantarana azy koa ny hoe ''Corymbostachys'' &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt;. 

== Lisitry ny karazana ==
Inty ny lisitry ny karazana 61 ao amin' ny ''Anisostachya'' araka ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;:

* ''Anisostachya aequiloba'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Anisostachya ambositrensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya amoena'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Anisostachya andringitrensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya apikyensis'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya arida'' &lt;small&gt;(Scott Elliot) Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya armandii'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya atrorubra'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya australis'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Anisostachya betsiliensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Anisostachya betsimisaraka]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya bivalvis'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya bojeri'' &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya bosseri'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya brevibracteata'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya breviloba'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya capuronii'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya castellana'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya coccinea'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya cognata'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya colorata'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya debilis'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Anisostachya delphinensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya denticulata'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya dispersa'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya elata'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya elliptica'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya elytraria'' &lt;small&gt;(Lindau) Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya eromoensis'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya haplostachya'' &lt;small&gt;(Nees) Lindau&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya humbertii'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya humblotii'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya incisa'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya induta'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya latebracteata'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya littoralis'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya maculata'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya modica'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya oblonga'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya parvifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya paucinervis'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya perrieri'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya puberula'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya pubescens'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya purpurea'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya ramosa'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya reptans'' &lt;small&gt;(Nees) Lindau&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya ripicola'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya rivalis'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya rosea'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Anisostachya sambiranensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya seyrigii'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya spatulata'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya straminea'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya taviala'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya tenella'' &lt;small&gt;(Nees) Lindau&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya triticea'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya ungemachii'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya velutina'' &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Anisostachya vestita'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Anisostachya vohemarensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
Indreto ny karazana hita eto [[Madagasikara]]:

* ''[[Anisostachya aequiloba]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Anisostachya ambositrensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Anisostachya amoena]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Anisostachya andringitrensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;— (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Anisostachya apikyensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Anisostachya arida]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Scott Elliot) Benoist&lt;/small&gt; — (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Anisostachya armandii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Anisostachya atrorubra]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Anisostachya australis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Anisostachya betsiliensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Anisostachya betsimisaraka]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Anisostachya bivalvis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Anisostachya bojeri]]'' &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; — (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Anisostachya bosseri]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Anisostachya brevibracteata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;— (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Anisostachya breviloba]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Anisostachya capuronii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Anisostachya castellana]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;— (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Anisostachya haplostachya]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Nees) Lindau&lt;/small&gt; — (teratany eto Madagasikara sy ao amin' ny [[Tamba-nosin' i Kômôro|Vondro-nosy Kômôro]])
* ''[[Anisostachya incisa]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;— (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Anisostachya reptans]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Nees) Lindau&lt;/small&gt; — (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Anisostachya tenella]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Nees) Lindau&lt;/small&gt; — (teratany eto Madagasikara sy ao [[Afrika Trôpikaly]])
* ''[[Anisostachya triticea]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Baker) Benoist&lt;/small&gt; — (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)
* ''[[Anisostachya ungemachii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Anisostachya velutina]]'' &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; — (tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara)

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Anisotes]]''

* ''[[Justicia]]''

== Loharano ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Isoglossa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302298</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153409</id>
      <parentid>1152122</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T05:02:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
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      <text bytes="7736" sha1="3mdygzjnxdnqfhpqnivdwlkfr22hnfu" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Isoglossa cooperi, blom, Krantzkloof NR.jpg|vignette|292x292px|''Isoglossa cooperi'']]
Ny '''''Isoglossa''''' dia vondron-karazana [[Zavamaniry mamony|zavamaniry]] [[Zavamaniry mamony|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Acanthaceae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Lamiales]]. Ahitana karazana miisa 78 ao anatin' io vondrona io, izay teratany ao [[Afrika Trôpikaly|Afrika]] [[Afrika Trôpikaly|Trôpikaly]], any [[Iemena]], any [[Himalaya]] (faritra atsinanana), any [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]] (faritra atsimo), ny [[Indôsina]], any amin' ny [[Malezia]] (saikinosy), any [[Java]], any [[Sulawesi]], any amin' ny Kepulauan Sunda Kecil, ary any [[New South Wales]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331675-2 ''Isoglossa'' Oerst] {{Wayback|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331675-2 |date=20221112190444 }}&quot;. ''Plants of the World Online''. Notsidihina tamin' ny  02/02/2024.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ''Isoglossa'' &lt;small&gt;Oerst.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiansa feno.

== Anarana ==
Indreto ny anarana hafa nahafantarana ny ''Isoglossa'' taloha:

* ''Chingiacanthus'' &lt;small&gt;Hand.-Mazz. (1934)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ecteinanthus'' &lt;small&gt;T.Anderson (1863), nom. superfl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Homilacanthus'' &lt;small&gt;S.Moore (1894)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Leda'' &lt;small&gt;C.B.Clarke (1908), nom. illeg.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Plagiotheca'' &lt;small&gt;Chiov. (1935)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Rhytiglossa'' &lt;small&gt;Nees (1836), nom. rej.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Schliebenia'' &lt;small&gt;Mildbr. (1934)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Strophacanthus'' &lt;small&gt;Lindau (1895)&lt;/small&gt;

== Karazana ==
Indreto ny karazana ao amin' ny 78 araka ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;:

* ''[[Isoglossa angusta]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Nees) Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa anisophylla'' &lt;small&gt;Brummitt&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa asystasioides'' &lt;small&gt;I.Darbysh. &amp; Ensermu&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa bondwaensis'' &lt;small&gt;I.Darbysh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa bracteosa'' &lt;small&gt;Mildbr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Isoglossa bruceae'' &lt;small&gt;I.Darbysh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa candelabrum'' &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa cataractarum'' &lt;small&gt;Brummitt &amp; Feika&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa ciliata'' &lt;small&gt;(Nees) Engl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa clemensiorum'' &lt;small&gt;(Benoist) B.Hansen&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa collina'' &lt;small&gt;(T.Anderson) B.Hansen&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa comorensis'' &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa congesta'' &lt;small&gt;Hedrén&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa cooperi'' &lt;small&gt;C.B.Clarke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa cyclophylla'' &lt;small&gt;Mildbr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Isoglossa darbyshirei'' &lt;small&gt;Champl. &amp; Eb.Fisch.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa delicatula'' &lt;small&gt;C.B.Clarke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa dichotoma'' &lt;small&gt;(Hassk.) B.Hansen&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa dispersa'' &lt;small&gt;I.Darbysh. &amp; L.J.Pearce&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Isoglossa eburnea]]'' &lt;small&gt;Onjalal. &amp; I.Darbysh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa eliasbandae'' &lt;small&gt;Brummitt&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa eranthemoides'' &lt;small&gt;(F.Muell.) R.M.Barker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa expansa'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa eylesii'' &lt;small&gt;(S.Moore) Brummitt&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa faulknerae'' &lt;small&gt;I.Darbysh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa floribunda'' &lt;small&gt;C.B.Clarke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa geoffrayi'' &lt;small&gt;(Benoist) B.Hansen&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa glabra'' &lt;small&gt;(Hand.-Mazz.) B.Hansen&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa glandulifera'' &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa glandulosissima'' &lt;small&gt;K.Balkwill&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa gracillim''a &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa grandiflora'' &lt;small&gt;S.Moore&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa gregorii'' &lt;small&gt;(S.Moore) Lindau&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa humbertii'' &lt;small&gt;Mildbr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Isoglossa hypoestiflora'' &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa inermis'' &lt;small&gt;(Benoist) B.Hansen&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa ixodes'' &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa justicioides'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa lactea'' &lt;small&gt;Lindau ex Engl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa laxa'' &lt;small&gt;Oliv&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Isoglossa laxiflora'' &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa longiflora'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa macowanii'' &lt;small&gt;C.B.Clarke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa mbalensis'' &lt;small&gt;Brummitt&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Isoglossa melleri]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Isoglossa membranacea'' &lt;small&gt;C.B.Clarke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa milanjiensis'' &lt;small&gt;S.Moore&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa mossambicensis'' &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa multinervis'' &lt;small&gt;I.Darbysh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa namuliensis'' &lt;small&gt;I.Darbysh. &amp; T.Harris&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa nervosa'' &lt;small&gt;C.B.Clarke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa onilahensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Benoist) I.Darbysh&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Isoglossa oreacanthoides'' &lt;small&gt;Mildbr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Isoglossa origanoides'' &lt;small&gt;(Nees) S.Moore&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa ovata'' &lt;small&gt;(Nees) Lindau&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa parviflora'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa parvifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Rendle&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa paucinervis'' &lt;small&gt;I.Darbysh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa pawekiae'' &lt;small&gt;Brummitt &amp; Feika&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa perdita'' &lt;small&gt;I.Darbysh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa perplexa'' &lt;small&gt;(T.F.Daniel, Letsara &amp; Martín-Bravo) I.Darbysh. &amp; Kiel&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa prolixa'' &lt;small&gt;(Nees) Lindau&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa pseudoanisotes'' &lt;small&gt;I.Darbysh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa pterocalyx'' &lt;small&gt;I.Darbysh. &amp; Phillipson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa punctata'' &lt;small&gt;(Vahl) Brummitt &amp; J.R.I.Wood&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa rubescens'' &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa rutenbergiana'' &lt;small&gt;Vatke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa somalensis'' &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa strigosula'' &lt;small&gt;C.B.Clarke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa subcordata'' &lt;small&gt;(C.B.Clarke) B.Hansen&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa substrobilina'' &lt;small&gt;C.B.Clarke&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa ufipensis'' &lt;small&gt;Brummitt&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa variegata'' &lt;small&gt;I.Darbysh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa ventricosa'' &lt;small&gt;I.Darbysh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa vestita'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Isoglossa vulcanicola'' &lt;small&gt;Mildbr&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Isoglossa woodii'' &lt;small&gt;C.B.Clarke&lt;/small&gt;

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
Indreto ny karazana ''Isoglossa'' maniry eto [[Madagasikara]]:

* ''[[Isoglossa angusta]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Nees) Baker&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Isoglossa conocalyx]]'' &lt;small&gt;I.Darbysh. &amp; Callm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Isoglossa eburnea]]'' &lt;small&gt;Onjalal. &amp; I.Darbysh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Isoglossa expansa]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Isoglossa gracillima]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (←''Rhaphidospora leptantha'' na ''Justicia leptantha'')
* ''[[Isoglossa longiflora]]'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Isoglossa melleri]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; -- ravitsara
* ''[[Isoglossa onilahensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Benoist) I.Darbysh.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Justicia onilahensis'' na ''Ritonia poissonii'' &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt;).
* ''[[Isoglossa perplexa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(T.F.Daniel, Letsara &amp; Martín-Bravo) I.Darbysh. &amp; Kiel&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Anisotes perplexus''). 
* ''[[Isoglossa pseudoanisotes]]'' &lt;small&gt;I.Darbysh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Isoglossa pterocalyx]]'' &lt;small&gt;I.Darbysh. &amp; Phillipson&lt;/small&gt;

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Anisotes]]''
* ''[[Celerina]]''
* ''[[Justicia]]''

* ''[[Melittacanthus]]''
* ''[[Ritonia]]''

* ''[[Sphacanthus]]''
* [[Ravitsara]]: ''[[Camphora officinarum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Boerh. ex Fabr.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Cinnamomum camphora'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) J. Presl&lt;/small&gt;)(''[[Lauraceae]]''); ''[[Isoglossa melleri]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Acanthaceae]]'')
* [[Ravintsara]]: ''[[Camphora officinarum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Boerh. ex Fabr.&lt;/small&gt;(← ''Cinnamomum camphora'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) J. Presl&lt;/small&gt;)(''[[Lauraceae]]''); ''[[Cinnamomum verum]]'' &lt;small&gt;J.Presl&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Lauraceae]]''); ''[[Cryptocarya agathophylla]]'' &lt;small&gt;van der Werff&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Lauraceae]]''); ''[[Cryptocarya litoralis]]'' &lt;small&gt;van der Werff&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Lauraceae]]''); ''[[Vepris unifoliolata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) Labat, M. Pignal &amp; O. Pascal&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rutaceae]]'')

== Loharano ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abosanga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302549</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153391</id>
      <parentid>1152671</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T00:08:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
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Ambosanga dia vorondiha hita amin'ny faritra moritsiraky Madagadikara. Miloko maro karazany izy volondavenona manopy maintso antitra ny volony eo andamosiny, tratrany mena antitra, fotsy sy volodavenina ny tratrany, ny lohany. Vorona sokajina harovana izy.&lt;ref&gt;http://mg.wikipedia.org&lt;/ref&gt;


L'Abosanga (ou Ambosanga en malgache) est un oiseau de Madagascar dans le zone cotiere, désigne le Coua huppé (Coua cristata), un oiseau de la famille des Cuculidae endémique de Madagascar.&lt;ref group=&quot;Wikipedia+1&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://mg.wikipedia.org&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Il a un apparence de multi couleur un plumage gris-verdâtre sur le dos, une poitrine rousse, un ventre blanc et une crête grise très distinctive sur la tête. Le contour de ses yeux est marqué par une peau nue d'un bleu-turquoise vif.&lt;ref group=&quot;Wikipedia+1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://mg |title=.wikipedia.org |access-date=2026-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715181158/http://mg/ |archive-date=2013-07-15 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

C'est un oiseau qui vole assez mal qui ne fait que sauter de branche en branche dans la canopée des arbres forestiers.&lt;ref group=&quot;Wikipedia+1&quot;&gt;http://mg {{Wayback|url=http://mg |date=20130715181158 }}&lt;nowiki/&gt;.wikipedia.org&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sokajy:Vorona mpihaza]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dôlara amerikana</title>
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      <id>1153353</id>
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      <text bytes="118651" sha1="c4p1yh129bpojty6nzygur05wjm8mtr" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''dôlara amerikana''' (eva: '''$'''; kaodin' ny sandam-bola: '''USD''')&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Hafohezina koa hoe '''US$''' izy mba hanavahana azy amin' ny [[Dôlara|dôlara]] hafa. Amin' ny teny anglisy dia antsoina hoe ''dollar'', ''U.S. dollar'', ''American dollar'', na ''buck'' amin' ny fiteny andavanandro izy.&lt;/ref&gt; no [[Sandam-bola|sandam-bola]] ôfisialin' i [[Etazonia]] sy firenena maro hafa. Ny lalàna amerikanina momba ny vola madinika tamin' ny 1792 no nametraka ny [[Dôlara|dôlara]] ho singa fototra ampiasaina handrefesana sy hanoratana sanda ara-bola. Nozaraina ho 100 ''cent'' ny dôlara iray, ary '''¢''' ny evan' ny ''cent''.&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Ara-teknika dia mizara ho zana-tsinga roa hafa koa ny [[Dôlara|dôlara]]: misy ''dime'' folo, na ''mill'' 1 000, ao amin' ny dôlara iray. Amin' ny fampiasana andavanandro dia tsy mazàna ampiasaina ho singa fandrefesana sy fanoratana sanda ara-bola ireo roa ireo; [[Dôlara|dôlara]] sy ''cent'' ihany no ampiasaina amin' izany. Amin' ny fitanana kaonty ihany no ampiasaina ny ''mill'' ankehitriny.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny vola taratasin' ny ''Federal Reserve'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina) no vola taratasy avoakan' i Etazonia. Nantsoina amin' ny fiteny andavanandro hoe ''greenbacks'' izy ireo noho ny lokony maitso amin' ny ankapobeny.

Nofaritana tany am-boalohany araka ny rafitra mampifototra ny sandam-bola amin' ny volamena sy volafotsy ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana. Nitovy tamin' ny volafotsy madio 371,25 ''grain'' (0,7734375 ônsa troy) ny dôlara iray. Taorian' ny fanitsiana ny fenitra tamin' ny taonjato faha-19, dia 20,67 dôlara ny ônsa troy volamena iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;[https://mises.org/mises-daily/constitutional-dollar ''A Constitutional Dollar'']; Ao amin' ny: Mises.org; Daty: March 10, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny lalàna momba ny rafitra volamena tamin' ny 1900 no namatotra ny sandan' ny dôlara tamin' ny volamena irery ihany. Nanomboka tamin' ny 1934 dia novaina ho 35 dôlara isaky ny ônsa troy ny tahan' ny sandany amin' ny volamena. Nofoanana tamin' ny 1971 ny famatorana rehetra tamin' ny volamena.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/gold_convertibility_ends ''Nixon Ends Convertibility of US Dollars to Gold and Announces Wage/Price Controls'']; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Mpamoaka: Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond; Datin' ny tahiry: November 20, 2020; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20201120035204/https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/gold_convertibility_ends; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;
Taorian' ny [[Ady Lehibe Voalohany]] dia nanjary anisan' ny vola vahiny lehibe notehirizin' ny banky foibe ho tahiry iraisam-pirenena ny dôlara amerikana. Nisolo ny [[Pound|''pound sterling'' britanika]] ho vola tahiry lehibe indrindra maneran-tany izy tamin' ny fifanarahana tao Bretton Woods, tany amin' ny faramparan' ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]].
Ny dôlara no sandam-bola ampiasaina betsaka indrindra amin' ny fifanakalozana iraisam-pirenena,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/files/pf_4.pdf ''The Implementation of Monetary Policy&amp;nbsp;– The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere'']; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: April 27, 2017; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20170427062108/https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/files/pf_4.pdf; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; ary miova malalaka araka ny tsena ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana azy amin' ny vola hafa.
Sandam-bola ôfisialy any amin' ny firenena maro koa izy, ary vola ampiasaina amin' ny fampiharana (''de facto'') any amin' ny firenena maro hafa.&lt;ref&gt;Cohen, Benjamin J. 2006. ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-691-11666-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Agar, Charles. 2006. ''Vietnam'', (''Frommer's''). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-471-79816-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p. 17: &quot;the dollar is the de facto currency in Cambodia.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny vola taratasin' ny ''Federal Reserve'' no mivezivezy amin' izany, ary any amin' ny toerana vitsivitsy dia ampiasaina koa ny vola madinika amerikanina.

Ny ''Federal Reserve'' no mitantana ny politika momba ny vola ao Etazonia, ary izy no banky foiben' ilay firenena. Tamin' ny 10 Febroary 2021 dia nitentina 2,10 × 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; dôlara ny vola taratasy sy vola madinika nivezivezy. Vola taratasin' ny ''Federal Reserve'' ny 2,05 × 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; dôlara tamin' izany; ny 50 miliara dôlara ambiny kosa dia vola madinika sy vola taratasy tamin' ny endrika tranainy antsoina hoe ''United States Notes''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h41/20210211/ ''FRB: H.4.1 Release - Factors Affecting Reserve Balances - February 11, 2021'']; Nojerena: January 5, 2026; Mpamoaka: Federal Reserve; Datin' ny tahiry: March 5, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210305142752/https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h41/20210211/; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 1 Janoary 2025 dia notombanan' ny ''Federal Reserve'' ho 2,37 × 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; dôlara eo ho eo ny fitambaran' ny vola nivezivezy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h41/20250102/ ''Federal Reserve Balance Sheet: Factors Affecting Reserve Balances - H.4.1'']; Daty: January 2, 2025; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20250111104522/https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h41/20250102/; Datin' ny tahiry: January 11, 2025; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fijery ankapobeny ==

=== Ao amin' ny Lalàm-panorenana ===
Ny andininy I, fizarana 8, ao amin' ny Lalàm-panorenan' i Etazonia dia manome fahefana ny Kongresy «hanamboatra vola madinika» (dikanteny malagasy).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ao amin' ny lohateny faha-31 amin' ny fehezan-dalànan' i Etazonia no voalahatra ny lalàna mampihatra izany fahefana izany, indrindra ao amin' ny fizarana 5112, izay mamaritra ny endrika tokony hamoahana ny dôlara amerikana. Voatondro ao fa vola eken' ny lalàna handoavana trosa ireo vola madinika ireo. Ohatra amin' ny dôlara vita amin' ny metaly mifangaro misy varahina ny dôlara Sacagawea, fa ny ''American Silver Eagle'' kosa dia vita amin' ny [[Volafotsy|volafotsy]] madio. Ny fizarana 5112 ihany koa dia mamaritra ny fanamboarana sy famoahana vola madinika hafa, manomboka amin' ny iray ''cent'' (ny ''penny'' amerikanina) ka hatramin' ny 100 dôlara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''Denominations, specifications, and design of coins''. United States Code, lohateny 31, § 5112.&lt;/ref&gt; Voaresaka amin' ny antsipiriany kokoa ao amin' ny fizarana momba ny vola madinika amerikana ireo vola ireo.

Ny andininy I, fizarana 9, ao amin' ny Lalàm-panorenana dia milaza hoe: «Havoaka tsindraindray ny fanambarana sy kaonty ara-dalàna momba ny vola miditra sy ny fandaniana rehetra amin' ny volam-panjakana» (dikanteny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Constitution, Article 1, Section 9. [https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei#section9 para. 7] [https://web.archive.org/web/20211118233715/https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei#section9 Tahiry] (November 18, 2021).&lt;/ref&gt; Manome antsipiriany fanampiny momba izany ny fizarana 331 ao amin' ny lohateny faha-31 amin' ny fehezan-dalànan' i Etazonia.&lt;ref&gt;''Reports''. United States Code, lohateny 31, § 331.&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny dôlara amerikana no anehoana ny habetsaham-bola ao amin' ireo fanambarana ireo; noho izany dia azo lazaina fa ny dôlara amerikana no singa ampiasaina handrefesana sy hanoratana sanda ara-bola ao Etazonia.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gao.gov/financial_pdfs/fy2009/09frusg.pdf ''Financial Report of the United States Government'']; Taona: 2009; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Mpamoaka: Department of the Treasury; Datin' ny tahiry: November 13, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181113005737/https://www.gao.gov/financial_pdfs/fy2009/09frusg.pdf; Satan' ny URL: dead.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny teny voalohany ao amin' ny fizarana 9 ny hoe ''Dollar''; ao dia ilay dôlara espaniôla, izany hoe vola madinika mitentina valo ''real'' espaniôla, no tondroiny.

=== Lalàna momba ny fanamboarana vola madinika ===
Tamin' ny 1792 dia nolanian' ny Kongresin' i Etazonia faharoa ny ''Coinage Act'' (lalàna momba ny fanamboarana vola madinika). Nanome alalana ny famokarana vola madinika isan-karazany ny fizarana 9 amin' io lalàna io, anisan' izany ireto (dikanteny malagasy):&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; (p. 248)
&lt;blockquote&gt;Ny dôlara na singa tsirairay dia hitovy sanda amin' ny dôlara espaniôla mivezivezy amin' izao fotoana izao, ary ahitana volafotsy madio 371 sy 4/16 ''grain'', na volafotsy manaraka ny fenitra 416 ''grain''.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Ny fizarana 20 amin' io lalàna io no mamaritra ny dôlara amerikana ho singan' ny [[Sandam-bola|sandam-bolan' i Etazonia]], amin' izao teny izao (dikanteny malagasy):&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; (p. 250–1)
&lt;blockquote&gt;Ny vola ampiasaina amin' ny fitanana kaonty ao Etazonia dia hambara amin' ny dôlara, na singa... ary ny kaonty rehetra any amin' ny biraom-panjakana sy ny raharaham-pitsarana rehetra ao Etazonia dia hotanana sy hotanterahina araka izany fitsipika izany.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Fizarana tafolo ===
Tsy toy ny dôlara espaniôla, ny ''Continental Congress'' (Kongresy kôntinantaly) sy ny lalàna momba ny fanamboarana vola madinika dia nametra rafitra tafolo ho an' ny ampahan' ny dôlara: ny ''mill'', izay ampaharivon' ny dôlara; ny ''cent'', izay ampahazaton' ny dôlara; ary ny ''disme'' na ''dime'', izay ampahafolon' ny dôlara.&lt;ref name=&quot;contcongress1&quot;&gt;Fitzpatrick, John C. (mpamoaka); [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc0317)) ''Tuesday, August 8, 1786'']; Daty: 1934; Gazety: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774–1789; Boky: XXXI: 1786; Pejy: 503–505; Nojerena: December 5, 2019; Datin' ny tahiry: May 7, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210507050926/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc0317)); Satan' ny URL: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Peters, Richard (mpamoaka); [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&amp;fileName=001/llsl001.db&amp;recNum=369 ''Second Congress. Sess. I. Ch. 16'']; Daty: 1845; Gazety: The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, Etc. Etc.; Boky: 1; Pejy: 246–251; Nojerena: December 5, 2019; Datin' ny tahiry: November 13, 2020; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20201113041153/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&amp;fileName=001%2Fllsl001.db&amp;recNum=369; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Ireto ny fampiasana ireo singa ireo:
* Ny ''cent'' (¢) ihany no ampahan' ny dôlara ampiasaina amin' ny fiainana andavanandro, afa-tsy amin' ny famaritana ny vidin' ny solika ho an' ny fiara.
* Ny ''dime'' dia tsy ampiasaina afa-tsy ho anaran' ilay vola madinika mitentina folo ''cent''.
* Tsy dia fantatra ny ''mill'' (₥), nefa talohan' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-20 dia nahazatra teo amin' ny hetra amin' ny varotra izany. Ampiasaina betsaka amin' ny vidin' ny lasantsy sy gazoala izy io, izay matetika soratana hoe $''xx.xx''9 isaky ny ''gallon'', singam-pandrefesana habetsahan-javatra. Ohatra amin' izany ny $3.599, izay soratana matetika ho $3.59&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;⁄&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Langland, Connie; [https://whyy.org/articles/what-is-a-millage-rate-and-how-does-it-affect-school-funding/ ''What is a millage rate and how does it affect school funding?'']; Daty: May 27, 2015; Nojerena: December 5, 2019; Tranonkala: WHYY; Mpamoaka: PBS and NPR; Datin' ny tahiry: March 7, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210307202059/https://whyy.org/articles/what-is-a-millage-rate-and-how-does-it-affect-school-funding/; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[https://pastandpresent.com/2018/09/26/mills-currency/ ''Mills Currency'']; Daty: September 26, 2018; Nojerena: December 5, 2019; Tranonkala: Past &amp; Present; Mpamoaka: Stamp and Coin Place Blog; Datin' ny tahiry: May 3, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210503090930/https://pastandpresent.com/2018/09/26/mills-currency/; Satan' ny URL: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nozaraina ho valo ''reales'' ny ''peso'' na dôlara espaniôla teo amin' ny tantara. Nantsoina hoe ''bits'' ireo tamin' ny fiteny andavanandro, ka izany no niavian' ny anarana hoe ''pieces of eight'' (vola misy ampahany valo). Nianatra nanisa vola tamin' ny ''bit'' mitentina 12½ ''cent'', izay tsy manaraka ny rafitra tafolo, koa ny Amerikanina talohan' ny 1857, fony fahita kokoa noho ny ''cent'' amerikanina ny ''bit'' meksikanina. Mbola nitohy hatramin' ny 2001 izany fomba izany teo amin' ny fanononana ny vidin' ny petra-bola tao amin' ny ''New York Stock Exchange'' (tsenam-bolan' i New York).&lt;ref name=&quot;2bits&quot;&gt;[https://www.almanac.com/fact/how-much-is-two-bits-and-where ''How much is &quot;two bits&quot; and where did the phrase'']; Nojerena: June 9, 2021; Datin' ny tahiry: August 14, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210814042353/https://www.almanac.com/fact/how-much-is-two-bits-and-where; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/decimal-trading.asp ''Decimal Trading Definition and History'']; Nojerena: June 10, 2021; Datin' ny tahiry: November 18, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20211118011525/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/decimal-trading.asp; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny 1854 dia nanolo-kevitra ny hamoronana vola madinika volamena mitentina $100, $50 ary $25 i James Guthrie, sekreteran' ny tahirim-bolam-panjakana. Nantsoina hoe ''union'', ''half union'' ary ''quarter union'' izy ireo, araka io filaharana io,&lt;ref&gt;Mehl, B. Max. &quot;United States $50.00 Gold Pieces, 1877&quot;, in ''Star Rare Coins Encyclopedia and Premium Catalogue'' (20th edition, 1921)&lt;/ref&gt; ka midika izany fa ny ''union'' iray dia mitentina $100. Tsy nisy namokarana ho vola ampiasaina anefa ireo; ny santionany andrana amin' ny ''half union'' $50 ihany no misy.

Raha ny vola avoaka mba hivezivezy no jerena, ny sanda latsaka na mitovy amin' ny dôlara iray dia avoaka ho vola madinika amerikanina, ary ny sanda mihoatra na mitovy amin' ny dôlara iray kosa dia avoaka ho vola taratasin' ny ''Federal Reserve'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina). Misy anefa ireto tranga manokana ireto:
* Ny vola madinika volamena navoaka mba hivezivezy hatramin' ny taompolo 1930, izay nahatratra $20, fantatra amin' ny hoe ''double eagle''.
* Ny vola madinika volamena, volafotsy, platinina ary paladiôma, izay avoaka noho ny metaly sarobidy ao aminy na ho fahatsiarovana. Mahatratra $100 ny sandany eken' ny lalàna handoavana trosa, na dia ambony lavitra noho izany aza ny sandany raha ny lanja sy fahadiovan' ny metaly sarobidy ao aminy no jerena.
* Ny vola taratasy navoaka nandritra ny Ady an-trano amerikana, izay latsaky ny $1 ny sanda voasoratra aminy. Vola taratasy misolo ampahan' ny dôlara ireo, ary nantsoina tamin' ny teny manambany hoe ''shinplasters'' indraindray.

=== Fiavian' ny anarana ===
Jereo koa: [[Dôlara]].

Tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 dia nanomboka nanamboatra vola madinika nantsoina hoe ''joachimstalers'' ny kônta Hieronymus Schlick tao Bohemia. Avy amin' ny hoe Joachimstal, anaran' ilay lohasaha nitrandrahana ny volafotsy, izany anarana izany. Avy amin' ny anaran' i Masindahy [[Jôakima (rain' i Maria)|Jôakima]] kosa ny anaran' ilay lohasaha; ny hoe ''thal'' na ''tal'', izay iray fiaviana amin' ny teny anglisy hoe ''dale'', dia midika hoe «lohasaha» amin' ny [[Fiteny alemàna|teny alemàna]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeo&quot;&gt;&quot;Ask US.&quot; ''National Geographic''. June 2002. p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt; Nohafohezina ho ''taler'' ny teny alemàna hoe ''joachimstaler'' tatỳ aoriana. Niditra tamin' ny fiteny maro io teny io, anisan' izany ireto:&lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeo&quot; /&gt;
* ''tolar'', amin' ny [[Fiteny tseky|teny tseky]], [[Fiteny slôvaka|slôvaka]] ary [[Fiteny slôveniana|slôveniana]];
* ''daler'', amin' ny [[Fiteny danoà|teny danoà]] sy [[Fiteny soedoà|soedoà]];
* ''talar'', amin' ny [[Fiteny pôlôney|teny pôlôney]];
* ''dalar'' sy ''daler'', amin' ny [[Fiteny nôrveziana|teny nôrveziana]];
* ''daler'' na ''daalder'', amin' ny [[Fiteny neerlandey|teny neerlandey]];
* ''talari'', ao amin' ny [[Fiteny ao Etiôpia|fiteny ao Etiôpia]];
* ''tallér'', amin' ny [[Fiteny hongariana|teny hongariana]];
* ''tallero'', amin' ny [[Fiteny italiana|teny italiana]];
* ''دولار'', endri-teny amin' ny [[Fiteny arabo|teny arabo]];
* ''[[Dôlara|dollar]]'', amin' ny [[Fiteny anglisy|teny anglisy]].

=== Anaram-bositra ===
Ny teny andavanandro hoe ''buck'', na ''bucks'' amin' ny endriny milaza maro, dia matetika ilazana ny dôlara any amin' ny firenena samihafa, anisan' izany ny dôlara amerikana. Mitovitovy amin' ny fampiasana ny teny anglisy britanika hoe ''quid'' ilazana ny [[Pound|''pound sterling'']] izany. Efa nisy tamin' ny taonjato faha-18 io teny io, ary mety ho avy amin' ny varotra hoditra nandritra ny fanjanahantany, na avy amin' ny teny nampiasaina tamin' ny lalao ''poker''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=buck ''Buck'']; Rakibolana: Online Etymology Dictionary; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: September 29, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20180929012008/https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=buck; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anaram-bositra hafa ny hoe ''greenback''. Tamin' ny voalohany dia ireo dôlara taratasy tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 nantsoina hoe ''Demand Note'', izay natao pirinty mainty sy maitso ny lafiny ambadiny, no nantsoina manokana tamin' izany. Navoakan' i [[Abraham Lincoln]] izy ireo mba hamatsiana vola ny fanjakana tavaratra nandritra ny [[Ady an-trano amerikana|Ady an-trano]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.littletoncoin.com/shop/Glossaries-Paper-Money ''Paper Money Glossary'']; Mpamoaka: Littleton Coin Company; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: October 18, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043137/https://www.littletoncoin.com/shop/Glossaries-Paper-Money; Satan' ny URL: dead.&lt;/ref&gt; Mbola ilazana ny dôlara amerikana ilay teny, fa tsy ny dôlara any amin' ny firenena hafa. Mampiasa ny hoe ''greenback'' koa ny gazety miresaka raharaha ara-bola any amin' ny firenena hafa, toy ny any [[Aostralia]],&lt;ref name=BI&gt;Scutt, David; [https://www.businessinsider.com.au/fx-currency-aud-australia-dollar-fed-trade-war-china-2019-6 ''The Australian dollar is grinding higher as expectations for rate cuts from the US Federal Reserve build'']; Tranonkala: Business Insider; Daty: June 3, 2019; Nojerena: August 7, 2019; Datin' ny tahiry: August 7, 2019; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190807004722/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/fx-currency-aud-australia-dollar-fed-trade-war-china-2019-6; Satan' ny URL: dead.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Zelandy Vaovao]],&lt;ref name=MW&gt;Tappe, Anneken; [https://www.marketwatch.com/story/dollar-higher-ahead-of-data-new-zealand-currency-at-lowest-since-2016-2018-08-09 ''New Zealand dollar leads G-10 losers as greenback gains strength'']; Tranonkala: MarketWatch; Daty: August 9, 2018; Nojerena: August 7, 2019; Datin' ny tahiry: August 7, 2019; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190807004722/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/dollar-higher-ahead-of-data-new-zealand-currency-at-lowest-since-2016-2018-08-09; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Afrika Atsimo]],&lt;ref name=Reuters&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUKL5N22F4S0/ ''South Africa&amp;#39;s rand firms against greenback, stocks rise'']; Tranonkala: Reuters; Nojerena: August 7, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; ary [[India]].&lt;ref name=BT&gt;[https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/why-rupee-is-once-again-under-pressure-191471-2019-04-22 ''Why rupee is once again under pressure'']; Tranonkala: Business Today; Daty: April 22, 2019; Nojerena: August 7, 2019; Datin' ny tahiry: April 25, 2025; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20250425020534/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/why-rupee-is-once-again-under-pressure-191471-2019-04-22; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny vola madinika ampahefa-dôlara dia antsoina hoe ''two bits'', izay mampahatsiahy ny niavian' ny dôlara tamin' ilay vola nisy ampahany valo, dia ny ''bits'' na ''reales''.&lt;ref name=&quot;2bits&quot; /&gt;

=== Famantarana ny dôlara ===
[[File:Potosi Real.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=Vola madinika real espaniôla tamin' ny 1768.|Vola madinika ''real'' espaniôla tamin' ny 1768.]]
Ny famantarana $, izay matetika apetraka eo alohan' ny tarehimarika milaza ny habetsaham-bola, no ampiasaina amin' ny dôlara amerikana, ary koa amin' ny sandam-bola maro hafa. Mety ho vokatry ny fiovan' ilay fanafohezana nosoratana hoe ''p&lt;sup&gt;s&lt;/sup&gt;'' ilazana ny ''peso'' io famantarana io tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-18. Ny ''peso'' no anarana nahazatra an' ireo dôlara espaniôla nivezivezy betsaka tao amin' ny [[Tontolo Vaovao]] nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 ka hatramin' ny faha-19. Nifanaingina tsikelikely ny fanoratana ny litera ''p'' sy ''s'', ka nipoitra ny famantarana $.&lt;ref&gt;Cajori, Florian ([1929]1993). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7juWmvQSTvwC&amp;pg=RA1-PA22#PRA1-PA22,M1 A History of Mathematical Notations]'' (Vol. 2). New York: Dover, 15–29. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-486-67766-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Aiton, Arthur S.; Wheeler, Benjamin W.; ''The First American Mint''; Toerana: p. 198 and note 2 on p. 198; jstor: 2506275; Gazety: The Hispanic American Historical Review; Boky: 11; Laharana: 2; Taona: 1931; doi: 10.1215/00182168-11.2.198; doi-access: free; issn: 0018-2168.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nussbaum, Arthur; [https://archive.org/details/historyofdollar0000nuss ''A History of the Dollar'']; author-link: Arthur Nussbaum; Fidirana amin' ny URL: registration; Mpamoaka: Columbia University Press; Taona: 1957; Toerana namoahana: New York; Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/historyofdollar0000nuss/page/56 56]; Teny nalaina tao amin' ny loharano: The dollar sign, $, is connected with the peso, contrary to popular belief, which considers it to be an abbreviation of 'U.S.' The two parallel lines represented one of the many abbreviations of 'P,' and the 'S' indicated the plural. The abbreviation '$.' was also used for the peso, and is still used in Argentina.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bep.gov/resources/faqs.html ''U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing – FAQs'']; Tranonkala: www.bep.gov; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: October 18, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181018003102/https://www.bep.gov/resources/faqs.html; Satan' ny URL: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fanazavana hafa iray niely, avy amin' ny [[Andry Herkolesy]] eo amin' ny mari-piandrianana espaniôla hita amin' ny dôlara espaniôla io famantarana io. Eo amin' ireo dôlara volafotsy espaniôla ireo dia tsipika roa mitsangana (&amp;#124;&amp;#124;) sy fehin-damba miolikolika miendrika ''S'' no endrik' ireo Andry Herkolesy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.iberdrola.com/culture/spanish-dollar ''From the Spanish dollar to the US dollar'']; Mpamoaka: Iberdrola; Nojerena: July 23, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fanazavana hafa koa milaza fa avy amin' ny litera lehibe ''U'' sy ''S'' nosoratana na natao pirinty nifanindry ilay famantarana. Nampiely izany petra-kevitra izany i Ayn Rand, mpanoratra tantara foronina, tao amin' ny ''Atlas Shrugged''.&lt;ref&gt;Rand, Ayn. [1957] 1992. ''Atlas Shrugged''. Signet. p. 628.&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy raisin' izany petra-kevitra izany anefa ny hoe efa nampiasaina talohan' ny niforonan' i Etazonia ilay famantarana.&lt;ref&gt;James, James Alton; [https://books.google.com/books?id=kht_DEllNccC ''Oliver Pollock: The Life and Times of an Unknown Patriot'']; Mpamoaka: Books for Libraries Press; Taona: 1970; Taona voalohany: 1937; Toerana namoahana: Freeport; Pejy: 356; &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8369-5527-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tantara ==
Jereo koa: tantaran' ny dôlara amerikana.

=== Fiaviana: ny dôlara espaniôla ===
Nampidirina tamin' ny sanda mitovy amin' ny dôlara volafotsy avy any Amerika espaniôla ny dôlara amerikana. Nantsoina koa hoe ''Spanish peso'', ''Spanish milled dollar'', ''eight-real coin'' na ''piece-of-eight'' io vola espaniôla io, izany hoe peso espaniôla, dôlara espaniôla nokapohina tamin' ny milina, na vola madinika valo ''real''. Ny volafotsy betsaka azo avy amin' ny toeram-pitrandrahana tany Amerika espaniôla no nanaovana azy. Nokapohina tao [[Mexico]], [[Potosi|Potosí]] (Bôlivia), [[Lima]] (Però), ary tany amin' ny toerana hafa izy io, ary niely be nanerana an' i Amerika sy Azia ary Eorôpa nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 ka hatramin' ny taonjato faha-19. Nanomboka tamin' ny 1732, ny fikapohana dôlara espaniôla tamin' ny milina dia nanamafy ny lazany maneran-tany ho vola madinika ampiasaina amin' ny varotra, ka nahatonga azy ho modelin' ny sandam-bola vaovaon' i Etazonia.

Na dia efa nanomboka namoaka vola madinika aza ny ''United States Mint'' (sampan-draharaha amerikanina mpanamboatra vola madinika) tamin' ny 1792, dia mbola vitsy noho ny ''peso'' sy ''real'' avy any Amerika espaniôla ny dôlara sy ''cent'' nokapohina tao Etazonia izay nivezivezy. Noho izany, dia samy mbola vola neken' ny lalàna handoavana trosa tao Etazonia ny dôlara espaniôla sy meksikana ary amerikanina mandra-pahatongan' ny lalàna momba ny fikapohana vola tamin' ny 1857 (''Coinage Act of 1857''). Ny fahazaran' ny mponin' ny zanatany nampiasa ny ampahefatry ny peso espaniôla, izay nitentina roa ''real'', indrindra no antony namoahana vola madinika ampahefa-dôlara mitentina 25 ''cent'', fa tsy vola madinika 20 ''cent''. Tsy tena nanaraka tanteraka ny rafitra mifototra amin' ny folo àry io fizarana io.

Momba ny fifandraisan' ny dôlara espaniôla sy ny sandam-bolan' ny zanatany tsirairay, dia jereo ny ''pound'' (anaran-tsandam-bola) tany Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina ary Virginia.

=== Lalàna momba ny fikapohana vola tamin' ny 1792 ===
Jereo koa: ny lalàna momba ny fikapohana vola tamin' ny 1792 (''Coinage Act of 1792'').
[[Sary:Alexander Hamilton A17950.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Sarin' i Alexander Hamilton.|I [[Alexander Hamilton]] no namarana ny antsipirian' ny lalàna momba ny fikapohana vola tamin' ny 1792 sy ny fananganana ny ''United States Mint'' (sampan-draharaha amerikanina mpanamboatra vola madinika).]]

Tamin' ny 6 Jolay 1785, ny ''Continental Congress'' (Kongresin' ny zanatany amerikanina) dia nanapa-kevitra fa tokony hisy volafotsy madio 375.64 ''grain'' ao amin' ny dôlara, izay singan' ny sandam-bolan' i Etazonia. Tamin' ny 8 Aogositra 1786, dia notazonin' io Kongresy io izany famaritana izany. Nanapa-kevitra koa izy fa tokony hanaraka rafitra mifototra amin' ny folo ny singa ampiasaina hanoratana sanda ara-bola, mifanaraka amin' ny fizarazarana ny vola madinika: ny ''mill'' dia 1/1000 dôlara, ny ''cent'' dia 1/100 dôlara, ary ny ''dime'' dia 1/10 dôlara.&lt;ref name=&quot;contcongress1&quot;/&gt;

Taorian' ny nandraisana ny Lalàmpanorenan' i Etazonia, dia nofaritan' ny lalàna momba ny fikapohana vola tamin' ny 1792 ny dôlara amerikana. Namaritra dôlara iray mifototra amin' ny dôlara espaniôla nokapohina tamin' ny milina ilay lalàna, ka tokony hisy volafotsy madio 371 4/16 ''grain'' ao aminy, na fangaro volafotsy manaraka ny fenitra milanja 416.0 ''grain'', izay 371.25/416 = 89.24% ny taham-pahadiovany. Namaritra vola antsoina hoe ''eagle'' koa izy io, ka tokony hisy volamena madio 247 4/8 ''grain'' ao aminy, na volamena 22 karata milanja 270.0 ''grain'', izany hoe 91.67% volamena madio.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.usmint.gov/learn/history/historical-documents/coinage-act-of-april-2-1792 ''Coinage Act of 1792'']; Daty: April 6, 2017; Mpamoaka: U.S. treasury; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: November 8, 2020; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20201108001121/https://www.usmint.gov/learn/history/historical-documents/coinage-act-of-april-2-1792; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Fitsirihana nataon' ny fitantanam-bolam-panjakana tamin' ny dôlara espaniôla efa tonta maromaro no niaingan' i [[Alexander Hamilton]] tamin' ny famaritana ireo tarehimarika ireo. Nivoaka tamin' izany fa 371 ''grain'' ny salan' ny volafotsy madio tao amin' ireo vola ireo. Nampifandraisina tamin' ny tahan-tsandan' ny volamena sy volafotsy 15 izay nanan-kery izany, ka ny fenitry ny volamena dia nokajina ho 371/15 = 24.73 ''grain'' volamena madio, na 26.98 ''grain'' volamena 22 karata. Natao boribory ho 27.0 ''grain'' io isa farany io, ka voafaritra ho volamena madio 24.75 ''grain'' ny fenitry ny dôlara, na volafotsy madio 24.75 × 15 = 371.25 ''grain'' = 24.0566 grama = 0.7735 ônsa troy.

Io lalàna momba ny fikapohana vola io ihany koa no nametra ny sandan' ny ''eagle'' iray ho 10 dôlara, ary ny dôlara iray ho 1/10 ''eagle''. Nandidy ny hanamboarana vola madinika volafotsy mitentina 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/10 ary 1/20 dôlara izy io, ary vola madinika volamena mitentina 1, 1/2 ary 1/4 ''eagle''. Ny sandan' ny volamena na volafotsy tao amin' ny dôlara no nampiasaina hamaritana ny sanda ifandraisan' ny entana teo amin' ny toekarena, tamin' ny fividianana sy fivarotana azy. Izany dia nahafahan' ny sandan' ny zavatra nitoetra ho somary tsy niova nandritra ny fotoana, afa-tsy noho ny fidirana sy fivoahan' ny volamena sy volafotsy tao amin' ny toekaren' ilay firenena.&lt;ref&gt;Mason, Seth; [https://www.ecominoes.com/2013/01/the-definitive-inflation-chart.html ''The Definitive Inflation Chart'']; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181019050731/https://www.ecominoes.com/2013/01/the-definitive-inflation-chart.html; Datin' ny tahiry: October 19, 2018; Satan' ny URL: live; Tranonkala: Ecominoes; Daty: January 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Raha araka ny fenitra ara-teôria, dia nisy volafotsy 417.7 ''grain'', izay 130/144 ny taham-pahadiovany, tao amin' ny dôlara espaniôla vao nokapohina taorian' ny 1772, izany hoe volafotsy madio 377.1 ''grain''. Ny fitsirihana azo nitokisana tamin' izany fotoana izany anefa dia nanamarina fa 370.95 ''grain'' ny salan' ny volafotsy madio tao amin' ny dôlara espaniôla nivezivezy.&lt;ref&gt;Sumner, W. G.; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1834139 ''The Spanish Dollar and the Colonial Shilling'']; jstor: 1834139; Gazety: The American Historical Review; Taona: 1898; Boky: 3; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 607–619; doi: 10.2307/1834139; Nojerena: June 7, 2021; Datin' ny tahiry: April 9, 2022; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20220409153556/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1834139; Satan' ny URL: live; Fidirana amin' ny URL: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt; Noho izany, dia nifaninana tsara taminy ny dôlara volafotsy amerikanina vaovao izay nisy volafotsy madio 371.25 ''grain'', ary nekena tamin' ny sanda mitovy amin' ny dôlara espaniôla tamin' ny fandoavam-bola tany ivelany. Taorian' ny 1803, dia voatery nampitsahatra ny fanamboarana io vola madinika io ny ''United States Mint'', izay voafetra ny fitaovam-pamokarany sy ny fananany, satria tsy nijanona tao amin' ny fivezivezen' ny vola anatiny izy io. Taorian' ny nahazoan' i Meksika fahaleovantena tamin' ny 1821 vao nohajaina mafy ny habetsaham-bolafotsy madio 377.1 ''grain'' tao amin' ny peso meksikana. Tsy maintsy nifaninana tamin' io i Etazonia tatỳ aoriana tamin' ny alalan' ny vola madinika ''Trade dollar'' (dôlara natao ho an' ny varotra), izay nisy volafotsy madio 378.0 ''grain'' ka navesatra kokoa.

=== Endrika ===
Tsy nisy sarin' ny filoham-pirenena ny vola amerikanina tany am-boalohany, tsy tahaka ny fanao ankehitriny.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.oanda.com/currency/iso-currency-codes/USD ''United States Dollar'']; Mpamoaka: OANDA; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: October 18, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181018003057/https://www.oanda.com/currency/iso-currency-codes/USD; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nanohitra ny fametrahana sarin' ny mpitondra teo amin' ny vola ny governemanta vao niforona, satria nampitahaina tamin' ny politikan' ny mpanjaka eorôpeana izany fanao izany.&lt;ref&gt;Matt Soniak; [http://mentalfloss.com/article/28312/money-everything-you-ever-wanted-know-about-coin-portraits ''On the Money: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Coin Portraits'']; Gazety: Mental Floss; Daty: July 22, 2011; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: October 8, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181008082745/http://mentalfloss.com/article/28312/money-everything-you-ever-wanted-know-about-coin-portraits; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;
Taorian' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-20 vao napetraka teo amin' ny vola ireo endrik' olona hita eo aminy ankehitriny. Talohan' izany, ny lafiny anoloan' ny vola madinika dia nampiseho tarehy tazana avy amin' ny ilany, sy olona ao amin' ny angano grika sy rômanina naseho nandroso tamin' ny tongotra, nipetraka na nijoro, ary sary noforonina nampifangaro ny endrik' ny tompotany amerikanina. Ny vola madinika farany novana mba hampiseho ny endrik' Amerikana tao amin' ny tantara, tazana avy amin' ny ilany, dia ny ''dime'' (1946), ny antsasa-dôlara (1948), ary ny dôlara (1971).

=== Vola kontinantaly ===
Jereo koa: vola kontinantaly.
[[Sary:Continental Currency One-Third-Dollar 17-Feb-76 obv.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola taratasy kontinantaly ampahatelon-dôlara.|Vola taratasy kontinantaly ampahatelon-dôlara, lafiny anoloana.]]

Taorian' ny Revôlisiôna amerikanina, dia nahaleo tena ireo Zanatany Telo Ambin' ny Folo. Rehefa tsy voafehin' ny fitsipika britanika momba ny vola intsony izy ireo, dia samy namoaka vola taratasy tamin' ny rafitra £sd, izay nampiasa ''pound'', ''shilling'' ary ''penny'', handoavana ny fandaniana ara-tafika. Nanomboka namoaka ny vola nantsoina hoe ''Continental Currency'' (vola kontinantaly) koa ny ''Continental Congress'', ka dôlara espaniôla no nanoratana ny sandany. Momba ny sandany raha oharina amin' ny volan' ny fanjakana tsirairay, dia jereo ny vola amerikanina tany am-boalohany.

Nihena mafy ny sandan' ny vola kontinantaly nandritra ny ady, ka nipoitra ilay fitenenana hoe “not worth a continental”, izay azo adika amin' ny teny malagasy hoe “tsy mitentina na dia vola kontinantaly iray aza”.&lt;ref&gt;Newman, Eric P.; ''The Early Paper Money of America''; Daty: 1990; Mpamoaka: Krause Publications; Toerana namoahana: Iola, Wisconsin; &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-87341-120-X&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 17; Fanontana: 3.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny tsy fisian' ny fandrindrana ny politika momba ny vola teo amin' ny Kongresy sy ireo fanjakana, izay mbola namoaka vola taratasy natao ho fanekena trosa, no anisan' ny olana lehibe. Ankoatra izany, dia samy tsy nanana fahavononana na fahafahana hampihena ny vola taratasy nivezivezy tamin' ny alalan' ny hetra na ny fivarotana taratasim-panjakana fanekena trosa ny Kongresy sy ny governemantan' ireo fanjakana.&lt;ref&gt;Wright, Robert E.; ''One Nation Under Debt: Hamilton, Jefferson, and the History of What We Owe''; Daty: 2008; Mpamoaka: McGraw-Hill; Toerana namoahana: New York, New York; &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-07-154393-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 50–52.&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fepetra ao amin' ny andininy voalohany, fizarana faha-10, ao amin' ny Lalàmpanorenan' i Etazonia manao hoe “No state shall... make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts”, izay adika amin' ny teny malagasy hoe: “Tsy misy fanjakana mahazo... manao zavatra hafa ankoatra ny vola madinika volamena sy volafotsy ho vola azo andoavana trosa”.

=== Rafitra nifototra tamin' ny volafotsy sy volamena tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 ===
Nanomboka tamin' ny fampiharana ny lalàna tamin' ny 1792 momba ny fanefena vola (''Coinage Act of 1792'') ka hatramin' ny fampiharana ny rafitra nifototra tamin' ny volamena tamin' ny taona 1900, dia nifototra tamin' ny volafotsy sy volamena ny dôlara. Nofaritana ho volafotsy madio milanja 371.25 ''grain'' (24.056 g), na volamena madio milanja 24.75 ''grain'', ny dôlara iray; 15 ny tahan' ny sandan' ny volamena raha oharina amin' ny volafotsy.

Taorian' ny lalàna tamin' ny 1834 momba ny fanefena vola (''Coinage Act of 1834''), dia novana ho volamena madio milanja 23.2 ''grain'' ny lanja nifanandrify tamin' ny dôlara iray. Nahitsy kely ho 23.22 ''grain'' izany tamin' ny taona 1837, ka lasa ≈16 ny tahan' ny sandan' ny volamena raha oharina amin' ny volafotsy. Nohavaozina koa ny fangaro metaly nandrafetana ny dôlara, mba hamahana ny fahasarotana tamin' ny fanefena ny volafotsy araka ny fenitra, izay nisy volafotsy madio 89.24%. Natao 412.5 ''grain'' ny lanjan' ilay fangaro, ka volafotsy ny 90%-n' izany; mbola 371.25 ''grain'' hatrany àry ny volafotsy madio tao anatiny. Natao 90% koa ny tahan' ny volamena madio: 25.8 ''grain'' ny lanjan' ny vola manontolo, ary 23.22 ''grain'' ny volamena madio tao anatiny.

Nisondrotra ny vidin' ny volafotsy nandritra ny fifanotofana hitady volamena tany California, ary nanjavona tamin' ny fifanakalozana ny vola madinika volafotsy. Taorian' izany dia nahenan' ny lalàna tamin' ny 1853 momba ny fanefena vola (''Coinage Act of 1853'') ny lanja araka ny fenitra ho an' ny vola madinika volafotsy latsaky ny 1 dôlara: 412.5 ''grain'' izany teo aloha, ary natao 384 ''grain'', izay nisy volafotsy 90%, isaky ny 100 ''cent''. Nahitsy kely indray izany tamin' ny taona 1873, ka natao 25.0 g, izay nisy volafotsy 90%. Io lalàna io koa dia nametra ny zo hitondra metaly sarobidy mba havadika ho vola madinika (''free silver''): ny dôlara volafotsy milanja 412.5 ''grain'' ihany no azon' ny olona natao tamin' izany. Ny ''United States Mint'' (sampan-draharaha amerikanina mpanefy vola madinika) ihany no nahazo namokatra ireo vola madinika ambany sanda kokoa sy ambany lanja araka ny fenitra kokoa, tamin' ny fampiasana ny tahiriny manokana amin' ny metaly sarobidy.

Ireto avy ny karazana vola madinika navoaka tamin' ny taonjato faha-19:
* Tamin' ny metaly tsy sarobidy: 1/2 ''cent'', 1 ''cent'' ary 5 ''cent''.
* Tamin' ny volafotsy: ''half dime'', ''dime'', ampahefatry ny dôlara, antsasaky ny dôlara ary dôlara volafotsy.
* Tamin' ny volamena: 1 dôlara volamena, ''quarter eagle'' 2.50 dôlara, ''half eagle'' 5 dôlara, ''eagle'' 10 dôlara ary ''double eagle'' 20 dôlara.
* Sanda tsy dia fahita firy: 2 ''cent'' halimo, 3 ''cent'' nikela, 3 ''cent'' volafotsy, 20 ''cent'' volafotsy ary 3 dôlara volamena.

=== Famoahana taratasim-bola tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 ===
[[File:One US dollar 1917.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=Vola taratasy amerikanina 1 dôlara amin' ny andiany 1917.|''United States Note'' 1 dôlara, vola taratasy amerikanina amin' ny andiany 1917.]]

Mba hamatsiana vola ny Ady tamin' ny 1812 dia nomen' ny Kongresy alalana ny famoahana taratasim-panekena trosa nantsoina hoe ''Treasury Notes''. Trosa tokony haverina ao anatin' ny fotoana fohy sady niteraka zanabola ireo, ary azo nandoavana ny vola tokony haloan' ny olona amin' ny fanjakana. Na dia natao ho fitaovam-pindramam-bola aza izy ireo, dia nampiasaina ho vola ihany koa, saingy voafetra izany. Natao pirinty indray ny ''Treasury Notes'' mba hanampiana tamin' ny fiatrehana ny fihenan' ny vola miditra amin' ny fanjakana vokatry ny krizy ara-bola tamin' ny taona 1837 sy 1857, ary mba hanampiana tamin' ny famatsiam-bola ny ady teo amin' ny Amerikanina sy Meksikanina sy ny [[Ady an-trano amerikana|Ady an-trano amerikanina]].

Noho ny [[Ady an-trano amerikana|Ady an-trano amerikanina]] dia navoaka indray tamin' ny taona 1862 ny vola taratasy tsy nisy metaly sarobidy niantoka azy. Ankoatra ny ''Treasury Notes'', dia nanome alalana ny Tahirim-bolam-panjakana hitrosa 50 tapitrisa dôlara tamin' ny alalan' ny ''Demand Notes'' ny Kongresy tamin' ny taona 1861. Taratasim-bola tsy niteraka zanabola ireo, nefa azo natakalo metaly sarobidy avy hatrany rehefa nangatahana izany. Tamin' ny Desambra 1861 anefa dia nihoatra ny tahirin' ny vola madinika volamena sy volafotsy nananan' ny governemantan' ny ''Union'' (Firaisana) ny fangatahana fanakalozana, ka voatery nampiato izany fanakalozana izany vonjimaika ny governemanta.

Tamin' ny Febroary 1862 dia nolanian' ny Kongresy ny ''Legal Tender Act of 1862'' (lalàna tamin' ny 1862 momba ny vola eken' ny lalàna handoavana trosa). Navoaka tamin' izany ny ''United States Notes'', izay vola taratasy tsy azo natakalo metaly sarobidy avy hatrany araka ny fangatahana ary tsy niteraka zanabola, nefa vola eken' ny lalàna handoavana trosa. Mbola navoaka ihany anefa ny vola madinika volafotsy sy volamena. Tamin' ny taona 1875 dia nolanian' ny Kongresy ny ''Specie Payment Resumption Act'' (lalàna momba ny famerenana ny fandoavana amin' ny vola metaly), izay nitaky ny Tahirim-bolam-panjakana hamela ny fanakalozana ny ''United States Notes'' ho volamena aorian' ny 1 Janoary 1879.

=== Rafitra nifototra tamin' ny volamena tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 ===
[[File:NNC-US-1907-G$20-Saint Gaudens (Roman, high relief).jpg|thumb|alt=Vola madinika volamena 20 dôlara tamin' ny taona 1907.|''Double eagle'' volamena, vola madinika 20 dôlara, tamin' ny taona 1907.]]

Tamin' ny taona 1900 no nifototra tamin' ny volamena araka ny lalàna ny dôlara. Efa nifarana teo amin' ny fampiharana anefa ny rafitra nifototra tamin' ny volamena sy volafotsy rehefa nampiato ny fanefena ny dôlara volafotsy araka ny fenitra ny lalàna tamin' ny 1873 momba ny fanefena vola (''Coinage Act of 1873''). Nilanja 412.5 ''grain'' io vola madinika io, ary vola eken' ny lalàna handoavana trosa sady azon' ny olona namadihana ny metaly sarobidy nananany ho vola madinika tsy nisy famerana ny habetsahana (''free silver'').&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Azo navadika ho vola madinika nantsoina hoe ''Trade dollars'', izay nilanja 420 ''grain'', ny volafotsy tsy misy famerana ny habetsahana. Natao hanondranana anefa ireo, ary nisy fetra ny fanekena azy handoavana trosa araka ny lalàna tany Etazonia. Jereo koa ny ''Trade dollar'' amerikanina.&lt;/ref&gt; Nifanojo tamin' ny fiandohan' ny fifanotofana hitady volafotsy avy tao amin' ny tahirim-bolafotsy Comstock Lode tamin' ny taompolo 1870 izany fampiatoana izany. Nantsoina hoe «''Crime of '73''» (heloka tamin' ny 1873) izany.

Nofoanan' ny ''Gold Standard Act'' (lalàna momba ny rafitra mifototra amin' ny volamena) tamin' ny taona 1900 ny fifamatoran' ny dôlara amerikana tamin' ny volafotsy nandritra ny tantarany. Nofaritana tamin' ny volamena madio milanja 23.22 ''grain'' fotsiny ny dôlara iray, izany hoe 20.67 dôlara isaky ny ônsa troy milanja 480 ''grain''. Tamin' ny taona 1934 dia novana ho 35 dôlara isaky ny ônsa troy volamena madio ilay fenitra, izany hoe 13.71 ''grain'' isaky ny dôlara.

Taorian' ny taona 1968 dia nisy fanavaozana nifanesy ny famatorana ny sandan' ny dôlara tamin' ny volamena. Niafara tamin' ny fanapahan-kevitra nantsoina hoe ''Nixon shock'' tamin' ny 15 Aogositra 1971 izany, izay nampitsahatra tampoka ny fahafahana nanakalo dôlara ho volamena.

=== Vola taratasin' ny ''Federal Reserve'', nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 ===
''Jereo koa:'' vola taratasin' ny ''Federal Reserve'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina).

[[Sary:500 USD note; series of 1934; obverse.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola taratasy 500 dôlara tamin' ny 1934, misy ny sarin' i William McKinley.|Lafiny anoloan' ny vola taratasy 500 dôlaran' ny ''Federal Reserve'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina) tamin' ny 1934, izay tsy fahita firy, misy ny sarin' ny filoha [[William McKinley]].]]
[[Sary:500 USD note; series of 1934; reverse.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Lafiny ambadiky ny vola taratasy 500 dôlara.|Lafiny ambadiky ny vola taratasy 500 dôlaran' ny ''Federal Reserve'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina).]]

Nanohy namoaka vola taratasy ny Kongresy taorian' ny ady an-trano amerikanina. Ny karazana farany indrindra amin' izany dia ny vola taratasin' ny ''Federal Reserve'', izay nahazoana alalana araka ny lalàna momba ny ''Federal Reserve'' tamin' ny 1913. Rehefa natsahatra ny famoahana ireo karazana vola taratasy hafa rehetra — ny taratasy fanamarinana azo natakalo volamena tamin' ny 1933, ny taratasy fanamarinana azo natakalo volafotsy tamin' ny 1963, ary ny vola taratasy nantsoina hoe ''United States Note'' (karazana vola taratasy navoakan' ny governemanta amerikanina) tamin' ny 1971 — dia vola taratasin' ny ''Federal Reserve'' ihany no navoaka ho vola taratasy dôlara amerikana.

=== Fisandratana ho vola tehirizina ho tahiry ===
''Lahatsoratra lehibe:'' fampiasana iraisam-pirenena ny dôlara amerikana.

[[Sary:WhiteandKeynes.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=John Maynard Keynes sy Harry Dexter White tamin' ny 1946.|[[John Maynard Keynes]] (ankavanana) sy Harry Dexter White nandritra ny fivoriana fanokafana ny ''[[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena|International Monetary Fund]]'' (Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena) tamin' ny 1946. Nanana anjara lehibe tamin' ny famolavolana ny fepetra nifehy ny rafitra ara-bola maneran-tany taorian' ny ady izy ireo.]]

Tamin' ny taompolo 1920 no nanomboka nanana toerana lehibe teo amin' ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena ny dôlara amerikana ho vola vahiny tehirizin' ny banky foibe ho tahiry. Nisolo toerana ny vola britanika antsoina hoe ''[[Pound|pound sterling]]'' izy, satria tsy dia niharan' ny fahavoazana tamin' ny [[Ady Lehibe Voalohany]] i Etazonia sady isan' ny nahazo volamena betsaka niditra tao aminy nandritra ny ady. Rehefa vao mainka nihanatanjaka ho firenena nanana hery lehibe teo amin' izao tontolo izao i Etazonia nandritra ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]], dia nametraka ny dôlara amerikana ho vola lehibe indrindra tehirizina ho tahiry maneran-tany ny fifanarahana tao Bretton Woods tamin' ny 1944. Na dia notapahina tamin' ny 1971 aza ny fifamatorany rehetra tamin' ny volamena, dia mbola ny dôlara no vola lehibe indrindra tehirizina ho tahiry ampiasaina amin' ny varotra iraisam-pirenena.

Ny fifanarahana tao Bretton Woods tamin' ny 1944 koa no namaritra ny fandaminana momba ny vola taorian' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa sy ny fifandraisana teo amin' ireo firenena mahaleo tena. Nametraka fitsipika, andrim-panjakana ary fomba fiasa izy mba handaminana ny rafitra iraisam-pirenena momba ny vola. Io fifanarahana io no nanangana ny ''[[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena|International Monetary Fund]]'' (Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena) sy ireo andrim-panjakana hafa ao amin' ny ''[[Banky Maneran-Tany|World Bank Group]]'' (Vondron' ny Banky Maneran-tany) amin' izao fotoana izao, ka nametraka ny rafitra ahafahana manao fandoavam-bola iraisam-pirenena sy miditra amin' ny tsenan' ny renivola maneran-tany amin' ny alalan' ny dôlara amerikana.

Ny ''Federal Reserve System'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina) no mitantana ny politika momba ny vola ao Etazonia, ary izy no banky foiben' ny firenena. Niorina tamin' ny 1913 araka ny lalàna momba ny ''Federal Reserve'' izy, mba hanomezana vola izay azo ampitomboina na ahena araka ny filàna ho an' i Etazonia sy hanara-maso ny rafitra bankiny, indrindra taorian' ny krizy ara-bola tamin' ny 1907.

Nandritra ny ankamaroan' ny vanim-potoana taorian' ny ady, dia namatsy ny fandaniany tamin' ny alalan' ny findramam-bola betsaka teo amin' ny tsenan' ny renivola maneran-tany, izay nampandehanin' ny dôlara, ny governemanta amerikanina. Ny sandan' ireo trosa ireo dia voasoratra tamin' ny volany manokana, ary ambany dia ambany ny tahan' ny zanabola. Nantsoina hoe tombontsoa mihoa-pampana (''exorbitant privilege'') ananan' i [[Etazonia]] izany fahafahana mindrana vola betsaka nefa tsy miatrika krizy lehibe amin' ny fifandanjan' ny fandoavam-bola amin' ny any ivelany izany.

== Vola madinika ==
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Vola madinika amin' ny dôlara amerikana.

Namoaka vola madinika eken' ny lalàna handoavana trosa isan-taona ny ''United States Mint'' (sampan-draharaha amerikanina mpamokatra vola madinika) nanomboka tamin' ny 1792. Nanomboka tamin' ny 1934, dia ireto ihany ny sanda novokarina hampiasaina amin' ny fifanakalozana: iray ''cent'', dimy ''cents'', folo ''cents'', ampahefatry ny dôlara, antsasaky ny dôlara ary iray dôlara. Antsoina amin' ny anarana mahazatra hoe ''penny'', ''nickel'', ''dime'', ''quarter'', ''half dollar'' ary ''dollar'' ireo.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sanda voasoratra amin' ny vola
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Anarana mahazatra
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Lafiny anoloana
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Lafiny ambadika
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sarin' olona eo anoloana sy taona namolavolana azy
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Haingo eo ambadika sy taona namolavolana azy
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Lanja
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Savaivony
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Akora
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sisiny
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Fampiasana amin' ny fifanakalozana
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Iray ''cent''&lt;br&gt;1¢
| ''penny''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Sary:US One Cent Obv.png|48px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola iray cent, misy ny sarin' i Abraham Lincoln|Lafiny anoloan' ny vola iray cent]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
| [[Abraham Lincoln]] (1909)
| Ampingan' ny Firaisana (2010)
| 2,5 g
| 0,75 in
| 97,5 % [[Fanitso|fanitso]] (Zn), rakofana 2,5 % [[Varahina|varahina]] (Cu)
| Malama
| Ampiasaina betsaka
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Dimy ''cents''&lt;br&gt;5¢
| ''nickel''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Sary:Jefferson-Nickel-Unc-Obv.jpg|53px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola dimy cents, misy ny sarin' i Thomas Jefferson|Lafiny anoloan' ny vola dimy cents]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Sary:US Nickel 2013 Rev.png|53px|alt=Lafiny ambadiky ny vola dimy cents, misy an' i Monticello|Lafiny ambadiky ny vola dimy cents]]
| [[Thomas Jefferson]] (2006)
| Monticello (1938)
| 5,0 g
| 0,835 in
| 75 % Cu&lt;br&gt;25 % [[Nikela|nikela]] (Ni)
| Malama
| Ampiasaina betsaka
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Folo ''cents''&lt;br&gt;10¢
| ''dime''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Sary:Dime Obverse 13.png|45px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola folo cents, misy ny sarin' i Franklin D. Roosevelt|Lafiny anoloan' ny vola folo cents]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Sary:Dime Reverse 13.png|45px|alt=Lafiny ambadiky ny vola folo cents, misy sampan' ôliva sy fanilo ary sampan' ny hazo oak|Lafiny ambadiky ny vola folo cents]]
| [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (1946)
| Sampan' ôliva, fanilo ary sampan' ny hazo ''oak'' (1946)
| 0,08 oz
| 0,705 in
| 91,67 % Cu&lt;br&gt;8,33 % Ni
| Tsipika mitsangana 118
| Ampiasaina betsaka
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Ampahefatry ny dôlara&lt;br&gt;25¢
| ''quarter''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Sary:2021-P US Quarter Obverse.jpg|61px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola ampahefatry ny dôlara, misy ny sarin' i George Washington|Lafiny anoloan' ny vola ampahefatry ny dôlara]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Sary:Quarter new.jpg|61px|alt=Lafiny ambadiky ny vola ampahefatry ny dôlara|Lafiny ambadiky ny vola ampahefatry ny dôlara]]
| [[George Washington]] (1932)
| Haingo samihafa ao amin' ny andiany ''American Women quarters'' (haingo 5 isan-taona)
| 0,2 oz
| 0,955 in
| 91,67 % Cu&lt;br&gt;8,33 % Ni
| Tsipika mitsangana 119
| Ampiasaina betsaka
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Antsasaky ny dôlara&lt;br&gt;50¢
| ''half dollar''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Sary:US Half Dollar Obverse 2015.png|77px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola antsasaky ny dôlara, misy ny sarin' i John F. Kennedy|Lafiny anoloan' ny vola antsasaky ny dôlara]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Sary:US 50 Cent Rev.png|77px|alt=Lafiny ambadiky ny vola antsasaky ny dôlara, misy ny fitomboky ny filohan' i Etazonia|Lafiny ambadiky ny vola antsasaky ny dôlara]]
| [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy|John F. Kennedy]] (1964)
| Fitomboky ny filohan' i Etazonia (1964)
| 0,4 oz
| 1,205 in
| 91,67 % Cu&lt;br&gt;8,33 % Ni
| Tsipika mitsangana 150
| Voafetra ny fampiasana azy
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Vola madinika iray dôlara&lt;br&gt;$1
| Vola madinika iray dôlara; ''golden dollar'' (dôlara miloko volamena)
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Sary:2003 Sacagawea Rev.png|66px|alt=Lafiny ambadiky ny dôlara Sacagawea tamin' ny 2003|Lafiny ambadiky ny dôlara Sacagawea]]
| Sacagawea (2000)
| Haingo samihafa ao amin' ny andiany ''American Innovation dollars'' (haingo 4 isan-taona)
| 8,10 g
| 26,50 mm
| 88,5 % Cu&lt;br&gt;6 % Zn&lt;br&gt;3,5 % [[Manganezy|manganezy]] (Mn)&lt;br&gt;2 % Ni
| Malama tamin' ny 2000–2006&lt;br&gt;Misy soratra nanomboka tamin' ny 2007
| Voafetra ny fampiasana azy
|-
| colspan=&quot;11&quot; | Tsy voatery hitovy habe amin' ny vola madinika tena izy ireo sary. Ny g dia grama, ny oz dia ônsa, ny in dia ''inch'', ary ny mm dia milimetatra.
|}

Nisy vola madinika volamena sy volafotsy novokarina hampiasain' ny besinimaro tamin' ny taonjato faha-18 ka hatramin' ny taonjato faha-20. Tamin' ny 1933 no novokarina ny vola madinika volamena farany. Tamin' ny 1964 no novokarina farany ireo vola madinika misy volafotsy 90 %, ary tamin' ny 1970 no novokarina farany ny vola antsasaky ny dôlara misy volafotsy 40 %.

Any amin' ny toeram-pamokarany any Philadelphia sy Denver ny ''United States Mint'' no mamokatra vola madinika ampiasaina amin' ny fifanakalozana. Any amin' ny toeram-pamokarany any San Francisco sy West Point kosa no amokarany vola madinika fahatsiarovana sy vola madinika voavely amin' ny fomba manokana hahazoana kalitao avo ho an' ny mpanangona (''proof coins''). Resahina ao amin' ny « Vola madinika amin' ny dôlara amerikana », eo amin' ny fizarana momba ny marika manondro ny toeram-pamokarana, ny fomba fanamarihana ireo toeram-pamokarana ireo sy ireo sampana efa niasa taloha.

Tsy mbola nampiasain' ny besinimaro betsaka ny vola madinika iray dôlara nanomboka tamin' ny 1794, na dia nisy fanandramana maro hampitombo ny fampiasana azy aza nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1970. Ny antony lehibe indrindra amin' izany dia ny fitohizan' ny famokarana sy ny fampiasana betsaka ny vola taratasy iray dôlara. Tsy novokarina hampiasaina amin' ny fifanakalozana intsony ny vola madinika iray dôlara nanomboka tamin' ny 2012.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson, Gordon T. April 25, 2005. [https://money.cnn.com/2005/04/27/pf/new_dollar/ ''Congress tries again for a dollar coin'']. ''CNN Money''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220321162858/https://money.cnn.com/2005/04/27/pf/new_dollar/ Tahiry tamin' ny March 21, 2022].&lt;/ref&gt; Nampiasaina betsaka kosa ny vola antsasaky ny dôlara hatramin' ny namoahana azy voalohany tamin' ny 1794. Nihena anefa ny fampiasana azy nanomboka teo antenatenan' ny taompolo 1960, rehefa nanomboka nangonina sy notehirizina ny vola antsasaky ny dôlara volafotsy rehetra.

Milanja 5 grama ny vola dimy ''cents'' antsoina hoe ''nickel'', ary varahina 75 % sy nikela 25 % no akora ao aminy. Nisy volafotsy kosa ireo ''Jefferson nickels'', izany hoe vola dimy ''cents'' misy ny sarin' i Jefferson, novokarina nandritra ny ady tamin' ny 1942–1945.

Noho ny sanda kelin' ny vola iray ''cent'' antsoina hoe ''penny'', dia misy adihevitra momba ny fitazonana azy ho vola ampiasaina amin' ny fifanakalozana.&lt;ref&gt;Christian Zappone (July 18, 2006). [https://money.cnn.com/2006/07/18/news/penny/index.htm ''Kill-the-penny bill introduced'']. ''CNN Money''. Notsidihina: October 17, 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190728021810/https://money.cnn.com/2006/07/18/news/penny/index.htm Tahiry tamin' ny July 28, 2019]. Satan' ny rohy araka ny loharano: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Weinberg, Ali (February 19, 2013). [http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/02/19/17019470-penny-pinching-can-obama-manage-elimination-of-one-cent-coin?lite ''Penny pinching: Can Obama manage elimination of one-cent coin?'']. ''NBC News''. Notsidihina: October 17, 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043045/http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/02/19/17019470-penny-pinching-can-obama-manage-elimination-of-one-cent-coin?lite Tahiry tamin' ny October 18, 2018]. Satan' ny rohy araka ny loharano: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 2025 dia natsahatry ny ''United States Mint'' ny famokarana ''penny'' hampiasaina amin' ny fifanakalozana. Mbola ampiasaina anefa ireo vola ireo, satria lalàna nolanian' ny Kongresy ihany no afaka manafoana vola iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot;&gt;[https://www.usmint.gov/news/press-releases/united-states-mint-hosts-historic-ceremonial-strike-for-final-production-of-the-circulating-one-cent-coin ''United States Mint Hosts Historic Ceremonial Strike for Final Production of the Circulating One-Cent Coin'']. www.usmint.gov. Fiteny: en. Notsidihina: November 12, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Raha momba ireo sanda hafa efa tsy avoaka intsony na nofoanana, dia jereo ny fizarana momba ny vola madinika ao amin' ny « Sanda efa tsy avoaka intsony amin' ny vola amerikana » sy ny « Sanda nofoanana amin' ny vola amerikana ».

=== Vola madinika ho an' ny mpanangona ===
Eken' ny lalàna handoavana trosa araka ny sanda voasoratra eo aminy ny vola madinika ho an' ny mpanangona. Matetika anefa dia ambony lavitra noho izany ny tena sandany, noho ny sandany eo amin' ny fandinihana sy fanangonana vola na noho ny metaly sarobidy ao aminy. Anisan' izany ireto:
* Ny vola madinika ''American Eagle'' vita amin' ny metaly sarobidy, izay ny lanjan' ilay metaly sy ny fahadiovany no ifanakalozana azy (''bullion coins''):
** ''American Silver Eagle'': $1 (1 ônsa troy); vola madinika volafotsy amidy araka ny lanjan' ny metaly sy ny fahadiovany, nanomboka tamin' ny 1986.
** ''American Gold Eagle'': $5 (1/10 ônsa troy), $10 (1/4 ônsa troy), $25 (1/2 ônsa troy) ary $50 (1 ônsa troy); vola madinika volamena amidy araka ny lanjan' ny metaly sy ny fahadiovany, nanomboka tamin' ny 1986.
** ''American Platinum Eagle'': $10 (1/10 ônsa troy), $25 (1/4 ônsa troy), $50 (1/2 ônsa troy) ary $100 (1 ônsa troy); vola madinika platinina amidy araka ny lanjan' ny metaly sy ny fahadiovany, nanomboka tamin' ny 1997.
** ''American Palladium Eagle'': $25 (1 ônsa troy); vola madinika paladiôma amidy araka ny lanjan' ny metaly sy ny fahadiovany, nanomboka tamin' ny 2017.
* Ny vola madinika fahatsiarovana amerikanina, izay avoaka manokana, ka anisan' izany:
** Ny vola $50.00 (''Half Union'') novokarina ho an' ny Fampirantiana iraisam-pirenena Panama–Pacific tamin' ny 1915.
** Ny andiana vola madinika volafotsy voavely amin' ny fomba manokana hahazoana kalitao avo ho an' ny mpanangona (''silver proof sets''), novokarina nanomboka tamin' ny 1992. Volafotsy fa tsy ny akora mahazatra varahina sy nikela no nanaovana ny vola folo ''cents'', ampahefatry ny dôlara ary antsasaky ny dôlara ao amin' ireo andiany ireo.
** Ny andiana vola madinika iray dôlara misy ny sarin' ny filoham-pirenena (''Presidential dollar coins''), voavely amin' ny fomba manokana hahazoana kalitao avo ho an' ny mpanangona, novokarina nanomboka tamin' ny 2007.

== Vola taratasy ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Sanda voasoratra amin' ny vola
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Lafiny anoloana
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Lafiny ambadika
! Olona aseho amin' ny sary
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Sary eo amin' ny lafiny ambadika
! Andiany voalohany
! Andiany farany
! Fielezan' ny fampiasana
|-
| Dôlara iray
| [[Sary:Obverse of the series 2021 $1 Federal Reserve Note.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola taratasy iray dôlara, andiany 2021]]
| [[Sary:Reverse of the series 2021 $1 Federal Reserve Note.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny ambadikan' ny vola taratasy iray dôlara, andiany 2021]]
| [[George Washington]]
| Tombokase Lehiben' i Etazonia
| Andiany 1963&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Lafiny anoloana.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;Andiany 1935&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Lafiny ambadika.&lt;/ref&gt;
| Andiany 2021&lt;ref&gt;Gibbs, William T.; [https://www.coinworld.com/news/paper-money/series-2021-dollar-notes-now-being-found-in-circulation ''Series 2021 dollar notes now being found in circulation'']; Daty: June 29, 2023; Nojerena: April 26, 2024; Tranonkala: Coin World.&lt;/ref&gt;
| Be mpampiasa
|-
| Dôlara roa
| [[Sary:US $2 obverse.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola taratasy roa dôlara]]
| [[Sary:US $2 reverse.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny ambadikan' ny vola taratasy roa dôlara]]
| [[Thomas Jefferson]]
| ''Declaration of Independence'' (Fanambarana ny fahaleovantena), nataon' i John Trumbull
| Andiany 1976
| Andiany 2021
| Voafetra ny fampiasana&lt;ref&gt;Meyersohn, Nathaniel; [https://edition.cnn.com/2022/09/17/business/2-dollar-bill-history/index.html ''Why it&amp;#39;s time to start paying with $2 bills'']; Daty: September 20, 2022; Nojerena: February 6, 2024; Tranonkala: CNN.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Dôlara dimy
| [[Sary:Obverse of the series 2021 $5 Federal Reserve Note.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola taratasy dimy dôlara, andiany 2021]]
| [[Sary:Reverse of the series 2021 $5 Federal Reserve Note.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny ambadikan' ny vola taratasy dimy dôlara, andiany 2021]]
| [[Abraham Lincoln]]
| Tsangambato fahatsiarovana an' i Lincoln
| Andiany 2006
| Andiany 2021&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.numista.com/catalogue/note201558.html ''5 Dollars (Federal Reserve Note; colored) - United States'']; Tranonkala: Numista; Nojerena: June 7, 2023; Datin' ny tahiry: June 7, 2023; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20230607080122/https://en.numista.com/catalogue/note201558.html; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;
| Be mpampiasa
|-
| Dôlara folo
| [[Sary:Obverse of the series 2021 $10 Federal Reserve Note.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola taratasy folo dôlara, andiany 2021]]
| [[Sary:Reverse of the series 2021 $10 Federal Reserve Note.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny ambadikan' ny vola taratasy folo dôlara, andiany 2021]]
| [[Alexander Hamilton]]
| Tranon' ny Tahirim-bolam-panjakana ao Washington
| Andiany 2004A
| Andiany 2021
| Be mpampiasa
|-
| Dôlara roapolo
| [[Sary:Obverse of the series 2017A $20 Federal Reserve Note.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola taratasy roapolo dôlara, andiany 2017A]]
| [[Sary:Reverse of the series 2017A $20 Federal Reserve Note.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny ambadikan' ny vola taratasy roapolo dôlara, andiany 2017A]]
| [[Andrew Jackson]]
| Trano Fotsy
| Andiany 2004
| Andiany 2021
| Be mpampiasa
|-
| Dôlara dimampolo
| [[Sary:Obverse of the $50 Federal Reserve Note.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola taratasy dimampolo dôlara]]
| [[Sary:Reverse of the $50 Federal Reserve Note.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny ambadikan' ny vola taratasy dimampolo dôlara]]
| [[Ulysses S. Grant]]
| Kapitolin' i Etazonia
| Andiany 2004
| Andiany 2021
| Be mpampiasa
|-
| Dôlara zato
| [[Sary:Series 2025 USD 100.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola taratasy zato dôlara, andiany 2025]]
| [[Sary:Reverse of the $100 Federal Reserve Note.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny ambadikan' ny vola taratasy zato dôlara]]
| [[Benjamin Franklin]]
| Independence Hall
| Andiany 2009A&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uscurrency.gov/denominations/100 ''$100 Note &amp;#124; U.S. Currency Education Program'']; Nojerena: April 22, 2021; Datin' ny tahiry: August 20, 2020; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20200820044305/https://www.uscurrency.gov/denominations/100; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;
| Andiany 2025
| Be mpampiasa
|}

Ny Lalàm-panorenan' i Etazonia dia manome fahefana ny Kongresy hindrana vola amin' ny fitokisana ara-bola ananan' i Etazonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei#section8 ''Section 8 of Article 1 of the United States Constitution'']; Mpamoaka: Topics.law.cornell.edu; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: November 18, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20211118233715/https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei#section8; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampiasa izany fahefana izany ny Kongresy tamin' ny nanomezany alalana ny bankin' ny ''Federal Reserve'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina) hamoaka vola taratasy antsoina hoe ''Federal Reserve Notes''. Adidy ara-bola zakain' i Etazonia ireo vola taratasy ireo. Araka ny lalàna, rehefa angatahina izany dia tsy maintsy takalozina vola eken' ny lalàna izy ireo, ao amin' ny ''Treasury Department of the United States'' (Departemantan' ny Tahirim-bolam-panjakan' i Etazonia) ao an-tanànan' i Washington, Distrikan' i Columbia, na ao amin' izay bankin' ny ''Federal Reserve''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/12/411 ''Section 411 of Title 12 of the United States Code'']; Mpamoaka: Law.cornell.edu; Daty: June 22, 2010; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: June 27, 2019; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190627142205/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/12/411; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Voatendrin' ny lalàna ho vola ekena handoavana trosa ireo vola taratasin' ny ''Federal Reserve''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/5103 ''Section 5103 of Title 31 of the United States Code'']; Mpamoaka: Law.cornell.edu; Daty: August 6, 2010; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: October 22, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181022211409/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/5103; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nomen' ny Kongresy alalana koa ny famoahana karazana vola taratasy hafa mihoatra ny folo, anisan' izany ny karazana antsoina hoe ''United States Note''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/5115 ''Section 5115 of Title 31 of the United States Code'']; Mpamoaka: Law.cornell.edu; Daty: August 6, 2010; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: June 27, 2019; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190627142206/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/5115; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; sy ''Federal Reserve Bank Note''. Ny vola taratasy dôlara amerikana vaovao kosa dia avoaka amin' ny endrika vola taratasin' ny ''Federal Reserve'' ihany. Ny ''Bureau of Engraving and Printing'' (Birao misahana ny sokitra sy ny fanontam-pirinty) no manao pirinty azy ireo, amin' ny taratasy vita amin' ny tsiraka landihazo fa tsy amin' ny tsiraka hazo ampiasaina amin' ny taratasy mahazatra. Nirefy 7.42 × 3.125 in ireo vola taratasy lehibe navoaka talohan' ny 1928, fa 6.14 × 2.61 × 0.0043 in kosa ny refin' ireo vola taratasy kely nampidirina tamin' io taona io.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=qqQuAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA105 ''Treasury Department Appropriation Bill for 1929: Hearing Before the Subcommittee of House Committee on Appropriations... Seventieth Congress, First Session'']; Taona: 1928.&lt;/ref&gt;
Mitovy amin' ny refin' ireo vola taratasy ''Philippine peso'' (peso filipina) navoaka teo ambanin' ny fitantanan' i Etazonia taorian' ny 1903 ny refin' ny vola taratasy amerikanina maoderina amin' ny endrika kely; nahitam-pahombiazana lehibe tamin' ny fampiasana azy ireo vola taratasy peso ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Schwarz, John; Lindquist, Scott; [https://books.google.com/books?id=DhRjDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT16 ''Standard Guide to Small-Size U.S. Paper Money – 1928-Date'']; &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781440225789&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Daty: September 21, 2009; Mpamoaka: Penguin.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nanjary nantsoina hoe ''horse blankets'' (bodofotsin-tsoavaly) na ''saddle blankets'' (bodofotsy atao eo ambanin' ny lasely) ireo vola taratasy amerikanina lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Orzano&quot;&gt;Orzano, Michele; [https://www.coinworld.com/news/precious-metals/what-is-a-horse-blanket-note.html ''What is a horse blanket note?'']; Daty: February 25, 2015; Tranonkala: Coin World; Satan' ny URL: live; Datin' ny tahiry: November 29, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20211129024946/https://www.coinworld.com/news/precious-metals/what-is-a-horse-blanket-note.html.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny sanda mbola anaovana pirinty dia $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50 ary $100. Natsahatra tamin' ny 1946 ny fanaovana pirinty ireo vola taratasy mihoatra ny $100, ary nesorina tamin' ny fivezivezena tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy tamin' ny 1969 izy ireo. Nampiasaina tamin' ny fifanakalozana teo amin' ny banky ireo vola ireo. Nihena ny filana azy rehefa nipoitra ny tolotra banky elektrônika. Efa navoaka ny vola taratasy mitentina $500, $1 000, $5 000 ary $10 000, izay tsy avoaka intsony nefa mbola vola eken' ny lalàna handoavana trosa, ary koa ny $100 000. Ny $100 000 dia tsy navoaka afa-tsy tamin' ny endrika ''Gold Certificate'' (taratasy fanamarinana volamena), andiany 1934, ary tsy nampivezivezena teo amin' ny vahoaka mihitsy. Ankoatra io $100 000 io, dia lasa zavatra angonin' ny mpanangona vola ireo vola taratasy ireo, ary mihoatra ny sanda voasoratra aminy ny vidiny ho an' ireo mpanangona.

Na dia mbola maitso ny ankamaroan' ny lokony aza, dia misy loko hafa koa ny andiany taorian' ny 2004 mba hahamora kokoa ny fanavahana ireo sanda samihafa. Noho ny fanapahan-kevitra tamin' ny 2008 tao amin' ny raharaha nentin' ny ''American Council of the Blind'' (Filankevitra Amerikanina momba ny Jamba) teny amin' ny fitsarana mikasika ny fahafahan' ny olona manana fahasembanana mampiasa ireo vola, dia mikasa ny hametraka marika mivohitra azo tsapain-tanana ny ''Bureau of Engraving and Printing'' (Birao misahana ny sokitra sy ny fanontam-pirinty) rehefa havaozina manaraka ny endriky ny vola taratasy tsirairay, afa-tsy ny $1 sy ny endriky ny $100 ampiasaina. Mikasa koa io birao io ny hampiasa tarehimarika lehibe kokoa sy misongadina kokoa amin' ny lafika, hampitombo ny fahasamihafan' ny loko, ary hizara fitaovana mamantatra ny sandan' ny vola taratasy mba hanampiana ny olona manana fahasembanana ara-pahitana mandritra ny fotoam-piampitana.&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Misy antsipiriany sy fanovozan-kevitra ao amin' ny fizarana momba ny raharaham-pitsarana mikasika ny endriky ny vola taratasy amerikanina ao amin' ny lahatsoratra momba ny ''Federal Reserve Note'' (vola taratasin' ny ''Federal Reserve'').&lt;/ref&gt;

== Firenena sy faritany mampiasa ny dôlara amerikana ==
=== Mpampiasa ôfisialy ===
Anisan' ny firenena sy faritany mampiasa ny dôlara amerikana ho sandam-bola ôfisialy ireto manaraka ireto:

* [[Etazonia]], ka ao anatin' izany:
** ireto faritany dimy ireto:
*** American Samoa;
*** [[Guam]];
*** Northern Mariana Islands;
*** [[Pôrtô-Rikô]];
*** United States Virgin Islands;
** United States Minor Outlying Islands.
* Ireo firenena ao anatin' ny fifanarahana momba ny fiombonana malalaka (''Compact of Free Association''):
** [[Nosy Marsaly]];
** [[Mikrônezia]];
** [[Palaô]].
* [[Ekoadôra]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ecuador/ ''Ecuador'']; Ao amin' ny: [[CIA World Factbook]]; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Daty: October 18, 2010; Teny nalaina tao amin' ny loharano: The dollar is legal tender; Datin' ny tahiry: January 10, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ecuador; Satan' ny URL: dead.&lt;/ref&gt; izay mampiasa azy miaraka amin' ny vola madinika ''centavo'' ao aminy.
* [[El Salvador]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/el-salvador/ ''El Salvador'']; Ao amin' ny: [[CIA World Factbook]]; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Daty: October 21, 2010; Teny nalaina tao amin' ny loharano: The US dollar became El Salvador's currency in 2001; Datin' ny tahiry: May 7, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210507021641/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/el-salvador/; Satan' ny URL: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Liberià]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://cbl.org.lr/general/currency ''Currency'']; Nojerena: January 15, 2023; Tranonkala: Central Bank of Liberia; Datin' ny tahiry: January 15, 2023; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20230115023814/https://cbl.org.lr/general/currency; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; izay mampiasa azy miaraka amin' ny dôlara liberiana.
* [[Panamà]], izay mampiasa azy miaraka amin' ny vola madinika ''balboa'' ao aminy.
* [[Timôro Atsinanana]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bancocentral.tl/en/go/banknotes-in-circulation ''Central Bank of Timor-Leste'']; Nojerena: March 22, 2017; Teny nalaina tao amin' ny loharano: The official currency of Timor-Leste is the United States dollar, which is legal tender for all payments made in cash.; Datin' ny tahiry: May 1, 2019; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190501173907/https://www.bancocentral.tl/en/go/banknotes-in-circulation; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; izay mampiasa azy miaraka amin' ny vola madinika ''centavo'' ao aminy.
* Ireo faritany britanika ampitan-dranomasina:
** [[British Virgin Islands]];
** Turks and Caicos Islands.
* [[Karaiba Neerlandey]]:
** Bonaire;
** Saba;
** Sint Eustatius.

=== Mpampiasa tsy ôfisialy ===
Anisan' ny firenena sy faritany andraisana betsaka ny dôlara amerikana ho vola fanampiny, nefa tsy ho sandam-bola ôfisialy, ireto manaraka ireto:

* [[Arzantina]], izay ny ''peso'' an' i Arzantina no sandam-bola ôfisialy.
* [[Kambôdia]],&lt;ref&gt;Nay Im, Tal; Dabadie, Michel; [https://www.nbc.org.kh/download_files/publication/others_eng/NoteMD117-14_article_dollarization.pdf ''Dollarization in Cambodia'']; Tranonkala: National Bank of Cambodia; Nojerena: April 11, 2022; Fiteny: English; Daty: March 31, 2007; Datin' ny tahiry: May 11, 2022; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20220511203155/https://www.nbc.org.kh/download_files/publication/others_eng/NoteMD117-14_article_dollarization.pdf; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nagumo, Jada; [https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Currencies/Cambodia-aims-to-wean-off-US-dollar-dependence-with-digital-currency#:~:text=Cambodia%20runs%20a%20dual%2Dcurrency,of%20civil%20war%20and%20unrest. ''Cambodia aims to wean off US dollar dependence with digital currency'']; Nojerena: April 11, 2022; Mpamoaka: Nikkei Asia; Daty: August 4, 2021; Teny nalaina tao amin' ny loharano: &quot;Cambodia runs a dual-currency system, with the U.S. dollar widely circulating in its economy. The country's dollarization began in the 1980s and 90s, following years of civil war and unrest.&quot;; Datin' ny tahiry: April 15, 2022; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20220415063706/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Currencies/Cambodia-aims-to-wean-off-US-dollar-dependence-with-digital-currency#:~:text=Cambodia%20runs%20a%20dual%2Dcurrency,of%20civil%20war%20and%20unrest.; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; izay ny ''riel'' an' i Kambôdia no sandam-bola ôfisialy.
* [[Hôndorasy]], izay ny ''lempira'' an' i Hôndorasy no sandam-bola ôfisialy.&lt;ref&gt;Rivera, Juan Carlos; [https://www.laprensa.hn/honduras/honduras-roatan-prefiere-cobrar-dolares-lempiras-no-bitcoin-cirptomonedas-DC16361064 ''Roatán prefiere cobrar en dólares o lempiras; no bitcóin'']; Dikan' ny lohateny nomen' ny loharano: Roatán prefers to charge in dollars or lempiras; not bitcoin; Fiteny: es; Tranonkala: laprensa.hn; Mpamoaka: La Prensa; Daty: November 23, 2023; Nojerena: July 12, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Libàna]], izay ny ''pound'' an' i Libàna no sandam-bola ôfisialy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-economy-crisis-currency-pound-dollarization-44f8173d75d2e1a37526b3e1252c5a92 ''Lebanon leans on US dollar to cope as currency, economy tank'']; Daty: March 6, 2023; Ao amin' ny: Associated Press; Nojerena: November 1, 2024; Datin' ny tahiry: March 16, 2025; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20250316050107/https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-economy-crisis-currency-pound-dollarization-44f8173d75d2e1a37526b3e1252c5a92; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Venezoela]], izay ny ''bolívar'' an' i Venezoela no sandam-bola ôfisialy.&lt;ref&gt;Zerpa, Fabiola; [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-05/venezuela-is-now-more-than-50-dollarized-study-finds ''Venezuela Is Now More Than 50% Dollarized, Study Finds'']; Daty: November 5, 2019; Tranonkala: Bloomberg; Nojerena: November 9, 2019; Datin' ny tahiry: June 27, 2024; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20240627193736/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-05/venezuela-is-now-more-than-50-dollarized-study-finds; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-economy/maduro-says-thank-god-for-dollarization-in-venezuela-idUSKBN1XR0RV ''Maduro says &amp;#39;thank God&amp;#39; for dollarization in Venezuela'']; Daty: November 17, 2019; Ao amin' ny: Reuters; Nojerena: November 18, 2019; Datin' ny tahiry: April 4, 2023; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20230404121756/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-economy/maduro-says-thank-god-for-dollarization-in-venezuela-idUSKBN1XR0RV; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Zimbaboe]], izay ny ZiG (sandam-bolan' i Zimbaboe) no sandam-bola ôfisialy.
* Ireo faritany britanika ampitan-dranomasina:
** British Indian Ocean Territory, izay ny [[Pound|''pound sterling'']] no sandam-bola ôfisialy;
** Anguilla, izay ny dôlara karaibiana atsinanana no sandam-bola ôfisialy.
* [[Karaiba Neerlandey]]:
** Sint Maarten, izay ny ''guilder'' karaibiana no sandam-bola ôfisialy.
* Ireo faritany frantsay ampitan-dranomasina:
** Collectivity of Saint Martin, izay ny [[Euro|euro]] no sandam-bola ôfisialy.

== Politika momba ny vola ==
Jereo koa: ''Federal Reserve'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina), politika momba ny vola, politika momba ny vola ao Etazonia ary fitambaran' ny vola misy ao amin' ny toekarena.

[[Sary:Marriner S. Eccles Federal Reserve Board Building.jpg|thumb|right|Ny foiben' ny ''Federal Reserve System'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina), ao amin' ny tranobe Eccles any Washington, D.C.]]
Ny lalàna ''Federal Reserve Act'' no nanangana ny ''Federal Reserve System'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina) tamin' ny 1913 ho banky foiben' i [[Etazonia]]. Ny andraikiny voalohany dia ny mitantana ny politika momba ny vola ao amin' ny firenena, mba hisian' ny asa ho an' ny olona betsaka araka izay azo atao, ny fitonian' ny vidin-javatra ary ny tahan' ny zanabola antonony amin' ny fotoana maharitra ao amin' ny toekarena amerikanina. Anisan' ny andraikiny koa ny mampiroborobo ny fitonian' ny rafitra ara-bola, ny mifehy ny andrim-bola ary ny manao ny asan' ny mpampindram-bola farany azo itodihana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/pf.htm ''Federal Reserve Board – Purposes &amp; Functions'']; Nojerena: June 11, 2021; Datin' ny tahiry: March 26, 2020; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20200326220219/https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/pf.htm; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/files/pf_3.pdf ''Conducting Monetary Policy'']; Mpamoaka: United States Federal Reserve; Nojerena: August 23, 2021; Satan' ny URL: live; Datin' ny tahiry: August 11, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210811112907/https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/files/pf_3.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny FOMC (Komity federaly momba ny tsena misokatra; ''Federal Open Market Committee'' amin' ny teny anglisy) no mitantana ny politika momba ny vola ao Etazonia. Mandrafitra azy ny ''Federal Reserve Board of Governors'' (Filankevi-pitantanan' ny rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina) sy ny dimy amin' ireo filohan' ny banky 12 ao amin' io rafitra io. Ireo ''Federal Reserve Bank'' (banky ao amin' ny rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina) 12 isam-paritra rehetra kosa no mampihatra izany politika izany.

Ny politika momba ny vola dia ireo hetsika ataon' ny banky foibe izay mamaritra ny habetsahana sy ny tahan' ny fitomboan' ny fitambaran' ny vola misy ao amin' ny toekarena. Kendrena amin' izany ny hahazoana vokatra toy ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana ambany, ny tahan' ny tsy fananan' asa ambany ary ny rafitra ara-bola marin-toerana. Ny vola fototra, izay antsoina koa hoe M0, dia ahitana ny vola taratasy sy ny vola madinika ary ny vola voarakitra ao amin' ny kaontin' ireo mametraka vola ao amin' ny banky foibe; ny fananan' ny banky foibe no manohana izany. Ny M1, M2 ary M3 kosa dia refy samy hafa momba ny fitambaran' ny vola, izay ahitana ny vola voarakitra ao amin' ny kaontin' ireo mametraka vola any amin' ny banky, ka tohanan' ny fananana sy ny fampiasam-bolan' ireo banky ireo.

Anisan' ny fitaovana entina miantraika amin' ny habetsahan' ny vola misy ao amin' ny toekarena ireto:
* Ny fepetra momba ny tahiry farany ambany tsy maintsy tazonin' ny banky: amin' ny maha-fitaovana azy, ireo fepetra ireo dia mametra ny ampahany farany ambany amin' ny petra-bola ao amin' ny banky ara-barotra izay tsy maintsy tazonina ho tahiry, izany hoe apetraka ao amin' ny ''Federal Reserve''. Ny ambiny no azo ampindramina na ampiasam-bola. Raha ampitomboina io ampahany takina io, dia mihena ny vola azo ampindramina na ampiasam-bola, ka manampy amin' ny fifehezana ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana izany.
* Ny fividianana sy fivarotana taratasy ara-bola eny an-tsena (''open market operations''): mividy na mivarotra taratasy fanekena trosan' ny Tahirimbolam-panjakana amerikanina sy taratasy ara-bola hafa tazonin' ny banky ny ''Federal Reserve'', ka tahiry no ifanakalozana amin' izany. Arakaraka ny itomboan' ny tahiry no itomboan' ny fahafahan' ny banky mampindram-bola na mampiasa vola any an-kafa.
* Ny fampindramam-bola mivantana amin' ny banky (''discount window lending''): afaka mindram-bola amin' ny ''Federal Reserve'' ny banky.

Misy fiantraikany mivantana amin' ny tahan' ny zanabola ny politika momba ny vola, ary misy fiantraikany ankolaka amin' ny vidin' ny anjara fananana amin' ny orinasa, ny harena ary ny tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola. Amin' ireo lalana ireo no iantraikany amin' ny fandaniana, ny fampiasam-bola, ny famokarana, ny fananana asa ary ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana ao Etazonia. Mameno ny politika momba ny vola miditra sy fandaniam-panjakana ny politika momba ny vola mahomby, mba hanohanana ny fitomboan' ny toekarena.

Nitombo ny vola fototra nasiam-panitsiana: teo amin' ny 400 miliara dôlara teo ho eo izany tamin' ny 1994, lasa 800 miliara dôlara tamin' ny 2005 ary nihoatra ny 3 000 miliara dôlara tamin' ny 2013.&lt;ref&gt;[https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BASE/ ''St. Louis Adjusted Monetary Base'']; Daty: February 15, 1984; Mpamoaka: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: October 17, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181017105432/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BASE/; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rehefa mividy zavatra ny ''Federal Reserve'', dia ampiany ny vola voarakitra ao amin' ny kaontin-tahirin' ny mpivarotra ao aminy. Tsy afindra avy amin' ny vola efa nisy io vola io: amin' io fotoana io indrindra no mamoronan' ny ''Federal Reserve'' vola fototra vaovao (''high-powered money''). Avy eo ny banky ara-barotra no manapa-kevitra hoe ohatrinona no hotazoniny ho petra-bola ao amin' ny ''Federal Reserve'', ary ohatrinona no hotazoniny ho vola taratasy sy vola madinika. Ho an' ity farany, dia manafatra vola taratasy vita pirinty amin' ny ''U.S. Treasury Department'' (Departemantan' ny Tahirimbolam-panjakana amerikanina) ny ''Federal Reserve''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/edu_fact-sheets_currency_index.aspx ''Fact Sheets: Currency &amp; Coins'']; Mpamoaka: United States Department of the Treasury; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: October 18, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181018003113/https://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/edu_fact-sheets_currency_index.aspx; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Io departemanta io kosa no mandefa ny fangatahana any amin' ny ''Bureau of Engraving and Printing'' (Birao misahana ny sokitra sy ny fanontana), mba hanonta vola taratasin' ny ''Federal Reserve'', sy any amin' ny ''Bureau of the Mint'' (Birao mpanamboatra vola madinika), mba hanefy vola madinika.

Antsoina matetika hoe «andraikitra roa sosona» (''dual mandate'') ny tanjon' ny politika momba ny volan' ny ''Federal Reserve'', dia ny hitazonana ny vidin-javatra ho marin-toerana sy ny tsy fananan' asa ho ambany. Misolo ny fomba fanao taloha izany: tao amin' ny rafitra mametra ny sandam-bola araka ny habetsaham-bolamena, dia ny volamena mitovy sanda amin' ny vola ao an-toerana no tena nifantohana; tao amin' ny rafitra mampifandray ny vola amin' ny volamena amin' ny alalan' ny fifanakalozam-bola kosa, dia ny famatorana ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana amin' ny vola hafa azo avadika ho volamena no nifantohana. Ity fomba faharoa ity no nampiharina eran-tany teo ambanin' ny fifanarahana Bretton Woods tamin' ny 1944, tamin' ny alalan' ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana raikitra amin' ny dôlara amerikana.

== Fampiasana iraisam-pirenena ho vola tahiry ==

Lohahevitra mifandray amin' izany ny vola vahiny tehirizin' ny banky foibe ho tahiry, ny rafitra iraisam-pirenena momba ny vola, ny dôlara apetraka any amin' ny banky ivelan' i Etazonia (''eurodollar''), ny tombontsoa manokana azo avy amin' ny toerana iraisam-pirenen' ny dôlara (''exorbitant privilege''), ny politika mikendry ny hitazonana dôlara matanjaka, ary ny fampiasana dôlara ho solon' ny volam-pirenena. Tafiditra ao amin' ny lohahevitra ankapoben' ny fampiasana iraisam-pirenena ny dôlara amerikana izany.

[[Sary:DOLLAR AND EURO IN THE WORLD.svg|right|300px|thumb|alt=Saritany mampiseho ny fampiasana ny dôlara amerikana sy ny euro maneran-tany, ary ny vola mifamatotra amin' izy ireo.|Fampiasana ny dôlara amerikana maneran-tany, araka ny sokajy asehon' ny saritany:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color:#099811; border:1px solid #555;&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt; Etazonia;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color:#99FF9E; border:1px solid #555;&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt; faritra ivelan' i Etazonia nandray ny dôlara amerikana;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color:#999909; border:1px solid #555;&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt; vola manana tahan' ny fifanakalozana mifamatotra amin' ny dôlara amerikana;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color:#FFFF99; border:1px solid #555;&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt; vola mifamatotra amin' ny dôlara amerikana nefa avela hiova ao anatin' ny elanelana tery ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana.&lt;br /&gt;Fampiasana ny [[Euro|euro]] maneran-tany:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color:#092D98; border:1px solid #555;&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt; [[Faritra euro|faritra euro]];&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color:#98b3ff; border:1px solid #555;&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt; faritra ivelan' ny faritra euro nandray ny euro;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color:#510999; border:1px solid #555;&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt; vola manana tahan' ny fifanakalozana mifamatotra amin' ny euro;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color:#CC99FF; border:1px solid #555;&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt; vola mifamatotra amin' ny euro nefa avela hiova ao anatin' ny elanelana tery ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana.]]

=== Fiakaran' ny dôlara ho vola lehibe iraisam-pirenena ===

Teo amin' ny tantara, ny dôlara volafotsy espaniôla-amerikanina no vola nampiasaina indrindra tamin' ny varotra maneran-tany teo amin' i [[Eorôpa]], i [[Azia]] ary i [[Amerika]]. Noho ny habetsahan' ny volafotsy tany amin' ireo faritra amerikanina nofehezin' i Espaina, dia niteraka rafitra ara-bola maneran-tany nifototra tamin' ny volafotsy izany, nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 ka hatramin' ny taonjato faha-19.&lt;ref&gt;[https://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-silver-way-explains-how-the-old-mexican-dollar-changed-20410 ''&amp;#39;The Silver Way&amp;#39; Explains How the Old Mexican Dollar Changed the World'']; Daty: April 30, 2017; Nojerena: June 8, 2021; Datin' ny tahiry: May 16, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210516053428/https://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-silver-way-explains-how-the-old-mexican-dollar-changed-20410; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Avy amin' io vola madinika io koa ny dôlara amerikana. Nosoloin' ny [[Pound|''pound sterling'']] britanika ny dôlara espaniôla tatỳ aoriana, rehefa nipoitra ny rafitra iraisam-pirenena nampifototra ny sandam-bola tamin' ny volamena, tao anatin' ny ampahefa-potoana farany tamin' ny taonjato faha-19.

Nanomboka naka ny toeran' ny [[Pound|''pound sterling'']] ho vola tahiry iraisam-pirenena ny dôlara amerikana tamin' ny taompolo 1920. Somary tsy dia voa mafy i [[Etazonia]] tamin' ny [[Ady Lehibe Voalohany]], sady betsaka ny volamena niditra tao nandritra ny ady.&lt;ref&gt;Eichengreen, Barry; Flandreau, Marc; [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-review-of-economic-history/article/abs/rise-and-fall-of-the-dollar-or-when-did-the-dollar-replace-sterling-as-the-leading-reserve-currency/9C78B88EBC0099E26A105DEC90CBE103 ''The rise and fall of the dollar (or when did the dollar replace sterling as the leading reserve currency?)'']; Daty: 2009; Gazety: European Review of Economic History; Fiteny: en; Boky: 13; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 377–411; doi: 10.1017/S1361491609990153; s2cid: 154773110; issn: 1474-0044; Nojerena: April 16, 2021; Datin' ny tahiry: January 7, 2023; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20230107213045/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-review-of-economic-history/article/abs/rise-and-fall-of-the-dollar-or-when-did-the-dollar-replace-sterling-as-the-leading-reserve-currency/9C78B88EBC0099E26A105DEC90CBE103; Satan' ny URL: live; Fidirana amin' ny URL: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]] dia vao mainka nitombo ny herin' i Etazonia amin' ny maha firenena manana fahefana lehibe maneran-tany azy. Ny fifanarahana tany Bretton Woods tamin' ny 1944 no nametraka ny rafitra iraisam-pirenena momba ny vola taorian' ny ady. Nanjary vola tahiry lehibe indrindra ho an' ny varotra iraisam-pirenena ny dôlara amerikana, ary nifamatotra tamin' ny volamena tamin' ny taha 35 dôlara isaky ny ônsa troy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thebalance.com/bretton-woods-system-and-1944-agreement-3306133 ''How a 1944 Agreement Created a New World Order'']; Nojerena: June 8, 2021; Datin' ny tahiry: May 20, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210520170717/https://www.thebalance.com/bretton-woods-system-and-1944-agreement-3306133; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ny dôlara ho vola tahiry iraisam-pirenena ===

Ny dôlara amerikana, miaraka amin' ireo vola lehibe hafa maneran-tany — ny [[Euro|euro]], ny [[Pound|''pound sterling'']], ny ''yen'' japoney ary ny ''renminbi'' sinoa — no mandrafitra ny fitambaran' ny sandam-bola ampiasaina hamaritana ny sandan' ny zo manokana hahazoana vola vahiny (''special drawing rights'') ao amin' ny [[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena]]. Mitahiry dôlara amerikana betsaka ny banky foibe maneran-tany, ary mividy betsaka ny taratasim-bolan' ny Tahirim-bolam-panjakana amerikanina izy ireo, na ireo fohy fe-potoana na ireo antonony fe-potoana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ticdata.treasury.gov/Publish/mfh.txt ''MAJOR FOREIGN HOLDERS OF TREASURY SECURITIES'']; Daty: March 15, 2023; Nojerena: May 22, 2023; Tranonkala: US Treasury; Datin' ny tahiry: November 23, 2010; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20101123161108/http://www.ustreas.gov/tic/mfh.txt; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny orinasa, ny fikambanana ary ny olon-tsotra any ivelany dia mitahiry dôlara amerikana ao amin' ny kaonty petra-bola any amin' ny banky ivelan' i Etazonia. Antsoina hoe ''eurodollar'' ireo petra-bola amin' ny dôlara ireo. Tsy tokony hafangaro amin' ny [[Euro|euro]] izy ireo. Mitahiry dôlara ivelan' ny rafitra banky koa ny olon-tsotra, indrindra amin' ny endrika vola taratasy 100 dôlara.

Afaka mametraka sazy amin' ny fikambanana sy ny olon-tsotra any ivelany ny ''United States Department of the Treasury'' (Departemantan' ny Tahirim-bolam-panjakana amerikanina).&lt;ref&gt;[https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/financial-sanctions/sanctions-programs-and-country-information ''Sanctions Programs and Country Information &amp;#124; U.S. Department of the Treasury'']; Nojerena: June 8, 2021; Datin' ny tahiry: June 16, 2023; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20230616122725/https://ofac.treasury.gov/sanctions-programs-and-country-information; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ao amin' ny tsena maneran-tany ===

Ny dôlara amerikana no singam-bola ampiasaina indrindra hamaritana ny vidin' ny entam-barotra, hanaovana ny fifanakalozana ary handoavana ny vola tokony haloa eo amin' ny tsenan' ny akora sy ny vokatra fototra maneran-tany.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thebalance.com/how-the-dollar-impacts-commodity-prices-809294 ''Impact of the Dollar on Commodity Prices'']; Nojerena: June 8, 2021; Datin' ny tahiry: March 1, 2023; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20230301181602/https://www.thebalance.com/how-the-dollar-impacts-commodity-prices-809294; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ''U.S. Dollar Index'' (tondro momba ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana) dia tondro manan-danja handrefesana ny fiakaran' ny sandan' ny dôlara na ny fidinany raha oharina amin' ny fitambaran' ny sandam-bola vahiny enina.

Afaka mindrana vola an' arivony miliara dôlara eny amin' ny tsenan' ny renivola maneran-tany ny governemantan' i Etazonia, amin' ny dôlara amerikana avoakan' ny ''Federal Reserve'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina), ary amin' ny tahan' ny zanabola ambany. Ny governemanta sy ny orinasa any ivelany izay tsy afaka mindrana vola amin' ny volany kosa dia voatery mamoaka taratasin-trosa izay amin' ny dôlara amerikana no amaritana ny sandany, ka miaraka amin' izany ny tahan' ny zanabola ambony kokoa sy ny mety tsy handoavana ny trosa araka ny fifanarahana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dollarbond.asp ''Dollar Bond'']; Nojerena: June 8, 2021; Datin' ny tahiry: June 8, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210608195312/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dollarbond.asp; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fahafahan' i Etazonia mindrana vola amin' ny volany manokana nefa tsy iharan' ny krizy lehibe eo amin' ny fifandanjan' ny vola miditra sy mivoaka amin' ny fifandraisana ara-toekarena amin' ny any ivelany dia matetika antsoina hoe ''exorbitant privilege'', izany hoe tombontsoa manokana lehibe azo avy amin' ny toerana iraisam-pirenen' ny dôlara.&lt;ref&gt;Bernanke, Ben S.; [https://www.brookings.edu/blog/ben-bernanke/2016/01/07/the-dollars-international-role-an-exorbitant-privilege-2/ ''The dollar&amp;#39;s international role: An &quot;exorbitant privilege&quot;?'']; Daty: January 7, 2016; Datin' ny tahiry: June 8, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210608195319/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/ben-bernanke/2016/01/07/the-dollars-international-role-an-exorbitant-privilege-2/; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Iadian-kevitra matetika raha tena mahasoa an' i Etazonia sy ny fiaraha-monina iraisam-pirenena ny politika amerikanina mikendry ny hitazonana dôlara matanjaka.&lt;ref&gt;Mohsin, Saleha; [https://www.bloomberg.com/quicktake/almighty-dollar ''The Strong Dollar'']; Ao amin' ny: Bloomberg; Daty: January 21, 2021; Nojerena: August 23, 2021; Fidirana amin' ny URL: subscription; Datin' ny tahiry: August 22, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210822140416/https://www.bloomberg.com/quicktake/almighty-dollar; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fampiasana ny dôlara any ivelany ===

Mifandray amin' ny fampiasana iraisam-pirenena ny dôlara amerikana ny fampiasana azy ho vola ôfisialy na ho vola fampiasa andavanandro, sy ny famatorana ny tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola aminy. Anisan' ny endriky ny fanoloana ny volam-pirenena amin' ny vola vahiny koa ny fampiasana ny dôlara amerikana.

Anisan' ny firenena sy faritany mampiasa ny dôlara amerikana ho vola ôfisialy ireto:
* Ao Amerika: i Panamà, i Ekoadôra, i [[El Salvador]], ny [[British Virgin Islands]], ny Nosy Turks sy Caicos ary ny Karaiba neerlandey.
* Ireo firenena anisan' ilay faritany teo aloha notantanana teo ambany fiahiana tany amin' ny Nosin' i Pasifika: i [[Palaô]], i [[Mikrônezia]] ary ny [[Nosy Marsaly]].
* Any an-kafa: i Timôro Atsinanana.

Anisan' ny firenena mampiasa ny dôlara amerikana miaraka amin' ny vola vahiny hafa sy ny volany manokana i Kambôdia sy i [[Zimbaboe]].

== Sanda ==
Ireto tabilao ireto dia mampitaha ny fahefa-mividin' ny dôlara amerikana iray amin' ny an' ny dôlara espaniôla tamin' ny 1775. Angona ara-tantara hatramin' ny 2012 no asehony.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Fahefa-mividy mitovy, 1775–1860
|-
! Taona
! Fahefa-mividy mitovy
|-
|1775||&amp;nbsp;$1.00
|-
|1780||&amp;nbsp;$0.59
|-
|1790||&amp;nbsp;$0.89
|-
|1800||&amp;nbsp;$0.64
|-
|1810||&amp;nbsp;$0.66
|-
|1820||&amp;nbsp;$0.69
|-
|1830||&amp;nbsp;$0.88
|-
|1840||&amp;nbsp;$0.94
|-
|1850||&amp;nbsp;$1.03
|-
|1860||&amp;nbsp;$0.97
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Fahefa-mividy mitovy, 1870–1960
|-
! Taona
! Fahefa-mividy mitovy
|-
|1870||&amp;nbsp;$0.62
|-
|1880||&amp;nbsp;$0.79
|-
|1890||&amp;nbsp;$0.89
|-
|1900||&amp;nbsp;$0.96
|-
|1910||&amp;nbsp;$0.85
|-
|1920||&amp;nbsp;$0.39
|-
|1930||&amp;nbsp;$0.47
|-
|1940||&amp;nbsp;$0.56
|-
|1950||&amp;nbsp;$0.33
|-
|1960||&amp;nbsp;$0.26
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Fahefa-mividy mitovy, 1970–2012
|-
! Taona
! Fahefa-mividy mitovy
|-
|1970||&amp;nbsp;$0.20
|-
|1980||&amp;nbsp;$0.10
|-
|1990||&amp;nbsp;$0.06
|-
|2000||&amp;nbsp;$0.05
|-
|2007||&amp;nbsp;$0.04
|-
|2008||&amp;nbsp;$0.04
|-
|2009||&amp;nbsp;$0.04
|-
|2010||&amp;nbsp;$0.035
|-
|2011||&amp;nbsp;$0.034
|-
|2012||&amp;nbsp;$0.03
|}

[[Sary:Inflation value of dollar.webp|thumb|400px|alt=Kisary momba ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana sy ny sandan' ny dôlara.|Ny sandan' ny dôlara sy ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana.]]

Ny fehintsoratra faha-6 ao amin' ny fizarana faha-8 amin' ny andininy voalohany amin' ny Lalàm-panorenan' i Etazonia dia manome ny Kongresy amerikanina fahefana hanefy vola madinika sy hamaritra ny sandan' ny vola madinika ao an-toerana sy avy any ivelany. Nampiasa ireo fahefana ireo ny Kongresy rehefa nandany ny lalàna momba ny fanefena vola tamin' ny 1792, na ''Coinage Act of 1792''. Io lalàna io no nanome alalana ny fanefena ny dôlara amerikana voalohany, ary nametra fa tokony hitovy amin' ny sandan' ny dôlara espaniôla nivezivezy tamin' izany fotoana izany ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana.&lt;ref&gt;[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&amp;fileName=001/llsl001.db&amp;recNum=371 ''Section 9 of the Coinage Act of 1792'']; Mpamoaka: American Memory - Library of Congress; Nojerena: August 24, 2010; Datin' ny tahiry: July 29, 2020; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20200729031805/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&amp;fileName=001%2Fllsl001.db&amp;recNum=371; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ireo tabilao ireo dia mampiseho ny habetsahan' ny entana azo novidina tamin' ny $1 isaky ny taona, raha oharina amin' ny tamin' ny 1775.&lt;ref name=&quot;measuring-worth&quot;&gt;[https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ppowerus/ ''Measuring Worth&amp;nbsp;– Purchasing Power of Money in the United States from 1774 to 2010'']; Nojerena: April 22, 2010; Datin' ny tahiry: June 16, 2023; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20230616122744/https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ppowerus/; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mifanaraka amin' ny [[Fidangan' ny vidim-piainana|fidangan' ny vidim-piainana]] ny fihenan' ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana. Ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana dia fiakaran' ny haavo ankapoben' ny vidin' ny entana sy tolotra ao amin' ny toekarena iray mandritra ny fe-potoana iray.&lt;ref&gt;Olivier Blanchard (2000). ''Macroeconomics'' (2nd ed.), Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-13-013306-X&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ny CPI (tondro momba ny vidin' ny entana sy tolotra fanjifa) dia fandrefesana manombana ny salanisan' ny vidin' ny entana sy tolotra vidin' ny tokantrano. Ny CPI amerikanina, avoakan' ny ''Bureau of Labor Statistics'' (Birao momba ny antontanisa momba ny asa), dia manombana izany salanisan' ny vidin' ny entana sy tolotra fanjifa izany ao Etazonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;BLSCPI&quot;&gt;[https://www.bls.gov/cpi/questions-and-answers.htm ''Consumer Price Index Frequently Asked Questions'']; Nojerena: October 16, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: October 18, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181018015214/https://www.bls.gov/cpi/questions-and-answers.htm; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; (Question 1) Hita taratra amin' io tondro io ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana tsapan' ny mpanjifa amin' ny fandaniany andavanandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;BLSCPI&quot; /&gt; (Question 12)

Nihena be ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana nandritra ny ady, indrindra nandritra ny [[Ady an-trano amerikana]], ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany ary ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa.&lt;ref&gt;[[Milton Friedman]], Anna Jacobson Schwartz; ''A monetary history of the United States, 1867–1960''; Daty: November 21, 1971; &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0691003542&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 546; Mpamoaka: Princeton University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ''Federal Reserve'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina), izay naorina tamin' ny 1913, dia nokendrena hanome vola izay azo ovana betsaka ao anatin' ny fotoana fohy ny habetsahany. Tsy nitovy tamin' ireo karazam-bola fototra (''high-powered money'') teo aloha, toy ny volamena, ny vola taratasin' ny banky nasionaly ary ny vola madinika volafotsy, izany.&lt;ref&gt;Friedman 189–190&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny fotoana tena naharitra, dia nitazona ny vidin-javatra ho marin-toerana ny rafitra teo aloha izay nametra ny sandam-bola araka ny habetsaham-bolamena. Ohatra, tsy dia samy hafa loatra ny haavon' ny vidin-javatra sy ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana tamin' ny 1914 sy tamin' ny taompolo 1880. Tamin' ny voalohany dia nahomby ny ''Federal Reserve'' tamin' ny fitazonana ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana sy ny fitonian' ny vidin-javatra: nampihena indray ny fiakaran' ny vidin-javatra nateraky ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany izy, ary nitazona ny sandan' ny dôlara ho marin-toerana nandritra ny taompolo 1920. Avy eo anefa, nandritra ny taompolo 1930, dia nihena 30% ny vidin-javatra tao Etazonia teo ambany fitantanany.&lt;ref name=&quot;central-banking-then-and-now&quot;&gt;Broaddus Jr., J. Alfred; [https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications/the-region/central-bankingthen-and-now ''Central Banking—Then and Now'']; Daty: September 1, 1993; Tranonkala: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: October 26, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181026144515/https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications/the-region/central-bankingthen-and-now; Satan' ny URL: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo ambanin' ny rafitra Bretton Woods, izay napetraka taorian' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa, dia noferana ho $35 isaky ny ônsa troy ny sandan' ny volamena. Nifamatotra tamin' ny sandan' ny volamena àry ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana. Nampisy fisalasalana momba ny fahafahan' i Etazonia mitazona izany fifanakalozana dôlara ho volamena izany anefa ny fitomboan' ny fandaniam-panjakana tamin' ny taompolo 1960. Nihena ny tahirim-bolamena rehefa nanomboka nanakalo dôlara ho volamena ny banky sy ny mpampiasa vola iraisam-pirenena, ka nanomboka nihena ny sandan' ny dôlara. Noho ny krizy ara-bola nanomboka niseho sy ny loza nananontanona fa tsy ho afaka hanakalo dôlara ho volamena intsony i Etazonia, dia namarana ny fahafahana manao izany fifanakalozana izany ny filoha [[Richard Nixon]] tamin' ny 1971. Izany no niteraka ny fiovana nantsoina hoe ''Nixon shock''.&lt;ref name=&quot;inflation-historical-perspective&quot;&gt;Emery, Kenneth M.; [http://www.dallasfed.org/research/swe/1993/swe9304b.pdf ''Controlling Inflation: A Historical Perspective'']; Mpamoaka: Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas; Nojerena: July 17, 2010; Satan' ny URL: dead; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20101207041621/http://www.dallasfed.org/research/swe/1993/swe9304b.pdf; Datin' ny tahiry: December 7, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy nifamatotra tamin' ny volamena intsony àry ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana, ka niandraikitra ny fitazonana ny sandan' ny vola amerikanina ny ''Federal Reserve''. Mbola nampitombo ny fitambaran' ny vola tao amin' ny toekarena anefa izy io, ka nitarika fiakaran' ny vidim-piainana niaraka tamin' ny fihantonan' ny fitomboana ara-toekarena (''stagflation'') sy fihenana haingana teo amin' ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana tamin' ny taompolo 1970. Izany dia vokatry indrindra ny fomba fijery ara-toekarena nanjaka tamin' izany fotoana izany, izay nampifandray ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana sy ny tena fitomboana ara-toekarena. Noho izany dia noheverina ho tsy dia nampidi-doza ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;inflation-historical-perspective&quot; /&gt; Teo anelanelan' ny 1965 sy 1981, dia very ny roa ampahatelon' ny sandany ny dôlara amerikana.&lt;ref name=&quot;measuring-worth&quot; /&gt;

Tamin' ny 1979, ny filoha [[Jimmy Carter]] dia nanendry an' i Paul Volcker ho filohan' ny ''Federal Reserve''. Nofeperan' ny ''Federal Reserve'' ny fitambaran' ny vola tao amin' ny toekarena, ary nihena be ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana tamin' ny taompolo 1980, ka nilamina ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana.&lt;ref name=&quot;inflation-historical-perspective&quot; /&gt;

Teo anelanelan' ny 1981 sy 2009, dia very mihoatra ny antsasaky ny sandany ny dôlara amerikana.&lt;ref name=&quot;measuring-worth&quot; /&gt; Izany dia satria tsy ny tsy hisian' ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana mihitsy no nokendren' ny ''Federal Reserve'', fa ny hitazonana azy ho ambany sy marin-toerana. Teo anelanelan' ny 1987 sy 1997, dia tokony ho 3.5% ny tahan' ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana; teo anelanelan' ny 1997 sy 2007 kosa dia tokony ho 2% izany. Ny fitonian' ny toe-draharaha ara-toekarena izay nantsoina hoe ''Great Moderation'', dia lazaina fa vokatry ny politika momba ny vola nikendry ny fitonian' ny vidin-javatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;inflation-historical-perspective2&quot;&gt;Ferguson, Roger W. Jr.; [https://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2005/20051103/default.htm ''Monetary Credibility, Inflation, and Economic Growth'']; Daty: November 3, 2005; Tranonkala: FRB; Nojerena: July 17, 2010; Datin' ny tahiry: August 15, 2010; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20100815035725/http://federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2005/20051103/default.htm; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy adihevitra momba ny hoe tokony hikendry ny tsy hisian' ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana mihitsy ve ny banky foibe, ka tsy hiova mandritra ny fotoana maharitra ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana, sa tokony hikendry fidangan' ny vidim-piainana ambany sy marin-toerana, ka hihena hatrany nefa miadana ny sandan' ny dôlara. Misy mpahay toekarena manohana ny politika tsy mampiakatra ny vidim-piainana, ka mitazona ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana tsy hiova.&lt;ref name=&quot;central-banking-then-and-now&quot; /&gt; Ny hafa kosa milaza fa mametra ny fahafahan' ny banky foibe mifehy ny tahan' ny zanabola sy mandrisika ny toekarena rehefa ilaina izany politika izany.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.frbsf.org/education/teacher-resources/us-monetary-policy-introduction/goals/ ''What are the goals of U.S. monetary policy?'']; Daty: February 6, 2004; Tranonkala: Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: October 18, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043148/https://www.frbsf.org/education/teacher-resources/us-monetary-policy-introduction/goals/; Satan' ny URL: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vola nanana tahan' ny fifanakalozana voafatotra taloha ==

Ireto misy vola nanana tahan' ny fifanakalozana voafatotra tamin' ny dôlara amerikana taloha. Tsy feno ity lisitra ity.

* [[Arzantina]]: tamin' ny 1985–1991, ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny ''austral'' tamin' ny dôlara amerikana dia nofatorana tamin' ny taha niovaova.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rafael M. Di Tella and Ingrid Vogel&quot;&gt;Rafael M. Di Tella and Ingrid Vogel; [https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=28699 ''Argentina&amp;#39;s Convertibility Plan'']; Daty: December 2001; Mpamoaka: Harvard Business School; Nojerena: September 24, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Arzantina]]: tamin' ny 1991–2002, ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny ''peso'' dia nofatorana ho 1 ''peso'' isaky ny dôlara amerikana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rafael M. Di Tella and Ingrid Vogel&quot;/&gt;
* [[Malezia]]: tamin' ny 1998–2005, ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny ''ringgit'' dia nofatorana ho 3,80 ''ringgit'' isaky ny dôlara amerikana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Exchange Rate Systems&quot;&gt;[https://open.lib.umn.edu/principlesofeconomics/chapter/30-3-exchange-rate-systems/ ''Exchange Rate Systems'']; Mpamoaka: University of Minnesota; Nojerena: September 24, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Meksika]]: ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny ''peso'' dia nofatorana ho 8,65 ''peso'' isaky ny dôlara amerikana tamin' ny 1933–1948, ary 12,5 ''peso'' isaky ny dôlara amerikana tamin' ny 1954–1976.&lt;ref&gt;Nora Lustig; [https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-mexican-peso-crisis-the-foreseeable-and-the-surprise/ ''The Mexican Peso Crisis: The Foreseeable and the Surprise'']; Daty: June 1, 1995; Mpamoaka: Brookings Institution; Nojerena: September 24, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/whats-behind-the-volatility-of-mexicos-peso/ ''What&amp;#39;s Behind the Volatility of Mexico&amp;#39;s Peso?'']; Daty: March 9, 2016; Mpamoaka: Knowledge at Wharton; Nojerena: September 24, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Pôlônia]]: tamin' ny 1990–1991, ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny ''złoty'' dia nofatorana ho 9 500 ''złoty'' isaky ny dôlara amerikana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://nbp.pl/statystyka-i-sprawozdawczosc/kursy/archiwum-tabela-a-csv-xls/ ''Archiwum kursów średnich – tabela A (CSV, XLS)''].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vola tsy ampiasaina intsony ===
Ireto misy sandam-bola nanana tahan' ny fifanakalozana nifamatotra tamin' ny dôlara amerikana taloha. Ny fampitahana sanda dia mikasika ny sandan' ny singam-bola iray amin' ny fifanakalozana amin' ny dôlara amerikana, fa tsy ny fahefa-mividy.

* [[Antilia Neerlandey]]: ny ''guilder'' an' i Antilia Neerlandey; latsaky ny 1 dôlara amerikana ny sandan' ny 1 ''guilder'' tamin' ny fifanakalozana.
* [[Kiobà]]: ny ''peso'' azo avadika ho vola hafa (''Cuban convertible peso''); nitovy sanda tamin' ny 1 dôlara amerikana ny 1 ''peso'' tamin' ilay tahan' ny fifanakalozana.
* [[Hawaii]]: ny dôlara hawaiana.
* [[El Salvador]]: ny ''colón'' salvadôriana; latsaky ny 1 dôlara amerikana ny sandan' ny 1 ''colón'' tamin' ny fifanakalozana.

== Tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola ==
Jereo koa ny tondro momba ny dôlara amerikana (''U.S. Dollar Index'').

=== Tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola ara-tantara ===
&lt;div style=&quot;overflow: auto;&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Isan' ny singam-bola azo amin' ny dôlara amerikana iray, salanisa isan-taona raha tsy misy fanamarihana hafa&lt;ref&gt;''U.S. Federal Reserve'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina): [https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/current/ Last 4 years] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181018003147/https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/current/ Tahiry] (October 18, 2018), [https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/20130102/ 2009–2012] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181018003115/https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/20130102/ Tahiry] (October 18, 2018), [https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/20090102/ 2005–2008] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043036/https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/20090102/ Tahiry] (October 18, 2018), [https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/20050103/ 2001–2004] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181018003136/https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/20050103/ Tahiry] (October 18, 2018), [https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/20010109/ 1997–2000] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181018003207/https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/20010109/ Tahiry] (October 18, 2018), [https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/19970107/ 1993–1996] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181018003152/https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/19970107/ Tahiry] (October 18, 2018);

''Reserve Bank of Australia'' (banky foiben' i Aostralia): [https://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/historical-data.html#exchange-rates 1970–present] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181023015005/https://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/historical-data.html#exchange-rates Tahiry] (October 23, 2018)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.x-rates.com/historical/ ''2004–present'']; Nojerena: July 24, 2014; Datin' ny tahiry: July 23, 2014; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20140723044715/http://www.x-rates.com/historical/; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/ ''FRB: Foreign Exchange Rates&amp;nbsp;– G.5A; Release Dates'']; Nojerena: July 23, 2014; Mpamoaka: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System; Datin' ny tahiry: August 3, 2014; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20140803055253/http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm ''Exchange rates'']; Tranonkala: OECD; Nojerena: March 28, 2024; Datin' ny tahiry: February 1, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20180201220924/https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;
! Singam-bola !! 1970 !! 1980 !! 1985 !! 1990 !! 1993 !! 1999 !! 2000 !! 2005 !! 2010 !! 2015 !! 2018&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.transfermate.com/en/currency-converter-historic-exchange-rates.asp ''Historical Exchange Rates Currency Converter'']; Tranonkala: TransferMate.com; Nojerena: September 10, 2016; Datin' ny tahiry: September 18, 2016; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20160918044948/https://www.transfermate.com/en/currency-converter-historic-exchange-rates.asp; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; !! 2024
|-
| [[Euro|Euro]] ||&amp;nbsp;— ||&amp;nbsp;— ||&amp;nbsp;— || &amp;nbsp;— || &amp;nbsp;— || 0.9387 || 1.0832 || 0.8033 || 0.6739 || 0.9015 || 0.8504 || 0.9239
|-
| ''Yen'' japoney || 357.6 || 240.45 || 250.35 || 146.25 || 111.08 || 113.73 || 107.80 || 110.11 || 87.78 || 121.05 || 111.130 || 151.4551
|-
| [[Pound|''Pound sterling'']] || 8s&amp;nbsp;4d&lt;br&gt;=0.4167 || 0.4484&lt;ref name=&quot;austats&quot; group=&quot;lower-roman&quot;&gt;[https://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/historical-data.html 1970–1992] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181023015005/https://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/historical-data.html Tahiry] (October 23, 2018). Ny s dia fanafohezana ny ''shilling'', ary ny d dia fanafohezana ny ''penny'', ao amin' ny rafitra britanika talohan' ny fizarana tafolo. Ny sanda ho an' ny '''1980''' dia nokajina avy amin' ny AUD–USD=1.1055 sy AUD–GBP=0.4957 tamin' ny faran' ny Desambra 1979: 0.4957/1.1055=0.448394392; ny sanda ho an' ny '''1985''' dia nokajina avy amin' ny AUD–USD=0.8278 sy AUD–GBP=0.7130 tamin' ny faran' ny Desambra 1984: 0.7130/0.8278=0.861319159. Ny AUD dia dôlara aostraliana, ny USD dia dôlara amerikana, ary ny GBP dia ''pound sterling''. Tsy salanisa nandritra ny taona manontolo ireo sanda roa ireo.&lt;/ref&gt;|| 0.8613&lt;ref name=&quot;austats&quot; group=&quot;lower-roman&quot; /&gt;|| 0.6207 || 0.6660 || 0.6184 || 0.6598 || 0.5493 || 0.4548 || 0.6544 || 0.7454 || 0.7827
|-
| ''Franc'' soisa || 4.12 ||1.68 || 2.46&lt;ref name=&quot;SAmeasuringW&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.forecast-chart.com/usd-swiss-franc.html Exchange Rates Between the United States Dollar and the Swiss Franc] [https://web.archive.org/web/20190330093753/https://www.forecast-chart.com/usd-swiss-franc.html Tahiry] (March 30, 2019).&quot; Measuring Worth. Retrieved October 17, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;|| 1.39 || 1.48 || 1.50 || 1.69 ||1.15 || 1.03 || 1.00 || 0.98 || 0.8808
|-
| Dôlara kanadiana&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150103130811/http://intl.econ.cuhk.edu.hk/exchange_rate_regime/index.php?cid=31 1977–1991]&lt;/ref&gt;|| 1.081 || 1.168 || 1.321 || 1.1605 || 1.2902 || 1.4858 || 1.4855 || 1.2115 || 1.0298 || 1.2789 || 1.2842 || 1.3699
|-
| ''Renminbi'' sinoa&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081003050230/http://intl.econ.cuhk.edu.hk/exchange_rate_regime/index.php?cid=8 1974–1991, 1993–1995]&lt;/ref&gt;|| 2.46 || 1.7050 || 2.9366 || 4.7832 || 5.7620 || 8.2783 || 8.2784 || 8.1936 || 6.7696 || 6.2840 || 6.383 || 7.1957
|-
| ''Rupee'' an' i Pakistàna || 4.761 || 9.9 || 15.9284 || 21.707 || 28.107 || 51.9 || 51.9 || 59.7 || 85.75 || 104.763 || 139.850 ||278.390
|-
| Dôlara an' i Singapôro ||&amp;nbsp;— ||&amp;nbsp;— || 2.179 || 1.903 || 1.6158 || 1.6951 || 1.7361 || 1.6639 || 1.24586 || 1.3748 || 1.343 ||1.3363
|-
| ''Won'' an' i Kôrea Atsimo ||310.556 ||607.717 ||870.020 ||707.766 ||802.538 ||1189.439 ||1130.362 ||1024.328 ||1156.460 ||1130.953 ||1100.163 ||1363.438
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;300&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
File:EUR-USD v2.svg|alt=Tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny euro sy ny dôlara amerikana hatramin' ny 1999.|Tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny [[Euro|euro]] sy ny dôlara amerikana hatramin' ny 1999: isan' ny dôlara amerikana azo amin' ny euro iray.
File:GBP-USD v2.svg|alt=Tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny pound sterling sy ny dôlara amerikana hatramin' ny 1990.|Tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny [[Pound|''pound sterling'']] sy ny dôlara amerikana hatramin' ny 1990: isan' ny dôlara amerikana azo amin' ny ''pound'' iray.
File:JPY-USD v2.svg|alt=Tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny yen japoney sy ny dôlara amerikana hatramin' ny 1990.|Tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny ''yen'' japoney sy ny dôlara amerikana hatramin' ny 1990: isan' ny ''yen'' azo amin' ny dôlara amerikana iray.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;300&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
File:CAD-USD v2.svg|alt=Tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny dôlara kanadiana sy ny dôlara amerikana hatramin' ny 1990.|Tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny dôlara kanadiana sy ny dôlara amerikana hatramin' ny 1990: isan' ny dôlara kanadiana azo amin' ny dôlara amerikana iray.
File:MXN-USD v2.svg|alt=Tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny peso meksikana sy ny dôlara amerikana hatramin' ny 1994.|Tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny ''peso'' meksikana sy ny dôlara amerikana hatramin' ny 1994: isan' ny ''peso'' azo amin' ny dôlara amerikana iray.
File:CNY-USD v2.svg|alt=Tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny renminbi sinoa sy ny dôlara amerikana hatramin' ny 1990.|Tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny ''renminbi'' sinoa sy ny dôlara amerikana hatramin' ny 1990: isan' ny ''renminbi'' azo amin' ny dôlara amerikana iray.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Vola amerikana sandoka]]
* [[Fampihenana ny fampiasana ny dôlara]] (''dedollarisation'')
* [[Fampiasana sandam-bola vahiny ho solon' ny sandam-bola ao an-toerana]] (''currency substitution'')
* [[Fampiasana ny dôlara amerikana eo amin' ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena]]
* [[Lisitry ny mpiara-miombon' antoka ara-barotra lehibe indrindra amin' i Etazonia]]
* [[Politikan' i Etazonia momba ny vola]]
* [[Fampiasana indray eo amin' ny toekarena iraisam-pirenena ny dôlara azo amin' ny fanondranana solitany]] (''petrodollar recycling'')
* [[Politika manohana ny dôlara matanjaka raha oharina amin' ny sandam-bola hafa]] (''strong dollar policy'')
* [[Tondro mandrefy ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana raha oharina amin' ny vondron-tsandam-bola vahiny]] (''U.S. Dollar Index'')
* Sandam-bola nomerika ampiasain' ny vondron' ny mpampiasa azy, fa tsy vola avoakan' ny banky foibe]] (''virtual currency'')

== Fanamarihana ==
&lt;references group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot; /&gt;
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-roman&quot; /&gt;

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Famakiana fanampiny ==
* Prasad, Eswar S. (2014). ''The Dollar Trap: How the U.S. Dollar Tightened Its Grip on Global Finance''. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-691-16112-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://www.bep.treas.gov/ ''U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing'' (biraon' ny fanaovana sokitra sy fanontam-pirinty ao Etazonia)] — [https://web.archive.org/web/19970530190833/http://www.bep.treas.gov/ Tahiry] (May 30, 1997).
* [https://www.fiscal.treasury.gov/fsreports/rpt/treasBulletin/treasBulletin_home.htm Vola taratasy sy vola madinika amerikanina efa navoaka nefa tsy mbola naverina, ary ireo mivezivezy]
* [https://www.frbsf.org/education/teacher-resources/american-currency-exhibit/ Fampirantiana vola amerikanina ao amin' ny ''San Francisco Federal Reserve Bank'' (banky ao San Francisco ao amin' ny rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina)] — [https://web.archive.org/web/20230607130449/https://www.frbsf.org/education/teacher-resources/american-currency-exhibit/ Tahiry] (June 7, 2023).
* [https://www.measuringworth.com/uscompare/ Fampitahana ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana, nanomboka tamin' ny 1774 ka hatramin' izao]
* [http://www.historicalstatistics.org/Currencyconverter.html Fitaovana hamadihana vola iray ho vola hafa araka ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana fahiny]
* [http://www.uspapermoney.info/ Famintinana ny antontanisa momba ny famokaran' ny BEP (biraon' ny fanaovana sokitra sy fanontam-pirinty)]
* [https://www.uscurrency.gov Fandaharan' asa fanabeazana momba ny vola amerikanina]

=== Sarin' ny vola taratasy sy vola madinika amerikanina ===
* [https://www.uscurrency.gov/denominations Pejin' ny fandaharan' asa fanabeazana momba ny vola amerikanina ahitana ny sarin' ny vola taratasy rehetra ampiasaina ankehitriny]
* [https://www.usmint.gov/news/image-library Tahirin-tsarin' ny ''U.S. Mint'' (sampan-draharaha mpanamboatra vola madinika ao Etazonia)]
* [http://www.bis-ans-ende-der-welt.net/USA-B-En.htm Vola taratasy nampiasaina fahiny sy ampiasaina ankehitriny ao Etazonia] (amin' ny teny anglisy sy alemàna)

[[:Sokajy:Sandam-bola]]
[[:Sokajy:Etazonia]]
[[:Sokajy:Vola]]</text>
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      <comment>nanova ny anaran'i [[Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Dôlara amerikana]] ho [[Dôlara amerikana]] i Jagwar</comment>
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      <text bytes="118651" sha1="c4p1yh129bpojty6nzygur05wjm8mtr" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''dôlara amerikana''' (eva: '''$'''; kaodin' ny sandam-bola: '''USD''')&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Hafohezina koa hoe '''US$''' izy mba hanavahana azy amin' ny [[Dôlara|dôlara]] hafa. Amin' ny teny anglisy dia antsoina hoe ''dollar'', ''U.S. dollar'', ''American dollar'', na ''buck'' amin' ny fiteny andavanandro izy.&lt;/ref&gt; no [[Sandam-bola|sandam-bola]] ôfisialin' i [[Etazonia]] sy firenena maro hafa. Ny lalàna amerikanina momba ny vola madinika tamin' ny 1792 no nametraka ny [[Dôlara|dôlara]] ho singa fototra ampiasaina handrefesana sy hanoratana sanda ara-bola. Nozaraina ho 100 ''cent'' ny dôlara iray, ary '''¢''' ny evan' ny ''cent''.&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Ara-teknika dia mizara ho zana-tsinga roa hafa koa ny [[Dôlara|dôlara]]: misy ''dime'' folo, na ''mill'' 1 000, ao amin' ny dôlara iray. Amin' ny fampiasana andavanandro dia tsy mazàna ampiasaina ho singa fandrefesana sy fanoratana sanda ara-bola ireo roa ireo; [[Dôlara|dôlara]] sy ''cent'' ihany no ampiasaina amin' izany. Amin' ny fitanana kaonty ihany no ampiasaina ny ''mill'' ankehitriny.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny vola taratasin' ny ''Federal Reserve'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina) no vola taratasy avoakan' i Etazonia. Nantsoina amin' ny fiteny andavanandro hoe ''greenbacks'' izy ireo noho ny lokony maitso amin' ny ankapobeny.

Nofaritana tany am-boalohany araka ny rafitra mampifototra ny sandam-bola amin' ny volamena sy volafotsy ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana. Nitovy tamin' ny volafotsy madio 371,25 ''grain'' (0,7734375 ônsa troy) ny dôlara iray. Taorian' ny fanitsiana ny fenitra tamin' ny taonjato faha-19, dia 20,67 dôlara ny ônsa troy volamena iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;[https://mises.org/mises-daily/constitutional-dollar ''A Constitutional Dollar'']; Ao amin' ny: Mises.org; Daty: March 10, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny lalàna momba ny rafitra volamena tamin' ny 1900 no namatotra ny sandan' ny dôlara tamin' ny volamena irery ihany. Nanomboka tamin' ny 1934 dia novaina ho 35 dôlara isaky ny ônsa troy ny tahan' ny sandany amin' ny volamena. Nofoanana tamin' ny 1971 ny famatorana rehetra tamin' ny volamena.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/gold_convertibility_ends ''Nixon Ends Convertibility of US Dollars to Gold and Announces Wage/Price Controls'']; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Mpamoaka: Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond; Datin' ny tahiry: November 20, 2020; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20201120035204/https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/gold_convertibility_ends; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;
Taorian' ny [[Ady Lehibe Voalohany]] dia nanjary anisan' ny vola vahiny lehibe notehirizin' ny banky foibe ho tahiry iraisam-pirenena ny dôlara amerikana. Nisolo ny [[Pound|''pound sterling'' britanika]] ho vola tahiry lehibe indrindra maneran-tany izy tamin' ny fifanarahana tao Bretton Woods, tany amin' ny faramparan' ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]].
Ny dôlara no sandam-bola ampiasaina betsaka indrindra amin' ny fifanakalozana iraisam-pirenena,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/files/pf_4.pdf ''The Implementation of Monetary Policy&amp;nbsp;– The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere'']; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: April 27, 2017; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20170427062108/https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/files/pf_4.pdf; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; ary miova malalaka araka ny tsena ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana azy amin' ny vola hafa.
Sandam-bola ôfisialy any amin' ny firenena maro koa izy, ary vola ampiasaina amin' ny fampiharana (''de facto'') any amin' ny firenena maro hafa.&lt;ref&gt;Cohen, Benjamin J. 2006. ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-691-11666-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Agar, Charles. 2006. ''Vietnam'', (''Frommer's''). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-471-79816-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p. 17: &quot;the dollar is the de facto currency in Cambodia.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny vola taratasin' ny ''Federal Reserve'' no mivezivezy amin' izany, ary any amin' ny toerana vitsivitsy dia ampiasaina koa ny vola madinika amerikanina.

Ny ''Federal Reserve'' no mitantana ny politika momba ny vola ao Etazonia, ary izy no banky foiben' ilay firenena. Tamin' ny 10 Febroary 2021 dia nitentina 2,10 × 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; dôlara ny vola taratasy sy vola madinika nivezivezy. Vola taratasin' ny ''Federal Reserve'' ny 2,05 × 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; dôlara tamin' izany; ny 50 miliara dôlara ambiny kosa dia vola madinika sy vola taratasy tamin' ny endrika tranainy antsoina hoe ''United States Notes''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h41/20210211/ ''FRB: H.4.1 Release - Factors Affecting Reserve Balances - February 11, 2021'']; Nojerena: January 5, 2026; Mpamoaka: Federal Reserve; Datin' ny tahiry: March 5, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210305142752/https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h41/20210211/; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 1 Janoary 2025 dia notombanan' ny ''Federal Reserve'' ho 2,37 × 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; dôlara eo ho eo ny fitambaran' ny vola nivezivezy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h41/20250102/ ''Federal Reserve Balance Sheet: Factors Affecting Reserve Balances - H.4.1'']; Daty: January 2, 2025; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20250111104522/https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h41/20250102/; Datin' ny tahiry: January 11, 2025; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fijery ankapobeny ==

=== Ao amin' ny Lalàm-panorenana ===
Ny andininy I, fizarana 8, ao amin' ny Lalàm-panorenan' i Etazonia dia manome fahefana ny Kongresy «hanamboatra vola madinika» (dikanteny malagasy).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ao amin' ny lohateny faha-31 amin' ny fehezan-dalànan' i Etazonia no voalahatra ny lalàna mampihatra izany fahefana izany, indrindra ao amin' ny fizarana 5112, izay mamaritra ny endrika tokony hamoahana ny dôlara amerikana. Voatondro ao fa vola eken' ny lalàna handoavana trosa ireo vola madinika ireo. Ohatra amin' ny dôlara vita amin' ny metaly mifangaro misy varahina ny dôlara Sacagawea, fa ny ''American Silver Eagle'' kosa dia vita amin' ny [[Volafotsy|volafotsy]] madio. Ny fizarana 5112 ihany koa dia mamaritra ny fanamboarana sy famoahana vola madinika hafa, manomboka amin' ny iray ''cent'' (ny ''penny'' amerikanina) ka hatramin' ny 100 dôlara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''Denominations, specifications, and design of coins''. United States Code, lohateny 31, § 5112.&lt;/ref&gt; Voaresaka amin' ny antsipiriany kokoa ao amin' ny fizarana momba ny vola madinika amerikana ireo vola ireo.

Ny andininy I, fizarana 9, ao amin' ny Lalàm-panorenana dia milaza hoe: «Havoaka tsindraindray ny fanambarana sy kaonty ara-dalàna momba ny vola miditra sy ny fandaniana rehetra amin' ny volam-panjakana» (dikanteny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Constitution, Article 1, Section 9. [https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei#section9 para. 7] [https://web.archive.org/web/20211118233715/https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei#section9 Tahiry] (November 18, 2021).&lt;/ref&gt; Manome antsipiriany fanampiny momba izany ny fizarana 331 ao amin' ny lohateny faha-31 amin' ny fehezan-dalànan' i Etazonia.&lt;ref&gt;''Reports''. United States Code, lohateny 31, § 331.&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny dôlara amerikana no anehoana ny habetsaham-bola ao amin' ireo fanambarana ireo; noho izany dia azo lazaina fa ny dôlara amerikana no singa ampiasaina handrefesana sy hanoratana sanda ara-bola ao Etazonia.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gao.gov/financial_pdfs/fy2009/09frusg.pdf ''Financial Report of the United States Government'']; Taona: 2009; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Mpamoaka: Department of the Treasury; Datin' ny tahiry: November 13, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181113005737/https://www.gao.gov/financial_pdfs/fy2009/09frusg.pdf; Satan' ny URL: dead.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny teny voalohany ao amin' ny fizarana 9 ny hoe ''Dollar''; ao dia ilay dôlara espaniôla, izany hoe vola madinika mitentina valo ''real'' espaniôla, no tondroiny.

=== Lalàna momba ny fanamboarana vola madinika ===
Tamin' ny 1792 dia nolanian' ny Kongresin' i Etazonia faharoa ny ''Coinage Act'' (lalàna momba ny fanamboarana vola madinika). Nanome alalana ny famokarana vola madinika isan-karazany ny fizarana 9 amin' io lalàna io, anisan' izany ireto (dikanteny malagasy):&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; (p. 248)
&lt;blockquote&gt;Ny dôlara na singa tsirairay dia hitovy sanda amin' ny dôlara espaniôla mivezivezy amin' izao fotoana izao, ary ahitana volafotsy madio 371 sy 4/16 ''grain'', na volafotsy manaraka ny fenitra 416 ''grain''.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Ny fizarana 20 amin' io lalàna io no mamaritra ny dôlara amerikana ho singan' ny [[Sandam-bola|sandam-bolan' i Etazonia]], amin' izao teny izao (dikanteny malagasy):&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; (p. 250–1)
&lt;blockquote&gt;Ny vola ampiasaina amin' ny fitanana kaonty ao Etazonia dia hambara amin' ny dôlara, na singa... ary ny kaonty rehetra any amin' ny biraom-panjakana sy ny raharaham-pitsarana rehetra ao Etazonia dia hotanana sy hotanterahina araka izany fitsipika izany.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Fizarana tafolo ===
Tsy toy ny dôlara espaniôla, ny ''Continental Congress'' (Kongresy kôntinantaly) sy ny lalàna momba ny fanamboarana vola madinika dia nametra rafitra tafolo ho an' ny ampahan' ny dôlara: ny ''mill'', izay ampaharivon' ny dôlara; ny ''cent'', izay ampahazaton' ny dôlara; ary ny ''disme'' na ''dime'', izay ampahafolon' ny dôlara.&lt;ref name=&quot;contcongress1&quot;&gt;Fitzpatrick, John C. (mpamoaka); [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc0317)) ''Tuesday, August 8, 1786'']; Daty: 1934; Gazety: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774–1789; Boky: XXXI: 1786; Pejy: 503–505; Nojerena: December 5, 2019; Datin' ny tahiry: May 7, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210507050926/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc0317)); Satan' ny URL: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Peters, Richard (mpamoaka); [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&amp;fileName=001/llsl001.db&amp;recNum=369 ''Second Congress. Sess. I. Ch. 16'']; Daty: 1845; Gazety: The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, Etc. Etc.; Boky: 1; Pejy: 246–251; Nojerena: December 5, 2019; Datin' ny tahiry: November 13, 2020; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20201113041153/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&amp;fileName=001%2Fllsl001.db&amp;recNum=369; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Ireto ny fampiasana ireo singa ireo:
* Ny ''cent'' (¢) ihany no ampahan' ny dôlara ampiasaina amin' ny fiainana andavanandro, afa-tsy amin' ny famaritana ny vidin' ny solika ho an' ny fiara.
* Ny ''dime'' dia tsy ampiasaina afa-tsy ho anaran' ilay vola madinika mitentina folo ''cent''.
* Tsy dia fantatra ny ''mill'' (₥), nefa talohan' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-20 dia nahazatra teo amin' ny hetra amin' ny varotra izany. Ampiasaina betsaka amin' ny vidin' ny lasantsy sy gazoala izy io, izay matetika soratana hoe $''xx.xx''9 isaky ny ''gallon'', singam-pandrefesana habetsahan-javatra. Ohatra amin' izany ny $3.599, izay soratana matetika ho $3.59&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;⁄&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Langland, Connie; [https://whyy.org/articles/what-is-a-millage-rate-and-how-does-it-affect-school-funding/ ''What is a millage rate and how does it affect school funding?'']; Daty: May 27, 2015; Nojerena: December 5, 2019; Tranonkala: WHYY; Mpamoaka: PBS and NPR; Datin' ny tahiry: March 7, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210307202059/https://whyy.org/articles/what-is-a-millage-rate-and-how-does-it-affect-school-funding/; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[https://pastandpresent.com/2018/09/26/mills-currency/ ''Mills Currency'']; Daty: September 26, 2018; Nojerena: December 5, 2019; Tranonkala: Past &amp; Present; Mpamoaka: Stamp and Coin Place Blog; Datin' ny tahiry: May 3, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210503090930/https://pastandpresent.com/2018/09/26/mills-currency/; Satan' ny URL: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nozaraina ho valo ''reales'' ny ''peso'' na dôlara espaniôla teo amin' ny tantara. Nantsoina hoe ''bits'' ireo tamin' ny fiteny andavanandro, ka izany no niavian' ny anarana hoe ''pieces of eight'' (vola misy ampahany valo). Nianatra nanisa vola tamin' ny ''bit'' mitentina 12½ ''cent'', izay tsy manaraka ny rafitra tafolo, koa ny Amerikanina talohan' ny 1857, fony fahita kokoa noho ny ''cent'' amerikanina ny ''bit'' meksikanina. Mbola nitohy hatramin' ny 2001 izany fomba izany teo amin' ny fanononana ny vidin' ny petra-bola tao amin' ny ''New York Stock Exchange'' (tsenam-bolan' i New York).&lt;ref name=&quot;2bits&quot;&gt;[https://www.almanac.com/fact/how-much-is-two-bits-and-where ''How much is &quot;two bits&quot; and where did the phrase'']; Nojerena: June 9, 2021; Datin' ny tahiry: August 14, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210814042353/https://www.almanac.com/fact/how-much-is-two-bits-and-where; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/decimal-trading.asp ''Decimal Trading Definition and History'']; Nojerena: June 10, 2021; Datin' ny tahiry: November 18, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20211118011525/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/decimal-trading.asp; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny 1854 dia nanolo-kevitra ny hamoronana vola madinika volamena mitentina $100, $50 ary $25 i James Guthrie, sekreteran' ny tahirim-bolam-panjakana. Nantsoina hoe ''union'', ''half union'' ary ''quarter union'' izy ireo, araka io filaharana io,&lt;ref&gt;Mehl, B. Max. &quot;United States $50.00 Gold Pieces, 1877&quot;, in ''Star Rare Coins Encyclopedia and Premium Catalogue'' (20th edition, 1921)&lt;/ref&gt; ka midika izany fa ny ''union'' iray dia mitentina $100. Tsy nisy namokarana ho vola ampiasaina anefa ireo; ny santionany andrana amin' ny ''half union'' $50 ihany no misy.

Raha ny vola avoaka mba hivezivezy no jerena, ny sanda latsaka na mitovy amin' ny dôlara iray dia avoaka ho vola madinika amerikanina, ary ny sanda mihoatra na mitovy amin' ny dôlara iray kosa dia avoaka ho vola taratasin' ny ''Federal Reserve'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina). Misy anefa ireto tranga manokana ireto:
* Ny vola madinika volamena navoaka mba hivezivezy hatramin' ny taompolo 1930, izay nahatratra $20, fantatra amin' ny hoe ''double eagle''.
* Ny vola madinika volamena, volafotsy, platinina ary paladiôma, izay avoaka noho ny metaly sarobidy ao aminy na ho fahatsiarovana. Mahatratra $100 ny sandany eken' ny lalàna handoavana trosa, na dia ambony lavitra noho izany aza ny sandany raha ny lanja sy fahadiovan' ny metaly sarobidy ao aminy no jerena.
* Ny vola taratasy navoaka nandritra ny Ady an-trano amerikana, izay latsaky ny $1 ny sanda voasoratra aminy. Vola taratasy misolo ampahan' ny dôlara ireo, ary nantsoina tamin' ny teny manambany hoe ''shinplasters'' indraindray.

=== Fiavian' ny anarana ===
Jereo koa: [[Dôlara]].

Tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 dia nanomboka nanamboatra vola madinika nantsoina hoe ''joachimstalers'' ny kônta Hieronymus Schlick tao Bohemia. Avy amin' ny hoe Joachimstal, anaran' ilay lohasaha nitrandrahana ny volafotsy, izany anarana izany. Avy amin' ny anaran' i Masindahy [[Jôakima (rain' i Maria)|Jôakima]] kosa ny anaran' ilay lohasaha; ny hoe ''thal'' na ''tal'', izay iray fiaviana amin' ny teny anglisy hoe ''dale'', dia midika hoe «lohasaha» amin' ny [[Fiteny alemàna|teny alemàna]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeo&quot;&gt;&quot;Ask US.&quot; ''National Geographic''. June 2002. p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt; Nohafohezina ho ''taler'' ny teny alemàna hoe ''joachimstaler'' tatỳ aoriana. Niditra tamin' ny fiteny maro io teny io, anisan' izany ireto:&lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeo&quot; /&gt;
* ''tolar'', amin' ny [[Fiteny tseky|teny tseky]], [[Fiteny slôvaka|slôvaka]] ary [[Fiteny slôveniana|slôveniana]];
* ''daler'', amin' ny [[Fiteny danoà|teny danoà]] sy [[Fiteny soedoà|soedoà]];
* ''talar'', amin' ny [[Fiteny pôlôney|teny pôlôney]];
* ''dalar'' sy ''daler'', amin' ny [[Fiteny nôrveziana|teny nôrveziana]];
* ''daler'' na ''daalder'', amin' ny [[Fiteny neerlandey|teny neerlandey]];
* ''talari'', ao amin' ny [[Fiteny ao Etiôpia|fiteny ao Etiôpia]];
* ''tallér'', amin' ny [[Fiteny hongariana|teny hongariana]];
* ''tallero'', amin' ny [[Fiteny italiana|teny italiana]];
* ''دولار'', endri-teny amin' ny [[Fiteny arabo|teny arabo]];
* ''[[Dôlara|dollar]]'', amin' ny [[Fiteny anglisy|teny anglisy]].

=== Anaram-bositra ===
Ny teny andavanandro hoe ''buck'', na ''bucks'' amin' ny endriny milaza maro, dia matetika ilazana ny dôlara any amin' ny firenena samihafa, anisan' izany ny dôlara amerikana. Mitovitovy amin' ny fampiasana ny teny anglisy britanika hoe ''quid'' ilazana ny [[Pound|''pound sterling'']] izany. Efa nisy tamin' ny taonjato faha-18 io teny io, ary mety ho avy amin' ny varotra hoditra nandritra ny fanjanahantany, na avy amin' ny teny nampiasaina tamin' ny lalao ''poker''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=buck ''Buck'']; Rakibolana: Online Etymology Dictionary; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: September 29, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20180929012008/https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=buck; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anaram-bositra hafa ny hoe ''greenback''. Tamin' ny voalohany dia ireo dôlara taratasy tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 nantsoina hoe ''Demand Note'', izay natao pirinty mainty sy maitso ny lafiny ambadiny, no nantsoina manokana tamin' izany. Navoakan' i [[Abraham Lincoln]] izy ireo mba hamatsiana vola ny fanjakana tavaratra nandritra ny [[Ady an-trano amerikana|Ady an-trano]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.littletoncoin.com/shop/Glossaries-Paper-Money ''Paper Money Glossary'']; Mpamoaka: Littleton Coin Company; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: October 18, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043137/https://www.littletoncoin.com/shop/Glossaries-Paper-Money; Satan' ny URL: dead.&lt;/ref&gt; Mbola ilazana ny dôlara amerikana ilay teny, fa tsy ny dôlara any amin' ny firenena hafa. Mampiasa ny hoe ''greenback'' koa ny gazety miresaka raharaha ara-bola any amin' ny firenena hafa, toy ny any [[Aostralia]],&lt;ref name=BI&gt;Scutt, David; [https://www.businessinsider.com.au/fx-currency-aud-australia-dollar-fed-trade-war-china-2019-6 ''The Australian dollar is grinding higher as expectations for rate cuts from the US Federal Reserve build'']; Tranonkala: Business Insider; Daty: June 3, 2019; Nojerena: August 7, 2019; Datin' ny tahiry: August 7, 2019; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190807004722/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/fx-currency-aud-australia-dollar-fed-trade-war-china-2019-6; Satan' ny URL: dead.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Zelandy Vaovao]],&lt;ref name=MW&gt;Tappe, Anneken; [https://www.marketwatch.com/story/dollar-higher-ahead-of-data-new-zealand-currency-at-lowest-since-2016-2018-08-09 ''New Zealand dollar leads G-10 losers as greenback gains strength'']; Tranonkala: MarketWatch; Daty: August 9, 2018; Nojerena: August 7, 2019; Datin' ny tahiry: August 7, 2019; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190807004722/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/dollar-higher-ahead-of-data-new-zealand-currency-at-lowest-since-2016-2018-08-09; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Afrika Atsimo]],&lt;ref name=Reuters&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUKL5N22F4S0/ ''South Africa&amp;#39;s rand firms against greenback, stocks rise'']; Tranonkala: Reuters; Nojerena: August 7, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; ary [[India]].&lt;ref name=BT&gt;[https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/why-rupee-is-once-again-under-pressure-191471-2019-04-22 ''Why rupee is once again under pressure'']; Tranonkala: Business Today; Daty: April 22, 2019; Nojerena: August 7, 2019; Datin' ny tahiry: April 25, 2025; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20250425020534/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/why-rupee-is-once-again-under-pressure-191471-2019-04-22; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny vola madinika ampahefa-dôlara dia antsoina hoe ''two bits'', izay mampahatsiahy ny niavian' ny dôlara tamin' ilay vola nisy ampahany valo, dia ny ''bits'' na ''reales''.&lt;ref name=&quot;2bits&quot; /&gt;

=== Famantarana ny dôlara ===
[[File:Potosi Real.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=Vola madinika real espaniôla tamin' ny 1768.|Vola madinika ''real'' espaniôla tamin' ny 1768.]]
Ny famantarana $, izay matetika apetraka eo alohan' ny tarehimarika milaza ny habetsaham-bola, no ampiasaina amin' ny dôlara amerikana, ary koa amin' ny sandam-bola maro hafa. Mety ho vokatry ny fiovan' ilay fanafohezana nosoratana hoe ''p&lt;sup&gt;s&lt;/sup&gt;'' ilazana ny ''peso'' io famantarana io tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-18. Ny ''peso'' no anarana nahazatra an' ireo dôlara espaniôla nivezivezy betsaka tao amin' ny [[Tontolo Vaovao]] nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 ka hatramin' ny faha-19. Nifanaingina tsikelikely ny fanoratana ny litera ''p'' sy ''s'', ka nipoitra ny famantarana $.&lt;ref&gt;Cajori, Florian ([1929]1993). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7juWmvQSTvwC&amp;pg=RA1-PA22#PRA1-PA22,M1 A History of Mathematical Notations]'' (Vol. 2). New York: Dover, 15–29. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-486-67766-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Aiton, Arthur S.; Wheeler, Benjamin W.; ''The First American Mint''; Toerana: p. 198 and note 2 on p. 198; jstor: 2506275; Gazety: The Hispanic American Historical Review; Boky: 11; Laharana: 2; Taona: 1931; doi: 10.1215/00182168-11.2.198; doi-access: free; issn: 0018-2168.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nussbaum, Arthur; [https://archive.org/details/historyofdollar0000nuss ''A History of the Dollar'']; author-link: Arthur Nussbaum; Fidirana amin' ny URL: registration; Mpamoaka: Columbia University Press; Taona: 1957; Toerana namoahana: New York; Pejy: [https://archive.org/details/historyofdollar0000nuss/page/56 56]; Teny nalaina tao amin' ny loharano: The dollar sign, $, is connected with the peso, contrary to popular belief, which considers it to be an abbreviation of 'U.S.' The two parallel lines represented one of the many abbreviations of 'P,' and the 'S' indicated the plural. The abbreviation '$.' was also used for the peso, and is still used in Argentina.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bep.gov/resources/faqs.html ''U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing – FAQs'']; Tranonkala: www.bep.gov; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: October 18, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181018003102/https://www.bep.gov/resources/faqs.html; Satan' ny URL: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fanazavana hafa iray niely, avy amin' ny [[Andry Herkolesy]] eo amin' ny mari-piandrianana espaniôla hita amin' ny dôlara espaniôla io famantarana io. Eo amin' ireo dôlara volafotsy espaniôla ireo dia tsipika roa mitsangana (&amp;#124;&amp;#124;) sy fehin-damba miolikolika miendrika ''S'' no endrik' ireo Andry Herkolesy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.iberdrola.com/culture/spanish-dollar ''From the Spanish dollar to the US dollar'']; Mpamoaka: Iberdrola; Nojerena: July 23, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fanazavana hafa koa milaza fa avy amin' ny litera lehibe ''U'' sy ''S'' nosoratana na natao pirinty nifanindry ilay famantarana. Nampiely izany petra-kevitra izany i Ayn Rand, mpanoratra tantara foronina, tao amin' ny ''Atlas Shrugged''.&lt;ref&gt;Rand, Ayn. [1957] 1992. ''Atlas Shrugged''. Signet. p. 628.&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy raisin' izany petra-kevitra izany anefa ny hoe efa nampiasaina talohan' ny niforonan' i Etazonia ilay famantarana.&lt;ref&gt;James, James Alton; [https://books.google.com/books?id=kht_DEllNccC ''Oliver Pollock: The Life and Times of an Unknown Patriot'']; Mpamoaka: Books for Libraries Press; Taona: 1970; Taona voalohany: 1937; Toerana namoahana: Freeport; Pejy: 356; &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8369-5527-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tantara ==
Jereo koa: tantaran' ny dôlara amerikana.

=== Fiaviana: ny dôlara espaniôla ===
Nampidirina tamin' ny sanda mitovy amin' ny dôlara volafotsy avy any Amerika espaniôla ny dôlara amerikana. Nantsoina koa hoe ''Spanish peso'', ''Spanish milled dollar'', ''eight-real coin'' na ''piece-of-eight'' io vola espaniôla io, izany hoe peso espaniôla, dôlara espaniôla nokapohina tamin' ny milina, na vola madinika valo ''real''. Ny volafotsy betsaka azo avy amin' ny toeram-pitrandrahana tany Amerika espaniôla no nanaovana azy. Nokapohina tao [[Mexico]], [[Potosi|Potosí]] (Bôlivia), [[Lima]] (Però), ary tany amin' ny toerana hafa izy io, ary niely be nanerana an' i Amerika sy Azia ary Eorôpa nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 ka hatramin' ny taonjato faha-19. Nanomboka tamin' ny 1732, ny fikapohana dôlara espaniôla tamin' ny milina dia nanamafy ny lazany maneran-tany ho vola madinika ampiasaina amin' ny varotra, ka nahatonga azy ho modelin' ny sandam-bola vaovaon' i Etazonia.

Na dia efa nanomboka namoaka vola madinika aza ny ''United States Mint'' (sampan-draharaha amerikanina mpanamboatra vola madinika) tamin' ny 1792, dia mbola vitsy noho ny ''peso'' sy ''real'' avy any Amerika espaniôla ny dôlara sy ''cent'' nokapohina tao Etazonia izay nivezivezy. Noho izany, dia samy mbola vola neken' ny lalàna handoavana trosa tao Etazonia ny dôlara espaniôla sy meksikana ary amerikanina mandra-pahatongan' ny lalàna momba ny fikapohana vola tamin' ny 1857 (''Coinage Act of 1857''). Ny fahazaran' ny mponin' ny zanatany nampiasa ny ampahefatry ny peso espaniôla, izay nitentina roa ''real'', indrindra no antony namoahana vola madinika ampahefa-dôlara mitentina 25 ''cent'', fa tsy vola madinika 20 ''cent''. Tsy tena nanaraka tanteraka ny rafitra mifototra amin' ny folo àry io fizarana io.

Momba ny fifandraisan' ny dôlara espaniôla sy ny sandam-bolan' ny zanatany tsirairay, dia jereo ny ''pound'' (anaran-tsandam-bola) tany Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina ary Virginia.

=== Lalàna momba ny fikapohana vola tamin' ny 1792 ===
Jereo koa: ny lalàna momba ny fikapohana vola tamin' ny 1792 (''Coinage Act of 1792'').
[[Sary:Alexander Hamilton A17950.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Sarin' i Alexander Hamilton.|I [[Alexander Hamilton]] no namarana ny antsipirian' ny lalàna momba ny fikapohana vola tamin' ny 1792 sy ny fananganana ny ''United States Mint'' (sampan-draharaha amerikanina mpanamboatra vola madinika).]]

Tamin' ny 6 Jolay 1785, ny ''Continental Congress'' (Kongresin' ny zanatany amerikanina) dia nanapa-kevitra fa tokony hisy volafotsy madio 375.64 ''grain'' ao amin' ny dôlara, izay singan' ny sandam-bolan' i Etazonia. Tamin' ny 8 Aogositra 1786, dia notazonin' io Kongresy io izany famaritana izany. Nanapa-kevitra koa izy fa tokony hanaraka rafitra mifototra amin' ny folo ny singa ampiasaina hanoratana sanda ara-bola, mifanaraka amin' ny fizarazarana ny vola madinika: ny ''mill'' dia 1/1000 dôlara, ny ''cent'' dia 1/100 dôlara, ary ny ''dime'' dia 1/10 dôlara.&lt;ref name=&quot;contcongress1&quot;/&gt;

Taorian' ny nandraisana ny Lalàmpanorenan' i Etazonia, dia nofaritan' ny lalàna momba ny fikapohana vola tamin' ny 1792 ny dôlara amerikana. Namaritra dôlara iray mifototra amin' ny dôlara espaniôla nokapohina tamin' ny milina ilay lalàna, ka tokony hisy volafotsy madio 371 4/16 ''grain'' ao aminy, na fangaro volafotsy manaraka ny fenitra milanja 416.0 ''grain'', izay 371.25/416 = 89.24% ny taham-pahadiovany. Namaritra vola antsoina hoe ''eagle'' koa izy io, ka tokony hisy volamena madio 247 4/8 ''grain'' ao aminy, na volamena 22 karata milanja 270.0 ''grain'', izany hoe 91.67% volamena madio.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.usmint.gov/learn/history/historical-documents/coinage-act-of-april-2-1792 ''Coinage Act of 1792'']; Daty: April 6, 2017; Mpamoaka: U.S. treasury; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: November 8, 2020; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20201108001121/https://www.usmint.gov/learn/history/historical-documents/coinage-act-of-april-2-1792; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Fitsirihana nataon' ny fitantanam-bolam-panjakana tamin' ny dôlara espaniôla efa tonta maromaro no niaingan' i [[Alexander Hamilton]] tamin' ny famaritana ireo tarehimarika ireo. Nivoaka tamin' izany fa 371 ''grain'' ny salan' ny volafotsy madio tao amin' ireo vola ireo. Nampifandraisina tamin' ny tahan-tsandan' ny volamena sy volafotsy 15 izay nanan-kery izany, ka ny fenitry ny volamena dia nokajina ho 371/15 = 24.73 ''grain'' volamena madio, na 26.98 ''grain'' volamena 22 karata. Natao boribory ho 27.0 ''grain'' io isa farany io, ka voafaritra ho volamena madio 24.75 ''grain'' ny fenitry ny dôlara, na volafotsy madio 24.75 × 15 = 371.25 ''grain'' = 24.0566 grama = 0.7735 ônsa troy.

Io lalàna momba ny fikapohana vola io ihany koa no nametra ny sandan' ny ''eagle'' iray ho 10 dôlara, ary ny dôlara iray ho 1/10 ''eagle''. Nandidy ny hanamboarana vola madinika volafotsy mitentina 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/10 ary 1/20 dôlara izy io, ary vola madinika volamena mitentina 1, 1/2 ary 1/4 ''eagle''. Ny sandan' ny volamena na volafotsy tao amin' ny dôlara no nampiasaina hamaritana ny sanda ifandraisan' ny entana teo amin' ny toekarena, tamin' ny fividianana sy fivarotana azy. Izany dia nahafahan' ny sandan' ny zavatra nitoetra ho somary tsy niova nandritra ny fotoana, afa-tsy noho ny fidirana sy fivoahan' ny volamena sy volafotsy tao amin' ny toekaren' ilay firenena.&lt;ref&gt;Mason, Seth; [https://www.ecominoes.com/2013/01/the-definitive-inflation-chart.html ''The Definitive Inflation Chart'']; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181019050731/https://www.ecominoes.com/2013/01/the-definitive-inflation-chart.html; Datin' ny tahiry: October 19, 2018; Satan' ny URL: live; Tranonkala: Ecominoes; Daty: January 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Raha araka ny fenitra ara-teôria, dia nisy volafotsy 417.7 ''grain'', izay 130/144 ny taham-pahadiovany, tao amin' ny dôlara espaniôla vao nokapohina taorian' ny 1772, izany hoe volafotsy madio 377.1 ''grain''. Ny fitsirihana azo nitokisana tamin' izany fotoana izany anefa dia nanamarina fa 370.95 ''grain'' ny salan' ny volafotsy madio tao amin' ny dôlara espaniôla nivezivezy.&lt;ref&gt;Sumner, W. G.; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1834139 ''The Spanish Dollar and the Colonial Shilling'']; jstor: 1834139; Gazety: The American Historical Review; Taona: 1898; Boky: 3; Laharana: 4; Pejy: 607–619; doi: 10.2307/1834139; Nojerena: June 7, 2021; Datin' ny tahiry: April 9, 2022; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20220409153556/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1834139; Satan' ny URL: live; Fidirana amin' ny URL: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt; Noho izany, dia nifaninana tsara taminy ny dôlara volafotsy amerikanina vaovao izay nisy volafotsy madio 371.25 ''grain'', ary nekena tamin' ny sanda mitovy amin' ny dôlara espaniôla tamin' ny fandoavam-bola tany ivelany. Taorian' ny 1803, dia voatery nampitsahatra ny fanamboarana io vola madinika io ny ''United States Mint'', izay voafetra ny fitaovam-pamokarany sy ny fananany, satria tsy nijanona tao amin' ny fivezivezen' ny vola anatiny izy io. Taorian' ny nahazoan' i Meksika fahaleovantena tamin' ny 1821 vao nohajaina mafy ny habetsaham-bolafotsy madio 377.1 ''grain'' tao amin' ny peso meksikana. Tsy maintsy nifaninana tamin' io i Etazonia tatỳ aoriana tamin' ny alalan' ny vola madinika ''Trade dollar'' (dôlara natao ho an' ny varotra), izay nisy volafotsy madio 378.0 ''grain'' ka navesatra kokoa.

=== Endrika ===
Tsy nisy sarin' ny filoham-pirenena ny vola amerikanina tany am-boalohany, tsy tahaka ny fanao ankehitriny.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.oanda.com/currency/iso-currency-codes/USD ''United States Dollar'']; Mpamoaka: OANDA; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: October 18, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181018003057/https://www.oanda.com/currency/iso-currency-codes/USD; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nanohitra ny fametrahana sarin' ny mpitondra teo amin' ny vola ny governemanta vao niforona, satria nampitahaina tamin' ny politikan' ny mpanjaka eorôpeana izany fanao izany.&lt;ref&gt;Matt Soniak; [http://mentalfloss.com/article/28312/money-everything-you-ever-wanted-know-about-coin-portraits ''On the Money: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Coin Portraits'']; Gazety: Mental Floss; Daty: July 22, 2011; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: October 8, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181008082745/http://mentalfloss.com/article/28312/money-everything-you-ever-wanted-know-about-coin-portraits; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;
Taorian' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-20 vao napetraka teo amin' ny vola ireo endrik' olona hita eo aminy ankehitriny. Talohan' izany, ny lafiny anoloan' ny vola madinika dia nampiseho tarehy tazana avy amin' ny ilany, sy olona ao amin' ny angano grika sy rômanina naseho nandroso tamin' ny tongotra, nipetraka na nijoro, ary sary noforonina nampifangaro ny endrik' ny tompotany amerikanina. Ny vola madinika farany novana mba hampiseho ny endrik' Amerikana tao amin' ny tantara, tazana avy amin' ny ilany, dia ny ''dime'' (1946), ny antsasa-dôlara (1948), ary ny dôlara (1971).

=== Vola kontinantaly ===
Jereo koa: vola kontinantaly.
[[Sary:Continental Currency One-Third-Dollar 17-Feb-76 obv.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola taratasy kontinantaly ampahatelon-dôlara.|Vola taratasy kontinantaly ampahatelon-dôlara, lafiny anoloana.]]

Taorian' ny Revôlisiôna amerikanina, dia nahaleo tena ireo Zanatany Telo Ambin' ny Folo. Rehefa tsy voafehin' ny fitsipika britanika momba ny vola intsony izy ireo, dia samy namoaka vola taratasy tamin' ny rafitra £sd, izay nampiasa ''pound'', ''shilling'' ary ''penny'', handoavana ny fandaniana ara-tafika. Nanomboka namoaka ny vola nantsoina hoe ''Continental Currency'' (vola kontinantaly) koa ny ''Continental Congress'', ka dôlara espaniôla no nanoratana ny sandany. Momba ny sandany raha oharina amin' ny volan' ny fanjakana tsirairay, dia jereo ny vola amerikanina tany am-boalohany.

Nihena mafy ny sandan' ny vola kontinantaly nandritra ny ady, ka nipoitra ilay fitenenana hoe “not worth a continental”, izay azo adika amin' ny teny malagasy hoe “tsy mitentina na dia vola kontinantaly iray aza”.&lt;ref&gt;Newman, Eric P.; ''The Early Paper Money of America''; Daty: 1990; Mpamoaka: Krause Publications; Toerana namoahana: Iola, Wisconsin; &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-87341-120-X&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 17; Fanontana: 3.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny tsy fisian' ny fandrindrana ny politika momba ny vola teo amin' ny Kongresy sy ireo fanjakana, izay mbola namoaka vola taratasy natao ho fanekena trosa, no anisan' ny olana lehibe. Ankoatra izany, dia samy tsy nanana fahavononana na fahafahana hampihena ny vola taratasy nivezivezy tamin' ny alalan' ny hetra na ny fivarotana taratasim-panjakana fanekena trosa ny Kongresy sy ny governemantan' ireo fanjakana.&lt;ref&gt;Wright, Robert E.; ''One Nation Under Debt: Hamilton, Jefferson, and the History of What We Owe''; Daty: 2008; Mpamoaka: McGraw-Hill; Toerana namoahana: New York, New York; &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-07-154393-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 50–52.&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fepetra ao amin' ny andininy voalohany, fizarana faha-10, ao amin' ny Lalàmpanorenan' i Etazonia manao hoe “No state shall... make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts”, izay adika amin' ny teny malagasy hoe: “Tsy misy fanjakana mahazo... manao zavatra hafa ankoatra ny vola madinika volamena sy volafotsy ho vola azo andoavana trosa”.

=== Rafitra nifototra tamin' ny volafotsy sy volamena tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 ===
Nanomboka tamin' ny fampiharana ny lalàna tamin' ny 1792 momba ny fanefena vola (''Coinage Act of 1792'') ka hatramin' ny fampiharana ny rafitra nifototra tamin' ny volamena tamin' ny taona 1900, dia nifototra tamin' ny volafotsy sy volamena ny dôlara. Nofaritana ho volafotsy madio milanja 371.25 ''grain'' (24.056 g), na volamena madio milanja 24.75 ''grain'', ny dôlara iray; 15 ny tahan' ny sandan' ny volamena raha oharina amin' ny volafotsy.

Taorian' ny lalàna tamin' ny 1834 momba ny fanefena vola (''Coinage Act of 1834''), dia novana ho volamena madio milanja 23.2 ''grain'' ny lanja nifanandrify tamin' ny dôlara iray. Nahitsy kely ho 23.22 ''grain'' izany tamin' ny taona 1837, ka lasa ≈16 ny tahan' ny sandan' ny volamena raha oharina amin' ny volafotsy. Nohavaozina koa ny fangaro metaly nandrafetana ny dôlara, mba hamahana ny fahasarotana tamin' ny fanefena ny volafotsy araka ny fenitra, izay nisy volafotsy madio 89.24%. Natao 412.5 ''grain'' ny lanjan' ilay fangaro, ka volafotsy ny 90%-n' izany; mbola 371.25 ''grain'' hatrany àry ny volafotsy madio tao anatiny. Natao 90% koa ny tahan' ny volamena madio: 25.8 ''grain'' ny lanjan' ny vola manontolo, ary 23.22 ''grain'' ny volamena madio tao anatiny.

Nisondrotra ny vidin' ny volafotsy nandritra ny fifanotofana hitady volamena tany California, ary nanjavona tamin' ny fifanakalozana ny vola madinika volafotsy. Taorian' izany dia nahenan' ny lalàna tamin' ny 1853 momba ny fanefena vola (''Coinage Act of 1853'') ny lanja araka ny fenitra ho an' ny vola madinika volafotsy latsaky ny 1 dôlara: 412.5 ''grain'' izany teo aloha, ary natao 384 ''grain'', izay nisy volafotsy 90%, isaky ny 100 ''cent''. Nahitsy kely indray izany tamin' ny taona 1873, ka natao 25.0 g, izay nisy volafotsy 90%. Io lalàna io koa dia nametra ny zo hitondra metaly sarobidy mba havadika ho vola madinika (''free silver''): ny dôlara volafotsy milanja 412.5 ''grain'' ihany no azon' ny olona natao tamin' izany. Ny ''United States Mint'' (sampan-draharaha amerikanina mpanefy vola madinika) ihany no nahazo namokatra ireo vola madinika ambany sanda kokoa sy ambany lanja araka ny fenitra kokoa, tamin' ny fampiasana ny tahiriny manokana amin' ny metaly sarobidy.

Ireto avy ny karazana vola madinika navoaka tamin' ny taonjato faha-19:
* Tamin' ny metaly tsy sarobidy: 1/2 ''cent'', 1 ''cent'' ary 5 ''cent''.
* Tamin' ny volafotsy: ''half dime'', ''dime'', ampahefatry ny dôlara, antsasaky ny dôlara ary dôlara volafotsy.
* Tamin' ny volamena: 1 dôlara volamena, ''quarter eagle'' 2.50 dôlara, ''half eagle'' 5 dôlara, ''eagle'' 10 dôlara ary ''double eagle'' 20 dôlara.
* Sanda tsy dia fahita firy: 2 ''cent'' halimo, 3 ''cent'' nikela, 3 ''cent'' volafotsy, 20 ''cent'' volafotsy ary 3 dôlara volamena.

=== Famoahana taratasim-bola tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 ===
[[File:One US dollar 1917.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=Vola taratasy amerikanina 1 dôlara amin' ny andiany 1917.|''United States Note'' 1 dôlara, vola taratasy amerikanina amin' ny andiany 1917.]]

Mba hamatsiana vola ny Ady tamin' ny 1812 dia nomen' ny Kongresy alalana ny famoahana taratasim-panekena trosa nantsoina hoe ''Treasury Notes''. Trosa tokony haverina ao anatin' ny fotoana fohy sady niteraka zanabola ireo, ary azo nandoavana ny vola tokony haloan' ny olona amin' ny fanjakana. Na dia natao ho fitaovam-pindramam-bola aza izy ireo, dia nampiasaina ho vola ihany koa, saingy voafetra izany. Natao pirinty indray ny ''Treasury Notes'' mba hanampiana tamin' ny fiatrehana ny fihenan' ny vola miditra amin' ny fanjakana vokatry ny krizy ara-bola tamin' ny taona 1837 sy 1857, ary mba hanampiana tamin' ny famatsiam-bola ny ady teo amin' ny Amerikanina sy Meksikanina sy ny [[Ady an-trano amerikana|Ady an-trano amerikanina]].

Noho ny [[Ady an-trano amerikana|Ady an-trano amerikanina]] dia navoaka indray tamin' ny taona 1862 ny vola taratasy tsy nisy metaly sarobidy niantoka azy. Ankoatra ny ''Treasury Notes'', dia nanome alalana ny Tahirim-bolam-panjakana hitrosa 50 tapitrisa dôlara tamin' ny alalan' ny ''Demand Notes'' ny Kongresy tamin' ny taona 1861. Taratasim-bola tsy niteraka zanabola ireo, nefa azo natakalo metaly sarobidy avy hatrany rehefa nangatahana izany. Tamin' ny Desambra 1861 anefa dia nihoatra ny tahirin' ny vola madinika volamena sy volafotsy nananan' ny governemantan' ny ''Union'' (Firaisana) ny fangatahana fanakalozana, ka voatery nampiato izany fanakalozana izany vonjimaika ny governemanta.

Tamin' ny Febroary 1862 dia nolanian' ny Kongresy ny ''Legal Tender Act of 1862'' (lalàna tamin' ny 1862 momba ny vola eken' ny lalàna handoavana trosa). Navoaka tamin' izany ny ''United States Notes'', izay vola taratasy tsy azo natakalo metaly sarobidy avy hatrany araka ny fangatahana ary tsy niteraka zanabola, nefa vola eken' ny lalàna handoavana trosa. Mbola navoaka ihany anefa ny vola madinika volafotsy sy volamena. Tamin' ny taona 1875 dia nolanian' ny Kongresy ny ''Specie Payment Resumption Act'' (lalàna momba ny famerenana ny fandoavana amin' ny vola metaly), izay nitaky ny Tahirim-bolam-panjakana hamela ny fanakalozana ny ''United States Notes'' ho volamena aorian' ny 1 Janoary 1879.

=== Rafitra nifototra tamin' ny volamena tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 ===
[[File:NNC-US-1907-G$20-Saint Gaudens (Roman, high relief).jpg|thumb|alt=Vola madinika volamena 20 dôlara tamin' ny taona 1907.|''Double eagle'' volamena, vola madinika 20 dôlara, tamin' ny taona 1907.]]

Tamin' ny taona 1900 no nifototra tamin' ny volamena araka ny lalàna ny dôlara. Efa nifarana teo amin' ny fampiharana anefa ny rafitra nifototra tamin' ny volamena sy volafotsy rehefa nampiato ny fanefena ny dôlara volafotsy araka ny fenitra ny lalàna tamin' ny 1873 momba ny fanefena vola (''Coinage Act of 1873''). Nilanja 412.5 ''grain'' io vola madinika io, ary vola eken' ny lalàna handoavana trosa sady azon' ny olona namadihana ny metaly sarobidy nananany ho vola madinika tsy nisy famerana ny habetsahana (''free silver'').&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Azo navadika ho vola madinika nantsoina hoe ''Trade dollars'', izay nilanja 420 ''grain'', ny volafotsy tsy misy famerana ny habetsahana. Natao hanondranana anefa ireo, ary nisy fetra ny fanekena azy handoavana trosa araka ny lalàna tany Etazonia. Jereo koa ny ''Trade dollar'' amerikanina.&lt;/ref&gt; Nifanojo tamin' ny fiandohan' ny fifanotofana hitady volafotsy avy tao amin' ny tahirim-bolafotsy Comstock Lode tamin' ny taompolo 1870 izany fampiatoana izany. Nantsoina hoe «''Crime of '73''» (heloka tamin' ny 1873) izany.

Nofoanan' ny ''Gold Standard Act'' (lalàna momba ny rafitra mifototra amin' ny volamena) tamin' ny taona 1900 ny fifamatoran' ny dôlara amerikana tamin' ny volafotsy nandritra ny tantarany. Nofaritana tamin' ny volamena madio milanja 23.22 ''grain'' fotsiny ny dôlara iray, izany hoe 20.67 dôlara isaky ny ônsa troy milanja 480 ''grain''. Tamin' ny taona 1934 dia novana ho 35 dôlara isaky ny ônsa troy volamena madio ilay fenitra, izany hoe 13.71 ''grain'' isaky ny dôlara.

Taorian' ny taona 1968 dia nisy fanavaozana nifanesy ny famatorana ny sandan' ny dôlara tamin' ny volamena. Niafara tamin' ny fanapahan-kevitra nantsoina hoe ''Nixon shock'' tamin' ny 15 Aogositra 1971 izany, izay nampitsahatra tampoka ny fahafahana nanakalo dôlara ho volamena.

=== Vola taratasin' ny ''Federal Reserve'', nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 ===
''Jereo koa:'' vola taratasin' ny ''Federal Reserve'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina).

[[Sary:500 USD note; series of 1934; obverse.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola taratasy 500 dôlara tamin' ny 1934, misy ny sarin' i William McKinley.|Lafiny anoloan' ny vola taratasy 500 dôlaran' ny ''Federal Reserve'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina) tamin' ny 1934, izay tsy fahita firy, misy ny sarin' ny filoha [[William McKinley]].]]
[[Sary:500 USD note; series of 1934; reverse.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Lafiny ambadiky ny vola taratasy 500 dôlara.|Lafiny ambadiky ny vola taratasy 500 dôlaran' ny ''Federal Reserve'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina).]]

Nanohy namoaka vola taratasy ny Kongresy taorian' ny ady an-trano amerikanina. Ny karazana farany indrindra amin' izany dia ny vola taratasin' ny ''Federal Reserve'', izay nahazoana alalana araka ny lalàna momba ny ''Federal Reserve'' tamin' ny 1913. Rehefa natsahatra ny famoahana ireo karazana vola taratasy hafa rehetra — ny taratasy fanamarinana azo natakalo volamena tamin' ny 1933, ny taratasy fanamarinana azo natakalo volafotsy tamin' ny 1963, ary ny vola taratasy nantsoina hoe ''United States Note'' (karazana vola taratasy navoakan' ny governemanta amerikanina) tamin' ny 1971 — dia vola taratasin' ny ''Federal Reserve'' ihany no navoaka ho vola taratasy dôlara amerikana.

=== Fisandratana ho vola tehirizina ho tahiry ===
''Lahatsoratra lehibe:'' fampiasana iraisam-pirenena ny dôlara amerikana.

[[Sary:WhiteandKeynes.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=John Maynard Keynes sy Harry Dexter White tamin' ny 1946.|[[John Maynard Keynes]] (ankavanana) sy Harry Dexter White nandritra ny fivoriana fanokafana ny ''[[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena|International Monetary Fund]]'' (Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena) tamin' ny 1946. Nanana anjara lehibe tamin' ny famolavolana ny fepetra nifehy ny rafitra ara-bola maneran-tany taorian' ny ady izy ireo.]]

Tamin' ny taompolo 1920 no nanomboka nanana toerana lehibe teo amin' ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena ny dôlara amerikana ho vola vahiny tehirizin' ny banky foibe ho tahiry. Nisolo toerana ny vola britanika antsoina hoe ''[[Pound|pound sterling]]'' izy, satria tsy dia niharan' ny fahavoazana tamin' ny [[Ady Lehibe Voalohany]] i Etazonia sady isan' ny nahazo volamena betsaka niditra tao aminy nandritra ny ady. Rehefa vao mainka nihanatanjaka ho firenena nanana hery lehibe teo amin' izao tontolo izao i Etazonia nandritra ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]], dia nametraka ny dôlara amerikana ho vola lehibe indrindra tehirizina ho tahiry maneran-tany ny fifanarahana tao Bretton Woods tamin' ny 1944. Na dia notapahina tamin' ny 1971 aza ny fifamatorany rehetra tamin' ny volamena, dia mbola ny dôlara no vola lehibe indrindra tehirizina ho tahiry ampiasaina amin' ny varotra iraisam-pirenena.

Ny fifanarahana tao Bretton Woods tamin' ny 1944 koa no namaritra ny fandaminana momba ny vola taorian' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa sy ny fifandraisana teo amin' ireo firenena mahaleo tena. Nametraka fitsipika, andrim-panjakana ary fomba fiasa izy mba handaminana ny rafitra iraisam-pirenena momba ny vola. Io fifanarahana io no nanangana ny ''[[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena|International Monetary Fund]]'' (Tahirim-bola Iraisam-pirenena) sy ireo andrim-panjakana hafa ao amin' ny ''[[Banky Maneran-Tany|World Bank Group]]'' (Vondron' ny Banky Maneran-tany) amin' izao fotoana izao, ka nametraka ny rafitra ahafahana manao fandoavam-bola iraisam-pirenena sy miditra amin' ny tsenan' ny renivola maneran-tany amin' ny alalan' ny dôlara amerikana.

Ny ''Federal Reserve System'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina) no mitantana ny politika momba ny vola ao Etazonia, ary izy no banky foiben' ny firenena. Niorina tamin' ny 1913 araka ny lalàna momba ny ''Federal Reserve'' izy, mba hanomezana vola izay azo ampitomboina na ahena araka ny filàna ho an' i Etazonia sy hanara-maso ny rafitra bankiny, indrindra taorian' ny krizy ara-bola tamin' ny 1907.

Nandritra ny ankamaroan' ny vanim-potoana taorian' ny ady, dia namatsy ny fandaniany tamin' ny alalan' ny findramam-bola betsaka teo amin' ny tsenan' ny renivola maneran-tany, izay nampandehanin' ny dôlara, ny governemanta amerikanina. Ny sandan' ireo trosa ireo dia voasoratra tamin' ny volany manokana, ary ambany dia ambany ny tahan' ny zanabola. Nantsoina hoe tombontsoa mihoa-pampana (''exorbitant privilege'') ananan' i [[Etazonia]] izany fahafahana mindrana vola betsaka nefa tsy miatrika krizy lehibe amin' ny fifandanjan' ny fandoavam-bola amin' ny any ivelany izany.

== Vola madinika ==
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Vola madinika amin' ny dôlara amerikana.

Namoaka vola madinika eken' ny lalàna handoavana trosa isan-taona ny ''United States Mint'' (sampan-draharaha amerikanina mpamokatra vola madinika) nanomboka tamin' ny 1792. Nanomboka tamin' ny 1934, dia ireto ihany ny sanda novokarina hampiasaina amin' ny fifanakalozana: iray ''cent'', dimy ''cents'', folo ''cents'', ampahefatry ny dôlara, antsasaky ny dôlara ary iray dôlara. Antsoina amin' ny anarana mahazatra hoe ''penny'', ''nickel'', ''dime'', ''quarter'', ''half dollar'' ary ''dollar'' ireo.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sanda voasoratra amin' ny vola
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Anarana mahazatra
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Lafiny anoloana
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Lafiny ambadika
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sarin' olona eo anoloana sy taona namolavolana azy
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Haingo eo ambadika sy taona namolavolana azy
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Lanja
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Savaivony
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Akora
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sisiny
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Fampiasana amin' ny fifanakalozana
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Iray ''cent''&lt;br&gt;1¢
| ''penny''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Sary:US One Cent Obv.png|48px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola iray cent, misy ny sarin' i Abraham Lincoln|Lafiny anoloan' ny vola iray cent]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
| [[Abraham Lincoln]] (1909)
| Ampingan' ny Firaisana (2010)
| 2,5 g
| 0,75 in
| 97,5 % [[Fanitso|fanitso]] (Zn), rakofana 2,5 % [[Varahina|varahina]] (Cu)
| Malama
| Ampiasaina betsaka
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Dimy ''cents''&lt;br&gt;5¢
| ''nickel''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Sary:Jefferson-Nickel-Unc-Obv.jpg|53px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola dimy cents, misy ny sarin' i Thomas Jefferson|Lafiny anoloan' ny vola dimy cents]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Sary:US Nickel 2013 Rev.png|53px|alt=Lafiny ambadiky ny vola dimy cents, misy an' i Monticello|Lafiny ambadiky ny vola dimy cents]]
| [[Thomas Jefferson]] (2006)
| Monticello (1938)
| 5,0 g
| 0,835 in
| 75 % Cu&lt;br&gt;25 % [[Nikela|nikela]] (Ni)
| Malama
| Ampiasaina betsaka
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Folo ''cents''&lt;br&gt;10¢
| ''dime''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Sary:Dime Obverse 13.png|45px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola folo cents, misy ny sarin' i Franklin D. Roosevelt|Lafiny anoloan' ny vola folo cents]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Sary:Dime Reverse 13.png|45px|alt=Lafiny ambadiky ny vola folo cents, misy sampan' ôliva sy fanilo ary sampan' ny hazo oak|Lafiny ambadiky ny vola folo cents]]
| [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (1946)
| Sampan' ôliva, fanilo ary sampan' ny hazo ''oak'' (1946)
| 0,08 oz
| 0,705 in
| 91,67 % Cu&lt;br&gt;8,33 % Ni
| Tsipika mitsangana 118
| Ampiasaina betsaka
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Ampahefatry ny dôlara&lt;br&gt;25¢
| ''quarter''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Sary:2021-P US Quarter Obverse.jpg|61px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola ampahefatry ny dôlara, misy ny sarin' i George Washington|Lafiny anoloan' ny vola ampahefatry ny dôlara]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Sary:Quarter new.jpg|61px|alt=Lafiny ambadiky ny vola ampahefatry ny dôlara|Lafiny ambadiky ny vola ampahefatry ny dôlara]]
| [[George Washington]] (1932)
| Haingo samihafa ao amin' ny andiany ''American Women quarters'' (haingo 5 isan-taona)
| 0,2 oz
| 0,955 in
| 91,67 % Cu&lt;br&gt;8,33 % Ni
| Tsipika mitsangana 119
| Ampiasaina betsaka
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Antsasaky ny dôlara&lt;br&gt;50¢
| ''half dollar''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Sary:US Half Dollar Obverse 2015.png|77px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola antsasaky ny dôlara, misy ny sarin' i John F. Kennedy|Lafiny anoloan' ny vola antsasaky ny dôlara]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Sary:US 50 Cent Rev.png|77px|alt=Lafiny ambadiky ny vola antsasaky ny dôlara, misy ny fitomboky ny filohan' i Etazonia|Lafiny ambadiky ny vola antsasaky ny dôlara]]
| [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy|John F. Kennedy]] (1964)
| Fitomboky ny filohan' i Etazonia (1964)
| 0,4 oz
| 1,205 in
| 91,67 % Cu&lt;br&gt;8,33 % Ni
| Tsipika mitsangana 150
| Voafetra ny fampiasana azy
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Vola madinika iray dôlara&lt;br&gt;$1
| Vola madinika iray dôlara; ''golden dollar'' (dôlara miloko volamena)
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Sary:2003 Sacagawea Rev.png|66px|alt=Lafiny ambadiky ny dôlara Sacagawea tamin' ny 2003|Lafiny ambadiky ny dôlara Sacagawea]]
| Sacagawea (2000)
| Haingo samihafa ao amin' ny andiany ''American Innovation dollars'' (haingo 4 isan-taona)
| 8,10 g
| 26,50 mm
| 88,5 % Cu&lt;br&gt;6 % Zn&lt;br&gt;3,5 % [[Manganezy|manganezy]] (Mn)&lt;br&gt;2 % Ni
| Malama tamin' ny 2000–2006&lt;br&gt;Misy soratra nanomboka tamin' ny 2007
| Voafetra ny fampiasana azy
|-
| colspan=&quot;11&quot; | Tsy voatery hitovy habe amin' ny vola madinika tena izy ireo sary. Ny g dia grama, ny oz dia ônsa, ny in dia ''inch'', ary ny mm dia milimetatra.
|}

Nisy vola madinika volamena sy volafotsy novokarina hampiasain' ny besinimaro tamin' ny taonjato faha-18 ka hatramin' ny taonjato faha-20. Tamin' ny 1933 no novokarina ny vola madinika volamena farany. Tamin' ny 1964 no novokarina farany ireo vola madinika misy volafotsy 90 %, ary tamin' ny 1970 no novokarina farany ny vola antsasaky ny dôlara misy volafotsy 40 %.

Any amin' ny toeram-pamokarany any Philadelphia sy Denver ny ''United States Mint'' no mamokatra vola madinika ampiasaina amin' ny fifanakalozana. Any amin' ny toeram-pamokarany any San Francisco sy West Point kosa no amokarany vola madinika fahatsiarovana sy vola madinika voavely amin' ny fomba manokana hahazoana kalitao avo ho an' ny mpanangona (''proof coins''). Resahina ao amin' ny « Vola madinika amin' ny dôlara amerikana », eo amin' ny fizarana momba ny marika manondro ny toeram-pamokarana, ny fomba fanamarihana ireo toeram-pamokarana ireo sy ireo sampana efa niasa taloha.

Tsy mbola nampiasain' ny besinimaro betsaka ny vola madinika iray dôlara nanomboka tamin' ny 1794, na dia nisy fanandramana maro hampitombo ny fampiasana azy aza nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1970. Ny antony lehibe indrindra amin' izany dia ny fitohizan' ny famokarana sy ny fampiasana betsaka ny vola taratasy iray dôlara. Tsy novokarina hampiasaina amin' ny fifanakalozana intsony ny vola madinika iray dôlara nanomboka tamin' ny 2012.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson, Gordon T. April 25, 2005. [https://money.cnn.com/2005/04/27/pf/new_dollar/ ''Congress tries again for a dollar coin'']. ''CNN Money''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220321162858/https://money.cnn.com/2005/04/27/pf/new_dollar/ Tahiry tamin' ny March 21, 2022].&lt;/ref&gt; Nampiasaina betsaka kosa ny vola antsasaky ny dôlara hatramin' ny namoahana azy voalohany tamin' ny 1794. Nihena anefa ny fampiasana azy nanomboka teo antenatenan' ny taompolo 1960, rehefa nanomboka nangonina sy notehirizina ny vola antsasaky ny dôlara volafotsy rehetra.

Milanja 5 grama ny vola dimy ''cents'' antsoina hoe ''nickel'', ary varahina 75 % sy nikela 25 % no akora ao aminy. Nisy volafotsy kosa ireo ''Jefferson nickels'', izany hoe vola dimy ''cents'' misy ny sarin' i Jefferson, novokarina nandritra ny ady tamin' ny 1942–1945.

Noho ny sanda kelin' ny vola iray ''cent'' antsoina hoe ''penny'', dia misy adihevitra momba ny fitazonana azy ho vola ampiasaina amin' ny fifanakalozana.&lt;ref&gt;Christian Zappone (July 18, 2006). [https://money.cnn.com/2006/07/18/news/penny/index.htm ''Kill-the-penny bill introduced'']. ''CNN Money''. Notsidihina: October 17, 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190728021810/https://money.cnn.com/2006/07/18/news/penny/index.htm Tahiry tamin' ny July 28, 2019]. Satan' ny rohy araka ny loharano: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Weinberg, Ali (February 19, 2013). [http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/02/19/17019470-penny-pinching-can-obama-manage-elimination-of-one-cent-coin?lite ''Penny pinching: Can Obama manage elimination of one-cent coin?'']. ''NBC News''. Notsidihina: October 17, 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043045/http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/02/19/17019470-penny-pinching-can-obama-manage-elimination-of-one-cent-coin?lite Tahiry tamin' ny October 18, 2018]. Satan' ny rohy araka ny loharano: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 2025 dia natsahatry ny ''United States Mint'' ny famokarana ''penny'' hampiasaina amin' ny fifanakalozana. Mbola ampiasaina anefa ireo vola ireo, satria lalàna nolanian' ny Kongresy ihany no afaka manafoana vola iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot;&gt;[https://www.usmint.gov/news/press-releases/united-states-mint-hosts-historic-ceremonial-strike-for-final-production-of-the-circulating-one-cent-coin ''United States Mint Hosts Historic Ceremonial Strike for Final Production of the Circulating One-Cent Coin'']. www.usmint.gov. Fiteny: en. Notsidihina: November 12, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Raha momba ireo sanda hafa efa tsy avoaka intsony na nofoanana, dia jereo ny fizarana momba ny vola madinika ao amin' ny « Sanda efa tsy avoaka intsony amin' ny vola amerikana » sy ny « Sanda nofoanana amin' ny vola amerikana ».

=== Vola madinika ho an' ny mpanangona ===
Eken' ny lalàna handoavana trosa araka ny sanda voasoratra eo aminy ny vola madinika ho an' ny mpanangona. Matetika anefa dia ambony lavitra noho izany ny tena sandany, noho ny sandany eo amin' ny fandinihana sy fanangonana vola na noho ny metaly sarobidy ao aminy. Anisan' izany ireto:
* Ny vola madinika ''American Eagle'' vita amin' ny metaly sarobidy, izay ny lanjan' ilay metaly sy ny fahadiovany no ifanakalozana azy (''bullion coins''):
** ''American Silver Eagle'': $1 (1 ônsa troy); vola madinika volafotsy amidy araka ny lanjan' ny metaly sy ny fahadiovany, nanomboka tamin' ny 1986.
** ''American Gold Eagle'': $5 (1/10 ônsa troy), $10 (1/4 ônsa troy), $25 (1/2 ônsa troy) ary $50 (1 ônsa troy); vola madinika volamena amidy araka ny lanjan' ny metaly sy ny fahadiovany, nanomboka tamin' ny 1986.
** ''American Platinum Eagle'': $10 (1/10 ônsa troy), $25 (1/4 ônsa troy), $50 (1/2 ônsa troy) ary $100 (1 ônsa troy); vola madinika platinina amidy araka ny lanjan' ny metaly sy ny fahadiovany, nanomboka tamin' ny 1997.
** ''American Palladium Eagle'': $25 (1 ônsa troy); vola madinika paladiôma amidy araka ny lanjan' ny metaly sy ny fahadiovany, nanomboka tamin' ny 2017.
* Ny vola madinika fahatsiarovana amerikanina, izay avoaka manokana, ka anisan' izany:
** Ny vola $50.00 (''Half Union'') novokarina ho an' ny Fampirantiana iraisam-pirenena Panama–Pacific tamin' ny 1915.
** Ny andiana vola madinika volafotsy voavely amin' ny fomba manokana hahazoana kalitao avo ho an' ny mpanangona (''silver proof sets''), novokarina nanomboka tamin' ny 1992. Volafotsy fa tsy ny akora mahazatra varahina sy nikela no nanaovana ny vola folo ''cents'', ampahefatry ny dôlara ary antsasaky ny dôlara ao amin' ireo andiany ireo.
** Ny andiana vola madinika iray dôlara misy ny sarin' ny filoham-pirenena (''Presidential dollar coins''), voavely amin' ny fomba manokana hahazoana kalitao avo ho an' ny mpanangona, novokarina nanomboka tamin' ny 2007.

== Vola taratasy ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Sanda voasoratra amin' ny vola
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Lafiny anoloana
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Lafiny ambadika
! Olona aseho amin' ny sary
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Sary eo amin' ny lafiny ambadika
! Andiany voalohany
! Andiany farany
! Fielezan' ny fampiasana
|-
| Dôlara iray
| [[Sary:Obverse of the series 2021 $1 Federal Reserve Note.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola taratasy iray dôlara, andiany 2021]]
| [[Sary:Reverse of the series 2021 $1 Federal Reserve Note.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny ambadikan' ny vola taratasy iray dôlara, andiany 2021]]
| [[George Washington]]
| Tombokase Lehiben' i Etazonia
| Andiany 1963&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Lafiny anoloana.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;Andiany 1935&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Lafiny ambadika.&lt;/ref&gt;
| Andiany 2021&lt;ref&gt;Gibbs, William T.; [https://www.coinworld.com/news/paper-money/series-2021-dollar-notes-now-being-found-in-circulation ''Series 2021 dollar notes now being found in circulation'']; Daty: June 29, 2023; Nojerena: April 26, 2024; Tranonkala: Coin World.&lt;/ref&gt;
| Be mpampiasa
|-
| Dôlara roa
| [[Sary:US $2 obverse.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola taratasy roa dôlara]]
| [[Sary:US $2 reverse.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny ambadikan' ny vola taratasy roa dôlara]]
| [[Thomas Jefferson]]
| ''Declaration of Independence'' (Fanambarana ny fahaleovantena), nataon' i John Trumbull
| Andiany 1976
| Andiany 2021
| Voafetra ny fampiasana&lt;ref&gt;Meyersohn, Nathaniel; [https://edition.cnn.com/2022/09/17/business/2-dollar-bill-history/index.html ''Why it&amp;#39;s time to start paying with $2 bills'']; Daty: September 20, 2022; Nojerena: February 6, 2024; Tranonkala: CNN.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Dôlara dimy
| [[Sary:Obverse of the series 2021 $5 Federal Reserve Note.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola taratasy dimy dôlara, andiany 2021]]
| [[Sary:Reverse of the series 2021 $5 Federal Reserve Note.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny ambadikan' ny vola taratasy dimy dôlara, andiany 2021]]
| [[Abraham Lincoln]]
| Tsangambato fahatsiarovana an' i Lincoln
| Andiany 2006
| Andiany 2021&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.numista.com/catalogue/note201558.html ''5 Dollars (Federal Reserve Note; colored) - United States'']; Tranonkala: Numista; Nojerena: June 7, 2023; Datin' ny tahiry: June 7, 2023; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20230607080122/https://en.numista.com/catalogue/note201558.html; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;
| Be mpampiasa
|-
| Dôlara folo
| [[Sary:Obverse of the series 2021 $10 Federal Reserve Note.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola taratasy folo dôlara, andiany 2021]]
| [[Sary:Reverse of the series 2021 $10 Federal Reserve Note.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny ambadikan' ny vola taratasy folo dôlara, andiany 2021]]
| [[Alexander Hamilton]]
| Tranon' ny Tahirim-bolam-panjakana ao Washington
| Andiany 2004A
| Andiany 2021
| Be mpampiasa
|-
| Dôlara roapolo
| [[Sary:Obverse of the series 2017A $20 Federal Reserve Note.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola taratasy roapolo dôlara, andiany 2017A]]
| [[Sary:Reverse of the series 2017A $20 Federal Reserve Note.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny ambadikan' ny vola taratasy roapolo dôlara, andiany 2017A]]
| [[Andrew Jackson]]
| Trano Fotsy
| Andiany 2004
| Andiany 2021
| Be mpampiasa
|-
| Dôlara dimampolo
| [[Sary:Obverse of the $50 Federal Reserve Note.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola taratasy dimampolo dôlara]]
| [[Sary:Reverse of the $50 Federal Reserve Note.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny ambadikan' ny vola taratasy dimampolo dôlara]]
| [[Ulysses S. Grant]]
| Kapitolin' i Etazonia
| Andiany 2004
| Andiany 2021
| Be mpampiasa
|-
| Dôlara zato
| [[Sary:Series 2025 USD 100.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny anoloan' ny vola taratasy zato dôlara, andiany 2025]]
| [[Sary:Reverse of the $100 Federal Reserve Note.jpg|250px|alt=Lafiny ambadikan' ny vola taratasy zato dôlara]]
| [[Benjamin Franklin]]
| Independence Hall
| Andiany 2009A&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uscurrency.gov/denominations/100 ''$100 Note &amp;#124; U.S. Currency Education Program'']; Nojerena: April 22, 2021; Datin' ny tahiry: August 20, 2020; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20200820044305/https://www.uscurrency.gov/denominations/100; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;
| Andiany 2025
| Be mpampiasa
|}

Ny Lalàm-panorenan' i Etazonia dia manome fahefana ny Kongresy hindrana vola amin' ny fitokisana ara-bola ananan' i Etazonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei#section8 ''Section 8 of Article 1 of the United States Constitution'']; Mpamoaka: Topics.law.cornell.edu; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: November 18, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20211118233715/https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei#section8; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampiasa izany fahefana izany ny Kongresy tamin' ny nanomezany alalana ny bankin' ny ''Federal Reserve'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina) hamoaka vola taratasy antsoina hoe ''Federal Reserve Notes''. Adidy ara-bola zakain' i Etazonia ireo vola taratasy ireo. Araka ny lalàna, rehefa angatahina izany dia tsy maintsy takalozina vola eken' ny lalàna izy ireo, ao amin' ny ''Treasury Department of the United States'' (Departemantan' ny Tahirim-bolam-panjakan' i Etazonia) ao an-tanànan' i Washington, Distrikan' i Columbia, na ao amin' izay bankin' ny ''Federal Reserve''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/12/411 ''Section 411 of Title 12 of the United States Code'']; Mpamoaka: Law.cornell.edu; Daty: June 22, 2010; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: June 27, 2019; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190627142205/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/12/411; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Voatendrin' ny lalàna ho vola ekena handoavana trosa ireo vola taratasin' ny ''Federal Reserve''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/5103 ''Section 5103 of Title 31 of the United States Code'']; Mpamoaka: Law.cornell.edu; Daty: August 6, 2010; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: October 22, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181022211409/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/5103; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nomen' ny Kongresy alalana koa ny famoahana karazana vola taratasy hafa mihoatra ny folo, anisan' izany ny karazana antsoina hoe ''United States Note''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/5115 ''Section 5115 of Title 31 of the United States Code'']; Mpamoaka: Law.cornell.edu; Daty: August 6, 2010; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: June 27, 2019; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190627142206/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/5115; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; sy ''Federal Reserve Bank Note''. Ny vola taratasy dôlara amerikana vaovao kosa dia avoaka amin' ny endrika vola taratasin' ny ''Federal Reserve'' ihany. Ny ''Bureau of Engraving and Printing'' (Birao misahana ny sokitra sy ny fanontam-pirinty) no manao pirinty azy ireo, amin' ny taratasy vita amin' ny tsiraka landihazo fa tsy amin' ny tsiraka hazo ampiasaina amin' ny taratasy mahazatra. Nirefy 7.42 × 3.125 in ireo vola taratasy lehibe navoaka talohan' ny 1928, fa 6.14 × 2.61 × 0.0043 in kosa ny refin' ireo vola taratasy kely nampidirina tamin' io taona io.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=qqQuAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA105 ''Treasury Department Appropriation Bill for 1929: Hearing Before the Subcommittee of House Committee on Appropriations... Seventieth Congress, First Session'']; Taona: 1928.&lt;/ref&gt;
Mitovy amin' ny refin' ireo vola taratasy ''Philippine peso'' (peso filipina) navoaka teo ambanin' ny fitantanan' i Etazonia taorian' ny 1903 ny refin' ny vola taratasy amerikanina maoderina amin' ny endrika kely; nahitam-pahombiazana lehibe tamin' ny fampiasana azy ireo vola taratasy peso ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Schwarz, John; Lindquist, Scott; [https://books.google.com/books?id=DhRjDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT16 ''Standard Guide to Small-Size U.S. Paper Money – 1928-Date'']; &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781440225789&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Daty: September 21, 2009; Mpamoaka: Penguin.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nanjary nantsoina hoe ''horse blankets'' (bodofotsin-tsoavaly) na ''saddle blankets'' (bodofotsy atao eo ambanin' ny lasely) ireo vola taratasy amerikanina lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Orzano&quot;&gt;Orzano, Michele; [https://www.coinworld.com/news/precious-metals/what-is-a-horse-blanket-note.html ''What is a horse blanket note?'']; Daty: February 25, 2015; Tranonkala: Coin World; Satan' ny URL: live; Datin' ny tahiry: November 29, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20211129024946/https://www.coinworld.com/news/precious-metals/what-is-a-horse-blanket-note.html.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny sanda mbola anaovana pirinty dia $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50 ary $100. Natsahatra tamin' ny 1946 ny fanaovana pirinty ireo vola taratasy mihoatra ny $100, ary nesorina tamin' ny fivezivezena tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy tamin' ny 1969 izy ireo. Nampiasaina tamin' ny fifanakalozana teo amin' ny banky ireo vola ireo. Nihena ny filana azy rehefa nipoitra ny tolotra banky elektrônika. Efa navoaka ny vola taratasy mitentina $500, $1 000, $5 000 ary $10 000, izay tsy avoaka intsony nefa mbola vola eken' ny lalàna handoavana trosa, ary koa ny $100 000. Ny $100 000 dia tsy navoaka afa-tsy tamin' ny endrika ''Gold Certificate'' (taratasy fanamarinana volamena), andiany 1934, ary tsy nampivezivezena teo amin' ny vahoaka mihitsy. Ankoatra io $100 000 io, dia lasa zavatra angonin' ny mpanangona vola ireo vola taratasy ireo, ary mihoatra ny sanda voasoratra aminy ny vidiny ho an' ireo mpanangona.

Na dia mbola maitso ny ankamaroan' ny lokony aza, dia misy loko hafa koa ny andiany taorian' ny 2004 mba hahamora kokoa ny fanavahana ireo sanda samihafa. Noho ny fanapahan-kevitra tamin' ny 2008 tao amin' ny raharaha nentin' ny ''American Council of the Blind'' (Filankevitra Amerikanina momba ny Jamba) teny amin' ny fitsarana mikasika ny fahafahan' ny olona manana fahasembanana mampiasa ireo vola, dia mikasa ny hametraka marika mivohitra azo tsapain-tanana ny ''Bureau of Engraving and Printing'' (Birao misahana ny sokitra sy ny fanontam-pirinty) rehefa havaozina manaraka ny endriky ny vola taratasy tsirairay, afa-tsy ny $1 sy ny endriky ny $100 ampiasaina. Mikasa koa io birao io ny hampiasa tarehimarika lehibe kokoa sy misongadina kokoa amin' ny lafika, hampitombo ny fahasamihafan' ny loko, ary hizara fitaovana mamantatra ny sandan' ny vola taratasy mba hanampiana ny olona manana fahasembanana ara-pahitana mandritra ny fotoam-piampitana.&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Misy antsipiriany sy fanovozan-kevitra ao amin' ny fizarana momba ny raharaham-pitsarana mikasika ny endriky ny vola taratasy amerikanina ao amin' ny lahatsoratra momba ny ''Federal Reserve Note'' (vola taratasin' ny ''Federal Reserve'').&lt;/ref&gt;

== Firenena sy faritany mampiasa ny dôlara amerikana ==
=== Mpampiasa ôfisialy ===
Anisan' ny firenena sy faritany mampiasa ny dôlara amerikana ho sandam-bola ôfisialy ireto manaraka ireto:

* [[Etazonia]], ka ao anatin' izany:
** ireto faritany dimy ireto:
*** American Samoa;
*** [[Guam]];
*** Northern Mariana Islands;
*** [[Pôrtô-Rikô]];
*** United States Virgin Islands;
** United States Minor Outlying Islands.
* Ireo firenena ao anatin' ny fifanarahana momba ny fiombonana malalaka (''Compact of Free Association''):
** [[Nosy Marsaly]];
** [[Mikrônezia]];
** [[Palaô]].
* [[Ekoadôra]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ecuador/ ''Ecuador'']; Ao amin' ny: [[CIA World Factbook]]; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Daty: October 18, 2010; Teny nalaina tao amin' ny loharano: The dollar is legal tender; Datin' ny tahiry: January 10, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ecuador; Satan' ny URL: dead.&lt;/ref&gt; izay mampiasa azy miaraka amin' ny vola madinika ''centavo'' ao aminy.
* [[El Salvador]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/el-salvador/ ''El Salvador'']; Ao amin' ny: [[CIA World Factbook]]; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Daty: October 21, 2010; Teny nalaina tao amin' ny loharano: The US dollar became El Salvador's currency in 2001; Datin' ny tahiry: May 7, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210507021641/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/el-salvador/; Satan' ny URL: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Liberià]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://cbl.org.lr/general/currency ''Currency'']; Nojerena: January 15, 2023; Tranonkala: Central Bank of Liberia; Datin' ny tahiry: January 15, 2023; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20230115023814/https://cbl.org.lr/general/currency; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; izay mampiasa azy miaraka amin' ny dôlara liberiana.
* [[Panamà]], izay mampiasa azy miaraka amin' ny vola madinika ''balboa'' ao aminy.
* [[Timôro Atsinanana]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bancocentral.tl/en/go/banknotes-in-circulation ''Central Bank of Timor-Leste'']; Nojerena: March 22, 2017; Teny nalaina tao amin' ny loharano: The official currency of Timor-Leste is the United States dollar, which is legal tender for all payments made in cash.; Datin' ny tahiry: May 1, 2019; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190501173907/https://www.bancocentral.tl/en/go/banknotes-in-circulation; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; izay mampiasa azy miaraka amin' ny vola madinika ''centavo'' ao aminy.
* Ireo faritany britanika ampitan-dranomasina:
** [[British Virgin Islands]];
** Turks and Caicos Islands.
* [[Karaiba Neerlandey]]:
** Bonaire;
** Saba;
** Sint Eustatius.

=== Mpampiasa tsy ôfisialy ===
Anisan' ny firenena sy faritany andraisana betsaka ny dôlara amerikana ho vola fanampiny, nefa tsy ho sandam-bola ôfisialy, ireto manaraka ireto:

* [[Arzantina]], izay ny ''peso'' an' i Arzantina no sandam-bola ôfisialy.
* [[Kambôdia]],&lt;ref&gt;Nay Im, Tal; Dabadie, Michel; [https://www.nbc.org.kh/download_files/publication/others_eng/NoteMD117-14_article_dollarization.pdf ''Dollarization in Cambodia'']; Tranonkala: National Bank of Cambodia; Nojerena: April 11, 2022; Fiteny: English; Daty: March 31, 2007; Datin' ny tahiry: May 11, 2022; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20220511203155/https://www.nbc.org.kh/download_files/publication/others_eng/NoteMD117-14_article_dollarization.pdf; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nagumo, Jada; [https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Currencies/Cambodia-aims-to-wean-off-US-dollar-dependence-with-digital-currency#:~:text=Cambodia%20runs%20a%20dual%2Dcurrency,of%20civil%20war%20and%20unrest. ''Cambodia aims to wean off US dollar dependence with digital currency'']; Nojerena: April 11, 2022; Mpamoaka: Nikkei Asia; Daty: August 4, 2021; Teny nalaina tao amin' ny loharano: &quot;Cambodia runs a dual-currency system, with the U.S. dollar widely circulating in its economy. The country's dollarization began in the 1980s and 90s, following years of civil war and unrest.&quot;; Datin' ny tahiry: April 15, 2022; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20220415063706/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Currencies/Cambodia-aims-to-wean-off-US-dollar-dependence-with-digital-currency#:~:text=Cambodia%20runs%20a%20dual%2Dcurrency,of%20civil%20war%20and%20unrest.; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; izay ny ''riel'' an' i Kambôdia no sandam-bola ôfisialy.
* [[Hôndorasy]], izay ny ''lempira'' an' i Hôndorasy no sandam-bola ôfisialy.&lt;ref&gt;Rivera, Juan Carlos; [https://www.laprensa.hn/honduras/honduras-roatan-prefiere-cobrar-dolares-lempiras-no-bitcoin-cirptomonedas-DC16361064 ''Roatán prefiere cobrar en dólares o lempiras; no bitcóin'']; Dikan' ny lohateny nomen' ny loharano: Roatán prefers to charge in dollars or lempiras; not bitcoin; Fiteny: es; Tranonkala: laprensa.hn; Mpamoaka: La Prensa; Daty: November 23, 2023; Nojerena: July 12, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Libàna]], izay ny ''pound'' an' i Libàna no sandam-bola ôfisialy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-economy-crisis-currency-pound-dollarization-44f8173d75d2e1a37526b3e1252c5a92 ''Lebanon leans on US dollar to cope as currency, economy tank'']; Daty: March 6, 2023; Ao amin' ny: Associated Press; Nojerena: November 1, 2024; Datin' ny tahiry: March 16, 2025; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20250316050107/https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-economy-crisis-currency-pound-dollarization-44f8173d75d2e1a37526b3e1252c5a92; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Venezoela]], izay ny ''bolívar'' an' i Venezoela no sandam-bola ôfisialy.&lt;ref&gt;Zerpa, Fabiola; [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-05/venezuela-is-now-more-than-50-dollarized-study-finds ''Venezuela Is Now More Than 50% Dollarized, Study Finds'']; Daty: November 5, 2019; Tranonkala: Bloomberg; Nojerena: November 9, 2019; Datin' ny tahiry: June 27, 2024; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20240627193736/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-05/venezuela-is-now-more-than-50-dollarized-study-finds; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-economy/maduro-says-thank-god-for-dollarization-in-venezuela-idUSKBN1XR0RV ''Maduro says &amp;#39;thank God&amp;#39; for dollarization in Venezuela'']; Daty: November 17, 2019; Ao amin' ny: Reuters; Nojerena: November 18, 2019; Datin' ny tahiry: April 4, 2023; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20230404121756/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-economy/maduro-says-thank-god-for-dollarization-in-venezuela-idUSKBN1XR0RV; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Zimbaboe]], izay ny ZiG (sandam-bolan' i Zimbaboe) no sandam-bola ôfisialy.
* Ireo faritany britanika ampitan-dranomasina:
** British Indian Ocean Territory, izay ny [[Pound|''pound sterling'']] no sandam-bola ôfisialy;
** Anguilla, izay ny dôlara karaibiana atsinanana no sandam-bola ôfisialy.
* [[Karaiba Neerlandey]]:
** Sint Maarten, izay ny ''guilder'' karaibiana no sandam-bola ôfisialy.
* Ireo faritany frantsay ampitan-dranomasina:
** Collectivity of Saint Martin, izay ny [[Euro|euro]] no sandam-bola ôfisialy.

== Politika momba ny vola ==
Jereo koa: ''Federal Reserve'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina), politika momba ny vola, politika momba ny vola ao Etazonia ary fitambaran' ny vola misy ao amin' ny toekarena.

[[Sary:Marriner S. Eccles Federal Reserve Board Building.jpg|thumb|right|Ny foiben' ny ''Federal Reserve System'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina), ao amin' ny tranobe Eccles any Washington, D.C.]]
Ny lalàna ''Federal Reserve Act'' no nanangana ny ''Federal Reserve System'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina) tamin' ny 1913 ho banky foiben' i [[Etazonia]]. Ny andraikiny voalohany dia ny mitantana ny politika momba ny vola ao amin' ny firenena, mba hisian' ny asa ho an' ny olona betsaka araka izay azo atao, ny fitonian' ny vidin-javatra ary ny tahan' ny zanabola antonony amin' ny fotoana maharitra ao amin' ny toekarena amerikanina. Anisan' ny andraikiny koa ny mampiroborobo ny fitonian' ny rafitra ara-bola, ny mifehy ny andrim-bola ary ny manao ny asan' ny mpampindram-bola farany azo itodihana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/pf.htm ''Federal Reserve Board – Purposes &amp; Functions'']; Nojerena: June 11, 2021; Datin' ny tahiry: March 26, 2020; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20200326220219/https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/pf.htm; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/files/pf_3.pdf ''Conducting Monetary Policy'']; Mpamoaka: United States Federal Reserve; Nojerena: August 23, 2021; Satan' ny URL: live; Datin' ny tahiry: August 11, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210811112907/https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/files/pf_3.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny FOMC (Komity federaly momba ny tsena misokatra; ''Federal Open Market Committee'' amin' ny teny anglisy) no mitantana ny politika momba ny vola ao Etazonia. Mandrafitra azy ny ''Federal Reserve Board of Governors'' (Filankevi-pitantanan' ny rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina) sy ny dimy amin' ireo filohan' ny banky 12 ao amin' io rafitra io. Ireo ''Federal Reserve Bank'' (banky ao amin' ny rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina) 12 isam-paritra rehetra kosa no mampihatra izany politika izany.

Ny politika momba ny vola dia ireo hetsika ataon' ny banky foibe izay mamaritra ny habetsahana sy ny tahan' ny fitomboan' ny fitambaran' ny vola misy ao amin' ny toekarena. Kendrena amin' izany ny hahazoana vokatra toy ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana ambany, ny tahan' ny tsy fananan' asa ambany ary ny rafitra ara-bola marin-toerana. Ny vola fototra, izay antsoina koa hoe M0, dia ahitana ny vola taratasy sy ny vola madinika ary ny vola voarakitra ao amin' ny kaontin' ireo mametraka vola ao amin' ny banky foibe; ny fananan' ny banky foibe no manohana izany. Ny M1, M2 ary M3 kosa dia refy samy hafa momba ny fitambaran' ny vola, izay ahitana ny vola voarakitra ao amin' ny kaontin' ireo mametraka vola any amin' ny banky, ka tohanan' ny fananana sy ny fampiasam-bolan' ireo banky ireo.

Anisan' ny fitaovana entina miantraika amin' ny habetsahan' ny vola misy ao amin' ny toekarena ireto:
* Ny fepetra momba ny tahiry farany ambany tsy maintsy tazonin' ny banky: amin' ny maha-fitaovana azy, ireo fepetra ireo dia mametra ny ampahany farany ambany amin' ny petra-bola ao amin' ny banky ara-barotra izay tsy maintsy tazonina ho tahiry, izany hoe apetraka ao amin' ny ''Federal Reserve''. Ny ambiny no azo ampindramina na ampiasam-bola. Raha ampitomboina io ampahany takina io, dia mihena ny vola azo ampindramina na ampiasam-bola, ka manampy amin' ny fifehezana ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana izany.
* Ny fividianana sy fivarotana taratasy ara-bola eny an-tsena (''open market operations''): mividy na mivarotra taratasy fanekena trosan' ny Tahirimbolam-panjakana amerikanina sy taratasy ara-bola hafa tazonin' ny banky ny ''Federal Reserve'', ka tahiry no ifanakalozana amin' izany. Arakaraka ny itomboan' ny tahiry no itomboan' ny fahafahan' ny banky mampindram-bola na mampiasa vola any an-kafa.
* Ny fampindramam-bola mivantana amin' ny banky (''discount window lending''): afaka mindram-bola amin' ny ''Federal Reserve'' ny banky.

Misy fiantraikany mivantana amin' ny tahan' ny zanabola ny politika momba ny vola, ary misy fiantraikany ankolaka amin' ny vidin' ny anjara fananana amin' ny orinasa, ny harena ary ny tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola. Amin' ireo lalana ireo no iantraikany amin' ny fandaniana, ny fampiasam-bola, ny famokarana, ny fananana asa ary ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana ao Etazonia. Mameno ny politika momba ny vola miditra sy fandaniam-panjakana ny politika momba ny vola mahomby, mba hanohanana ny fitomboan' ny toekarena.

Nitombo ny vola fototra nasiam-panitsiana: teo amin' ny 400 miliara dôlara teo ho eo izany tamin' ny 1994, lasa 800 miliara dôlara tamin' ny 2005 ary nihoatra ny 3 000 miliara dôlara tamin' ny 2013.&lt;ref&gt;[https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BASE/ ''St. Louis Adjusted Monetary Base'']; Daty: February 15, 1984; Mpamoaka: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: October 17, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181017105432/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BASE/; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rehefa mividy zavatra ny ''Federal Reserve'', dia ampiany ny vola voarakitra ao amin' ny kaontin-tahirin' ny mpivarotra ao aminy. Tsy afindra avy amin' ny vola efa nisy io vola io: amin' io fotoana io indrindra no mamoronan' ny ''Federal Reserve'' vola fototra vaovao (''high-powered money''). Avy eo ny banky ara-barotra no manapa-kevitra hoe ohatrinona no hotazoniny ho petra-bola ao amin' ny ''Federal Reserve'', ary ohatrinona no hotazoniny ho vola taratasy sy vola madinika. Ho an' ity farany, dia manafatra vola taratasy vita pirinty amin' ny ''U.S. Treasury Department'' (Departemantan' ny Tahirimbolam-panjakana amerikanina) ny ''Federal Reserve''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/edu_fact-sheets_currency_index.aspx ''Fact Sheets: Currency &amp; Coins'']; Mpamoaka: United States Department of the Treasury; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: October 18, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181018003113/https://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/edu_fact-sheets_currency_index.aspx; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Io departemanta io kosa no mandefa ny fangatahana any amin' ny ''Bureau of Engraving and Printing'' (Birao misahana ny sokitra sy ny fanontana), mba hanonta vola taratasin' ny ''Federal Reserve'', sy any amin' ny ''Bureau of the Mint'' (Birao mpanamboatra vola madinika), mba hanefy vola madinika.

Antsoina matetika hoe «andraikitra roa sosona» (''dual mandate'') ny tanjon' ny politika momba ny volan' ny ''Federal Reserve'', dia ny hitazonana ny vidin-javatra ho marin-toerana sy ny tsy fananan' asa ho ambany. Misolo ny fomba fanao taloha izany: tao amin' ny rafitra mametra ny sandam-bola araka ny habetsaham-bolamena, dia ny volamena mitovy sanda amin' ny vola ao an-toerana no tena nifantohana; tao amin' ny rafitra mampifandray ny vola amin' ny volamena amin' ny alalan' ny fifanakalozam-bola kosa, dia ny famatorana ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana amin' ny vola hafa azo avadika ho volamena no nifantohana. Ity fomba faharoa ity no nampiharina eran-tany teo ambanin' ny fifanarahana Bretton Woods tamin' ny 1944, tamin' ny alalan' ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana raikitra amin' ny dôlara amerikana.

== Fampiasana iraisam-pirenena ho vola tahiry ==

Lohahevitra mifandray amin' izany ny vola vahiny tehirizin' ny banky foibe ho tahiry, ny rafitra iraisam-pirenena momba ny vola, ny dôlara apetraka any amin' ny banky ivelan' i Etazonia (''eurodollar''), ny tombontsoa manokana azo avy amin' ny toerana iraisam-pirenen' ny dôlara (''exorbitant privilege''), ny politika mikendry ny hitazonana dôlara matanjaka, ary ny fampiasana dôlara ho solon' ny volam-pirenena. Tafiditra ao amin' ny lohahevitra ankapoben' ny fampiasana iraisam-pirenena ny dôlara amerikana izany.

[[Sary:DOLLAR AND EURO IN THE WORLD.svg|right|300px|thumb|alt=Saritany mampiseho ny fampiasana ny dôlara amerikana sy ny euro maneran-tany, ary ny vola mifamatotra amin' izy ireo.|Fampiasana ny dôlara amerikana maneran-tany, araka ny sokajy asehon' ny saritany:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color:#099811; border:1px solid #555;&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt; Etazonia;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color:#99FF9E; border:1px solid #555;&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt; faritra ivelan' i Etazonia nandray ny dôlara amerikana;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color:#999909; border:1px solid #555;&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt; vola manana tahan' ny fifanakalozana mifamatotra amin' ny dôlara amerikana;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color:#FFFF99; border:1px solid #555;&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt; vola mifamatotra amin' ny dôlara amerikana nefa avela hiova ao anatin' ny elanelana tery ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana.&lt;br /&gt;Fampiasana ny [[Euro|euro]] maneran-tany:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color:#092D98; border:1px solid #555;&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt; [[Faritra euro|faritra euro]];&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color:#98b3ff; border:1px solid #555;&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt; faritra ivelan' ny faritra euro nandray ny euro;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color:#510999; border:1px solid #555;&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt; vola manana tahan' ny fifanakalozana mifamatotra amin' ny euro;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color:#CC99FF; border:1px solid #555;&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt; vola mifamatotra amin' ny euro nefa avela hiova ao anatin' ny elanelana tery ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana.]]

=== Fiakaran' ny dôlara ho vola lehibe iraisam-pirenena ===

Teo amin' ny tantara, ny dôlara volafotsy espaniôla-amerikanina no vola nampiasaina indrindra tamin' ny varotra maneran-tany teo amin' i [[Eorôpa]], i [[Azia]] ary i [[Amerika]]. Noho ny habetsahan' ny volafotsy tany amin' ireo faritra amerikanina nofehezin' i Espaina, dia niteraka rafitra ara-bola maneran-tany nifototra tamin' ny volafotsy izany, nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 ka hatramin' ny taonjato faha-19.&lt;ref&gt;[https://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-silver-way-explains-how-the-old-mexican-dollar-changed-20410 ''&amp;#39;The Silver Way&amp;#39; Explains How the Old Mexican Dollar Changed the World'']; Daty: April 30, 2017; Nojerena: June 8, 2021; Datin' ny tahiry: May 16, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210516053428/https://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-silver-way-explains-how-the-old-mexican-dollar-changed-20410; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Avy amin' io vola madinika io koa ny dôlara amerikana. Nosoloin' ny [[Pound|''pound sterling'']] britanika ny dôlara espaniôla tatỳ aoriana, rehefa nipoitra ny rafitra iraisam-pirenena nampifototra ny sandam-bola tamin' ny volamena, tao anatin' ny ampahefa-potoana farany tamin' ny taonjato faha-19.

Nanomboka naka ny toeran' ny [[Pound|''pound sterling'']] ho vola tahiry iraisam-pirenena ny dôlara amerikana tamin' ny taompolo 1920. Somary tsy dia voa mafy i [[Etazonia]] tamin' ny [[Ady Lehibe Voalohany]], sady betsaka ny volamena niditra tao nandritra ny ady.&lt;ref&gt;Eichengreen, Barry; Flandreau, Marc; [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-review-of-economic-history/article/abs/rise-and-fall-of-the-dollar-or-when-did-the-dollar-replace-sterling-as-the-leading-reserve-currency/9C78B88EBC0099E26A105DEC90CBE103 ''The rise and fall of the dollar (or when did the dollar replace sterling as the leading reserve currency?)'']; Daty: 2009; Gazety: European Review of Economic History; Fiteny: en; Boky: 13; Laharana: 3; Pejy: 377–411; doi: 10.1017/S1361491609990153; s2cid: 154773110; issn: 1474-0044; Nojerena: April 16, 2021; Datin' ny tahiry: January 7, 2023; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20230107213045/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-review-of-economic-history/article/abs/rise-and-fall-of-the-dollar-or-when-did-the-dollar-replace-sterling-as-the-leading-reserve-currency/9C78B88EBC0099E26A105DEC90CBE103; Satan' ny URL: live; Fidirana amin' ny URL: subscription.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]] dia vao mainka nitombo ny herin' i Etazonia amin' ny maha firenena manana fahefana lehibe maneran-tany azy. Ny fifanarahana tany Bretton Woods tamin' ny 1944 no nametraka ny rafitra iraisam-pirenena momba ny vola taorian' ny ady. Nanjary vola tahiry lehibe indrindra ho an' ny varotra iraisam-pirenena ny dôlara amerikana, ary nifamatotra tamin' ny volamena tamin' ny taha 35 dôlara isaky ny ônsa troy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thebalance.com/bretton-woods-system-and-1944-agreement-3306133 ''How a 1944 Agreement Created a New World Order'']; Nojerena: June 8, 2021; Datin' ny tahiry: May 20, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210520170717/https://www.thebalance.com/bretton-woods-system-and-1944-agreement-3306133; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ny dôlara ho vola tahiry iraisam-pirenena ===

Ny dôlara amerikana, miaraka amin' ireo vola lehibe hafa maneran-tany — ny [[Euro|euro]], ny [[Pound|''pound sterling'']], ny ''yen'' japoney ary ny ''renminbi'' sinoa — no mandrafitra ny fitambaran' ny sandam-bola ampiasaina hamaritana ny sandan' ny zo manokana hahazoana vola vahiny (''special drawing rights'') ao amin' ny [[Tahirim-Bola Iraisam-Pirenena]]. Mitahiry dôlara amerikana betsaka ny banky foibe maneran-tany, ary mividy betsaka ny taratasim-bolan' ny Tahirim-bolam-panjakana amerikanina izy ireo, na ireo fohy fe-potoana na ireo antonony fe-potoana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ticdata.treasury.gov/Publish/mfh.txt ''MAJOR FOREIGN HOLDERS OF TREASURY SECURITIES'']; Daty: March 15, 2023; Nojerena: May 22, 2023; Tranonkala: US Treasury; Datin' ny tahiry: November 23, 2010; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20101123161108/http://www.ustreas.gov/tic/mfh.txt; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny orinasa, ny fikambanana ary ny olon-tsotra any ivelany dia mitahiry dôlara amerikana ao amin' ny kaonty petra-bola any amin' ny banky ivelan' i Etazonia. Antsoina hoe ''eurodollar'' ireo petra-bola amin' ny dôlara ireo. Tsy tokony hafangaro amin' ny [[Euro|euro]] izy ireo. Mitahiry dôlara ivelan' ny rafitra banky koa ny olon-tsotra, indrindra amin' ny endrika vola taratasy 100 dôlara.

Afaka mametraka sazy amin' ny fikambanana sy ny olon-tsotra any ivelany ny ''United States Department of the Treasury'' (Departemantan' ny Tahirim-bolam-panjakana amerikanina).&lt;ref&gt;[https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/financial-sanctions/sanctions-programs-and-country-information ''Sanctions Programs and Country Information &amp;#124; U.S. Department of the Treasury'']; Nojerena: June 8, 2021; Datin' ny tahiry: June 16, 2023; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20230616122725/https://ofac.treasury.gov/sanctions-programs-and-country-information; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ao amin' ny tsena maneran-tany ===

Ny dôlara amerikana no singam-bola ampiasaina indrindra hamaritana ny vidin' ny entam-barotra, hanaovana ny fifanakalozana ary handoavana ny vola tokony haloa eo amin' ny tsenan' ny akora sy ny vokatra fototra maneran-tany.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thebalance.com/how-the-dollar-impacts-commodity-prices-809294 ''Impact of the Dollar on Commodity Prices'']; Nojerena: June 8, 2021; Datin' ny tahiry: March 1, 2023; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20230301181602/https://www.thebalance.com/how-the-dollar-impacts-commodity-prices-809294; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ''U.S. Dollar Index'' (tondro momba ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana) dia tondro manan-danja handrefesana ny fiakaran' ny sandan' ny dôlara na ny fidinany raha oharina amin' ny fitambaran' ny sandam-bola vahiny enina.

Afaka mindrana vola an' arivony miliara dôlara eny amin' ny tsenan' ny renivola maneran-tany ny governemantan' i Etazonia, amin' ny dôlara amerikana avoakan' ny ''Federal Reserve'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina), ary amin' ny tahan' ny zanabola ambany. Ny governemanta sy ny orinasa any ivelany izay tsy afaka mindrana vola amin' ny volany kosa dia voatery mamoaka taratasin-trosa izay amin' ny dôlara amerikana no amaritana ny sandany, ka miaraka amin' izany ny tahan' ny zanabola ambony kokoa sy ny mety tsy handoavana ny trosa araka ny fifanarahana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dollarbond.asp ''Dollar Bond'']; Nojerena: June 8, 2021; Datin' ny tahiry: June 8, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210608195312/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dollarbond.asp; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fahafahan' i Etazonia mindrana vola amin' ny volany manokana nefa tsy iharan' ny krizy lehibe eo amin' ny fifandanjan' ny vola miditra sy mivoaka amin' ny fifandraisana ara-toekarena amin' ny any ivelany dia matetika antsoina hoe ''exorbitant privilege'', izany hoe tombontsoa manokana lehibe azo avy amin' ny toerana iraisam-pirenen' ny dôlara.&lt;ref&gt;Bernanke, Ben S.; [https://www.brookings.edu/blog/ben-bernanke/2016/01/07/the-dollars-international-role-an-exorbitant-privilege-2/ ''The dollar&amp;#39;s international role: An &quot;exorbitant privilege&quot;?'']; Daty: January 7, 2016; Datin' ny tahiry: June 8, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210608195319/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/ben-bernanke/2016/01/07/the-dollars-international-role-an-exorbitant-privilege-2/; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Iadian-kevitra matetika raha tena mahasoa an' i Etazonia sy ny fiaraha-monina iraisam-pirenena ny politika amerikanina mikendry ny hitazonana dôlara matanjaka.&lt;ref&gt;Mohsin, Saleha; [https://www.bloomberg.com/quicktake/almighty-dollar ''The Strong Dollar'']; Ao amin' ny: Bloomberg; Daty: January 21, 2021; Nojerena: August 23, 2021; Fidirana amin' ny URL: subscription; Datin' ny tahiry: August 22, 2021; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210822140416/https://www.bloomberg.com/quicktake/almighty-dollar; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fampiasana ny dôlara any ivelany ===

Mifandray amin' ny fampiasana iraisam-pirenena ny dôlara amerikana ny fampiasana azy ho vola ôfisialy na ho vola fampiasa andavanandro, sy ny famatorana ny tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola aminy. Anisan' ny endriky ny fanoloana ny volam-pirenena amin' ny vola vahiny koa ny fampiasana ny dôlara amerikana.

Anisan' ny firenena sy faritany mampiasa ny dôlara amerikana ho vola ôfisialy ireto:
* Ao Amerika: i Panamà, i Ekoadôra, i [[El Salvador]], ny [[British Virgin Islands]], ny Nosy Turks sy Caicos ary ny Karaiba neerlandey.
* Ireo firenena anisan' ilay faritany teo aloha notantanana teo ambany fiahiana tany amin' ny Nosin' i Pasifika: i [[Palaô]], i [[Mikrônezia]] ary ny [[Nosy Marsaly]].
* Any an-kafa: i Timôro Atsinanana.

Anisan' ny firenena mampiasa ny dôlara amerikana miaraka amin' ny vola vahiny hafa sy ny volany manokana i Kambôdia sy i [[Zimbaboe]].

== Sanda ==
Ireto tabilao ireto dia mampitaha ny fahefa-mividin' ny dôlara amerikana iray amin' ny an' ny dôlara espaniôla tamin' ny 1775. Angona ara-tantara hatramin' ny 2012 no asehony.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Fahefa-mividy mitovy, 1775–1860
|-
! Taona
! Fahefa-mividy mitovy
|-
|1775||&amp;nbsp;$1.00
|-
|1780||&amp;nbsp;$0.59
|-
|1790||&amp;nbsp;$0.89
|-
|1800||&amp;nbsp;$0.64
|-
|1810||&amp;nbsp;$0.66
|-
|1820||&amp;nbsp;$0.69
|-
|1830||&amp;nbsp;$0.88
|-
|1840||&amp;nbsp;$0.94
|-
|1850||&amp;nbsp;$1.03
|-
|1860||&amp;nbsp;$0.97
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Fahefa-mividy mitovy, 1870–1960
|-
! Taona
! Fahefa-mividy mitovy
|-
|1870||&amp;nbsp;$0.62
|-
|1880||&amp;nbsp;$0.79
|-
|1890||&amp;nbsp;$0.89
|-
|1900||&amp;nbsp;$0.96
|-
|1910||&amp;nbsp;$0.85
|-
|1920||&amp;nbsp;$0.39
|-
|1930||&amp;nbsp;$0.47
|-
|1940||&amp;nbsp;$0.56
|-
|1950||&amp;nbsp;$0.33
|-
|1960||&amp;nbsp;$0.26
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Fahefa-mividy mitovy, 1970–2012
|-
! Taona
! Fahefa-mividy mitovy
|-
|1970||&amp;nbsp;$0.20
|-
|1980||&amp;nbsp;$0.10
|-
|1990||&amp;nbsp;$0.06
|-
|2000||&amp;nbsp;$0.05
|-
|2007||&amp;nbsp;$0.04
|-
|2008||&amp;nbsp;$0.04
|-
|2009||&amp;nbsp;$0.04
|-
|2010||&amp;nbsp;$0.035
|-
|2011||&amp;nbsp;$0.034
|-
|2012||&amp;nbsp;$0.03
|}

[[Sary:Inflation value of dollar.webp|thumb|400px|alt=Kisary momba ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana sy ny sandan' ny dôlara.|Ny sandan' ny dôlara sy ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana.]]

Ny fehintsoratra faha-6 ao amin' ny fizarana faha-8 amin' ny andininy voalohany amin' ny Lalàm-panorenan' i Etazonia dia manome ny Kongresy amerikanina fahefana hanefy vola madinika sy hamaritra ny sandan' ny vola madinika ao an-toerana sy avy any ivelany. Nampiasa ireo fahefana ireo ny Kongresy rehefa nandany ny lalàna momba ny fanefena vola tamin' ny 1792, na ''Coinage Act of 1792''. Io lalàna io no nanome alalana ny fanefena ny dôlara amerikana voalohany, ary nametra fa tokony hitovy amin' ny sandan' ny dôlara espaniôla nivezivezy tamin' izany fotoana izany ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana.&lt;ref&gt;[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&amp;fileName=001/llsl001.db&amp;recNum=371 ''Section 9 of the Coinage Act of 1792'']; Mpamoaka: American Memory - Library of Congress; Nojerena: August 24, 2010; Datin' ny tahiry: July 29, 2020; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20200729031805/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&amp;fileName=001%2Fllsl001.db&amp;recNum=371; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ireo tabilao ireo dia mampiseho ny habetsahan' ny entana azo novidina tamin' ny $1 isaky ny taona, raha oharina amin' ny tamin' ny 1775.&lt;ref name=&quot;measuring-worth&quot;&gt;[https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ppowerus/ ''Measuring Worth&amp;nbsp;– Purchasing Power of Money in the United States from 1774 to 2010'']; Nojerena: April 22, 2010; Datin' ny tahiry: June 16, 2023; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20230616122744/https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ppowerus/; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mifanaraka amin' ny [[Fidangan' ny vidim-piainana|fidangan' ny vidim-piainana]] ny fihenan' ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana. Ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana dia fiakaran' ny haavo ankapoben' ny vidin' ny entana sy tolotra ao amin' ny toekarena iray mandritra ny fe-potoana iray.&lt;ref&gt;Olivier Blanchard (2000). ''Macroeconomics'' (2nd ed.), Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-13-013306-X&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ny CPI (tondro momba ny vidin' ny entana sy tolotra fanjifa) dia fandrefesana manombana ny salanisan' ny vidin' ny entana sy tolotra vidin' ny tokantrano. Ny CPI amerikanina, avoakan' ny ''Bureau of Labor Statistics'' (Birao momba ny antontanisa momba ny asa), dia manombana izany salanisan' ny vidin' ny entana sy tolotra fanjifa izany ao Etazonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;BLSCPI&quot;&gt;[https://www.bls.gov/cpi/questions-and-answers.htm ''Consumer Price Index Frequently Asked Questions'']; Nojerena: October 16, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: October 18, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181018015214/https://www.bls.gov/cpi/questions-and-answers.htm; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; (Question 1) Hita taratra amin' io tondro io ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana tsapan' ny mpanjifa amin' ny fandaniany andavanandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;BLSCPI&quot; /&gt; (Question 12)

Nihena be ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana nandritra ny ady, indrindra nandritra ny [[Ady an-trano amerikana]], ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany ary ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa.&lt;ref&gt;[[Milton Friedman]], Anna Jacobson Schwartz; ''A monetary history of the United States, 1867–1960''; Daty: November 21, 1971; &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0691003542&lt;/nowiki&gt;; Pejy: 546; Mpamoaka: Princeton University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ''Federal Reserve'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina), izay naorina tamin' ny 1913, dia nokendrena hanome vola izay azo ovana betsaka ao anatin' ny fotoana fohy ny habetsahany. Tsy nitovy tamin' ireo karazam-bola fototra (''high-powered money'') teo aloha, toy ny volamena, ny vola taratasin' ny banky nasionaly ary ny vola madinika volafotsy, izany.&lt;ref&gt;Friedman 189–190&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny fotoana tena naharitra, dia nitazona ny vidin-javatra ho marin-toerana ny rafitra teo aloha izay nametra ny sandam-bola araka ny habetsaham-bolamena. Ohatra, tsy dia samy hafa loatra ny haavon' ny vidin-javatra sy ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana tamin' ny 1914 sy tamin' ny taompolo 1880. Tamin' ny voalohany dia nahomby ny ''Federal Reserve'' tamin' ny fitazonana ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana sy ny fitonian' ny vidin-javatra: nampihena indray ny fiakaran' ny vidin-javatra nateraky ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany izy, ary nitazona ny sandan' ny dôlara ho marin-toerana nandritra ny taompolo 1920. Avy eo anefa, nandritra ny taompolo 1930, dia nihena 30% ny vidin-javatra tao Etazonia teo ambany fitantanany.&lt;ref name=&quot;central-banking-then-and-now&quot;&gt;Broaddus Jr., J. Alfred; [https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications/the-region/central-bankingthen-and-now ''Central Banking—Then and Now'']; Daty: September 1, 1993; Tranonkala: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: October 26, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181026144515/https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications/the-region/central-bankingthen-and-now; Satan' ny URL: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;

Teo ambanin' ny rafitra Bretton Woods, izay napetraka taorian' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa, dia noferana ho $35 isaky ny ônsa troy ny sandan' ny volamena. Nifamatotra tamin' ny sandan' ny volamena àry ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana. Nampisy fisalasalana momba ny fahafahan' i Etazonia mitazona izany fifanakalozana dôlara ho volamena izany anefa ny fitomboan' ny fandaniam-panjakana tamin' ny taompolo 1960. Nihena ny tahirim-bolamena rehefa nanomboka nanakalo dôlara ho volamena ny banky sy ny mpampiasa vola iraisam-pirenena, ka nanomboka nihena ny sandan' ny dôlara. Noho ny krizy ara-bola nanomboka niseho sy ny loza nananontanona fa tsy ho afaka hanakalo dôlara ho volamena intsony i Etazonia, dia namarana ny fahafahana manao izany fifanakalozana izany ny filoha [[Richard Nixon]] tamin' ny 1971. Izany no niteraka ny fiovana nantsoina hoe ''Nixon shock''.&lt;ref name=&quot;inflation-historical-perspective&quot;&gt;Emery, Kenneth M.; [http://www.dallasfed.org/research/swe/1993/swe9304b.pdf ''Controlling Inflation: A Historical Perspective'']; Mpamoaka: Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas; Nojerena: July 17, 2010; Satan' ny URL: dead; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20101207041621/http://www.dallasfed.org/research/swe/1993/swe9304b.pdf; Datin' ny tahiry: December 7, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy nifamatotra tamin' ny volamena intsony àry ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana, ka niandraikitra ny fitazonana ny sandan' ny vola amerikanina ny ''Federal Reserve''. Mbola nampitombo ny fitambaran' ny vola tao amin' ny toekarena anefa izy io, ka nitarika fiakaran' ny vidim-piainana niaraka tamin' ny fihantonan' ny fitomboana ara-toekarena (''stagflation'') sy fihenana haingana teo amin' ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana tamin' ny taompolo 1970. Izany dia vokatry indrindra ny fomba fijery ara-toekarena nanjaka tamin' izany fotoana izany, izay nampifandray ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana sy ny tena fitomboana ara-toekarena. Noho izany dia noheverina ho tsy dia nampidi-doza ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;inflation-historical-perspective&quot; /&gt; Teo anelanelan' ny 1965 sy 1981, dia very ny roa ampahatelon' ny sandany ny dôlara amerikana.&lt;ref name=&quot;measuring-worth&quot; /&gt;

Tamin' ny 1979, ny filoha [[Jimmy Carter]] dia nanendry an' i Paul Volcker ho filohan' ny ''Federal Reserve''. Nofeperan' ny ''Federal Reserve'' ny fitambaran' ny vola tao amin' ny toekarena, ary nihena be ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana tamin' ny taompolo 1980, ka nilamina ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana.&lt;ref name=&quot;inflation-historical-perspective&quot; /&gt;

Teo anelanelan' ny 1981 sy 2009, dia very mihoatra ny antsasaky ny sandany ny dôlara amerikana.&lt;ref name=&quot;measuring-worth&quot; /&gt; Izany dia satria tsy ny tsy hisian' ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana mihitsy no nokendren' ny ''Federal Reserve'', fa ny hitazonana azy ho ambany sy marin-toerana. Teo anelanelan' ny 1987 sy 1997, dia tokony ho 3.5% ny tahan' ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana; teo anelanelan' ny 1997 sy 2007 kosa dia tokony ho 2% izany. Ny fitonian' ny toe-draharaha ara-toekarena izay nantsoina hoe ''Great Moderation'', dia lazaina fa vokatry ny politika momba ny vola nikendry ny fitonian' ny vidin-javatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;inflation-historical-perspective2&quot;&gt;Ferguson, Roger W. Jr.; [https://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2005/20051103/default.htm ''Monetary Credibility, Inflation, and Economic Growth'']; Daty: November 3, 2005; Tranonkala: FRB; Nojerena: July 17, 2010; Datin' ny tahiry: August 15, 2010; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20100815035725/http://federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2005/20051103/default.htm; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy adihevitra momba ny hoe tokony hikendry ny tsy hisian' ny fidangan' ny vidim-piainana mihitsy ve ny banky foibe, ka tsy hiova mandritra ny fotoana maharitra ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana, sa tokony hikendry fidangan' ny vidim-piainana ambany sy marin-toerana, ka hihena hatrany nefa miadana ny sandan' ny dôlara. Misy mpahay toekarena manohana ny politika tsy mampiakatra ny vidim-piainana, ka mitazona ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana tsy hiova.&lt;ref name=&quot;central-banking-then-and-now&quot; /&gt; Ny hafa kosa milaza fa mametra ny fahafahan' ny banky foibe mifehy ny tahan' ny zanabola sy mandrisika ny toekarena rehefa ilaina izany politika izany.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.frbsf.org/education/teacher-resources/us-monetary-policy-introduction/goals/ ''What are the goals of U.S. monetary policy?'']; Daty: February 6, 2004; Tranonkala: Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco; Nojerena: October 17, 2018; Datin' ny tahiry: October 18, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043148/https://www.frbsf.org/education/teacher-resources/us-monetary-policy-introduction/goals/; Satan' ny URL: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vola nanana tahan' ny fifanakalozana voafatotra taloha ==

Ireto misy vola nanana tahan' ny fifanakalozana voafatotra tamin' ny dôlara amerikana taloha. Tsy feno ity lisitra ity.

* [[Arzantina]]: tamin' ny 1985–1991, ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny ''austral'' tamin' ny dôlara amerikana dia nofatorana tamin' ny taha niovaova.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rafael M. Di Tella and Ingrid Vogel&quot;&gt;Rafael M. Di Tella and Ingrid Vogel; [https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=28699 ''Argentina&amp;#39;s Convertibility Plan'']; Daty: December 2001; Mpamoaka: Harvard Business School; Nojerena: September 24, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Arzantina]]: tamin' ny 1991–2002, ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny ''peso'' dia nofatorana ho 1 ''peso'' isaky ny dôlara amerikana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rafael M. Di Tella and Ingrid Vogel&quot;/&gt;
* [[Malezia]]: tamin' ny 1998–2005, ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny ''ringgit'' dia nofatorana ho 3,80 ''ringgit'' isaky ny dôlara amerikana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Exchange Rate Systems&quot;&gt;[https://open.lib.umn.edu/principlesofeconomics/chapter/30-3-exchange-rate-systems/ ''Exchange Rate Systems'']; Mpamoaka: University of Minnesota; Nojerena: September 24, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Meksika]]: ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny ''peso'' dia nofatorana ho 8,65 ''peso'' isaky ny dôlara amerikana tamin' ny 1933–1948, ary 12,5 ''peso'' isaky ny dôlara amerikana tamin' ny 1954–1976.&lt;ref&gt;Nora Lustig; [https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-mexican-peso-crisis-the-foreseeable-and-the-surprise/ ''The Mexican Peso Crisis: The Foreseeable and the Surprise'']; Daty: June 1, 1995; Mpamoaka: Brookings Institution; Nojerena: September 24, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/whats-behind-the-volatility-of-mexicos-peso/ ''What&amp;#39;s Behind the Volatility of Mexico&amp;#39;s Peso?'']; Daty: March 9, 2016; Mpamoaka: Knowledge at Wharton; Nojerena: September 24, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Pôlônia]]: tamin' ny 1990–1991, ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny ''złoty'' dia nofatorana ho 9 500 ''złoty'' isaky ny dôlara amerikana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://nbp.pl/statystyka-i-sprawozdawczosc/kursy/archiwum-tabela-a-csv-xls/ ''Archiwum kursów średnich – tabela A (CSV, XLS)''].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vola tsy ampiasaina intsony ===
Ireto misy sandam-bola nanana tahan' ny fifanakalozana nifamatotra tamin' ny dôlara amerikana taloha. Ny fampitahana sanda dia mikasika ny sandan' ny singam-bola iray amin' ny fifanakalozana amin' ny dôlara amerikana, fa tsy ny fahefa-mividy.

* [[Antilia Neerlandey]]: ny ''guilder'' an' i Antilia Neerlandey; latsaky ny 1 dôlara amerikana ny sandan' ny 1 ''guilder'' tamin' ny fifanakalozana.
* [[Kiobà]]: ny ''peso'' azo avadika ho vola hafa (''Cuban convertible peso''); nitovy sanda tamin' ny 1 dôlara amerikana ny 1 ''peso'' tamin' ilay tahan' ny fifanakalozana.
* [[Hawaii]]: ny dôlara hawaiana.
* [[El Salvador]]: ny ''colón'' salvadôriana; latsaky ny 1 dôlara amerikana ny sandan' ny 1 ''colón'' tamin' ny fifanakalozana.

== Tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola ==
Jereo koa ny tondro momba ny dôlara amerikana (''U.S. Dollar Index'').

=== Tahan' ny fifanakalozam-bola ara-tantara ===
&lt;div style=&quot;overflow: auto;&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Isan' ny singam-bola azo amin' ny dôlara amerikana iray, salanisa isan-taona raha tsy misy fanamarihana hafa&lt;ref&gt;''U.S. Federal Reserve'' (rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina): [https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/current/ Last 4 years] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181018003147/https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/current/ Tahiry] (October 18, 2018), [https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/20130102/ 2009–2012] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181018003115/https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/20130102/ Tahiry] (October 18, 2018), [https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/20090102/ 2005–2008] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043036/https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/20090102/ Tahiry] (October 18, 2018), [https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/20050103/ 2001–2004] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181018003136/https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/20050103/ Tahiry] (October 18, 2018), [https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/20010109/ 1997–2000] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181018003207/https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/20010109/ Tahiry] (October 18, 2018), [https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/19970107/ 1993–1996] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181018003152/https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/19970107/ Tahiry] (October 18, 2018);

''Reserve Bank of Australia'' (banky foiben' i Aostralia): [https://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/historical-data.html#exchange-rates 1970–present] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181023015005/https://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/historical-data.html#exchange-rates Tahiry] (October 23, 2018)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.x-rates.com/historical/ ''2004–present'']; Nojerena: July 24, 2014; Datin' ny tahiry: July 23, 2014; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20140723044715/http://www.x-rates.com/historical/; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/ ''FRB: Foreign Exchange Rates&amp;nbsp;– G.5A; Release Dates'']; Nojerena: July 23, 2014; Mpamoaka: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System; Datin' ny tahiry: August 3, 2014; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20140803055253/http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm ''Exchange rates'']; Tranonkala: OECD; Nojerena: March 28, 2024; Datin' ny tahiry: February 1, 2018; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20180201220924/https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt;
! Singam-bola !! 1970 !! 1980 !! 1985 !! 1990 !! 1993 !! 1999 !! 2000 !! 2005 !! 2010 !! 2015 !! 2018&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.transfermate.com/en/currency-converter-historic-exchange-rates.asp ''Historical Exchange Rates Currency Converter'']; Tranonkala: TransferMate.com; Nojerena: September 10, 2016; Datin' ny tahiry: September 18, 2016; Rohy tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20160918044948/https://www.transfermate.com/en/currency-converter-historic-exchange-rates.asp; Satan' ny URL: live.&lt;/ref&gt; !! 2024
|-
| [[Euro|Euro]] ||&amp;nbsp;— ||&amp;nbsp;— ||&amp;nbsp;— || &amp;nbsp;— || &amp;nbsp;— || 0.9387 || 1.0832 || 0.8033 || 0.6739 || 0.9015 || 0.8504 || 0.9239
|-
| ''Yen'' japoney || 357.6 || 240.45 || 250.35 || 146.25 || 111.08 || 113.73 || 107.80 || 110.11 || 87.78 || 121.05 || 111.130 || 151.4551
|-
| [[Pound|''Pound sterling'']] || 8s&amp;nbsp;4d&lt;br&gt;=0.4167 || 0.4484&lt;ref name=&quot;austats&quot; group=&quot;lower-roman&quot;&gt;[https://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/historical-data.html 1970–1992] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181023015005/https://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/historical-data.html Tahiry] (October 23, 2018). Ny s dia fanafohezana ny ''shilling'', ary ny d dia fanafohezana ny ''penny'', ao amin' ny rafitra britanika talohan' ny fizarana tafolo. Ny sanda ho an' ny '''1980''' dia nokajina avy amin' ny AUD–USD=1.1055 sy AUD–GBP=0.4957 tamin' ny faran' ny Desambra 1979: 0.4957/1.1055=0.448394392; ny sanda ho an' ny '''1985''' dia nokajina avy amin' ny AUD–USD=0.8278 sy AUD–GBP=0.7130 tamin' ny faran' ny Desambra 1984: 0.7130/0.8278=0.861319159. Ny AUD dia dôlara aostraliana, ny USD dia dôlara amerikana, ary ny GBP dia ''pound sterling''. Tsy salanisa nandritra ny taona manontolo ireo sanda roa ireo.&lt;/ref&gt;|| 0.8613&lt;ref name=&quot;austats&quot; group=&quot;lower-roman&quot; /&gt;|| 0.6207 || 0.6660 || 0.6184 || 0.6598 || 0.5493 || 0.4548 || 0.6544 || 0.7454 || 0.7827
|-
| ''Franc'' soisa || 4.12 ||1.68 || 2.46&lt;ref name=&quot;SAmeasuringW&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.forecast-chart.com/usd-swiss-franc.html Exchange Rates Between the United States Dollar and the Swiss Franc] [https://web.archive.org/web/20190330093753/https://www.forecast-chart.com/usd-swiss-franc.html Tahiry] (March 30, 2019).&quot; Measuring Worth. Retrieved October 17, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;|| 1.39 || 1.48 || 1.50 || 1.69 ||1.15 || 1.03 || 1.00 || 0.98 || 0.8808
|-
| Dôlara kanadiana&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150103130811/http://intl.econ.cuhk.edu.hk/exchange_rate_regime/index.php?cid=31 1977–1991]&lt;/ref&gt;|| 1.081 || 1.168 || 1.321 || 1.1605 || 1.2902 || 1.4858 || 1.4855 || 1.2115 || 1.0298 || 1.2789 || 1.2842 || 1.3699
|-
| ''Renminbi'' sinoa&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081003050230/http://intl.econ.cuhk.edu.hk/exchange_rate_regime/index.php?cid=8 1974–1991, 1993–1995]&lt;/ref&gt;|| 2.46 || 1.7050 || 2.9366 || 4.7832 || 5.7620 || 8.2783 || 8.2784 || 8.1936 || 6.7696 || 6.2840 || 6.383 || 7.1957
|-
| ''Rupee'' an' i Pakistàna || 4.761 || 9.9 || 15.9284 || 21.707 || 28.107 || 51.9 || 51.9 || 59.7 || 85.75 || 104.763 || 139.850 ||278.390
|-
| Dôlara an' i Singapôro ||&amp;nbsp;— ||&amp;nbsp;— || 2.179 || 1.903 || 1.6158 || 1.6951 || 1.7361 || 1.6639 || 1.24586 || 1.3748 || 1.343 ||1.3363
|-
| ''Won'' an' i Kôrea Atsimo ||310.556 ||607.717 ||870.020 ||707.766 ||802.538 ||1189.439 ||1130.362 ||1024.328 ||1156.460 ||1130.953 ||1100.163 ||1363.438
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;300&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
File:EUR-USD v2.svg|alt=Tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny euro sy ny dôlara amerikana hatramin' ny 1999.|Tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny [[Euro|euro]] sy ny dôlara amerikana hatramin' ny 1999: isan' ny dôlara amerikana azo amin' ny euro iray.
File:GBP-USD v2.svg|alt=Tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny pound sterling sy ny dôlara amerikana hatramin' ny 1990.|Tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny [[Pound|''pound sterling'']] sy ny dôlara amerikana hatramin' ny 1990: isan' ny dôlara amerikana azo amin' ny ''pound'' iray.
File:JPY-USD v2.svg|alt=Tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny yen japoney sy ny dôlara amerikana hatramin' ny 1990.|Tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny ''yen'' japoney sy ny dôlara amerikana hatramin' ny 1990: isan' ny ''yen'' azo amin' ny dôlara amerikana iray.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;300&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
File:CAD-USD v2.svg|alt=Tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny dôlara kanadiana sy ny dôlara amerikana hatramin' ny 1990.|Tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny dôlara kanadiana sy ny dôlara amerikana hatramin' ny 1990: isan' ny dôlara kanadiana azo amin' ny dôlara amerikana iray.
File:MXN-USD v2.svg|alt=Tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny peso meksikana sy ny dôlara amerikana hatramin' ny 1994.|Tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny ''peso'' meksikana sy ny dôlara amerikana hatramin' ny 1994: isan' ny ''peso'' azo amin' ny dôlara amerikana iray.
File:CNY-USD v2.svg|alt=Tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny renminbi sinoa sy ny dôlara amerikana hatramin' ny 1990.|Tahan' ny fifanakalozana ny ''renminbi'' sinoa sy ny dôlara amerikana hatramin' ny 1990: isan' ny ''renminbi'' azo amin' ny dôlara amerikana iray.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Vola amerikana sandoka]]
* [[Fampihenana ny fampiasana ny dôlara]] (''dedollarisation'')
* [[Fampiasana sandam-bola vahiny ho solon' ny sandam-bola ao an-toerana]] (''currency substitution'')
* [[Fampiasana ny dôlara amerikana eo amin' ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena]]
* [[Lisitry ny mpiara-miombon' antoka ara-barotra lehibe indrindra amin' i Etazonia]]
* [[Politikan' i Etazonia momba ny vola]]
* [[Fampiasana indray eo amin' ny toekarena iraisam-pirenena ny dôlara azo amin' ny fanondranana solitany]] (''petrodollar recycling'')
* [[Politika manohana ny dôlara matanjaka raha oharina amin' ny sandam-bola hafa]] (''strong dollar policy'')
* [[Tondro mandrefy ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana raha oharina amin' ny vondron-tsandam-bola vahiny]] (''U.S. Dollar Index'')
* Sandam-bola nomerika ampiasain' ny vondron' ny mpampiasa azy, fa tsy vola avoakan' ny banky foibe]] (''virtual currency'')

== Fanamarihana ==
&lt;references group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot; /&gt;
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-roman&quot; /&gt;

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Famakiana fanampiny ==
* Prasad, Eswar S. (2014). ''The Dollar Trap: How the U.S. Dollar Tightened Its Grip on Global Finance''. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-691-16112-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://www.bep.treas.gov/ ''U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing'' (biraon' ny fanaovana sokitra sy fanontam-pirinty ao Etazonia)] — [https://web.archive.org/web/19970530190833/http://www.bep.treas.gov/ Tahiry] (May 30, 1997).
* [https://www.fiscal.treasury.gov/fsreports/rpt/treasBulletin/treasBulletin_home.htm Vola taratasy sy vola madinika amerikanina efa navoaka nefa tsy mbola naverina, ary ireo mivezivezy]
* [https://www.frbsf.org/education/teacher-resources/american-currency-exhibit/ Fampirantiana vola amerikanina ao amin' ny ''San Francisco Federal Reserve Bank'' (banky ao San Francisco ao amin' ny rafitry ny banky foibe amerikanina)] — [https://web.archive.org/web/20230607130449/https://www.frbsf.org/education/teacher-resources/american-currency-exhibit/ Tahiry] (June 7, 2023).
* [https://www.measuringworth.com/uscompare/ Fampitahana ny sandan' ny dôlara amerikana, nanomboka tamin' ny 1774 ka hatramin' izao]
* [http://www.historicalstatistics.org/Currencyconverter.html Fitaovana hamadihana vola iray ho vola hafa araka ny tahan' ny fifanakalozana fahiny]
* [http://www.uspapermoney.info/ Famintinana ny antontanisa momba ny famokaran' ny BEP (biraon' ny fanaovana sokitra sy fanontam-pirinty)]
* [https://www.uscurrency.gov Fandaharan' asa fanabeazana momba ny vola amerikanina]

=== Sarin' ny vola taratasy sy vola madinika amerikanina ===
* [https://www.uscurrency.gov/denominations Pejin' ny fandaharan' asa fanabeazana momba ny vola amerikanina ahitana ny sarin' ny vola taratasy rehetra ampiasaina ankehitriny]
* [https://www.usmint.gov/news/image-library Tahirin-tsarin' ny ''U.S. Mint'' (sampan-draharaha mpanamboatra vola madinika ao Etazonia)]
* [http://www.bis-ans-ende-der-welt.net/USA-B-En.htm Vola taratasy nampiasaina fahiny sy ampiasaina ankehitriny ao Etazonia] (amin' ny teny anglisy sy alemàna)

[[:Sokajy:Sandam-bola]]
[[:Sokajy:Etazonia]]
[[:Sokajy:Vola]]</text>
      <sha1>c4p1yh129bpojty6nzygur05wjm8mtr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Edipa</title>
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        <username>Jagwar</username>
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      <text bytes="47624" sha1="ifotxfg7v91s67j3uo30p2txkurqkuv" xml:space="preserve">I '''Edipa''' (Oidípous amin' ny teny grika taloha, midika ara-bakiteny hoe «tongotra mivonto»; fanononana ny anarana anglisy hoe ''Oedipus'': /ˈiːdɪpəs/ amin' ny teny anglisy britanika, ary koa /ˈɛdɪ-/ amin' ny teny anglisy amerikanina) dia mpanjaka grikan' i Thebes ao amin' ny angano. Mahery fo manana fahalemena mitarika azy ho amin' ny fahalavoana (''tragic hero'') ao amin' ny angano grika izy. Tsy nahy no nanatanterahany [[Faminaniana|faminaniana]] izay nilaza fa hamono ny rainy sy hanambady ny reniny izy, ka nahatonga loza ho an' ny tanànany sy ny fianakaviany. Ny tantarany no foto-kevitry ny tantara an-tsehatra mampalahelo ''Oedipus Rex'' nosoratan' i [[Sophocles]], izay arahin' ny ''Oedipus at Colonus'' sy ny ''Antigone'' araka ny filaharan' ny zava-mitranga ao amin' ny tantara. Ireo no mitambatra ho tantara an-tsehatra telo momba an' i Thebes nosoratan' i Sophocles. Maneho foto-kevitra roa maharitra ao amin' ny angano sy ny tantara an-tsehatra grika i Edipa: ny tsy fahalavorarian' ny olombelona sy ny anjara asan' ny tsirairay eo amin' ny fizotry ny lahatra ao anatin' ny tontolo tsy miantra. [[File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Oedipus.wav|Fanononana ny anarana anglisy hoe Oedipus]]

Ao amin' ny endriky ny angano be mpahalala indrindra, dia zanak' i Laius mpanjaka sy Jocasta mpanjakavavin' i Thebes i Edipa. Noho izy zanak' i Laius dia nantsoina tamin' ny anarana manondro ny rainy hoe «Laiades».&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=laiades-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, ''Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities'' (1898), Laiades]&lt;/ref&gt; Talohan' ny nahaterahan' i Edipa dia nahazo faminaniana i Laius fa hovonoin' ny zanany lahy izy indray andro any, ary hanambady ny reniny io zanany io. Naniry hisakana ny fahatanterahan' izany faminaniana izany i Laius, ka naniraka mpanompo mpiandry ondry hamela an' i Edipa ho faty teo amin' ny tehezan-tendrombohitra. Nangoraka ilay zazakely anefa ilay mpiandry ondry ka nanolotra azy tamin' ny mpiandry ondry hafa. Io kosa no nanome azy an' i Polybus mpanjaka sy Merope mpanjakavavy, mba hotezain' izy ireo ho toy ny zanany naterany.

Fantatr' i Edipa avy tamin' ny mpampita ny faminanian' ny andriamanitra tao Delphi ilay faminaniana fa hamono ny rainy sy hanambady ny reniny izy. Tsy nahalala izay tena ray aman-dreniny anefa izy, ka nihevitra fa voalahatra hamono an' i Polybus sy hanambady an' i Merope, ary noho izany dia niainga ho any Thebes. Teny an-dalana dia nifanena tamin' ny lehilahy zokiny iray izy, izay rainy nefa tsy fantany, ary namono azy nandritra ny fifandirana. Rehefa nanohy ny diany ho any Thebes izy dia nahita fa vao avy nisy namono ny mpanjakan' ilay tanàna, dia i Laius, ary nanjakazaka tao ilay [[Sphinx]]. Nahavaly tsara ny ankamantatr' io biby mahatsiravina io i Edipa ka naharesy azy. Nahazo ny seza fiandrianan' ilay mpanjaka maty izy, ary nanambady ny mpanjakavavy maty vady, dia i Jocasta, izay reniny koa nefa tsy fantany. I Antigone, Ismene, Eteocles ary Polynices no zanany.

Taona maro tatỳ aoriana, mba hampitsaharana ny valanaretina tao Thebes, dia nitady izay namono an' i Laius i Edipa, ka nahafantatra fa ny tenany ihany no tompon' andraikitra. Rehefa nahalala i Jocasta fa ny zanany lahy ihany no novadiny dia namono tena tamin' ny fanantonan-tena izy. Nalain' i Edipa avy eo ny tsimatra roa tamin' ny akanjon' i Jocasta, ary notsatohany tamin' ireo ny masony ka nataony jamba ny tenany. Notantaraina tamin' ny endriny maro samihafa ny angano momba an' i Edipa. Nampiasain' i [[Sigmund Freud]] izy io hanomezana anarana sy ohatra ara-angano ho an' ilay fitambaran' ny faniriana tsy tsapa mitondra ny anaran' i Edipa (na faniriana tsy tsapan' ny zaza lahy mba ho azy irery ny fitiavan' ny reniny; ''Oedipus complex'').

== Fototry ny angano ==
[[File:Neck-amphora Achilles Painter Musée BnF De Ridder372 side A.jpg|thumb|270px|alt=I Euphorbus mitondra an' i Edipa mbola zazakely, aseho amin' ny vilany fahiny.|Lehilahy iray atao hoe Euphorbus mitondra an' i Edipa mbola zazakely. Vilany ''amphora'' misy vozony, avy any Attika, voaravaka sary mena, manodidina ny taona 450–445 talohan' i Kristy; BnF (tranombokim-pirenena frantsay).]]

Misy endrika samihafa amin' ny anganon' i Edipa voalaza ao amin' ny sombin-tsoratra sisa tavela avy amin' ny poety grika fahiny maromaro, anisan' izany i [[Hômerôsy|Homer]], i [[Hesiôdôsy|Hesiod]], i Pindar, i [[Aeschylus]] ary i [[Euripides]]. Ny endrika be mpahalala indrindra anefa dia avy amin' ireo tantara an-tsehatra momba an' i Thebes nosoratan' i [[Sophocles]]: ''Oedipus Rex'', ''Oedipus at Colonus'' ary ''Antigone''.

Zanak' i Laius sy i Jocasta, mpanjaka sy mpanjakavavin' i Thebes, i Edipa. Efa elaela izy mivady no tsy nanan-janaka, ka nankany amin' ny toerana ilazana ny famaliana avy amin' i Apollo tao Delphi i Laius mba haka hevitra. Nilaza ny faminaniana nomena azy fa izay zazalahy haterak' i Laius dia hamono azy. Mba hisorohana ny fahatanterahan' izany, rehefa niteraka zazalahy tokoa i Jocasta, dia nasain' i Laius noloahana sy nofatorana nifanatona ny kitrokelin' ilay zaza mba tsy hahafahany mandady. Nomen' i Jocasta ny mpanompo iray ilay zaza avy eo mba hafoiny teo amin' ny tendrombohitra teo akaiky teo. Tsy navelan' ilay mpanompo ho fatin' ny hatsiaka sy ny toetrandro tany ivelany anefa ilay zaza, araka ny nokasain' i Laius, fa nomeny ny mpiandry ondry iray avy any [[Kôrinto tamin' ny Andro Taloha|Kôrinto]], izay nanolotra azy tamin' ny mpiandry ondry iray hafa indray.

Natsangan' i Polybus sy i Merope, mpanjaka sy mpanjakavavin' i Kôrinto, ho zanany ihany tamin' ny farany i Edipa, satria tsy nanan-janaka naterany izy ireo. Avy amin' ny fivontosan' ny tongony sy ny kitrokeliny noho ireo ratra no niavian' ny anaran' i Edipa kely, izay midika hoe «tongotra mivonto». Taona maro tatỳ aoriana, dia nilazan' ny olona mamo iray i Edipa fa zazasary izy, izany hoe zaza teraka ivelan' ny fanambadiana. Nanontany an' ireo ray aman-dreny nitaiza azy momba izany i Edipa, saingy nolavin' izy ireo ilay filazana. Nankany amin' ilay toerana tao Delphi izay efa nakàn' ny ray aman-dreny niteraka azy hevitra àry izy mba hangataka famaliana avy amin' ny andriamanitra. Nilazana izy fa voatendrin' ny anjara hamono ny rainy sy hanambady ny reniny. Mba hialana amin' izany anjara izany, dia nanapa-kevitra ny tsy hody any Kôrinto izy, fa handeha ho any Thebes, izay akaiky kokoa an' i Delphi.

Teny an-dalana, dia tonga tao Daulia i Edipa, teo amin' ny fihaonan-dalana telo. Teo izy no nifanehatra tamin' ny kalesy nentin' ny mpanjaka Laius, rainy niteraka azy. Niady hevitra izy ireo momba izay nanan-jo handeha aloha, ary novonoin' i Edipa i Laius rehefa nitady hanitsaka azy tamin' ny kalesy ilay mpitondra azy. Ny hany nahita maso ny fahafatesan' ny mpanjaka dia andevo iray nandositra avy tao amin' ny andiana andevo izay nandeha tamin' io lalana io ihany koa tamin' izany fotoana izany.

Nanohy ny diany ho any Thebes i Edipa ka nifanena tamin' ny [[Sphinx]], izay nanakana ny mpandeha rehetra ho any Thebes ary nametraka ankamantatra tamin' izy ireo. Izay tsy nahavaly tsara dia novonoiny sy nohaniny; izay nahavaly kosa dia navela hanohy ny diany. Izao ilay ankamantatra, araka ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Inona no mandeha amin' ny tongotra efatra ny maraina, amin' ny roa ny tolakandro, ary amin' ny telo ny alina?» Namaly i Edipa hoe: «Ny olombelona: mandady amin' ny tongotra aman-tanana izy raha mbola zazakely; mandeha amin' ny tongotra roa rehefa lehibe; ary mampiasa tehina rehefa antitra.» I Edipa no voalohany nahavaly tsara ilay ankamantatra. Namono tena noho ny henatra ny Sphinx avy eo; amin' ny endrika sasany amin' ilay angano anefa dia i Edipa no namono azy.

[[File:Oedipus, Egyptian Museum.jpg|thumb|alt=Ampahany amin' ny sary hosodoko amin' ny rindrina mampiseho an' i Edipa mamaha ny ankamantatry ny Sphinx.|Ampahany amin' ny sary hosodoko amin' ny rindrina fahiny mampiseho an' i Edipa mamaha ny ankamantatry ny Sphinx. Mozea Ejipsianina, manodidina ny taonjato faha-2 taorian' i Kristy.]]

Efa nanambara i Creon, anadahin' i Jocasta mpanjakavavy, fa izay lehilahy afaka hanafaka ny tanàna amin' ny Sphinx dia hatao mpanjakan' i Thebes ary hampanambadina an' ilay mpanjakavavy vao maty vady. Nahatanteraka ny tapany sisa tamin' ilay faminaniana ny fanambadian' i Edipa sy i Jocasta. Niteraka efatra izy ireo tamin' io fanambadiana teo amin' ny mpihavana akaiky io: ny zazalahy i Eteocles sy i Polynices, izay tantaraina amin' ny antsipiriany ao amin' ny ''Seven Against Thebes'' ny anjarany, ary ny zazavavy i Antigone sy i Ismene.

Taona maro tatỳ aoriana, dia nisy loza namely ny tanànan' i Thebes: ny fahamombana (na tsy fahafahan' ny zavamananaina miteraka), izay nahazo ny zavamananaina rehetra. Nilaza i Edipa fa hampitsahatra izany loza izany. Nirahiny ho any amin' ny toerana ilazana ny famaliana avy amin' ny andriamanitra tao Delphi i Creon mba hangataka tari-dalana. Rehefa niverina i Creon, dia fantatr' i Edipa fa tsy maintsy hotsaraina ilay namono an' i Laius mpanjaka. Nanozona an' ilay namono an' i Laius, izay vadin' i Jocasta taloha, ny tenan' i Edipa, sady nilaza fa horoahina hiala amin' ny tany ilay mpamono. Nanolo-kevitra koa i Creon mba hitady an' i Tiresias, ilay mpaminany jamba nohajain' ny maro. Nampaka an' i Tiresias i Edipa. Nampitandrina an' i Edipa kosa i Tiresias mba tsy hitady izay namono an' i Laius. Nifamaly mafy izy ireo, ka rehefa nihantsy azy i Edipa, dia nilaza i Tiresias fa i Edipa ihany no mpamono olona notadiavina, ary niaina tao anatin' ny fahafaham-baraka izy noho ny tsy fahafantarany izay tena ray aman-dreniny. Tezitra i Edipa ka nanome tsiny an' i Creon ho tompon' ireo fiampangana noheveriny ho diso, ary nifanditra izy roa. Niditra i Jocasta ka niezaka nampitony an' i Edipa tamin' ny fitantarana momba ny zanany lahimatoa sy ny fahafatesan' io zaza io araka izay noheveriny. Nitebiteby i Edipa rehefa nahatsapa fa mety ho izy no namono an' i Laius, ka nahatonga ilay loza namely ny tanàna. Tampoka teo dia nisy iraka tonga avy any Kôrinto nitondra ny vaovao fa maty i Polybus mpanjaka. Maivamaivana i Edipa, satria tsy ho tanteraka intsony ilay faminaniana raha efa maty i Polybus, izay noheveriny ho rainy niteraka azy.

Fantany anefa fa mbola velona ny reniny, ka tsy nety nanatrika ny fandevenana tany Kôrinto izy. Mba hampitony azy, dia nilaza ilay iraka fa zaza natsangana tokoa i Edipa. Takatr' i Jocasta tamin' ny farany fa zanany izy, ka niangavy azy izy mba hampitsahatra ny fitadiavana izay namono an' i Laius. Diso fandray ny anton' izany fiangaviana izany i Edipa: noheveriny fa menatra azy i Jocasta satria mety ho avy amin' ny fianakaviana ambany saranga izy. Kivy tanteraka i Jocasta ka niditra tao an-dapa, ary nananton-tena tao. Nitady fanamafisana ny tantaran' ilay iraka tamin' ilay mpiandry biby izay tokony ho namela azy ho faty fony mbola zazakely i Edipa. Avy tamin' io mpiandry biby io no nahafantarany fa ilay zazakely notezaina ho zanaka natsangan' i Polybus sy i Merope dia tena zanak' i Laius sy i Jocasta. Tamin' izay vao fantatr' i Edipa fa rainy ilay lehilahy novonoiny taona maro talohan' izany, ary reniny no novadiny.

Miova arakaraka ny loharano ny zava-nitranga taorian' ny nahafantarana izany. Ao amin' ny tantara an-tsehatra nosoratan' i Sophocles, dia nitady an' i Jocasta i Edipa ka nahita fa efa namono tena izy. Nesoriny tamin' ny akanjon' i Jocasta ny firavaka famatoran-damba iray, ary notsatohany tamin' ny fanjaitran' izany ny masony ka nataony jamba ny tenany. Noroahina hiala amin' ny tany izy avy eo. I Antigone zanany vavy no nitarika azy nandritra ny fivezivezeny nanerana ny tany, ary maty tao Colonus izy tamin' ny farany, izay nandraisan' i Theseus, mpanjakan' i Atena, azy ireo. Ao amin' ny tantara an-tsehatra nosoratan' i Euripides momba io lohahevitra io kosa, dia tsy namono tena i Jocasta rehefa nahafantatra ny fiavian' i Edipa, ary mpanompon' i Laius no nanajamba an' i Edipa. Tsy hita ao amin' ny loharano talohan' i Aeschylus ny fanajambana an' i Edipa. Misy loharano tranainy kokoa momba ilay angano, anisan' izany ny an' i [[Hômerôsy|Homer]], milaza fa mbola nanjaka tao Thebes i Edipa taorian' ny nahafantarana ireo zava-niafina sy ny fahafatesan' i Jocasta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilson&quot;&gt;[http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/classical-studies/oedipus-the-message-the-myth Wilson, Christopher. ''Oedipus: The message in the myth'', The Open University]&lt;/ref&gt;

Nifanaraka i Eteocles sy i Polynices, zanakalahy roan' i Edipa, fa hifandimby hitondra ny fanjakana, ka hanjaka herintaona avy. Rehefa tapitra anefa ny taona nanjakan' i Eteocles, dia tsy nety namela ny seza fiandrianana izy. Nitondra tafika i Polynices mba hanongana azy, ka nisy ady. Nifamono izy mirahalahy tamin' ny fiafaran' ny ady, ary i Creon, anadahin' i Jocasta, no nandray ny fanjakana taorian' izany. Nanapa-kevitra izy fa mpamadika i Polynices ka tsy tokony hahazo ny fombafomba fandevenana. Niezaka nandevina ny anadahiny i Antigone na dia nandrara izany aza ilay didy. Ao amin' ny ''Antigone'' nosoratan' i Sophocles, dia nasain' i Creon nalevina velona tao anaty lava-bato izy noho ny tsy fankatoavany azy, ary nananton-tena tao. Ao amin' ny endrik' ilay tantara nosoratan' i Euripides izay efa very kosa, dia toa mbola velona i Antigone taorian' ny sesitany nampiharina taminy.

== Loharano tamin' ny Andro Taloha ==
[[File:Oedipus Sphinx BM Vase E696.jpg|thumb|alt=Edipa mamono ny Sphinx, aseho amin' ny vazy atika.|Edipa mamono ny Sphinx, eo amin' ny vazy atika karazana ''lekythos'', tokony ho tamin' ny 420–400 talohan' i Kristy, voatahiry ao amin' ny ''British Museum'' (Tranombakoka Britanika).&lt;ref&gt;British Museum [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1887-0801-46 1887,0801.46].&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Nampitaina am-bava aloha ny anganon' i Edipa, ary i [[Hômerôsy|Homer]] no olona voalohany voalaza fa nampita izany.&lt;ref&gt;Britannica Editors, [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oedipus-Greek-mythology &quot;Oedipus&quot;], ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. &lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny loharano iray tatỳ aoriana, dia maty niady tamin' ny fanafihana hangalarana omby tany Argos i Edipa, fony izy mpanjakan' i Thebes.&lt;ref&gt;Cingano, E. (1992). ''The Death of Oedipus in the Epic Tradition''. Phoenix, 46(1), p.3&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia ny fahalavoany aza no tena resahin' ireo tantara ireo, dia ahitana tsipiriany maro momba ny fomba nahazoany fahefana koa izy ireo.

Nandre [[Faminaniana|faminaniana]] i Laius, mpanjakan' i Thebes, fa hamono azy ny zanany lahy mbola zazakely indray andro any.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euripides, Phoenissae&quot;&gt;Euripides, ''Phoenissae''&lt;/ref&gt; Noloahany ny tongotr' i Edipa ary navelany tany ivelany ho faty ilay zaza, saingy nisy mpiandry ondry nahita sy nitondra azy niala teo.&lt;ref&gt;Sophocles, ''Oedipus Rex'' 1220–1226; Euripides, ''Phoenissae''&lt;/ref&gt; Taona maro tatỳ aoriana, dia nandao ny tokantranony i Edipa, izay tsy nahalala fa zanaka natsangana izy, noho ny tahotra ilay faminaniana ihany, izay nilaza fa hamono ny rainy sy hanambady ny reniny izy.&lt;ref&gt;Sophocles, ''Oedipus Rex'' 1026–1030; Euripides, ''Phoenissae''&lt;/ref&gt; Nanao dia i Laius mba hahazo vaovao momba ny zanany lahy.&lt;ref&gt;Euripides, ''Phoenissae'' 35–38&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ilay faminaniana, dia nifanojo teny an-dalana i Edipa sy i Laius, saingy tsy nifankahalala izy ireo. Raikitra ny ady, ka novonoin' i Edipa i Laius sy ny ankamaroan' ny mpiambina azy.&lt;ref&gt;Pindar, ''Second Olympian Ode''; Sophocles, ''Oedipus Rex'' 473–488; Euripides, ''Phoenissae''&lt;/ref&gt; Nandresy ny Sphinx tamin' ny famahana ankamantatra i Edipa avy eo, ka lasa mpanjaka.&lt;ref&gt;Sophocles, ''Oedipus Rex'' 136, 1578; Euripides, ''Phoenissae''&lt;/ref&gt; Nanambady an' i Jocasta, ilay mpanjakavavy maty vady, izy, nefa tsy nahalala fa reniny io. Nisy areti-mandringana namely ny mponin' i Thebes. Rehefa fantatra ny marina, dia nohajambain' i Edipa ny tenany, ary nananton-tena i Jocasta.&lt;ref&gt;Sophocles, ''Oedipus Rex'' 1316&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa tsy mpanjaka intsony i Edipa, dia nifamono ireo zanany lahy, izay rahalahiny ihany koa.

Misy fahasamihafana amin' ireo tantara tranainy kokoa. Nitarina tatỳ aoriana ny ozona nahazo ireo zanak' i Edipa, ka nampidirina tao koa i Edipa sy i Laius rainy. Amin' ity endriky ny tantara ity, dia miala amin' ny seza fiandrianana i Edipa fa tsy maty an' ady. Ankoatra izany, dia i Jocasta no renin' ny zanany fa tsy vady faharoa; noho izany, dia rahalahiny ihany koa ireo zanany lahy.

=== I Odysseus any amin' ny fonenan' ny maty ===

Ao amin' ny ''Odyssey'', dia mihaona amin' ny renin' i Edipa any amin' ny fonenan' ny maty i Odysseus. Toy izao no fahatsiarovany izany (fandikan-teny malagasy avy amin' ny teny anglisy voatanisa):&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Odyssey'' 11.271–280&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ary hitako ny renin' i Oedipus, i Epicaste tsara tarehy,&lt;br /&gt;
izay nanao asa mahatsiravina noho ny tsy fahalalany,&lt;br /&gt;
satria nanambady ny zanany lahy izy; ary io zanany io, rehefa namono ny rainy,&lt;br /&gt;
dia nanambady azy, ka nampahafantarin' ny andriamanitra avy hatrany teo amin' ny olombelona izany rehetra izany.&lt;br /&gt;
Fa izy kosa, na teo aza ny fahoriany rehetra, tao Thebe malalany,&lt;br /&gt;
dia mbola nanjaka tamin' ny taranak' i Cadmus, noho ny torohevitra mahavoa nataon' ny andriamanitra;&lt;br /&gt;
fa ilay reniny kosa nidina tany amin' ny tranon' i Hades, ilay mpiambina mahery.&lt;br /&gt;
Nafatony teny ambony tamin' ny sakamandimby avo ny tadivavarana,&lt;br /&gt;
fa resin' ny alahelony izy; ho an' ilay zanany kosa dia navelany ny fahoriana&lt;br /&gt;
maro dia maro, lehibe tahaka izay azon' ireo Furies an' ny reny ateraka.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Tsy tahaka ny ao amin' ny fitantaran' i Sophocles, dia tsy mbola voalaza eto ny fanaovana sesitany an' i Edipa. Tsy voalaza koa ny fanadihadiana lalina ataon' ny olombelona mba hahitana izay namono an' i Laius sy hahafantarana ny toe-javatra nahaterahan' i Edipa; ny andriamanitra kosa no mampahafantatra ny marina «avy hatrany».

=== Ny ''Olympian Ode'' faharoan' i Pindar ===

Ao amin' ny ''Olympian Ode'' faharoany (476 talohan' i Kristy), dia manoratra toy izao i Pindar (fandikan-teny malagasy avy amin' ny teny anglisy voatanisa):&lt;ref&gt;Pindar, ''Second Olympian Ode''&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ilay zanak' i Laius niharan-doza, raha nifanojo tamin' ny rainy teny an-dalana, dia namono azy ka nahatanteraka ilay famaliana avy amin' ny andriamanitra nolazaina fahiny tao Pytho. Ary i Erinys maranitra fijery dia nahita izany ka nampifamono ireo zanany tia ady. Kanefa i Thersandros dia mbola velona taorian' ny nahafatesan' i Polyneikes, ka nahazo voninahitra tamin' ny fifaninanana ho an' ny tanora sy tao anatin' ny hamafin' ny ady, taranaka nitondra fanampiana ho an' ny fianakavian' i Adrastos.

— Andininy 35–40.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Ny trilojia ''Seven Against Thebes'' nosoratan' i Aeschylus (467 talohan' i Kristy) ===

Tamin' ny taona 467 talohan' i Kristy, i [[Aeschylus]], mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra avy any Atena, dia nanoratra trilojia (tantara an-tsehatra telo mifampitohy) nifototra tamin' ny anganon' i Edipa, ka nahazoany ny loka voalohany tamin' ny fifaninanana tao amin' ny fety ''City Dionysia''. Ny ''Laius'' no tantara an-tsehatra voalohany, ny ''Oedipus'' no faharoa, ary ny ''Seven Against Thebes'' no fahatelo sady hany mbola voatahiry amin' izy telo.

Ao amin' ny ''Seven Against Thebes'', i Eteocles sy i Polynices, zanakalahin' i Edipa, dia mifamono amin' ny ady ifanandrinany hahazoana ny seza fiandrianana. Sahala amin' ny ''Oresteia'' nosoratany, dia tokony ho nitantara ny fahoriana nanjo fianakaviana iray nandritra ny taranaka telo nifandimby io trilojia io. Ny tantara an-tsehatra ahitana ireo zavaboary amin' ny angano grika antsoina hoe ''satyr'', izay nanaraka ilay trilojia, dia nantsoina hoe ''The Sphinx''.

=== Ny tantara an-tsehatra nosoratan' i Sophocles ===
Ireto no tantara an-tsehatra telo mbola voatahiry amin' ireo nosoratan' i Sophocles momba ny tanànan' i Thebes: ''Oedipus Rex'' (antsoina koa hoe ''Oedipus Tyrannus'' na ''Oedipus the King''), ''Oedipus at Colonus'', ary ''Antigone''. Samy miresaka ny anjaran' ny tanànan' i Thebes nandritra ny fotoana nanjakan' i Edipa mpanjaka sy taorian' izany izy telo ireo,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Sophocles. ''Sophocles I: Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone''. 2nd ed. Grene, David and Lattimore, Richard, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1991. pp. 1–2.&lt;/ref&gt; ary matetika no natonta tao anaty boky iray.&lt;ref&gt;Jereo: &quot;''Sophocles: The Theban Plays''&quot;, Penguin Books, 1947; ''Sophocles I: Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone'', University of Chicago, 1991; ''Sophocles: The Theban Plays: Antigone/King Oidipous/Oidipous at Colonus'', Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company, 2002; ''Sophocles, The Oedipus Cycle: Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone'', Harvest Books, 2002; Sophocles, ''Works'', ''Loeb Classical Library'', Vol I. London, W. Heinemann; New York, Macmillan, 1912 (navoaka indray imbetsaka); ao amin' ny fanontana Loeb tamin' ny 1994 kosa dia araka ny filaharana ara-potoana ny sanganasan' i Sophocles.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny voalohany, dia nosoratan' i Sophocles ho an' ny fifaninanana telo samy hafa tamin' ny fety Dionysia ireo tantara an-tsehatra ireo, ka nisy elanelana taona maro teo amin' ireo fifaninanana. Tsy trilojia tena izy (tantara an-tsehatra telo aseho ho fitantarana iray mitohy) ireo tantara momba an' i Thebes ireo; tsy nokasaina ho andiana sanganasa iray akory izy ireo, ary misy tsy fitoviana eo amin' ny antsipirian' ny tantara ao aminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Nanoratra tantara an-tsehatra hafa nifantoka tamin' i Thebes koa i Sophocles, indrindra ny ''Epigoni'', izay sombiny sisa no voatahiry.&lt;ref&gt;Murray, Matthew, &quot;''Newly Readable Oxyrhynchus Papyri Reveal Works by Sophocles, Lucian, and Others Archived 11 April 2006 at the [[Wayback Machine]]''&quot;, ''Theatermania'', 18 April 2005. Retrieved 9 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ''Oedipus Rex'' ====

Eo am-piandohan' ny ''Oedipus Rex'' nosoratan' i [[Sophocles]], dia mitalaho vonjy amin' ny mpanjaka ny mponin' i Thebes, ka miangavy azy hamantatra ny anton' ny aretina mandravarava azy ireo. Mijoro eo anoloan' izy ireo i Edipa ary mianiana fa hitady izay fototry ny fijaliany sy hampitsahatra izany. Amin' izay fotoana izay indrindra no miverina ao Thebes i Creon, rehefa avy tany amin' ny toerana ilazana ny famaliana avy amin' ny andriamanitra. Nampahafantatra i Apollo fa manome fialofana ho an' izay nanao fahavetavetana mahatsiravina i Thebes, ary tsy hitsahatra ny aretina raha tsy fantatra izay tena namono an' i Laius, ilay mpanjaka fahiny, ka sazina noho ny heloka nataony. Mianiana i Edipa fa hanao izany, nefa tsy fantany fa izy ihany no meloka. Mipoitra tsikelikely mandritra ny tantara an-tsehatra ny fahamarinana mangidy, rehefa mifandona amin' i Tiresias, ilay mpahita jamba mahalala ny marina, i Edipa. Mandà izany mafy hatrany anefa i Edipa, ary manjary resy lahatra fa miray tetika amin' i Creon i Tiresias mba handrombaka ny seza fiandrianana.

Manomboka mahatsapa tsikelikely ny marina i Edipa ao amin' ny seho II, rehefa manonona fotsiny i Jocasta fa teo amin' ny fihaonan-dalana telo no namonoana an' i Laius. Mamoha fahatsiarovana ao amin' i Edipa izany, ka tsaroany tampoka ireo lehilahy niadiany sy novonoiny indray andro fahiny, teo amin' ny fihaonan-dalana telo. Mihorohoro izy rehefa mahatsapa fa mety ho izy ilay lehilahy tadiaviny. Nisy mpanompo iray tao amin' ny ankohonan' i Laius tafavoaka velona tamin' ilay fanafihana, ary mandany ny fahanterany any amin' ny faritra manamorona ny sisin-tanin' i Thebes. Mandefa olona avy hatrany haka azy i Edipa, mba hanamarina raha meloka izy na tsia. Na amin' ny ratsy indrindra eritreretiny aza anefa, dia ny hahafantarany fa izy no namono lehilahy iray tsy fantany, nefa tsy nahalala hoe iza no novonoiny, no ampoiziny. Mbola tsy mazava aminy ny tena fahamarinana.

Any amin' ny faramparan' ny tantara an-tsehatra vao tonga ny fotoana ahafantarana tampoka ny marina. Eo am-piandohan' ny seho III, raha mbola miandry ny hitondrana ilay mpanompo ao an-tanàna i Edipa, dia misy iraka tonga avy any Kôrinto milaza fa maty i Polybus, mpanjakan' i Kôrinto. Maivamaivana tokoa i Edipa mandre izany vaovao izany, satria nino izy fa i Polybus no rainy izay efa voalazan' ny famaliana avy amin' ny andriamanitra fa hovonoiny; heveriny vetivety àry fa afa-nandositra ny anjarany izy. Lazainy amin' izay rehetra eo, anisan' izany ilay iraka, izany rehetra izany, nefa fantatr' ilay iraka fa tsy marina izany. Io iraka io no nahita an' i Edipa fony mbola zazakely tao amin' ny hadilanana ao Cithaeron, ka nanolotra azy tamin' i Polybus mpanjaka mba hobeaziny. Ampahafantariny koa fa ilay mpanompo mbola entina ho ao an-tanàna amin' io fotoana iresahan' izy ireo io ihany no nitondra an' i Edipa tany an-tendrombohitra fony izy zazakely. Amin' izay dia takatr' i Jocasta izay rehetra nitranga. Mitalaho amin' i Edipa izy mba tsy hanohy ny fikarohana, saingy mandà i Edipa. Miditra ao an-dapa i Jocasta, raha iny tonga iny ilay mpanompo. Rehefa tonga ilay lehilahy antitra, dia hita avy hatrany fa fantany avokoa ny zava-drehetra. Noho ny baikon' i Edipa dia tantarainy daholo izany.

Tsy zakan' i Edipa ny fahafantarana ireo heloka rehetra nataony, ka mihazakazaka ao an-dapa izy. Ao no ahitany ny reniny izay vadiny koa, efa maty namono tena. Esoriny an-keriny amin' ny akanjon-dravehivavy ny haingon-damba misy fanjaitra, ary ampiasainy hanajambana ny tenany izany. Mandeha ra ny masony, ary mitalaho amin' i Creon, dadatoany sady zaodahiny izay vao tonga teo, izy mba handroaka azy tsy hiverina mandrakizay ao Thebes. Manaiky izany fangatahana izany i Creon. Miangavy i Edipa mba hahazo mihazona amin' ny tanany indray mandeha ireo zanany roa vavy, i Antigone sy i Ismene, tao anatin' ny ranomaso. Mamindra fo i Creon ka mampiditra azy roa vavy mba hahita an' i Edipa indray mandeha.

==== ''Oedipus at Colonus'' ====
[[File:Giroust Oedipus at Colonus.JPG|upright=1.3|thumb|right|alt=Edipa ao Colonus|Edipa ao Colonus]]
Ao amin' ny ''Oedipus at Colonus'' nosoratan' i Sophocles, dia manjary mpirenireny i Edipa, enjehin' i Creon sy ny olony. Mahita fialofana ihany izy amin' ny farany, any amin' ny toerana masina tsy misy mponina eo ivelan' i Atena, tsy lavitra ny tanàna. Voalaza fa nikarakara an' i Edipa sy Antigone zanany vavy tao i Theseus. Tratr' i Creon ihany i Edipa tamin' ny farany. Mangataka an' i Edipa hiverina avy any Colonus izy mba hitso-drano an' i Eteocles zanany lahy. Tezitra i Edipa satria tsy ampy ny fitiavan' ny zanany azy ka tsy nikarakara azy io; noho izany dia nozoniny i Eteocles sy ny rahalahiny mba hifamono any an' ady. Maty tamim-piadanana i Edipa; voalaza fa masina amin' ny andriamanitra ny fasany.

==== ''Antigone'' ====
[[File:The blind Oedipus led by his daughter Antigone.jpg|thumb|alt=I Edipa jamba tarihin' i Antigone zanany vavy|I Edipa jamba tarihin' i Antigone zanany vavy]]
Ao amin' ny ''Antigone'' nosoratan' i Sophocles, rehefa niala tamin' ny maha-mpanjakan' i Thebes azy i Edipa, dia nomeny an' i Eteocles sy Polynices zanany roa lahy ny fanjakana. Nifanaraka izy mirahalahy fa hifandimby eo amin' ny seza fiandrianana isan-taona. Tsy niraharaha ny rainy anefa izy ireo, ka nanozona azy ireo izy noho izany tsy firaharahiana izany. Rehefa tapitra ny taona voalohany, dia tsy nety niala teo amin' ny seza fiandrianana i Eteocles, ka nanafika an' i Thebes niaraka tamin' ny mpanohana azy i Polynices, araka ny aseho ao amin' ny ''Seven Against Thebes'' nosoratan' i [[Aeschylus]] sy ny ''Phoenician Women'' nosoratan' i [[Euripides]]. Nifamono tany an' ady izy mirahalahy. Namoaka didy ny mpanjaka Creon, izay nandray ny seza fiandrianan' i Thebes, fa tsy azo alevina i Polynices. Nandika izany didy izany i Antigone anabavin' i Polynices, saingy tratra.

Namoaka didy i Creon fa hatao ao anaty vata vato ao ambanin' ny tany i Antigone, na dia efa fofombadin' i Haemon zanany aza. Nanambara i Ismene rahavavin' i Antigone fa nanampy azy ary naniry ny hiharan' izany sazy izany koa, saingy nanapa-kevitra ny tsy hamono azy ho faty i Creon tamin' ny farany. Tamin' ny alalan' i Tiresias mpaminany jamba no nanehoan' ireo andriamanitra ny tsy fankasitrahany ny fanapahan-kevitr' i Creon. Resy lahatra àry izy ka nanafoana ny didiny, ary lasa nandevina an' i Polynices ny tenany. Efa nananton-tena tao amin' ny fasany anefa i Antigone, fa tsy niaritra fahafatesana miandalana noho ny fandevenana azy velona. Rehefa tonga teo amin' ny fasana nametrahana an' i Antigone i Creon, dia nahita ny fatin' ilay fofombadiny i Haemon zanany ka nanafika azy. Tsy nahafaty an' i Creon anefa izy, ka namono tena. Rehefa nampandrenesina ny fahafatesan' i Haemon i Eurydice vadin' i Creon, dia namono tena koa izy.

=== Ny sanganasan' i Euripides: ''Phoenissae'', ''Chrysippus'' ary ''Oedipus'' ===

Eo am-piandohan' ny ''Phoenissae'' nosoratan' i [[Euripides]], dia mitantara indray ny fiainan' i Edipa i Jocasta. Amin' ny ankapobeny, dia atambatr' io tantara an-tsehatra io ny fizotry ny tantara ao amin' ny ''Seven Against Thebes'' sy ny ''Antigone''. Lafiny roa lehibe no mampiavaka azy amin' ireo fitantarana hafa. Voalohany, hazavainy amin' ny an-tsipiriany ny anton' ny fifandiran' i Laius sy i Edipa: nandidy an' i Edipa hiala teo amin' ny lalana i Laius mba hahafahan' ny kalesiny mandalo, nefa nandà tsy hiala i Edipa noho ny avonavony. Faharoa, ao amin' io tantara an-tsehatra io, dia tsy namono tena i Jocasta rehefa fantany ny firaisany ara-nofo tamin' ny havany akaiky, ka izy no miteny eo amin' ny sava lalana. Tsy lasa sesitany koa i Edipa. Nijanona tao Thebes izy roa, ka nihemotra hatramin' ny ady nifamonoan' i Eteocles sy i Polynices ny loza nanjo azy ireo. Zanak' i Edipa sady iray reny aminy izy roa lahy, ary zanak' anabavin' i Creon koa. Namono tena teo ambonin' ny fatin' izy roa lahy i Jocasta, ary nanaraka an' i Edipa tany an-tsesitany i Antigone.

Ao amin' ny ''Chrysippus'', dia velabelarin' i Euripides ny zava-nitranga talohan' ny ozona: naka an-keriny an' i Chrysippus, zanak' i Pelops, i Laius mba hanolana azy, ary io fahotany io no nahatonga ny andriamanitra hamaly faty tamin' ny fianakaviany manontolo. Mpampianatra an' i Chrysippus i Laius. Ny fanolanany ny mpianany dia fanitsakitsahana mafy ny adidiny amin' ny maha-vahiny sy mpampianatra azy tao an-tranon' ilay fianakavian' ny mpanjaka nampiantrano azy tamin' izany fotoana izany. Misy vazy mbola voatahiry mampiseho andriamanibavy mpamaly faty iray manomba eny ambonin' i Laius, izay nentin' ny filan' ny nofo, eo am-pakana an-keriny ilay niharan' ny fanolanana.&lt;ref&gt;''The Reign of the Phallus: Sexual Politics in Ancient Athens'' by Eva Keuls (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1993) p. 292.&lt;/ref&gt; Namaly faty noho ny fanitsakitsahana ny filaminana tokony hanjaka tao an-tokantrano ireo Furies, na andriamanibavy mpamaly faty, araka izay asehon' ny lahatsoratra toy ny ''The Libation Bearers'' nosoratan' i Aeschylus.

Nanoratra ''Oedipus'' koa i Euripides, saingy sombiny vitsivitsy sisa no voatahiry amin' io asa io.&lt;ref&gt;R. Kannicht, ''Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta'' (TrGF) vol. 5.1, Göttingen 2004; jereo koa F. Jouan – H. Van Looy, ''Euripide. tome 8.2 – Fragments'', Paris 2000&lt;/ref&gt; Nampahatsiahy ny fihetsika feno avonavona nataon' i Laius ny andalana voalohany tamin' ny sava lalana: niteraka zazalahy izy na dia nandrara izany aza i Apollo. Ao amin' ny ampahany iray amin' ny tantara, dia misy mpandray anjara manao famariparitana lava sy amin' ny an-tsipiriany momba ny Sphinx sy ny ankamantany. Voatahiry ao amin' ny sombin-dahatsoratra dimy avy any Oxyrhynchus izany, mitondra ny mari-pamantarana P.Oxy. 2459, izay navoakan' i Eric Gardner Turner tamin' ny 1962.&lt;ref&gt;Nodinihin' i Hugh Lloyd-Jones tao amin' ny ''Gnomon'' 35 (1963), pp. 446–447&lt;/ref&gt; Ahitana ohabolana sy torohevitra ara-pitondran-tena maro momba ny fanambadiana koa io tantara mampalahelo io; voatahiry ao amin' ny ''Anthologion'' nosoratan' i Stobaeus ireo.

Misy andalana milaza fa ny mpanompon' i Laius no nahajamba an' i Edipa tao amin' io tantara an-tsehatra io, ary nitranga izany talohan' ny nahafantarana fa zanak' i Laius izy. Mampiavaka azy amin' ny fomba nitantaran' i Sophocles ilay angano ireo antsipiriany ireo; ny fitantaran' i Sophocles no heverina ho endrika mahazatra itantarana azy ankehitriny. Maro ny ezaka natao hamerenana ny fizotry ny tantara nosoratan' i Euripides, saingy mbola vinavina avokoa izany, satria vitsy ny sombin-dahatsoratra sisa tavela ary tsy misy mihitsy famariparitana na famintinana azy avy tamin' ny Andro Taloha. Na izany aza, nisy nanolotra fa mety ho avy amin' io tantara an-tsehatra io ny ampahany amin' ny fitantaran' i Hyginus ny anganon' i Edipa. Nisy koa nahita singa mampahatsiahy ny ''Oedipus'' nosoratan' i Euripides ao amin' ny seho iray ao amin' ny ''Oedipus'' nosoratan' i Seneca, izay itantaran' i Edipa amin' i Jocasta ny zava-niainany tamin' ny Sphinx.&lt;ref&gt;Joachim Dingel, ao amin' ny ''Museum Helveticum'' 27 (1970), 90–96&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra hafa ===
Farafahakeliny mpanoratra telo hafa tamin' ny taonjato faha-5 talohan' i Kristy, izay tanora kokoa noho i Sophocles, no nanoratra tantara an-tsehatra momba an' i Edipa. Anisan' izy ireo i Achaeus avy any Eretria, i Nichomachus ary i Xenocles zokiny.&lt;ref&gt;Burian, P. (2009). ''Inconclusive Conclusion: the Ending(s) of Oedipus Tyrannus''. Ao amin' i Goldhill, S. sy Hall, E. (mpandrindra), ''Sophocles and the Greek Tragic Tradition''. Cambridge University Press, p. 100. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-88785-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanampiana tatỳ aoriana ==

Mirakitra ankamantatra ho an' ny Sphinx ny ''Bibliotheca'', boky torolalana momba ny angano tamin' ny vanim-potoana rômana. Mindrana ny tononkalon' i [[Hesiôdôsy|Hesiod]] ilay ankamantatra, izay toy izao raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Inona no manana feo iray nefa manjary manan-tongotra efatra sy roa ary telo?»&lt;ref&gt;''Bibliotheca'' III.5.7&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanampiana tatỳ aoriana tamin' ny ''Seven against Thebes'' nosoratan' i Aeschylus ===

Noho ny fankafizan' ny olona ny ''Antigone'' nosoratan' i Sophocles (tokony ho tamin' ny 442 talohan' i Kristy), dia nampiana ny famaranana (andalana 1005–78) amin' ny ''Seven against Thebes'', tokony ho dimampolo taona taorian' ny nahafatesan' i Aeschylus.&lt;ref&gt;Jereo, ohatra, Brown 1976, 206–19.&lt;/ref&gt; Natao hifarana amin' ny fisaonana feno alahelo an' ireo mpirahalahy maty ilay tantara an-tsehatra, sy ilay trilojia (tantara an-tsehatra telo mifampitohy) izay mifarana amin' io tantara io. Ao amin' ilay famaranana tsy nosoratan' i Aeschylus kosa, dia misy mpitondra hafatra manambara ny fandrarana ny fandevenana an' i Polynices, ary manambara i Antigone fa handika izany didy izany.

== Literatiora taorian' ny vanim-potoana klasika ==
Nampiasaina ho mpandray anjara koa i Edipa tao amin' ny literatiora latina tany [[Rôma Taloha]]. Nanoratra tantara an-tsehatra momba an' i Edipa i [[Jolio Kaisara|Julius Caesar]], saingy tsy voatahiry hatramin' ny andro ankehitriny izany.&lt;ref&gt;Sava lalana nosoratan' i E.F. Watling ho an' ny ''Seneca: Four Tragedies and Octavia''&lt;/ref&gt; Nampiditra an' i Edipa tao amin' ny ''Metamorphoses'' i [[Ôvidio|Ovid]], saingy amin' ny maha-olona nandresy ny Sphinx azy ihany. Tsy miresaka momba ny fahoriana niainan' i Edipa teo amin' ny fifandraisany tamin' ny rainy sy ny reniny izy. Nanoratra ny tantara an-tsehatra azy manokana momba an' i Edipa i [[Seneka Zandriny|Seneca zandriny]] tamin' ny taonjato voalohany taorian' i Kristy. Misy fahasamihafana lehibe eo amin' izany sy ny sanganasan' i Sophocles.

Misy manam-pahaizana milaza fa natao hovakina amin' ny feo avo nandritra ny fihaonana manokana, fa tsy hampisehoina an-tsehatra, ilay tantara nosoratan' i Seneca avy amin' ilay angano. Nampisehoina an-tsehatra kosa izy io nanomboka tamin' ny vanim-potoanan' ny Fifohazana. Nampifanaraka azy io ho an' ny ''Oedipus'', tantara an-tsehatra momba ny mahery fo nahazo alalana tamin' ny 1678, i [[John Dryden]]. Ny ''Oedipus'' tamin' ny 1718 koa no tantara an-tsehatra voalohany nosoratan' i [[Voltaire]]. Nampisehoina tao amin' ny ''National Theatre'' (Teatra Nasionaly) tamin' ny faramparan' ny taona 2008 ny dikan-tantaran' i Frank McGuinness momba an' i Edipa, ka i [[Ralph Fiennes]] sy i Clare Higgins no nitana ny anjara toerana fototra.

Nanoratra tantara foronina sy tantara an-tsehatra mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''The Gods Are Not to Blame'' i Ola Rotimi. Mitantara indray ny anganon' i Edipa izy io, saingy ao amin' ny fanjakana Yoruba no isehoan' ny tantara.&lt;ref&gt;Rotimi O., ''The Gods are Not to Blame'', Three Crown Books, Nigeria 1974&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 2011, dia namoaka ny tantara foroniny hoe ''Ed King'', izay nahazo aingam-panahy avy amin' ny tantaran' i Edipa, i David Guterson, mpanoratra amerikanina.&lt;ref&gt;Goodwillie, David. ''[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/27/books/review/ed-king-by-david-guterson-book-review.html Mama's Boy]''. ''The New York Times''. November 23, 2011. Notsidihina tamin' ny June 9, 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Eo amin' ny fandinihana ny lovantsofina, dia voasokajy ao amin' ny karazan' angano ATU (fanasokajiana Aarne–Thompson–Uther) 931, antsoina hoe «Oedipus», ny anganon' i Edipa, araka ilay fanasokajiana iraisam-pirenena.&lt;ref&gt;Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. ''The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography''. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC, volume 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1961, p. 328.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Racėnaitė, Radvilė. ''[https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/1579 Novelinė pasaka &quot;Edipas&quot; (AT 931) : individualaus atlikimo atspindžiai užrašytame pasakos tekste]'' [Novel tale Oedipus (AT 931): reflections of individual performance in the written text of the tale]. ''Tautosakos darbai'' [Folklore Studies], 2005, volume 29, pp. 100–110. ISSN 1392-2831. Amin' ny teny litoaniana.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Puchner, Walter. ''[https://www.degruyter.com/database/EMO/entry/emo.10.042/html Ödipus (AaTh 931)]''. In: ''Enzyklopädie des Märchens''. Edited by Rolf Wilhelm Brednich, Heidrun Alzheimer, Hermann Bausinger, Wolfgang Brückner, Daniel Drascek, Helge Gerndt, Ines Köhler-Zülch, Klaus Roth and Hans-Jörg Uther. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2016 [2002]. pp. 209-219. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-11-016841-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Accessed 2023-01-03.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tetiarana ==
&lt;!-- Ny tetiarana dia fampifanarahana avy amin’ ny mpandray anjara ao amin’ ny Wikipedia anglisy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371034526 ; CC BY-SA 4.0. --&gt;

Ireto tabilao ireto dia mampiseho ny fiaviana sy ny fifandraisana ao amin' ny fianakavian' ny mpanjakan' i Thebes. Ny tsanganana «Karazam-pifandraisana» dia manavaka ny fiaviana, ny fanambadiana, ny fananganan-jaza ary ny fifandraisana tsy aseho ho fanambadiana; ny tsanganana «Taranaka aseho» kosa dia mitanisa ny taranaka mifandray amin' ireo olona ireo. Marihina manokana ny zanaka natsangana mba tsy hampifangaroana azy amin' ny zanaka nateraka. Tsy midika ho tsy nanan-janaka ny hoe tsy misy taranaka aseho.

I Nycteus sy i Lycus dia aseho ho manana fiaviana iombonana, saingy tsy voatonona anarana ny olona niaviany.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Fiaviana sy fifandraisana ao amin' ny fianakaviana
! Olona
! Karazam-pifandraisana
! Taranaka aseho
|-
| Harmonia sy Cadmus
| Fanambadiana
| Semele, Ino, Autonoë, Agave ary Polydorus
|-
| Polyxo sy Nycteus
| Fanambadiana
| Nycteis sy Antiope
|-
| Dirce sy Lycus
| Fanambadiana
| Lycus II
|-
| [[Zeosy|Zeus]] sy Semele
| Fifandraisana tsy aseho ho fanambadiana
| [[Diônisôsy|Dionysus]]
|-
| Agave sy Echion
| Fanambadiana
| Pentheus sy Epeiros
|-
| Polydorus sy Nycteis
| Fanambadiana
| Labdacus
|-
| [[Zeosy|Zeus]] sy Antiope
| Fifandraisana tsy aseho ho fanambadiana
| Amphion sy Zethus
|-
| Pentheus
| Fiaviana
| Oclasus
|-
| Oclasus
| Fiaviana
| Menoeceus
|-
| Menoeceus
| Fiaviana
| Creon, Hipponome ary Jocasta
|-
| Labdacus
| Fiaviana
| Laius
|-
| Eurydice sy Creon
| Fanambadiana
| Megara, Henioche, Pyrrha, Megareus, Lycomedes ary Haemon
|-
| Jocasta sy Laius
| Fanambadiana
| [[Edipa]]
|-
| Merope sy Polybus
| Fanambadiana sy fananganan-jaza
| Edipa, izay natsangan' izy ireo
|-
| Hipponome sy Alcaeus
| Fanambadiana
| Amphitryon, Anaxo ary Perimede
|-
| [[Zeosy|Zeus]] sy Alcmene
| Fifandraisana tsy aseho ho fanambadiana
| [[Heraklesy|Heracles]]
|-
| Alcmene sy Amphitryon
| Fanambadiana
| Iphicles
|-
| Megara sy [[Heraklesy|Heracles]]
| Fanambadiana
| Tsy misy taranaka aseho
|-
| Jocasta sy Edipa
| Fanambadiana
| Antigone, Ismene, Eteocles ary Polynices
|-
| Haemon sy Antigone
| Fifandraisana tsy aseho ho fanambadiana
| Tsy misy taranaka aseho
|-
| Eteocles
| Fiaviana
| Laodamas
|-
| Argea sy Polynices
| Fanambadiana
| Thersander
|-
| Demonassa sy Thersander
| Fanambadiana
| Tisamenus
|-
| Peneleos
| Fiaviana
| Opheltes
|-
| Opheltes
| Fiaviana
| Damasichthon
|-
| Tisamenus
| Fiaviana
| Autesion
|-
| Autesion
| Fiaviana
| Theras sy Argeia
|-
| Damasichthon
| Fiaviana
| Ptolemy
|-
| Ptolemy
| Fiaviana
| Xanthos
|-
| Argeia sy Aristodemus
| Fanambadiana
| Eurysthenes sy Procles
|}

Ny mpanjakan' i Thebes dia asiana laharana, anarana sora-matevina ary loko volomparasy mazava. Ny fiaraha-manjaka dia marihina amin' ny laharana iray arahin' ny litera madinika: niara-nanjaka, ohatra, i Amphion (5a) sy i Zethus (5b).

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Mpanjakan' i Thebes
! Laharana
! Anarana
|-
| 1
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Cadmus'''
|-
| 2
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Pentheus'''
|-
| 3
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Polydorus'''
|-
| 4
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Labdacus'''
|-
| 5a
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Amphion'''
|-
| 5b
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Zethus'''
|-
| 6
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Laius'''
|-
| 7
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Edipa'''
|-
| 8a
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Polynices'''
|-
| 8b
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Eteocles'''
|-
| 9
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Lycus II'''
|-
| 10
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Laodamas'''
|-
| 11
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Thersander'''
|-
| 12
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Tisamenus'''
|-
| 13
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Autesion'''
|-
| 14
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Damasichthon'''
|-
| 15
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Ptolemy'''
|-
| 16
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Xanthos'''
|}

Ny mpisolo mpanjaka, izany hoe olona mitondra misolo toerana ny mpanjaka, dia asiana anarana sora-matevina sy loko mena mazava ary marika ahitana litera sy tarehimarika, amin' ny endrika AN. Ny tarehimarika N dia manondro ny fitondran' ny mpisolo mpanjaka talohan' ny nanjakan' ny mpanjaka faha-N. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia midika izany fa nisolo toerana an' io mpanjaka faha-N io ilay olona, nefa tsy izany foana: i Creon (A9), ohatra, dia nisolo toerana an' i Laodamas, ilay mpanjaka faha-10, tamin' ny namonoan' i Lycus II azy. I Lycus II no mpanjaka faha-9, izay naka an-keriny ny fanjakana. Ny litera A kosa dia manondro ny filaharan' ireo mpisolo mpanjaka: A ho an' ny voalohany, B ho an' ny faharoa, ary toy izany hatrany.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Mpisolo mpanjaka tao Thebes
! Marika
! Anarana
|-
| A4
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaaa;&quot; | '''Nycteus'''
|-
| B4 sy A6
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaaa;&quot; | '''Lycus'''
|-
| A7, A8 ary A9
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaaa;&quot; | '''Creon'''
|-
| A12
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaaa;&quot; | '''Peneleos'''
|}

Ny andriamanitra kosa dia asiana loko mavo.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Andriamanitra ao amin' ny tetiarana
! Anarana
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffaa;&quot; | Harmonia
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffaa;&quot; | [[Zeosy|Zeus]]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffaa;&quot; | [[Diônisôsy|Dionysus]]
|}

== Ny fitambaran' ny faniriana tsy tsapa mitondra ny anaran' i Edipa ==

Nampiasa ny anarana hoe fitambaran' ny faniriana tsy tsapa mitondra ny anaran' i Edipa (''Oedipus complex'') i [[Sigmund Freud]] mba hanazavana ny fiandohan' ny karazana nevrôzy (na fikorontanana ara-tsaina ahitana tebiteby na tahotra mahery; ''neurosis'') sasany amin' ny fahazazana. Araka io teôriany io, izany dia faniriana tsy tsapan' ny zazalahy hahazo irery ny fitiavan' ny reniny. Tafiditra amin' io faniriana io ny fialonana ny rainy sy ny faniriana tsy tsapany hahafatesan' ny rainy, ary koa ny faniriana tsy tsapany hanao [[Firaisana ara-nofo|firaisana ara-nofo]] amin' ny reniny. Araka ny fomba anehoana an' i Edipa ao amin' ny angano anefa, tsy nanana izany nevrôzy izany izy — farafaharatsiny, tsy mahakasika an' i Jocasta, izay tsy nifankahitany raha tsy efa olon-dehibe izy. Raha nisy fihetseham-po toy izany, dia ho i Merope no nitodihany; tsy misy na inona na inona ao amin' ny angano manondro izany anefa. Nihevitra i Freud fa ireo Grika tamin' ny Andro Taloha izay nandre ny fitantarana na nijery ny tantara an-tsehatra nalaina avy aminy dia nahalala fa ny rainy tokoa no novonoin' i Edipa ary ny reniny no novadiny. Araka ny hevitr' i Freud àry, ny fiverimberenan' ny fitantarana sy ny fampisehoana izany dia naneho fa nibahana tao an-tsain' izy ireo io lohahevitra io.&lt;ref&gt;Bruno Bettelheim. ''[https://archive.org/details/freudmanssoul00brun Freud and Man's Soul]''. Knopf, 1983. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-394-52481-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* [[:commons:Category:Oedipus|Rakitra momba an' i Edipa ao amin' ny ''Wikimedia Commons'' (tahirin-drakitra iombonana)]]
* [[Grisia Taloha]]
* Angano
* Epigoni
* Fisarihana ara-pananahana eo amin' ny mpihavana ara-dra (''genetic attraction'')
* Myrrha (angano grika momba ny fitiavana ara-nofo eo amin' ny ray sy ny zanany vavy)
* Lille Stesichorus
* [[Biôgrafia]]

== Fanamarihana sy loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Boky sy lahatsoratra ===
* Brown, A.L. &quot;''The End of the Seven against Thebes''&quot; ''The Classical Quarterly'' 26.2 (1976) 206–19.
* Carloni, Glauco and Nobili, Daniela. ''La Mamma Cattiva: fenomenologia, antropologia e clinica del figlicidio'' (Rimini, 2004).
* Dallas, Ian, ''Oedipus and Dionysus'', Freiburg Press, Granada 1991. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-874216-02-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Graves, Robert, ''The Greek Myths''
* Lowell, Edmunds, ''Oedipus''. (''Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World''), London/New York: Routledge, 2006. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-32935-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Smith, William; ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', London (1873). [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DO%3Aentry+group%3D2%3Aentry%3Doedipus-bio-1 &quot;''Oe'dipus''&quot;]
* Gaillard, T. Tony, ''Transgenerational Healing of Oedipus at Colonus'', Genesis Editions (2020), Geneva, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9782940540358&lt;/nowiki&gt;, sombiny ao amin' ny [https://www.academia.edu/44229229/TRANSGENERATIONAL_HEALING_OF_OEDIPUS_AT_COLONUS_Unveiling_a_Universal_Therapeutic_Model academia.edu] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220818060535/https://www.academia.edu/44229229/TRANSGENERATIONAL_HEALING_OF_OEDIPUS_AT_COLONUS_Unveiling_a_Universal_Therapeutic_Model tahiry tamin' ny 18 August 2022]).

== Rohy ivelany sy fifandimbiasana ==
* [https://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0023/html/lewis_e_164.html Lewis E 164 — ''Oedipi et Sphingis dialogus''] (fifanakalozan-kevitra eo amin' i Edipa sy ny Sphinx), ao amin' ny OPenn.
* [https://www.freebase.com/m/0k8pc Freebase]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Fifandimbiasan' ny mpitondra an' i Thebes ao amin' ny angano
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nialoha azy
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Mpitondra
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nandimby azy
|-
| Laius
| Edipa
| Creon (mpisolo mpanjaka)
|}

[[:sokajy:Biôgrafia]]
[[:Sokajy:Angano grika]]</text>
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      <comment>Jagwar dia namindra ny pejy [[Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Œdipe]] ho [[Edipa]] fa tsy namela fihodinana</comment>
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      <text bytes="47624" sha1="ifotxfg7v91s67j3uo30p2txkurqkuv" xml:space="preserve">I '''Edipa''' (Oidípous amin' ny teny grika taloha, midika ara-bakiteny hoe «tongotra mivonto»; fanononana ny anarana anglisy hoe ''Oedipus'': /ˈiːdɪpəs/ amin' ny teny anglisy britanika, ary koa /ˈɛdɪ-/ amin' ny teny anglisy amerikanina) dia mpanjaka grikan' i Thebes ao amin' ny angano. Mahery fo manana fahalemena mitarika azy ho amin' ny fahalavoana (''tragic hero'') ao amin' ny angano grika izy. Tsy nahy no nanatanterahany [[Faminaniana|faminaniana]] izay nilaza fa hamono ny rainy sy hanambady ny reniny izy, ka nahatonga loza ho an' ny tanànany sy ny fianakaviany. Ny tantarany no foto-kevitry ny tantara an-tsehatra mampalahelo ''Oedipus Rex'' nosoratan' i [[Sophocles]], izay arahin' ny ''Oedipus at Colonus'' sy ny ''Antigone'' araka ny filaharan' ny zava-mitranga ao amin' ny tantara. Ireo no mitambatra ho tantara an-tsehatra telo momba an' i Thebes nosoratan' i Sophocles. Maneho foto-kevitra roa maharitra ao amin' ny angano sy ny tantara an-tsehatra grika i Edipa: ny tsy fahalavorarian' ny olombelona sy ny anjara asan' ny tsirairay eo amin' ny fizotry ny lahatra ao anatin' ny tontolo tsy miantra. [[File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Oedipus.wav|Fanononana ny anarana anglisy hoe Oedipus]]

Ao amin' ny endriky ny angano be mpahalala indrindra, dia zanak' i Laius mpanjaka sy Jocasta mpanjakavavin' i Thebes i Edipa. Noho izy zanak' i Laius dia nantsoina tamin' ny anarana manondro ny rainy hoe «Laiades».&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=laiades-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, ''Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities'' (1898), Laiades]&lt;/ref&gt; Talohan' ny nahaterahan' i Edipa dia nahazo faminaniana i Laius fa hovonoin' ny zanany lahy izy indray andro any, ary hanambady ny reniny io zanany io. Naniry hisakana ny fahatanterahan' izany faminaniana izany i Laius, ka naniraka mpanompo mpiandry ondry hamela an' i Edipa ho faty teo amin' ny tehezan-tendrombohitra. Nangoraka ilay zazakely anefa ilay mpiandry ondry ka nanolotra azy tamin' ny mpiandry ondry hafa. Io kosa no nanome azy an' i Polybus mpanjaka sy Merope mpanjakavavy, mba hotezain' izy ireo ho toy ny zanany naterany.

Fantatr' i Edipa avy tamin' ny mpampita ny faminanian' ny andriamanitra tao Delphi ilay faminaniana fa hamono ny rainy sy hanambady ny reniny izy. Tsy nahalala izay tena ray aman-dreniny anefa izy, ka nihevitra fa voalahatra hamono an' i Polybus sy hanambady an' i Merope, ary noho izany dia niainga ho any Thebes. Teny an-dalana dia nifanena tamin' ny lehilahy zokiny iray izy, izay rainy nefa tsy fantany, ary namono azy nandritra ny fifandirana. Rehefa nanohy ny diany ho any Thebes izy dia nahita fa vao avy nisy namono ny mpanjakan' ilay tanàna, dia i Laius, ary nanjakazaka tao ilay [[Sphinx]]. Nahavaly tsara ny ankamantatr' io biby mahatsiravina io i Edipa ka naharesy azy. Nahazo ny seza fiandrianan' ilay mpanjaka maty izy, ary nanambady ny mpanjakavavy maty vady, dia i Jocasta, izay reniny koa nefa tsy fantany. I Antigone, Ismene, Eteocles ary Polynices no zanany.

Taona maro tatỳ aoriana, mba hampitsaharana ny valanaretina tao Thebes, dia nitady izay namono an' i Laius i Edipa, ka nahafantatra fa ny tenany ihany no tompon' andraikitra. Rehefa nahalala i Jocasta fa ny zanany lahy ihany no novadiny dia namono tena tamin' ny fanantonan-tena izy. Nalain' i Edipa avy eo ny tsimatra roa tamin' ny akanjon' i Jocasta, ary notsatohany tamin' ireo ny masony ka nataony jamba ny tenany. Notantaraina tamin' ny endriny maro samihafa ny angano momba an' i Edipa. Nampiasain' i [[Sigmund Freud]] izy io hanomezana anarana sy ohatra ara-angano ho an' ilay fitambaran' ny faniriana tsy tsapa mitondra ny anaran' i Edipa (na faniriana tsy tsapan' ny zaza lahy mba ho azy irery ny fitiavan' ny reniny; ''Oedipus complex'').

== Fototry ny angano ==
[[File:Neck-amphora Achilles Painter Musée BnF De Ridder372 side A.jpg|thumb|270px|alt=I Euphorbus mitondra an' i Edipa mbola zazakely, aseho amin' ny vilany fahiny.|Lehilahy iray atao hoe Euphorbus mitondra an' i Edipa mbola zazakely. Vilany ''amphora'' misy vozony, avy any Attika, voaravaka sary mena, manodidina ny taona 450–445 talohan' i Kristy; BnF (tranombokim-pirenena frantsay).]]

Misy endrika samihafa amin' ny anganon' i Edipa voalaza ao amin' ny sombin-tsoratra sisa tavela avy amin' ny poety grika fahiny maromaro, anisan' izany i [[Hômerôsy|Homer]], i [[Hesiôdôsy|Hesiod]], i Pindar, i [[Aeschylus]] ary i [[Euripides]]. Ny endrika be mpahalala indrindra anefa dia avy amin' ireo tantara an-tsehatra momba an' i Thebes nosoratan' i [[Sophocles]]: ''Oedipus Rex'', ''Oedipus at Colonus'' ary ''Antigone''.

Zanak' i Laius sy i Jocasta, mpanjaka sy mpanjakavavin' i Thebes, i Edipa. Efa elaela izy mivady no tsy nanan-janaka, ka nankany amin' ny toerana ilazana ny famaliana avy amin' i Apollo tao Delphi i Laius mba haka hevitra. Nilaza ny faminaniana nomena azy fa izay zazalahy haterak' i Laius dia hamono azy. Mba hisorohana ny fahatanterahan' izany, rehefa niteraka zazalahy tokoa i Jocasta, dia nasain' i Laius noloahana sy nofatorana nifanatona ny kitrokelin' ilay zaza mba tsy hahafahany mandady. Nomen' i Jocasta ny mpanompo iray ilay zaza avy eo mba hafoiny teo amin' ny tendrombohitra teo akaiky teo. Tsy navelan' ilay mpanompo ho fatin' ny hatsiaka sy ny toetrandro tany ivelany anefa ilay zaza, araka ny nokasain' i Laius, fa nomeny ny mpiandry ondry iray avy any [[Kôrinto tamin' ny Andro Taloha|Kôrinto]], izay nanolotra azy tamin' ny mpiandry ondry iray hafa indray.

Natsangan' i Polybus sy i Merope, mpanjaka sy mpanjakavavin' i Kôrinto, ho zanany ihany tamin' ny farany i Edipa, satria tsy nanan-janaka naterany izy ireo. Avy amin' ny fivontosan' ny tongony sy ny kitrokeliny noho ireo ratra no niavian' ny anaran' i Edipa kely, izay midika hoe «tongotra mivonto». Taona maro tatỳ aoriana, dia nilazan' ny olona mamo iray i Edipa fa zazasary izy, izany hoe zaza teraka ivelan' ny fanambadiana. Nanontany an' ireo ray aman-dreny nitaiza azy momba izany i Edipa, saingy nolavin' izy ireo ilay filazana. Nankany amin' ilay toerana tao Delphi izay efa nakàn' ny ray aman-dreny niteraka azy hevitra àry izy mba hangataka famaliana avy amin' ny andriamanitra. Nilazana izy fa voatendrin' ny anjara hamono ny rainy sy hanambady ny reniny. Mba hialana amin' izany anjara izany, dia nanapa-kevitra ny tsy hody any Kôrinto izy, fa handeha ho any Thebes, izay akaiky kokoa an' i Delphi.

Teny an-dalana, dia tonga tao Daulia i Edipa, teo amin' ny fihaonan-dalana telo. Teo izy no nifanehatra tamin' ny kalesy nentin' ny mpanjaka Laius, rainy niteraka azy. Niady hevitra izy ireo momba izay nanan-jo handeha aloha, ary novonoin' i Edipa i Laius rehefa nitady hanitsaka azy tamin' ny kalesy ilay mpitondra azy. Ny hany nahita maso ny fahafatesan' ny mpanjaka dia andevo iray nandositra avy tao amin' ny andiana andevo izay nandeha tamin' io lalana io ihany koa tamin' izany fotoana izany.

Nanohy ny diany ho any Thebes i Edipa ka nifanena tamin' ny [[Sphinx]], izay nanakana ny mpandeha rehetra ho any Thebes ary nametraka ankamantatra tamin' izy ireo. Izay tsy nahavaly tsara dia novonoiny sy nohaniny; izay nahavaly kosa dia navela hanohy ny diany. Izao ilay ankamantatra, araka ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «Inona no mandeha amin' ny tongotra efatra ny maraina, amin' ny roa ny tolakandro, ary amin' ny telo ny alina?» Namaly i Edipa hoe: «Ny olombelona: mandady amin' ny tongotra aman-tanana izy raha mbola zazakely; mandeha amin' ny tongotra roa rehefa lehibe; ary mampiasa tehina rehefa antitra.» I Edipa no voalohany nahavaly tsara ilay ankamantatra. Namono tena noho ny henatra ny Sphinx avy eo; amin' ny endrika sasany amin' ilay angano anefa dia i Edipa no namono azy.

[[File:Oedipus, Egyptian Museum.jpg|thumb|alt=Ampahany amin' ny sary hosodoko amin' ny rindrina mampiseho an' i Edipa mamaha ny ankamantatry ny Sphinx.|Ampahany amin' ny sary hosodoko amin' ny rindrina fahiny mampiseho an' i Edipa mamaha ny ankamantatry ny Sphinx. Mozea Ejipsianina, manodidina ny taonjato faha-2 taorian' i Kristy.]]

Efa nanambara i Creon, anadahin' i Jocasta mpanjakavavy, fa izay lehilahy afaka hanafaka ny tanàna amin' ny Sphinx dia hatao mpanjakan' i Thebes ary hampanambadina an' ilay mpanjakavavy vao maty vady. Nahatanteraka ny tapany sisa tamin' ilay faminaniana ny fanambadian' i Edipa sy i Jocasta. Niteraka efatra izy ireo tamin' io fanambadiana teo amin' ny mpihavana akaiky io: ny zazalahy i Eteocles sy i Polynices, izay tantaraina amin' ny antsipiriany ao amin' ny ''Seven Against Thebes'' ny anjarany, ary ny zazavavy i Antigone sy i Ismene.

Taona maro tatỳ aoriana, dia nisy loza namely ny tanànan' i Thebes: ny fahamombana (na tsy fahafahan' ny zavamananaina miteraka), izay nahazo ny zavamananaina rehetra. Nilaza i Edipa fa hampitsahatra izany loza izany. Nirahiny ho any amin' ny toerana ilazana ny famaliana avy amin' ny andriamanitra tao Delphi i Creon mba hangataka tari-dalana. Rehefa niverina i Creon, dia fantatr' i Edipa fa tsy maintsy hotsaraina ilay namono an' i Laius mpanjaka. Nanozona an' ilay namono an' i Laius, izay vadin' i Jocasta taloha, ny tenan' i Edipa, sady nilaza fa horoahina hiala amin' ny tany ilay mpamono. Nanolo-kevitra koa i Creon mba hitady an' i Tiresias, ilay mpaminany jamba nohajain' ny maro. Nampaka an' i Tiresias i Edipa. Nampitandrina an' i Edipa kosa i Tiresias mba tsy hitady izay namono an' i Laius. Nifamaly mafy izy ireo, ka rehefa nihantsy azy i Edipa, dia nilaza i Tiresias fa i Edipa ihany no mpamono olona notadiavina, ary niaina tao anatin' ny fahafaham-baraka izy noho ny tsy fahafantarany izay tena ray aman-dreniny. Tezitra i Edipa ka nanome tsiny an' i Creon ho tompon' ireo fiampangana noheveriny ho diso, ary nifanditra izy roa. Niditra i Jocasta ka niezaka nampitony an' i Edipa tamin' ny fitantarana momba ny zanany lahimatoa sy ny fahafatesan' io zaza io araka izay noheveriny. Nitebiteby i Edipa rehefa nahatsapa fa mety ho izy no namono an' i Laius, ka nahatonga ilay loza namely ny tanàna. Tampoka teo dia nisy iraka tonga avy any Kôrinto nitondra ny vaovao fa maty i Polybus mpanjaka. Maivamaivana i Edipa, satria tsy ho tanteraka intsony ilay faminaniana raha efa maty i Polybus, izay noheveriny ho rainy niteraka azy.

Fantany anefa fa mbola velona ny reniny, ka tsy nety nanatrika ny fandevenana tany Kôrinto izy. Mba hampitony azy, dia nilaza ilay iraka fa zaza natsangana tokoa i Edipa. Takatr' i Jocasta tamin' ny farany fa zanany izy, ka niangavy azy izy mba hampitsahatra ny fitadiavana izay namono an' i Laius. Diso fandray ny anton' izany fiangaviana izany i Edipa: noheveriny fa menatra azy i Jocasta satria mety ho avy amin' ny fianakaviana ambany saranga izy. Kivy tanteraka i Jocasta ka niditra tao an-dapa, ary nananton-tena tao. Nitady fanamafisana ny tantaran' ilay iraka tamin' ilay mpiandry biby izay tokony ho namela azy ho faty fony mbola zazakely i Edipa. Avy tamin' io mpiandry biby io no nahafantarany fa ilay zazakely notezaina ho zanaka natsangan' i Polybus sy i Merope dia tena zanak' i Laius sy i Jocasta. Tamin' izay vao fantatr' i Edipa fa rainy ilay lehilahy novonoiny taona maro talohan' izany, ary reniny no novadiny.

Miova arakaraka ny loharano ny zava-nitranga taorian' ny nahafantarana izany. Ao amin' ny tantara an-tsehatra nosoratan' i Sophocles, dia nitady an' i Jocasta i Edipa ka nahita fa efa namono tena izy. Nesoriny tamin' ny akanjon' i Jocasta ny firavaka famatoran-damba iray, ary notsatohany tamin' ny fanjaitran' izany ny masony ka nataony jamba ny tenany. Noroahina hiala amin' ny tany izy avy eo. I Antigone zanany vavy no nitarika azy nandritra ny fivezivezeny nanerana ny tany, ary maty tao Colonus izy tamin' ny farany, izay nandraisan' i Theseus, mpanjakan' i Atena, azy ireo. Ao amin' ny tantara an-tsehatra nosoratan' i Euripides momba io lohahevitra io kosa, dia tsy namono tena i Jocasta rehefa nahafantatra ny fiavian' i Edipa, ary mpanompon' i Laius no nanajamba an' i Edipa. Tsy hita ao amin' ny loharano talohan' i Aeschylus ny fanajambana an' i Edipa. Misy loharano tranainy kokoa momba ilay angano, anisan' izany ny an' i [[Hômerôsy|Homer]], milaza fa mbola nanjaka tao Thebes i Edipa taorian' ny nahafantarana ireo zava-niafina sy ny fahafatesan' i Jocasta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilson&quot;&gt;[http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/classical-studies/oedipus-the-message-the-myth Wilson, Christopher. ''Oedipus: The message in the myth'', The Open University]&lt;/ref&gt;

Nifanaraka i Eteocles sy i Polynices, zanakalahy roan' i Edipa, fa hifandimby hitondra ny fanjakana, ka hanjaka herintaona avy. Rehefa tapitra anefa ny taona nanjakan' i Eteocles, dia tsy nety namela ny seza fiandrianana izy. Nitondra tafika i Polynices mba hanongana azy, ka nisy ady. Nifamono izy mirahalahy tamin' ny fiafaran' ny ady, ary i Creon, anadahin' i Jocasta, no nandray ny fanjakana taorian' izany. Nanapa-kevitra izy fa mpamadika i Polynices ka tsy tokony hahazo ny fombafomba fandevenana. Niezaka nandevina ny anadahiny i Antigone na dia nandrara izany aza ilay didy. Ao amin' ny ''Antigone'' nosoratan' i Sophocles, dia nasain' i Creon nalevina velona tao anaty lava-bato izy noho ny tsy fankatoavany azy, ary nananton-tena tao. Ao amin' ny endrik' ilay tantara nosoratan' i Euripides izay efa very kosa, dia toa mbola velona i Antigone taorian' ny sesitany nampiharina taminy.

== Loharano tamin' ny Andro Taloha ==
[[File:Oedipus Sphinx BM Vase E696.jpg|thumb|alt=Edipa mamono ny Sphinx, aseho amin' ny vazy atika.|Edipa mamono ny Sphinx, eo amin' ny vazy atika karazana ''lekythos'', tokony ho tamin' ny 420–400 talohan' i Kristy, voatahiry ao amin' ny ''British Museum'' (Tranombakoka Britanika).&lt;ref&gt;British Museum [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1887-0801-46 1887,0801.46].&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Nampitaina am-bava aloha ny anganon' i Edipa, ary i [[Hômerôsy|Homer]] no olona voalohany voalaza fa nampita izany.&lt;ref&gt;Britannica Editors, [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oedipus-Greek-mythology &quot;Oedipus&quot;], ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. &lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny loharano iray tatỳ aoriana, dia maty niady tamin' ny fanafihana hangalarana omby tany Argos i Edipa, fony izy mpanjakan' i Thebes.&lt;ref&gt;Cingano, E. (1992). ''The Death of Oedipus in the Epic Tradition''. Phoenix, 46(1), p.3&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia ny fahalavoany aza no tena resahin' ireo tantara ireo, dia ahitana tsipiriany maro momba ny fomba nahazoany fahefana koa izy ireo.

Nandre [[Faminaniana|faminaniana]] i Laius, mpanjakan' i Thebes, fa hamono azy ny zanany lahy mbola zazakely indray andro any.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euripides, Phoenissae&quot;&gt;Euripides, ''Phoenissae''&lt;/ref&gt; Noloahany ny tongotr' i Edipa ary navelany tany ivelany ho faty ilay zaza, saingy nisy mpiandry ondry nahita sy nitondra azy niala teo.&lt;ref&gt;Sophocles, ''Oedipus Rex'' 1220–1226; Euripides, ''Phoenissae''&lt;/ref&gt; Taona maro tatỳ aoriana, dia nandao ny tokantranony i Edipa, izay tsy nahalala fa zanaka natsangana izy, noho ny tahotra ilay faminaniana ihany, izay nilaza fa hamono ny rainy sy hanambady ny reniny izy.&lt;ref&gt;Sophocles, ''Oedipus Rex'' 1026–1030; Euripides, ''Phoenissae''&lt;/ref&gt; Nanao dia i Laius mba hahazo vaovao momba ny zanany lahy.&lt;ref&gt;Euripides, ''Phoenissae'' 35–38&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ilay faminaniana, dia nifanojo teny an-dalana i Edipa sy i Laius, saingy tsy nifankahalala izy ireo. Raikitra ny ady, ka novonoin' i Edipa i Laius sy ny ankamaroan' ny mpiambina azy.&lt;ref&gt;Pindar, ''Second Olympian Ode''; Sophocles, ''Oedipus Rex'' 473–488; Euripides, ''Phoenissae''&lt;/ref&gt; Nandresy ny Sphinx tamin' ny famahana ankamantatra i Edipa avy eo, ka lasa mpanjaka.&lt;ref&gt;Sophocles, ''Oedipus Rex'' 136, 1578; Euripides, ''Phoenissae''&lt;/ref&gt; Nanambady an' i Jocasta, ilay mpanjakavavy maty vady, izy, nefa tsy nahalala fa reniny io. Nisy areti-mandringana namely ny mponin' i Thebes. Rehefa fantatra ny marina, dia nohajambain' i Edipa ny tenany, ary nananton-tena i Jocasta.&lt;ref&gt;Sophocles, ''Oedipus Rex'' 1316&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa tsy mpanjaka intsony i Edipa, dia nifamono ireo zanany lahy, izay rahalahiny ihany koa.

Misy fahasamihafana amin' ireo tantara tranainy kokoa. Nitarina tatỳ aoriana ny ozona nahazo ireo zanak' i Edipa, ka nampidirina tao koa i Edipa sy i Laius rainy. Amin' ity endriky ny tantara ity, dia miala amin' ny seza fiandrianana i Edipa fa tsy maty an' ady. Ankoatra izany, dia i Jocasta no renin' ny zanany fa tsy vady faharoa; noho izany, dia rahalahiny ihany koa ireo zanany lahy.

=== I Odysseus any amin' ny fonenan' ny maty ===

Ao amin' ny ''Odyssey'', dia mihaona amin' ny renin' i Edipa any amin' ny fonenan' ny maty i Odysseus. Toy izao no fahatsiarovany izany (fandikan-teny malagasy avy amin' ny teny anglisy voatanisa):&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Odyssey'' 11.271–280&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ary hitako ny renin' i Oedipus, i Epicaste tsara tarehy,&lt;br /&gt;
izay nanao asa mahatsiravina noho ny tsy fahalalany,&lt;br /&gt;
satria nanambady ny zanany lahy izy; ary io zanany io, rehefa namono ny rainy,&lt;br /&gt;
dia nanambady azy, ka nampahafantarin' ny andriamanitra avy hatrany teo amin' ny olombelona izany rehetra izany.&lt;br /&gt;
Fa izy kosa, na teo aza ny fahoriany rehetra, tao Thebe malalany,&lt;br /&gt;
dia mbola nanjaka tamin' ny taranak' i Cadmus, noho ny torohevitra mahavoa nataon' ny andriamanitra;&lt;br /&gt;
fa ilay reniny kosa nidina tany amin' ny tranon' i Hades, ilay mpiambina mahery.&lt;br /&gt;
Nafatony teny ambony tamin' ny sakamandimby avo ny tadivavarana,&lt;br /&gt;
fa resin' ny alahelony izy; ho an' ilay zanany kosa dia navelany ny fahoriana&lt;br /&gt;
maro dia maro, lehibe tahaka izay azon' ireo Furies an' ny reny ateraka.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Tsy tahaka ny ao amin' ny fitantaran' i Sophocles, dia tsy mbola voalaza eto ny fanaovana sesitany an' i Edipa. Tsy voalaza koa ny fanadihadiana lalina ataon' ny olombelona mba hahitana izay namono an' i Laius sy hahafantarana ny toe-javatra nahaterahan' i Edipa; ny andriamanitra kosa no mampahafantatra ny marina «avy hatrany».

=== Ny ''Olympian Ode'' faharoan' i Pindar ===

Ao amin' ny ''Olympian Ode'' faharoany (476 talohan' i Kristy), dia manoratra toy izao i Pindar (fandikan-teny malagasy avy amin' ny teny anglisy voatanisa):&lt;ref&gt;Pindar, ''Second Olympian Ode''&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Ilay zanak' i Laius niharan-doza, raha nifanojo tamin' ny rainy teny an-dalana, dia namono azy ka nahatanteraka ilay famaliana avy amin' ny andriamanitra nolazaina fahiny tao Pytho. Ary i Erinys maranitra fijery dia nahita izany ka nampifamono ireo zanany tia ady. Kanefa i Thersandros dia mbola velona taorian' ny nahafatesan' i Polyneikes, ka nahazo voninahitra tamin' ny fifaninanana ho an' ny tanora sy tao anatin' ny hamafin' ny ady, taranaka nitondra fanampiana ho an' ny fianakavian' i Adrastos.

— Andininy 35–40.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Ny trilojia ''Seven Against Thebes'' nosoratan' i Aeschylus (467 talohan' i Kristy) ===

Tamin' ny taona 467 talohan' i Kristy, i [[Aeschylus]], mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra avy any Atena, dia nanoratra trilojia (tantara an-tsehatra telo mifampitohy) nifototra tamin' ny anganon' i Edipa, ka nahazoany ny loka voalohany tamin' ny fifaninanana tao amin' ny fety ''City Dionysia''. Ny ''Laius'' no tantara an-tsehatra voalohany, ny ''Oedipus'' no faharoa, ary ny ''Seven Against Thebes'' no fahatelo sady hany mbola voatahiry amin' izy telo.

Ao amin' ny ''Seven Against Thebes'', i Eteocles sy i Polynices, zanakalahin' i Edipa, dia mifamono amin' ny ady ifanandrinany hahazoana ny seza fiandrianana. Sahala amin' ny ''Oresteia'' nosoratany, dia tokony ho nitantara ny fahoriana nanjo fianakaviana iray nandritra ny taranaka telo nifandimby io trilojia io. Ny tantara an-tsehatra ahitana ireo zavaboary amin' ny angano grika antsoina hoe ''satyr'', izay nanaraka ilay trilojia, dia nantsoina hoe ''The Sphinx''.

=== Ny tantara an-tsehatra nosoratan' i Sophocles ===
Ireto no tantara an-tsehatra telo mbola voatahiry amin' ireo nosoratan' i Sophocles momba ny tanànan' i Thebes: ''Oedipus Rex'' (antsoina koa hoe ''Oedipus Tyrannus'' na ''Oedipus the King''), ''Oedipus at Colonus'', ary ''Antigone''. Samy miresaka ny anjaran' ny tanànan' i Thebes nandritra ny fotoana nanjakan' i Edipa mpanjaka sy taorian' izany izy telo ireo,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Sophocles. ''Sophocles I: Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone''. 2nd ed. Grene, David and Lattimore, Richard, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1991. pp. 1–2.&lt;/ref&gt; ary matetika no natonta tao anaty boky iray.&lt;ref&gt;Jereo: &quot;''Sophocles: The Theban Plays''&quot;, Penguin Books, 1947; ''Sophocles I: Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone'', University of Chicago, 1991; ''Sophocles: The Theban Plays: Antigone/King Oidipous/Oidipous at Colonus'', Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company, 2002; ''Sophocles, The Oedipus Cycle: Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone'', Harvest Books, 2002; Sophocles, ''Works'', ''Loeb Classical Library'', Vol I. London, W. Heinemann; New York, Macmillan, 1912 (navoaka indray imbetsaka); ao amin' ny fanontana Loeb tamin' ny 1994 kosa dia araka ny filaharana ara-potoana ny sanganasan' i Sophocles.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny voalohany, dia nosoratan' i Sophocles ho an' ny fifaninanana telo samy hafa tamin' ny fety Dionysia ireo tantara an-tsehatra ireo, ka nisy elanelana taona maro teo amin' ireo fifaninanana. Tsy trilojia tena izy (tantara an-tsehatra telo aseho ho fitantarana iray mitohy) ireo tantara momba an' i Thebes ireo; tsy nokasaina ho andiana sanganasa iray akory izy ireo, ary misy tsy fitoviana eo amin' ny antsipirian' ny tantara ao aminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Nanoratra tantara an-tsehatra hafa nifantoka tamin' i Thebes koa i Sophocles, indrindra ny ''Epigoni'', izay sombiny sisa no voatahiry.&lt;ref&gt;Murray, Matthew, &quot;''Newly Readable Oxyrhynchus Papyri Reveal Works by Sophocles, Lucian, and Others Archived 11 April 2006 at the [[Wayback Machine]]''&quot;, ''Theatermania'', 18 April 2005. Retrieved 9 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ''Oedipus Rex'' ====

Eo am-piandohan' ny ''Oedipus Rex'' nosoratan' i [[Sophocles]], dia mitalaho vonjy amin' ny mpanjaka ny mponin' i Thebes, ka miangavy azy hamantatra ny anton' ny aretina mandravarava azy ireo. Mijoro eo anoloan' izy ireo i Edipa ary mianiana fa hitady izay fototry ny fijaliany sy hampitsahatra izany. Amin' izay fotoana izay indrindra no miverina ao Thebes i Creon, rehefa avy tany amin' ny toerana ilazana ny famaliana avy amin' ny andriamanitra. Nampahafantatra i Apollo fa manome fialofana ho an' izay nanao fahavetavetana mahatsiravina i Thebes, ary tsy hitsahatra ny aretina raha tsy fantatra izay tena namono an' i Laius, ilay mpanjaka fahiny, ka sazina noho ny heloka nataony. Mianiana i Edipa fa hanao izany, nefa tsy fantany fa izy ihany no meloka. Mipoitra tsikelikely mandritra ny tantara an-tsehatra ny fahamarinana mangidy, rehefa mifandona amin' i Tiresias, ilay mpahita jamba mahalala ny marina, i Edipa. Mandà izany mafy hatrany anefa i Edipa, ary manjary resy lahatra fa miray tetika amin' i Creon i Tiresias mba handrombaka ny seza fiandrianana.

Manomboka mahatsapa tsikelikely ny marina i Edipa ao amin' ny seho II, rehefa manonona fotsiny i Jocasta fa teo amin' ny fihaonan-dalana telo no namonoana an' i Laius. Mamoha fahatsiarovana ao amin' i Edipa izany, ka tsaroany tampoka ireo lehilahy niadiany sy novonoiny indray andro fahiny, teo amin' ny fihaonan-dalana telo. Mihorohoro izy rehefa mahatsapa fa mety ho izy ilay lehilahy tadiaviny. Nisy mpanompo iray tao amin' ny ankohonan' i Laius tafavoaka velona tamin' ilay fanafihana, ary mandany ny fahanterany any amin' ny faritra manamorona ny sisin-tanin' i Thebes. Mandefa olona avy hatrany haka azy i Edipa, mba hanamarina raha meloka izy na tsia. Na amin' ny ratsy indrindra eritreretiny aza anefa, dia ny hahafantarany fa izy no namono lehilahy iray tsy fantany, nefa tsy nahalala hoe iza no novonoiny, no ampoiziny. Mbola tsy mazava aminy ny tena fahamarinana.

Any amin' ny faramparan' ny tantara an-tsehatra vao tonga ny fotoana ahafantarana tampoka ny marina. Eo am-piandohan' ny seho III, raha mbola miandry ny hitondrana ilay mpanompo ao an-tanàna i Edipa, dia misy iraka tonga avy any Kôrinto milaza fa maty i Polybus, mpanjakan' i Kôrinto. Maivamaivana tokoa i Edipa mandre izany vaovao izany, satria nino izy fa i Polybus no rainy izay efa voalazan' ny famaliana avy amin' ny andriamanitra fa hovonoiny; heveriny vetivety àry fa afa-nandositra ny anjarany izy. Lazainy amin' izay rehetra eo, anisan' izany ilay iraka, izany rehetra izany, nefa fantatr' ilay iraka fa tsy marina izany. Io iraka io no nahita an' i Edipa fony mbola zazakely tao amin' ny hadilanana ao Cithaeron, ka nanolotra azy tamin' i Polybus mpanjaka mba hobeaziny. Ampahafantariny koa fa ilay mpanompo mbola entina ho ao an-tanàna amin' io fotoana iresahan' izy ireo io ihany no nitondra an' i Edipa tany an-tendrombohitra fony izy zazakely. Amin' izay dia takatr' i Jocasta izay rehetra nitranga. Mitalaho amin' i Edipa izy mba tsy hanohy ny fikarohana, saingy mandà i Edipa. Miditra ao an-dapa i Jocasta, raha iny tonga iny ilay mpanompo. Rehefa tonga ilay lehilahy antitra, dia hita avy hatrany fa fantany avokoa ny zava-drehetra. Noho ny baikon' i Edipa dia tantarainy daholo izany.

Tsy zakan' i Edipa ny fahafantarana ireo heloka rehetra nataony, ka mihazakazaka ao an-dapa izy. Ao no ahitany ny reniny izay vadiny koa, efa maty namono tena. Esoriny an-keriny amin' ny akanjon-dravehivavy ny haingon-damba misy fanjaitra, ary ampiasainy hanajambana ny tenany izany. Mandeha ra ny masony, ary mitalaho amin' i Creon, dadatoany sady zaodahiny izay vao tonga teo, izy mba handroaka azy tsy hiverina mandrakizay ao Thebes. Manaiky izany fangatahana izany i Creon. Miangavy i Edipa mba hahazo mihazona amin' ny tanany indray mandeha ireo zanany roa vavy, i Antigone sy i Ismene, tao anatin' ny ranomaso. Mamindra fo i Creon ka mampiditra azy roa vavy mba hahita an' i Edipa indray mandeha.

==== ''Oedipus at Colonus'' ====
[[File:Giroust Oedipus at Colonus.JPG|upright=1.3|thumb|right|alt=Edipa ao Colonus|Edipa ao Colonus]]
Ao amin' ny ''Oedipus at Colonus'' nosoratan' i Sophocles, dia manjary mpirenireny i Edipa, enjehin' i Creon sy ny olony. Mahita fialofana ihany izy amin' ny farany, any amin' ny toerana masina tsy misy mponina eo ivelan' i Atena, tsy lavitra ny tanàna. Voalaza fa nikarakara an' i Edipa sy Antigone zanany vavy tao i Theseus. Tratr' i Creon ihany i Edipa tamin' ny farany. Mangataka an' i Edipa hiverina avy any Colonus izy mba hitso-drano an' i Eteocles zanany lahy. Tezitra i Edipa satria tsy ampy ny fitiavan' ny zanany azy ka tsy nikarakara azy io; noho izany dia nozoniny i Eteocles sy ny rahalahiny mba hifamono any an' ady. Maty tamim-piadanana i Edipa; voalaza fa masina amin' ny andriamanitra ny fasany.

==== ''Antigone'' ====
[[File:The blind Oedipus led by his daughter Antigone.jpg|thumb|alt=I Edipa jamba tarihin' i Antigone zanany vavy|I Edipa jamba tarihin' i Antigone zanany vavy]]
Ao amin' ny ''Antigone'' nosoratan' i Sophocles, rehefa niala tamin' ny maha-mpanjakan' i Thebes azy i Edipa, dia nomeny an' i Eteocles sy Polynices zanany roa lahy ny fanjakana. Nifanaraka izy mirahalahy fa hifandimby eo amin' ny seza fiandrianana isan-taona. Tsy niraharaha ny rainy anefa izy ireo, ka nanozona azy ireo izy noho izany tsy firaharahiana izany. Rehefa tapitra ny taona voalohany, dia tsy nety niala teo amin' ny seza fiandrianana i Eteocles, ka nanafika an' i Thebes niaraka tamin' ny mpanohana azy i Polynices, araka ny aseho ao amin' ny ''Seven Against Thebes'' nosoratan' i [[Aeschylus]] sy ny ''Phoenician Women'' nosoratan' i [[Euripides]]. Nifamono tany an' ady izy mirahalahy. Namoaka didy ny mpanjaka Creon, izay nandray ny seza fiandrianan' i Thebes, fa tsy azo alevina i Polynices. Nandika izany didy izany i Antigone anabavin' i Polynices, saingy tratra.

Namoaka didy i Creon fa hatao ao anaty vata vato ao ambanin' ny tany i Antigone, na dia efa fofombadin' i Haemon zanany aza. Nanambara i Ismene rahavavin' i Antigone fa nanampy azy ary naniry ny hiharan' izany sazy izany koa, saingy nanapa-kevitra ny tsy hamono azy ho faty i Creon tamin' ny farany. Tamin' ny alalan' i Tiresias mpaminany jamba no nanehoan' ireo andriamanitra ny tsy fankasitrahany ny fanapahan-kevitr' i Creon. Resy lahatra àry izy ka nanafoana ny didiny, ary lasa nandevina an' i Polynices ny tenany. Efa nananton-tena tao amin' ny fasany anefa i Antigone, fa tsy niaritra fahafatesana miandalana noho ny fandevenana azy velona. Rehefa tonga teo amin' ny fasana nametrahana an' i Antigone i Creon, dia nahita ny fatin' ilay fofombadiny i Haemon zanany ka nanafika azy. Tsy nahafaty an' i Creon anefa izy, ka namono tena. Rehefa nampandrenesina ny fahafatesan' i Haemon i Eurydice vadin' i Creon, dia namono tena koa izy.

=== Ny sanganasan' i Euripides: ''Phoenissae'', ''Chrysippus'' ary ''Oedipus'' ===

Eo am-piandohan' ny ''Phoenissae'' nosoratan' i [[Euripides]], dia mitantara indray ny fiainan' i Edipa i Jocasta. Amin' ny ankapobeny, dia atambatr' io tantara an-tsehatra io ny fizotry ny tantara ao amin' ny ''Seven Against Thebes'' sy ny ''Antigone''. Lafiny roa lehibe no mampiavaka azy amin' ireo fitantarana hafa. Voalohany, hazavainy amin' ny an-tsipiriany ny anton' ny fifandiran' i Laius sy i Edipa: nandidy an' i Edipa hiala teo amin' ny lalana i Laius mba hahafahan' ny kalesiny mandalo, nefa nandà tsy hiala i Edipa noho ny avonavony. Faharoa, ao amin' io tantara an-tsehatra io, dia tsy namono tena i Jocasta rehefa fantany ny firaisany ara-nofo tamin' ny havany akaiky, ka izy no miteny eo amin' ny sava lalana. Tsy lasa sesitany koa i Edipa. Nijanona tao Thebes izy roa, ka nihemotra hatramin' ny ady nifamonoan' i Eteocles sy i Polynices ny loza nanjo azy ireo. Zanak' i Edipa sady iray reny aminy izy roa lahy, ary zanak' anabavin' i Creon koa. Namono tena teo ambonin' ny fatin' izy roa lahy i Jocasta, ary nanaraka an' i Edipa tany an-tsesitany i Antigone.

Ao amin' ny ''Chrysippus'', dia velabelarin' i Euripides ny zava-nitranga talohan' ny ozona: naka an-keriny an' i Chrysippus, zanak' i Pelops, i Laius mba hanolana azy, ary io fahotany io no nahatonga ny andriamanitra hamaly faty tamin' ny fianakaviany manontolo. Mpampianatra an' i Chrysippus i Laius. Ny fanolanany ny mpianany dia fanitsakitsahana mafy ny adidiny amin' ny maha-vahiny sy mpampianatra azy tao an-tranon' ilay fianakavian' ny mpanjaka nampiantrano azy tamin' izany fotoana izany. Misy vazy mbola voatahiry mampiseho andriamanibavy mpamaly faty iray manomba eny ambonin' i Laius, izay nentin' ny filan' ny nofo, eo am-pakana an-keriny ilay niharan' ny fanolanana.&lt;ref&gt;''The Reign of the Phallus: Sexual Politics in Ancient Athens'' by Eva Keuls (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1993) p. 292.&lt;/ref&gt; Namaly faty noho ny fanitsakitsahana ny filaminana tokony hanjaka tao an-tokantrano ireo Furies, na andriamanibavy mpamaly faty, araka izay asehon' ny lahatsoratra toy ny ''The Libation Bearers'' nosoratan' i Aeschylus.

Nanoratra ''Oedipus'' koa i Euripides, saingy sombiny vitsivitsy sisa no voatahiry amin' io asa io.&lt;ref&gt;R. Kannicht, ''Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta'' (TrGF) vol. 5.1, Göttingen 2004; jereo koa F. Jouan – H. Van Looy, ''Euripide. tome 8.2 – Fragments'', Paris 2000&lt;/ref&gt; Nampahatsiahy ny fihetsika feno avonavona nataon' i Laius ny andalana voalohany tamin' ny sava lalana: niteraka zazalahy izy na dia nandrara izany aza i Apollo. Ao amin' ny ampahany iray amin' ny tantara, dia misy mpandray anjara manao famariparitana lava sy amin' ny an-tsipiriany momba ny Sphinx sy ny ankamantany. Voatahiry ao amin' ny sombin-dahatsoratra dimy avy any Oxyrhynchus izany, mitondra ny mari-pamantarana P.Oxy. 2459, izay navoakan' i Eric Gardner Turner tamin' ny 1962.&lt;ref&gt;Nodinihin' i Hugh Lloyd-Jones tao amin' ny ''Gnomon'' 35 (1963), pp. 446–447&lt;/ref&gt; Ahitana ohabolana sy torohevitra ara-pitondran-tena maro momba ny fanambadiana koa io tantara mampalahelo io; voatahiry ao amin' ny ''Anthologion'' nosoratan' i Stobaeus ireo.

Misy andalana milaza fa ny mpanompon' i Laius no nahajamba an' i Edipa tao amin' io tantara an-tsehatra io, ary nitranga izany talohan' ny nahafantarana fa zanak' i Laius izy. Mampiavaka azy amin' ny fomba nitantaran' i Sophocles ilay angano ireo antsipiriany ireo; ny fitantaran' i Sophocles no heverina ho endrika mahazatra itantarana azy ankehitriny. Maro ny ezaka natao hamerenana ny fizotry ny tantara nosoratan' i Euripides, saingy mbola vinavina avokoa izany, satria vitsy ny sombin-dahatsoratra sisa tavela ary tsy misy mihitsy famariparitana na famintinana azy avy tamin' ny Andro Taloha. Na izany aza, nisy nanolotra fa mety ho avy amin' io tantara an-tsehatra io ny ampahany amin' ny fitantaran' i Hyginus ny anganon' i Edipa. Nisy koa nahita singa mampahatsiahy ny ''Oedipus'' nosoratan' i Euripides ao amin' ny seho iray ao amin' ny ''Oedipus'' nosoratan' i Seneca, izay itantaran' i Edipa amin' i Jocasta ny zava-niainany tamin' ny Sphinx.&lt;ref&gt;Joachim Dingel, ao amin' ny ''Museum Helveticum'' 27 (1970), 90–96&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra hafa ===
Farafahakeliny mpanoratra telo hafa tamin' ny taonjato faha-5 talohan' i Kristy, izay tanora kokoa noho i Sophocles, no nanoratra tantara an-tsehatra momba an' i Edipa. Anisan' izy ireo i Achaeus avy any Eretria, i Nichomachus ary i Xenocles zokiny.&lt;ref&gt;Burian, P. (2009). ''Inconclusive Conclusion: the Ending(s) of Oedipus Tyrannus''. Ao amin' i Goldhill, S. sy Hall, E. (mpandrindra), ''Sophocles and the Greek Tragic Tradition''. Cambridge University Press, p. 100. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-88785-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanampiana tatỳ aoriana ==

Mirakitra ankamantatra ho an' ny Sphinx ny ''Bibliotheca'', boky torolalana momba ny angano tamin' ny vanim-potoana rômana. Mindrana ny tononkalon' i [[Hesiôdôsy|Hesiod]] ilay ankamantatra, izay toy izao raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «Inona no manana feo iray nefa manjary manan-tongotra efatra sy roa ary telo?»&lt;ref&gt;''Bibliotheca'' III.5.7&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanampiana tatỳ aoriana tamin' ny ''Seven against Thebes'' nosoratan' i Aeschylus ===

Noho ny fankafizan' ny olona ny ''Antigone'' nosoratan' i Sophocles (tokony ho tamin' ny 442 talohan' i Kristy), dia nampiana ny famaranana (andalana 1005–78) amin' ny ''Seven against Thebes'', tokony ho dimampolo taona taorian' ny nahafatesan' i Aeschylus.&lt;ref&gt;Jereo, ohatra, Brown 1976, 206–19.&lt;/ref&gt; Natao hifarana amin' ny fisaonana feno alahelo an' ireo mpirahalahy maty ilay tantara an-tsehatra, sy ilay trilojia (tantara an-tsehatra telo mifampitohy) izay mifarana amin' io tantara io. Ao amin' ilay famaranana tsy nosoratan' i Aeschylus kosa, dia misy mpitondra hafatra manambara ny fandrarana ny fandevenana an' i Polynices, ary manambara i Antigone fa handika izany didy izany.

== Literatiora taorian' ny vanim-potoana klasika ==
Nampiasaina ho mpandray anjara koa i Edipa tao amin' ny literatiora latina tany [[Rôma Taloha]]. Nanoratra tantara an-tsehatra momba an' i Edipa i [[Jolio Kaisara|Julius Caesar]], saingy tsy voatahiry hatramin' ny andro ankehitriny izany.&lt;ref&gt;Sava lalana nosoratan' i E.F. Watling ho an' ny ''Seneca: Four Tragedies and Octavia''&lt;/ref&gt; Nampiditra an' i Edipa tao amin' ny ''Metamorphoses'' i [[Ôvidio|Ovid]], saingy amin' ny maha-olona nandresy ny Sphinx azy ihany. Tsy miresaka momba ny fahoriana niainan' i Edipa teo amin' ny fifandraisany tamin' ny rainy sy ny reniny izy. Nanoratra ny tantara an-tsehatra azy manokana momba an' i Edipa i [[Seneka Zandriny|Seneca zandriny]] tamin' ny taonjato voalohany taorian' i Kristy. Misy fahasamihafana lehibe eo amin' izany sy ny sanganasan' i Sophocles.

Misy manam-pahaizana milaza fa natao hovakina amin' ny feo avo nandritra ny fihaonana manokana, fa tsy hampisehoina an-tsehatra, ilay tantara nosoratan' i Seneca avy amin' ilay angano. Nampisehoina an-tsehatra kosa izy io nanomboka tamin' ny vanim-potoanan' ny Fifohazana. Nampifanaraka azy io ho an' ny ''Oedipus'', tantara an-tsehatra momba ny mahery fo nahazo alalana tamin' ny 1678, i [[John Dryden]]. Ny ''Oedipus'' tamin' ny 1718 koa no tantara an-tsehatra voalohany nosoratan' i [[Voltaire]]. Nampisehoina tao amin' ny ''National Theatre'' (Teatra Nasionaly) tamin' ny faramparan' ny taona 2008 ny dikan-tantaran' i Frank McGuinness momba an' i Edipa, ka i [[Ralph Fiennes]] sy i Clare Higgins no nitana ny anjara toerana fototra.

Nanoratra tantara foronina sy tantara an-tsehatra mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''The Gods Are Not to Blame'' i Ola Rotimi. Mitantara indray ny anganon' i Edipa izy io, saingy ao amin' ny fanjakana Yoruba no isehoan' ny tantara.&lt;ref&gt;Rotimi O., ''The Gods are Not to Blame'', Three Crown Books, Nigeria 1974&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 2011, dia namoaka ny tantara foroniny hoe ''Ed King'', izay nahazo aingam-panahy avy amin' ny tantaran' i Edipa, i David Guterson, mpanoratra amerikanina.&lt;ref&gt;Goodwillie, David. ''[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/27/books/review/ed-king-by-david-guterson-book-review.html Mama's Boy]''. ''The New York Times''. November 23, 2011. Notsidihina tamin' ny June 9, 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Eo amin' ny fandinihana ny lovantsofina, dia voasokajy ao amin' ny karazan' angano ATU (fanasokajiana Aarne–Thompson–Uther) 931, antsoina hoe «Oedipus», ny anganon' i Edipa, araka ilay fanasokajiana iraisam-pirenena.&lt;ref&gt;Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. ''The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography''. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC, volume 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1961, p. 328.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Racėnaitė, Radvilė. ''[https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/1579 Novelinė pasaka &quot;Edipas&quot; (AT 931) : individualaus atlikimo atspindžiai užrašytame pasakos tekste]'' [Novel tale Oedipus (AT 931): reflections of individual performance in the written text of the tale]. ''Tautosakos darbai'' [Folklore Studies], 2005, volume 29, pp. 100–110. ISSN 1392-2831. Amin' ny teny litoaniana.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Puchner, Walter. ''[https://www.degruyter.com/database/EMO/entry/emo.10.042/html Ödipus (AaTh 931)]''. In: ''Enzyklopädie des Märchens''. Edited by Rolf Wilhelm Brednich, Heidrun Alzheimer, Hermann Bausinger, Wolfgang Brückner, Daniel Drascek, Helge Gerndt, Ines Köhler-Zülch, Klaus Roth and Hans-Jörg Uther. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2016 [2002]. pp. 209-219. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-11-016841-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Accessed 2023-01-03.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tetiarana ==
&lt;!-- Ny tetiarana dia fampifanarahana avy amin’ ny mpandray anjara ao amin’ ny Wikipedia anglisy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371034526 ; CC BY-SA 4.0. --&gt;

Ireto tabilao ireto dia mampiseho ny fiaviana sy ny fifandraisana ao amin' ny fianakavian' ny mpanjakan' i Thebes. Ny tsanganana «Karazam-pifandraisana» dia manavaka ny fiaviana, ny fanambadiana, ny fananganan-jaza ary ny fifandraisana tsy aseho ho fanambadiana; ny tsanganana «Taranaka aseho» kosa dia mitanisa ny taranaka mifandray amin' ireo olona ireo. Marihina manokana ny zanaka natsangana mba tsy hampifangaroana azy amin' ny zanaka nateraka. Tsy midika ho tsy nanan-janaka ny hoe tsy misy taranaka aseho.

I Nycteus sy i Lycus dia aseho ho manana fiaviana iombonana, saingy tsy voatonona anarana ny olona niaviany.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Fiaviana sy fifandraisana ao amin' ny fianakaviana
! Olona
! Karazam-pifandraisana
! Taranaka aseho
|-
| Harmonia sy Cadmus
| Fanambadiana
| Semele, Ino, Autonoë, Agave ary Polydorus
|-
| Polyxo sy Nycteus
| Fanambadiana
| Nycteis sy Antiope
|-
| Dirce sy Lycus
| Fanambadiana
| Lycus II
|-
| [[Zeosy|Zeus]] sy Semele
| Fifandraisana tsy aseho ho fanambadiana
| [[Diônisôsy|Dionysus]]
|-
| Agave sy Echion
| Fanambadiana
| Pentheus sy Epeiros
|-
| Polydorus sy Nycteis
| Fanambadiana
| Labdacus
|-
| [[Zeosy|Zeus]] sy Antiope
| Fifandraisana tsy aseho ho fanambadiana
| Amphion sy Zethus
|-
| Pentheus
| Fiaviana
| Oclasus
|-
| Oclasus
| Fiaviana
| Menoeceus
|-
| Menoeceus
| Fiaviana
| Creon, Hipponome ary Jocasta
|-
| Labdacus
| Fiaviana
| Laius
|-
| Eurydice sy Creon
| Fanambadiana
| Megara, Henioche, Pyrrha, Megareus, Lycomedes ary Haemon
|-
| Jocasta sy Laius
| Fanambadiana
| [[Edipa]]
|-
| Merope sy Polybus
| Fanambadiana sy fananganan-jaza
| Edipa, izay natsangan' izy ireo
|-
| Hipponome sy Alcaeus
| Fanambadiana
| Amphitryon, Anaxo ary Perimede
|-
| [[Zeosy|Zeus]] sy Alcmene
| Fifandraisana tsy aseho ho fanambadiana
| [[Heraklesy|Heracles]]
|-
| Alcmene sy Amphitryon
| Fanambadiana
| Iphicles
|-
| Megara sy [[Heraklesy|Heracles]]
| Fanambadiana
| Tsy misy taranaka aseho
|-
| Jocasta sy Edipa
| Fanambadiana
| Antigone, Ismene, Eteocles ary Polynices
|-
| Haemon sy Antigone
| Fifandraisana tsy aseho ho fanambadiana
| Tsy misy taranaka aseho
|-
| Eteocles
| Fiaviana
| Laodamas
|-
| Argea sy Polynices
| Fanambadiana
| Thersander
|-
| Demonassa sy Thersander
| Fanambadiana
| Tisamenus
|-
| Peneleos
| Fiaviana
| Opheltes
|-
| Opheltes
| Fiaviana
| Damasichthon
|-
| Tisamenus
| Fiaviana
| Autesion
|-
| Autesion
| Fiaviana
| Theras sy Argeia
|-
| Damasichthon
| Fiaviana
| Ptolemy
|-
| Ptolemy
| Fiaviana
| Xanthos
|-
| Argeia sy Aristodemus
| Fanambadiana
| Eurysthenes sy Procles
|}

Ny mpanjakan' i Thebes dia asiana laharana, anarana sora-matevina ary loko volomparasy mazava. Ny fiaraha-manjaka dia marihina amin' ny laharana iray arahin' ny litera madinika: niara-nanjaka, ohatra, i Amphion (5a) sy i Zethus (5b).

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Mpanjakan' i Thebes
! Laharana
! Anarana
|-
| 1
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Cadmus'''
|-
| 2
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Pentheus'''
|-
| 3
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Polydorus'''
|-
| 4
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Labdacus'''
|-
| 5a
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Amphion'''
|-
| 5b
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Zethus'''
|-
| 6
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Laius'''
|-
| 7
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Edipa'''
|-
| 8a
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Polynices'''
|-
| 8b
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Eteocles'''
|-
| 9
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Lycus II'''
|-
| 10
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Laodamas'''
|-
| 11
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Thersander'''
|-
| 12
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Tisamenus'''
|-
| 13
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Autesion'''
|-
| 14
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Damasichthon'''
|-
| 15
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Ptolemy'''
|-
| 16
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaff;&quot; | '''Xanthos'''
|}

Ny mpisolo mpanjaka, izany hoe olona mitondra misolo toerana ny mpanjaka, dia asiana anarana sora-matevina sy loko mena mazava ary marika ahitana litera sy tarehimarika, amin' ny endrika AN. Ny tarehimarika N dia manondro ny fitondran' ny mpisolo mpanjaka talohan' ny nanjakan' ny mpanjaka faha-N. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia midika izany fa nisolo toerana an' io mpanjaka faha-N io ilay olona, nefa tsy izany foana: i Creon (A9), ohatra, dia nisolo toerana an' i Laodamas, ilay mpanjaka faha-10, tamin' ny namonoan' i Lycus II azy. I Lycus II no mpanjaka faha-9, izay naka an-keriny ny fanjakana. Ny litera A kosa dia manondro ny filaharan' ireo mpisolo mpanjaka: A ho an' ny voalohany, B ho an' ny faharoa, ary toy izany hatrany.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Mpisolo mpanjaka tao Thebes
! Marika
! Anarana
|-
| A4
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaaa;&quot; | '''Nycteus'''
|-
| B4 sy A6
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaaa;&quot; | '''Lycus'''
|-
| A7, A8 ary A9
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaaa;&quot; | '''Creon'''
|-
| A12
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffaaaa;&quot; | '''Peneleos'''
|}

Ny andriamanitra kosa dia asiana loko mavo.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Andriamanitra ao amin' ny tetiarana
! Anarana
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffaa;&quot; | Harmonia
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffaa;&quot; | [[Zeosy|Zeus]]
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffaa;&quot; | [[Diônisôsy|Dionysus]]
|}

== Ny fitambaran' ny faniriana tsy tsapa mitondra ny anaran' i Edipa ==

Nampiasa ny anarana hoe fitambaran' ny faniriana tsy tsapa mitondra ny anaran' i Edipa (''Oedipus complex'') i [[Sigmund Freud]] mba hanazavana ny fiandohan' ny karazana nevrôzy (na fikorontanana ara-tsaina ahitana tebiteby na tahotra mahery; ''neurosis'') sasany amin' ny fahazazana. Araka io teôriany io, izany dia faniriana tsy tsapan' ny zazalahy hahazo irery ny fitiavan' ny reniny. Tafiditra amin' io faniriana io ny fialonana ny rainy sy ny faniriana tsy tsapany hahafatesan' ny rainy, ary koa ny faniriana tsy tsapany hanao [[Firaisana ara-nofo|firaisana ara-nofo]] amin' ny reniny. Araka ny fomba anehoana an' i Edipa ao amin' ny angano anefa, tsy nanana izany nevrôzy izany izy — farafaharatsiny, tsy mahakasika an' i Jocasta, izay tsy nifankahitany raha tsy efa olon-dehibe izy. Raha nisy fihetseham-po toy izany, dia ho i Merope no nitodihany; tsy misy na inona na inona ao amin' ny angano manondro izany anefa. Nihevitra i Freud fa ireo Grika tamin' ny Andro Taloha izay nandre ny fitantarana na nijery ny tantara an-tsehatra nalaina avy aminy dia nahalala fa ny rainy tokoa no novonoin' i Edipa ary ny reniny no novadiny. Araka ny hevitr' i Freud àry, ny fiverimberenan' ny fitantarana sy ny fampisehoana izany dia naneho fa nibahana tao an-tsain' izy ireo io lohahevitra io.&lt;ref&gt;Bruno Bettelheim. ''[https://archive.org/details/freudmanssoul00brun Freud and Man's Soul]''. Knopf, 1983. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-394-52481-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Mila fisoratana anarana ny fidirana.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* [[:commons:Category:Oedipus|Rakitra momba an' i Edipa ao amin' ny ''Wikimedia Commons'' (tahirin-drakitra iombonana)]]
* [[Grisia Taloha]]
* Angano
* Epigoni
* Fisarihana ara-pananahana eo amin' ny mpihavana ara-dra (''genetic attraction'')
* Myrrha (angano grika momba ny fitiavana ara-nofo eo amin' ny ray sy ny zanany vavy)
* Lille Stesichorus
* [[Biôgrafia]]

== Fanamarihana sy loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Boky sy lahatsoratra ===
* Brown, A.L. &quot;''The End of the Seven against Thebes''&quot; ''The Classical Quarterly'' 26.2 (1976) 206–19.
* Carloni, Glauco and Nobili, Daniela. ''La Mamma Cattiva: fenomenologia, antropologia e clinica del figlicidio'' (Rimini, 2004).
* Dallas, Ian, ''Oedipus and Dionysus'', Freiburg Press, Granada 1991. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-874216-02-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Graves, Robert, ''The Greek Myths''
* Lowell, Edmunds, ''Oedipus''. (''Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World''), London/New York: Routledge, 2006. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-32935-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Smith, William; ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', London (1873). [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DO%3Aentry+group%3D2%3Aentry%3Doedipus-bio-1 &quot;''Oe'dipus''&quot;]
* Gaillard, T. Tony, ''Transgenerational Healing of Oedipus at Colonus'', Genesis Editions (2020), Geneva, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9782940540358&lt;/nowiki&gt;, sombiny ao amin' ny [https://www.academia.edu/44229229/TRANSGENERATIONAL_HEALING_OF_OEDIPUS_AT_COLONUS_Unveiling_a_Universal_Therapeutic_Model academia.edu] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220818060535/https://www.academia.edu/44229229/TRANSGENERATIONAL_HEALING_OF_OEDIPUS_AT_COLONUS_Unveiling_a_Universal_Therapeutic_Model tahiry tamin' ny 18 August 2022]).

== Rohy ivelany sy fifandimbiasana ==
* [https://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0023/html/lewis_e_164.html Lewis E 164 — ''Oedipi et Sphingis dialogus''] (fifanakalozan-kevitra eo amin' i Edipa sy ny Sphinx), ao amin' ny OPenn.
* [https://www.freebase.com/m/0k8pc Freebase]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Fifandimbiasan' ny mpitondra an' i Thebes ao amin' ny angano
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nialoha azy
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Mpitondra
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nandimby azy
|-
| Laius
| Edipa
| Creon (mpisolo mpanjaka)
|}

[[:sokajy:Biôgrafia]]
[[:Sokajy:Angano grika]]</text>
      <sha1>ifotxfg7v91s67j3uo30p2txkurqkuv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Baseball</title>
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      <text bytes="214610" sha1="qnj2r6iruw1to1qgq43d6hm844xs34f" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''baseball''' dia [[Fanatanjahantena|fanatanjahantena]] mampiasa kibay fikapohana sy baolina, ifanandrinan' ny ekipa roa manana mpilalao sivy avy, izay mifandimby mikapoka sy miaro. Ny mpanipy ao amin' ny ekipa miaro no manipy baolina ''baseball'' mankany amin' ny mpikapoka ao amin' ny ekipa mpifanandrina, izay miezaka mikapoka izany ho eny amin' ny faritra filalaovana. Rehefa voakapoka tsara ny baolina, dia afaka mandroso manodidina ny toby efatra ny mpilalao ao amin' ny ekipa manafika, ka mahazo isa iray isaky ny fihodinana feno vitany. Ny ekipa miaro kosa miezaka manala ny mpikapoka sy ny mpihazakazaka amin' ny fanafihana amin' io anjara io, mba tsy hahazoan' izy ireo isa. Rehefa nahavita nanala mpilalao telo ny ekipa miaro, dia mifamadika andraikitra ny ekipa manafika sy ny ekipa miaro. Mitohy ny lalao mandra-pahavitan' ny isan' ny fihodinana voafaritra, ka ny ekipa mahazo isa betsaka indrindra no mandresy. Ny fihodinana iray dia ahitana ny anjaran' ny ekipa roa mifandimby manafika sy miaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-002&quot; /&gt;

Nivoatra avy amin' ny lalao tranainy kokoa nampiasa kibay fikapohana sy baolina ny ''baseball''; nihamaro ny mpitia ireo lalao ireo tany [[Angletera]] tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-18. Nentin' ny mpifindra monina tany [[Amerika Avaratra]] izy ireo. Tany no nivoaran' ny ''baseball'' maoderina, ka efa nisy fikambanana voalamina nilalao araka ny fitsipika voarakitra an-tsoratra tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-19. Ny fiandohan' ny ''baseball'' tany Amerika sy ny fiheverana azy ho fialam-boly manadino ny olana nandritra ireo fotoan-tsarotra teo amin' ny tantaran' i Amerika, toy ny [[Ady an-trano amerikana|Ady an-trano amerikanina]] sy ny Fahaketrahana Lehibe ara-toekarena, no nahatonga azy hantsoina hoe « ''America's Pastime'' », izany hoe « fialam-bolin' i Amerika ». Nanomboka tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19 dia nekena ho fanatanjahantem-pirenena tsy ofisialy tao [[Etazonia]] izy, na dia misy fanatanjahantena hafa be mpitia kokoa noho izy aza amin' ny vanim-potoana maoderina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-003&quot; /&gt; Ankoatra an' i [[Amerika Avaratra]], dia niely tany amin' ny faritra hafa tao Amerika sy ny faritra Azia–Pasifika ny ''baseball'' nandritra ny taonjato faha-19 sy faha-20.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-004&quot; /&gt; Anisan' ny fanatanjahantena be mpitia indrindra any amin' ny faritra sasany ao [[Amerika Afovoany]], [[Amerika Atsimo]], [[Karaîba|Karaiba]] ary [[Azia Atsinanana]] izy amin' ny vanim-potoana ankehitriny, indrindra any [[Japàna]], [[Kôrea Atsimo]] ary [[Taioàna]].

Ao amin' ny ''Major League Baseball'' (MLB, Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball), izay ambaratonga ambony indrindra amin' ny ''baseball'' lalaovina ho asa ao Etazonia sy [[Kanada]], dia mizara ho ligy roa ny ekipa: ny ''National League'' (NL, Ligim-pirenena) sy ny ''American League'' (AL, Ligy Amerikanina). Samy manana vondrona telo ireo ligy ireo, dia ny Atsinanana, ny Andrefana ary ny Afovoany. Ny dingana fifanintsanana mifarana amin' ny ''World Series'' no amaritana ny tompondakan' ny MLB. Mizara roa toy izany koa ny ambaratonga ambony indrindra any Japàna, dia ny ''Central League'' (Ligy Afovoany) sy ny ''Pacific League'' (Ligy Pasifika); ary any [[Kiobà]] kosa dia ny Ligy Andrefana sy Ligy Atsinanana. Ny ''World Baseball Classic'' (fifaninanana iraisam-pirenena amin' ny ''baseball''), karakarain' ny ''World Baseball Softball Confederation'' (Konfederasiona Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Baseball sy Softball), no fifaninanana iraisam-pirenena lehibe amin' ity fanatanjahantena ity, ary andraisan' ireo ekipam-pirenena sangany maneran-tany anjara. Nilalaovana tamin' ny Lalao Olaimpika ny ''baseball'' nanomboka tamin' ny 1992 ka hatramin' ny 2008, ary tamin' ny 2020; hiverina amin' izany indray izy amin' ny 2028.

== Fitsipika sy fizotry ny lalao ==
Fanazavana fanampiny: Fitsipiky ny ''baseball'' sy Topimaso mirindra momba ny ''baseball''.

=== Topimaso ===
[[File:Baseball diamond.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Kisarin' ny kianja filalaovana ''baseball''. Ny teny hoe ''diamond'' dia mety hilazana ilay faritra efamira voafaritry ny toby efatra, na ny kianja filalaovana manontolo. Ho an' ny lalao matihanina sy ny lalao manaraka ny endriky ny lalao matihanina ireo refy aseho. Matetika ny ankizy no milalao amin' ny kianja kely kokoa.]]
[[File:Yankee stadium.jpg|thumb|Ny New York Yankees mifaninana amin' ny Baltimore Orioles tao amin' ny kianja Yankee Stadium (1923), tamin' ny taona 2000.]]
Ekipa roa misy mpilalao sivy avy no mifaninana amin' ny lalao ''baseball''. Mifandimby manafika, izany hoe mikapoka baolina sy mihazakazaka mamakivaky ny toby, ary miaro, izany hoe manipy sy misambotra baolina eny an-kianja, ireo ekipa ireo. Ny fifandimbiasana izay samy ahazoan' ny ekipa tsirairay anjara iray mikapoka sy anjara iray miaro no atao hoe fihodinana lalao (''inning''). Misy fihodinana sivy ny lalao iray; fito kosa izany amin' ny lalao eny amin' ny lisea sy amin' ny fihaonana ahitana lalao roa misesy eo amin' ny sehatry ny oniversite sy ao amin' ny ''Minor League Baseball'' (Ligy Madinika amin' ny Baseball), ary enina eo amin' ny sehatry ny ''Little League'' (ligy ho an' ny ankizy).&lt;ref name=&quot;League&quot; /&gt; Ny ekipa iray, izay matetika ny ekipa vahiny, no mikapoka amin' ny tapany voalohany amin' ny fihodinana tsirairay. Ny ekipa iray hafa, izay matetika ny ekipa mpampiantrano, kosa no mikapoka amin' ny tapany faharoa.

Ny tanjon' ny lalao dia ny hahazoana isa (''runs'') betsaka kokoa noho ny ekipa mpifanandrina. Miezaka mahazo isa ny mpilalao ao amin' ny ekipa mikapoka amin' ny alalan' ny fikasihana, araka ny filaharany, ireo toby efatra eo amin' ny zoron' ilay faritra efamira amin' ny kianja ''baseball''. Eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana no mikapoka ny mpilalao, ary tsy maintsy miezaka tonga eny amin' ny toby iray tsy voaesorina amin' ny lalao izy. Avy eo izy dia mandroso mifanohitra amin' ny fihodin' ny fanjaitran' ny famantaranandro, mankany amin' ny toby voalohany, ny faharoa, ny fahatelo, ary miverina eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana mba hahazoana isa iray. Miezaka misakana ny fahazoan' ny mpifanandrina isa ny ekipa miaro, amin' ny alalan' ny fanesorana mpilalao amin' ny fanafihana (''outs''). Tsy mandray anjara amin' ny fanafihana intsony ireo mpilalao nesorina ireo mandra-pahatongan' ny anjarany mikapoka manaraka. Rehefa misy mpilalao telo voaesorina, dia mifamadika andraikitra ireo ekipa amin' ny antsasaky ny fihodinana manaraka. Raha mbola mitovy isa izy ireo rehefa vita ny fihodinana sivy, dia misy fihodinana fanampiny atao mba hamaritana izay mandresy. Maro ny lalao tsy matihanina, indrindra ireo tsy ao anatin' ny fifaninanana voalamina, no manana isan' ny mpilalao sy isan' ny fihodinana hafa noho ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-006&quot; /&gt;

Ny tsipika roa atao hoe ''foul lines'' no fetra fototra eo amin' ny kianja: miainga eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana ireo ary mitodika mandroso amin' ny zoro 45° avy. Ilay faritra mirefy zoro 90° eo anelanelan' ireo tsipika ireo no antsoina hoe ''fair territory'', ary ilay faritra mirefy zoro 270° any ivelan' ireo kosa no ''foul territory''. Ny faritra voahodidin' ny toby, miaraka amin' ny faritra miitatra ''yards'' vitsivitsy any ivelan' ireo, no atao hoe faritra akaikin' ny toby (''infield''); ny faritra any ankoatra izany kosa no faritra lavitry ny toby (''outfield''). Eo afovoan' ny faritra akaikin' ny toby dia misy dongon-tany ijoroan' ny mpanipy. Eo afovoan' io dongon-tany io no misy takelaka fingotra mahitsizoro, atao hoe ''rubber''. Mazàna dia fefy mitsangana no manamarika ny sisiny ivelan' ny faritra lavitry ny toby; mety ho vita amin' izay akora tiana io fefy io ary tsy voafetra ny haavony. Ny ''fair territory'' eo anelanelan' ny takelaka fiaingana sy ny sisiny ivelan' ny faritra lavitry ny toby no kianja filalaovana ''baseball'', na dia mety hisy zava-mitranga lehibe eo amin' ny lalao koa aza ao amin' ny ''foul territory''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-007&quot; /&gt;

Misy fitaovana fototra telo ampiasaina amin' ny ''baseball'': ny baolina, ny kibay fikapohana, ary ny fonon-tanana fisamborana (''glove'' na ''mitt''):
* Mitovitovy habe amin' ny totohondrin' olon-dehibe ny baolina ''baseball'', ary manodidina ny 9&amp;nbsp;in (22,86&amp;nbsp;cm) ny refin' ny manodidina azy. Fingotra na bosoa no ao anatiny, izay ahodidina kofehy ary rakofana hoditr' omby fotsy misy zaitra mena.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-008&quot; /&gt;
* Fitaovana entina mikapoka ny kibay fikapohana. Araka ny fomba nentim-paharazana dia tapa-kazo iray mafy sady tsy poakaty no anaovana azy. Amin' ny lalao tsy matihanina dia efa fahita ankehitriny ny fampiasana akora hafa. Tsorakazo mafy boribory izy io, manana savaivo tokony ho 2,5&amp;nbsp;in (6,35&amp;nbsp;cm) eo amin' ny tendrony fikapohana. Mihamanify izy mankany amin' ny tahony, ary misy lohany mibontsina eo amin' ny faran' ny tahony. Mazàna dia manodidina ny 34&amp;nbsp;in (86,36&amp;nbsp;cm) ny halavan' ny kibay ampiasain' ny olon-dehibe, ary tsy mihoatra ny 42&amp;nbsp;in (106,68&amp;nbsp;cm).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-009&quot; /&gt;
* Fitaovana ho an' ny mpiaro ny fonon-tanana fisamborana, na ''glove'' na ''mitt''. Vita amin' ny hoditra nasiana sosona malefaka izy io, ary misy ampahany mampifandray ny faritra anelanelan' ny rantsantanana. Manampy amin' ny fisamborana sy fihazonana ny baolina izy io, ary samy manana ny endriny mifanaraka amin' ny filàna manokan' ny toerana fiarovana isan-karazany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-010&quot; /&gt;
Anisan' ny fitaovana mahazatra ho an' ny mpikapoka rehetra koa ny satroka fiarovan-doha.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-011&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

=== Toeran' ny mpiaro ===
[[File:Baseball positions numbered en.svg|thumb|Kisary mampiseho ny fandaminana mahazatra ny toeran' ny mpilalao.]]
Isaky ny manomboka ny antsasaky ny fihodinana dia maka toerana manerana ny kianja ireo mpilalao sivy ao amin' ny ekipa miaro. Mijoro eo amin' ny dongona fanipazana ny iray amin' izy ireo, dia ny mpanipy. Rehefa manomboka ny fihetsika fanipazana izy dia mametraka tongotra iray eo amin' ny takelaka fingotra, ary manosika ny vatany amin' io tongotra io mba hampitombo ny hafainganan' ny fanipazana ny baolina mankany amin' ny takelaka fiaingana. Mpilalao iray hafa ao amin' ny ekipa miaro, dia ny mpisambotra ao ambadiky ny mpikapoka, no mitampisaka etsy an-dafin' ny takelaka fiaingana, mifanatrika amin' ny mpanipy.
Mitodika mankany amin' ny takelaka fiaingana ny mpiaro sisa. Matetika izy ireo no mizara ho mpiaro efatra amin' ny faritra anatiny sy mpiaro telo amin' ny faritra ivelany. Maka toerana manaraka ireo tsipika an-tsaina mampitohy ny toby voalohany sy faharoa ary fahatelo, na any ivelan' ireo tsipika ireo saingy tsy mihoatra ny elanelana ''yard'' vitsivitsy, ireo mpiaro efatra amin' ny faritra anatiny.
Amin' ny fandaminana mahazatra dia misy mpiaro ny toby voalohany eo ankavian' ny toby voalohany, misaraka aminy dingana vitsivitsy; mpiaro ny toby faharoa eo ankavanan' ny toby faharoa; mpiaro antsoina hoe ''shortstop'' eo ankavian' ny toby faharoa; ary mpiaro ny toby fahatelo eo ankavanan' ny toby fahatelo. Ny toerana fototra ao amin' ny faritra ivelany kosa dia ny an' ny mpiaro ny ilany havia, ny mpiaro ny afovoany, ary ny mpiaro ny ilany havanana.
Afa-tsy ny mpisambotra ao ambadiky ny mpikapoka, dia tsy maintsy ao amin' ny faritra eo anelanelan' ny tsipika roa mametra ny sisin' ny kianja (''fair territory'') ny mpiaro rehetra amin' ny fotoana anipazana ny baolina. Maka toerana ao ambadiky ny mpisambotra ny mpitsara iray tsy miandany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-012&quot; /&gt; Misy mpitsara hafa koa miparitaka manerana ny kianja.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-013&quot; /&gt;

=== Fanafihana ===
[[File:David-ortiz-batters-box.JPG|thumb|right|David Ortiz, ilay mpikapoka, miandry ny baolina hatsipy, miaraka amin' ny mpisambotra sy ny mpitsara.]]
Manomboka ny filalaovana rehefa mijoro ao anatin' ny iray amin' ireo faritra roa voatokana hijoroan' ny mpikapoka (''batter's box''), eo akaikin' ny takelaka fiaingana, ny mpilalao iray ao amin' ny ekipa mikapoka, sady mitazona kibay fikapohana.&lt;ref name=&quot;RulesPuttingBallInPlay&quot; /&gt; Miandry ny mpanipy hanipy ny baolina mankany amin' ny takelaka fiaingana ilay mpikapoka, ary miezaka mikapoka ny baolina&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-015&quot; /&gt; amin' ny kibay.&lt;ref name=&quot;RulesPuttingBallInPlay&quot; /&gt; Ny mpisambotra ao ambadiky ny mpikapoka no misambotra ireo baolina natsipy nefa tsy voakapoky ny mpikapoka, na noho izy nisafidy ny tsy hanetsika ny kibay hikapoka, na noho izy nikapoka nefa tsy nahavoa. Averin' ny mpisambotra any amin' ny mpanipy avy eo ireo baolina ireo. Raha tafakapoka ny baolina ho ao amin' ny kianja filalaovana ny mpikapoka, dia tsy maintsy mamela ny kibay ary manomboka mihazakazaka mankany amin' ny toby voalohany. Manomboka amin' izay izy dia antsoina hoe mpihazakazaka (''runner''), na hoe mpikapoka lasa mpihazakazaka (''batter-runner'') mandra-pahatapitry ny filalaovana amin' io baolina io.

Rehefa tonga eo amin' ny toby voalohany ilay mpikapoka lasa mpihazakazaka nefa tsy voaesotra amin' ny fanafihana, dia lazaina fa tafatody tsy voaesotra (''safe'') izy, ary efa eo amin' ny toby. Azony atao ny mijanona eo amin' ny toby voalohany, na miezaka mandroso mankany amin' ny toby faharoa, na mihoatra noho izany aza, arakaraka izay halavirana heveriny fa ho tratrany nefa tsy hahavoaesotra azy. Raha tafatody eo amin' ny toby ny mpilalao iray na dia nilalao araka ny tokony ho izy aza ireo mpiaro, dia anoratana kapoka nahatafatody azy (''hit'') izy. Raha tafatody tsy voaesotra eo amin' ny toby voalohany noho ny kapoka nataony izy, dia anoratana ''single'', izany hoe kapoka nahatafatody teo amin' ny toby voalohany. Raha tafatody tsy voaesotra eo amin' ny toby faharoa noho ilay kapoka mivantana izy, dia ''double'' izany; raha eo amin' ny toby fahatelo kosa, dia ''triple''. Raha voakapoka misidina ao anelanelan' ny tsipika mametra ny faritra ekena ny baolina ka tafahoatra ny faritra ivelany amin' ny kianja manontolo, ary koa ny fefy manodidina azy raha misy, na raha mahavita mihodina amin' ny toby rehetra tsy voaesotra amin' ny fomba hafa ilay mpikapoka lasa mpihazakazaka, dia ''home run'' izany, izany hoe kapoka ahafahana mamita ny fihodinana ny toby efatra. Afaka mihodina malalaka amin' ny toby rehetra ilay mpikapoka sy izay mpihazakazaka efa teo amin' ny toby, ka samy mahazo isa iray avy. Izany no vokatra irin' ny mpikapoka indrindra. Ny vokatra ambony indrindra sady iriny indrindra dia ny manao ''home run'' rehefa samy misy mpihazakazaka ny toby telo, na hoe feno ireo toby, ka mahazo isa efatra amin' ny kapoka tokana. Antsoina hoe ''grand slam'' izany. Raha vokatry ny fahadisoan' ny mpiaro kosa no nahatafatody ny mpilalao teo amin' ny toby, dia tsy anoratana ''hit'' izy; fa ilay mpiaro tompon' andraikitra no anoratana fahadisoana (''error'').&lt;ref name=&quot;RulesPuttingBallInPlay&quot; /&gt;

[[File:5TH 3689 Lou Marson.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Mpihazakazaka mikorisa manatona ny takelaka fiaingana ka mahazo isa.]]
Afaka miezaka mandroso ireo mpihazakazaka efa eo amin' ny toby rehefa voakapoka ny baolina ka milatsaka na mikasika ny tany ao anatin' ny faritra ekena amin' ny filalaovana. Azony atao izany na mbola tsy nilatsaka aza ilay baolina, na efa nilatsaka. Raha milatsaka ao anatin' ny faritra filalaovana ny baolina, dia tsy maintsy miezaka mandroso ny mpihazakazaka eo amin' ny toby voalohany, satria mpihazakazaka iray ihany no mahazo mitana toby iray amin' ny fotoana iray. Mihatra amin' ireo mpihazakazaka hafa koa izany raha eo amin' ny toby tsy maintsy hirosoan' ny namany ao amin' ny ekipa izy ireo. Raha voakapoka ho ao amin' ny faritra filalaovana ny baolina nefa mikodiadia mivoaka ny faritra ekena, alohan' ny hahatafavoahany ny faritra anatiny, dia miato ny filalaovana azy (''dead ball''), ary tsy maintsy miverina eo amin' ny toby nisy azy tamin' ny nanombohan' ilay filalaovana ny mpihazakazaka rehetra. Raha voakapoka misidina kosa ny baolina ka voasambotra alohan' ny hilatsahany amin' ny tany, dia voaesotra ilay mpikapoka noho ny fisamborana ny baolina mbola teny an-drivotra (''flyout''). Tsy mahazo miezaka mandroso ireo mpihazakazaka eo amin' ny toby raha tsy mikasika indray ny toby nisy azy tamin' ny nanombohan' ilay filalaovana, amin' ny fotoana isamborana ilay baolina na aorian' izay; izany no atao hoe ''tag up''. Afaka miezaka mandroso mankany amin' ny toby manaraka koa ny mpihazakazaka mandritra ny fanipazan' ny mpanipy ny baolina mankany amin' ny takelaka fiaingana. Raha mahomby izany, dia atao hoe fakana toby mandritra ny fanipazana (''stolen base'').&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-016&quot; /&gt;

=== Fiarovana ===
[[File:Strike zone en.JPG|thumb|Ny faritra fanisana ''strike'' no amaritana ny vokatry ny ankamaroan' ny fanipazana. Miova arakaraka ny mpikapoka ny haavony.]]
Raha tsy voakapoka ho ao amin' ny faritra ilalaovana ny baolina natsipy, dia sokajina ho ''strike'' na ''ball'' ilay fanipazana. Rehefa voaisa ho nahazo ''strike'' telo ny mpikapoka iray, dia esorina amin' ny fanafihana noho ireo ''strike'' telo izy. Rehefa voaisa ho nahazo ''ball'' efatra kosa izy, dia mahazo mandroso maimaim-poana ho any amin' ny toby voalohany, izay atao hoe ''base on balls'' na ''walk''. (Afaka mandroso maimaim-poana ho any amin' ny toby voalohany koa ny mpikapoka raha voan' ny baolina natsipy ny vatany na ny fanamiany any ivelan' ny faritra fanisana ''strike'', raha toa ka tsy nanetsika ny kibay fikapohana mba hikapoka izy sady niezaka nisoroka ilay baolina.)&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-017&quot; /&gt; Zava-dehibe amin' ny fanisana ny ''ball'' sy ny ''strike'' ny fanapahan-kevitry ny mpitsara hoe nandalo tao amin' ny faritra fanisana ''strike'' ve ilay baolina natsipy sa tsia. Faritra an-tsaina eo ambonin' ny takelaka fiaingana izany, izay manomboka eo amin' ny haavo afovoany manelanelana ny soroka sy ny fehikibon' ny mpikapoka ka midina hatreo amin' ny lempona ao ambadiky ny lohaliny.&lt;ref name=&quot;MLBR2&quot; /&gt; Isaina ho ''ball'' ny fanipazana rehetra tsy mandalo ao amin' io faritra io, afa-tsy raha manetsika ny kibay hikapoka ilay mpikapoka nefa tsy mahavoa, na raha voakapony ho any amin' ny faritra ivelan' ny tsipika mamaritra ny faritra ilalaovana ilay baolina. Misy anefa ny maningana amin' ny ankapobeny rehefa voakapoka ho any amin' io faritra ivelany io ny baolina nefa efa nahazo ''strike'' roa ilay mpikapoka: tsy misy ''ball'' na ''strike'' fanampiny isaina amin' izany.

[[File:America East Baseball Championship (14075491598).jpg|left|thumb|Mpilalao ''baseball'' ao amin' ny Binghamton Bearcats mikorisa miditra eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana, raha mampikasoka ny baolina aminy kosa ny mpisambotra ao ambadiky ny mpikapoka ao amin' ny Hartford Hawks, tamin' ny 2014.]]
Raha miezaka mahazo isa ny ekipa mikapoka, dia miezaka manala ny mpilalaon' io ekipa io amin' ny fanafihana kosa ny ekipa miaro. Ankoatra ny fanesorana noho ny ''strike'' telo sy ny fanesorana rehefa voasambotra talohan' ny hikasihany ny tany ny baolina nokapohina, dia anisan' ny fomba mahazatra koa ny fanesorana taorian' ny kapoka nandehanan' ny baolina tamin' ny tany (''ground out''), ny fanesorana mpihazakazaka voatery mandroso (''force out''), ary ny fanesorana amin' ny fampikasohana baolina amin' ny mpihazakazaka (''tag out''). Mitranga ireo rehefa voatery mandroso ho any amin' ny toby iray ny mpihazakazaka nefa tonga eo amin' io toby io alohany ny mpiaro mitana ny baolina, na rehefa kasihina amin' ny baolina tazonin' ny tanan' ny mpiaro ny mpihazakazaka iray izay tsy eo amin' ny toby. (Voatery mandroso ho any amin' ny toby voalohany foana ny mpikapoka lasa mpihazakazaka; ny mpihazakazaka hafa rehetra kosa dia tsy maintsy mandroso ho any amin' ny toby manaraka raha misy mpiara-milalao aminy voatery mandroso ho eo amin' ny toby misy azy.) Azo atao ny manala mpilalao roa ao anatin' ny fizotran-dalao iray ihany. Izany no atao hoe fanesorana roa misesy ao anatin' ny fizotran-dalao iray (''double play''). Azo atao koa ny manala mpilalao telo ao anatin' ny fizotran-dalao iray (''triple play''), saingy mahalana izany. Tsy maintsy miala ny kianja ny mpilalao nesorina, ka miverina any amin' ny fialofan' ny ekipany na eny amin' ny dabilio. Mety mbola hisy mpihazakazaka tavela eo amin' ny toby rehefa mpilalao hafa ao amin' ny ekipany no esorina ka mahafeno telo ny isan' ny nesorina. Tsy mitondra tombony ho an' ny ekipany amin' ny anjarany mikapoka manaraka ireo mpihazakazaka tavela ireo, satria tsy misy mpihazakazaka eo amin' ny toby amin' ny fiandohan' ny antsasaky ny fihodinana tsirairay.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-019&quot; /&gt;

=== Filaharan' ny fikapohana sy fanoloana mpilalao ===
[[File:Chris Tillman, Buck Showalter (36615791150).jpg|thumb|Mpanipy manolotra ny baolina rehefa navoaka tamin' ny lalao nandritra ny fifampidinihana teo amin' ny dongona fanipazana.]]
Tapitra ny anjaran' ny mpilalao iray hikapoka eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana (''plate appearance'') rehefa tafapaka amin' ny toby izy, mahavita ''home run'', voaesotra amin' ny fanafihana, na mikapoka baolina izay mahatonga ny fanesorana fahatelo ho an' ny ekipany, na dia mpiray ekipa aminy aza no voarakitra ho nesorina. Amin' ny toe-javatra tsy fahita firy, mety ho eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana ny mpikapoka nefa mpiray ekipa aminy no voarakitra ho nesorina fahatelo, na dia tsy nikapoka ny baolina aza ilay mpikapoka. Ohatra amin' izany ny mpihazakazaka tratra teo am-pangalatra toby, izany hoe voaesotra rehefa voakitiky ny mpiaro mitana ny baolina teo am-panandramana hangalatra toby. Raha tsy vita noho izany ny anjaran' ny mpikapoka iray, dia izy no voalohany hikapoka rehefa tonga indray ny anjaran' ny ekipany hanafika; foanana ny isan' ny ''ball'' sy ''strike'' voaisa taminy tamin' ny fihodinana teo aloha.

Indray mandeha ihany ny mpihazakazaka no mahazo mamita ny fihodinana ny toby isaky ny anjarany hikapoka, ka isa iray raha be indrindra no azony amin' izany anjara izany. Rehefa nahavita ny anjarany hikapoka teo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana ny mpilalao iray, dia tsy mahazo mikapoka indray izy raha tsy efa samy nandray ny anjarany avokoa ireo mpiray ekipa aminy valo hafa, araka ny filaharan' ny fikapohana. Faritana alohan' ny hanombohan' ny lalao io filaharana io, ary tsy azo ovana raha tsy amin' ny alalan' ny fanoloana mpilalao. Rehefa nesorina ny mpilalao iray ka nasiana mpisolo toerana, dia tsy mahazo miverina milalao intsony izy amin' io lalao io. Matetika anefa no malefaka kokoa ny fitsipika amin' ny lalaon' ny ankizy, toy ny fitsipiky ny ''Little League'' (Ligy Madinika), izay mamela ny mpilalao nosoloina hiverina ao anatin' io lalao io ihany.&lt;ref name=&quot;League&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-020&quot; /&gt;

Raha ampiharina ny fitsipika momba ny DH (mpikapoka voatendry), dia manana mpilalao fahafolo ny ekipa tsirairay, ary ny mikapoka sy mihazakazaka ihany no andraikiny. Mandray ny toeran' ny mpilalao iray hafa ao amin' ny filaharan' ny fikapohana ny DH; saika ny mpanipy foana io mpilalao soloany io. Tsy mandray anjara amin' ny fiarovana kosa ny DH. Noho izany, na dia mampiasa DH aza ny ekipa tsirairay, dia mbola mpilalao sivy ihany no ao amin' ny filaharan' ny fikapohana, ary sivy koa no milahatra hiaro eny an-kianja.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-021&quot; /&gt;

== Ireo mpandray anjara ==
Jereo koa: Toeran' ny mpilalao amin' ny ''baseball''.

=== Mpilalao ===
Jereo koa: sokajin' ny mpilalao ''baseball'' sy lisitry ny mpilalao ''baseball''.

Miovaova arakaraka ny ligy sy ny ambaratongan' ny fifaninanana ny isan' ny olona ao amin' ny lisitry ny mpilalaon' ny ekipa ''baseball'' iray. Nanomboka tamin' ny taom-pilalaovana 2021, dia mpilalao 26 samy manana andraikitra manokana no ao amin' ny lisitry ny mpilalao mahazo mandray anjara amin' ny lalao ho an' ny ekipa iray ao amin' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-roster-2021&quot;&gt;Hutchinson-Kausch, Daniel. [https://www.talkingchop.com/2021/3/1/22304344/2021-mlb-season-preview-rule-changes ''Taking a look at the rule changes for the 2021 season'']. March 1, 2021. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 19, 2021. tranonkala: talkingchop.com.&lt;/ref&gt; Toy izao matetika ny firafitry ny ekipa iray:&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-022&quot; /&gt;
* Mpiaro tsy mpanipy valo: ny mpisambotra ao ambadiky ny mpikapoka, mpiaro ny faritra anatiny efatra ary mpiaro ny faritra ivelany telo. Samy milalao tsy tapaka ireo.
* Mpanipy dimy mpanomboka lalao, izay mifandimby manipy amin' ny fanombohan' ny lalao araka ny filaharana voatendrin' ny ekipa.
* Mpanipy mpisolo toerana fito, ka anisan' ireo ny mpanipy famaranana iray. Ireo no antsoina hoe ''bullpen'', anarana nalaina avy amin' ny anaran' ny toerana ivelan' ny kianja filalaovana izay anaovan' ny mpanipy fanafanana.
* Mpisambotra mpisolo toerana iray.
* Mpiaro mpisolo toerana dimy ho an' ny faritra anatiny sy ivelany, na mpilalao afaka mitana toerana maro.

Mampihatra ny fitsipika DH (mpikapoka voatendry hisolo mpilalao hafa amin' ny filaharana mikapoka) ny ankamaroan' ny ligy ''baseball'' eran-tany, anisan' izany ny MLB, ny ''Pacific League'' (Ligy Pasifika) ao [[Japàna]], ary ireo ligy matihanina any Karaiba, ary koa ireo fikambanana lehibe mikarakara ''baseball'' tsy matihanina any [[Etazonia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-023&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fanazavana navoaka tamin' ny 2016, dia tsy nampihatra izany fitsipika izany ny ''Central League'' (Ligy Afovoany) ao [[Japàna]], ary tsy voatery nampiasa DH ny klioba tamin' ny ambaratonga ambony tamin' ny ligy madinika izay nifandray tamin' ny ekipa tao amin' ny ''National League'' (Ligim-pirenena).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-024&quot; /&gt; Ao amin' ireo ligy mampihatra ny fitsipika momba ny mpikapoka voatendry, dia matetika ny ekipa iray no manana mpilalao sivy milalao tsy tapaka amin' ny fanafihana, anisan' izany ny DH, sy mpanipy dimy mpanomboka lalao,&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-025&quot; /&gt; ary mpanipy mpisolo toerana fito na valo, mpisambotra mpisolo toerana iray, ary mpilalao mpisolo toerana roa na telo hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-026&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-027&quot; /&gt;

=== Mpanazatra lehibe sy mpanazatra mpanampy ===
[[File:Mark Canha with Mets First Base Coach Wayne Kirby (52003392854).jpg|thumb|Miresaka amin' i Wayne Kirby, mpanazatra eo amin' ny toby voalohany ao amin' ny New York Mets, i Mark Canha.]]
Ny mpanazatra lehibe no miandraikitra ny fanapahan-kevitra lehibe momba ny paikadin' ny ekipa. Anisan' izany ny famaritana ny filaharana ifandimbiasan' ny mpanipy mpanomboka lalao, ny fandaminana ny filaharan' ny mpikapoka alohan' ny lalao tsirairay, ary ny fanoloana mpilalao mandritra ny lalao, indrindra ny fampidirana mpanipy mpisolo toerana. Matetika izy no ampian' ny mpanazatra mpanampy roa na mihoatra. Mety hanana andraikitra manokana ireo, toy ny fampiofanana ny mpilalao amin' ny fikapohana, ny fiarovana, ny fanipazana, na ny fanamafisana ny tanjaka sy ny fanomanana ara-batana. Amin' ny ankamaroan' ny ambaratongan' ny fifaninanana, dia misy mpanazatra roa eny an-kianja rehefa mikapoka ny ekipany: ny mpanazatra eo amin' ny toby voalohany sy ny mpanazatra eo amin' ny toby fahatelo. Mijoro ao amin' ny faritra voatokana ho an' ny mpanazatra izy ireo, ety ivelan' ny tsipika mametra ny faritra ara-dalàna. Manampy amin' ny fitarihana ny mpihazakazaka eny amin' ny toby izy ireo rehefa mbola mandeha ny lalao, ary mampita ny famantarana momba ny tetika avy amin' ny mpanazatra lehibe ho an' ny mpikapoka sy ny mpihazakazaka mandritra ny fiatoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-028&quot; /&gt; Tsy toy ny amin' ny fanatanjahantena iraisan' ekipa maro hafa, dia mazàna manao ny fanamian' ny ekipany ny mpanazatra lehibe sy ny mpanazatra mpanampy amin' ny ''baseball''. Tsy maintsy manao fanamiana ny mpanazatra vao mahazo miditra eny an-kianja hiresaka amin' ny mpilalao mandritra ny lalao.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-029&quot; /&gt;

=== Mpitsara ===
[[File:Brian Knight calls out Derrek Lee.jpg|thumb|Manambara ny fanesorana an' i Derrek Lee amin' ny fanafihana i Brian Knight, mpitsara eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana.]]
Misy mpitsara iray na maromaro ny lalao ''baseball'' rehetra. Izy ireo no mitsara ny vokatry ny hetsika tsirairay. Farafahakeliny, dia misy mpitsara iray mijoro ao ambadiky ny mpisambotra mba hahitany tsara ny faritra tokony handalovan' ny baolina, ka hanambarany raha ''ball'' na ''strike'' ny fanipazana tsirairay. Azo ametrahana mpitsara fanampiny eo akaikin' ny toby hafa, mba hanamorana ny fitsarana ny hetsika toy ny fiezahana hanala mpihazakazaka amin' ny alalan' ny fahatongavan' ny mpiaro mitana baolina eo amin' ny toby tsy maintsy alehan' ilay mpihazakazaka alohany, na amin' ny fanendrena azy amin' ny baolina tazonina an-tanana rehefa tsy eo amin' ny toby izy. Mpitsara efatra no ampiasaina isaky ny lalao ao amin' ny MLB, ka iray eo akaikin' ny toby tsirairay. Amin' ny dingana fanintsanana kosa, dia mpitsara enina no ampiasaina: iray eo amin' ny toby tsirairay ary roa any amin' ny faritra ivelany, manaraka ny tsipika mametra ny faritra ara-dalàna.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-030&quot; /&gt;

== Paikady ==
Jereo koa: Fandaminana ny toeran' ny mpilalao eny an-kianja.

Maro amin' ny fanapahan-kevitra momba ny paikady raisina mialoha sy mandritra ny lalao ''baseball'' no mifototra amin' izao zava-misy fototra izao: amin' ny ankapobeny, mazàna mahomby kokoa ny mpikapoka ankavanana rehefa miatrika mpanipy mampiasa ny tanana havia; ary lehibe kokoa aza izany tombony izany ho an' ny mpikapoka ankavia rehefa miatrika mpanipy mampiasa ny tanana havanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-031&quot; /&gt; Raha manana mpikapoka ankavia maromaro ao amin' ny filaharan' ny mpikapoka mahazatra ny mpanazatra mpitantana iray, ary fantany fa mpanipy mampiasa ny tanana havia no hanomboka ny lalao ho an' ny ekipa mpifanandrina, dia mety hampilalao hatrany am-piandohana mpikapoka ankavanana iray na maromaro amin' ireo mpisolo toerana ao amin' ny lisitry ny mpilalaon' ny ekipany izy. Amin' ny fihodinana faramparan' ny lalao, rehefa ampidirina ireo mpanipy sy mpikapoka mpisolo toerana, dia matetika ny mpanazatra mpitantana ny ekipa roa no mifandimby manolo mpilalao mba hahazoana fifanandrinana ahazoan' ny ekipany tombony. Ny mpanazatra mpitantana ny ekipa miaro dia miezaka mampifanandrina mpanipy sy mpikapoka samy ankavanana na samy ankavia; ny an' ny ekipa manafika kosa miezaka mampifanandrina mpanipy ankavanana amin' ny mpikapoka ankavia, na mpanipy ankavia amin' ny mpikapoka ankavanana. Raha mitarika isa ny ekipa iray amin' ny fihodinana faramparany, dia mety hosoloan' ny mpanazatra mpitantana mpiaro mahay kokoa ny mpilalao mpiaro ankoatra ny mpanipy izay nilalao hatrany am-piandohana, indrindra raha tsy dia azo inoana intsony ny hiverenan' ny anjarany mikapoka. Izany no atao hoe fanoloana mpilalao hanatsarana ny fiarovana.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-032&quot; /&gt;

== Tetika ==
=== Fanipazana sy fiarovana ===
[[File:Indiana vs Navy, Baseball pick-off attempt.jpg|right|thumb|Mandray fanipazana natao hisamborana mpihazakazaka ivelan' ny toby ny mpiaro ny toby voalohany, raha mitsoraka hiverina eo amin' io toby io kosa ilay mpihazakazaka.]]

Jereo koa: Fanipazana amin' ny ''baseball''.

Saika alohan' ny hetsika rehetra amin' ny lalao ''baseball'' dia misy fanapahan-kevitra ara-tetika momba ny karazana fanipazana hofidina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-033&quot; /&gt;
Amin' ny fomba ihazonany sy amotsorany ny baolina ary amin' ny hafainganam-pandeha anipazany azy, dia azon' ny mpanipy atao ny mampivily ny baolina miankavia na miankavanana, na mampidina azy tampoka, rehefa manakaiky ny mpikapoka. Izany no ahafahana mamorona karazana fanipazana samihafa azo isafidianana.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-034&quot; /&gt;
Amin' ireo karazana fanipazana maro azo atao, dia efatra ny fototra: ny fanipazana haingam-pandeha (''fastball''), ny fanipazana ampihenana hafainganam-pandeha (''changeup'', na fanipazana miadana kokoa), ary ny fanipazana mivily roa karazana, dia ny fanipazana miolaka midina (''curveball'') sy ny fanipazana mivily mitsivalana sady midina (''slider'').&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-035&quot; /&gt;
Samy manana ny karazana fanipazana hainy tsara ny mpanipy tsirairay. Araka ny fanao, alohan' ny fanipazana tsirairay dia manome famantarana ny mpanipy ilay mpisambotra ao ambadiky ny mpikapoka, mba hilazana ny karazana fanipazana hatao sy ny toerana ankapobeny hikendrena azy, na amin' ny haavony na amin' ny ilany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-036&quot; /&gt;
Raha tsy eken' ny mpanipy ilay safidy, dia azony atao ny mihifikifi-doha handavana ilay famantarana, ka hangataka karazana fanipazana hafa ilay mpisambotra.

Raha misy mpihazakazaka eo amin' ny toby iray ary efa mihataka kely amin' ilay toby mba hiaingana haingana kokoa, dia azon' ny mpanipy atao ny manandrana misambotra azy ivelan' ny toby (''pickoff'').
Fanipazana haingana any amin' ny mpiaro miambina ilay toby izany, mba tsy hamela ilay mpihazakazaka ho lasa lavitra loatra amin' ny toby, na, raha mahomby indrindra, hanesorana azy amin' ny fikasihana azy amin' ny baolina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-037&quot; /&gt;
Voafehin' ny fitsipika mametra mafy ny fihetsiky ny mpanipy anefa ny fanandramana toy izany, na mialoha na mandritra ny fanatanterahana azy.
Raha mandika ny iray amin' ireo fitsipika ireo ny mpanipy, dia azon' ny mpitsara atao ny manambara fa nanao fihetsika tsy ara-dalàna (''balk'') izy. Amin' izany dia mahazo mandroso toby iray ny mpihazakazaka rehetra eny amin' ny toby, nefa tsy azo esorina mandritra io fandrosoana io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-038&quot; /&gt;
Raha ahina fa hisy hanandrana hangalatra toby, dia azon' ilay mpisambotra angatahina ny fanipazana fanahy iniana ivelan' ny takelaka fiaingana (''pitchout''). Afaka misambotra azy mitsangana izy amin' izany ary manipy haingana any amin' ny toby iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-039&quot; /&gt;
Rehefa miatrika mpikapoka izay mirona mafy handefa ny baolina any amin' ny ilany iray amin' ny kianja ny ekipa mpiaro, dia mety hamindra ny toeran' ny mpiaro izy, ka hifindra miankavia na miankavanana raha oharina amin' ny toerana mahazatra azy ny ankamaroan' ny mpiaro na izy rehetra.
Raha misy mpihazakazaka eo amin' ny toby fahatelo, dia mety hanatona ny takelaka fiaingana ny mpiaro ny faritra anatiny, mba hampitomboana ny fahafahana manala ilay mpihazakazaka amin' ny fanipazana ny baolina rehefa mikorisa na mitsambikimbikina amin' ny tany ilay baolina voakapoka.
Raha kapohina mafy anefa ny baolina manaraka ny tany, dia vao mainka mety ho tafavoaka eo anelanelan' ireo mpiaro izay efa nanatona ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;SB45&quot; /&gt;

=== Fikapohana sy fihazakazahana eny amin' ny toby ===
[[File:Mookie Betts hitting the ball (36478781664).jpg|thumb|Manetsika ny kibay fikapohany i Mookie Betts, mpilalaon' ny Boston Red Sox, ka mikapoka baolina natsipy.]]
Rehefa misy mpihazakazaka eo amin' ny toby voalohany, dia misy tetika fototra maromaro azon' ny ekipa mpanafika ampiasaina, anisan' izany ny fanapahan-kevitra na hanandrana hangalatra ny toby faharoa na tsia.
Ampiasaina indraindray ny tetika fikapohana sy fihazakazahana miaraka (''hit and run''), raha mahay mampifandray ny kibay amin' ny baolina ilay mpikapoka. Miainga miaraka amin' ny fanipazana ilay mpihazakazaka, ka misarika ny mpiaro eo anelanelan' ny toby faharoa sy fahatelo na ny mpiaro ny toby faharoa hankeo amin' ny toby faharoa. Misy banga àry eo amin' ny faritra anatiny, izay ahafahan' ilay mpikapoka mandefa ny baolina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-041&quot; /&gt;
Amin' ny fanosehana moramora ny baolina ka mahafoy ny anjaran' ny mpikapoka (''sacrifice bunt''), dia ifantohan' ilay mpikapoka ny fampikasihana moramora ny kibay amin' ny baolina, mba hikorisany tsy lavitra eo amin' ny faritra anatiny.
Afaka mandroso ho eo amin' ny toerana ahazoana isa mora kokoa ilay mpihazakazaka, izany hoe ny toby faharoa na fahatelo, fa ilay mpikapoka kosa esorina rehefa tonga mialoha azy eo amin' ny toby voalohany ny baolina natsipy.
Azon' ny mpikapoka atao koa, indrindra raha haingam-pandeha izy rehefa mihazakazaka, ny manandrana manosika moramora ny baolina amin' ny kibay mba hahazoany kapoka ahatongavana soa aman-tsara eo amin' ny toby.
Raha ampiasaina ny ''sacrifice bunt'' rehefa misy mpihazakazaka eo amin' ny toby fahatelo, ka ny hampody azy eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana no tanjona, dia antsoina hoe tetika fampodiana amin' ny fanosehana moramora ny baolina (''squeeze play'') izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-042&quot; /&gt;
Raha misy mpihazakazaka eo amin' ny toby fahatelo ary mbola latsaky ny roa ny mpilalao nesorina, dia azon' ny mpikapoka atao kosa ny mifantoka amin' ny fandefasana baolina avo sy lavitra. Na dia voasambotra tsy nipaka tamin' ny tany aza izany baolina izany, dia ampy ny halavirany hahafahan' ilay mpihazakazaka miainga avy eo amin' ny toby rehefa voasambotra ny baolina, ary mody mahazo isa.
Raha mahomby izany, dia voarakitra ho nahavita kapoka avo nahafoizany ny anjarany mba hahazoana isa (''sacrifice fly'') ilay mpikapoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;SB45&quot; /&gt;
Mba hampitomboana ny fahafahan' ny mpikapoka mankany amin' ny toby voalohany amin' ny alalan' ny ''walk'', izany hoe zo handroso azo rehefa feno efatra ny ''ball'', dia indraindray ny mpitantana no manome famantarana ny mpikapoka izay manana tombony amin' ny fanisana, izany hoe betsaka kokoa ny ''ball'' noho ny ''strike'', mba hamela ny fanipazana manaraka handalo ka tsy hanetsika ny kibay hikapohana azy.
Lehibe kokoa ny tombontsoa mety ho azony amin' ny fahatongavana eny amin' ny toby amin' ny alalan' ny ''walk'' noho ny fatiantoka raha toa ka ''strike'' ilay fanipazana manaraka.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-043&quot; /&gt;

== Tantara ==
''Lahatsoratra fototra: Tantaran' ny baseball. Fanazavana fanampiny: Fiandohan' ny baseball.''

Nisy fotoana nifanarahan' ny maro fa ny ''baseball'' ankehitriny dia vokatry ny fivoaran' ny lalao tranainy kokoa atao hoe ''rounders'' tany [[Amerika Avaratra]]; lalao be mpanao teo amin' ny ankizy tany Britaina Lehibe sy Irlandy io ''rounders'' io.&lt;ref name=&quot;BlockRader&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-044&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-045&quot; /&gt; Mihevitra kosa i David Block, Amerikanina mpahay tantaran' ny ''baseball'', fa tany [[Angletera]] no niandohan' ilay lalao; manohana izany hevitra izany ny porofo ara-tantara hita tatỳ aoriana. Araka ny filazan' i Block sy John Thorn, mpahay tantara ofisialin' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball), dia mety ho ny tanana no nikapohana ny baolina tamin' io endrika talohan' ny ''baseball'' ankehitriny io, ka nitovitovy tamin' ny ''punchball'' ankehitriny izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-046&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-047&quot; /&gt; Araka ny hevitr' i Block, dia endrika samy hafa isam-paritra tamin' ny lalao iray ihany raha ny marina ny ''rounders'' sy ny ''baseball'' tany am-piandohana, ary ireo lalao anglisy ''stoolball'' sy ''tut-ball'' no nialoha azy mivantana indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;BlockRader&quot; /&gt; Ny firesahana ny ''baseball'' tranainy indrindra fantatra dia hita ao amin' ny ''A Little Pretty Pocket-Book'', boky britanika navoakan' i John Newbery tamin' ny 1744.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-049&quot; /&gt; Hitan' i Block fa natao tany Surrey tamin' ny 1749 ny lalao voalohany voarakitra an-tsoratra tamin' ny anarana hoe « Base Ball »,&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-050&quot; /&gt; ary anisan' ny mpilalao tamin' izany ny Printsin' i Kambria.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-051&quot; /&gt; Toa ireo mpifindra monina anglisy no nitondra io endrika voalohan' ilay lalao io tany [[Kanada]].&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-052&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Cricket vs. baseball (4050380395).jpg|thumb|upright|Tamin' ny vanim-potoan' ny Ady an-trano amerikanina, tao anatin' ny taompolo 1860, dia efa nihoatra ny ''cricket'' (eo ambony) ny ''baseball'' (eo ambany) raha ny hamaroan' ny mpankafy tany [[Etazonia]] no jerena, na dia samy fanatanjahantena mampiasa kibay sy baolina aza izy roa.&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Anisan' ny antony ny hoe fohy lavitra ny fotoana nilalaovana ny ''baseball'' raha oharina amin' ny endriky ny ''cricket'' nilalaovana tamin' izany fotoana izany, ary tsy nitaky faritra voaomana manokana hilalaovana ny ''baseball''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-053&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-054&quot; /&gt; Noho ny fitomboan' ny hery fitaoman' i Etazonia tany ivelany, dia toy izany koa no nitranga tany [[Japàna]] sy tany [[Repoblika Dôminikana]] tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-20.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-055&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-056&quot; /&gt;]]
Tany am-piandohan' ny taompolo 1830 dia efa nisy tatitra momba ny lalao isan-karazany nampiasa kibay sy baolina, izay tsy mbola nanana fitsipika voarafitra nefa azo fantarina ho endrika voalohan' ny ''baseball'', nilalaovana nanerana an' i Amerika Avaratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-057&quot; /&gt; Ny lalao ''baseball'' voalohany voarakitra an-tsoratra tany Amerika Avaratra dia natao tany Beachville, Ontario, any Kanada, tamin' ny 4 Jona 1838.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-058&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 1845, i Alexander Cartwright, mpikambana tao amin' ny klioba Knickerbocker tao amin' ny tanànan' i New York, no nitarika ny fandrafetana ny fitsipika nantsoina hoe fitsipika Knickerbocker.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-059&quot; /&gt; Ireo indray dia nifototra tamin' ny fitsipika novolavolain' i William R. Wheaton, avy tao amin' ny klioba Gotham, tamin' ny 1837.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-060&quot; /&gt; Na dia misy tatitra aza fa efa nilalao tamin' ny 1845 ny New York Knickerbockers, dia ilay fifaninanana natao tamin' ny 19 Jona 1846 tany Hoboken, New Jersey, no nekena nandritra ny fotoana ela ho lalao ''baseball'' voalohany voarakitra an-tsoratra teo amin' ny tantaran' i [[Etazonia]]: resin' ny New York Nine tamin' ny isa 23–1 ny Knickerbockers, tao anatin' ny fihodinana efatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-061&quot; /&gt; Niorina tamin' ny fitsipika Knickerbocker ny fitsipiky ny ''baseball'' maoderina, ary mbola nivoatra nandritra ny dimampolo taona nanaraka.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-062&quot; /&gt; Niparitaka nanerana ny faritra manodidina ny Oseana Pasifika sy ny kaontinanta amerikanina ilay lalao taorian' izany,&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-063&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-064&quot; /&gt; ary notohanan' ny Amerikanina ho fomba iray hampielezana ny soatoavina amerikanina ilay fanatanjahantena.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-065&quot; /&gt;

=== Any [[Etazonia]] ===
Jereo koa ny ''baseball'' any Etazonia sy ny tantaran' ny ''baseball'' any Etazonia.

==== Fananganana ny ligy matihanina ====
Tamin' ny tapaky ny taompolo 1850 dia niely be ny fitiavana ny ''baseball'' tao amin' ny faritra an-tanàn-dehiben' i New York sy ny manodidina azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-066&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 1856 dia efa niantso azy io hoe « fialam-bolin' ny firenena » na « lalaon' ny firenena » ny gazety teo an-toerana, raha adika ireo teny nampiasainy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-067&quot; /&gt;
Herintaona taorian' izay dia niforona ny rafitra voalohany nitantana an' ilay fanatanjahantena, dia ny ''National Association of Base Ball Players'' (Fikambanana Nasionalin' ny Mpilalao Baseball).
Tamin' ny 1867 dia noraran' io fikambanana io tsy handray anjara ny [[Afrikana-Amerikana|Amerikanina mainty hoditra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-068&quot; /&gt;
Niorina tamin' ny 1876 ny ''National League'' (Ligim-pirenena), izay nanana rafitra voalamina tamin' ny fomba ofisialy kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-069&quot; /&gt;
Niforona koa ireo ligy matihanina ho an' ny mpilalao mainty hoditra, na ''Negro leagues'', saingy vetivety dia nitsahatra ny asany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-070&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 1887 dia noforonina ny ''softball'', izay natao ho endriky ny lalao niaviany azo lalaovina amin' ny ririnina.
Nantsoina hoe ''indoor baseball'' na ''indoor-outdoor'' izy io tamin' izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-071&quot; /&gt;
Ny ''American League'' (Ligy Amerikanina) dia nivoatra avy amin' ny ''Western League'' (Ligy Tandrefana), ligy ambaratonga ambany izay naverina nalamina teo ambany fitarihan' i Ban Johnson tamin' ny 1893.
Tsy natsangana tamin' ny fomba ofisialy ho ligy lehibe ny ''American League'' raha tsy tamin' ny 1901.
Efa tamin' ny 1893 kosa dia nanamafy ny fitsipika fototry ny lalao maoderina ireo fanovana lehibe teo amin' ny firafiny, anisan' izany ny famindrana ny toerana fanipazana mba ho 60 ''feet'' sy 6 ''inches'' ny halaviran' ny fanipazana.&lt;ref name=&quot;R71&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-073&quot; /&gt;

Ny Fifanarahana Nasionaly tamin' ny 1903 no nametraka tamin' ny fomba ofisialy ny fifandraisan' ireo ligy lehibe roa, ary koa ny fifandraisan' izy ireo tamin' ny ''National Association of Professional Base Ball Leagues'' (Fikambanana Nasionalin' ny Ligy Baseball Matihanina).
Io fikambanana io no nisolo tena ny ankamaroan' ny ligy matihanina ambaratonga ambany tao amin' ilay firenena.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-074&quot; /&gt;
Natomboka tamin' ny fararano tany amin' ny ila-bolantany avaratra tamin' io taona io ny ''World Series'', fifaninanana mampifanandrina ny tompondakan' ireo ligy lehibe roa.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-075&quot; /&gt;
Nitarika ny fananganana ny toeran' ny kaomisera mpitantana ny ''baseball'' ny raharaha ''Black Sox Scandal'' tamin' ny ''World Series'' 1919.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-076&quot; /&gt;
Voafidy tamin' ny 1920 ny kaomisera voalohany, Kenesaw Mountain Landis.
Tamin' io taona io koa no niorina ny ''Negro National League'' (Ligim-pirenena ho an' ny mpilalao mainty hoditra).
Io no ligy ho an' ny mpilalao mainty hoditra voalohany nanana toerana lehibe, ary nitohy hatramin' ny 1931 ny asany.
Nisy nandritra ny ampahany tamin' ny taompolo 1920 koa ny ''Eastern Colored League'' (Ligy Atsinanana ho an' ny mpilalao mainty hoditra).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-077&quot; /&gt;

==== Fisongadinan' i Ruth sy fanafoanana ny fanavahana ara-pirazanana ====
Raha oharina amin' ny lalao amin' izao andro izao, dia vitsy kokoa ny isa azo tamin' ny ''baseball'' matihanina tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-20, ary nifehy bebe kokoa ny fizotry ny lalao ny mpanipy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-078&quot; /&gt;
Nifarana tany am-piandohan' ny taompolo 1920 io vanim-potoana antsoina hoe ''dead-ball era'', na vanim-potoanan' ny baolina tsy dia lasa lavitra rehefa voakapoka, io.
Fanovana maromaro teo amin' ny fitsipika sy ny toe-javatra manodidina ny lalao no nanome tombony ny mpikapoka.
Nisy fepetra vaovao hentitra nifehy ny habeny sy ny endriny ary ny akora nanamboarana ny baolina.
Niampy izany ny fitsipika vaovao nandrara tamin' ny fomba ofisialy ny ''spitball'', na fanipazana baolina nasiana rora, sy ireo fanipazana hafa niankina tamin' ny fanosorana akora hafa tamin' ny baolina na ny fanaovana ny velarany ho marokoroko.
Vokatr' izany dia lasa lavitra kokoa ny baolina rehefa voakapoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-079&quot; /&gt;
Nanampy hanova maharitra ny endriky ny lalao ny fisongadinan' ilay mpilalao malaza [[Babe Ruth]], izay mpikapoka mahery voalohany nisongadina tamin' io vanim-potoana vaovao io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-080&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny faramparan' ny taompolo 1920 sy ny fiandohan' ny taompolo 1930 dia nampiasa vola tamin' ny klioba maromaro tao amin' ny ligy ambaratonga ambany i [[Branch Rickey]], tale jeneralin' ny St. Louis Cardinals.
Novolavolainy tamin' izany ny rafitra maoderina voalohany nampifandray ekipa lehibe tamin' ny ekipa ambaratonga ambany mba hanomanana mpilalao hiakatra ao aminy, izay antsoina hoe ''farm system''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-081&quot; /&gt;
Nisy ''Negro National League'' vaovao natsangana tamin' ny 1933, ary efa-taona taorian' izay dia niforona koa ny ''Negro American League'' (Ligy Amerikanina ho an' ny mpilalao mainty hoditra).
Tamin' ny 1936 no natao ny fifidianana voalohany ireo horaisina ao amin' ny ''National Baseball Hall of Fame'' (toeram-pankasitrahana nasionaly an' ireo nisongadina tamin' ny ''baseball'').
Niorina tany Pennsylvania tamin' ny 1939 ny ''Little League Baseball'' (fikambanan' ny ligy baseball ho an' ny ankizy).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-082&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Jackie Robinson Kansas City Monarchs.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Robinson maka sary, manao ny satroka fanamian' ny Kansas City Monarchs, ekipa baseball tao amin' ny ligy ho an' ny mpilalao mainty hoditra, tamin' ny 1945|[[Jackie Robinson]] tamin' ny 1945, fony izy tao amin' ny Kansas City Monarchs, ekipa tao amin' ny ''Negro American League'' (Ligy Amerikanina ho an' ny mpilalao mainty hoditra).]]

Nirava ny ekipa maro tao amin' ny ligy ambaratonga ambany rehefa nahatonga tsy fahampian' ny mpilalao ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]].
I Philip K. Wrigley, tompon' ny Chicago Cubs, no nitarika ny fananganana ny ''All-American Girls Professional Baseball League'' (Ligy Baseball Matihanina Amerikanina ho an' ny Vehivavy), mba hanampiana amin' ny fitazonana ny fahalianan' ny vahoaka amin' ilay lalao.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-083&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 1945 no nisy ny dingana voalohany nandravana ilay fifanarahana tsy voasoratra izay nanakana ny mainty hoditra tsy hilalao tao amin' ny ''baseball'' matihanina nofehezin' ny fotsy hoditra: nanao fifanarahana tamin' i [[Jackie Robinson]] ny Brooklyn Dodgers, ekipa tao amin' ny ''National League'', ary nanomboka nilalao tao amin' ny Montreal Royals, ekipan' izy ireo tao Montreal izay tao amin' ny ligy ambaratonga ambany, izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-084&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 1947, rehefa nilalao voalohany niaraka tamin' ny Dodgers i Robinson, dia rava ny sakana ara-pirazanana nanakana ny mainty hoditra tsy hiditra tao amin' ny ligy lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-085&quot; /&gt;
Nanomboka nitombo koa ny isan' ny mpilalao avy any [[Amerika Latina]] niditra tao amin' ireo ligy lehibe, na dia tsy dia nomena lanja aza izy ireo talohan' izany.
Tamin' ny 1951 dia mpilalao roa tao amin' ny Chicago White Sox, dia i Chico Carrasquel, teraka tany [[Venezoela]], sy i Minnie Miñoso, mainty hoditra teraka tany [[Kiobà]], no lasa mpilalao manana fiaviana amin' ny kolontsaina miteny espaniola voalohany voafantina ho amin' ny ''All-Star Game'', lalao natokana ho an' ireo mpilalao voafantina tao amin' ny ligy lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;P111&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-087&quot; /&gt;
Niadana anefa ny fampidirana ny mpilalao tsy misy fanavahana ara-pirazanana: tamin' ny 1953 dia enina monja tamin' ny ekipa 16 tao amin' ny ligy lehibe no nanana mpilalao mainty hoditra tao amin' ny lisitry ny mpilalaony.&lt;ref name=&quot;P111&quot; /&gt;

==== Tarehimarika ambony indrindra teo amin' ny mpijery sy ny vanim-potoanan' ny sterôida ====

Tamin' ny 1975 dia nanomboka nitombo be ny fahefan' ny sendikan' ny mpilalao sy ny karaman' ireo mpilalao, rehefa nofoanana teo amin' ny fampiharana ilay fepetra nahafahan' ny klioba nitazona ny zo hampilalao mpilalao iray na dia tapitra aza ny fifanarahana taminy, na ''reserve clause''.
Izany no nitarika ny rafitra ahafahan' ny mpilalao misafidy malalaka izay klioba hanaovany fifanarahana, na ''free agency''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-088&quot; /&gt;
Nisy fampitsaharana asa lehibe tamin' ny 1981 sy ny 1994.
Ilay faharoa dia nanery ny fanafoanana ny ''World Series'', izay sambany tao anatin' ny 90 taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-089&quot; /&gt;
Nitombo tsy an-kijanona ny isan' ny mpijery nanomboka tamin' ny tapaky ny taompolo 1970.
Tamin' ny 1994, talohan' ny fampitsaharana asa, dia nahatratra ny salanisan' ny mpijery isaky ny lalao ambony indrindra teo amin' ny tantarany ireo ligy lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simm&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-091&quot; /&gt;
Rehefa nitohy indray ny lalao tamin' ny 1995 dia lasa anisan' ny fifaninanana famaranana aorian' ny vanim-potoana ara-dalàna hatrany ireo ekipa nahazo toerana nefa tsy tompondakan' ny vondrona misy azy, na ''wild card''.
Tamin' ny 1997 no nampidirina tao amin' ny vanim-potoana ara-dalàna ny lalao nampifanandrina ekipa avy amin' ireo ligy roa samy hafa.
Tamin' io taona io koa no tratra ny isan' ny mpijery faharoa ambony indrindra ho an' ny vanim-potoana iray manontolo.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-092&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 2000 dia nofoanana tamin' ny maha-fikambanana manana sata ara-dalàna misaraka azy ny ''National League'' sy ny ''American League''.
Notazonina ny maha-ligy samy hafa azy ireo ho amin' ny fandaminana ny fandaharam-pilalaovana sy ny fahasamihafan' ny fitsipika momba ny mpikapoka voatendry hisolo ny mpanipy amin' ny fikapohana.
Ny fitantanana ny fitsipika sy ireo andraikitra hafa, toy ny fampiharana sazy amin' ny mpilalao sy ny fanaraha-maso ny mpitsara, izay nosahanin' ny ligy tsirairay nitokana teo aloha kosa dia natambatra teo ambany MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-093&quot; /&gt;

Tamin' ny 2001 dia nametraka ny zava-bita ambony indrindra mbola voatazona i [[Barry Bonds]], tamin' ny nahazoany ''home run'' 73 tao anatin' ny vanim-potoana iray.
Ny ''home run'' dia kapoka ahafahana mamita ny fihodinana ny toby efatra.
Momba ny fitomboan' ny fikapohana mahery teo amin' ny lalao amin' ny ankapobeny, araka ireo loharano nosoratan' i Rader, Zimbalist ary Tom Verducci, dia efa ela no nisy ahiahy fa ampahany lehibe tamin' izany fitomboana izany no vokatry ny fampiasana tsy araka ny tokony ho izy ny sterôida tsy ara-dalàna (na akora mitovy fiasana amin' ny hormonina sasany, ampiasaina eto hampitomboana ny hozatra sy ny hery; ''steroids'').
Anisan' ny anton-javatra nahiahiana koa ny fielezan' ireo mpanipy mahay tamin' ny ekipa maro kokoa noho ny fanitarana ny ligy, ka nampihena ny haavon' ny fahaizan' ny mpanipy tamin' ny ankapobeny.
Tamin' ny 2002 vao nanomboka nahasarika ny sain' ny fampitam-baovao betsaka io raharaha io, ary tsy nisy sazy ho an' ny fampiasana akora mampitombo ny fahaiza-manao ara-panatanjahantena talohan' ny 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-094&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 2007 dia nihoatra an' i [[Hank Aaron]] i Bonds ka lasa mpilalao nahazo ''home run'' betsaka indrindra teo amin' ny tantaran' ny MLB.
Tamin' io taona io koa dia samy nahatratra ny tarehimarika ambony indrindra teo amin' ny tantarany ny fitambaran' ny mpijery tao amin' ny ligy lehibe sy ny tao amin' ny ligy ambaratonga ambany.&lt;ref name=&quot;MajorAtRec&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MinorAtRec&quot; /&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;Around-the-world&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
=== Maneran-tany ===
''Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Tantaran' ny baseball ivelan' i [[Etazonia]].''

Na dia nantsoina hoe «fialam-boly nasionalin' i Amerika» (dikan-teny) aza ny ''baseball'', dia efa miorim-paka any amin' ny firenena hafa maromaro koa izy. Efa tamin' ny 1877 no nisy ekipa avy any [[Kanada]] sy Etazonia niara-nilalao tao amin' ny ligy matihanina iray, dia ny ''International Association for Professional Base Ball Players'' (Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenen' ny Mpilalao Baseball Matihanina).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-097&quot; /&gt; Na dia betsaka aza ny olona milalao ''baseball'' any Kanada, ary maro ny ekipa ao amin' ny ligy madinika niorina tao amin' io firenena io,&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-098&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-099&quot; /&gt; dia tsy nisy klioba avy any Kanada tao amin' ny ligy lehibe amerikanina raha tsy tamin' ny 1969. Tamin' izay no niditra tao amin' ny ''National League'' (Ligim-pirenena) ny Montreal Expos, ho ekipa vaovao nampidirina tamin' ny fanitarana ny ligy. Tamin' ny 1977 dia niditra tao amin' ny ''American League'' (Ligy Amerikanina) koa ny Toronto Blue Jays, izay ekipa vaovao nampiana tamin' ny fanitarana ny ligy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-100&quot; /&gt;

[[File:WBC2006 Sadaharu Oh.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|[[Sadaharu Oh]] mitantana ny ekipam-pirenen' i [[Japàna]] tamin' ny fifaninanana ''World Baseball Classic'' tamin' ny 2006. Fony izy nilalao tao amin' ny Yomiuri Giants, ao amin' ny ''Central League'' (Ligy Afovoany), tamin' ny 1959–1980, dia nametraka ny zava-bita ambony indrindra eran-tany teo amin' ny mpilalao matihanina i Oh tamin' ny isan' ny ''home run'' (kapoka ahafahana mamita ny fihodinana ny toby efatra).]]
Tamin' ny 1847, tao amin' ny Parque Los Berros, any [[Xalapa]], ao [[Veracruz]], dia nanao lalao izay mety ho ny lalao ''baseball'' voalohany tao [[Meksika]] ny miaramila amerikanina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-101&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 1878 no natsangana tany [[Kiobà]] ny ligy ''baseball'' ara-dalàna voalohany ivelan' i Etazonia sy Kanada. Mbola manana fomban-dalao ''baseball'' lalim-paka i Kiobà. Tao amin' ny [[Fanjakana Mitambatra]], ny klioban' ny baolina kitra anglisy Aston Villa no tompondaka britanika voalohany tamin' ny ''baseball'', rehefa nandresy tamin' ny Ligim-pirenena Britanika tamin' ny Baseball tamin' ny 1890.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-102&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cheats&quot; /&gt; Ny London Mets no tompondaka nasionaly tamin' ny 2025.

[[File:Eino Kaakkolahti.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.75|Ny ''pesäpallo'', izay karazana ''baseball'' avy any [[Finlandy]], dia noforonin' i Lauri &quot;Tahko&quot; Pihkala tamin' ny taompolo 1920.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-104&quot; /&gt; Nanomboka tamin' izay dia niova nifanaraka tamin' ny fandehan' ny fotoana izy io ary nitombo ny olona nankafy azy. Asehon' ny sary ny lalao ''pesäpallo'' tamin' ny 1958 tao Jyväskylä, [[Finlandy]].]]

Tamin' ny 1912 no nataon' i [[Repoblika Dôminikana]] ny fifaninanana fiadiana ny tompondaka voalohany nanerana ny nosy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-105&quot; /&gt; Teo anelanelan' ny ady lehibe roa dia nanomboka niforona tany amin' ny firenena hafa koa ny fifaninanana sy ligy ''baseball'' matihanina, anisan' izany ny tany [[Nederlandy]] (1922), Aostralia (1934), [[Japàna]] (1936), Meksika (1937), ary Pôrtô-Rikô (1938).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-106&quot; /&gt; Efa hatry ny ela no noheverina fa ny ligy lehibe japoney no ligy matihanina manana fari-pilalaovana ambony indrindra ivelan' i Etazonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-107&quot; /&gt; Taorian' ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]] dia natsangana tany amin' ny firenena maro tao [[Amerika Latina]] ny ligy matihanina, indrindra tany [[Venezoela]] (1946) sy Repoblika Dôminikana (1955).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-108&quot; /&gt; Nanomboka tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taompolo 1970, ny Fiadiana ny Tompondakan' i Karaiba, izay atao isan-taona, dia nampifandona ny klioba tompondaka avy amin' ny ligy efatra lehibe ao Amerika Latina izay manao ny taom-pilalaovany amin' ny ririnina: ny Ligy Matihanina amin' ny Baseball ao Repoblika Dôminikana, ny Ligy Pasifika ao Meksika, ny Ligy Matihanina amin' ny Baseball ao Pôrtô-Rikô, ary ny Ligy Matihanina amin' ny Baseball ao Venezoela. Any Azia dia samy manana ligy matihanina koa i [[Kôrea Atsimo]] (1982), [[Taioàna]] (1990), ary ny [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina]] (2003).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-109&quot; /&gt;

Nisy ligy matihanina koa tany amin' ny firenena eorôpeanina hafa. Ankoatra ny ligy ao Nederlandy, dia ny ligy italiana, natsangana tamin' ny 1948, no nahomby indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-110&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 2004 dia nahazo medaly volafotsy tsy nampoizina i Aostralia tamin' ny Lalao Ôlimpika.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-111&quot; /&gt; Ny ''Confédération Européene de Baseball'' (''European Baseball Confederation'' amin' ny teny anglisy; Konfederasiona Eorôpeanina momba ny Baseball), natsangana tamin' ny 1953, no mikarakara fifaninanana maromaro eo amin' ny klioba avy amin' ny firenena samihafa. Ny fifaninanana hafa eo amin' ny ekipam-pirenena, toy ny fiadiana ny amboara eran-tany amin' ny ''baseball'' sy ny fifaninanana ''baseball'' amin' ny Lalao Ôlimpika, dia notantanan' ny ''International Baseball Federation'' na IBAF (Federasiona Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Baseball), nanomboka tamin' ny nananganana azy tamin' ny 1938 ka hatramin' ny nikambanany tamin' ny ''International Softball Federation'' (Federasiona Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Softball) tamin' ny 2013. Izany fampikambanana izany no niteraka ny rafitra iraisana mitantana ireo fanatanjahantena roa ireo ankehitriny, dia ny ''World Baseball Softball Confederation'' na WBSC (Konfederasiona Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Baseball sy Softball).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-112&quot; /&gt; Any amin' ny firenena maro dia lalaovin' ny mpankafy tsy matihanina ao anatin' ny rafitra voalamina ny ''baseball'' ho an' ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-113&quot; /&gt;

Rehefa nekena ho fanatanjahantena ifaninanana hahazoana medaly tao amin' ny Lalao Ôlimpika nanomboka tamin' ny Lalao tamin' ny 1992 ny ''baseball'', dia tapaka tao amin' ny fivorian' ny Komity Ôlimpika Iraisam-pirenena tamin' ny 2005 ny hanesorana azy amin' ny [[Lalao Olimpikan'ny fahavaratra 2012|Lalao Ôlimpika fahavaratra tamin' ny 2012]]. Mbola anisan' ny taranja tamin' ny Lalao tamin' ny 2008 anefa izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-114&quot; /&gt; Anisan' ny antony ny tsy fahamaroan' ny mpankafy an' io fanatanjahantena io tany amin' ny ampahany lehibe tamin' izao tontolo izao,&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-115&quot; /&gt; saingy ny antony lehibe kokoa dia ny fisalasalan' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball) hamela ny mpilalaony handray anjara nandritra ny taom-pilalaovan' ny ligy lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-116&quot; /&gt; Ny MLB no nanomboka ny ''World Baseball Classic'' (Fifaninanana Iraisam-pirenena amin' ny Baseball), izay nokasaina hatao alohan' ny taom-pilalaovany. Anisan' ny antony nananganana azy ny hanoloana ilay fifaninanana ôlimpika amin' ny fifaninanana iraisam-pirenena manana laza lehibe. Ny fifaninanana voalohany, natao tamin' ny Martsa 2006, no fifaninanana voalohany teo amin' ny ekipam-pirenena nahitana mpilalao avy amin' ny MLB maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-117&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-118&quot; /&gt; Natsahatra taorian' ny fifaninanana tamin' ny 2011 ny fiadiana ny amboara eran-tany amin' ny ''baseball'', ka nosoloana ny ''World Baseball Classic'' izay nitarina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-119&quot; /&gt;

== Toetra mampiavaka azy ==
Misy toetra mampiavaka ny ''baseball'' amin' ireo fanatanjahantena hafa iarahan' ny ekipa izay be mpitia any amin' ny firenena itiavana azy. Ireo fanatanjahantena ireo dia samy mampiasa famantaranandro mametra ny faharetan' ny lalao,&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-120&quot; /&gt; tsy dia mifantoka amin' ny mpilalao tsirairay,&lt;ref name=&quot;Mandelbaum5557&quot; /&gt; ary tsy dia lehibe na manan-danja loatra ny fahasamihafan' ny kianja ilalaovana azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-122&quot; /&gt; Asehon' ny fampitahana ny ''cricket'' sy ny ''baseball'' anefa fa maro amin' ireo toetra mampiavaka ny ''baseball'' no hita amin' ny endriny samihafa koa amin' ny fanatanjahantena mitovitovy aminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-123&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-124&quot; /&gt;

=== Tsy misy fe-potoana farany azo andrasana fotsiny ===
[[File:A worn-out baseball.JPG|thumb|Baolina ''baseball'' efa tonta noho ny fampiasana azy.]]
Amin' ny fanatanjahantena ferana amin' ny famantaranandro, matetika no mifarana ny lalao rehefa minia mampiandry ny fotoana hifarana ilay ekipa mitarika, fa tsy miezaka mafy intsony mifaninana amin' ny ekipa mpifanandrina aminy. Ny ''baseball'' kosa tsy manana famantaranandro mametra ny faharetan' ny lalao manontolo: tsy afaka mandresy ny ekipa raha tsy efa nanala ny mpikapoka farany, ary tsy misy fe-potoana manakana ny ezaka misesy hanangonana isa sy hahatratrarana ny mpifanandrina. Saika amin' ny fotoana rehetra ao anatin' ny lalao ''baseball'' rehetra, ny paikady ahazoana tombony indrindra dia paikady iray ikatsahana mavitrika ny handresy ny mpifanandrina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-125&quot; /&gt; Amin' ny ''cricket'' sokajy ''Test'' sy ny ''cricket'' sokajy voalohany (''first-class cricket'') izay lalaovina mandritra ny andro maromaro kosa, dia misy ny mety hiafaran' ny lalao tsy ahitana mpandresy noho ny fahataperan' ny fotoana. Tsy nisy izany fetran' ny fotoana izany tany am-boalohany, toy ny amin' ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-126&quot; /&gt; Noho io mety tsy hahitana mpandresy io, dia matetika ny ekipa mikapoka farany sady tara be amin' ny isa no mifidy ny hikapoka amim-pitandremana mba haharitra mandra-pahatapitry ny fotoana. Afoiny amin' izany na dia ny vintana kely mety handreseny aza, mba tsy ho resy amin' ny lalao manontolo.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-127&quot; /&gt;

Na dia fihodinana sivy aza no fenitra hatramin' ny niandohan' ny ''baseball'' matihanina, dia nitombo hatrany nandritra ny taona maro ny salanisan' ny faharetan' ny lalao tao amin' ny ligy lehibe. Teo amin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-20, dia adiny iray sy sasany no faharetan' ny lalao tamin' ny ankapobeny. Tamin' ny taompolo 1920, dia latsaka kelin' ny adiny roa ny salanisa, ary nahatratra adiny roa sy 38 minitra izany tamin' ny 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;HB&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 1997, dia adiny roa sy 57 minitra ny salanisan' ny faharetan' ny lalao tao amin' ny ''American League'' (Ligy Amerikanina). Fohy tokony ho folo minitra noho izany ny tao amin' ny ''National League'' (Ligim-pirenena), satria rehefa ny mpanipy no nikapoka, dia haingana kokoa ny fanesorana azy noho ny an' ireo mpikapoka voatendry hisolo ny mpanipy.&lt;ref name=&quot;JG&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 2004, dia nanambara ny ''Major League Baseball'' (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball, MLB) fa ny tanjony dia ny hahatonga ny faharetan' ny lalao ho adiny roa sy 45 minitra amin' ny salanisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;HB&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 2014 anefa, dia efa nihoatra ny adiny telo ny salanisan' ny faharetan' ny lalao MLB.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-130&quot; /&gt; Lazaina fa anton' io fitomboan' ny faharetana io ny fiatoana lava kokoa eo anelanelan' ny antsasaky ny fihodinana mba handefasana dokam-barotra amin' ny fahitalavitra, ny fitomboan' ny hetsika fanafihana, ny fanoloana mpanipy matetika kokoa, ary ny fandehan' ny lalao miadana kokoa: naka fotoana bebe kokoa teo anelanelan' ny fanipazana tsirairay ny mpanipy, ary nivoaka matetika kokoa ny faritra fijoroany ny mpikapoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;HB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JG&quot; /&gt; Nisedra olana mitovitovy amin' izany koa ny ligy hafa. Tamin' ny 2008, dia nandray fepetra ny ''Nippon Professional Baseball'' (Baseball Matihanina ao [[Japàna]]) mba hampihenana 12 minitra ny faharetan' ny lalao, raha oharina amin' ny salanisa adiny telo sy 18 minitra tamin' ny folo taona teo aloha.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-131&quot; /&gt;

Ho setrin' ny fitomboan' ny faharetan' ny lalao, dia nanapa-kevitra ny MLB fa hampihatra fitsipika momba ny famerana ny fotoana eo anelanelan' ny fanipazana (''pitch clock'') manomboka amin' ny taom-pilalaovana 2023. Sazina araka io fitsipika io ny mpikapoka sy ny mpanipy izay maka fotoana be loatra eo anelanelan' ny fanipazana; tsy famantaranandro mamarana ny lalao manontolo anefa izany. Nampihena 24 minitra tamin' ny salanisa ny faharetan' ny lalao nandritra ny taom-pilalaovana ara-dalàna 2023 io fepetra io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-133&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-134&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 2025, dia efa nihena ho adiny roa sy 38 minitra ny salanisan' ny faharetan' ny lalao MLB.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-135&quot; /&gt;

=== Ny fifantohana amin' ny mpilalao tsirairay ===
[[File:Babe Ruth2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Babe Ruth]] tamin' ny 1920, taona nidirany tao amin' ny New York Yankees.]]
Na dia fanatanjahantena iarahan' ny ekipa aza ny ''baseball'', dia matetika no arahi-maso akaiky sy iharan' ny tsindry ny mpilalao tsirairay. Na dia mitondra fahafaham-po aza izy io, dia efa nisy fotoana nilazana azy ho «tsy misy indrafo» (dikan-teny), noho ny tsindry mianjady amin' ny mpilalao tsirairay.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-136&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 1915, dia nisy boky fampianarana ''baseball'' nanazava fa ny fanipazana tsirairay, izay matetika mihoatra ny roanjato ao anatin' ny lalao iray, dia fifanandrinan' olona roa mifanatrika: «ny mpanipy sy ny mpikapoka mifaninana amin' ny fahaiza-misaina» (dikan-teny).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-137&quot; /&gt; Saika mahaleo tena amin' ny ataony avy ny mpanipy, ny mpikapoka ary ny mpiaro. Afaka manome famantarana ho an' ny mpanipy na ny mpikapoka ny mpanazatra mba hampiharana tetika sasany, nefa ny fanatanterahana ny hetsika mihitsy dia fitohizan' ny zavatra ataon' olona samirery. Raha mikapoka baolina mandeha mahitsy sy iva eny amin' ny rivotra ny mpikapoka, dia ilay mpiaro any amin' ny faritra ivelany irery no manapa-kevitra na hiezaka hisambotra azy alohan' ny hikasihany ny tany, na handray azy rehefa avy mitsambikina amin' ny tany. Izy irery koa no tompon' andraikitra amin' ny fahombiazana na ny tsy fahombiazana amin' izany. Sady manamora ny fahazoana antontanisa marina tsara momba ny ''baseball'' io fisarahan' ny andraikitra io no vao mainka hamafisin' izany antontanisa izany.

Amin' io lafiny io, ny ''cricket'' dia mitovy kokoa amin' ny ''baseball'' noho ny fanatanjahantena maro hafa iarahan' ny ekipa. Mihena ny fifantohana amin' ny mpilalao tsirairay ao amin' ny ''cricket'' noho ny maha-zava-dehibe ny fiaraha-miasan' ny mpikapoka roa sy ny filàna mifandrindra rehefa miara-mihazakazaka izy ireo. Mihamafy kosa izany fifantohana izany satria mety hijanona eo amin' ny toerana fikapohana (''wicket'') mandritra ny adiny iray na mihoatra lavitra noho izany ny mpikapoka iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-138&quot; /&gt; Tsy misy antontanisa ao amin' ny ''cricket'' mifanandrify amin' ny fanisana ny fahadisoana ataon' ny mpiaro ao amin' ny ''baseball'', ka tsy dia asongadina loatra ny andraikitry ny olona tsirairay amin' io lafiny amin' ny lalao io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-139&quot; /&gt;

=== Ny maha-samy hafa ny kianja ===
Jereo koa: kianja ''baseball''.
[[File:Fenway Park 1996.jpg|thumb|left|Fenway Park, kianjan' ny Boston Red Sox. Hita any ivelan' ny faritra filalaovana ny Green Monster.]]

Tsy toy ny amin' ny ankamaroan' ny fanatanjahantena, fa mety hiova be ny habe sy ny endriky ny kianja ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-140&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-141&quot; /&gt; Voafaritra mazava amin' ny fitsipika ny refin' ny faritra anatiny. Araka ny fitsipiky ny MLB sy ny ''Minor League Baseball'' (Ligy Madinika amin' ny Baseball) kosa, ny hany fepetra mifehy ny habe sy ny endriky ny faritra ivelany amin' ny kianjan' ny ekipa matihanina dia izao: ny kianja naorina na nohavaozina nanomboka tamin' ny 1 Jona 1958 dia tsy maintsy manana elanelana farafahakeliny 325 tongotra (ft), izany hoe 99 m eo ho eo, avy eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana ka hatreo amin' ny fefy amin' ny ilany havia sy havanana, ary 400 ft (122 m eo ho eo) farafahakeliny hatreo amin' ny fefy eo afovoany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-142&quot; /&gt; Matetika anefa na dia io fitsipika io aza dia ihodiviran' ny ekipa ao amin' ny ligy lehibe. Ao amin' ny Daikin Park, izay nanjary kianjan' ny Houston Astros tamin' ny 2000, ohatra, dia 315 ft (96 m eo ho eo) monja no elanelan' ny takelaka fiaingana sy ny Crawford Boxes, ireo seza ho an' ny mpijery amin' ny ilany havia amin' ny faritra ivelany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-143&quot; /&gt; Tsy misy mihitsy fitsipika mifehy ny haavon' ny fefy na ny rafitra hafa eny amin' ny sisin' ny faritra ivelany. Ny rindrina eo amin' ny ilany havia amin' ny Fenway Park ao Boston, izay nampiasaina hatramin' ny 1912, no sisin' ny faritra ivelany malaza indrindra noho ny toetrany manokana: 310 ft (94 m eo ho eo) avy eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana manaraka ny tsipika no misy ilay Green Monster, ary 37 ft (11 m eo ho eo) ny haavony.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-144&quot; /&gt;

Toy izany koa, tsy misy mihitsy fitsipika mifehy ny refin' ny faritra ivelan' ny tsipika mamaritra ny faritra ara-dalàna (''foul territory''). Noho izany, ny baolina voakapoka miakatra eny amin' ny rivotra ka mankany amin' io faritra io dia mety tsy ho azo lalaovina intsony eo amin' ny kianja izay kely ny elanelan' ny tsipika sy ny sezan' ny mpijery. Raha malalaka kokoa kosa io faritra io eo amin' ny kianja iray, dia mety ho voasambotra alohan' ny hikasihany ny tany ilay baolina ka hahatonga ny mpikapoka ho voaesotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-145&quot; /&gt;
Raha akaikin' ny tsipika manamorona ny faritra ivelany ny fefy ao amin' ny faritra ''foul'', dia mirona hiverina any amin' ny mpiaro ny baolina midona aminy. Raha lavidavitra kokoa kosa ilay fefy, dia mety hampitombo ny fifandonana izany, satria mihazakazaka mafy eny amin' ny zorony lalina ny mpiaro mba handray ny baolina. Miankina amin' ireny fahasamihafana ireny ny mety hahazoan' ny mpikapoka toby roa, na toby telo, na hahavitany mihitsy ny fihodinana ny toby efatra nefa tsy mivoaka ny kianja ny baolina (''inside-the-park home run'').&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-146&quot; /&gt;
Tsy voafehin' ny fitsipika koa ny rakotra eo ambonin' ny tany. Ahitana ny fandaminana nentim-paharazana ny ahitra sy ny tany tsy rakotra ny sary eto, izay fandaminana ampiasain' ny ekipa MLB saika rehetra manana kianja misy rakotra voajanahary. Malalaka anefa ny safidin' ny ekipa amin' izay faritra hasiana ahitra sy izay avela tsy hisy rakotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-147&quot; /&gt;
Misy kianja, anisan' izany ny maromaro ao amin' ny MLB, mampiasa bozaka solon' ahitra. Mety hisy fiantraikany lehibe amin' ny fivezivezen' ny baolina mandeha amin' ny tany sy ny fomba andraisan' ny mpiaro azy, ary koa amin' ny fihazakazahana eo anelanelan' ny toby, ny fahasamihafan' ny rakotra. Toy izany koa, mety hanova be ny fomba andraisan' ny mpiaro ny baolina miakatra eny amin' ny rivotra ny fisian' ny tafo: ekipa fito ao amin' ny ligy lehibe no milalao ao amin' ny kianja misy tafo raikitra na azo sokafana sy akatona.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-148&quot; /&gt;
Na dia miatrika fahasamihafana mitovitovy amin' izany eo amin' ny rakotry ny tany sy ny tafon' ny kianja aza ny mpilalao baolina kitra amerikanina sy ny mpilalao baolina kitra, dia manara-penitra kokoa ny habe sy ny endriky ny kianjany. Tsy misy fiantraikany amin' ny lalao tahaka ny faritra ''foul'' amin' ny ''baseball'' ny faritra ivelan' ny sisin' ny kianja amin' ireo fanatanjahantena roa ireo, ka tsy dia misy lanjany ny fahasamihafana amin' io lafiny io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-149&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Red Sox Yankees Game Boston July 2012.jpg|thumb|Mpikapoka ao amin' ny New York Yankees (Andruw Jones) sy mpisambotra ao ambadiky ny mpikapoka ao amin' ny Boston Red Sox, ao amin' ny Fenway Park.]]

Ireo fahasamihafana ara-batana ireo no mahatonga ny kianja tsirairay hanana fepetra manokana ilalaovana. Mety hisy fiantraikany lehibe amin' ny lalao koa ny toetra hafa eo an-toerana, toy ny haavo sy ny toetrandro. Mety ho fantatra ho kianja manome tombony ny mpanipy na ny mpikapoka ny kianja iray, raha mahazo tombony manokana amin' ny fitambaran' ny toetrany ny iray amin' ireo andraikitra roa ireo. Ny Coors Field, kianjan' ny Colorado Rockies, no miavaka indrindra amin' io lafiny io. Any amin' ny haavo 5 282 ft (1 610 m eo ho eo) ambonin' ny ranomasina no misy azy. Ny tsindrin' ny rivotra ambany vokatry ny haavony dia anisan' ny mahatonga azy hanome tombony ny mpikapoka mihoatra noho ny kianja hafa rehetra ao amin' ny ligy lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-150&quot; /&gt; Ny Wrigley Field, kianjan' ny Chicago Cubs, kosa dia fantatra amin' ny fiovaovan' ny toe-javatra ao aminy: manome tombony ny mpanipy izy rehefa mitsoka mankao anatin' ny kianja ny rivotra mahery avy any amin' ny [[Farihy Michigan]], fa manome tombony kokoa ny mpikapoka kosa rehefa mitsoka mivoaka ny kianja izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-151&quot; /&gt; Tsy ny fizotry ny lalao tsirairay ihany no iharan' ny vokatry ny tsy fisian' ny kianja manara-penitra, fa ny firafitry ny ekipa sy ny antontanisan' ny mpilalao koa. Ohatra, ny baolina voakapoka miakatra eny amin' ny rivotra ka mandeha 330 ft (100 m eo ho eo) mankany amin' ny ilany havanana dia mety ho mora samborina eo amin' ny fehin-tany fampitandremana manakaiky ny fefy amin' ny kianja iray, nefa mety hahazoana ''home run'' amin' ny kianja iray hafa. Ny ekipa milalao amin' ny kianja izay somary fohy ny faritra havanana, toy ny New York Yankees, dia hirona hampiditra mpikapoka kavia mahay mandefa ny baolina mankany amin' ny ilany havanana (''pull hitters''), satria izy ireo no afaka manararaotra tsara indrindra izany. Raha ny mpilalao tsirairay indray, dia hahazo tombony amin' ny antontanisa momba ny fikapohana, rehefa mandeha ny fotoana, izay mandany ny ankamaroan' ny fotoam-pilalaovany ao amin' ny ekipa mampiasa kianja manome tombony ny mpikapoka. Vao mainka hitombo izany tombony izany raha mifanaraka indrindra amin' ilay kianja ny fahaizany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-152&quot; /&gt;

== Antontanisa ==
Fanazavana fanampiny: antontanisa momba ny ''baseball''.

Mora ampiharana [[Statistika|antontanisa]] kokoa noho ny fanatanjahantena maro hafa ny ''baseball'' lalaovina ao anatin' ny rafitra voalamina. Misaraka mazava ny hetsika tsirairay eo amin' ny lalao, ary somary vitsy ny mety ho fiafarany. Tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19, i Henry Chadwick, teraka tany [[Angletera]], nipetraka tao Brooklyn ary mpilalao ''cricket'' taloha, no tompon' andraikitra tamin' izao, araka ity teny nalaina adika amin' ny teny malagasy ity: «fampivelarana ny tabilao famintinana ny zava-bitan' ny mpilalao sy ny ekipa (''box score''), ny tabilao filaharana, ny boky torolalana momba ny ''baseball'' mivoaka isan-taona, ny salanisan' ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby (''batting average''), ary ny ankamaroan' ny antontanisa sy tabilao mahazatra ampiasaina hamaritana ny ''baseball''».&lt;ref name=&quot;T16&quot; /&gt; Manana anjara toerana lehibe tokoa amin' izay lazain' ny loharano hoe «maha izy azy ara-tantara» an' ilay lalao ny firaketana antontanisa, ka nanjary nantsoina hoe ''Father Baseball'' (Rain' ny ''baseball'') i Chadwick.&lt;ref name=&quot;T16&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ireo taona 1920, dia nanomboka nanokana toerana nihamaro hatrany ho an' ny antontanisan' ny ''baseball'' ny gazety amerikanina. Izany no niandohan' ny fiovana izay nofaritan' ilay mpanao gazety sady mpahay tantara Alan Schwarz tamin' izao teny izao, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «fiovana goavana teo amin' ny fanatanjahantena, satria nanomboka nitodika tany amin' ny mpilalao tsirairay sy ny antontanisa momba azy ny fahalianana izay nifantoka indrindra tamin' ny ekipa taloha».&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-154&quot; /&gt;

Takian' ny ''Official Baseball Rules'' (Fitsipika Ofisialin' ny ''Baseball''), izay tantanan' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny ''Baseball''; ''Major League Baseball''), ny hanasokajian' ny mpiraki-dalao ofisialy ny hetsika tsirairay amin' ny fomba tsy mampisalasala. Manome fepetra amin' ny antsipiriany ireo fitsipika ireo mba hitovian' ny fomba firaketana. Ny tatitra firaketana ny lalao no fototra ofisialy iorenan' ny tabilao famintinana ny lalao sy ny antontanisa mifandraika aminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-155&quot; /&gt; Mampiasa antontanisa ny tale jeneraly, ny mpitantana ekipa ary ny mpitsikilo mitady mpilalao mba hanombanana ny mpilalao sy handraisana fanapahan-kevitra momba ny paikady.

[[File:Baseball steal.jpg|right|thumb|Rickey Henderson, izay mitana ny laharana voalohany hatramin' izay teo amin' ireo ligy lehibe raha ny isa azo sy ny toby nangalarina no jerena, mangalatra ny toby fahatelo nandritra ny lalao iray tamin' ny 1988.]]
Mahazatra ny ankamaroan' ny mpankafy ''baseball'' ny antontanisa nentim-paharazana sasany. Anisan' ny antontanisa fototra momba ny fikapohana ireto:&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-156&quot; /&gt;
* Fanatrehana fikapohana isaina (''at bats''): ny isan' ny fanatrehan' ny mpikapoka eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana, ka tsy ampidirina ny fahazoana mandeha ho amin' ny toby voalohany tsy mikapoka (''walks'') sy ny fahavoazan' ny baolina natsipy (''hit by pitch''), satria tsy voasedra tanteraka ny fahaizan' ny mpikapoka amin' ireo; tsy ampidirina koa ny kapoka atao sorona sy ny kapoka avo atao sorona (''sacrifices'' sy ''sacrifice flies''), izay aneken' ny mpikapoka fanesorana azy mba hampandrosoana mpihazakazaka iray na maromaro.
* Kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby (''hits''): ny isan' ny fahatongavana amin' ny toby tsy voaesotra, vokatry ny baolina voakapoka tafiditra ao anatin' ny faritra ara-dalàna, nefa tsy nisy fahadisoan' ny mpiaro na safidin' ny mpiaro hanala mpihazakazaka hafa (''fielder's choice'').
* Isa azo (''runs''): ny isan' ny fahavitana mihodidina ny toby sy ny fahatongavana eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana tsy voaesotra.
* Isa nampidirin' ny mpikapoka, na RBI (isa nampidirina vokatry ny fikapohana; ''runs batted in''): ny isan' ny mpihazakazaka nahazo isa noho ny hetsika nataon' ny mpikapoka, ka tafiditra amin' izany ny mpikapoka ihany raha kapoka ahafahany mamita ny fihodinana ny toby efatra (''home run'') no nataony. Tsy isaina anefa izany raha kapoka nikodiadia niteraka fanesorana mpilalao roa no nataon' ny mpikapoka, na raha fahadisoan' ny mpiaro no nahatafapaka azy tamin' ny toby.
* Kapoka ahafahana mamita ny fihodinana ny toby efatra (''home runs''): ny kapoka nahafahan' ny mpikapoka nikasika ny toby efatra rehetra, nefa tsy nisy fahadisoan' ny mpiaro nanampy azy.
* Salanisan' ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby (''batting average''): ny isan' ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby zaraina amin' ny isan' ny fanatrehana fikapohana isaina. Io no fandrefesana nentim-paharazana ny fahaizana mikapoka.
Anisan' ny antontanisa fototra momba ny fihazakazahana eny amin' ny toby ireto:&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-157&quot; /&gt;
* Toby nangalarina (''stolen bases''): ny isan' ny fandrosoana ho amin' ny toby manaraka noho ny ezaky ny mpihazakazaka irery ihany, izay matetika mitranga rehefa miomana hanipy na manipy ny baolina ny mpanipy.
* Fanesorana teo am-pangalarana toby (''caught stealing''): ny isan' ny fanesorana ny mpihazakazaka amin' ny fikasihana azy amin' ny baolina eo am-piezahany hangalatra toby.
[[File:Cy young pitching.jpg|right|thumb|[[Cy Young]] tamin' ny 1908. Mitana zava-bita ambony indrindra maro voarakitra nandritra ny androm-pilalaovana teo amin' ireo ligy lehibe izy, anisan' izany ny fandresena sy ny fihodinana niandraiketana fanipazana ary koa ny faharesena. Mitondra ny anaran' i Young ny loka omen' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny ''Baseball'') isan-taona ho an' ny mpanipy tsara indrindra ao amin' ny ligy tsirairay.]]
Anisan' ny antontanisa fototra momba ny fanipazana ireto:&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-158&quot; /&gt;
* Fandresena (''wins''): omena ny mpanipy tao amin' ny ekipa nandresy izay farany niandraikitra fanipazana talohan' ny nahazoan' ilay ekipa tombon' isa tsy nafoiny intsony hatramin' ny farany. Raha ilay mpanipy nanomboka ny lalao no hahazo io fandresena io, dia tsy maintsy efa niandraikitra fanipazana nandritra ny fihodinana dimy farafahakeliny izy.
* Faharesena (''losses''): ampitondraina ny mpanipy tao amin' ny ekipa resy izay niandraikitra fanipazana tamin' ny fotoana nahazoan' ny mpifanandrina tombon' isa tsy nafoiny intsony hatramin' ny farany.
* Famonjena fandresena (''saves''): ny lalao izay nidiran' ny mpanipy raha efa nitarika tamin' ny isa ny ekipany, ary nofaranany nefa tsy very izany fitarihana izany, sady tsy izy no mpanipy nomena ny fandresena. Ankoatra ireo dia tsy maintsy tanteraka ny iray amin' ireto fepetra ireto: (a) isa telo na latsaka ny elanelana nitaritan' ny ekipany tamin' ny nidirany; (b) ilay mpilalao afaka mampitovy isa dia efa teo amin' ny toby, na nikapoka, na niandry ny anjarany hikapoka manaraka avy hatrany (''on deck''); na (c) niandraikitra fanipazana nandritra ny fihodinana telo na mihoatra ilay mpanipy.
* Fihodinana niandraiketana fanipazana (''innings pitched''): ny isan' ny fanesorana mpilalao voarakitra nandritra ny fanipazan' ilay mpanipy zaraina telo. Raha misy fihodinana tsy feno, dia toy ny hoe «5.2» na «7.1» no fomba mahazatra anoratana azy. Ny tarehimarika farany amin' ireo dia manondro ampahatelon' ny fihodinana, fa tsy ampahafolony.
* Fanesorana amin' ny ''strike'' telo (''strikeouts''): ny isan' ny fanomezana ''strike'' telo ho an' ny mpikapoka iray tamin' ny fanipazana.
* Taham-pandresena (''winning percentage''): ny isan' ny fandresena zaraina amin' ny fitambaran' ny lalao nahazoana fanapahan-kevitra momba ny fandresena na faharesena, izany hoe ny fandresena miampy ny faharesena.
* Salanisan' ny isa azon' ny mpifanandrina ankoatra izay vokatry ny fahadisoan' ny mpiaro, na ERA (salanisan' ny isa heverina ho vokatry ny lalao ara-dalàna; ''earned run average''): ny isa azon' ny mpifanandrina isaky ny fihodinana sivy niandraiketana fanipazana, ka tsy ampidirina ireo isa vokatry ny fahadisoan' ny mpiaro.
Anisan' ny antontanisa fototra momba ny fiarovana ireto:&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-159&quot; /&gt;
* Fanesorana mivantana (''putouts''): ny isan' ny fotoana nisamboran' ny mpiaro baolina voakapoka teny amin' ny habakabaka, na nanesorany mpihazakazaka tamin' ny fikasihana azy amin' ny baolina na tamin' ny fanesorana an-tery, na nanatanterahany mivantana fanesorana tamin' ny fomba hafa.
* Fanampiana tamin' ny fanesorana (''assists''): ny isan' ny fanesorana mivantana nataon' ny mpiaro hafa rehefa avy nikasika ny baolina ilay mpiaro isaina ho nanampy.
* Fahadisoana (''errors''): ny isan' ny fotoana tsy nahavitan' ny mpiaro hetsika izay tokony ho vitany tamin' ny ezaka mahazatra, ka nahazoan' ny ekipa mpikapoka tombony.
* Fitambaran' ny fahafahana manao hetsika fiarovana (''total chances''): ny fanesorana mivantana miampy ny fanampiana tamin' ny fanesorana miampy ny fahadisoana.
* Taham-pahombiazan' ny fiarovana (''fielding average''): ny fahafahana nahavitana hetsika fiarovana tamim-pahombiazana, izany hoe ny fanesorana mivantana miampy ny fanampiana tamin' ny fanesorana, zaraina amin' ny fitambaran' ny fahafahana manao hetsika fiarovana.

Misy koa, amin' ireo antontanisa maro hafa raketina, ny antsoina amin' ny anarana iombonana hoe antontanisa arakaraka ny toe-draharaha (''situational statistics''). Ohatra, azo fantarina amin' ny antontanisa hoe iza avy amin' ny mpanipy no tena ahombiazan' ny mpikapoka iray. Raha manome tombony ho an' ny mpikapoka iray ny toe-draharaha iray araka ny antontanisa, dia mety hirona kokoa amin' ny fanoloana mpanipy ny mpitantana ny ekipa miaro, na hampanao fanomezana toby voalohany an-tsitrapo ho an' ilay mpikapoka (''intentional walk'') ny mpanipy, mba hiatrehana mpikapoka hafa izay kely kokoa ny mety hahombiazany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-160&quot; /&gt;

=== Famakafakana ara-antontanisa ny baseball ===
Ny ''sabermetrics'' dia sehatra fandinihana ny antontanisan' ny ''baseball'' sy famoronana antontanisa ary fitaovana famakafakana vaovao. Antsoina hoe ''sabermetrics'' koa ireo antontanisa vaovao ireo. Manodidina ny 1980 no namoronan' i Bill James, iray amin' ireo mpanohana lehibe an' io sehatra io, ilay teny. Avy amin' ny anaran' ny ''Society for American Baseball Research'' (Fikambanana momba ny Fikarohana ny ''Baseball'' Amerikanina), izay hafohezina hoe SABR (Fikambanana momba ny Fikarohana ny ''Baseball'' Amerikanina), izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-161&quot; /&gt;

Hatramin' ny fiandohan' ireo taona 1980, dia nitombo ny fahalianana tamin' ny ''sabermetrics''. Nampitombo ny fifantohana tamin' ny antontanisa roa momba ny fikapohana izany, izay lazain' ny mpandinika ao amin' io sehatra io fa mahomby lavitra noho ny salanisan' ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby amin' ny fandrefesana ny fahaizan' ny mpikapoka:&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-162&quot; /&gt;
* Ny OBP (taham-pahatongavana amin' ny toby; ''on-base percentage'') dia mandrefy ny fahaizan' ny mpikapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby. Kajina izany amin' ny fanampiana ny fahombiazany rehetra tamin' ny fahatongavana amin' ny toby, izany hoe ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby miampy ny fahazoana mandeha ho amin' ny toby voalohany tsy mikapoka miampy ny fahavoazan' ny baolina natsipy. Zaraina amin' ny fitambaran' ny fanatrehany eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana izany, dia ny fanatrehana fikapohana isaina miampy ny fahazoana mandeha tsy mikapoka miampy ny fahavoazan' ny baolina natsipy miampy ny kapoka avo atao sorona; tsy ampidirina kosa ny kapoka fohy atao sorona (''sacrifice bunts'').&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-163&quot; /&gt;
* Ny SLG (taham-pahazoana toby amin' ny kapoka; ''slugging percentage'') dia mandrefy ny fahaizan' ny mpikapoka mikapoka mafy. Kajina izany amin' ny fizarana ny fitambaran' ny toby azony tamin' ny kapoka amin' ny isan' ny fanatrehany fikapohana isaina. Ao amin' io fitambaran' ny toby io dia iray no isaina isaky ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby voalohany (''single''), roa isaky ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby faharoa (''double''), telo isaky ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby fahatelo (''triple''), ary efatra isaky ny ''home run''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-164&quot; /&gt;

Nanjary fampiasa betsaka ny sasany amin' ireo antontanisa vaovao noforonin' ny mpandinika ''sabermetrics'':
* Ny OPS (taham-pahatongavana amin' ny toby miampy taham-pahazoana toby amin' ny kapoka; ''on-base plus slugging'') dia mandrefy ny fahaizan' ny mpikapoka amin' ny ankapobeny. Ny taham-pahatongavany amin' ny toby ampiana ny taham-pahazoany toby amin' ny kapoka no ahazoana azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-165&quot; /&gt;
* Ny WHIP (fahazoana mandeha tsy mikapoka miampy kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby isaky ny fihodinana niandraiketana fanipazana; ''walks plus hits per inning pitched'') dia mandrefy ny fahaizan' ny mpanipy manakana ny mpikapoka tsy ho tonga amin' ny toby. Kajina izany amin' ny fanampiana ny isan' ny fahazoana mandeha tsy mikapoka sy ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby navelan' ilay mpanipy ho azon' ny mpifanandrina, ary avy eo fizarana izany amin' ny isan' ny fihodinana niandraiketany fanipazana.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-166&quot; /&gt;
* Ny WAR (fandresena fanampiny raha oharina amin' ny fenitry ny mpisolo; ''Wins Above Replacement'') dia mandrefy ny isan' ny fandresena fanampiny azon' ny ekipa noho ny mpilalao iray, raha oharina amin' ny isan' ny fandresena antenaina ho azon' ilay ekipa raha mpilalao manana ny haavo ampiasaina ho fenitra ho an' ny mpisolo (''replacement-level player'') no nisolo azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-167&quot; /&gt;

== Fitiavan' ny olona azy sy ny fiantraikany eo amin' ny kolontsaina ==
[[File:Waseda University baseball players.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|Mpilalao roa ao amin' ny ekipa mpilalao ''baseball'' ao amin' ny Oniversite Waseda, any Tokyo, [[Japàna]], tamin' ny 1921]]
Tao amin' ny lahatsoratra nosoratany tamin' ny 1919, dia nofaritan' ilay filôzôfa Morris Raphael Cohen ho fivavaham-pirenen' i [[Etazonia]] ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-168&quot; /&gt; Araka ny tenin' ilay mpanoratra momba ny fanatanjahantena Jayson Stark, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, dia efa hatry ny ela ny ''baseball'' no «ohatra filamatra tokana miavaka amin' ny kolontsaina amerikanina»; araka ny heviny anefa, dia ravan' ilay raharaha momba ny fampiasana tsy araka ny tokony ho izy ny sterôida (na akora simika misy karazany ampiasaina hampitomboana hozatra) izany toerana notanany izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-169&quot; /&gt; Manana toerana lehibe eo amin' ny kolontsain' ny firenena hafa koa ny ''baseball'', araka ny filazan' ilay manam-pahaizana Peter Bjarkman. Toy izao no nilazany izany, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «lalina tokoa ny fakan' io fanatanjahantena io ao amin' ny tantara sy ny kolontsain' ny firenena toa an' i [[Kiobà]], [ary] tanteraka tokoa ny fanovana ifotony azy sy ny fampifanarahana azy tamin' ny kolontsaina teo an-toerana tany [[Japàna]]».&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-170&quot; /&gt;

=== Ila-bolantany andrefana ===
Noho ny fitaoman' i Etazonia teo amin' ny ila-bolantany andrefana, dia nitombo be ny filalaovana ''baseball'' tao amin' io faritra io.

==== Ao Etazonia ====
Jereo koa: Baseball any [[Kanada]].
[[File:911 President George W. Bush at World Series, 10302001..jpg|thumb|[[George Bush|Ny filoha George W. Bush]] mandray torohevitra alohan' ny hanaovany ny fanipazana fanokafana ny lalao fahatelo tamin' ny ''World Series'', herinandro vitsivitsy taorian' ny fanafihana tamin' ny 11 Septambra 2001]]
Tamin' ny voalohany, dia ny mpiasa birao avy amin' ny saranga antonony no nokendrena ho mpijery ny lalaon' ny ligy lehibe tao Etazonia. Lafo ny vidim-pidirana 50&amp;nbsp;cents napetraky ny ''National League'' (Ligim-pirenena) tamin' ny 1876, raha oharina amin' ny fialam-boly hafa natrehin' ny mpijery. Sakana ho an' ny mpiasa manao asa tanana koa ny toerana nisy ny kianja, izay teny ivelan' ny faritra afovoan-tanàna, sy ny fandaminana ny lalao hatao antoandro mandritra ny andro fiasana.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-171&quot; /&gt; Hafa tanteraka ny toe-javatra taonjato iray tatỳ aoriana. Araka ny fanadihadian' i Riess, rehefa nitombo ny fitiavan' ny olona ireo fanatanjahantena an' ekipa hafa izay lafo lavitra ny salanisan' ny vidim-pidirana, dia ny baolina kitra amerikanina, ny basikety ary ny ''hockey'', dia lasa anisan' ny fanatanjahantena natrehin' ny mpijery sy tena nankafizin' ny mpiasa manao asa tanana tao Etazonia ny ''baseball'' matihanina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-172&quot; /&gt;
[[File:20080708 Oversized Cubs Win Flag.jpg|thumb|Mpankafy ny Chicago Cubs mifaly miaraka amin' ny sainan' ny fandresen' ny Cubs]]
Amin' ny ankapobeny, dia maro ny mpankafy ''baseball'' ao Etazonia. Araka ny fitsapan-kevitra iray natao tamin' ny 2006, dia efa ho ny antsasaky ny Amerikanina no mpankafy azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-173&quot; /&gt;
Izany no nahatonga ny mpankafy ''baseball'' amerikanina maro hiantso azy hoe «fialam-boly tian' ny Amerikanina indrindra», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ilay fiantsoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-174&quot; /&gt;
Araka ny fandinihan' i Katy Missimer, dia azo raisina ho sary an' ohatra maneho ny fomba fiaina amerikanina ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-175&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-20 sy ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-21, dia nisy fironana nifanohitra teo amin' ny toerana notanan' ny ''baseball'' raha oharina amin' ny baolina kitra amerikanina tao Etazonia.
Tamin' ny 2008, dia nahatratra 6,5&amp;nbsp;miliara dôlara ny vola niditra tamin' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball), ka izany no ambony indrindra voarakitra hatramin' izay. Sambany tao anatin' ny am-polony taona maro no nitovy tamin' ny vola niditra tamin' ny NFL (Ligim-pirenena amin' ny Baolina Kitra Amerikanina) izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-176&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 2017, dia nahatratra ny tarehimarika ambony indrindra vaovao indray ny vola niditra tamin' ny MLB, izay nihoatra ny 10&amp;nbsp;miliara dôlara.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-177&quot; /&gt;
Etsy ankilany, dia 9&amp;nbsp;% tamin' ireo Amerikanina mpankafy fanatanjahantena nanaovana fitsapan-kevitra no nilaza fa ny ''baseball'' no fanatanjahantena tiany indrindra, raha 37&amp;nbsp;% kosa no nifidy ny baolina kitra amerikanina matihanina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-178&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 1985, dia 24&amp;nbsp;% no nifidy ny baolina kitra amerikanina matihanina ary 23&amp;nbsp;% no nifidy ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-179&quot; /&gt;
Betsaka lavitra kosa ny fitambaran' ny mpijery manatrika ny lalaon' ny ligy lehibe amin' ny ''baseball'', satria maro lavitra ny lalao atao ao aminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-180&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 2008, dia 78,6&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa ny fitambaran' ny mpijery nanatrika ny lalaon' ny ligy lehibe: io no isa faharoa ambony indrindra teo amin' ny tantarany, ary latsaka 0,7&amp;nbsp;% monja noho ny isa ambony indrindra voarakitra tamin' ny taona teo aloha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MajorAtRec&quot; /&gt;
Ny taona nanaraka, tao anatin' ny fitotongan' ny toekaren' i Etazonia, dia nihena 6,6&amp;nbsp;% izany ka lasa 73,4&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown10&quot; /&gt;
Valo taona tatỳ aoriana, dia nidina ambanin' ny 73&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-182&quot; /&gt;
Nahatratra ny isa ambony indrindra voarakitra koa ny fitambaran' ny mpijery nanatrika ireo lalao teo ambany fiahian' ny ''Minor League Baseball'' (Ligy Madinika amin' ny Baseball) tamin' ny 2008, izay nahatratra 43,3&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-183&quot; /&gt;
Na dia tsy mahasarika mpijery fahitalavitra manerana ny firenena betsaka tahaka ny lalao baolina kitra amerikanina aza ny lalaon' ny MLB, dia izy ireo no manjaka eo amin' ny tsenan' ny fahitalavitra any amin' ny faritra misy ny ekipany. Mandritra ny fahavaratra any an-toerana, dia matetika izy ireo no voalohany amin' ny fandaharana rehetra amin' ny ora be mpijery amin' ny hariva any amin' ireny faritra ireny.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-184&quot; /&gt;
Taorian' ny fihenana nandritra ny taona maromaro nanomboka tamin' ny 2017, dia nitombo kely indray ny isan' ny mpijery ''baseball'' tamin' ny taona vitsivitsy nifarana tamin' ny 2024. Tamin' ny 2024, dia nahatratra 71,3&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa izany, ka io no ambony indrindra nanomboka tamin' ny 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-185&quot; /&gt;

==== [[Amerika Latina]] ====
Jereo koa: ny fifandraisan' i Amerika Latina sy [[Etazonia]] eo amin' ny fanatanjahantena.

Be mpankafy tokoa ny ''baseball'' any [[Venezoela]]; tamin' ny 2011, dia nilaza ny 95 % tamin' ireo olona nanaovana fanadihadiana fa io no fanatanjahantena nasionaly.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-186&quot; /&gt; Heverina ho fanatanjahantena nasionaly koa ny ''baseball'' any Nikaragoa sy Panamà.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-187&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-188&quot; /&gt; Na dia mbola be mpankafy kokoa aza ny baolina kitra, dia mitombo haingana ny firoboroboan' ny ''baseball'' any [[Meksika]]. Tamin' ny 2024, dia nahasarika mpijery maro kokoa noho ny ekipa sasany ao amin' ny ''Liga MX'' (ligy baolina kitra any Meksika) ireo ekipa sangany tao amin' ny ligy ''baseball'' any Meksika.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-189&quot; /&gt; Misy mpankafy ihany koa ny ''baseball'' any Kôlômbia, na dia mbola aorian' ny baolina kitra aza izy, indrindra any amin' ny faritra amorontsiraka akaikin' ny Ranomasina Karaiba, toa an' i [[Barranquilla]] sy Cartagena.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-190&quot; /&gt; Tao anatin' ny taona vitsivitsy, dia nitombo ny mpankafy ''baseball'' tany Kôlômbia, indrindra tao [[Bogotá]] renivohitra, noho ny fitomboan' ny isan' ny mpifindra monina avy any Venezoela.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-191&quot; /&gt; Nitombo koa ny mpankafy ''baseball'' tany [[Brezila]] tao anatin' ny taona vitsivitsy, noho ny fandefasana ny lalaon' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball) tao amin' ny ESPN (fantsona fahitalavitra momba ny fanatanjahantena) any Brezila sy ilay medaly volafotsy manan-tantara azo tamin' ny fifaninanana ''baseball'' tao amin' ny Lalao Panamerikanina 2023. Na izany aza, dia mbola aorian' ny basikety sy ny baolina kitra amerikanina izy raha jerena ny fanatanjahantena be mpanao indrindra any Brezila.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-192&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-193&quot; /&gt; Nitombo koa ny mpankafy ''baseball'' tany [[Arzantina]] sy [[Però]] tao anatin' ny taona vitsivitsy noho ny mpifindra monina avy any Venezoela.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-194&quot; /&gt; Lalaovina any [[Hôndorasy]] koa ny ''baseball''. Tao anatin' ny taona vitsivitsy, dia niezaka nampitombo ny fanohanana io fanatanjahantena io tao amin' ilay firenena i Mauricio Dubón, mpilalao ao amin' ny ligy lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-196&quot; /&gt;

Nanampy ireo mpifindra monina avy any Amerika Latina ho tafiditra ao amin' ny fiarahamonina any Etazonia ny fitiavan' ny olona an' io fanatanjahantena io manerana an' i Amerika Latina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-197&quot; /&gt;

==== Karaiba ====
Nanomboka tany am-piandohan' ny taompolo 1980, dia ny [[Repoblika Dôminikana]], indrindra ny tanànan' i San Pedro de Macorís, no tena namatsy ireo ligy lehibe tamin' ny mpilalao mahay avy any ivelany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-198&quot; /&gt; Mbola isan' ireo maherifom-pirenena lehibe indrindra teo amin' ny tantaran' i Pôrtô-Rikô i [[Roberto Clemente]], izay voaray ao amin' ny ''Hall of Fame'' (lisitr' ireo olona omena voninahitra noho ny zava-bitany).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-200&quot; /&gt; Na dia efa hatry ny ela aza ny ''baseball'' no fialam-boly ara-panatanjahantena lehibe indrindra tao amin' ilay nosy, dia nihena nanomboka tamin' ny 1990 ny mpankafy ny ligy matihanina lalaovina amin' ny ririnina, izay nahasarika mpijery maro taloha. Tamin' io taona io no nanombohana nampiditra ireo tanora mpilalao avy any Pôrtô-Rikô tao amin' ny fifantenana isan-taona ataon' ireo ekipa ao amin' ny ligy lehibe handraisana mpilalao vaovao.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-201&quot; /&gt; Any [[Kiobà]], izay heverina amin' ny lafiny rehetra fa ny ''baseball'' no fanatanjahantena nasionaly,&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-202&quot; /&gt; dia mahazo toerana lehibe kokoa noho ireo ekipan' ny tanàna sy faritany mifaninana ao amin' ireo ligy an-toerana avo lenta indrindra ny ekipam-pirenena.&lt;ref name=&quot;WW&quot; /&gt; Anisan' ny fanatanjahantena be mpankafy indrindra any [[Aruba]] sy Curaçao koa ny ''baseball'',&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-204&quot; /&gt; ary mihamiroborobo any [[Bahamasy]] sy any amin' ny US Virgin Islands.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-205&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-206&quot; /&gt;

=== Azia ===
[[File:Afghan girl playing baseball in 2002.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Ankizivavy afganà milalao ''baseball'' tamin' ny Aogositra 2002]]
Any [[Azia Atsinanana]], anisan' ny fanatanjahantena be mpankafy indrindra ny ''baseball'' any [[Japàna]],&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-207&quot; /&gt; any [[Taioàna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-208&quot; /&gt; ary any [[Kôrea Atsimo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-209&quot; /&gt; Any Japàna, izay tsy iadian-kevitra fa ny ''baseball'' no fanatanjahantena ifaninanana ekipa be mpijery indrindra, dia notombanana ho iray lavitrisa dôlara ny fitambaran' ny vola niditra tamin' ireo ekipa roa ambin' ny folo ao amin' ny ''Nippon Professional Baseball'' (Baseball Matihanina ao Japàna, NPB) tamin' ny 2007. Io fikambanana io no miandraikitra ny ''Central League'' (Ligy Afovoany) sy ny ''Pacific League'' (Ligy Pasifika). Tokony ho 20 tapitrisa ny fitambaran' ny mpijery tonga nanatrika ny lalaon' ny NPB tamin' io taona io. Tao anatin' ny roapolo taona nialoha izany, dia nitombo 50 isan-jato ny isan' ny mpijery tonga nanatrika ny lalaon' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball), ary efa ho nitombo avo telo heny ny vola niditra taminy; tsy niova firy kosa ireo tarehimarika ireo ho an' ny NPB. Misy ny ahiahy fa hanimba ny ''baseball'' any Japàna ny fitomboan' ny fahalianan' ny MLB haka ireo mpilalao japoney malaza.&lt;ref name=&quot;RW&quot; /&gt; Any Taioàna, ny ''baseball'' dia iray amin' ireo fanatanjahantena be mpijery indrindra, na amin' ny fahitalavitra na eny an-kianja.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taiwan Culture Portal&quot; /&gt;

Nitombo be ny mpankafy ny ''baseball'' tany amin' ny [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina]] tato anatin' ny taona vitsivitsy; araka ny tombana nataon' ny MLB tamin' ny 2019, dia 21 tapitrisa ny mpankafy nanaraka mavitrika io fanatanjahantena io tao amin' ilay firenena.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Noheverina ho fialam-boly nasionaly ny ''baseball'' tany amin' ny [[Filipina]] tamin' ireo taompolo 1960 sy 1970, saingy nihena ny fankafizan' ny olona azy taorian' izany. Nanomboka tamin' ny 2005, dia nisy ezaka natao hamelomana indray io fanatanjahantena io tao amin' ilay firenena.&lt;ref name=&quot;renaissance&quot; /&gt;

Nitombo tampoka ny fankafizan' ny olona ny ''baseball'' tany [[Tailandy]], taorian' ny nahazoan' ilay firenena medaly volafotsy tamin' io fanatanjahantena io nandritra ny Lalaon' i Azia Atsimo Atsinanana tamin' ny 2025, izay nampiantranoiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-215&quot; /&gt;

=== Eorôpa ===
[[File:Tigers2017Champions.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|Ny Tampere Tigers mankalaza ny fandreseny tamin' ny fiadiana ny ho tompondaka tamin' ny 2017 tao Turku, any [[Finlandy]].]]
Amin' ny ankapobeny, dia fanatanjahantena vitsy mpitia any Eorôpa ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-216&quot; /&gt; Somary be mpitia kosa izy io any [[Nederlandy]], izay iantsoana azy hoe ''honkbal'', noho ny fitaoman' i [[Etazonia]] taorian' ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]] sy noho i [[Aruba]] sy Curaçao, izay ny ''baseball'' no fanatanjahantena be mpitia indrindra, eo ambany fifehezan' io fanjakana io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-217&quot; /&gt; Somary be mpitia koa ny ''baseball'' any amin' ny faritra sasany any Italia, indrindra ao amin' ny tanànan' i Nettuno, noho ny fitaoman' ny miaramila amerikanina taorian' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-218&quot; /&gt; Nivoatra tao anatin' ny taona vitsivitsy ny ''baseball'' any [[Tsekia]], ka anisan' ny nahatonga izany ny fahombiazan' ny ekipa tseky tamin' ny fifaninanana ''World Baseball Classic'' tamin' ny 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-219&quot; /&gt;

=== Ôseania ===
Jereo koa: Ny ''baseball'' any Zelandy Vaovao.

Anisan' ny fanatanjahantena be mpitia indrindra any [[Palaô]] sy [[Guam]] ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-220&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-221&quot; /&gt; Any Aostralia, dia fanatanjahantena vitsy mpitia izy io, nefa manana ligy matihanina ilay firenena. Mahasarika mpilalao matihanina amerikanina sy kôreanina maniry hilalao amin' ny ligin' ny ''baseball'' amin' ny ririnina io ligy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-222&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 2026, dia Aostralianina maherin' ny 30 no nilalao ''baseball'' teny amin' ny oniversite tany Etazonia, raha enina izany tamin' ny 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-223&quot; /&gt;

=== Afrika ===
Tsy dia be mpitia any Afrika ny ''baseball'', ary any [[Afrika Atsimo]] sy [[Oganda]] no tena ahitana mpitia azy maro ao amin' io kôntinenta io. Mihamitombo kosa ny fandaharanasa fampandrosoana azy any [[Zimbaboe]], [[Ganà]], [[Kenià]], [[Tanzania]] ary [[Nizerià]].&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-224&quot; /&gt;

Be mpitia tany [[Afrika Atsimo]] ny ''baseball'' talohan' ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]], saingy nihena ny mpitia azy hatramin' izay. Mbola misy ekipa any, ary misy ezaka atao hampitomboana indray ny mpitia azy, anisan' izany ny fampidirana ny ''Baseball5''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-227&quot; /&gt; Mihamitombo koa ny fandaharanasa fampandrosoana ny ''baseball'' any [[Sodàna Atsimo]], ka nisy mpilalao nahazo fifanarahana hilalaovana ho matihanina vokatr' izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-228&quot; /&gt; Nanangana fifaninanana ''baseball'' Koshien ho an' ny mpianatra eny amin' ny lisea tany [[Tanzania]], [[Ganà]] ary [[Kenià]] ny ''[[Japàna|Japan]]-Africa Baseball &amp; Softball Foundation'' (Fondasiona Japàna–Afrika momba ny ''baseball'' sy ny ''softball''), ka tany [[Tanzania]] no nahitana fahombiazana indrindra. Kasaina koa ny hananganana fifaninanana mitovy amin' izany any [[Nizerià]], [[Sodàna Atsimo]], [[Benîno]], [[Kamerona]] ary [[Zambia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-229&quot; /&gt;

=== Eo amin' ny ankizy ===
Tamin' ny 2024, ny ''Little League Baseball'' (fikambanana mikarakara ligy ''baseball'' ho an' ny ankizy) dia niandraikitra ligy nahitana mpandray anjara 2&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa tany amin' ny firenena maherin' ny 80.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-230&quot; /&gt; Nihena ny isan' ny mpilalao raha oharina amin' ny taompolo 1990, izay nahitana ankizy 3&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa nandray anjara tamin' ny ''Little League Baseball'' isan-taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-231&quot; /&gt; Maherin' ny 1&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa ny mpandray anjara ao amin' ny ekipan' ny ''[[Babe Ruth]] League'' (ligy Babe Ruth).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-232&quot; /&gt; Araka ny filazan' ny filohan' ny Federasiona Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Baseball tamin' ny 2009, dia vehivavy sy zazavavy eo anelanelan' ny 300&amp;nbsp;000 sy 500&amp;nbsp;000 maneran-tany no milalao ''baseball'', ka anisan' izany ireo mandray anjara amin' ny ''Little League'' sy ny ''Tee Ball'', lalao fampidirana amin' ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-233&quot; /&gt;

Efa anisan' ny rafitra miorina ao amin' ny sampana misahana ny fanabeazana ara-batana any amin' ny ankamaroan' ny sekoly ambaratonga faharoa ambony sy ny toeram-pampianarana ambony any [[Etazonia]] ny fisian' ny ekipa ''baseball'' voalohany misolo tena ny sekoly.&lt;ref name=&quot;MB&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 2015, dia mpianatra ambaratonga faharoa ambony efa ho antsasaka tapitrisa sy mpianatra ambaratonga ambony maherin' ny 34&amp;nbsp;000 no nilalao tao amin' ny ekipa ''baseball'' tao amin' ny toeram-pianarany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-235&quot; /&gt; Efa tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-20 no nitana ny laharana voalohany tamin' ny fanatanjahantena tao [[Japàna]] ny ''baseball'' nifanandrinan' ny toeram-pampianarana ambony. Tena be mpitia ao indrindra indrindra ny ''baseball'' an-tsekoly ambaratonga faharoa ambony.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-236&quot; /&gt; Alefa manerana ny firenena ny fihodinana farany amin' ireo fifaninanana roa fanao isan-taona: ny Fifaninanam-pirenena ''Baseball'' ho an' ny Sekoly Ambaratonga Faharoa Ambony Asaina Handray Anjara, amin' ny lohataona, sy ny Fiadiana ny Ho Tompondaka Nasionalin' ny ''Baseball'' ho an' ny Sekoly Ambaratonga Faharoa Ambony, izay mbola manan-danja kokoa, amin' ny fahavaratra. Antsoina hoe ''Spring Koshien'' (Koshien amin' ny lohataona) sy ''Summer Koshien'' (Koshien amin' ny fahavaratra) izy ireo tsirairay avy, araka ny anaran' ny kianja Koshien mahazaka olona 55&amp;nbsp;000 izay anaovana azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-237&quot; /&gt; Any [[Kiobà]], dia ampahany tsy maintsy atao ao anatin' ny rafi-panjakana momba ny fanabeazana ara-batana, izay manomboka ho an' ny ankizy enin-taona, ny ''baseball''. Misy ankizy manan-talenta alefa any amin' ny sekoly manokana eny amin' ny distrika mba hahazo fiofanana lalina kokoa, na dia vao fito taona aza. Izany no dingana voalohany amin' ny lalam-pivoarana izay miafara any amin' ny ekipam-pirenena ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WW&quot; /&gt;

=== Ao amin' ny kolontsaina iombonan' ny besinimaro ===
[[File:Honus wagner t206 baseball card.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Nisongadina tao amin' ny andian-karatra ''baseball'' navoakan' ny ''American Tobacco Company'' (orinasa amerikanina mpamokatra paraky) teo anelanelan' ny 1909 sy 1911 i [[Honus Wagner]], mpiaro teo anelanelan' ny toby faharoa sy fahatelo tao amin' ny Pittsburgh Pirates. Namidy 2,8&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa dolara ity karatra aseho ity tamin' ny 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-238&quot; /&gt;]]

Nisy fiantraikany midadasika teo amin' ny kolontsaina iombonan' ny besinimaro ny ''baseball'', na tao [[Etazonia]] na tany an-kafa. Am-polony ireo fomba fiteny anglisy nipoitra avy amin' ny ''baseball''; anisan' izany indrindra ireo fomba fiteny an-kolaka momba ny firaisana ara-nofo izay ampiasaina betsaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-239&quot; /&gt; Ny World Series tamin' ny 1922 no nampitaina tamin' ny fandaharana voalohany nalefan' ny tambajotran' onjam-peo tao [[Amerika Avaratra]]: i Grantland Rice, mpanao gazety ara-panatanjahantena malaza, no nitantara mivantana ny fizotry ny lalao isaky ny hetsika avy tao amin' ny kianja Polo Grounds tao amin' ny tanànan' i New York, tao amin' ny onjam-peo WJZ any Newark, New Jersey. Nampifandraisina tamin' ny alalan' ny tariby tamin' ny WGY any Schenectady, New York, sy ny WBZ any [[Springfield, Massachusetts]], io onjam-peo io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-240&quot; /&gt; Nanjary kojakojan-damaody hita hatraiza hatraiza ny satroka ''baseball'', tsy tany Etazonia sy [[Japàna]] ihany, fa tany amin' ny firenena izay tsy dia be mpitia loatra ilay fanatanjahantena koa, toy ny [[Fanjakana Mitambatra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-241&quot; /&gt;

Nahazoana aingam-panahy hamoronana zavakanto sy fialamboly maro ny ''baseball''. Anisan' ny ohatra lehibe voalohany ny tononkalon' i Ernest Thayer, ''Casey at the Bat'', izay nivoaka tamin' ny 1888. Mitantara amin' ny hatsikana somary maneso ny tsy fahombiazan' ny mpilalao kintana iray tamin' ny fotoana manan-danja mety hamaritra ny vokatry ny lalao, izay antsoina ankehitriny hoe ''clutch situation'', io tononkalo io. Niainga avy taminy ny seho mampifandimby karazana fampisehoana (''vaudeville'') sy ny seho an-tsehatra hafa, ny firaketana feo, ny sarimihetsika nampifanarahana tamin' ilay tantara, ary ny opera iray, ary koa ny tohin-tantara sy ny fanahafana maneso maro tamin' ny haino aman-jery isan-karazany. Maro ny sarimihetsika momba ny ''baseball'', anisan' izany ny ''The Pride of the Yankees'' (1942), izay nahazo ny loka Academy Award, sy ireo voatendry hifaninana hahazo ny loka Oscar, dia ny ''The Natural'' (1984) sy ny ''Field of Dreams'' (1989). Tao amin' ny fifantenan' ny ''American Film Institute'' (Ivontoerana Amerikanina momba ny Sarimihetsika) ireo sarimihetsika ara-panatanjahantena folo tsara indrindra, dia teo amin' ny laharana faha-3 ny ''The Pride of the Yankees'', ary teo amin' ny laharana faha-5 ny ''Bull Durham'' (1988).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-242&quot; /&gt; Nampiasaina ho lohahevitra tamin' ny sanganasa nahomby na an-tsehatra na tamin' ny kapila ny ''baseball'': teo ny teatra misy hira ''Damn Yankees'', noforonin' i Adler sy Ross; teo koa ny hiran' i George J. Gaskin hoe ''Slide, Kelly, Slide'', ny ''Mrs. Robinson'' an' i [[Simon &amp; Garfunkel|Simon and Garfunkel]], ary ny ''Centerfield'' an' i John Fogerty.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-243&quot; /&gt; Nanjary nalaza haingana ny hatsikana fohy ''Who's on First?'', izay naka aingam-panahy avy amin' ny ''baseball'' ary nampahalazain' i Abbott and Costello tamin' ny 1938. Enimpolo taona tatỳ aoriana dia nofidin' ny gazetiboky ''Time'' ho fampisehoana hatsikana tsara indrindra tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-244&quot; /&gt;

Anisan' ny asa soratra mifandray amin' ilay lalao ny tantara foronina fohy nosoratan' i Ring Lardner sy ny tantara lava toa ny ''The Natural'' an' i Bernard Malamud, izay niavian' ilay sarimihetsika; ny ''The Universal Baseball Association, Inc., J. Henry Waugh, Prop.'' an' i Robert Coover; ny ''Calico Joe'' an' i [[John Grisham]]; ary ny ''Shoeless Joe'' an' i W. P. Kinsella, izay niavian' ny ''Field of Dreams''. Anisan' ny asa soratra heverina ho fototra momba ny ''baseball'' koa ny tatitra ara-gazety nosoratan' i Damon Runyon tamin' ny fanarahany tsy tapaka ilay taranja; ny lahatsoratra tao amin' ny tsanganana nosoratan' i Grantland Rice, Red Smith, Dick Young ary Peter Gammons; ary ny lahatsoratra famakafakana nosoratan' i Roger Angell. Anisan' ny boky tsy foronina malaza momba ilay taranja ny ''The Glory of Their Times'' an' i Lawrence S. Ritter, ny ''The Boys of Summer'' an' i Roger Kahn, ary ny ''Moneyball'' an' i Michael Lewis. Heverina ho fotoana nanova ny fanaovana tatitra momba ny fanatanjahantena matihanina ny famoahana, tamin' ny 1970, ny ''Ball Four'', boky fitantaran' i Jim Bouton, mpanipy tao amin' ny ligy lehibe, izay namboraka na dia ny zava-nitranga tsy nampahafantarina ny besinimaro aza.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-245&quot; /&gt;

Nahazoana aingam-panahy hamoronana endrika kolontsaina vaovao koa ny ''baseball''. Nampidirina tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19 ny karatra ''baseball'', izay karatra fanaovana dokambarotra tamin' ny voalohany. Matetika dia nisy sarina mpilalao ''baseball'' teo amin' ny ilany iray, ary dokambarotra momba ny orinasa iray teo amin' ny ilany hafa. Tany am-piandohan' ny taona 1900 dia namokatra azy ireny betsaka ho fitaovana fampiroboroboana ny varotra ny orinasa mpamokatra paraky sy vatomamy. Niely tamin' ny taona 1930 ny endrika maoderin' ny karatra ''baseball'', ahitana sarin' ny mpilalao ary antontan' isa sy mombamomba ny fiainany eo an-damosin' ilay karatra. Ireo karatra ''baseball'' ireo, izay maro amin' izy ireny ankehitriny no zavatra sarobidy angonina, no niavian' ny sehatra indostrialy midadasika kokoa mamokatra karatra angonina sy ifanakalozana. Tafiditra ao amin' izany ny vokatra mitovitovy aminy momba ny fanatanjahantena samihafa sy ny sehatra tsy mifandray amin' ny fanatanjahantena.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-246&quot; /&gt;

Nanomboka tamin' ny 1980 ny endrika maoderin' ny lalao fanatanjahantena an-tsaina, rehefa namorona ny ''Rotisserie League Baseball'' i Daniel Okrent, mpanoratra tao New York, sy ny namany maromaro. Ny mpandray anjara amin' ny ligy Rotisserie dia mifantina mpilalao avy amin' ny lisitry ny mpilalao mbola milalao ao amin' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny ''Baseball'') mba hamoronana ekipa an-tsaina. Avy eo izy ireo dia manao vanim-potoana fifaninanana an-tsaina iray manontolo, ka ny antontan' isa farany avy amin' ny tena lalao nataon' ireo mpilalao no amaritana ny vokatry ny lalao an-tsaina. Niely haingana ny lalao amin' ny fomba Rotisserie. Antsoina amin' ny anarana ankapobeny kokoa hoe ''fantasy baseball'', na lalao ''baseball'' an-tsaina, izy io ankehitriny, ary nitarika ny famoronana lalao mitovitovy aminy mifototra amin' ny fanatanjahantena maro samihafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-247&quot; /&gt; Niroborobo io sehatra io noho ny fitomboan' ny fahafahana mampiasa Internet sy ny fipoiran' ny tranonkala vaovao mifandray amin' ny lalao fanatanjahantena an-tsaina. Tamin' ny 2008 dia efa olona 29,9 tapitrisa tao Etazonia sy [[Kanada]] no nanao ireny lalao ireny, ka nandany 800&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa dolara tamin' izany fialam-boly izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-248&quot; /&gt; Heverina koa fa ny fitomboan' ny fitiavana ny lalao ''baseball'' an-tsaina no anisan' ny nahatonga ny fitomboan' ny fifantohana tamin' ny fandalinana ny ''baseball'' amin' ny alalan' ny antontan' isa (''sabermetrics''): teo amin' ny mpankafy aloha, ary tatỳ aoriana vao teo amin' ny matihanina amin' ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-249&quot; /&gt;

=== Lalao nipoitra avy aminy ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Ireo endrika samihafan' ny ''baseball''.

[[File:Queens stickball.jpg|thumb|198x198px|Ny ''stickball'' dia endrika iray amin' ny ''baseball'' fahita eny an-dalambe, izay matetika ampifanarahana amin' ny toe-javatra eo no ho eo. Hita eo amin' ny rindrina ao ambadiky ny mpikapoka ny faritra kendrena amin' ny fanipazana (''strike zone''), izay voamarika tamin' ny loko.]]
Nipoitra tsikelikely ny endrika tsy ara-pomba samihafan' ny ''baseball'', ka misy lalao toy ny ''corkball'' izay ahitana taratra ny fomban-drazana eo an-toerana sady ahafahana milalao amin' ny toerana samihafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-250&quot; /&gt; Endrika roa amin' ny ''baseball'', dia ny ''softball'' sy ny ''Baseball5'', no tantanan' ny ''World Baseball Softball Confederation'' (Konfederasiona Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Baseball sy Softball) eo amin' ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, miaraka amin' ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-251&quot; /&gt;

==== Ny ''baseball'' britanika ====
Lahatsoratra fototra: Ny ''baseball'' britanika.

Nanao fitetezam-paritra tany Britaina Lehibe ny ekipa amerikanina mpilalao ''baseball'' matihanina tamin' ny 1874 sy 1889, ary nisy fiantraikany lehibe teo amin' ireo fanatanjahantena nitovitovy taminy tany Britaina Lehibe izany. Tany Kambria sy Merseyside dia efa nisy lalao niorim-paka tsara teo amin' ny fiarahamonina, izay nampiasana fahaiza-milalao sy fomba filalaovana nifanaraka kokoa tamin' ny lalao amerikanina. Nanomboka nampiasa tsy ara-pomba ny anarana hoe ''baseball'' (''Pêl Fas'') ny mponin' i Kambria mba hanehoana izany fomba filalaovana amerikanina izany. Tamin' ny taompolo 1890 dia nisy antso mba hanaraka ny fahombiazan' ireo fanatanjahantena hafa nilalaovan' ny sarangan' ny mpiasa, toy ny ''rugby'' tany Kambria sy ny baolina kitra tany Merseyside, ka hametraka fitsipika sy rafi-pitantanana manokana.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-252&quot; /&gt; Nandritra ny taom-pilalaovana 1892 no nifanarahana ny fitsipik' ilay lalao nantsoina hoe ''baseball'', ka natambatra sy noraiketina tamin' ny fomba ofisialy izany fitsipika izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-253&quot; /&gt;

==== Ny ''baseball'' any [[Finlandy]] ====
Lahatsoratra fototra: ''Pesäpallo''.

Ny ''baseball'' any Finlandy, izay antsoina koa hoe ''pesäpallo'', dia fitambaran' ireo lalaon' ekipa nentim-paharazana misy fikapohana baolina sy ny ''baseball'' any [[Amerika Avaratra]]. I Lauri &quot;Tahko&quot; Pihkala no namorona azy tamin' ny taompolo 1920.&lt;ref name=&quot;INTRO2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-255&quot; /&gt; Mitovy amin' ny an' ny ''baseball'' ny foto-kevitry ny ''pesäpallo'': miezaka mahazo isa amin' ny fikapohana tsara ny baolina sy ny fihazakazahana mamakivaky ireo toby ny ekipa manafika, fa ny ekipa miaro kosa miezaka manala ny mpikapoka sy ny mpihazakazaka amin' ny fanafihana. Anisan' ny fahasamihafana lehibe indrindra eo amin' ny ''pesäpallo'' sy ny ''baseball'' ny fanipazana ny baolina mitsangana miakatra amin' ny ''pesäpallo''. Manamora be ny fikapohana ny baolina sy ny fifehezana ny herin' ny kapoka ary ny lalana alehan' ny baolina izany. Noho izany dia maro karazana kokoa ny fomba fanafihana, haingana kokoa ny lalao ary betsaka kokoa ny lafiny ara-tetika amin' ny fanafihana, raha oharina amin' ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;INTRO2&quot; /&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* Loka amin' ny ''baseball''
* Fitafiana sy fitaovana ampiasaina amin' ny ''baseball''
* Lisitr' ireo sarimihetsika momba ny ''baseball''
* Lisitr' ireo ligy voarafitra amin' ny ''baseball''
* Vehivavy eo amin' ny ''baseball''

=== Fanatanjahantena mifandray aminy ===
* ''Brännboll'' – lalao skandinavianina mampiasa kibay fikapohana sy baolina
* Fampitahana ny ''baseball'' sy ny ''cricket''
* Fampitahana ny ''baseball'' sy ny ''softball''
* ''Lapta'' – lalao rosiana mampiasa kibay fikapohana sy baolina
* ''Oină'' – lalao avy any Romania mampiasa kibay fikapohana sy baolina
* ''Snow baseball'' (''baseball'' amin' ny lanezy) – lalao manana fitsipika mitovitovy amin' ny an' ny ''baseball'', atao any India mandritra ny ririnina
* ''Stickball''
* ''Stoop ball''
* ''Tee-ball'' – lalao manana fitsipika mitovitovy amin' ny an' ny ''baseball'', saingy tsy misy mpanipy ary apetraka eo an-tampon' ny fitoerana mitazona azy ny baolina
* ''Vitilla''
* ''Wiffle ball''

== Loharano ==
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-012&quot;&gt;Porterfield (2007), pp. 16–18, 25, 34, 35; [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/09_the_umpire.pdf ''Official Rules/9.00—The Umpire (Rule 9.03a)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011323/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/09_the_umpire.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-013&quot;&gt;[https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2014/09/29/ap-source-7-umpires-rotate-at-world-series/16437053/ ''AP source: 7 umpires rotate at World Series'']. ''USA Today''. September 29, 2014. daty nijerena voarakitra: March 27, 2018. agency: Associated Press.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-015&quot;&gt;Epstein, David. [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1188950/index.htm ''It's All About Anticipation: Ryan Howard and Rafael Nadal don't have quicker reflexes than you do. They hit the fastest pitches and return the hardest serves because they can see the future'']. August 8, 2011. daty nijerena voarakitra: September 4, 2011. datin' ny tahiry: December 13, 2011. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111213074933/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1188950/index.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra]. magazine: Sports Illustrated.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-016&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/02_definition_of_terms.pdf ''Official Rules/2.00—Definitions of Terms'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011321/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/02_definition_of_terms.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra]. [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/05_putting_ball_in_play.pdf ''Official Rules/5.00—Putting the Ball in Play. Live Ball (Rule 5.09e)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011326/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/05_putting_ball_in_play.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra]. [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf ''Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rule 6.05a)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011324/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra]. [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/07_the_runner.pdf ''Official Rules/7.00—The Runner (Rules 7.08d, 7.10a)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011328/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/07_the_runner.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra]. [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf ''Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rule 10.07)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205082219/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-017&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf ''Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rule 6.08b)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 12, 2012. datin' ny tahiry: May 29, 2008. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080529025727/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-019&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf ''Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rule 6.05)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011324/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra]. [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/07_the_runner.pdf ''Official Rules/7.00—The Runner (Rules 7.08, 7.10)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011328/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/07_the_runner.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-020&quot;&gt;Thurston (2000), p. 100; [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/03_game_preliminaries.pdf ''Official Rules/3.00—Game Preliminaries (Rule 3.03)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011326/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/03_game_preliminaries.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra]. [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf ''Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rules 6.01, 6.04)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011324/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-021&quot;&gt;Porterfield (2007), p. 19; Thurston (2000), p. 153; [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf ''Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rule 6.10)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011324/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-022&quot;&gt;See, e.g., [http://washington.nationals.mlb.com/news/press_releases/press_release.jsp?ymd=20090404&amp;content_id=4127882&amp;vkey=pr_was&amp;fext=.jsp&amp;c_id=was ''Nationals Finalize 25-Man Roster'']. Washington Nationals/Major League Baseball. April 4, 2009. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 21, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: July 14, 2011. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110714104000/http://washington.nationals.mlb.com/news/press_releases/press_release.jsp?ymd=20090404&amp;content_id=4127882&amp;vkey=pr_was&amp;fext=.jsp&amp;c_id=was rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-023&quot;&gt;Alexander, Charles C.. [https://archive.org/details/ourgameamerican000alex/page/290 ''Our Game: An American Baseball History'']. Macmillan. 1991. p.: [https://archive.org/details/ourgameamerican000alex/page/290 290]. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780805015942&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-024&quot;&gt;Ringolsby, Tracy. [https://www.mlb.com/news/national-league-could-add-dh-before-long/c-162404308 ''Tide is turning toward a universal DH'']. January 20, 2016. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 22, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: August 27, 2019. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: MLB.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190827201738/https://www.mlb.com/news/national-league-could-add-dh-before-long/c-162404308 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-025&quot;&gt;McLaughlin, Dan. [http://grantland.com/the-triangle/designated-hitters-and-the-economics-of-baseball/ ''Designated Hitters and the Economics of Baseball'']. Grantland. July 12, 2011. daty nijerena voarakitra: August 6, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-026&quot;&gt;Dunn, Jay. [http://www.trentonian.com/article/TT/20170621/SPORTS/170629946 ''Jay Dunn: It's Time For MLB Teams to Consider Grooming Two-Way Players'']. ''The Trentonian''. June 21, 2017. daty nijerena voarakitra: August 6, 2017. datin' ny tahiry: August 6, 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170806221951/http://www.trentonian.com/article/TT/20170621/SPORTS/170629946 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-027&quot;&gt;Goldman, Steven. [https://www.vice.com/en/article/it-is-time-for-baseball-to-fight-back-against-big-bullpen/ ''It Is Time for Baseball to Fight Back Against Big Bullpen'']. VICE Media. April 26, 2016. daty nijerena voarakitra: August 6, 2017. datin' ny tahiry: September 14, 2024. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240914104021/https://www.vice.com/en/article/it-is-time-for-baseball-to-fight-back-against-big-bullpen/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-028&quot;&gt;Walfoort, Cleon, &quot;Most 'Signs' Given by Coaches Are Merely Camouflage&quot;, ''Baseball Digest'', December 1960 – January 1961, pp. 47–49.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-029&quot;&gt;&quot;The Fans Speak Out&quot; [''Baseball Digest'' staff], ''Baseball Digest'', August 1999, pp. 9–10; [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/03_game_preliminaries.pdf ''Official Rules/3.00—Game Preliminaries (Rule 3.15)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 27, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: May 20, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090520205621/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/03_game_preliminaries.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-030&quot;&gt;Zoss (2004), p. 293; [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/09_the_umpire.pdf ''Official Rules/9.00—The Umpire'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 18, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215915/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/09_the_umpire.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-031&quot;&gt;Bast, Andrew. [http://www.newsweek.com/id/146842 ''Southpaw's Revenge'']. ''Newsweek''. July 18, 2008. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 8, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: March 9, 2010. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100309065835/http://www.newsweek.com/id/146842 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-032&quot;&gt;See, e.g., Davis, Hank, ''Small-town Heroes: Images of Minor League Baseball'' (Univ. of Iowa Press, 1997), p. 186.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-033&quot;&gt;Paine, Neil. [https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/game-theory-says-r-a-dickey-should-throw-more-knuckleballs/ ''Game Theory Says R.A. Dickey Should Throw More Knuckleballs'']. ''FiveThirtyEight''. August 13, 2015. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 22, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: April 23, 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180423102215/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/game-theory-says-r-a-dickey-should-throw-more-knuckleballs/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-034&quot;&gt;[https://www.popularmechanics.com/adventure/sports/a3207/1283161/ ''The Mechanics Of A Breaking Pitch'']. December 6, 2004. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 23, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: May 16, 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230516170451/https://www.popularmechanics.com/adventure/sports/a3207/1283161/ rohy tahiry voarakitra]. magazine: Popular Mechanics.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-035&quot;&gt;Walsh, John. [http://www.hardballtimes.com/main/article/fastball-slider-changeup-curveball-an-analysis/ ''Fastball, Slider, Change-up, Curveball—An Analysis'']. The Hardball Times. December 20, 2007. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 21, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: April 9, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090409112752/http://www.hardballtimes.com/main/article/fastball-slider-changeup-curveball-an-analysis rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-036&quot;&gt;Stallings and Bennett (2003), p. 192.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-037&quot;&gt;McCarver, Tim; Peary, Danny. ''Tim McCarver's Baseball for Brain Surgeons and Other Fans: Understanding and Interpreting the Game So You Can Watch It Like a Pro''. Random House. 2013. pp.: 71, 272–273. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780307831774&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-038&quot;&gt;[https://www.mlb.com/glossary/rules/balk ''Balk'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 23, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: January 19, 2021. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210119135337/https://www.mlb.com/glossary/rules/balk rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-039&quot;&gt;Stallings and Bennett (2003), pp. 126–132.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-041&quot;&gt;Stallings and Bennett (2003), pp. 5, 46–47.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-042&quot;&gt;Stallings and Bennett (2003), pp. 42–43, 47–48.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-043&quot;&gt;Stallings and Bennett (2003), p. 186.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-044&quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/510872/rounders ''Rounders (English Game)'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: October 23, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: April 26, 2015. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150426161127/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/510872/rounders rohy tahiry voarakitra]. encyclopedia: Encyclopædia Britannica.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-045&quot;&gt;Cohen, Claire. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11384071/Rounders-Its-the-only-sport-for-people-who-hate-sport.html ''Save rounders! It's the only sport for people who hate sport'']. ''The Telegraph''. February 2, 2015. daty nijerena voarakitra: October 23, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: January 11, 2022. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. fidirana voarakitra: subscription. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11384071/Rounders-Its-the-only-sport-for-people-who-hate-sport.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-046&quot;&gt;Thorn, John. [https://books.google.com/books?id=gqF84JTKCNoC&amp;pg=PA58 ''Baseball in the Garden of Eden: The Secret History of the Early Game'']. Simon and Schuster. 2012-03-20. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7432-9404-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-047&quot;&gt;Curtis, Bryan. [https://grantland.com/features/baseball-archaeologist-david-block/ ''In Search of Baseball's Holy Grail'']. ESPN. October 18, 2013. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2024-12-24. tranonkala: Grantland.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-049&quot;&gt;Block (2005), pp. 139, 140, 151, 164, 178, 179, et seq.; Hellier, Cathy. [http://www.history.org/history/teaching/enewsletter/volume2/june04/pocketbook.cfm ''Mr. Newbery's Little Pretty Pocket-Book'']. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 12, 2008. datin' ny tahiry: January 10, 2011. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110110115349/http://www.history.org/history/teaching/enewsletter/volume2/june04/pocketbook.cfm rohy tahiry voarakitra]. See Wikisource edition of ''A Little Pretty Pocket-Book''.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-050&quot;&gt;[https://hertsbaseball.com/2013/06/11/the-1749-baseball-season-with-the-prince-of-wales-at-bat-and-the-earl-of-middlesex-on-deck/ ''The 1749 baseball season'']. June 11, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-051&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23425907 ''Why isn't baseball more popular in the UK?'']. ''BBC News''. July 26, 2013. daty nijerena voarakitra: July 26, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-052&quot;&gt;Block (2005), pp. 58, 160, 300, 307, 310; Miller, Doug. [http://boston.redsox.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/news/article.jsp?ymd=20050802&amp;content_id=1154441&amp;vkey=news_bos&amp;fext=.jsp&amp;c_id=bos ''Pittsfield: Small City, Big Baseball Town'']. Major League Baseball. August 2, 2005. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: March 21, 2006. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060321043321/http://boston.redsox.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/news/article.jsp?ymd=20050802&amp;content_id=1154441&amp;vkey=news_bos&amp;fext=.jsp&amp;c_id=bos rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-053&quot;&gt;Crown, Daniel. [http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/cricket-baseball-american-sport ''The Battle Between Baseball and Cricket for American Sporting Supremacy'']. 2017-10-19. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2023-01-05. tranonkala: Atlas Obscura.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-054&quot;&gt;[https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2022/12/20/why-cricket-and-america-are-made-for-each-other ''Why cricket and America are made for each other'']. ''The Economist''. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISSN 0013-0613&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2023-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-055&quot;&gt;Guthrie-Shimizu, Sayuri. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx2i3f5k6MkC&amp;pg=PA26 ''Transpacific Field of Dreams: How Baseball Linked the United States and Japan in Peace and War'']. University of North Carolina Press. 2012-04-04. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8078-8266-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-056&quot;&gt;[https://dr1.com/articles/cricket.shtml ''DR1.com - Dominican Republic News &amp; Travel Information Service'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2024-07-30. tranonkala: dr1.com.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-057&quot;&gt;Block (2005), pp. 4–5, 11–15, 25, 33, 59–61, et. seq.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-058&quot;&gt;Giddens, David. [https://www.cbc.ca/sportslongform/entry/how-canada-invented-american-football-baseball-basketball-and-hockey ''How Canada invented 'American' football, baseball, basketball and hockey'']. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. June 15, 2017. fiteny: en-US. daty nijerena voarakitra: June 4, 2019. datin' ny tahiry: May 3, 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230503181804/https://www.cbc.ca/sportslongform/entry/how-canada-invented-american-football-baseball-basketball-and-hockey rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-059&quot;&gt;Sullivan (1997), p. 292.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-060&quot;&gt;Kittel, Jeffrey. [http://protoball.org/1845_Knickerbocker_Rules ''Evolution or Revolution? A Rule-By-Rule Analysis of the 1845 Knickerbocker Rules'']. Protoball. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 9, 2016. datin' ny tahiry: December 5, 2022. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221205115830/https://protoball.org/1845_Knickerbocker_Rules rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-061&quot;&gt;Sullivan (1997), pp. 32, 80, 95.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-062&quot;&gt;Tygiel (2000), pp. 8–14; Rader (2008), pp. 71–72.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-063&quot;&gt;Guthrie-Shimizu, Sayuri. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx2i3f5k6MkC&amp;pg=PP15 ''Transpacific Field of Dreams: How Baseball Linked the United States and Japan in Peace and War'']. University of North Carolina Press. 2012-04-04. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8078-8266-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-064&quot;&gt;[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317980360 ''Mapping an Empire of American Sport'']. Routledge. 2013-09-13. mpamoaka (anarana): Dyreson. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Mark. mpamoaka faharoa (anarana): Mangan. mpamoaka faharoa (fanampin' anarana): J.A.. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-317-98036-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.4324/9781315872971&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 0. editor-last3: Park. editor-first3: Roberta J..&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-065&quot;&gt;Tienou, Debora N.. [https://hdl.handle.net/2142/104978 ''Beyond the outfield: Baseball fiction and historical fantasy, 1864-present'']. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 2019-03-29. pp.: 1. &lt;nowiki&gt;HDL 2142/104978&lt;/nowiki&gt;. degree: text.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-066&quot;&gt;Rader (2008), pp. 9, 10.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-067&quot;&gt;Tygiel (2000), p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-068&quot;&gt;Rader (2008), p. 27; Sullivan (1997), pp. 68, 69.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-069&quot;&gt;Sullivan (1997), pp. 83, 130, 243.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-070&quot;&gt;Sullivan (1997), p. 115.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-071&quot;&gt;Heaphy, Leslie, &quot;Women Playing Hardball&quot;, in ''Baseball and Philosophy: Thinking Outside the Batter's Box'', ed. Eric Bronson (Open Court, 2004), pp. 246–256: p. 247.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-073&quot;&gt;Sullivan (1997), pp. 243–246.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-074&quot;&gt;Rader (2008), p. 110; Zimbalist (2006), p. 22. See [http://roadsidephotos.sabr.org/baseball/1903NatAgree.htm ''National Agreement for the Government of Professional Base Ball Clubs'']. roadsidephotos.sabr.org. daty nijerena voarakitra: January 29, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 1, 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180201020524/http://roadsidephotos.sabr.org/baseball/1903NatAgree.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-075&quot;&gt;Sullivan (1997), pp. 13–16.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-076&quot;&gt;Powers (2003), pp. 39, 47, 48.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-077&quot;&gt;Burgos (2007), pp. 117, 118.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-078&quot;&gt;Sullivan (1997), p. 214.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-079&quot;&gt;Zoss (2004), p. 90.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-080&quot;&gt;Zoss (2004), p. 192.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-081&quot;&gt;Burk (2001), pp. 34–37.&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-084&quot;&gt;Burgos (2007), p. 158.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-085&quot;&gt;Burgos (2007), pp. 180, 191.&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-088&quot;&gt;Powers (2003), pp. 178, 180, 245.&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-105&quot;&gt;Bjarkman (2004), pp. xxiv.&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-107&quot;&gt;McNeil (2000), p. 113.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-108&quot;&gt;Bjarkman (2004), pp. xxiv, xxv; Burgos (2007), p. 46.&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-114&quot;&gt;[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4658925.stm ''Fewer Sports for London Olympics'']. ''BBC News''. July 8, 2005. daty nijerena voarakitra: September 16, 2008. datin' ny tahiry: February 8, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090208214941/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4658925.stm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-117&quot;&gt;Isidore, Chris. [https://money.cnn.com/2006/03/10/commentary/column_sportsbiz/sportsbiz/index.htm ''The Spring Classic?'']. CNNMoney.com. March 11, 2006. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: October 7, 2008. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081007104544/http://money.cnn.com/2006/03/10/commentary/column_sportsbiz/sportsbiz/index.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-118&quot;&gt;McNeal, Stan. [http://business.highbeam.com/62653/article-1G1-142729829/your-guide-06-world-baseball-classic ''Your Guide to the '06 World Baseball Classic'']. ''Sporting News''. CBS Interactive. March 3, 2006. nampitaina tamin' ny: HighBeam Research. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: July 1, 2015. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: usurped. fidirana voarakitra: subscription. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150701033537/http://business.highbeam.com/62653/article-1G1-142729829/your-guide-06-world-baseball-classic rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-119&quot;&gt;[http://www.ibaf.org/en/news/2011/12/03/the-congress-approved-a-new-format-of-internationa/cd3e0ea8-a62d-4c01-85f5-4c2aafba5119 ''IBAF Congress Approves New Format of International Tournaments'']. International Baseball Federation. December 3, 2011. daty nijerena voarakitra: January 20, 2013. datin' ny tahiry: November 2, 2015. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151102111418/http://www.ibaf.org/en/news/2011/12/03/the-congress-approved-a-new-format-of-internationa/cd3e0ea8-a62d-4c01-85f5-4c2aafba5119 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-120&quot;&gt;Guttmann (2007), p. 140.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-122&quot;&gt;Morris (2007), p. xi.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-123&quot;&gt;Melville, Tom. [https://sabr.org/journal/article/cricket-and-mr-spalding/ ''Cricket and Mr. Spalding'']. 1996. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2023-01-05. datin' ny tahiry: June 9, 2025. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: Society for American Baseball Research. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250609232835/https://sabr.org/journal/article/cricket-and-mr-spalding/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-124&quot;&gt;Crown, Daniel. [http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/cricket-baseball-american-sport ''The Battle Between Baseball and Cricket for American Sporting Supremacy'']. 2017-10-19. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2023-01-05. datin' ny tahiry: January 5, 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: Atlas Obscura. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230105141613/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/cricket-baseball-american-sport rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-125&quot;&gt;Mount, Nicholas James, &quot;Team Sports&quot;, in ''Encyclopedia of Time'', ed. Samuel L. Macey (Taylor &amp; Francis, 1994), pp. 588–590: p. 590.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-126&quot;&gt;[http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/dec/22/the-spin-cricket-the-timeless-test-1939 ''The Test match that went on and on and on. Without a winner but with meaning &amp;#124; Andy Bull'']. December 22, 2015. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: September 6, 2020. tranonkala: The Guardian.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-127&quot;&gt;Eastaway, Rob, ''What Is a Googly?: The Mysteries of Cricket Explained'' (Anova, 2005), p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-130&quot;&gt;Berg, Ted. [http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/09/mlb-games-length-three-hours-pace-of-play ''Why Are Baseball Games Getting So Much Longer?'']. ''USA Today''. September 30, 2014. daty nijerena voarakitra: December 27, 2014. datin' ny tahiry: December 28, 2014. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141228075648/http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/09/mlb-games-length-three-hours-pace-of-play rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-131&quot;&gt;[http://www.japanfs.org/en/pages/027087.html ''Japan's Pro Baseball Teams Start Eco-Project to Cut Energy Use by 6%'']. Japan for Sustainability. July 13, 2008. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 18, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: July 7, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090707230418/http://www.japanfs.org/en/pages/027087.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-133&quot;&gt;[https://www.mlb.com/glossary/rules/pitch-timer ''Pitch Timer (2023 rule change) &amp;#124; Glossary'']. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2023-03-05. datin' ny tahiry: April 6, 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: MLB.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230406075754/https://www.mlb.com/glossary/rules/pitch-timer rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-134&quot;&gt;McCullough, Andy. [https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4917785/2023/10/02/pitch-clock-postseason-mlb/ ''The pitch clock meets the postseason: MLB's new rules face October pressure'']. October 2, 2023. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2023-10-02. datin' ny tahiry: August 25, 2025. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: The Athletic. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250825021117/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4917785/2023/10/02/pitch-clock-postseason-mlb/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-135&quot;&gt;Foster, Jason. [https://www.mlb.com/news/mlb-average-game-time-under-three-hours-third-straight-year ''MLB game times continue to drop -- and marathon contests are increasingly rare'']. 26 September 2025. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-10-12. tranonkala: MLB.com.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-136&quot;&gt;[https://www.newyorker.com/sports/sporting-scene/ways-to-stay-sane-in-baseball ''Ways to Stay Sane in Baseball'']. April 4, 2015. daty nijerena voarakitra: June 12, 2021. datin' ny tahiry: December 9, 2022. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221209003253/https://www.newyorker.com/sports/sporting-scene/ways-to-stay-sane-in-baseball rohy tahiry voarakitra]. magazine: The New Yorker.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-137&quot;&gt;Clarke and Dawson (1915), p. 48.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-138&quot;&gt;[https://cricket.yahoo.net/news/10-cricketers-batted-five-days-184512717 ''10 Cricketers who batted on all five days of a Test match'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: September 6, 2020. tranonkala: cricket.yahoo.net.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-139&quot;&gt;Morton, Richard, &quot;Baseball in England&quot;, ''Badminton Magazine'', August 1896, pp. 157–158: &quot;The scoring is one of the most interesting features in this new importation from America [baseball]. Every detail of play is recorded, and a man's mistakes are tabulated as well as his successes... A line in a cricket score may read, 'Lockwood, ''caught'' Stoddart, ''bowled'' J. T. Hearne; 30.'...&amp;nbsp;[T]here is so much that is left out! There is no mention of the fact that O'Brien missed Lockwood before he had scored, and that somebody else failed to take a chance when his score was ten. These are items that go to make cricket history; but there is no record of them in the analysis... The man who catches a ball is thought worthy of mention, but the man who muffs one does not suffer by publicity.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-140&quot;&gt;MLB. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qUkc0BBRCc ''Why do all MLB ballparks have different dimensions? &amp;#124; Quick Question (MLB Originals)'']. 2020-04-13. nampitaina tamin' ny: YouTube. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2025-10-29.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-141&quot;&gt;Voice to Victory. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fiL568IED0 ''Why Baseball Refused to Standardize Its Fields'']. 2025-05-04. nampitaina tamin' ny: YouTube. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2025-10-29.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-142&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf ''Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game. (Rule 1.04a)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011325/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-143&quot;&gt;Nightengale, Bob. [https://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/2008-08-20-bestseats-minutemaid_N.htm ''No. 8: Out in Left Field in Houston's Crawford Boxes'']. ''USA Today''. August 20, 2008. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 17, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: March 10, 2012. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120310185131/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/2008-08-20-bestseats-minutemaid_N.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-144&quot;&gt;Powers (2003), p. 85.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-145&quot;&gt;Powers (2003), p. 219.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-146&quot;&gt;Puhalla, Krans, and Goatley (2003), p. 198; Shaikin, Bill. [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-may-27-sp-angels27-story.html ''Guerrero Becomes Mr. Inside'']. ''Los Angeles Times''. May 27, 2006. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 17, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: July 28, 2020. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200728193529/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-may-27-sp-angels27-story.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-147&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf ''Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game. (Rule 1.04)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011325/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-148&quot;&gt;Shaikin, Bill. [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-oct-08-sp-angnote8-story.html ''No Fly Ball Routine in Dome'']. ''Los Angeles Times''. October 8, 2002. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 17, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-149&quot;&gt;Puhalla, Krans, and Goatley (2003), p. 207.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-150&quot;&gt;Keri (2007), pp. 295–301.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-151&quot;&gt;Gilbert, Steve. [http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20080930&amp;content_id=3575106 ''Wrigley's Winds Don't Rattle Lowe'']. Major League Baseball. September 30, 2008. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 17, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: December 1, 2008. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081201003317/http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20080930&amp;content_id=3575106&amp;vkey=ps2008news&amp;fext=.jsp&amp;c_id=mlb rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-152&quot;&gt;Sheinin, Dave. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/24/AR2008032402798.html ''After Move, a Breaking In Process'']. ''The Washington Post''. March 26, 2008. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 17, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: May 25, 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170525165417/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/24/AR2008032402798.html rohy tahiry voarakitra]. See also Powers (2003), p. 85.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-154&quot;&gt;Schwarz (2004), p. 50.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-155&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf ''Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 22, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-156&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf ''Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rules 10.02a, 10.04, 10.21b)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 22, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-157&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf ''Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rule 10.07)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 22, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-158&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf ''Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rules 10.15, 10.17, 10.19, 10.21a, 10.21e)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 22, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-159&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf ''Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rules 10.09, 10.10, 10.12, 10.21d)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 22, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-160&quot;&gt;See, e.g., Albert, Jim, and Jay Bennett, &quot;Situational Effects&quot;, ch. 4 in ''Curve Ball: Baseball, Statistics, and the Role of Chance in the Game'', 2d ed. (Springer, 2003), pp. 71–110.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-161&quot;&gt;Gray, Scott, ''The Mind of Bill James: How a Complete Outsider Changed Baseball'' (Doubleday, 2006), p. ix.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-162&quot;&gt;Guzzo (2007), pp. 20–21, 67; Schwarz (2004), p. 233; Lewis (2003), p. 127.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-163&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf ''Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rule 10.21f)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 22, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-164&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf ''Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rule 10.21c)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 22, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-165&quot;&gt;Guzzo (2007), pp. 22, 67, 140; Schwarz (2004), p. 233.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-166&quot;&gt;Guzzo (2007), pp. 140–141.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-167&quot;&gt;[https://library.fangraphs.com/misc/war/ ''What is WAR? &amp;#124; Sabermetrics Library'']. February 15, 2010. daty nijerena voarakitra: October 12, 2021. datin' ny tahiry: October 10, 2021. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211010010307/https://library.fangraphs.com/misc/war/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-168&quot;&gt;Cohen, Morris Raphael, &quot;Baseball as a National Religion&quot; (1919), in Cohen, ''The Faith of a Liberal'' (Transaction, 1993 [1946]), pp. 334–336: p. 334.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-169&quot;&gt;Stark; Jayson. [https://www.espn.com/mlb/columns/story?columnist=stark_jayson&amp;id=3892788 ''A-Rod Has Destroyed Game's History'']. ''ESPN.com''. February 8, 2009. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 8, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 10, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090210124048/http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/columns/story?columnist=stark_jayson&amp;id=3892788 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-170&quot;&gt;Bjarkman (2004), p. xix.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-171&quot;&gt;Riess (1991), pp. 69–71.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-172&quot;&gt;Riess (1991), pp. 247–248.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-173&quot;&gt;Jones, Jeffrey M.. [http://news.gallup.com/poll/22240/nearly-half-americans-baseball-fans.aspx ''Nearly Half of Americans are Baseball Fans'']. Gallup. April 4, 2006. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 31, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: June 17, 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180617092923/https://news.gallup.com/poll/22240/nearly-half-americans-baseball-fans.aspx rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-198&quot;&gt;Bjarkman (2004), pp. 159–165.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-200&quot;&gt;Bjarkman (2004), p. 487.&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-202&quot;&gt;González Echevarría (2001), pp. 76, 133, 278–279, 352.&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-207&quot;&gt;Hernandez, Dylan. [http://www.latimes.com/sports/la-sp-us-japan-hernandez-20170321-story.html ''World Baseball Classic keeps sport relevant in Japan'']. ''Los Angeles Times''. March 21, 2017. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 26, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: March 31, 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180331233138/http://www.latimes.com/sports/la-sp-us-japan-hernandez-20170321-story.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-208&quot;&gt;[https://english.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=3729 ''A Cultural Exploration of Baseball in Taiwan'']. ''CommonWealth Magazine''. fiteny: zh-TW. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2025-01-10. datin' ny tahiry: July 4, 2024. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240704221715/https://english.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=3729 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-209&quot;&gt;[https://www.mlb.com/news/featured/south-korea-baseball-history ''South Korea baseball history'']. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2025-01-10. datin' ny tahiry: January 10, 2025. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: MLB.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250110120820/https://www.mlb.com/news/featured/south-korea-baseball-history rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-215&quot;&gt;[https://e.vnexpress.net/news/sports/other-sports/baseball-takes-spotlight-at-33rd-sea-games-in-thailand-4993393.html ''Baseball takes spotlight at 33rd SEA Games in Thailand'']. December 12, 2025. daty nijerena voarakitra: December 15, 2025. tranonkala: VN Express International.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-216&quot;&gt;Stangler, Cole. [https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/ducks-over-pond ''Does Baseball Have a Future in Europe?'']. July 6, 2019. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 11, 2025. datin' ny tahiry: August 16, 2025. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: Commonweal. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250816142725/https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/ducks-over-pond rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-217&quot;&gt;Tagliabue, John. [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/21/world/europe/21dutch.html ''In Netherlands, Soccer Is King, but Baseball Eyes Crown'']. May 21, 2008. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 11, 2025. tranonkala: The New York Times.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-218&quot;&gt;Monagan, Matt. [https://www.mlb.com/news/the-italian-town-obsessed-with-baseball ''The seaside Italian town obsessed with baseball'']. March 1, 2023. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 11, 2025. datin' ny tahiry: June 19, 2025. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: Major League Baseball. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250619050806/https://www.mlb.com/news/the-italian-town-obsessed-with-baseball rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-219&quot;&gt;Wisniewski, Emilia; Durben, Alexa. [https://www.knoxnews.com/story/sports/college/university-of-tennessee/2024/10/01/czech-national-baseball-team-expands-its-family-of-supporters/75147268007/ ''Czech national baseball team expands its family of supporters'']. October 1, 2024. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 11, 2025. tranonkala: Knoxville News Sentinel.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-220&quot;&gt;Sepe-Chepuru, Shanthi. [https://www.mlb.com/news/bligh-madris-first-palauan-player-in-majors ''Madris makes history as MLB's first player from Palau'']. ''MLB.com''. June 21, 2022. daty nijerena voarakitra: June 21, 2022. datin' ny tahiry: April 3, 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230403223031/https://www.mlb.com/news/bligh-madris-first-palauan-player-in-majors rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-221&quot;&gt;[https://guamportal.com/blog/exploring-the-fascinating-world-of-guams-most-popular-sport ''Exploring the Fascinating World of Guam's Most Popular Sport'']. ''Guam Portal''. January 17, 2025. daty nijerena voarakitra: September 3, 2025. datin' ny tahiry: July 20, 2025. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250720123119/https://guamportal.com/blog/exploring-the-fascinating-world-of-guams-most-popular-sport rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-222&quot;&gt;Garro, Adrian. [https://www.mlb.com/news/australian-baseball-league-and-what-makes-it-special ''&amp;#39;Something in the water': What makes Australian baseball so special?'']. March 27, 2024. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 11, 2025. tranonkala: Major League Baseball.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-223&quot;&gt;Diamond, Jared. [https://www.wsj.com/sports/baseball/travis-bazzana-world-baseball-classic-australia-d4507883 ''The Big-Hitting Aussie Who's Become the Breakout Star of the World Baseball Classic'']. March 8, 2026. daty nijerena voarakitra: March 8, 2026. tranonkala: Wall Street Journal.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-224&quot;&gt;[https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/09c1d1b6f98d4a7f5ce34a5fcaec007f2a3836b5 ''ロス五輪目指すナイジェリア友成晋也監督「海外組」スカウトへ全国を走り回る／連載'']. July 16, 2026. daty nijerena voarakitra: July 16, 2026. tranonkala: Yahoo! Japan.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-227&quot;&gt;Sithole, Wendy. [https://www.citizen.co.za/north-glen-news/news-headlines/local-news/2025/05/10/how-sa-baseball-is-fighting-for-a-future/ ''How SA Baseball is fighting for a future'']. May 10, 2025. daty nijerena voarakitra: September 3, 2025. tranonkala: Northglen News.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-228&quot;&gt;[https://thedawn.com.ss/2025/10/27/south-sudan-baseball-and-softball-association-joins-the-world-baseball-and-softball-confederation-wbsc/ ''South Sudan Baseball and Softball Association Joins the World Baseball and Softball Confederation (WBSC)'']. October 27, 2025. daty nijerena voarakitra: December 2, 2025. tranonkala: The Dawn.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-229&quot;&gt;[https://www.wbsc.org/en/news/over-200-athletes-participate-in-koshien-baseball-softball-project-2025-tanzania ''Over 200 athletes participate in Koshien Baseball Softball project in Tanzania'']. February 2, 2025. daty nijerena voarakitra: December 2, 2025. tranonkala: WBSC.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-230&quot;&gt;[https://www.littleleague.org/downloads/2024-llbws-media-guide/ ''Little League Baseball World Series Media Guide'']. Little League Baseball. 2024. p.: 14.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-231&quot;&gt;Fisher, Mark. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/nationals/baseballs-trouble-with-the-youth-curve--and-what-that-means-for-the-game/2015/04/05/2da36dca-d7e8-11e4-8103-fa84725dbf9d_story.html ''Baseball is struggling to hook kids – and risks losing fans to other sports'']. ''The Washington Post''. April 5, 2015. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 30, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: July 9, 2022. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220709031628/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/nationals/baseballs-trouble-with-the-youth-curve--and-what-that-means-for-the-game/2015/04/05/2da36dca-d7e8-11e4-8103-fa84725dbf9d_story.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-232&quot;&gt;[https://www.baberuthleague.org/history.aspx ''History of the Babe Ruth League Program'']. Babe Ruth League Online. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 10, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: September 29, 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180929080218/https://www.baberuthleague.org/history.aspx rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-233&quot;&gt;Frommer, Frederic J. [https://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2009-04-06-2437047144_x.htm ''Baseball to Add Women to Olympic Bid'']. ''USA Today''. April 6, 2009. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 29, 2009. agency: Associated Press.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-235&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/estimated-probability-competing-college-athletics ''Estimated probability of competing in college athletics'']. National Collegiate Athletic Association. March 2, 2015. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 22, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: April 23, 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180423035501/http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/estimated-probability-competing-college-athletics rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-236&quot;&gt;Bjarkman (2004), p. xxiv; Gmelch (2006), pp. 23, 53.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-237&quot;&gt;Ellsesser, Stephen. [http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20060810&amp;content_id=1602960 ''Summer Tournament Is Big in Japan'']. Major League Baseball. August 11, 2006. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 28, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: October 14, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091014063836/http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20060810&amp;content_id=1602960 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-238&quot;&gt;[https://www.espn.com/mlb/news/story?id=3007893 ''Honus Wagner Card Sells for Record $2.8 Million'']. ESPN. September 6, 2007. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 3, 2009. agency: Associated Press.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-239&quot;&gt;Kte'pi (2009), p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-240&quot;&gt;Rudel (2008), pp. 145–146.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-241&quot;&gt;Lam, Andrew. [http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/Too-much-self-esteem-spoils-your-child-2552521.php ''Too Much Self Esteem Spoils Your Child'']. New America Media. July 6, 2007. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: July 3, 2015. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150703113756/http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/Too-much-self-esteem-spoils-your-child-2552521.php rohy tahiry voarakitra]. [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3660333.stm ''Happy 50th, Baseball Caps'']. ''BBC News''. April 27, 2004. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: August 27, 2019. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190827140836/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3660333.stm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-242&quot;&gt;[http://www.afi.com/10top10/sports.html ''AFI 10 Top 10—Top 10 Sports'']. American Film Institute. June 17, 2008. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: August 10, 2013. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130810160512/http://www.afi.com/10top10/sports.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-243&quot;&gt;Zoss (2004), pp. 373–374.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-244&quot;&gt;[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,36533,00.html ''The Best of the Century'']. December 26, 1999. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: May 4, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090504145236/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C36533%2C00.html rohy tahiry voarakitra]. magazine: Time.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-245&quot;&gt;Neyer, Rob. [http://static.espn.go.com/mlb/ballfour/neyer.html ''&amp;#39;Ball Four' Changed Sports and Books'']. ''ESPN.com''. June 15, 2000. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 12, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: July 29, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090729133223/http://static.espn.go.com/mlb/ballfour/neyer.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-246&quot;&gt;Zoss (2004), pp. 16–25.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-247&quot;&gt;Zoss (2004), pp. 27–31.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-248&quot;&gt;[http://www.prweb.com/releases/2008/07/prweb1084994.htm ''Fantasy Sports Industry Grows to an $800 Million Industry with 29.9 Million Players'']. ''PRWeb''. July 10, 2008. daty nijerena voarakitra: October 25, 2011. datin' ny tahiry: May 3, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090503091523/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2008/07/prweb1084994.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-249&quot;&gt;Lewis (2003), pp. 86–88.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-250&quot;&gt;[https://mlb.mlb.com/memorylab/spread_of_baseball/derivative_games.jsp ''Derivative Games'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 20, 2022. datin' ny tahiry: 2014-01-16. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140116003643/https://mlb.mlb.com/memorylab/spread_of_baseball/derivative_games.jsp rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-251&quot;&gt;[https://www.wbsc.org/ ''World Baseball Softball Confederation'']. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: October 4, 2021. datin' ny tahiry: December 4, 2000. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: World Baseball Softball Confederation. [https://web.archive.org/web/20001204155100/http://www.wbsc.org/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-252&quot;&gt;''The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales''. University of Wales Press. Cardiff. 2008. p.: 53. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. editor1-last: Davies. editor1-first: John. editor1-link: John Davies (historian). editor2-last: Jenkins. editor2-first: Nigel. editor2-link: Nigel Jenkins. editor3-last: Menna. editor3-first: Baines. editor4-last: Lynch. editor4-first: Peredur I..&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-253&quot;&gt;Beynon, Ivor; Evans, Bob. ''The Inside Story of Baseball''. Unknown. Cardiff. 1962. p.: 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-255&quot;&gt;Clair, Michael. [https://www.mlb.com/news/first-english-language-broadcast-of-finland-baseball-game-pesapallo ''There's a pitcher, a batter... even a river sometimes. Welcome to Finnish baseball'']. 2 August 2024. daty nijerena voarakitra: 4 August 2024. datin' ny tahiry: August 4, 2024. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: MLB.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240804133607/https://www.mlb.com/news/first-english-language-broadcast-of-finland-baseball-game-pesapallo rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;renaissance&quot;&gt;Fidler, Gabriel. [https://www.mister-baseball.com/philippines-preparing-baseball-renaissance/ ''Philippines Preparing for Baseball Renaissance'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: July 8, 2014. datin' ny tahiry: 2014-05-03. tranonkala: Mister Baseball. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140503194745/https://www.mister-baseball.com/philippines-preparing-baseball-renaissance/ rohy tahiry voarakitra]. ref: November 12, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

=== Fanamarihana ===
&lt;references group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot; /&gt;

== Boky sy loharano ankapobeny ==
* Bjarkman, Peter C.. ''Diamonds Around the Globe: The Encyclopedia of International Baseball''. Greenwood. 2004. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-313-32268-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 58806121.
* Block, David. [https://archive.org/details/baseballbeforewe00davi ''Baseball Before We Knew It: A Search for the Roots of the Game'']. University of Nebraska Press. 2005. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8032-6255-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 70261798.
* Burgos, Adrian. [https://archive.org/details/playingamericasg00burg ''Playing America's Game: Baseball, Latinos, and the Color Line'']. University of California Press. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-25143-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 81150202.
* Burk, Robert F.. ''Never Just a Game: Players, Owners, and American Baseball to 1920''. University of North Carolina Press. 2001. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8078-4961-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 28183874.
* ''The Baseball Chronology: The Complete History of the Most Important Events in the Game of Baseball''. Macmillan. 1991. mpamoaka (anarana): Charlton. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): James. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-02-523971-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 22704314.
* Clarke, William Jones; Fredrick Thomas Dawson. [https://archive.org/details/baseballindivid00dawsgoog ''Baseball: Individual Play and Team Play in Detail'']. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1915. OCLC: 2781766. name-list-style: amp.
* Gmelch, George. ''Baseball Without Borders: The International Pastime''. University of Nebraska Press. 2006. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8032-7125-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 64594333.
* González Echevarría, Roberto. ''The Pride of Havana: A History of Cuban Baseball''. Oxford University Press. 2001. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-514605-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 46601626.
* Guttmann, Allen. ''Sports: The First Five Millennia''. University of Massachusetts Press. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-55849-610-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 5912442808.
* Guzzo, Glenn. ''The New Ballgame: Baseball Statistics for the Casual Fan''. ACTA. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-87946-318-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 123083947.
* ''Baseball Between the Numbers: Why Everything You Know About the Game Is Wrong''. Basic. 2007. mpamoaka (anarana): Keri. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Jonah. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-465-00547-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 77795904.
* Koppett, Leonard. ''Koppett's Concise History of Major League Baseball''. Carroll &amp; Graf. 2004. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7867-1286-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 54674804.
* Kte'pi, Bill. ''Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society, Volume 1''. ''Baseball (Amateur)''. SAGE. 2009. mpamoaka: Rodney Carlisle. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4129-6670-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 251215353.
* Lewis, Michael M.. ''Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game''. W. W. Norton. 2003. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-393-32481-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 54896532.
* Mahony, Phillip. [http://www.baseballexplained.com ''Baseball Explained'']. McFarland Books. 2014. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7864-7964-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. datin' ny tahiry: August 13, 2014. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140813034018/http://www.baseballexplained.com/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].
* Mandelbaum, Michael. [https://archive.org/details/meaningofsportsw0000mand ''The Meaning of Sports: Why Americans Watch Baseball, Football, and Basketball and What They See When They Do'']. PublicAffairs. 2005. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-58648-330-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 55539339.
* McNeil, William. [https://archive.org/details/baseballsotheral0000mcne ''Baseball's Other All-Stars: The Greatest Players from the Negro Leagues, the Japanese Leagues, the Mexican League, and the Pre-1960 Winter Leagues in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic'']. McFarland. 2000. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7864-0784-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 42976826.
* Morris, Peter. ''Level Playing Fields: How the Groundskeeping Murphy Brothers Shaped Baseball''. University of Nebraska Press. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8032-1110-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 70884952.
* Porterfield, Jason. ''Baseball: Rules, Tips, Strategy, and Safety''. Rosen. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4042-0991-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 67773742.
* Powers, Albert Theodore. ''The Business of Baseball''. McFarland. 2003. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7864-1426-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 50866929.
* Puhalla, Jim; Jeff Krans; Mike Goatley. ''Baseball and Softball Fields: Design, Construction, Renovation, and Maintenance''. John Wiley &amp; Sons. 2003. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-471-44793-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 50959054.
* Rader, Benjamin G.. ''Baseball: A History of America's Game''. University of Illinois Press. 2008. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-252-07550-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 3rd. OCLC: 176980876.
* Riess, Steven A.. ''City Games: The Evolution of American Urban Society and the Rise of Sports''. University of Illinois Press. 1991. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-252-06216-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 23739530.
* Rudel, Anthony J.. [https://archive.org/details/helloeverybodyd00rude ''Hello, Everybody!: The Dawn of American Radio'']. Houghton Mifflin. 2008. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-15-101275-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 192042215.
* Schwarz, Alan. ''The Numbers Game: Baseball's Lifelong Fascination with Statistics''. Thomas Dunne. 2004. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-312-32222-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 54692908.
* [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780736042185 ''Baseball Strategies: Your Guide to the Game Within the Game'']. American Baseball Coaches Association/Human Kinetics. 2003. mpamoaka: Stallings, Jack. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7360-4218-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 50203866. editor2: Bob Bennett.
* [https://archive.org/details/earlyinningsdocu00sull ''Early Innings: A Documentary History of Baseball, 1825–1908'']. University of Nebraska Press. 1997. mpamoaka (anarana): Sullivan. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Dean. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8032-9244-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 36258074.
* Terry, Thomas Philip. ''Terry's Mexico: Handbook for Travellers''. Gay and Hancock, Houghton Mifflin, and Sonora News. 1911. fanontana: 2nd rev.. OCLC: 7587420.
* Thurston, Bill. [https://archive.org/details/baffledparentsgu0000thur ''Coaching Youth Baseball: A Baffled Parents Guide'']. McGraw-Hill. 2000. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-07-135822-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 43031493.
* Tygiel, Jules. [https://archive.org/details/pasttimebaseball0000tygi ''Past Time: Baseball as History'']. Oxford University Press. 2000. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-508958-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 42290019.
* Votano, Paul. ''Stand and Deliver: A History of Pinch-Hitting''. McFarland. 2013. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7864-1588-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 52047315.
* Zimbalist, Andrew. [https://archive.org/details/inbestinterestso00andr ''In the Best Interests of Baseball?: The Revolutionary Reign of Bud Selig'']. John Wiley &amp; Sons. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-470-12824-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 62796332.
* Zoss, Joel. [https://archive.org/details/diamondsinroughu0000zoss ''Diamonds in the Rough: The Untold History of Baseball'']. University of Nebraska Press. 2004. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8032-9920-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 54611393.

== Vakiteny fanampiny ==
* Dickson, Paul. ''The Dickson Baseball Dictionary'', fanontana faha-3 (W. W. Norton, 2009). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-393-06681-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Fitts, Robert K. ''Remembering Japanese Baseball: An Oral History of the Game'' (Southern Illinois University Press, 2005). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-8093-2629-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Gillette, Gary, sy Pete Palmer (mpandrindra). ''The ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia'', fanontana faha-5 (Sterling, 2008). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-4027-6051-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Peterson, Robert. ''Only the Ball Was White: A History of Legendary Black Players and All-Black Professional Teams'' (Oxford University Press, 1992 [1970]). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-19-507637-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Reaves, Joseph A. ''Taking in a Game: A History of Baseball in Asia'' (Bison, 2004). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-8032-3943-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Ward, Geoffrey C., sy [[Ken Burns]]. ''Baseball: An Illustrated History'' (Alfred A. Knopf, 1996). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-679-40459-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [[Media:En-Baseball-article.ogg|Dika novakina tamin' ny teny anglisy, tamin' ny 25 Aprily 2024]].
* [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Base-Ball Lahatsoratra ''Base-Ball'' ao amin' ny ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' tamin' ny 1911, ao amin' ny Wikisource].
* [https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Baseball_in_the_United_States Torolalana ''Baseball in the United States'' ao amin' ny Wikivoyage].
* [http://www.wbsc.org/ ''World Baseball Softball Confederation''] (Konfederasiona Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Baseball sy Softball) — [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718130950/http://www.wbsc.org//en/ dika voatahiry tamin' ny 18 Jolay 2011].
* [https://www.britannica.com/sports/baseball ''Baseball''] — [https://web.archive.org/web/20230927054000/https://www.britannica.com/sports/baseball dika voatahiry tamin' ny 27 Septambra 2023]. Ao amin' ny ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' an-tserasera.
* [http://www.baseballprospectus.com/ ''Baseball Prospectus''] — [https://web.archive.org/web/20060909215125/http://www.baseballprospectus.com/ dika voatahiry tamin' ny 9 Septambra 2006].
* [http://www.sabr.org/ ''Society for American Baseball Research''] (Fikambanana momba ny Fikarohana momba ny Baseball Amerikanina) — [https://web.archive.org/web/20210517161345/http://www.sabr.org/ dika voatahiry tamin' ny 17 Mey 2021].
* [http://www.mister-baseball.com/ ''Mister Baseball''] — [https://web.archive.org/web/20181010113247/https://www.mister-baseball.com/ dika voatahiry tamin' ny 10 Ôktôbra 2018]. Vaovao momba ny ''baseball'' any Eorôpa.
* [http://baseballheritagemuseum.org/ ''Baseball Heritage Museum''] (Mozea momba ny Lova ara-tantaran' ny Baseball) — [https://web.archive.org/web/20060619170336/http://www.baseballheritagemuseum.org/ dika voatahiry tamin' ny 19 Jona 2006]. Ao amin' ny League Park, any Cleveland, Ohio.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=p4o9AQAAIAAJ ''Perils of Base Ball Playing''], lahatsoratra manome fomba fijery ara-tantara momba ny antontanisa mikasika ny ratra vokatry ny filalaovana ''baseball'', ao amin' ny ''[[Scientific American]]'', 13 Jolay 1878, p.&amp;nbsp;21.
* [https://learninglab.si.edu/collections/subject-baseball-nmahphc/N5DAuhDVcVe9hDmJ Tahirin-javatra momba ny ''baseball''] ao amin' ny ''Smithsonian National Museum of American History'' (Mozeam-pirenena Smithsonian momba ny Tantara Amerikanina).

[[:Sokajy:Baseball]]</text>
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      <text bytes="214610" sha1="qnj2r6iruw1to1qgq43d6hm844xs34f" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''baseball''' dia [[Fanatanjahantena|fanatanjahantena]] mampiasa kibay fikapohana sy baolina, ifanandrinan' ny ekipa roa manana mpilalao sivy avy, izay mifandimby mikapoka sy miaro. Ny mpanipy ao amin' ny ekipa miaro no manipy baolina ''baseball'' mankany amin' ny mpikapoka ao amin' ny ekipa mpifanandrina, izay miezaka mikapoka izany ho eny amin' ny faritra filalaovana. Rehefa voakapoka tsara ny baolina, dia afaka mandroso manodidina ny toby efatra ny mpilalao ao amin' ny ekipa manafika, ka mahazo isa iray isaky ny fihodinana feno vitany. Ny ekipa miaro kosa miezaka manala ny mpikapoka sy ny mpihazakazaka amin' ny fanafihana amin' io anjara io, mba tsy hahazoan' izy ireo isa. Rehefa nahavita nanala mpilalao telo ny ekipa miaro, dia mifamadika andraikitra ny ekipa manafika sy ny ekipa miaro. Mitohy ny lalao mandra-pahavitan' ny isan' ny fihodinana voafaritra, ka ny ekipa mahazo isa betsaka indrindra no mandresy. Ny fihodinana iray dia ahitana ny anjaran' ny ekipa roa mifandimby manafika sy miaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-002&quot; /&gt;

Nivoatra avy amin' ny lalao tranainy kokoa nampiasa kibay fikapohana sy baolina ny ''baseball''; nihamaro ny mpitia ireo lalao ireo tany [[Angletera]] tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-18. Nentin' ny mpifindra monina tany [[Amerika Avaratra]] izy ireo. Tany no nivoaran' ny ''baseball'' maoderina, ka efa nisy fikambanana voalamina nilalao araka ny fitsipika voarakitra an-tsoratra tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-19. Ny fiandohan' ny ''baseball'' tany Amerika sy ny fiheverana azy ho fialam-boly manadino ny olana nandritra ireo fotoan-tsarotra teo amin' ny tantaran' i Amerika, toy ny [[Ady an-trano amerikana|Ady an-trano amerikanina]] sy ny Fahaketrahana Lehibe ara-toekarena, no nahatonga azy hantsoina hoe « ''America's Pastime'' », izany hoe « fialam-bolin' i Amerika ». Nanomboka tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19 dia nekena ho fanatanjahantem-pirenena tsy ofisialy tao [[Etazonia]] izy, na dia misy fanatanjahantena hafa be mpitia kokoa noho izy aza amin' ny vanim-potoana maoderina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-003&quot; /&gt; Ankoatra an' i [[Amerika Avaratra]], dia niely tany amin' ny faritra hafa tao Amerika sy ny faritra Azia–Pasifika ny ''baseball'' nandritra ny taonjato faha-19 sy faha-20.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-004&quot; /&gt; Anisan' ny fanatanjahantena be mpitia indrindra any amin' ny faritra sasany ao [[Amerika Afovoany]], [[Amerika Atsimo]], [[Karaîba|Karaiba]] ary [[Azia Atsinanana]] izy amin' ny vanim-potoana ankehitriny, indrindra any [[Japàna]], [[Kôrea Atsimo]] ary [[Taioàna]].

Ao amin' ny ''Major League Baseball'' (MLB, Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball), izay ambaratonga ambony indrindra amin' ny ''baseball'' lalaovina ho asa ao Etazonia sy [[Kanada]], dia mizara ho ligy roa ny ekipa: ny ''National League'' (NL, Ligim-pirenena) sy ny ''American League'' (AL, Ligy Amerikanina). Samy manana vondrona telo ireo ligy ireo, dia ny Atsinanana, ny Andrefana ary ny Afovoany. Ny dingana fifanintsanana mifarana amin' ny ''World Series'' no amaritana ny tompondakan' ny MLB. Mizara roa toy izany koa ny ambaratonga ambony indrindra any Japàna, dia ny ''Central League'' (Ligy Afovoany) sy ny ''Pacific League'' (Ligy Pasifika); ary any [[Kiobà]] kosa dia ny Ligy Andrefana sy Ligy Atsinanana. Ny ''World Baseball Classic'' (fifaninanana iraisam-pirenena amin' ny ''baseball''), karakarain' ny ''World Baseball Softball Confederation'' (Konfederasiona Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Baseball sy Softball), no fifaninanana iraisam-pirenena lehibe amin' ity fanatanjahantena ity, ary andraisan' ireo ekipam-pirenena sangany maneran-tany anjara. Nilalaovana tamin' ny Lalao Olaimpika ny ''baseball'' nanomboka tamin' ny 1992 ka hatramin' ny 2008, ary tamin' ny 2020; hiverina amin' izany indray izy amin' ny 2028.

== Fitsipika sy fizotry ny lalao ==
Fanazavana fanampiny: Fitsipiky ny ''baseball'' sy Topimaso mirindra momba ny ''baseball''.

=== Topimaso ===
[[File:Baseball diamond.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Kisarin' ny kianja filalaovana ''baseball''. Ny teny hoe ''diamond'' dia mety hilazana ilay faritra efamira voafaritry ny toby efatra, na ny kianja filalaovana manontolo. Ho an' ny lalao matihanina sy ny lalao manaraka ny endriky ny lalao matihanina ireo refy aseho. Matetika ny ankizy no milalao amin' ny kianja kely kokoa.]]
[[File:Yankee stadium.jpg|thumb|Ny New York Yankees mifaninana amin' ny Baltimore Orioles tao amin' ny kianja Yankee Stadium (1923), tamin' ny taona 2000.]]
Ekipa roa misy mpilalao sivy avy no mifaninana amin' ny lalao ''baseball''. Mifandimby manafika, izany hoe mikapoka baolina sy mihazakazaka mamakivaky ny toby, ary miaro, izany hoe manipy sy misambotra baolina eny an-kianja, ireo ekipa ireo. Ny fifandimbiasana izay samy ahazoan' ny ekipa tsirairay anjara iray mikapoka sy anjara iray miaro no atao hoe fihodinana lalao (''inning''). Misy fihodinana sivy ny lalao iray; fito kosa izany amin' ny lalao eny amin' ny lisea sy amin' ny fihaonana ahitana lalao roa misesy eo amin' ny sehatry ny oniversite sy ao amin' ny ''Minor League Baseball'' (Ligy Madinika amin' ny Baseball), ary enina eo amin' ny sehatry ny ''Little League'' (ligy ho an' ny ankizy).&lt;ref name=&quot;League&quot; /&gt; Ny ekipa iray, izay matetika ny ekipa vahiny, no mikapoka amin' ny tapany voalohany amin' ny fihodinana tsirairay. Ny ekipa iray hafa, izay matetika ny ekipa mpampiantrano, kosa no mikapoka amin' ny tapany faharoa.

Ny tanjon' ny lalao dia ny hahazoana isa (''runs'') betsaka kokoa noho ny ekipa mpifanandrina. Miezaka mahazo isa ny mpilalao ao amin' ny ekipa mikapoka amin' ny alalan' ny fikasihana, araka ny filaharany, ireo toby efatra eo amin' ny zoron' ilay faritra efamira amin' ny kianja ''baseball''. Eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana no mikapoka ny mpilalao, ary tsy maintsy miezaka tonga eny amin' ny toby iray tsy voaesorina amin' ny lalao izy. Avy eo izy dia mandroso mifanohitra amin' ny fihodin' ny fanjaitran' ny famantaranandro, mankany amin' ny toby voalohany, ny faharoa, ny fahatelo, ary miverina eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana mba hahazoana isa iray. Miezaka misakana ny fahazoan' ny mpifanandrina isa ny ekipa miaro, amin' ny alalan' ny fanesorana mpilalao amin' ny fanafihana (''outs''). Tsy mandray anjara amin' ny fanafihana intsony ireo mpilalao nesorina ireo mandra-pahatongan' ny anjarany mikapoka manaraka. Rehefa misy mpilalao telo voaesorina, dia mifamadika andraikitra ireo ekipa amin' ny antsasaky ny fihodinana manaraka. Raha mbola mitovy isa izy ireo rehefa vita ny fihodinana sivy, dia misy fihodinana fanampiny atao mba hamaritana izay mandresy. Maro ny lalao tsy matihanina, indrindra ireo tsy ao anatin' ny fifaninanana voalamina, no manana isan' ny mpilalao sy isan' ny fihodinana hafa noho ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-006&quot; /&gt;

Ny tsipika roa atao hoe ''foul lines'' no fetra fototra eo amin' ny kianja: miainga eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana ireo ary mitodika mandroso amin' ny zoro 45° avy. Ilay faritra mirefy zoro 90° eo anelanelan' ireo tsipika ireo no antsoina hoe ''fair territory'', ary ilay faritra mirefy zoro 270° any ivelan' ireo kosa no ''foul territory''. Ny faritra voahodidin' ny toby, miaraka amin' ny faritra miitatra ''yards'' vitsivitsy any ivelan' ireo, no atao hoe faritra akaikin' ny toby (''infield''); ny faritra any ankoatra izany kosa no faritra lavitry ny toby (''outfield''). Eo afovoan' ny faritra akaikin' ny toby dia misy dongon-tany ijoroan' ny mpanipy. Eo afovoan' io dongon-tany io no misy takelaka fingotra mahitsizoro, atao hoe ''rubber''. Mazàna dia fefy mitsangana no manamarika ny sisiny ivelan' ny faritra lavitry ny toby; mety ho vita amin' izay akora tiana io fefy io ary tsy voafetra ny haavony. Ny ''fair territory'' eo anelanelan' ny takelaka fiaingana sy ny sisiny ivelan' ny faritra lavitry ny toby no kianja filalaovana ''baseball'', na dia mety hisy zava-mitranga lehibe eo amin' ny lalao koa aza ao amin' ny ''foul territory''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-007&quot; /&gt;

Misy fitaovana fototra telo ampiasaina amin' ny ''baseball'': ny baolina, ny kibay fikapohana, ary ny fonon-tanana fisamborana (''glove'' na ''mitt''):
* Mitovitovy habe amin' ny totohondrin' olon-dehibe ny baolina ''baseball'', ary manodidina ny 9&amp;nbsp;in (22,86&amp;nbsp;cm) ny refin' ny manodidina azy. Fingotra na bosoa no ao anatiny, izay ahodidina kofehy ary rakofana hoditr' omby fotsy misy zaitra mena.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-008&quot; /&gt;
* Fitaovana entina mikapoka ny kibay fikapohana. Araka ny fomba nentim-paharazana dia tapa-kazo iray mafy sady tsy poakaty no anaovana azy. Amin' ny lalao tsy matihanina dia efa fahita ankehitriny ny fampiasana akora hafa. Tsorakazo mafy boribory izy io, manana savaivo tokony ho 2,5&amp;nbsp;in (6,35&amp;nbsp;cm) eo amin' ny tendrony fikapohana. Mihamanify izy mankany amin' ny tahony, ary misy lohany mibontsina eo amin' ny faran' ny tahony. Mazàna dia manodidina ny 34&amp;nbsp;in (86,36&amp;nbsp;cm) ny halavan' ny kibay ampiasain' ny olon-dehibe, ary tsy mihoatra ny 42&amp;nbsp;in (106,68&amp;nbsp;cm).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-009&quot; /&gt;
* Fitaovana ho an' ny mpiaro ny fonon-tanana fisamborana, na ''glove'' na ''mitt''. Vita amin' ny hoditra nasiana sosona malefaka izy io, ary misy ampahany mampifandray ny faritra anelanelan' ny rantsantanana. Manampy amin' ny fisamborana sy fihazonana ny baolina izy io, ary samy manana ny endriny mifanaraka amin' ny filàna manokan' ny toerana fiarovana isan-karazany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-010&quot; /&gt;
Anisan' ny fitaovana mahazatra ho an' ny mpikapoka rehetra koa ny satroka fiarovan-doha.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-011&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

=== Toeran' ny mpiaro ===
[[File:Baseball positions numbered en.svg|thumb|Kisary mampiseho ny fandaminana mahazatra ny toeran' ny mpilalao.]]
Isaky ny manomboka ny antsasaky ny fihodinana dia maka toerana manerana ny kianja ireo mpilalao sivy ao amin' ny ekipa miaro. Mijoro eo amin' ny dongona fanipazana ny iray amin' izy ireo, dia ny mpanipy. Rehefa manomboka ny fihetsika fanipazana izy dia mametraka tongotra iray eo amin' ny takelaka fingotra, ary manosika ny vatany amin' io tongotra io mba hampitombo ny hafainganan' ny fanipazana ny baolina mankany amin' ny takelaka fiaingana. Mpilalao iray hafa ao amin' ny ekipa miaro, dia ny mpisambotra ao ambadiky ny mpikapoka, no mitampisaka etsy an-dafin' ny takelaka fiaingana, mifanatrika amin' ny mpanipy.
Mitodika mankany amin' ny takelaka fiaingana ny mpiaro sisa. Matetika izy ireo no mizara ho mpiaro efatra amin' ny faritra anatiny sy mpiaro telo amin' ny faritra ivelany. Maka toerana manaraka ireo tsipika an-tsaina mampitohy ny toby voalohany sy faharoa ary fahatelo, na any ivelan' ireo tsipika ireo saingy tsy mihoatra ny elanelana ''yard'' vitsivitsy, ireo mpiaro efatra amin' ny faritra anatiny.
Amin' ny fandaminana mahazatra dia misy mpiaro ny toby voalohany eo ankavian' ny toby voalohany, misaraka aminy dingana vitsivitsy; mpiaro ny toby faharoa eo ankavanan' ny toby faharoa; mpiaro antsoina hoe ''shortstop'' eo ankavian' ny toby faharoa; ary mpiaro ny toby fahatelo eo ankavanan' ny toby fahatelo. Ny toerana fototra ao amin' ny faritra ivelany kosa dia ny an' ny mpiaro ny ilany havia, ny mpiaro ny afovoany, ary ny mpiaro ny ilany havanana.
Afa-tsy ny mpisambotra ao ambadiky ny mpikapoka, dia tsy maintsy ao amin' ny faritra eo anelanelan' ny tsipika roa mametra ny sisin' ny kianja (''fair territory'') ny mpiaro rehetra amin' ny fotoana anipazana ny baolina. Maka toerana ao ambadiky ny mpisambotra ny mpitsara iray tsy miandany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-012&quot; /&gt; Misy mpitsara hafa koa miparitaka manerana ny kianja.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-013&quot; /&gt;

=== Fanafihana ===
[[File:David-ortiz-batters-box.JPG|thumb|right|David Ortiz, ilay mpikapoka, miandry ny baolina hatsipy, miaraka amin' ny mpisambotra sy ny mpitsara.]]
Manomboka ny filalaovana rehefa mijoro ao anatin' ny iray amin' ireo faritra roa voatokana hijoroan' ny mpikapoka (''batter's box''), eo akaikin' ny takelaka fiaingana, ny mpilalao iray ao amin' ny ekipa mikapoka, sady mitazona kibay fikapohana.&lt;ref name=&quot;RulesPuttingBallInPlay&quot; /&gt; Miandry ny mpanipy hanipy ny baolina mankany amin' ny takelaka fiaingana ilay mpikapoka, ary miezaka mikapoka ny baolina&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-015&quot; /&gt; amin' ny kibay.&lt;ref name=&quot;RulesPuttingBallInPlay&quot; /&gt; Ny mpisambotra ao ambadiky ny mpikapoka no misambotra ireo baolina natsipy nefa tsy voakapoky ny mpikapoka, na noho izy nisafidy ny tsy hanetsika ny kibay hikapoka, na noho izy nikapoka nefa tsy nahavoa. Averin' ny mpisambotra any amin' ny mpanipy avy eo ireo baolina ireo. Raha tafakapoka ny baolina ho ao amin' ny kianja filalaovana ny mpikapoka, dia tsy maintsy mamela ny kibay ary manomboka mihazakazaka mankany amin' ny toby voalohany. Manomboka amin' izay izy dia antsoina hoe mpihazakazaka (''runner''), na hoe mpikapoka lasa mpihazakazaka (''batter-runner'') mandra-pahatapitry ny filalaovana amin' io baolina io.

Rehefa tonga eo amin' ny toby voalohany ilay mpikapoka lasa mpihazakazaka nefa tsy voaesotra amin' ny fanafihana, dia lazaina fa tafatody tsy voaesotra (''safe'') izy, ary efa eo amin' ny toby. Azony atao ny mijanona eo amin' ny toby voalohany, na miezaka mandroso mankany amin' ny toby faharoa, na mihoatra noho izany aza, arakaraka izay halavirana heveriny fa ho tratrany nefa tsy hahavoaesotra azy. Raha tafatody eo amin' ny toby ny mpilalao iray na dia nilalao araka ny tokony ho izy aza ireo mpiaro, dia anoratana kapoka nahatafatody azy (''hit'') izy. Raha tafatody tsy voaesotra eo amin' ny toby voalohany noho ny kapoka nataony izy, dia anoratana ''single'', izany hoe kapoka nahatafatody teo amin' ny toby voalohany. Raha tafatody tsy voaesotra eo amin' ny toby faharoa noho ilay kapoka mivantana izy, dia ''double'' izany; raha eo amin' ny toby fahatelo kosa, dia ''triple''. Raha voakapoka misidina ao anelanelan' ny tsipika mametra ny faritra ekena ny baolina ka tafahoatra ny faritra ivelany amin' ny kianja manontolo, ary koa ny fefy manodidina azy raha misy, na raha mahavita mihodina amin' ny toby rehetra tsy voaesotra amin' ny fomba hafa ilay mpikapoka lasa mpihazakazaka, dia ''home run'' izany, izany hoe kapoka ahafahana mamita ny fihodinana ny toby efatra. Afaka mihodina malalaka amin' ny toby rehetra ilay mpikapoka sy izay mpihazakazaka efa teo amin' ny toby, ka samy mahazo isa iray avy. Izany no vokatra irin' ny mpikapoka indrindra. Ny vokatra ambony indrindra sady iriny indrindra dia ny manao ''home run'' rehefa samy misy mpihazakazaka ny toby telo, na hoe feno ireo toby, ka mahazo isa efatra amin' ny kapoka tokana. Antsoina hoe ''grand slam'' izany. Raha vokatry ny fahadisoan' ny mpiaro kosa no nahatafatody ny mpilalao teo amin' ny toby, dia tsy anoratana ''hit'' izy; fa ilay mpiaro tompon' andraikitra no anoratana fahadisoana (''error'').&lt;ref name=&quot;RulesPuttingBallInPlay&quot; /&gt;

[[File:5TH 3689 Lou Marson.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Mpihazakazaka mikorisa manatona ny takelaka fiaingana ka mahazo isa.]]
Afaka miezaka mandroso ireo mpihazakazaka efa eo amin' ny toby rehefa voakapoka ny baolina ka milatsaka na mikasika ny tany ao anatin' ny faritra ekena amin' ny filalaovana. Azony atao izany na mbola tsy nilatsaka aza ilay baolina, na efa nilatsaka. Raha milatsaka ao anatin' ny faritra filalaovana ny baolina, dia tsy maintsy miezaka mandroso ny mpihazakazaka eo amin' ny toby voalohany, satria mpihazakazaka iray ihany no mahazo mitana toby iray amin' ny fotoana iray. Mihatra amin' ireo mpihazakazaka hafa koa izany raha eo amin' ny toby tsy maintsy hirosoan' ny namany ao amin' ny ekipa izy ireo. Raha voakapoka ho ao amin' ny faritra filalaovana ny baolina nefa mikodiadia mivoaka ny faritra ekena, alohan' ny hahatafavoahany ny faritra anatiny, dia miato ny filalaovana azy (''dead ball''), ary tsy maintsy miverina eo amin' ny toby nisy azy tamin' ny nanombohan' ilay filalaovana ny mpihazakazaka rehetra. Raha voakapoka misidina kosa ny baolina ka voasambotra alohan' ny hilatsahany amin' ny tany, dia voaesotra ilay mpikapoka noho ny fisamborana ny baolina mbola teny an-drivotra (''flyout''). Tsy mahazo miezaka mandroso ireo mpihazakazaka eo amin' ny toby raha tsy mikasika indray ny toby nisy azy tamin' ny nanombohan' ilay filalaovana, amin' ny fotoana isamborana ilay baolina na aorian' izay; izany no atao hoe ''tag up''. Afaka miezaka mandroso mankany amin' ny toby manaraka koa ny mpihazakazaka mandritra ny fanipazan' ny mpanipy ny baolina mankany amin' ny takelaka fiaingana. Raha mahomby izany, dia atao hoe fakana toby mandritra ny fanipazana (''stolen base'').&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-016&quot; /&gt;

=== Fiarovana ===
[[File:Strike zone en.JPG|thumb|Ny faritra fanisana ''strike'' no amaritana ny vokatry ny ankamaroan' ny fanipazana. Miova arakaraka ny mpikapoka ny haavony.]]
Raha tsy voakapoka ho ao amin' ny faritra ilalaovana ny baolina natsipy, dia sokajina ho ''strike'' na ''ball'' ilay fanipazana. Rehefa voaisa ho nahazo ''strike'' telo ny mpikapoka iray, dia esorina amin' ny fanafihana noho ireo ''strike'' telo izy. Rehefa voaisa ho nahazo ''ball'' efatra kosa izy, dia mahazo mandroso maimaim-poana ho any amin' ny toby voalohany, izay atao hoe ''base on balls'' na ''walk''. (Afaka mandroso maimaim-poana ho any amin' ny toby voalohany koa ny mpikapoka raha voan' ny baolina natsipy ny vatany na ny fanamiany any ivelan' ny faritra fanisana ''strike'', raha toa ka tsy nanetsika ny kibay fikapohana mba hikapoka izy sady niezaka nisoroka ilay baolina.)&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-017&quot; /&gt; Zava-dehibe amin' ny fanisana ny ''ball'' sy ny ''strike'' ny fanapahan-kevitry ny mpitsara hoe nandalo tao amin' ny faritra fanisana ''strike'' ve ilay baolina natsipy sa tsia. Faritra an-tsaina eo ambonin' ny takelaka fiaingana izany, izay manomboka eo amin' ny haavo afovoany manelanelana ny soroka sy ny fehikibon' ny mpikapoka ka midina hatreo amin' ny lempona ao ambadiky ny lohaliny.&lt;ref name=&quot;MLBR2&quot; /&gt; Isaina ho ''ball'' ny fanipazana rehetra tsy mandalo ao amin' io faritra io, afa-tsy raha manetsika ny kibay hikapoka ilay mpikapoka nefa tsy mahavoa, na raha voakapony ho any amin' ny faritra ivelan' ny tsipika mamaritra ny faritra ilalaovana ilay baolina. Misy anefa ny maningana amin' ny ankapobeny rehefa voakapoka ho any amin' io faritra ivelany io ny baolina nefa efa nahazo ''strike'' roa ilay mpikapoka: tsy misy ''ball'' na ''strike'' fanampiny isaina amin' izany.

[[File:America East Baseball Championship (14075491598).jpg|left|thumb|Mpilalao ''baseball'' ao amin' ny Binghamton Bearcats mikorisa miditra eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana, raha mampikasoka ny baolina aminy kosa ny mpisambotra ao ambadiky ny mpikapoka ao amin' ny Hartford Hawks, tamin' ny 2014.]]
Raha miezaka mahazo isa ny ekipa mikapoka, dia miezaka manala ny mpilalaon' io ekipa io amin' ny fanafihana kosa ny ekipa miaro. Ankoatra ny fanesorana noho ny ''strike'' telo sy ny fanesorana rehefa voasambotra talohan' ny hikasihany ny tany ny baolina nokapohina, dia anisan' ny fomba mahazatra koa ny fanesorana taorian' ny kapoka nandehanan' ny baolina tamin' ny tany (''ground out''), ny fanesorana mpihazakazaka voatery mandroso (''force out''), ary ny fanesorana amin' ny fampikasohana baolina amin' ny mpihazakazaka (''tag out''). Mitranga ireo rehefa voatery mandroso ho any amin' ny toby iray ny mpihazakazaka nefa tonga eo amin' io toby io alohany ny mpiaro mitana ny baolina, na rehefa kasihina amin' ny baolina tazonin' ny tanan' ny mpiaro ny mpihazakazaka iray izay tsy eo amin' ny toby. (Voatery mandroso ho any amin' ny toby voalohany foana ny mpikapoka lasa mpihazakazaka; ny mpihazakazaka hafa rehetra kosa dia tsy maintsy mandroso ho any amin' ny toby manaraka raha misy mpiara-milalao aminy voatery mandroso ho eo amin' ny toby misy azy.) Azo atao ny manala mpilalao roa ao anatin' ny fizotran-dalao iray ihany. Izany no atao hoe fanesorana roa misesy ao anatin' ny fizotran-dalao iray (''double play''). Azo atao koa ny manala mpilalao telo ao anatin' ny fizotran-dalao iray (''triple play''), saingy mahalana izany. Tsy maintsy miala ny kianja ny mpilalao nesorina, ka miverina any amin' ny fialofan' ny ekipany na eny amin' ny dabilio. Mety mbola hisy mpihazakazaka tavela eo amin' ny toby rehefa mpilalao hafa ao amin' ny ekipany no esorina ka mahafeno telo ny isan' ny nesorina. Tsy mitondra tombony ho an' ny ekipany amin' ny anjarany mikapoka manaraka ireo mpihazakazaka tavela ireo, satria tsy misy mpihazakazaka eo amin' ny toby amin' ny fiandohan' ny antsasaky ny fihodinana tsirairay.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-019&quot; /&gt;

=== Filaharan' ny fikapohana sy fanoloana mpilalao ===
[[File:Chris Tillman, Buck Showalter (36615791150).jpg|thumb|Mpanipy manolotra ny baolina rehefa navoaka tamin' ny lalao nandritra ny fifampidinihana teo amin' ny dongona fanipazana.]]
Tapitra ny anjaran' ny mpilalao iray hikapoka eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana (''plate appearance'') rehefa tafapaka amin' ny toby izy, mahavita ''home run'', voaesotra amin' ny fanafihana, na mikapoka baolina izay mahatonga ny fanesorana fahatelo ho an' ny ekipany, na dia mpiray ekipa aminy aza no voarakitra ho nesorina. Amin' ny toe-javatra tsy fahita firy, mety ho eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana ny mpikapoka nefa mpiray ekipa aminy no voarakitra ho nesorina fahatelo, na dia tsy nikapoka ny baolina aza ilay mpikapoka. Ohatra amin' izany ny mpihazakazaka tratra teo am-pangalatra toby, izany hoe voaesotra rehefa voakitiky ny mpiaro mitana ny baolina teo am-panandramana hangalatra toby. Raha tsy vita noho izany ny anjaran' ny mpikapoka iray, dia izy no voalohany hikapoka rehefa tonga indray ny anjaran' ny ekipany hanafika; foanana ny isan' ny ''ball'' sy ''strike'' voaisa taminy tamin' ny fihodinana teo aloha.

Indray mandeha ihany ny mpihazakazaka no mahazo mamita ny fihodinana ny toby isaky ny anjarany hikapoka, ka isa iray raha be indrindra no azony amin' izany anjara izany. Rehefa nahavita ny anjarany hikapoka teo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana ny mpilalao iray, dia tsy mahazo mikapoka indray izy raha tsy efa samy nandray ny anjarany avokoa ireo mpiray ekipa aminy valo hafa, araka ny filaharan' ny fikapohana. Faritana alohan' ny hanombohan' ny lalao io filaharana io, ary tsy azo ovana raha tsy amin' ny alalan' ny fanoloana mpilalao. Rehefa nesorina ny mpilalao iray ka nasiana mpisolo toerana, dia tsy mahazo miverina milalao intsony izy amin' io lalao io. Matetika anefa no malefaka kokoa ny fitsipika amin' ny lalaon' ny ankizy, toy ny fitsipiky ny ''Little League'' (Ligy Madinika), izay mamela ny mpilalao nosoloina hiverina ao anatin' io lalao io ihany.&lt;ref name=&quot;League&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-020&quot; /&gt;

Raha ampiharina ny fitsipika momba ny DH (mpikapoka voatendry), dia manana mpilalao fahafolo ny ekipa tsirairay, ary ny mikapoka sy mihazakazaka ihany no andraikiny. Mandray ny toeran' ny mpilalao iray hafa ao amin' ny filaharan' ny fikapohana ny DH; saika ny mpanipy foana io mpilalao soloany io. Tsy mandray anjara amin' ny fiarovana kosa ny DH. Noho izany, na dia mampiasa DH aza ny ekipa tsirairay, dia mbola mpilalao sivy ihany no ao amin' ny filaharan' ny fikapohana, ary sivy koa no milahatra hiaro eny an-kianja.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-021&quot; /&gt;

== Ireo mpandray anjara ==
Jereo koa: Toeran' ny mpilalao amin' ny ''baseball''.

=== Mpilalao ===
Jereo koa: sokajin' ny mpilalao ''baseball'' sy lisitry ny mpilalao ''baseball''.

Miovaova arakaraka ny ligy sy ny ambaratongan' ny fifaninanana ny isan' ny olona ao amin' ny lisitry ny mpilalaon' ny ekipa ''baseball'' iray. Nanomboka tamin' ny taom-pilalaovana 2021, dia mpilalao 26 samy manana andraikitra manokana no ao amin' ny lisitry ny mpilalao mahazo mandray anjara amin' ny lalao ho an' ny ekipa iray ao amin' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-roster-2021&quot;&gt;Hutchinson-Kausch, Daniel. [https://www.talkingchop.com/2021/3/1/22304344/2021-mlb-season-preview-rule-changes ''Taking a look at the rule changes for the 2021 season'']. March 1, 2021. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 19, 2021. tranonkala: talkingchop.com.&lt;/ref&gt; Toy izao matetika ny firafitry ny ekipa iray:&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-022&quot; /&gt;
* Mpiaro tsy mpanipy valo: ny mpisambotra ao ambadiky ny mpikapoka, mpiaro ny faritra anatiny efatra ary mpiaro ny faritra ivelany telo. Samy milalao tsy tapaka ireo.
* Mpanipy dimy mpanomboka lalao, izay mifandimby manipy amin' ny fanombohan' ny lalao araka ny filaharana voatendrin' ny ekipa.
* Mpanipy mpisolo toerana fito, ka anisan' ireo ny mpanipy famaranana iray. Ireo no antsoina hoe ''bullpen'', anarana nalaina avy amin' ny anaran' ny toerana ivelan' ny kianja filalaovana izay anaovan' ny mpanipy fanafanana.
* Mpisambotra mpisolo toerana iray.
* Mpiaro mpisolo toerana dimy ho an' ny faritra anatiny sy ivelany, na mpilalao afaka mitana toerana maro.

Mampihatra ny fitsipika DH (mpikapoka voatendry hisolo mpilalao hafa amin' ny filaharana mikapoka) ny ankamaroan' ny ligy ''baseball'' eran-tany, anisan' izany ny MLB, ny ''Pacific League'' (Ligy Pasifika) ao [[Japàna]], ary ireo ligy matihanina any Karaiba, ary koa ireo fikambanana lehibe mikarakara ''baseball'' tsy matihanina any [[Etazonia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-023&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fanazavana navoaka tamin' ny 2016, dia tsy nampihatra izany fitsipika izany ny ''Central League'' (Ligy Afovoany) ao [[Japàna]], ary tsy voatery nampiasa DH ny klioba tamin' ny ambaratonga ambony tamin' ny ligy madinika izay nifandray tamin' ny ekipa tao amin' ny ''National League'' (Ligim-pirenena).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-024&quot; /&gt; Ao amin' ireo ligy mampihatra ny fitsipika momba ny mpikapoka voatendry, dia matetika ny ekipa iray no manana mpilalao sivy milalao tsy tapaka amin' ny fanafihana, anisan' izany ny DH, sy mpanipy dimy mpanomboka lalao,&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-025&quot; /&gt; ary mpanipy mpisolo toerana fito na valo, mpisambotra mpisolo toerana iray, ary mpilalao mpisolo toerana roa na telo hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-026&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-027&quot; /&gt;

=== Mpanazatra lehibe sy mpanazatra mpanampy ===
[[File:Mark Canha with Mets First Base Coach Wayne Kirby (52003392854).jpg|thumb|Miresaka amin' i Wayne Kirby, mpanazatra eo amin' ny toby voalohany ao amin' ny New York Mets, i Mark Canha.]]
Ny mpanazatra lehibe no miandraikitra ny fanapahan-kevitra lehibe momba ny paikadin' ny ekipa. Anisan' izany ny famaritana ny filaharana ifandimbiasan' ny mpanipy mpanomboka lalao, ny fandaminana ny filaharan' ny mpikapoka alohan' ny lalao tsirairay, ary ny fanoloana mpilalao mandritra ny lalao, indrindra ny fampidirana mpanipy mpisolo toerana. Matetika izy no ampian' ny mpanazatra mpanampy roa na mihoatra. Mety hanana andraikitra manokana ireo, toy ny fampiofanana ny mpilalao amin' ny fikapohana, ny fiarovana, ny fanipazana, na ny fanamafisana ny tanjaka sy ny fanomanana ara-batana. Amin' ny ankamaroan' ny ambaratongan' ny fifaninanana, dia misy mpanazatra roa eny an-kianja rehefa mikapoka ny ekipany: ny mpanazatra eo amin' ny toby voalohany sy ny mpanazatra eo amin' ny toby fahatelo. Mijoro ao amin' ny faritra voatokana ho an' ny mpanazatra izy ireo, ety ivelan' ny tsipika mametra ny faritra ara-dalàna. Manampy amin' ny fitarihana ny mpihazakazaka eny amin' ny toby izy ireo rehefa mbola mandeha ny lalao, ary mampita ny famantarana momba ny tetika avy amin' ny mpanazatra lehibe ho an' ny mpikapoka sy ny mpihazakazaka mandritra ny fiatoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-028&quot; /&gt; Tsy toy ny amin' ny fanatanjahantena iraisan' ekipa maro hafa, dia mazàna manao ny fanamian' ny ekipany ny mpanazatra lehibe sy ny mpanazatra mpanampy amin' ny ''baseball''. Tsy maintsy manao fanamiana ny mpanazatra vao mahazo miditra eny an-kianja hiresaka amin' ny mpilalao mandritra ny lalao.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-029&quot; /&gt;

=== Mpitsara ===
[[File:Brian Knight calls out Derrek Lee.jpg|thumb|Manambara ny fanesorana an' i Derrek Lee amin' ny fanafihana i Brian Knight, mpitsara eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana.]]
Misy mpitsara iray na maromaro ny lalao ''baseball'' rehetra. Izy ireo no mitsara ny vokatry ny hetsika tsirairay. Farafahakeliny, dia misy mpitsara iray mijoro ao ambadiky ny mpisambotra mba hahitany tsara ny faritra tokony handalovan' ny baolina, ka hanambarany raha ''ball'' na ''strike'' ny fanipazana tsirairay. Azo ametrahana mpitsara fanampiny eo akaikin' ny toby hafa, mba hanamorana ny fitsarana ny hetsika toy ny fiezahana hanala mpihazakazaka amin' ny alalan' ny fahatongavan' ny mpiaro mitana baolina eo amin' ny toby tsy maintsy alehan' ilay mpihazakazaka alohany, na amin' ny fanendrena azy amin' ny baolina tazonina an-tanana rehefa tsy eo amin' ny toby izy. Mpitsara efatra no ampiasaina isaky ny lalao ao amin' ny MLB, ka iray eo akaikin' ny toby tsirairay. Amin' ny dingana fanintsanana kosa, dia mpitsara enina no ampiasaina: iray eo amin' ny toby tsirairay ary roa any amin' ny faritra ivelany, manaraka ny tsipika mametra ny faritra ara-dalàna.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-030&quot; /&gt;

== Paikady ==
Jereo koa: Fandaminana ny toeran' ny mpilalao eny an-kianja.

Maro amin' ny fanapahan-kevitra momba ny paikady raisina mialoha sy mandritra ny lalao ''baseball'' no mifototra amin' izao zava-misy fototra izao: amin' ny ankapobeny, mazàna mahomby kokoa ny mpikapoka ankavanana rehefa miatrika mpanipy mampiasa ny tanana havia; ary lehibe kokoa aza izany tombony izany ho an' ny mpikapoka ankavia rehefa miatrika mpanipy mampiasa ny tanana havanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-031&quot; /&gt; Raha manana mpikapoka ankavia maromaro ao amin' ny filaharan' ny mpikapoka mahazatra ny mpanazatra mpitantana iray, ary fantany fa mpanipy mampiasa ny tanana havia no hanomboka ny lalao ho an' ny ekipa mpifanandrina, dia mety hampilalao hatrany am-piandohana mpikapoka ankavanana iray na maromaro amin' ireo mpisolo toerana ao amin' ny lisitry ny mpilalaon' ny ekipany izy. Amin' ny fihodinana faramparan' ny lalao, rehefa ampidirina ireo mpanipy sy mpikapoka mpisolo toerana, dia matetika ny mpanazatra mpitantana ny ekipa roa no mifandimby manolo mpilalao mba hahazoana fifanandrinana ahazoan' ny ekipany tombony. Ny mpanazatra mpitantana ny ekipa miaro dia miezaka mampifanandrina mpanipy sy mpikapoka samy ankavanana na samy ankavia; ny an' ny ekipa manafika kosa miezaka mampifanandrina mpanipy ankavanana amin' ny mpikapoka ankavia, na mpanipy ankavia amin' ny mpikapoka ankavanana. Raha mitarika isa ny ekipa iray amin' ny fihodinana faramparany, dia mety hosoloan' ny mpanazatra mpitantana mpiaro mahay kokoa ny mpilalao mpiaro ankoatra ny mpanipy izay nilalao hatrany am-piandohana, indrindra raha tsy dia azo inoana intsony ny hiverenan' ny anjarany mikapoka. Izany no atao hoe fanoloana mpilalao hanatsarana ny fiarovana.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-032&quot; /&gt;

== Tetika ==
=== Fanipazana sy fiarovana ===
[[File:Indiana vs Navy, Baseball pick-off attempt.jpg|right|thumb|Mandray fanipazana natao hisamborana mpihazakazaka ivelan' ny toby ny mpiaro ny toby voalohany, raha mitsoraka hiverina eo amin' io toby io kosa ilay mpihazakazaka.]]

Jereo koa: Fanipazana amin' ny ''baseball''.

Saika alohan' ny hetsika rehetra amin' ny lalao ''baseball'' dia misy fanapahan-kevitra ara-tetika momba ny karazana fanipazana hofidina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-033&quot; /&gt;
Amin' ny fomba ihazonany sy amotsorany ny baolina ary amin' ny hafainganam-pandeha anipazany azy, dia azon' ny mpanipy atao ny mampivily ny baolina miankavia na miankavanana, na mampidina azy tampoka, rehefa manakaiky ny mpikapoka. Izany no ahafahana mamorona karazana fanipazana samihafa azo isafidianana.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-034&quot; /&gt;
Amin' ireo karazana fanipazana maro azo atao, dia efatra ny fototra: ny fanipazana haingam-pandeha (''fastball''), ny fanipazana ampihenana hafainganam-pandeha (''changeup'', na fanipazana miadana kokoa), ary ny fanipazana mivily roa karazana, dia ny fanipazana miolaka midina (''curveball'') sy ny fanipazana mivily mitsivalana sady midina (''slider'').&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-035&quot; /&gt;
Samy manana ny karazana fanipazana hainy tsara ny mpanipy tsirairay. Araka ny fanao, alohan' ny fanipazana tsirairay dia manome famantarana ny mpanipy ilay mpisambotra ao ambadiky ny mpikapoka, mba hilazana ny karazana fanipazana hatao sy ny toerana ankapobeny hikendrena azy, na amin' ny haavony na amin' ny ilany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-036&quot; /&gt;
Raha tsy eken' ny mpanipy ilay safidy, dia azony atao ny mihifikifi-doha handavana ilay famantarana, ka hangataka karazana fanipazana hafa ilay mpisambotra.

Raha misy mpihazakazaka eo amin' ny toby iray ary efa mihataka kely amin' ilay toby mba hiaingana haingana kokoa, dia azon' ny mpanipy atao ny manandrana misambotra azy ivelan' ny toby (''pickoff'').
Fanipazana haingana any amin' ny mpiaro miambina ilay toby izany, mba tsy hamela ilay mpihazakazaka ho lasa lavitra loatra amin' ny toby, na, raha mahomby indrindra, hanesorana azy amin' ny fikasihana azy amin' ny baolina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-037&quot; /&gt;
Voafehin' ny fitsipika mametra mafy ny fihetsiky ny mpanipy anefa ny fanandramana toy izany, na mialoha na mandritra ny fanatanterahana azy.
Raha mandika ny iray amin' ireo fitsipika ireo ny mpanipy, dia azon' ny mpitsara atao ny manambara fa nanao fihetsika tsy ara-dalàna (''balk'') izy. Amin' izany dia mahazo mandroso toby iray ny mpihazakazaka rehetra eny amin' ny toby, nefa tsy azo esorina mandritra io fandrosoana io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-038&quot; /&gt;
Raha ahina fa hisy hanandrana hangalatra toby, dia azon' ilay mpisambotra angatahina ny fanipazana fanahy iniana ivelan' ny takelaka fiaingana (''pitchout''). Afaka misambotra azy mitsangana izy amin' izany ary manipy haingana any amin' ny toby iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-039&quot; /&gt;
Rehefa miatrika mpikapoka izay mirona mafy handefa ny baolina any amin' ny ilany iray amin' ny kianja ny ekipa mpiaro, dia mety hamindra ny toeran' ny mpiaro izy, ka hifindra miankavia na miankavanana raha oharina amin' ny toerana mahazatra azy ny ankamaroan' ny mpiaro na izy rehetra.
Raha misy mpihazakazaka eo amin' ny toby fahatelo, dia mety hanatona ny takelaka fiaingana ny mpiaro ny faritra anatiny, mba hampitomboana ny fahafahana manala ilay mpihazakazaka amin' ny fanipazana ny baolina rehefa mikorisa na mitsambikimbikina amin' ny tany ilay baolina voakapoka.
Raha kapohina mafy anefa ny baolina manaraka ny tany, dia vao mainka mety ho tafavoaka eo anelanelan' ireo mpiaro izay efa nanatona ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;SB45&quot; /&gt;

=== Fikapohana sy fihazakazahana eny amin' ny toby ===
[[File:Mookie Betts hitting the ball (36478781664).jpg|thumb|Manetsika ny kibay fikapohany i Mookie Betts, mpilalaon' ny Boston Red Sox, ka mikapoka baolina natsipy.]]
Rehefa misy mpihazakazaka eo amin' ny toby voalohany, dia misy tetika fototra maromaro azon' ny ekipa mpanafika ampiasaina, anisan' izany ny fanapahan-kevitra na hanandrana hangalatra ny toby faharoa na tsia.
Ampiasaina indraindray ny tetika fikapohana sy fihazakazahana miaraka (''hit and run''), raha mahay mampifandray ny kibay amin' ny baolina ilay mpikapoka. Miainga miaraka amin' ny fanipazana ilay mpihazakazaka, ka misarika ny mpiaro eo anelanelan' ny toby faharoa sy fahatelo na ny mpiaro ny toby faharoa hankeo amin' ny toby faharoa. Misy banga àry eo amin' ny faritra anatiny, izay ahafahan' ilay mpikapoka mandefa ny baolina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-041&quot; /&gt;
Amin' ny fanosehana moramora ny baolina ka mahafoy ny anjaran' ny mpikapoka (''sacrifice bunt''), dia ifantohan' ilay mpikapoka ny fampikasihana moramora ny kibay amin' ny baolina, mba hikorisany tsy lavitra eo amin' ny faritra anatiny.
Afaka mandroso ho eo amin' ny toerana ahazoana isa mora kokoa ilay mpihazakazaka, izany hoe ny toby faharoa na fahatelo, fa ilay mpikapoka kosa esorina rehefa tonga mialoha azy eo amin' ny toby voalohany ny baolina natsipy.
Azon' ny mpikapoka atao koa, indrindra raha haingam-pandeha izy rehefa mihazakazaka, ny manandrana manosika moramora ny baolina amin' ny kibay mba hahazoany kapoka ahatongavana soa aman-tsara eo amin' ny toby.
Raha ampiasaina ny ''sacrifice bunt'' rehefa misy mpihazakazaka eo amin' ny toby fahatelo, ka ny hampody azy eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana no tanjona, dia antsoina hoe tetika fampodiana amin' ny fanosehana moramora ny baolina (''squeeze play'') izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-042&quot; /&gt;
Raha misy mpihazakazaka eo amin' ny toby fahatelo ary mbola latsaky ny roa ny mpilalao nesorina, dia azon' ny mpikapoka atao kosa ny mifantoka amin' ny fandefasana baolina avo sy lavitra. Na dia voasambotra tsy nipaka tamin' ny tany aza izany baolina izany, dia ampy ny halavirany hahafahan' ilay mpihazakazaka miainga avy eo amin' ny toby rehefa voasambotra ny baolina, ary mody mahazo isa.
Raha mahomby izany, dia voarakitra ho nahavita kapoka avo nahafoizany ny anjarany mba hahazoana isa (''sacrifice fly'') ilay mpikapoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;SB45&quot; /&gt;
Mba hampitomboana ny fahafahan' ny mpikapoka mankany amin' ny toby voalohany amin' ny alalan' ny ''walk'', izany hoe zo handroso azo rehefa feno efatra ny ''ball'', dia indraindray ny mpitantana no manome famantarana ny mpikapoka izay manana tombony amin' ny fanisana, izany hoe betsaka kokoa ny ''ball'' noho ny ''strike'', mba hamela ny fanipazana manaraka handalo ka tsy hanetsika ny kibay hikapohana azy.
Lehibe kokoa ny tombontsoa mety ho azony amin' ny fahatongavana eny amin' ny toby amin' ny alalan' ny ''walk'' noho ny fatiantoka raha toa ka ''strike'' ilay fanipazana manaraka.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-043&quot; /&gt;

== Tantara ==
''Lahatsoratra fototra: Tantaran' ny baseball. Fanazavana fanampiny: Fiandohan' ny baseball.''

Nisy fotoana nifanarahan' ny maro fa ny ''baseball'' ankehitriny dia vokatry ny fivoaran' ny lalao tranainy kokoa atao hoe ''rounders'' tany [[Amerika Avaratra]]; lalao be mpanao teo amin' ny ankizy tany Britaina Lehibe sy Irlandy io ''rounders'' io.&lt;ref name=&quot;BlockRader&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-044&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-045&quot; /&gt; Mihevitra kosa i David Block, Amerikanina mpahay tantaran' ny ''baseball'', fa tany [[Angletera]] no niandohan' ilay lalao; manohana izany hevitra izany ny porofo ara-tantara hita tatỳ aoriana. Araka ny filazan' i Block sy John Thorn, mpahay tantara ofisialin' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball), dia mety ho ny tanana no nikapohana ny baolina tamin' io endrika talohan' ny ''baseball'' ankehitriny io, ka nitovitovy tamin' ny ''punchball'' ankehitriny izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-046&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-047&quot; /&gt; Araka ny hevitr' i Block, dia endrika samy hafa isam-paritra tamin' ny lalao iray ihany raha ny marina ny ''rounders'' sy ny ''baseball'' tany am-piandohana, ary ireo lalao anglisy ''stoolball'' sy ''tut-ball'' no nialoha azy mivantana indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;BlockRader&quot; /&gt; Ny firesahana ny ''baseball'' tranainy indrindra fantatra dia hita ao amin' ny ''A Little Pretty Pocket-Book'', boky britanika navoakan' i John Newbery tamin' ny 1744.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-049&quot; /&gt; Hitan' i Block fa natao tany Surrey tamin' ny 1749 ny lalao voalohany voarakitra an-tsoratra tamin' ny anarana hoe « Base Ball »,&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-050&quot; /&gt; ary anisan' ny mpilalao tamin' izany ny Printsin' i Kambria.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-051&quot; /&gt; Toa ireo mpifindra monina anglisy no nitondra io endrika voalohan' ilay lalao io tany [[Kanada]].&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-052&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Cricket vs. baseball (4050380395).jpg|thumb|upright|Tamin' ny vanim-potoan' ny Ady an-trano amerikanina, tao anatin' ny taompolo 1860, dia efa nihoatra ny ''cricket'' (eo ambony) ny ''baseball'' (eo ambany) raha ny hamaroan' ny mpankafy tany [[Etazonia]] no jerena, na dia samy fanatanjahantena mampiasa kibay sy baolina aza izy roa.&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Anisan' ny antony ny hoe fohy lavitra ny fotoana nilalaovana ny ''baseball'' raha oharina amin' ny endriky ny ''cricket'' nilalaovana tamin' izany fotoana izany, ary tsy nitaky faritra voaomana manokana hilalaovana ny ''baseball''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-053&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-054&quot; /&gt; Noho ny fitomboan' ny hery fitaoman' i Etazonia tany ivelany, dia toy izany koa no nitranga tany [[Japàna]] sy tany [[Repoblika Dôminikana]] tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-20.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-055&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-056&quot; /&gt;]]
Tany am-piandohan' ny taompolo 1830 dia efa nisy tatitra momba ny lalao isan-karazany nampiasa kibay sy baolina, izay tsy mbola nanana fitsipika voarafitra nefa azo fantarina ho endrika voalohan' ny ''baseball'', nilalaovana nanerana an' i Amerika Avaratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-057&quot; /&gt; Ny lalao ''baseball'' voalohany voarakitra an-tsoratra tany Amerika Avaratra dia natao tany Beachville, Ontario, any Kanada, tamin' ny 4 Jona 1838.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-058&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 1845, i Alexander Cartwright, mpikambana tao amin' ny klioba Knickerbocker tao amin' ny tanànan' i New York, no nitarika ny fandrafetana ny fitsipika nantsoina hoe fitsipika Knickerbocker.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-059&quot; /&gt; Ireo indray dia nifototra tamin' ny fitsipika novolavolain' i William R. Wheaton, avy tao amin' ny klioba Gotham, tamin' ny 1837.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-060&quot; /&gt; Na dia misy tatitra aza fa efa nilalao tamin' ny 1845 ny New York Knickerbockers, dia ilay fifaninanana natao tamin' ny 19 Jona 1846 tany Hoboken, New Jersey, no nekena nandritra ny fotoana ela ho lalao ''baseball'' voalohany voarakitra an-tsoratra teo amin' ny tantaran' i [[Etazonia]]: resin' ny New York Nine tamin' ny isa 23–1 ny Knickerbockers, tao anatin' ny fihodinana efatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-061&quot; /&gt; Niorina tamin' ny fitsipika Knickerbocker ny fitsipiky ny ''baseball'' maoderina, ary mbola nivoatra nandritra ny dimampolo taona nanaraka.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-062&quot; /&gt; Niparitaka nanerana ny faritra manodidina ny Oseana Pasifika sy ny kaontinanta amerikanina ilay lalao taorian' izany,&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-063&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-064&quot; /&gt; ary notohanan' ny Amerikanina ho fomba iray hampielezana ny soatoavina amerikanina ilay fanatanjahantena.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-065&quot; /&gt;

=== Any [[Etazonia]] ===
Jereo koa ny ''baseball'' any Etazonia sy ny tantaran' ny ''baseball'' any Etazonia.

==== Fananganana ny ligy matihanina ====
Tamin' ny tapaky ny taompolo 1850 dia niely be ny fitiavana ny ''baseball'' tao amin' ny faritra an-tanàn-dehiben' i New York sy ny manodidina azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-066&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 1856 dia efa niantso azy io hoe « fialam-bolin' ny firenena » na « lalaon' ny firenena » ny gazety teo an-toerana, raha adika ireo teny nampiasainy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-067&quot; /&gt;
Herintaona taorian' izay dia niforona ny rafitra voalohany nitantana an' ilay fanatanjahantena, dia ny ''National Association of Base Ball Players'' (Fikambanana Nasionalin' ny Mpilalao Baseball).
Tamin' ny 1867 dia noraran' io fikambanana io tsy handray anjara ny [[Afrikana-Amerikana|Amerikanina mainty hoditra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-068&quot; /&gt;
Niorina tamin' ny 1876 ny ''National League'' (Ligim-pirenena), izay nanana rafitra voalamina tamin' ny fomba ofisialy kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-069&quot; /&gt;
Niforona koa ireo ligy matihanina ho an' ny mpilalao mainty hoditra, na ''Negro leagues'', saingy vetivety dia nitsahatra ny asany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-070&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 1887 dia noforonina ny ''softball'', izay natao ho endriky ny lalao niaviany azo lalaovina amin' ny ririnina.
Nantsoina hoe ''indoor baseball'' na ''indoor-outdoor'' izy io tamin' izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-071&quot; /&gt;
Ny ''American League'' (Ligy Amerikanina) dia nivoatra avy amin' ny ''Western League'' (Ligy Tandrefana), ligy ambaratonga ambany izay naverina nalamina teo ambany fitarihan' i Ban Johnson tamin' ny 1893.
Tsy natsangana tamin' ny fomba ofisialy ho ligy lehibe ny ''American League'' raha tsy tamin' ny 1901.
Efa tamin' ny 1893 kosa dia nanamafy ny fitsipika fototry ny lalao maoderina ireo fanovana lehibe teo amin' ny firafiny, anisan' izany ny famindrana ny toerana fanipazana mba ho 60 ''feet'' sy 6 ''inches'' ny halaviran' ny fanipazana.&lt;ref name=&quot;R71&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-073&quot; /&gt;

Ny Fifanarahana Nasionaly tamin' ny 1903 no nametraka tamin' ny fomba ofisialy ny fifandraisan' ireo ligy lehibe roa, ary koa ny fifandraisan' izy ireo tamin' ny ''National Association of Professional Base Ball Leagues'' (Fikambanana Nasionalin' ny Ligy Baseball Matihanina).
Io fikambanana io no nisolo tena ny ankamaroan' ny ligy matihanina ambaratonga ambany tao amin' ilay firenena.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-074&quot; /&gt;
Natomboka tamin' ny fararano tany amin' ny ila-bolantany avaratra tamin' io taona io ny ''World Series'', fifaninanana mampifanandrina ny tompondakan' ireo ligy lehibe roa.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-075&quot; /&gt;
Nitarika ny fananganana ny toeran' ny kaomisera mpitantana ny ''baseball'' ny raharaha ''Black Sox Scandal'' tamin' ny ''World Series'' 1919.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-076&quot; /&gt;
Voafidy tamin' ny 1920 ny kaomisera voalohany, Kenesaw Mountain Landis.
Tamin' io taona io koa no niorina ny ''Negro National League'' (Ligim-pirenena ho an' ny mpilalao mainty hoditra).
Io no ligy ho an' ny mpilalao mainty hoditra voalohany nanana toerana lehibe, ary nitohy hatramin' ny 1931 ny asany.
Nisy nandritra ny ampahany tamin' ny taompolo 1920 koa ny ''Eastern Colored League'' (Ligy Atsinanana ho an' ny mpilalao mainty hoditra).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-077&quot; /&gt;

==== Fisongadinan' i Ruth sy fanafoanana ny fanavahana ara-pirazanana ====
Raha oharina amin' ny lalao amin' izao andro izao, dia vitsy kokoa ny isa azo tamin' ny ''baseball'' matihanina tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-20, ary nifehy bebe kokoa ny fizotry ny lalao ny mpanipy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-078&quot; /&gt;
Nifarana tany am-piandohan' ny taompolo 1920 io vanim-potoana antsoina hoe ''dead-ball era'', na vanim-potoanan' ny baolina tsy dia lasa lavitra rehefa voakapoka, io.
Fanovana maromaro teo amin' ny fitsipika sy ny toe-javatra manodidina ny lalao no nanome tombony ny mpikapoka.
Nisy fepetra vaovao hentitra nifehy ny habeny sy ny endriny ary ny akora nanamboarana ny baolina.
Niampy izany ny fitsipika vaovao nandrara tamin' ny fomba ofisialy ny ''spitball'', na fanipazana baolina nasiana rora, sy ireo fanipazana hafa niankina tamin' ny fanosorana akora hafa tamin' ny baolina na ny fanaovana ny velarany ho marokoroko.
Vokatr' izany dia lasa lavitra kokoa ny baolina rehefa voakapoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-079&quot; /&gt;
Nanampy hanova maharitra ny endriky ny lalao ny fisongadinan' ilay mpilalao malaza [[Babe Ruth]], izay mpikapoka mahery voalohany nisongadina tamin' io vanim-potoana vaovao io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-080&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny faramparan' ny taompolo 1920 sy ny fiandohan' ny taompolo 1930 dia nampiasa vola tamin' ny klioba maromaro tao amin' ny ligy ambaratonga ambany i [[Branch Rickey]], tale jeneralin' ny St. Louis Cardinals.
Novolavolainy tamin' izany ny rafitra maoderina voalohany nampifandray ekipa lehibe tamin' ny ekipa ambaratonga ambany mba hanomanana mpilalao hiakatra ao aminy, izay antsoina hoe ''farm system''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-081&quot; /&gt;
Nisy ''Negro National League'' vaovao natsangana tamin' ny 1933, ary efa-taona taorian' izay dia niforona koa ny ''Negro American League'' (Ligy Amerikanina ho an' ny mpilalao mainty hoditra).
Tamin' ny 1936 no natao ny fifidianana voalohany ireo horaisina ao amin' ny ''National Baseball Hall of Fame'' (toeram-pankasitrahana nasionaly an' ireo nisongadina tamin' ny ''baseball'').
Niorina tany Pennsylvania tamin' ny 1939 ny ''Little League Baseball'' (fikambanan' ny ligy baseball ho an' ny ankizy).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-082&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Jackie Robinson Kansas City Monarchs.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Robinson maka sary, manao ny satroka fanamian' ny Kansas City Monarchs, ekipa baseball tao amin' ny ligy ho an' ny mpilalao mainty hoditra, tamin' ny 1945|[[Jackie Robinson]] tamin' ny 1945, fony izy tao amin' ny Kansas City Monarchs, ekipa tao amin' ny ''Negro American League'' (Ligy Amerikanina ho an' ny mpilalao mainty hoditra).]]

Nirava ny ekipa maro tao amin' ny ligy ambaratonga ambany rehefa nahatonga tsy fahampian' ny mpilalao ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]].
I Philip K. Wrigley, tompon' ny Chicago Cubs, no nitarika ny fananganana ny ''All-American Girls Professional Baseball League'' (Ligy Baseball Matihanina Amerikanina ho an' ny Vehivavy), mba hanampiana amin' ny fitazonana ny fahalianan' ny vahoaka amin' ilay lalao.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-083&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 1945 no nisy ny dingana voalohany nandravana ilay fifanarahana tsy voasoratra izay nanakana ny mainty hoditra tsy hilalao tao amin' ny ''baseball'' matihanina nofehezin' ny fotsy hoditra: nanao fifanarahana tamin' i [[Jackie Robinson]] ny Brooklyn Dodgers, ekipa tao amin' ny ''National League'', ary nanomboka nilalao tao amin' ny Montreal Royals, ekipan' izy ireo tao Montreal izay tao amin' ny ligy ambaratonga ambany, izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-084&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 1947, rehefa nilalao voalohany niaraka tamin' ny Dodgers i Robinson, dia rava ny sakana ara-pirazanana nanakana ny mainty hoditra tsy hiditra tao amin' ny ligy lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-085&quot; /&gt;
Nanomboka nitombo koa ny isan' ny mpilalao avy any [[Amerika Latina]] niditra tao amin' ireo ligy lehibe, na dia tsy dia nomena lanja aza izy ireo talohan' izany.
Tamin' ny 1951 dia mpilalao roa tao amin' ny Chicago White Sox, dia i Chico Carrasquel, teraka tany [[Venezoela]], sy i Minnie Miñoso, mainty hoditra teraka tany [[Kiobà]], no lasa mpilalao manana fiaviana amin' ny kolontsaina miteny espaniola voalohany voafantina ho amin' ny ''All-Star Game'', lalao natokana ho an' ireo mpilalao voafantina tao amin' ny ligy lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;P111&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-087&quot; /&gt;
Niadana anefa ny fampidirana ny mpilalao tsy misy fanavahana ara-pirazanana: tamin' ny 1953 dia enina monja tamin' ny ekipa 16 tao amin' ny ligy lehibe no nanana mpilalao mainty hoditra tao amin' ny lisitry ny mpilalaony.&lt;ref name=&quot;P111&quot; /&gt;

==== Tarehimarika ambony indrindra teo amin' ny mpijery sy ny vanim-potoanan' ny sterôida ====

Tamin' ny 1975 dia nanomboka nitombo be ny fahefan' ny sendikan' ny mpilalao sy ny karaman' ireo mpilalao, rehefa nofoanana teo amin' ny fampiharana ilay fepetra nahafahan' ny klioba nitazona ny zo hampilalao mpilalao iray na dia tapitra aza ny fifanarahana taminy, na ''reserve clause''.
Izany no nitarika ny rafitra ahafahan' ny mpilalao misafidy malalaka izay klioba hanaovany fifanarahana, na ''free agency''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-088&quot; /&gt;
Nisy fampitsaharana asa lehibe tamin' ny 1981 sy ny 1994.
Ilay faharoa dia nanery ny fanafoanana ny ''World Series'', izay sambany tao anatin' ny 90 taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-089&quot; /&gt;
Nitombo tsy an-kijanona ny isan' ny mpijery nanomboka tamin' ny tapaky ny taompolo 1970.
Tamin' ny 1994, talohan' ny fampitsaharana asa, dia nahatratra ny salanisan' ny mpijery isaky ny lalao ambony indrindra teo amin' ny tantarany ireo ligy lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simm&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-091&quot; /&gt;
Rehefa nitohy indray ny lalao tamin' ny 1995 dia lasa anisan' ny fifaninanana famaranana aorian' ny vanim-potoana ara-dalàna hatrany ireo ekipa nahazo toerana nefa tsy tompondakan' ny vondrona misy azy, na ''wild card''.
Tamin' ny 1997 no nampidirina tao amin' ny vanim-potoana ara-dalàna ny lalao nampifanandrina ekipa avy amin' ireo ligy roa samy hafa.
Tamin' io taona io koa no tratra ny isan' ny mpijery faharoa ambony indrindra ho an' ny vanim-potoana iray manontolo.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-092&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 2000 dia nofoanana tamin' ny maha-fikambanana manana sata ara-dalàna misaraka azy ny ''National League'' sy ny ''American League''.
Notazonina ny maha-ligy samy hafa azy ireo ho amin' ny fandaminana ny fandaharam-pilalaovana sy ny fahasamihafan' ny fitsipika momba ny mpikapoka voatendry hisolo ny mpanipy amin' ny fikapohana.
Ny fitantanana ny fitsipika sy ireo andraikitra hafa, toy ny fampiharana sazy amin' ny mpilalao sy ny fanaraha-maso ny mpitsara, izay nosahanin' ny ligy tsirairay nitokana teo aloha kosa dia natambatra teo ambany MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-093&quot; /&gt;

Tamin' ny 2001 dia nametraka ny zava-bita ambony indrindra mbola voatazona i [[Barry Bonds]], tamin' ny nahazoany ''home run'' 73 tao anatin' ny vanim-potoana iray.
Ny ''home run'' dia kapoka ahafahana mamita ny fihodinana ny toby efatra.
Momba ny fitomboan' ny fikapohana mahery teo amin' ny lalao amin' ny ankapobeny, araka ireo loharano nosoratan' i Rader, Zimbalist ary Tom Verducci, dia efa ela no nisy ahiahy fa ampahany lehibe tamin' izany fitomboana izany no vokatry ny fampiasana tsy araka ny tokony ho izy ny sterôida tsy ara-dalàna (na akora mitovy fiasana amin' ny hormonina sasany, ampiasaina eto hampitomboana ny hozatra sy ny hery; ''steroids'').
Anisan' ny anton-javatra nahiahiana koa ny fielezan' ireo mpanipy mahay tamin' ny ekipa maro kokoa noho ny fanitarana ny ligy, ka nampihena ny haavon' ny fahaizan' ny mpanipy tamin' ny ankapobeny.
Tamin' ny 2002 vao nanomboka nahasarika ny sain' ny fampitam-baovao betsaka io raharaha io, ary tsy nisy sazy ho an' ny fampiasana akora mampitombo ny fahaiza-manao ara-panatanjahantena talohan' ny 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-094&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 2007 dia nihoatra an' i [[Hank Aaron]] i Bonds ka lasa mpilalao nahazo ''home run'' betsaka indrindra teo amin' ny tantaran' ny MLB.
Tamin' io taona io koa dia samy nahatratra ny tarehimarika ambony indrindra teo amin' ny tantarany ny fitambaran' ny mpijery tao amin' ny ligy lehibe sy ny tao amin' ny ligy ambaratonga ambany.&lt;ref name=&quot;MajorAtRec&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MinorAtRec&quot; /&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;Around-the-world&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
=== Maneran-tany ===
''Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Tantaran' ny baseball ivelan' i [[Etazonia]].''

Na dia nantsoina hoe «fialam-boly nasionalin' i Amerika» (dikan-teny) aza ny ''baseball'', dia efa miorim-paka any amin' ny firenena hafa maromaro koa izy. Efa tamin' ny 1877 no nisy ekipa avy any [[Kanada]] sy Etazonia niara-nilalao tao amin' ny ligy matihanina iray, dia ny ''International Association for Professional Base Ball Players'' (Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenen' ny Mpilalao Baseball Matihanina).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-097&quot; /&gt; Na dia betsaka aza ny olona milalao ''baseball'' any Kanada, ary maro ny ekipa ao amin' ny ligy madinika niorina tao amin' io firenena io,&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-098&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-099&quot; /&gt; dia tsy nisy klioba avy any Kanada tao amin' ny ligy lehibe amerikanina raha tsy tamin' ny 1969. Tamin' izay no niditra tao amin' ny ''National League'' (Ligim-pirenena) ny Montreal Expos, ho ekipa vaovao nampidirina tamin' ny fanitarana ny ligy. Tamin' ny 1977 dia niditra tao amin' ny ''American League'' (Ligy Amerikanina) koa ny Toronto Blue Jays, izay ekipa vaovao nampiana tamin' ny fanitarana ny ligy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-100&quot; /&gt;

[[File:WBC2006 Sadaharu Oh.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|[[Sadaharu Oh]] mitantana ny ekipam-pirenen' i [[Japàna]] tamin' ny fifaninanana ''World Baseball Classic'' tamin' ny 2006. Fony izy nilalao tao amin' ny Yomiuri Giants, ao amin' ny ''Central League'' (Ligy Afovoany), tamin' ny 1959–1980, dia nametraka ny zava-bita ambony indrindra eran-tany teo amin' ny mpilalao matihanina i Oh tamin' ny isan' ny ''home run'' (kapoka ahafahana mamita ny fihodinana ny toby efatra).]]
Tamin' ny 1847, tao amin' ny Parque Los Berros, any [[Xalapa]], ao [[Veracruz]], dia nanao lalao izay mety ho ny lalao ''baseball'' voalohany tao [[Meksika]] ny miaramila amerikanina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-101&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 1878 no natsangana tany [[Kiobà]] ny ligy ''baseball'' ara-dalàna voalohany ivelan' i Etazonia sy Kanada. Mbola manana fomban-dalao ''baseball'' lalim-paka i Kiobà. Tao amin' ny [[Fanjakana Mitambatra]], ny klioban' ny baolina kitra anglisy Aston Villa no tompondaka britanika voalohany tamin' ny ''baseball'', rehefa nandresy tamin' ny Ligim-pirenena Britanika tamin' ny Baseball tamin' ny 1890.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-102&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cheats&quot; /&gt; Ny London Mets no tompondaka nasionaly tamin' ny 2025.

[[File:Eino Kaakkolahti.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.75|Ny ''pesäpallo'', izay karazana ''baseball'' avy any [[Finlandy]], dia noforonin' i Lauri &quot;Tahko&quot; Pihkala tamin' ny taompolo 1920.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-104&quot; /&gt; Nanomboka tamin' izay dia niova nifanaraka tamin' ny fandehan' ny fotoana izy io ary nitombo ny olona nankafy azy. Asehon' ny sary ny lalao ''pesäpallo'' tamin' ny 1958 tao Jyväskylä, [[Finlandy]].]]

Tamin' ny 1912 no nataon' i [[Repoblika Dôminikana]] ny fifaninanana fiadiana ny tompondaka voalohany nanerana ny nosy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-105&quot; /&gt; Teo anelanelan' ny ady lehibe roa dia nanomboka niforona tany amin' ny firenena hafa koa ny fifaninanana sy ligy ''baseball'' matihanina, anisan' izany ny tany [[Nederlandy]] (1922), Aostralia (1934), [[Japàna]] (1936), Meksika (1937), ary Pôrtô-Rikô (1938).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-106&quot; /&gt; Efa hatry ny ela no noheverina fa ny ligy lehibe japoney no ligy matihanina manana fari-pilalaovana ambony indrindra ivelan' i Etazonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-107&quot; /&gt; Taorian' ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]] dia natsangana tany amin' ny firenena maro tao [[Amerika Latina]] ny ligy matihanina, indrindra tany [[Venezoela]] (1946) sy Repoblika Dôminikana (1955).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-108&quot; /&gt; Nanomboka tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taompolo 1970, ny Fiadiana ny Tompondakan' i Karaiba, izay atao isan-taona, dia nampifandona ny klioba tompondaka avy amin' ny ligy efatra lehibe ao Amerika Latina izay manao ny taom-pilalaovany amin' ny ririnina: ny Ligy Matihanina amin' ny Baseball ao Repoblika Dôminikana, ny Ligy Pasifika ao Meksika, ny Ligy Matihanina amin' ny Baseball ao Pôrtô-Rikô, ary ny Ligy Matihanina amin' ny Baseball ao Venezoela. Any Azia dia samy manana ligy matihanina koa i [[Kôrea Atsimo]] (1982), [[Taioàna]] (1990), ary ny [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina]] (2003).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-109&quot; /&gt;

Nisy ligy matihanina koa tany amin' ny firenena eorôpeanina hafa. Ankoatra ny ligy ao Nederlandy, dia ny ligy italiana, natsangana tamin' ny 1948, no nahomby indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-110&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 2004 dia nahazo medaly volafotsy tsy nampoizina i Aostralia tamin' ny Lalao Ôlimpika.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-111&quot; /&gt; Ny ''Confédération Européene de Baseball'' (''European Baseball Confederation'' amin' ny teny anglisy; Konfederasiona Eorôpeanina momba ny Baseball), natsangana tamin' ny 1953, no mikarakara fifaninanana maromaro eo amin' ny klioba avy amin' ny firenena samihafa. Ny fifaninanana hafa eo amin' ny ekipam-pirenena, toy ny fiadiana ny amboara eran-tany amin' ny ''baseball'' sy ny fifaninanana ''baseball'' amin' ny Lalao Ôlimpika, dia notantanan' ny ''International Baseball Federation'' na IBAF (Federasiona Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Baseball), nanomboka tamin' ny nananganana azy tamin' ny 1938 ka hatramin' ny nikambanany tamin' ny ''International Softball Federation'' (Federasiona Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Softball) tamin' ny 2013. Izany fampikambanana izany no niteraka ny rafitra iraisana mitantana ireo fanatanjahantena roa ireo ankehitriny, dia ny ''World Baseball Softball Confederation'' na WBSC (Konfederasiona Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Baseball sy Softball).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-112&quot; /&gt; Any amin' ny firenena maro dia lalaovin' ny mpankafy tsy matihanina ao anatin' ny rafitra voalamina ny ''baseball'' ho an' ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-113&quot; /&gt;

Rehefa nekena ho fanatanjahantena ifaninanana hahazoana medaly tao amin' ny Lalao Ôlimpika nanomboka tamin' ny Lalao tamin' ny 1992 ny ''baseball'', dia tapaka tao amin' ny fivorian' ny Komity Ôlimpika Iraisam-pirenena tamin' ny 2005 ny hanesorana azy amin' ny [[Lalao Olimpikan'ny fahavaratra 2012|Lalao Ôlimpika fahavaratra tamin' ny 2012]]. Mbola anisan' ny taranja tamin' ny Lalao tamin' ny 2008 anefa izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-114&quot; /&gt; Anisan' ny antony ny tsy fahamaroan' ny mpankafy an' io fanatanjahantena io tany amin' ny ampahany lehibe tamin' izao tontolo izao,&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-115&quot; /&gt; saingy ny antony lehibe kokoa dia ny fisalasalan' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball) hamela ny mpilalaony handray anjara nandritra ny taom-pilalaovan' ny ligy lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-116&quot; /&gt; Ny MLB no nanomboka ny ''World Baseball Classic'' (Fifaninanana Iraisam-pirenena amin' ny Baseball), izay nokasaina hatao alohan' ny taom-pilalaovany. Anisan' ny antony nananganana azy ny hanoloana ilay fifaninanana ôlimpika amin' ny fifaninanana iraisam-pirenena manana laza lehibe. Ny fifaninanana voalohany, natao tamin' ny Martsa 2006, no fifaninanana voalohany teo amin' ny ekipam-pirenena nahitana mpilalao avy amin' ny MLB maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-117&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-118&quot; /&gt; Natsahatra taorian' ny fifaninanana tamin' ny 2011 ny fiadiana ny amboara eran-tany amin' ny ''baseball'', ka nosoloana ny ''World Baseball Classic'' izay nitarina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-119&quot; /&gt;

== Toetra mampiavaka azy ==
Misy toetra mampiavaka ny ''baseball'' amin' ireo fanatanjahantena hafa iarahan' ny ekipa izay be mpitia any amin' ny firenena itiavana azy. Ireo fanatanjahantena ireo dia samy mampiasa famantaranandro mametra ny faharetan' ny lalao,&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-120&quot; /&gt; tsy dia mifantoka amin' ny mpilalao tsirairay,&lt;ref name=&quot;Mandelbaum5557&quot; /&gt; ary tsy dia lehibe na manan-danja loatra ny fahasamihafan' ny kianja ilalaovana azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-122&quot; /&gt; Asehon' ny fampitahana ny ''cricket'' sy ny ''baseball'' anefa fa maro amin' ireo toetra mampiavaka ny ''baseball'' no hita amin' ny endriny samihafa koa amin' ny fanatanjahantena mitovitovy aminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-123&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-124&quot; /&gt;

=== Tsy misy fe-potoana farany azo andrasana fotsiny ===
[[File:A worn-out baseball.JPG|thumb|Baolina ''baseball'' efa tonta noho ny fampiasana azy.]]
Amin' ny fanatanjahantena ferana amin' ny famantaranandro, matetika no mifarana ny lalao rehefa minia mampiandry ny fotoana hifarana ilay ekipa mitarika, fa tsy miezaka mafy intsony mifaninana amin' ny ekipa mpifanandrina aminy. Ny ''baseball'' kosa tsy manana famantaranandro mametra ny faharetan' ny lalao manontolo: tsy afaka mandresy ny ekipa raha tsy efa nanala ny mpikapoka farany, ary tsy misy fe-potoana manakana ny ezaka misesy hanangonana isa sy hahatratrarana ny mpifanandrina. Saika amin' ny fotoana rehetra ao anatin' ny lalao ''baseball'' rehetra, ny paikady ahazoana tombony indrindra dia paikady iray ikatsahana mavitrika ny handresy ny mpifanandrina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-125&quot; /&gt; Amin' ny ''cricket'' sokajy ''Test'' sy ny ''cricket'' sokajy voalohany (''first-class cricket'') izay lalaovina mandritra ny andro maromaro kosa, dia misy ny mety hiafaran' ny lalao tsy ahitana mpandresy noho ny fahataperan' ny fotoana. Tsy nisy izany fetran' ny fotoana izany tany am-boalohany, toy ny amin' ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-126&quot; /&gt; Noho io mety tsy hahitana mpandresy io, dia matetika ny ekipa mikapoka farany sady tara be amin' ny isa no mifidy ny hikapoka amim-pitandremana mba haharitra mandra-pahatapitry ny fotoana. Afoiny amin' izany na dia ny vintana kely mety handreseny aza, mba tsy ho resy amin' ny lalao manontolo.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-127&quot; /&gt;

Na dia fihodinana sivy aza no fenitra hatramin' ny niandohan' ny ''baseball'' matihanina, dia nitombo hatrany nandritra ny taona maro ny salanisan' ny faharetan' ny lalao tao amin' ny ligy lehibe. Teo amin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-20, dia adiny iray sy sasany no faharetan' ny lalao tamin' ny ankapobeny. Tamin' ny taompolo 1920, dia latsaka kelin' ny adiny roa ny salanisa, ary nahatratra adiny roa sy 38 minitra izany tamin' ny 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;HB&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 1997, dia adiny roa sy 57 minitra ny salanisan' ny faharetan' ny lalao tao amin' ny ''American League'' (Ligy Amerikanina). Fohy tokony ho folo minitra noho izany ny tao amin' ny ''National League'' (Ligim-pirenena), satria rehefa ny mpanipy no nikapoka, dia haingana kokoa ny fanesorana azy noho ny an' ireo mpikapoka voatendry hisolo ny mpanipy.&lt;ref name=&quot;JG&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 2004, dia nanambara ny ''Major League Baseball'' (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball, MLB) fa ny tanjony dia ny hahatonga ny faharetan' ny lalao ho adiny roa sy 45 minitra amin' ny salanisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;HB&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 2014 anefa, dia efa nihoatra ny adiny telo ny salanisan' ny faharetan' ny lalao MLB.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-130&quot; /&gt; Lazaina fa anton' io fitomboan' ny faharetana io ny fiatoana lava kokoa eo anelanelan' ny antsasaky ny fihodinana mba handefasana dokam-barotra amin' ny fahitalavitra, ny fitomboan' ny hetsika fanafihana, ny fanoloana mpanipy matetika kokoa, ary ny fandehan' ny lalao miadana kokoa: naka fotoana bebe kokoa teo anelanelan' ny fanipazana tsirairay ny mpanipy, ary nivoaka matetika kokoa ny faritra fijoroany ny mpikapoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;HB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JG&quot; /&gt; Nisedra olana mitovitovy amin' izany koa ny ligy hafa. Tamin' ny 2008, dia nandray fepetra ny ''Nippon Professional Baseball'' (Baseball Matihanina ao [[Japàna]]) mba hampihenana 12 minitra ny faharetan' ny lalao, raha oharina amin' ny salanisa adiny telo sy 18 minitra tamin' ny folo taona teo aloha.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-131&quot; /&gt;

Ho setrin' ny fitomboan' ny faharetan' ny lalao, dia nanapa-kevitra ny MLB fa hampihatra fitsipika momba ny famerana ny fotoana eo anelanelan' ny fanipazana (''pitch clock'') manomboka amin' ny taom-pilalaovana 2023. Sazina araka io fitsipika io ny mpikapoka sy ny mpanipy izay maka fotoana be loatra eo anelanelan' ny fanipazana; tsy famantaranandro mamarana ny lalao manontolo anefa izany. Nampihena 24 minitra tamin' ny salanisa ny faharetan' ny lalao nandritra ny taom-pilalaovana ara-dalàna 2023 io fepetra io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-133&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-134&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 2025, dia efa nihena ho adiny roa sy 38 minitra ny salanisan' ny faharetan' ny lalao MLB.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-135&quot; /&gt;

=== Ny fifantohana amin' ny mpilalao tsirairay ===
[[File:Babe Ruth2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Babe Ruth]] tamin' ny 1920, taona nidirany tao amin' ny New York Yankees.]]
Na dia fanatanjahantena iarahan' ny ekipa aza ny ''baseball'', dia matetika no arahi-maso akaiky sy iharan' ny tsindry ny mpilalao tsirairay. Na dia mitondra fahafaham-po aza izy io, dia efa nisy fotoana nilazana azy ho «tsy misy indrafo» (dikan-teny), noho ny tsindry mianjady amin' ny mpilalao tsirairay.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-136&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 1915, dia nisy boky fampianarana ''baseball'' nanazava fa ny fanipazana tsirairay, izay matetika mihoatra ny roanjato ao anatin' ny lalao iray, dia fifanandrinan' olona roa mifanatrika: «ny mpanipy sy ny mpikapoka mifaninana amin' ny fahaiza-misaina» (dikan-teny).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-137&quot; /&gt; Saika mahaleo tena amin' ny ataony avy ny mpanipy, ny mpikapoka ary ny mpiaro. Afaka manome famantarana ho an' ny mpanipy na ny mpikapoka ny mpanazatra mba hampiharana tetika sasany, nefa ny fanatanterahana ny hetsika mihitsy dia fitohizan' ny zavatra ataon' olona samirery. Raha mikapoka baolina mandeha mahitsy sy iva eny amin' ny rivotra ny mpikapoka, dia ilay mpiaro any amin' ny faritra ivelany irery no manapa-kevitra na hiezaka hisambotra azy alohan' ny hikasihany ny tany, na handray azy rehefa avy mitsambikina amin' ny tany. Izy irery koa no tompon' andraikitra amin' ny fahombiazana na ny tsy fahombiazana amin' izany. Sady manamora ny fahazoana antontanisa marina tsara momba ny ''baseball'' io fisarahan' ny andraikitra io no vao mainka hamafisin' izany antontanisa izany.

Amin' io lafiny io, ny ''cricket'' dia mitovy kokoa amin' ny ''baseball'' noho ny fanatanjahantena maro hafa iarahan' ny ekipa. Mihena ny fifantohana amin' ny mpilalao tsirairay ao amin' ny ''cricket'' noho ny maha-zava-dehibe ny fiaraha-miasan' ny mpikapoka roa sy ny filàna mifandrindra rehefa miara-mihazakazaka izy ireo. Mihamafy kosa izany fifantohana izany satria mety hijanona eo amin' ny toerana fikapohana (''wicket'') mandritra ny adiny iray na mihoatra lavitra noho izany ny mpikapoka iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-138&quot; /&gt; Tsy misy antontanisa ao amin' ny ''cricket'' mifanandrify amin' ny fanisana ny fahadisoana ataon' ny mpiaro ao amin' ny ''baseball'', ka tsy dia asongadina loatra ny andraikitry ny olona tsirairay amin' io lafiny amin' ny lalao io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-139&quot; /&gt;

=== Ny maha-samy hafa ny kianja ===
Jereo koa: kianja ''baseball''.
[[File:Fenway Park 1996.jpg|thumb|left|Fenway Park, kianjan' ny Boston Red Sox. Hita any ivelan' ny faritra filalaovana ny Green Monster.]]

Tsy toy ny amin' ny ankamaroan' ny fanatanjahantena, fa mety hiova be ny habe sy ny endriky ny kianja ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-140&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-141&quot; /&gt; Voafaritra mazava amin' ny fitsipika ny refin' ny faritra anatiny. Araka ny fitsipiky ny MLB sy ny ''Minor League Baseball'' (Ligy Madinika amin' ny Baseball) kosa, ny hany fepetra mifehy ny habe sy ny endriky ny faritra ivelany amin' ny kianjan' ny ekipa matihanina dia izao: ny kianja naorina na nohavaozina nanomboka tamin' ny 1 Jona 1958 dia tsy maintsy manana elanelana farafahakeliny 325 tongotra (ft), izany hoe 99 m eo ho eo, avy eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana ka hatreo amin' ny fefy amin' ny ilany havia sy havanana, ary 400 ft (122 m eo ho eo) farafahakeliny hatreo amin' ny fefy eo afovoany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-142&quot; /&gt; Matetika anefa na dia io fitsipika io aza dia ihodiviran' ny ekipa ao amin' ny ligy lehibe. Ao amin' ny Daikin Park, izay nanjary kianjan' ny Houston Astros tamin' ny 2000, ohatra, dia 315 ft (96 m eo ho eo) monja no elanelan' ny takelaka fiaingana sy ny Crawford Boxes, ireo seza ho an' ny mpijery amin' ny ilany havia amin' ny faritra ivelany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-143&quot; /&gt; Tsy misy mihitsy fitsipika mifehy ny haavon' ny fefy na ny rafitra hafa eny amin' ny sisin' ny faritra ivelany. Ny rindrina eo amin' ny ilany havia amin' ny Fenway Park ao Boston, izay nampiasaina hatramin' ny 1912, no sisin' ny faritra ivelany malaza indrindra noho ny toetrany manokana: 310 ft (94 m eo ho eo) avy eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana manaraka ny tsipika no misy ilay Green Monster, ary 37 ft (11 m eo ho eo) ny haavony.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-144&quot; /&gt;

Toy izany koa, tsy misy mihitsy fitsipika mifehy ny refin' ny faritra ivelan' ny tsipika mamaritra ny faritra ara-dalàna (''foul territory''). Noho izany, ny baolina voakapoka miakatra eny amin' ny rivotra ka mankany amin' io faritra io dia mety tsy ho azo lalaovina intsony eo amin' ny kianja izay kely ny elanelan' ny tsipika sy ny sezan' ny mpijery. Raha malalaka kokoa kosa io faritra io eo amin' ny kianja iray, dia mety ho voasambotra alohan' ny hikasihany ny tany ilay baolina ka hahatonga ny mpikapoka ho voaesotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-145&quot; /&gt;
Raha akaikin' ny tsipika manamorona ny faritra ivelany ny fefy ao amin' ny faritra ''foul'', dia mirona hiverina any amin' ny mpiaro ny baolina midona aminy. Raha lavidavitra kokoa kosa ilay fefy, dia mety hampitombo ny fifandonana izany, satria mihazakazaka mafy eny amin' ny zorony lalina ny mpiaro mba handray ny baolina. Miankina amin' ireny fahasamihafana ireny ny mety hahazoan' ny mpikapoka toby roa, na toby telo, na hahavitany mihitsy ny fihodinana ny toby efatra nefa tsy mivoaka ny kianja ny baolina (''inside-the-park home run'').&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-146&quot; /&gt;
Tsy voafehin' ny fitsipika koa ny rakotra eo ambonin' ny tany. Ahitana ny fandaminana nentim-paharazana ny ahitra sy ny tany tsy rakotra ny sary eto, izay fandaminana ampiasain' ny ekipa MLB saika rehetra manana kianja misy rakotra voajanahary. Malalaka anefa ny safidin' ny ekipa amin' izay faritra hasiana ahitra sy izay avela tsy hisy rakotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-147&quot; /&gt;
Misy kianja, anisan' izany ny maromaro ao amin' ny MLB, mampiasa bozaka solon' ahitra. Mety hisy fiantraikany lehibe amin' ny fivezivezen' ny baolina mandeha amin' ny tany sy ny fomba andraisan' ny mpiaro azy, ary koa amin' ny fihazakazahana eo anelanelan' ny toby, ny fahasamihafan' ny rakotra. Toy izany koa, mety hanova be ny fomba andraisan' ny mpiaro ny baolina miakatra eny amin' ny rivotra ny fisian' ny tafo: ekipa fito ao amin' ny ligy lehibe no milalao ao amin' ny kianja misy tafo raikitra na azo sokafana sy akatona.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-148&quot; /&gt;
Na dia miatrika fahasamihafana mitovitovy amin' izany eo amin' ny rakotry ny tany sy ny tafon' ny kianja aza ny mpilalao baolina kitra amerikanina sy ny mpilalao baolina kitra, dia manara-penitra kokoa ny habe sy ny endriky ny kianjany. Tsy misy fiantraikany amin' ny lalao tahaka ny faritra ''foul'' amin' ny ''baseball'' ny faritra ivelan' ny sisin' ny kianja amin' ireo fanatanjahantena roa ireo, ka tsy dia misy lanjany ny fahasamihafana amin' io lafiny io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-149&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Red Sox Yankees Game Boston July 2012.jpg|thumb|Mpikapoka ao amin' ny New York Yankees (Andruw Jones) sy mpisambotra ao ambadiky ny mpikapoka ao amin' ny Boston Red Sox, ao amin' ny Fenway Park.]]

Ireo fahasamihafana ara-batana ireo no mahatonga ny kianja tsirairay hanana fepetra manokana ilalaovana. Mety hisy fiantraikany lehibe amin' ny lalao koa ny toetra hafa eo an-toerana, toy ny haavo sy ny toetrandro. Mety ho fantatra ho kianja manome tombony ny mpanipy na ny mpikapoka ny kianja iray, raha mahazo tombony manokana amin' ny fitambaran' ny toetrany ny iray amin' ireo andraikitra roa ireo. Ny Coors Field, kianjan' ny Colorado Rockies, no miavaka indrindra amin' io lafiny io. Any amin' ny haavo 5 282 ft (1 610 m eo ho eo) ambonin' ny ranomasina no misy azy. Ny tsindrin' ny rivotra ambany vokatry ny haavony dia anisan' ny mahatonga azy hanome tombony ny mpikapoka mihoatra noho ny kianja hafa rehetra ao amin' ny ligy lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-150&quot; /&gt; Ny Wrigley Field, kianjan' ny Chicago Cubs, kosa dia fantatra amin' ny fiovaovan' ny toe-javatra ao aminy: manome tombony ny mpanipy izy rehefa mitsoka mankao anatin' ny kianja ny rivotra mahery avy any amin' ny [[Farihy Michigan]], fa manome tombony kokoa ny mpikapoka kosa rehefa mitsoka mivoaka ny kianja izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-151&quot; /&gt; Tsy ny fizotry ny lalao tsirairay ihany no iharan' ny vokatry ny tsy fisian' ny kianja manara-penitra, fa ny firafitry ny ekipa sy ny antontanisan' ny mpilalao koa. Ohatra, ny baolina voakapoka miakatra eny amin' ny rivotra ka mandeha 330 ft (100 m eo ho eo) mankany amin' ny ilany havanana dia mety ho mora samborina eo amin' ny fehin-tany fampitandremana manakaiky ny fefy amin' ny kianja iray, nefa mety hahazoana ''home run'' amin' ny kianja iray hafa. Ny ekipa milalao amin' ny kianja izay somary fohy ny faritra havanana, toy ny New York Yankees, dia hirona hampiditra mpikapoka kavia mahay mandefa ny baolina mankany amin' ny ilany havanana (''pull hitters''), satria izy ireo no afaka manararaotra tsara indrindra izany. Raha ny mpilalao tsirairay indray, dia hahazo tombony amin' ny antontanisa momba ny fikapohana, rehefa mandeha ny fotoana, izay mandany ny ankamaroan' ny fotoam-pilalaovany ao amin' ny ekipa mampiasa kianja manome tombony ny mpikapoka. Vao mainka hitombo izany tombony izany raha mifanaraka indrindra amin' ilay kianja ny fahaizany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-152&quot; /&gt;

== Antontanisa ==
Fanazavana fanampiny: antontanisa momba ny ''baseball''.

Mora ampiharana [[Statistika|antontanisa]] kokoa noho ny fanatanjahantena maro hafa ny ''baseball'' lalaovina ao anatin' ny rafitra voalamina. Misaraka mazava ny hetsika tsirairay eo amin' ny lalao, ary somary vitsy ny mety ho fiafarany. Tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19, i Henry Chadwick, teraka tany [[Angletera]], nipetraka tao Brooklyn ary mpilalao ''cricket'' taloha, no tompon' andraikitra tamin' izao, araka ity teny nalaina adika amin' ny teny malagasy ity: «fampivelarana ny tabilao famintinana ny zava-bitan' ny mpilalao sy ny ekipa (''box score''), ny tabilao filaharana, ny boky torolalana momba ny ''baseball'' mivoaka isan-taona, ny salanisan' ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby (''batting average''), ary ny ankamaroan' ny antontanisa sy tabilao mahazatra ampiasaina hamaritana ny ''baseball''».&lt;ref name=&quot;T16&quot; /&gt; Manana anjara toerana lehibe tokoa amin' izay lazain' ny loharano hoe «maha izy azy ara-tantara» an' ilay lalao ny firaketana antontanisa, ka nanjary nantsoina hoe ''Father Baseball'' (Rain' ny ''baseball'') i Chadwick.&lt;ref name=&quot;T16&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ireo taona 1920, dia nanomboka nanokana toerana nihamaro hatrany ho an' ny antontanisan' ny ''baseball'' ny gazety amerikanina. Izany no niandohan' ny fiovana izay nofaritan' ilay mpanao gazety sady mpahay tantara Alan Schwarz tamin' izao teny izao, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «fiovana goavana teo amin' ny fanatanjahantena, satria nanomboka nitodika tany amin' ny mpilalao tsirairay sy ny antontanisa momba azy ny fahalianana izay nifantoka indrindra tamin' ny ekipa taloha».&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-154&quot; /&gt;

Takian' ny ''Official Baseball Rules'' (Fitsipika Ofisialin' ny ''Baseball''), izay tantanan' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny ''Baseball''; ''Major League Baseball''), ny hanasokajian' ny mpiraki-dalao ofisialy ny hetsika tsirairay amin' ny fomba tsy mampisalasala. Manome fepetra amin' ny antsipiriany ireo fitsipika ireo mba hitovian' ny fomba firaketana. Ny tatitra firaketana ny lalao no fototra ofisialy iorenan' ny tabilao famintinana ny lalao sy ny antontanisa mifandraika aminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-155&quot; /&gt; Mampiasa antontanisa ny tale jeneraly, ny mpitantana ekipa ary ny mpitsikilo mitady mpilalao mba hanombanana ny mpilalao sy handraisana fanapahan-kevitra momba ny paikady.

[[File:Baseball steal.jpg|right|thumb|Rickey Henderson, izay mitana ny laharana voalohany hatramin' izay teo amin' ireo ligy lehibe raha ny isa azo sy ny toby nangalarina no jerena, mangalatra ny toby fahatelo nandritra ny lalao iray tamin' ny 1988.]]
Mahazatra ny ankamaroan' ny mpankafy ''baseball'' ny antontanisa nentim-paharazana sasany. Anisan' ny antontanisa fototra momba ny fikapohana ireto:&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-156&quot; /&gt;
* Fanatrehana fikapohana isaina (''at bats''): ny isan' ny fanatrehan' ny mpikapoka eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana, ka tsy ampidirina ny fahazoana mandeha ho amin' ny toby voalohany tsy mikapoka (''walks'') sy ny fahavoazan' ny baolina natsipy (''hit by pitch''), satria tsy voasedra tanteraka ny fahaizan' ny mpikapoka amin' ireo; tsy ampidirina koa ny kapoka atao sorona sy ny kapoka avo atao sorona (''sacrifices'' sy ''sacrifice flies''), izay aneken' ny mpikapoka fanesorana azy mba hampandrosoana mpihazakazaka iray na maromaro.
* Kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby (''hits''): ny isan' ny fahatongavana amin' ny toby tsy voaesotra, vokatry ny baolina voakapoka tafiditra ao anatin' ny faritra ara-dalàna, nefa tsy nisy fahadisoan' ny mpiaro na safidin' ny mpiaro hanala mpihazakazaka hafa (''fielder's choice'').
* Isa azo (''runs''): ny isan' ny fahavitana mihodidina ny toby sy ny fahatongavana eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana tsy voaesotra.
* Isa nampidirin' ny mpikapoka, na RBI (isa nampidirina vokatry ny fikapohana; ''runs batted in''): ny isan' ny mpihazakazaka nahazo isa noho ny hetsika nataon' ny mpikapoka, ka tafiditra amin' izany ny mpikapoka ihany raha kapoka ahafahany mamita ny fihodinana ny toby efatra (''home run'') no nataony. Tsy isaina anefa izany raha kapoka nikodiadia niteraka fanesorana mpilalao roa no nataon' ny mpikapoka, na raha fahadisoan' ny mpiaro no nahatafapaka azy tamin' ny toby.
* Kapoka ahafahana mamita ny fihodinana ny toby efatra (''home runs''): ny kapoka nahafahan' ny mpikapoka nikasika ny toby efatra rehetra, nefa tsy nisy fahadisoan' ny mpiaro nanampy azy.
* Salanisan' ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby (''batting average''): ny isan' ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby zaraina amin' ny isan' ny fanatrehana fikapohana isaina. Io no fandrefesana nentim-paharazana ny fahaizana mikapoka.
Anisan' ny antontanisa fototra momba ny fihazakazahana eny amin' ny toby ireto:&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-157&quot; /&gt;
* Toby nangalarina (''stolen bases''): ny isan' ny fandrosoana ho amin' ny toby manaraka noho ny ezaky ny mpihazakazaka irery ihany, izay matetika mitranga rehefa miomana hanipy na manipy ny baolina ny mpanipy.
* Fanesorana teo am-pangalarana toby (''caught stealing''): ny isan' ny fanesorana ny mpihazakazaka amin' ny fikasihana azy amin' ny baolina eo am-piezahany hangalatra toby.
[[File:Cy young pitching.jpg|right|thumb|[[Cy Young]] tamin' ny 1908. Mitana zava-bita ambony indrindra maro voarakitra nandritra ny androm-pilalaovana teo amin' ireo ligy lehibe izy, anisan' izany ny fandresena sy ny fihodinana niandraiketana fanipazana ary koa ny faharesena. Mitondra ny anaran' i Young ny loka omen' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny ''Baseball'') isan-taona ho an' ny mpanipy tsara indrindra ao amin' ny ligy tsirairay.]]
Anisan' ny antontanisa fototra momba ny fanipazana ireto:&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-158&quot; /&gt;
* Fandresena (''wins''): omena ny mpanipy tao amin' ny ekipa nandresy izay farany niandraikitra fanipazana talohan' ny nahazoan' ilay ekipa tombon' isa tsy nafoiny intsony hatramin' ny farany. Raha ilay mpanipy nanomboka ny lalao no hahazo io fandresena io, dia tsy maintsy efa niandraikitra fanipazana nandritra ny fihodinana dimy farafahakeliny izy.
* Faharesena (''losses''): ampitondraina ny mpanipy tao amin' ny ekipa resy izay niandraikitra fanipazana tamin' ny fotoana nahazoan' ny mpifanandrina tombon' isa tsy nafoiny intsony hatramin' ny farany.
* Famonjena fandresena (''saves''): ny lalao izay nidiran' ny mpanipy raha efa nitarika tamin' ny isa ny ekipany, ary nofaranany nefa tsy very izany fitarihana izany, sady tsy izy no mpanipy nomena ny fandresena. Ankoatra ireo dia tsy maintsy tanteraka ny iray amin' ireto fepetra ireto: (a) isa telo na latsaka ny elanelana nitaritan' ny ekipany tamin' ny nidirany; (b) ilay mpilalao afaka mampitovy isa dia efa teo amin' ny toby, na nikapoka, na niandry ny anjarany hikapoka manaraka avy hatrany (''on deck''); na (c) niandraikitra fanipazana nandritra ny fihodinana telo na mihoatra ilay mpanipy.
* Fihodinana niandraiketana fanipazana (''innings pitched''): ny isan' ny fanesorana mpilalao voarakitra nandritra ny fanipazan' ilay mpanipy zaraina telo. Raha misy fihodinana tsy feno, dia toy ny hoe «5.2» na «7.1» no fomba mahazatra anoratana azy. Ny tarehimarika farany amin' ireo dia manondro ampahatelon' ny fihodinana, fa tsy ampahafolony.
* Fanesorana amin' ny ''strike'' telo (''strikeouts''): ny isan' ny fanomezana ''strike'' telo ho an' ny mpikapoka iray tamin' ny fanipazana.
* Taham-pandresena (''winning percentage''): ny isan' ny fandresena zaraina amin' ny fitambaran' ny lalao nahazoana fanapahan-kevitra momba ny fandresena na faharesena, izany hoe ny fandresena miampy ny faharesena.
* Salanisan' ny isa azon' ny mpifanandrina ankoatra izay vokatry ny fahadisoan' ny mpiaro, na ERA (salanisan' ny isa heverina ho vokatry ny lalao ara-dalàna; ''earned run average''): ny isa azon' ny mpifanandrina isaky ny fihodinana sivy niandraiketana fanipazana, ka tsy ampidirina ireo isa vokatry ny fahadisoan' ny mpiaro.
Anisan' ny antontanisa fototra momba ny fiarovana ireto:&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-159&quot; /&gt;
* Fanesorana mivantana (''putouts''): ny isan' ny fotoana nisamboran' ny mpiaro baolina voakapoka teny amin' ny habakabaka, na nanesorany mpihazakazaka tamin' ny fikasihana azy amin' ny baolina na tamin' ny fanesorana an-tery, na nanatanterahany mivantana fanesorana tamin' ny fomba hafa.
* Fanampiana tamin' ny fanesorana (''assists''): ny isan' ny fanesorana mivantana nataon' ny mpiaro hafa rehefa avy nikasika ny baolina ilay mpiaro isaina ho nanampy.
* Fahadisoana (''errors''): ny isan' ny fotoana tsy nahavitan' ny mpiaro hetsika izay tokony ho vitany tamin' ny ezaka mahazatra, ka nahazoan' ny ekipa mpikapoka tombony.
* Fitambaran' ny fahafahana manao hetsika fiarovana (''total chances''): ny fanesorana mivantana miampy ny fanampiana tamin' ny fanesorana miampy ny fahadisoana.
* Taham-pahombiazan' ny fiarovana (''fielding average''): ny fahafahana nahavitana hetsika fiarovana tamim-pahombiazana, izany hoe ny fanesorana mivantana miampy ny fanampiana tamin' ny fanesorana, zaraina amin' ny fitambaran' ny fahafahana manao hetsika fiarovana.

Misy koa, amin' ireo antontanisa maro hafa raketina, ny antsoina amin' ny anarana iombonana hoe antontanisa arakaraka ny toe-draharaha (''situational statistics''). Ohatra, azo fantarina amin' ny antontanisa hoe iza avy amin' ny mpanipy no tena ahombiazan' ny mpikapoka iray. Raha manome tombony ho an' ny mpikapoka iray ny toe-draharaha iray araka ny antontanisa, dia mety hirona kokoa amin' ny fanoloana mpanipy ny mpitantana ny ekipa miaro, na hampanao fanomezana toby voalohany an-tsitrapo ho an' ilay mpikapoka (''intentional walk'') ny mpanipy, mba hiatrehana mpikapoka hafa izay kely kokoa ny mety hahombiazany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-160&quot; /&gt;

=== Famakafakana ara-antontanisa ny baseball ===
Ny ''sabermetrics'' dia sehatra fandinihana ny antontanisan' ny ''baseball'' sy famoronana antontanisa ary fitaovana famakafakana vaovao. Antsoina hoe ''sabermetrics'' koa ireo antontanisa vaovao ireo. Manodidina ny 1980 no namoronan' i Bill James, iray amin' ireo mpanohana lehibe an' io sehatra io, ilay teny. Avy amin' ny anaran' ny ''Society for American Baseball Research'' (Fikambanana momba ny Fikarohana ny ''Baseball'' Amerikanina), izay hafohezina hoe SABR (Fikambanana momba ny Fikarohana ny ''Baseball'' Amerikanina), izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-161&quot; /&gt;

Hatramin' ny fiandohan' ireo taona 1980, dia nitombo ny fahalianana tamin' ny ''sabermetrics''. Nampitombo ny fifantohana tamin' ny antontanisa roa momba ny fikapohana izany, izay lazain' ny mpandinika ao amin' io sehatra io fa mahomby lavitra noho ny salanisan' ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby amin' ny fandrefesana ny fahaizan' ny mpikapoka:&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-162&quot; /&gt;
* Ny OBP (taham-pahatongavana amin' ny toby; ''on-base percentage'') dia mandrefy ny fahaizan' ny mpikapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby. Kajina izany amin' ny fanampiana ny fahombiazany rehetra tamin' ny fahatongavana amin' ny toby, izany hoe ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby miampy ny fahazoana mandeha ho amin' ny toby voalohany tsy mikapoka miampy ny fahavoazan' ny baolina natsipy. Zaraina amin' ny fitambaran' ny fanatrehany eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana izany, dia ny fanatrehana fikapohana isaina miampy ny fahazoana mandeha tsy mikapoka miampy ny fahavoazan' ny baolina natsipy miampy ny kapoka avo atao sorona; tsy ampidirina kosa ny kapoka fohy atao sorona (''sacrifice bunts'').&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-163&quot; /&gt;
* Ny SLG (taham-pahazoana toby amin' ny kapoka; ''slugging percentage'') dia mandrefy ny fahaizan' ny mpikapoka mikapoka mafy. Kajina izany amin' ny fizarana ny fitambaran' ny toby azony tamin' ny kapoka amin' ny isan' ny fanatrehany fikapohana isaina. Ao amin' io fitambaran' ny toby io dia iray no isaina isaky ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby voalohany (''single''), roa isaky ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby faharoa (''double''), telo isaky ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby fahatelo (''triple''), ary efatra isaky ny ''home run''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-164&quot; /&gt;

Nanjary fampiasa betsaka ny sasany amin' ireo antontanisa vaovao noforonin' ny mpandinika ''sabermetrics'':
* Ny OPS (taham-pahatongavana amin' ny toby miampy taham-pahazoana toby amin' ny kapoka; ''on-base plus slugging'') dia mandrefy ny fahaizan' ny mpikapoka amin' ny ankapobeny. Ny taham-pahatongavany amin' ny toby ampiana ny taham-pahazoany toby amin' ny kapoka no ahazoana azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-165&quot; /&gt;
* Ny WHIP (fahazoana mandeha tsy mikapoka miampy kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby isaky ny fihodinana niandraiketana fanipazana; ''walks plus hits per inning pitched'') dia mandrefy ny fahaizan' ny mpanipy manakana ny mpikapoka tsy ho tonga amin' ny toby. Kajina izany amin' ny fanampiana ny isan' ny fahazoana mandeha tsy mikapoka sy ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby navelan' ilay mpanipy ho azon' ny mpifanandrina, ary avy eo fizarana izany amin' ny isan' ny fihodinana niandraiketany fanipazana.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-166&quot; /&gt;
* Ny WAR (fandresena fanampiny raha oharina amin' ny fenitry ny mpisolo; ''Wins Above Replacement'') dia mandrefy ny isan' ny fandresena fanampiny azon' ny ekipa noho ny mpilalao iray, raha oharina amin' ny isan' ny fandresena antenaina ho azon' ilay ekipa raha mpilalao manana ny haavo ampiasaina ho fenitra ho an' ny mpisolo (''replacement-level player'') no nisolo azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-167&quot; /&gt;

== Fitiavan' ny olona azy sy ny fiantraikany eo amin' ny kolontsaina ==
[[File:Waseda University baseball players.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|Mpilalao roa ao amin' ny ekipa mpilalao ''baseball'' ao amin' ny Oniversite Waseda, any Tokyo, [[Japàna]], tamin' ny 1921]]
Tao amin' ny lahatsoratra nosoratany tamin' ny 1919, dia nofaritan' ilay filôzôfa Morris Raphael Cohen ho fivavaham-pirenen' i [[Etazonia]] ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-168&quot; /&gt; Araka ny tenin' ilay mpanoratra momba ny fanatanjahantena Jayson Stark, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, dia efa hatry ny ela ny ''baseball'' no «ohatra filamatra tokana miavaka amin' ny kolontsaina amerikanina»; araka ny heviny anefa, dia ravan' ilay raharaha momba ny fampiasana tsy araka ny tokony ho izy ny sterôida (na akora simika misy karazany ampiasaina hampitomboana hozatra) izany toerana notanany izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-169&quot; /&gt; Manana toerana lehibe eo amin' ny kolontsain' ny firenena hafa koa ny ''baseball'', araka ny filazan' ilay manam-pahaizana Peter Bjarkman. Toy izao no nilazany izany, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «lalina tokoa ny fakan' io fanatanjahantena io ao amin' ny tantara sy ny kolontsain' ny firenena toa an' i [[Kiobà]], [ary] tanteraka tokoa ny fanovana ifotony azy sy ny fampifanarahana azy tamin' ny kolontsaina teo an-toerana tany [[Japàna]]».&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-170&quot; /&gt;

=== Ila-bolantany andrefana ===
Noho ny fitaoman' i Etazonia teo amin' ny ila-bolantany andrefana, dia nitombo be ny filalaovana ''baseball'' tao amin' io faritra io.

==== Ao Etazonia ====
Jereo koa: Baseball any [[Kanada]].
[[File:911 President George W. Bush at World Series, 10302001..jpg|thumb|[[George Bush|Ny filoha George W. Bush]] mandray torohevitra alohan' ny hanaovany ny fanipazana fanokafana ny lalao fahatelo tamin' ny ''World Series'', herinandro vitsivitsy taorian' ny fanafihana tamin' ny 11 Septambra 2001]]
Tamin' ny voalohany, dia ny mpiasa birao avy amin' ny saranga antonony no nokendrena ho mpijery ny lalaon' ny ligy lehibe tao Etazonia. Lafo ny vidim-pidirana 50&amp;nbsp;cents napetraky ny ''National League'' (Ligim-pirenena) tamin' ny 1876, raha oharina amin' ny fialam-boly hafa natrehin' ny mpijery. Sakana ho an' ny mpiasa manao asa tanana koa ny toerana nisy ny kianja, izay teny ivelan' ny faritra afovoan-tanàna, sy ny fandaminana ny lalao hatao antoandro mandritra ny andro fiasana.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-171&quot; /&gt; Hafa tanteraka ny toe-javatra taonjato iray tatỳ aoriana. Araka ny fanadihadian' i Riess, rehefa nitombo ny fitiavan' ny olona ireo fanatanjahantena an' ekipa hafa izay lafo lavitra ny salanisan' ny vidim-pidirana, dia ny baolina kitra amerikanina, ny basikety ary ny ''hockey'', dia lasa anisan' ny fanatanjahantena natrehin' ny mpijery sy tena nankafizin' ny mpiasa manao asa tanana tao Etazonia ny ''baseball'' matihanina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-172&quot; /&gt;
[[File:20080708 Oversized Cubs Win Flag.jpg|thumb|Mpankafy ny Chicago Cubs mifaly miaraka amin' ny sainan' ny fandresen' ny Cubs]]
Amin' ny ankapobeny, dia maro ny mpankafy ''baseball'' ao Etazonia. Araka ny fitsapan-kevitra iray natao tamin' ny 2006, dia efa ho ny antsasaky ny Amerikanina no mpankafy azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-173&quot; /&gt;
Izany no nahatonga ny mpankafy ''baseball'' amerikanina maro hiantso azy hoe «fialam-boly tian' ny Amerikanina indrindra», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ilay fiantsoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-174&quot; /&gt;
Araka ny fandinihan' i Katy Missimer, dia azo raisina ho sary an' ohatra maneho ny fomba fiaina amerikanina ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-175&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-20 sy ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-21, dia nisy fironana nifanohitra teo amin' ny toerana notanan' ny ''baseball'' raha oharina amin' ny baolina kitra amerikanina tao Etazonia.
Tamin' ny 2008, dia nahatratra 6,5&amp;nbsp;miliara dôlara ny vola niditra tamin' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball), ka izany no ambony indrindra voarakitra hatramin' izay. Sambany tao anatin' ny am-polony taona maro no nitovy tamin' ny vola niditra tamin' ny NFL (Ligim-pirenena amin' ny Baolina Kitra Amerikanina) izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-176&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 2017, dia nahatratra ny tarehimarika ambony indrindra vaovao indray ny vola niditra tamin' ny MLB, izay nihoatra ny 10&amp;nbsp;miliara dôlara.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-177&quot; /&gt;
Etsy ankilany, dia 9&amp;nbsp;% tamin' ireo Amerikanina mpankafy fanatanjahantena nanaovana fitsapan-kevitra no nilaza fa ny ''baseball'' no fanatanjahantena tiany indrindra, raha 37&amp;nbsp;% kosa no nifidy ny baolina kitra amerikanina matihanina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-178&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 1985, dia 24&amp;nbsp;% no nifidy ny baolina kitra amerikanina matihanina ary 23&amp;nbsp;% no nifidy ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-179&quot; /&gt;
Betsaka lavitra kosa ny fitambaran' ny mpijery manatrika ny lalaon' ny ligy lehibe amin' ny ''baseball'', satria maro lavitra ny lalao atao ao aminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-180&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 2008, dia 78,6&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa ny fitambaran' ny mpijery nanatrika ny lalaon' ny ligy lehibe: io no isa faharoa ambony indrindra teo amin' ny tantarany, ary latsaka 0,7&amp;nbsp;% monja noho ny isa ambony indrindra voarakitra tamin' ny taona teo aloha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MajorAtRec&quot; /&gt;
Ny taona nanaraka, tao anatin' ny fitotongan' ny toekaren' i Etazonia, dia nihena 6,6&amp;nbsp;% izany ka lasa 73,4&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown10&quot; /&gt;
Valo taona tatỳ aoriana, dia nidina ambanin' ny 73&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-182&quot; /&gt;
Nahatratra ny isa ambony indrindra voarakitra koa ny fitambaran' ny mpijery nanatrika ireo lalao teo ambany fiahian' ny ''Minor League Baseball'' (Ligy Madinika amin' ny Baseball) tamin' ny 2008, izay nahatratra 43,3&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-183&quot; /&gt;
Na dia tsy mahasarika mpijery fahitalavitra manerana ny firenena betsaka tahaka ny lalao baolina kitra amerikanina aza ny lalaon' ny MLB, dia izy ireo no manjaka eo amin' ny tsenan' ny fahitalavitra any amin' ny faritra misy ny ekipany. Mandritra ny fahavaratra any an-toerana, dia matetika izy ireo no voalohany amin' ny fandaharana rehetra amin' ny ora be mpijery amin' ny hariva any amin' ireny faritra ireny.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-184&quot; /&gt;
Taorian' ny fihenana nandritra ny taona maromaro nanomboka tamin' ny 2017, dia nitombo kely indray ny isan' ny mpijery ''baseball'' tamin' ny taona vitsivitsy nifarana tamin' ny 2024. Tamin' ny 2024, dia nahatratra 71,3&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa izany, ka io no ambony indrindra nanomboka tamin' ny 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-185&quot; /&gt;

==== [[Amerika Latina]] ====
Jereo koa: ny fifandraisan' i Amerika Latina sy [[Etazonia]] eo amin' ny fanatanjahantena.

Be mpankafy tokoa ny ''baseball'' any [[Venezoela]]; tamin' ny 2011, dia nilaza ny 95 % tamin' ireo olona nanaovana fanadihadiana fa io no fanatanjahantena nasionaly.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-186&quot; /&gt; Heverina ho fanatanjahantena nasionaly koa ny ''baseball'' any Nikaragoa sy Panamà.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-187&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-188&quot; /&gt; Na dia mbola be mpankafy kokoa aza ny baolina kitra, dia mitombo haingana ny firoboroboan' ny ''baseball'' any [[Meksika]]. Tamin' ny 2024, dia nahasarika mpijery maro kokoa noho ny ekipa sasany ao amin' ny ''Liga MX'' (ligy baolina kitra any Meksika) ireo ekipa sangany tao amin' ny ligy ''baseball'' any Meksika.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-189&quot; /&gt; Misy mpankafy ihany koa ny ''baseball'' any Kôlômbia, na dia mbola aorian' ny baolina kitra aza izy, indrindra any amin' ny faritra amorontsiraka akaikin' ny Ranomasina Karaiba, toa an' i [[Barranquilla]] sy Cartagena.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-190&quot; /&gt; Tao anatin' ny taona vitsivitsy, dia nitombo ny mpankafy ''baseball'' tany Kôlômbia, indrindra tao [[Bogotá]] renivohitra, noho ny fitomboan' ny isan' ny mpifindra monina avy any Venezoela.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-191&quot; /&gt; Nitombo koa ny mpankafy ''baseball'' tany [[Brezila]] tao anatin' ny taona vitsivitsy, noho ny fandefasana ny lalaon' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball) tao amin' ny ESPN (fantsona fahitalavitra momba ny fanatanjahantena) any Brezila sy ilay medaly volafotsy manan-tantara azo tamin' ny fifaninanana ''baseball'' tao amin' ny Lalao Panamerikanina 2023. Na izany aza, dia mbola aorian' ny basikety sy ny baolina kitra amerikanina izy raha jerena ny fanatanjahantena be mpanao indrindra any Brezila.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-192&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-193&quot; /&gt; Nitombo koa ny mpankafy ''baseball'' tany [[Arzantina]] sy [[Però]] tao anatin' ny taona vitsivitsy noho ny mpifindra monina avy any Venezoela.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-194&quot; /&gt; Lalaovina any [[Hôndorasy]] koa ny ''baseball''. Tao anatin' ny taona vitsivitsy, dia niezaka nampitombo ny fanohanana io fanatanjahantena io tao amin' ilay firenena i Mauricio Dubón, mpilalao ao amin' ny ligy lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-196&quot; /&gt;

Nanampy ireo mpifindra monina avy any Amerika Latina ho tafiditra ao amin' ny fiarahamonina any Etazonia ny fitiavan' ny olona an' io fanatanjahantena io manerana an' i Amerika Latina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-197&quot; /&gt;

==== Karaiba ====
Nanomboka tany am-piandohan' ny taompolo 1980, dia ny [[Repoblika Dôminikana]], indrindra ny tanànan' i San Pedro de Macorís, no tena namatsy ireo ligy lehibe tamin' ny mpilalao mahay avy any ivelany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-198&quot; /&gt; Mbola isan' ireo maherifom-pirenena lehibe indrindra teo amin' ny tantaran' i Pôrtô-Rikô i [[Roberto Clemente]], izay voaray ao amin' ny ''Hall of Fame'' (lisitr' ireo olona omena voninahitra noho ny zava-bitany).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-200&quot; /&gt; Na dia efa hatry ny ela aza ny ''baseball'' no fialam-boly ara-panatanjahantena lehibe indrindra tao amin' ilay nosy, dia nihena nanomboka tamin' ny 1990 ny mpankafy ny ligy matihanina lalaovina amin' ny ririnina, izay nahasarika mpijery maro taloha. Tamin' io taona io no nanombohana nampiditra ireo tanora mpilalao avy any Pôrtô-Rikô tao amin' ny fifantenana isan-taona ataon' ireo ekipa ao amin' ny ligy lehibe handraisana mpilalao vaovao.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-201&quot; /&gt; Any [[Kiobà]], izay heverina amin' ny lafiny rehetra fa ny ''baseball'' no fanatanjahantena nasionaly,&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-202&quot; /&gt; dia mahazo toerana lehibe kokoa noho ireo ekipan' ny tanàna sy faritany mifaninana ao amin' ireo ligy an-toerana avo lenta indrindra ny ekipam-pirenena.&lt;ref name=&quot;WW&quot; /&gt; Anisan' ny fanatanjahantena be mpankafy indrindra any [[Aruba]] sy Curaçao koa ny ''baseball'',&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-204&quot; /&gt; ary mihamiroborobo any [[Bahamasy]] sy any amin' ny US Virgin Islands.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-205&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-206&quot; /&gt;

=== Azia ===
[[File:Afghan girl playing baseball in 2002.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Ankizivavy afganà milalao ''baseball'' tamin' ny Aogositra 2002]]
Any [[Azia Atsinanana]], anisan' ny fanatanjahantena be mpankafy indrindra ny ''baseball'' any [[Japàna]],&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-207&quot; /&gt; any [[Taioàna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-208&quot; /&gt; ary any [[Kôrea Atsimo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-209&quot; /&gt; Any Japàna, izay tsy iadian-kevitra fa ny ''baseball'' no fanatanjahantena ifaninanana ekipa be mpijery indrindra, dia notombanana ho iray lavitrisa dôlara ny fitambaran' ny vola niditra tamin' ireo ekipa roa ambin' ny folo ao amin' ny ''Nippon Professional Baseball'' (Baseball Matihanina ao Japàna, NPB) tamin' ny 2007. Io fikambanana io no miandraikitra ny ''Central League'' (Ligy Afovoany) sy ny ''Pacific League'' (Ligy Pasifika). Tokony ho 20 tapitrisa ny fitambaran' ny mpijery tonga nanatrika ny lalaon' ny NPB tamin' io taona io. Tao anatin' ny roapolo taona nialoha izany, dia nitombo 50 isan-jato ny isan' ny mpijery tonga nanatrika ny lalaon' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball), ary efa ho nitombo avo telo heny ny vola niditra taminy; tsy niova firy kosa ireo tarehimarika ireo ho an' ny NPB. Misy ny ahiahy fa hanimba ny ''baseball'' any Japàna ny fitomboan' ny fahalianan' ny MLB haka ireo mpilalao japoney malaza.&lt;ref name=&quot;RW&quot; /&gt; Any Taioàna, ny ''baseball'' dia iray amin' ireo fanatanjahantena be mpijery indrindra, na amin' ny fahitalavitra na eny an-kianja.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taiwan Culture Portal&quot; /&gt;

Nitombo be ny mpankafy ny ''baseball'' tany amin' ny [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina]] tato anatin' ny taona vitsivitsy; araka ny tombana nataon' ny MLB tamin' ny 2019, dia 21 tapitrisa ny mpankafy nanaraka mavitrika io fanatanjahantena io tao amin' ilay firenena.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Noheverina ho fialam-boly nasionaly ny ''baseball'' tany amin' ny [[Filipina]] tamin' ireo taompolo 1960 sy 1970, saingy nihena ny fankafizan' ny olona azy taorian' izany. Nanomboka tamin' ny 2005, dia nisy ezaka natao hamelomana indray io fanatanjahantena io tao amin' ilay firenena.&lt;ref name=&quot;renaissance&quot; /&gt;

Nitombo tampoka ny fankafizan' ny olona ny ''baseball'' tany [[Tailandy]], taorian' ny nahazoan' ilay firenena medaly volafotsy tamin' io fanatanjahantena io nandritra ny Lalaon' i Azia Atsimo Atsinanana tamin' ny 2025, izay nampiantranoiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-215&quot; /&gt;

=== Eorôpa ===
[[File:Tigers2017Champions.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|Ny Tampere Tigers mankalaza ny fandreseny tamin' ny fiadiana ny ho tompondaka tamin' ny 2017 tao Turku, any [[Finlandy]].]]
Amin' ny ankapobeny, dia fanatanjahantena vitsy mpitia any Eorôpa ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-216&quot; /&gt; Somary be mpitia kosa izy io any [[Nederlandy]], izay iantsoana azy hoe ''honkbal'', noho ny fitaoman' i [[Etazonia]] taorian' ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]] sy noho i [[Aruba]] sy Curaçao, izay ny ''baseball'' no fanatanjahantena be mpitia indrindra, eo ambany fifehezan' io fanjakana io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-217&quot; /&gt; Somary be mpitia koa ny ''baseball'' any amin' ny faritra sasany any Italia, indrindra ao amin' ny tanànan' i Nettuno, noho ny fitaoman' ny miaramila amerikanina taorian' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-218&quot; /&gt; Nivoatra tao anatin' ny taona vitsivitsy ny ''baseball'' any [[Tsekia]], ka anisan' ny nahatonga izany ny fahombiazan' ny ekipa tseky tamin' ny fifaninanana ''World Baseball Classic'' tamin' ny 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-219&quot; /&gt;

=== Ôseania ===
Jereo koa: Ny ''baseball'' any Zelandy Vaovao.

Anisan' ny fanatanjahantena be mpitia indrindra any [[Palaô]] sy [[Guam]] ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-220&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-221&quot; /&gt; Any Aostralia, dia fanatanjahantena vitsy mpitia izy io, nefa manana ligy matihanina ilay firenena. Mahasarika mpilalao matihanina amerikanina sy kôreanina maniry hilalao amin' ny ligin' ny ''baseball'' amin' ny ririnina io ligy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-222&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 2026, dia Aostralianina maherin' ny 30 no nilalao ''baseball'' teny amin' ny oniversite tany Etazonia, raha enina izany tamin' ny 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-223&quot; /&gt;

=== Afrika ===
Tsy dia be mpitia any Afrika ny ''baseball'', ary any [[Afrika Atsimo]] sy [[Oganda]] no tena ahitana mpitia azy maro ao amin' io kôntinenta io. Mihamitombo kosa ny fandaharanasa fampandrosoana azy any [[Zimbaboe]], [[Ganà]], [[Kenià]], [[Tanzania]] ary [[Nizerià]].&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-224&quot; /&gt;

Be mpitia tany [[Afrika Atsimo]] ny ''baseball'' talohan' ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]], saingy nihena ny mpitia azy hatramin' izay. Mbola misy ekipa any, ary misy ezaka atao hampitomboana indray ny mpitia azy, anisan' izany ny fampidirana ny ''Baseball5''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-227&quot; /&gt; Mihamitombo koa ny fandaharanasa fampandrosoana ny ''baseball'' any [[Sodàna Atsimo]], ka nisy mpilalao nahazo fifanarahana hilalaovana ho matihanina vokatr' izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-228&quot; /&gt; Nanangana fifaninanana ''baseball'' Koshien ho an' ny mpianatra eny amin' ny lisea tany [[Tanzania]], [[Ganà]] ary [[Kenià]] ny ''[[Japàna|Japan]]-Africa Baseball &amp; Softball Foundation'' (Fondasiona Japàna–Afrika momba ny ''baseball'' sy ny ''softball''), ka tany [[Tanzania]] no nahitana fahombiazana indrindra. Kasaina koa ny hananganana fifaninanana mitovy amin' izany any [[Nizerià]], [[Sodàna Atsimo]], [[Benîno]], [[Kamerona]] ary [[Zambia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-229&quot; /&gt;

=== Eo amin' ny ankizy ===
Tamin' ny 2024, ny ''Little League Baseball'' (fikambanana mikarakara ligy ''baseball'' ho an' ny ankizy) dia niandraikitra ligy nahitana mpandray anjara 2&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa tany amin' ny firenena maherin' ny 80.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-230&quot; /&gt; Nihena ny isan' ny mpilalao raha oharina amin' ny taompolo 1990, izay nahitana ankizy 3&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa nandray anjara tamin' ny ''Little League Baseball'' isan-taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-231&quot; /&gt; Maherin' ny 1&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa ny mpandray anjara ao amin' ny ekipan' ny ''[[Babe Ruth]] League'' (ligy Babe Ruth).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-232&quot; /&gt; Araka ny filazan' ny filohan' ny Federasiona Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Baseball tamin' ny 2009, dia vehivavy sy zazavavy eo anelanelan' ny 300&amp;nbsp;000 sy 500&amp;nbsp;000 maneran-tany no milalao ''baseball'', ka anisan' izany ireo mandray anjara amin' ny ''Little League'' sy ny ''Tee Ball'', lalao fampidirana amin' ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-233&quot; /&gt;

Efa anisan' ny rafitra miorina ao amin' ny sampana misahana ny fanabeazana ara-batana any amin' ny ankamaroan' ny sekoly ambaratonga faharoa ambony sy ny toeram-pampianarana ambony any [[Etazonia]] ny fisian' ny ekipa ''baseball'' voalohany misolo tena ny sekoly.&lt;ref name=&quot;MB&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 2015, dia mpianatra ambaratonga faharoa ambony efa ho antsasaka tapitrisa sy mpianatra ambaratonga ambony maherin' ny 34&amp;nbsp;000 no nilalao tao amin' ny ekipa ''baseball'' tao amin' ny toeram-pianarany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-235&quot; /&gt; Efa tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-20 no nitana ny laharana voalohany tamin' ny fanatanjahantena tao [[Japàna]] ny ''baseball'' nifanandrinan' ny toeram-pampianarana ambony. Tena be mpitia ao indrindra indrindra ny ''baseball'' an-tsekoly ambaratonga faharoa ambony.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-236&quot; /&gt; Alefa manerana ny firenena ny fihodinana farany amin' ireo fifaninanana roa fanao isan-taona: ny Fifaninanam-pirenena ''Baseball'' ho an' ny Sekoly Ambaratonga Faharoa Ambony Asaina Handray Anjara, amin' ny lohataona, sy ny Fiadiana ny Ho Tompondaka Nasionalin' ny ''Baseball'' ho an' ny Sekoly Ambaratonga Faharoa Ambony, izay mbola manan-danja kokoa, amin' ny fahavaratra. Antsoina hoe ''Spring Koshien'' (Koshien amin' ny lohataona) sy ''Summer Koshien'' (Koshien amin' ny fahavaratra) izy ireo tsirairay avy, araka ny anaran' ny kianja Koshien mahazaka olona 55&amp;nbsp;000 izay anaovana azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-237&quot; /&gt; Any [[Kiobà]], dia ampahany tsy maintsy atao ao anatin' ny rafi-panjakana momba ny fanabeazana ara-batana, izay manomboka ho an' ny ankizy enin-taona, ny ''baseball''. Misy ankizy manan-talenta alefa any amin' ny sekoly manokana eny amin' ny distrika mba hahazo fiofanana lalina kokoa, na dia vao fito taona aza. Izany no dingana voalohany amin' ny lalam-pivoarana izay miafara any amin' ny ekipam-pirenena ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WW&quot; /&gt;

=== Ao amin' ny kolontsaina iombonan' ny besinimaro ===
[[File:Honus wagner t206 baseball card.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Nisongadina tao amin' ny andian-karatra ''baseball'' navoakan' ny ''American Tobacco Company'' (orinasa amerikanina mpamokatra paraky) teo anelanelan' ny 1909 sy 1911 i [[Honus Wagner]], mpiaro teo anelanelan' ny toby faharoa sy fahatelo tao amin' ny Pittsburgh Pirates. Namidy 2,8&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa dolara ity karatra aseho ity tamin' ny 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-238&quot; /&gt;]]

Nisy fiantraikany midadasika teo amin' ny kolontsaina iombonan' ny besinimaro ny ''baseball'', na tao [[Etazonia]] na tany an-kafa. Am-polony ireo fomba fiteny anglisy nipoitra avy amin' ny ''baseball''; anisan' izany indrindra ireo fomba fiteny an-kolaka momba ny firaisana ara-nofo izay ampiasaina betsaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-239&quot; /&gt; Ny World Series tamin' ny 1922 no nampitaina tamin' ny fandaharana voalohany nalefan' ny tambajotran' onjam-peo tao [[Amerika Avaratra]]: i Grantland Rice, mpanao gazety ara-panatanjahantena malaza, no nitantara mivantana ny fizotry ny lalao isaky ny hetsika avy tao amin' ny kianja Polo Grounds tao amin' ny tanànan' i New York, tao amin' ny onjam-peo WJZ any Newark, New Jersey. Nampifandraisina tamin' ny alalan' ny tariby tamin' ny WGY any Schenectady, New York, sy ny WBZ any [[Springfield, Massachusetts]], io onjam-peo io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-240&quot; /&gt; Nanjary kojakojan-damaody hita hatraiza hatraiza ny satroka ''baseball'', tsy tany Etazonia sy [[Japàna]] ihany, fa tany amin' ny firenena izay tsy dia be mpitia loatra ilay fanatanjahantena koa, toy ny [[Fanjakana Mitambatra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-241&quot; /&gt;

Nahazoana aingam-panahy hamoronana zavakanto sy fialamboly maro ny ''baseball''. Anisan' ny ohatra lehibe voalohany ny tononkalon' i Ernest Thayer, ''Casey at the Bat'', izay nivoaka tamin' ny 1888. Mitantara amin' ny hatsikana somary maneso ny tsy fahombiazan' ny mpilalao kintana iray tamin' ny fotoana manan-danja mety hamaritra ny vokatry ny lalao, izay antsoina ankehitriny hoe ''clutch situation'', io tononkalo io. Niainga avy taminy ny seho mampifandimby karazana fampisehoana (''vaudeville'') sy ny seho an-tsehatra hafa, ny firaketana feo, ny sarimihetsika nampifanarahana tamin' ilay tantara, ary ny opera iray, ary koa ny tohin-tantara sy ny fanahafana maneso maro tamin' ny haino aman-jery isan-karazany. Maro ny sarimihetsika momba ny ''baseball'', anisan' izany ny ''The Pride of the Yankees'' (1942), izay nahazo ny loka Academy Award, sy ireo voatendry hifaninana hahazo ny loka Oscar, dia ny ''The Natural'' (1984) sy ny ''Field of Dreams'' (1989). Tao amin' ny fifantenan' ny ''American Film Institute'' (Ivontoerana Amerikanina momba ny Sarimihetsika) ireo sarimihetsika ara-panatanjahantena folo tsara indrindra, dia teo amin' ny laharana faha-3 ny ''The Pride of the Yankees'', ary teo amin' ny laharana faha-5 ny ''Bull Durham'' (1988).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-242&quot; /&gt; Nampiasaina ho lohahevitra tamin' ny sanganasa nahomby na an-tsehatra na tamin' ny kapila ny ''baseball'': teo ny teatra misy hira ''Damn Yankees'', noforonin' i Adler sy Ross; teo koa ny hiran' i George J. Gaskin hoe ''Slide, Kelly, Slide'', ny ''Mrs. Robinson'' an' i [[Simon &amp; Garfunkel|Simon and Garfunkel]], ary ny ''Centerfield'' an' i John Fogerty.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-243&quot; /&gt; Nanjary nalaza haingana ny hatsikana fohy ''Who's on First?'', izay naka aingam-panahy avy amin' ny ''baseball'' ary nampahalazain' i Abbott and Costello tamin' ny 1938. Enimpolo taona tatỳ aoriana dia nofidin' ny gazetiboky ''Time'' ho fampisehoana hatsikana tsara indrindra tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-244&quot; /&gt;

Anisan' ny asa soratra mifandray amin' ilay lalao ny tantara foronina fohy nosoratan' i Ring Lardner sy ny tantara lava toa ny ''The Natural'' an' i Bernard Malamud, izay niavian' ilay sarimihetsika; ny ''The Universal Baseball Association, Inc., J. Henry Waugh, Prop.'' an' i Robert Coover; ny ''Calico Joe'' an' i [[John Grisham]]; ary ny ''Shoeless Joe'' an' i W. P. Kinsella, izay niavian' ny ''Field of Dreams''. Anisan' ny asa soratra heverina ho fototra momba ny ''baseball'' koa ny tatitra ara-gazety nosoratan' i Damon Runyon tamin' ny fanarahany tsy tapaka ilay taranja; ny lahatsoratra tao amin' ny tsanganana nosoratan' i Grantland Rice, Red Smith, Dick Young ary Peter Gammons; ary ny lahatsoratra famakafakana nosoratan' i Roger Angell. Anisan' ny boky tsy foronina malaza momba ilay taranja ny ''The Glory of Their Times'' an' i Lawrence S. Ritter, ny ''The Boys of Summer'' an' i Roger Kahn, ary ny ''Moneyball'' an' i Michael Lewis. Heverina ho fotoana nanova ny fanaovana tatitra momba ny fanatanjahantena matihanina ny famoahana, tamin' ny 1970, ny ''Ball Four'', boky fitantaran' i Jim Bouton, mpanipy tao amin' ny ligy lehibe, izay namboraka na dia ny zava-nitranga tsy nampahafantarina ny besinimaro aza.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-245&quot; /&gt;

Nahazoana aingam-panahy hamoronana endrika kolontsaina vaovao koa ny ''baseball''. Nampidirina tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19 ny karatra ''baseball'', izay karatra fanaovana dokambarotra tamin' ny voalohany. Matetika dia nisy sarina mpilalao ''baseball'' teo amin' ny ilany iray, ary dokambarotra momba ny orinasa iray teo amin' ny ilany hafa. Tany am-piandohan' ny taona 1900 dia namokatra azy ireny betsaka ho fitaovana fampiroboroboana ny varotra ny orinasa mpamokatra paraky sy vatomamy. Niely tamin' ny taona 1930 ny endrika maoderin' ny karatra ''baseball'', ahitana sarin' ny mpilalao ary antontan' isa sy mombamomba ny fiainany eo an-damosin' ilay karatra. Ireo karatra ''baseball'' ireo, izay maro amin' izy ireny ankehitriny no zavatra sarobidy angonina, no niavian' ny sehatra indostrialy midadasika kokoa mamokatra karatra angonina sy ifanakalozana. Tafiditra ao amin' izany ny vokatra mitovitovy aminy momba ny fanatanjahantena samihafa sy ny sehatra tsy mifandray amin' ny fanatanjahantena.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-246&quot; /&gt;

Nanomboka tamin' ny 1980 ny endrika maoderin' ny lalao fanatanjahantena an-tsaina, rehefa namorona ny ''Rotisserie League Baseball'' i Daniel Okrent, mpanoratra tao New York, sy ny namany maromaro. Ny mpandray anjara amin' ny ligy Rotisserie dia mifantina mpilalao avy amin' ny lisitry ny mpilalao mbola milalao ao amin' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny ''Baseball'') mba hamoronana ekipa an-tsaina. Avy eo izy ireo dia manao vanim-potoana fifaninanana an-tsaina iray manontolo, ka ny antontan' isa farany avy amin' ny tena lalao nataon' ireo mpilalao no amaritana ny vokatry ny lalao an-tsaina. Niely haingana ny lalao amin' ny fomba Rotisserie. Antsoina amin' ny anarana ankapobeny kokoa hoe ''fantasy baseball'', na lalao ''baseball'' an-tsaina, izy io ankehitriny, ary nitarika ny famoronana lalao mitovitovy aminy mifototra amin' ny fanatanjahantena maro samihafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-247&quot; /&gt; Niroborobo io sehatra io noho ny fitomboan' ny fahafahana mampiasa Internet sy ny fipoiran' ny tranonkala vaovao mifandray amin' ny lalao fanatanjahantena an-tsaina. Tamin' ny 2008 dia efa olona 29,9 tapitrisa tao Etazonia sy [[Kanada]] no nanao ireny lalao ireny, ka nandany 800&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa dolara tamin' izany fialam-boly izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-248&quot; /&gt; Heverina koa fa ny fitomboan' ny fitiavana ny lalao ''baseball'' an-tsaina no anisan' ny nahatonga ny fitomboan' ny fifantohana tamin' ny fandalinana ny ''baseball'' amin' ny alalan' ny antontan' isa (''sabermetrics''): teo amin' ny mpankafy aloha, ary tatỳ aoriana vao teo amin' ny matihanina amin' ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-249&quot; /&gt;

=== Lalao nipoitra avy aminy ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Ireo endrika samihafan' ny ''baseball''.

[[File:Queens stickball.jpg|thumb|198x198px|Ny ''stickball'' dia endrika iray amin' ny ''baseball'' fahita eny an-dalambe, izay matetika ampifanarahana amin' ny toe-javatra eo no ho eo. Hita eo amin' ny rindrina ao ambadiky ny mpikapoka ny faritra kendrena amin' ny fanipazana (''strike zone''), izay voamarika tamin' ny loko.]]
Nipoitra tsikelikely ny endrika tsy ara-pomba samihafan' ny ''baseball'', ka misy lalao toy ny ''corkball'' izay ahitana taratra ny fomban-drazana eo an-toerana sady ahafahana milalao amin' ny toerana samihafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-250&quot; /&gt; Endrika roa amin' ny ''baseball'', dia ny ''softball'' sy ny ''Baseball5'', no tantanan' ny ''World Baseball Softball Confederation'' (Konfederasiona Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Baseball sy Softball) eo amin' ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, miaraka amin' ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-251&quot; /&gt;

==== Ny ''baseball'' britanika ====
Lahatsoratra fototra: Ny ''baseball'' britanika.

Nanao fitetezam-paritra tany Britaina Lehibe ny ekipa amerikanina mpilalao ''baseball'' matihanina tamin' ny 1874 sy 1889, ary nisy fiantraikany lehibe teo amin' ireo fanatanjahantena nitovitovy taminy tany Britaina Lehibe izany. Tany Kambria sy Merseyside dia efa nisy lalao niorim-paka tsara teo amin' ny fiarahamonina, izay nampiasana fahaiza-milalao sy fomba filalaovana nifanaraka kokoa tamin' ny lalao amerikanina. Nanomboka nampiasa tsy ara-pomba ny anarana hoe ''baseball'' (''Pêl Fas'') ny mponin' i Kambria mba hanehoana izany fomba filalaovana amerikanina izany. Tamin' ny taompolo 1890 dia nisy antso mba hanaraka ny fahombiazan' ireo fanatanjahantena hafa nilalaovan' ny sarangan' ny mpiasa, toy ny ''rugby'' tany Kambria sy ny baolina kitra tany Merseyside, ka hametraka fitsipika sy rafi-pitantanana manokana.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-252&quot; /&gt; Nandritra ny taom-pilalaovana 1892 no nifanarahana ny fitsipik' ilay lalao nantsoina hoe ''baseball'', ka natambatra sy noraiketina tamin' ny fomba ofisialy izany fitsipika izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-253&quot; /&gt;

==== Ny ''baseball'' any [[Finlandy]] ====
Lahatsoratra fototra: ''Pesäpallo''.

Ny ''baseball'' any Finlandy, izay antsoina koa hoe ''pesäpallo'', dia fitambaran' ireo lalaon' ekipa nentim-paharazana misy fikapohana baolina sy ny ''baseball'' any [[Amerika Avaratra]]. I Lauri &quot;Tahko&quot; Pihkala no namorona azy tamin' ny taompolo 1920.&lt;ref name=&quot;INTRO2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-255&quot; /&gt; Mitovy amin' ny an' ny ''baseball'' ny foto-kevitry ny ''pesäpallo'': miezaka mahazo isa amin' ny fikapohana tsara ny baolina sy ny fihazakazahana mamakivaky ireo toby ny ekipa manafika, fa ny ekipa miaro kosa miezaka manala ny mpikapoka sy ny mpihazakazaka amin' ny fanafihana. Anisan' ny fahasamihafana lehibe indrindra eo amin' ny ''pesäpallo'' sy ny ''baseball'' ny fanipazana ny baolina mitsangana miakatra amin' ny ''pesäpallo''. Manamora be ny fikapohana ny baolina sy ny fifehezana ny herin' ny kapoka ary ny lalana alehan' ny baolina izany. Noho izany dia maro karazana kokoa ny fomba fanafihana, haingana kokoa ny lalao ary betsaka kokoa ny lafiny ara-tetika amin' ny fanafihana, raha oharina amin' ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;INTRO2&quot; /&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* Loka amin' ny ''baseball''
* Fitafiana sy fitaovana ampiasaina amin' ny ''baseball''
* Lisitr' ireo sarimihetsika momba ny ''baseball''
* Lisitr' ireo ligy voarafitra amin' ny ''baseball''
* Vehivavy eo amin' ny ''baseball''

=== Fanatanjahantena mifandray aminy ===
* ''Brännboll'' – lalao skandinavianina mampiasa kibay fikapohana sy baolina
* Fampitahana ny ''baseball'' sy ny ''cricket''
* Fampitahana ny ''baseball'' sy ny ''softball''
* ''Lapta'' – lalao rosiana mampiasa kibay fikapohana sy baolina
* ''Oină'' – lalao avy any Romania mampiasa kibay fikapohana sy baolina
* ''Snow baseball'' (''baseball'' amin' ny lanezy) – lalao manana fitsipika mitovitovy amin' ny an' ny ''baseball'', atao any India mandritra ny ririnina
* ''Stickball''
* ''Stoop ball''
* ''Tee-ball'' – lalao manana fitsipika mitovitovy amin' ny an' ny ''baseball'', saingy tsy misy mpanipy ary apetraka eo an-tampon' ny fitoerana mitazona azy ny baolina
* ''Vitilla''
* ''Wiffle ball''

== Loharano ==
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-002&quot;&gt;[https://content.mlb.com/documents/2/2/4/305750224/2019_Official_Baseball_Rules_FINAL_.pdf ''Official Baseball Rules'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: September 3, 2021. datin' ny tahiry: May 2, 2019. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. fanontana: 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190502205240/https://content.mlb.com/documents/2/2/4/305750224/2019_Official_Baseball_Rules_FINAL_.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-003&quot;&gt;Nissen, Keith. [https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/state-of-us-sports-viewing-2025 ''State of US sports viewing, 2025'']. S&amp;P Global. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-10-05.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-004&quot;&gt;Bjarkman, Peter C.. [https://studiesonasia.scholasticahq.com/article/14327-american-baseball-imperialism-clashing-national-cultures-and-the-future-of-samurai-besuboru ''American Baseball Imperialism, Clashing National Cultures, and the Future of Samurai Besuboru'']. ''Studies on Asia''. 2006-09-01. boky: 3. laharana: 3. pp.: 123–140. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: September 15, 2024. datin' ny tahiry: September 15, 2024. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240915170509/https://studiesonasia.scholasticahq.com/article/14327-american-baseball-imperialism-clashing-national-cultures-and-the-future-of-samurai-besuboru rohy tahiry voarakitra]. quote: Formal league baseball has long thrived in amateur and professional play around the world, especially in the Caribbean Basin and along the Asian-Pacific Rim. Its history in those regions is every bit as ancient and deep-rooted as it is on the North American continent.&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-006&quot;&gt;Thurston (2000), p. 15; [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/official_info/official_rules/foreword.jsp ''Official Rules/Foreword'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: January 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090124020327/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/official_info/official_rules/foreword.jsp rohy tahiry voarakitra]. [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf ''Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game (Rules 1.01–1.03)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011325/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra]. [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/02_definition_of_terms.pdf ''Official Rules/2.00—Definitions of Terms'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011321/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/02_definition_of_terms.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra]. [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/04_starting_ending_game.pdf ''Official Rules/4.00—Starting and Ending a Game (Rule 4.10)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011327/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/04_starting_ending_game.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-007&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf ''Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game (Rules 1.04–1.07)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011325/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra]. [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/02_definition_of_terms.pdf ''Official Rules/2.00—Definitions of Terms'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011321/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/02_definition_of_terms.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-008&quot;&gt;Porterfield (2007), p. 23; [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf ''Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game (Rule 1.09)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011325/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-009&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf ''Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game (Rule 1.10a)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011325/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra]. Fitzgerald, Stephen. [http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2005/0176531.html ''Polymer Composite Baseball Bat Endcap (U.S. Patent Application 20050176531)'']. FreePatentsOnline.com. November 8, 2005. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: May 1, 2021. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210501095916/https://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2005/0176531.html rohy tahiry voarakitra]. display-authors: etal.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-010&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf ''Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game (Rules 1.12–1.15)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011325/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-011&quot;&gt;Thurston (2000), pp. 21, 30, 31; [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf ''Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game (Rule 1.16)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011325/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-012&quot;&gt;Porterfield (2007), pp. 16–18, 25, 34, 35; [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/09_the_umpire.pdf ''Official Rules/9.00—The Umpire (Rule 9.03a)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011323/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/09_the_umpire.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-013&quot;&gt;[https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2014/09/29/ap-source-7-umpires-rotate-at-world-series/16437053/ ''AP source: 7 umpires rotate at World Series'']. ''USA Today''. September 29, 2014. daty nijerena voarakitra: March 27, 2018. agency: Associated Press.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-015&quot;&gt;Epstein, David. [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1188950/index.htm ''It's All About Anticipation: Ryan Howard and Rafael Nadal don't have quicker reflexes than you do. They hit the fastest pitches and return the hardest serves because they can see the future'']. August 8, 2011. daty nijerena voarakitra: September 4, 2011. datin' ny tahiry: December 13, 2011. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111213074933/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1188950/index.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra]. magazine: Sports Illustrated.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-016&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/02_definition_of_terms.pdf ''Official Rules/2.00—Definitions of Terms'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011321/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/02_definition_of_terms.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra]. [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/05_putting_ball_in_play.pdf ''Official Rules/5.00—Putting the Ball in Play. Live Ball (Rule 5.09e)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011326/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/05_putting_ball_in_play.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra]. [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf ''Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rule 6.05a)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011324/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra]. [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/07_the_runner.pdf ''Official Rules/7.00—The Runner (Rules 7.08d, 7.10a)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011328/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/07_the_runner.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra]. [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf ''Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rule 10.07)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205082219/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-017&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf ''Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rule 6.08b)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 12, 2012. datin' ny tahiry: May 29, 2008. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080529025727/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-019&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf ''Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rule 6.05)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011324/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra]. [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/07_the_runner.pdf ''Official Rules/7.00—The Runner (Rules 7.08, 7.10)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011328/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/07_the_runner.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-020&quot;&gt;Thurston (2000), p. 100; [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/03_game_preliminaries.pdf ''Official Rules/3.00—Game Preliminaries (Rule 3.03)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011326/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/03_game_preliminaries.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra]. [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf ''Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rules 6.01, 6.04)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011324/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-021&quot;&gt;Porterfield (2007), p. 19; Thurston (2000), p. 153; [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf ''Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rule 6.10)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011324/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-022&quot;&gt;See, e.g., [http://washington.nationals.mlb.com/news/press_releases/press_release.jsp?ymd=20090404&amp;content_id=4127882&amp;vkey=pr_was&amp;fext=.jsp&amp;c_id=was ''Nationals Finalize 25-Man Roster'']. Washington Nationals/Major League Baseball. April 4, 2009. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 21, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: July 14, 2011. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110714104000/http://washington.nationals.mlb.com/news/press_releases/press_release.jsp?ymd=20090404&amp;content_id=4127882&amp;vkey=pr_was&amp;fext=.jsp&amp;c_id=was rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-023&quot;&gt;Alexander, Charles C.. [https://archive.org/details/ourgameamerican000alex/page/290 ''Our Game: An American Baseball History'']. Macmillan. 1991. p.: [https://archive.org/details/ourgameamerican000alex/page/290 290]. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780805015942&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-024&quot;&gt;Ringolsby, Tracy. [https://www.mlb.com/news/national-league-could-add-dh-before-long/c-162404308 ''Tide is turning toward a universal DH'']. January 20, 2016. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 22, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: August 27, 2019. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: MLB.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190827201738/https://www.mlb.com/news/national-league-could-add-dh-before-long/c-162404308 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-025&quot;&gt;McLaughlin, Dan. [http://grantland.com/the-triangle/designated-hitters-and-the-economics-of-baseball/ ''Designated Hitters and the Economics of Baseball'']. Grantland. July 12, 2011. daty nijerena voarakitra: August 6, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-026&quot;&gt;Dunn, Jay. [http://www.trentonian.com/article/TT/20170621/SPORTS/170629946 ''Jay Dunn: It's Time For MLB Teams to Consider Grooming Two-Way Players'']. ''The Trentonian''. June 21, 2017. daty nijerena voarakitra: August 6, 2017. datin' ny tahiry: August 6, 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170806221951/http://www.trentonian.com/article/TT/20170621/SPORTS/170629946 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-027&quot;&gt;Goldman, Steven. [https://www.vice.com/en/article/it-is-time-for-baseball-to-fight-back-against-big-bullpen/ ''It Is Time for Baseball to Fight Back Against Big Bullpen'']. VICE Media. April 26, 2016. daty nijerena voarakitra: August 6, 2017. datin' ny tahiry: September 14, 2024. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240914104021/https://www.vice.com/en/article/it-is-time-for-baseball-to-fight-back-against-big-bullpen/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-028&quot;&gt;Walfoort, Cleon, &quot;Most 'Signs' Given by Coaches Are Merely Camouflage&quot;, ''Baseball Digest'', December 1960 – January 1961, pp. 47–49.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-029&quot;&gt;&quot;The Fans Speak Out&quot; [''Baseball Digest'' staff], ''Baseball Digest'', August 1999, pp. 9–10; [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/03_game_preliminaries.pdf ''Official Rules/3.00—Game Preliminaries (Rule 3.15)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 27, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: May 20, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090520205621/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/03_game_preliminaries.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-030&quot;&gt;Zoss (2004), p. 293; [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/09_the_umpire.pdf ''Official Rules/9.00—The Umpire'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 18, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215915/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/09_the_umpire.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-031&quot;&gt;Bast, Andrew. [http://www.newsweek.com/id/146842 ''Southpaw's Revenge'']. ''Newsweek''. July 18, 2008. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 8, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: March 9, 2010. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100309065835/http://www.newsweek.com/id/146842 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-032&quot;&gt;See, e.g., Davis, Hank, ''Small-town Heroes: Images of Minor League Baseball'' (Univ. of Iowa Press, 1997), p. 186.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-033&quot;&gt;Paine, Neil. [https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/game-theory-says-r-a-dickey-should-throw-more-knuckleballs/ ''Game Theory Says R.A. Dickey Should Throw More Knuckleballs'']. ''FiveThirtyEight''. August 13, 2015. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 22, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: April 23, 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180423102215/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/game-theory-says-r-a-dickey-should-throw-more-knuckleballs/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-034&quot;&gt;[https://www.popularmechanics.com/adventure/sports/a3207/1283161/ ''The Mechanics Of A Breaking Pitch'']. December 6, 2004. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 23, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: May 16, 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230516170451/https://www.popularmechanics.com/adventure/sports/a3207/1283161/ rohy tahiry voarakitra]. magazine: Popular Mechanics.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-035&quot;&gt;Walsh, John. [http://www.hardballtimes.com/main/article/fastball-slider-changeup-curveball-an-analysis/ ''Fastball, Slider, Change-up, Curveball—An Analysis'']. The Hardball Times. December 20, 2007. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 21, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: April 9, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090409112752/http://www.hardballtimes.com/main/article/fastball-slider-changeup-curveball-an-analysis rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-036&quot;&gt;Stallings and Bennett (2003), p. 192.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-037&quot;&gt;McCarver, Tim; Peary, Danny. ''Tim McCarver's Baseball for Brain Surgeons and Other Fans: Understanding and Interpreting the Game So You Can Watch It Like a Pro''. Random House. 2013. pp.: 71, 272–273. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780307831774&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-038&quot;&gt;[https://www.mlb.com/glossary/rules/balk ''Balk'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 23, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: January 19, 2021. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210119135337/https://www.mlb.com/glossary/rules/balk rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-039&quot;&gt;Stallings and Bennett (2003), pp. 126–132.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-041&quot;&gt;Stallings and Bennett (2003), pp. 5, 46–47.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-042&quot;&gt;Stallings and Bennett (2003), pp. 42–43, 47–48.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-043&quot;&gt;Stallings and Bennett (2003), p. 186.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-044&quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/510872/rounders ''Rounders (English Game)'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: October 23, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: April 26, 2015. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150426161127/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/510872/rounders rohy tahiry voarakitra]. encyclopedia: Encyclopædia Britannica.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-045&quot;&gt;Cohen, Claire. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11384071/Rounders-Its-the-only-sport-for-people-who-hate-sport.html ''Save rounders! It's the only sport for people who hate sport'']. ''The Telegraph''. February 2, 2015. daty nijerena voarakitra: October 23, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: January 11, 2022. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. fidirana voarakitra: subscription. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11384071/Rounders-Its-the-only-sport-for-people-who-hate-sport.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-046&quot;&gt;Thorn, John. [https://books.google.com/books?id=gqF84JTKCNoC&amp;pg=PA58 ''Baseball in the Garden of Eden: The Secret History of the Early Game'']. Simon and Schuster. 2012-03-20. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7432-9404-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-049&quot;&gt;Block (2005), pp. 139, 140, 151, 164, 178, 179, et seq.; Hellier, Cathy. [http://www.history.org/history/teaching/enewsletter/volume2/june04/pocketbook.cfm ''Mr. Newbery's Little Pretty Pocket-Book'']. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 12, 2008. datin' ny tahiry: January 10, 2011. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110110115349/http://www.history.org/history/teaching/enewsletter/volume2/june04/pocketbook.cfm rohy tahiry voarakitra]. See Wikisource edition of ''A Little Pretty Pocket-Book''.&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-053&quot;&gt;Crown, Daniel. [http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/cricket-baseball-american-sport ''The Battle Between Baseball and Cricket for American Sporting Supremacy'']. 2017-10-19. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2023-01-05. tranonkala: Atlas Obscura.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-054&quot;&gt;[https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2022/12/20/why-cricket-and-america-are-made-for-each-other ''Why cricket and America are made for each other'']. ''The Economist''. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISSN 0013-0613&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2023-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-055&quot;&gt;Guthrie-Shimizu, Sayuri. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx2i3f5k6MkC&amp;pg=PA26 ''Transpacific Field of Dreams: How Baseball Linked the United States and Japan in Peace and War'']. University of North Carolina Press. 2012-04-04. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8078-8266-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-057&quot;&gt;Block (2005), pp. 4–5, 11–15, 25, 33, 59–61, et. seq.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-058&quot;&gt;Giddens, David. [https://www.cbc.ca/sportslongform/entry/how-canada-invented-american-football-baseball-basketball-and-hockey ''How Canada invented 'American' football, baseball, basketball and hockey'']. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. June 15, 2017. fiteny: en-US. daty nijerena voarakitra: June 4, 2019. datin' ny tahiry: May 3, 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230503181804/https://www.cbc.ca/sportslongform/entry/how-canada-invented-american-football-baseball-basketball-and-hockey rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-061&quot;&gt;Sullivan (1997), pp. 32, 80, 95.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-062&quot;&gt;Tygiel (2000), pp. 8–14; Rader (2008), pp. 71–72.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-063&quot;&gt;Guthrie-Shimizu, Sayuri. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx2i3f5k6MkC&amp;pg=PP15 ''Transpacific Field of Dreams: How Baseball Linked the United States and Japan in Peace and War'']. University of North Carolina Press. 2012-04-04. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8078-8266-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-064&quot;&gt;[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317980360 ''Mapping an Empire of American Sport'']. Routledge. 2013-09-13. mpamoaka (anarana): Dyreson. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Mark. mpamoaka faharoa (anarana): Mangan. mpamoaka faharoa (fanampin' anarana): J.A.. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-317-98036-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.4324/9781315872971&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 0. editor-last3: Park. editor-first3: Roberta J..&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-067&quot;&gt;Tygiel (2000), p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-068&quot;&gt;Rader (2008), p. 27; Sullivan (1997), pp. 68, 69.&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-119&quot;&gt;[http://www.ibaf.org/en/news/2011/12/03/the-congress-approved-a-new-format-of-internationa/cd3e0ea8-a62d-4c01-85f5-4c2aafba5119 ''IBAF Congress Approves New Format of International Tournaments'']. International Baseball Federation. December 3, 2011. daty nijerena voarakitra: January 20, 2013. datin' ny tahiry: November 2, 2015. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151102111418/http://www.ibaf.org/en/news/2011/12/03/the-congress-approved-a-new-format-of-internationa/cd3e0ea8-a62d-4c01-85f5-4c2aafba5119 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-131&quot;&gt;[http://www.japanfs.org/en/pages/027087.html ''Japan's Pro Baseball Teams Start Eco-Project to Cut Energy Use by 6%'']. Japan for Sustainability. July 13, 2008. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 18, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: July 7, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090707230418/http://www.japanfs.org/en/pages/027087.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-133&quot;&gt;[https://www.mlb.com/glossary/rules/pitch-timer ''Pitch Timer (2023 rule change) &amp;#124; Glossary'']. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2023-03-05. datin' ny tahiry: April 6, 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: MLB.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230406075754/https://www.mlb.com/glossary/rules/pitch-timer rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-134&quot;&gt;McCullough, Andy. [https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4917785/2023/10/02/pitch-clock-postseason-mlb/ ''The pitch clock meets the postseason: MLB's new rules face October pressure'']. October 2, 2023. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2023-10-02. datin' ny tahiry: August 25, 2025. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: The Athletic. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250825021117/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4917785/2023/10/02/pitch-clock-postseason-mlb/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-135&quot;&gt;Foster, Jason. [https://www.mlb.com/news/mlb-average-game-time-under-three-hours-third-straight-year ''MLB game times continue to drop -- and marathon contests are increasingly rare'']. 26 September 2025. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-10-12. tranonkala: MLB.com.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-136&quot;&gt;[https://www.newyorker.com/sports/sporting-scene/ways-to-stay-sane-in-baseball ''Ways to Stay Sane in Baseball'']. April 4, 2015. daty nijerena voarakitra: June 12, 2021. datin' ny tahiry: December 9, 2022. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221209003253/https://www.newyorker.com/sports/sporting-scene/ways-to-stay-sane-in-baseball rohy tahiry voarakitra]. magazine: The New Yorker.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-137&quot;&gt;Clarke and Dawson (1915), p. 48.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-138&quot;&gt;[https://cricket.yahoo.net/news/10-cricketers-batted-five-days-184512717 ''10 Cricketers who batted on all five days of a Test match'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: September 6, 2020. tranonkala: cricket.yahoo.net.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-139&quot;&gt;Morton, Richard, &quot;Baseball in England&quot;, ''Badminton Magazine'', August 1896, pp. 157–158: &quot;The scoring is one of the most interesting features in this new importation from America [baseball]. Every detail of play is recorded, and a man's mistakes are tabulated as well as his successes... A line in a cricket score may read, 'Lockwood, ''caught'' Stoddart, ''bowled'' J. T. Hearne; 30.'...&amp;nbsp;[T]here is so much that is left out! There is no mention of the fact that O'Brien missed Lockwood before he had scored, and that somebody else failed to take a chance when his score was ten. These are items that go to make cricket history; but there is no record of them in the analysis... The man who catches a ball is thought worthy of mention, but the man who muffs one does not suffer by publicity.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-140&quot;&gt;MLB. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qUkc0BBRCc ''Why do all MLB ballparks have different dimensions? &amp;#124; Quick Question (MLB Originals)'']. 2020-04-13. nampitaina tamin' ny: YouTube. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2025-10-29.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-141&quot;&gt;Voice to Victory. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fiL568IED0 ''Why Baseball Refused to Standardize Its Fields'']. 2025-05-04. nampitaina tamin' ny: YouTube. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2025-10-29.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-142&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf ''Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game. (Rule 1.04a)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011325/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-143&quot;&gt;Nightengale, Bob. [https://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/2008-08-20-bestseats-minutemaid_N.htm ''No. 8: Out in Left Field in Houston's Crawford Boxes'']. ''USA Today''. August 20, 2008. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 17, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: March 10, 2012. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120310185131/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/2008-08-20-bestseats-minutemaid_N.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-144&quot;&gt;Powers (2003), p. 85.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-145&quot;&gt;Powers (2003), p. 219.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-146&quot;&gt;Puhalla, Krans, and Goatley (2003), p. 198; Shaikin, Bill. [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-may-27-sp-angels27-story.html ''Guerrero Becomes Mr. Inside'']. ''Los Angeles Times''. May 27, 2006. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 17, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: July 28, 2020. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200728193529/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-may-27-sp-angels27-story.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-147&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf ''Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game. (Rule 1.04)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011325/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-148&quot;&gt;Shaikin, Bill. [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-oct-08-sp-angnote8-story.html ''No Fly Ball Routine in Dome'']. ''Los Angeles Times''. October 8, 2002. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 17, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-149&quot;&gt;Puhalla, Krans, and Goatley (2003), p. 207.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-150&quot;&gt;Keri (2007), pp. 295–301.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-151&quot;&gt;Gilbert, Steve. [http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20080930&amp;content_id=3575106 ''Wrigley's Winds Don't Rattle Lowe'']. Major League Baseball. September 30, 2008. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 17, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: December 1, 2008. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081201003317/http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20080930&amp;content_id=3575106&amp;vkey=ps2008news&amp;fext=.jsp&amp;c_id=mlb rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-152&quot;&gt;Sheinin, Dave. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/24/AR2008032402798.html ''After Move, a Breaking In Process'']. ''The Washington Post''. March 26, 2008. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 17, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: May 25, 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170525165417/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/24/AR2008032402798.html rohy tahiry voarakitra]. See also Powers (2003), p. 85.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-154&quot;&gt;Schwarz (2004), p. 50.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-155&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf ''Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 22, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-156&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf ''Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rules 10.02a, 10.04, 10.21b)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 22, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-157&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf ''Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rule 10.07)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 22, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-158&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf ''Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rules 10.15, 10.17, 10.19, 10.21a, 10.21e)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 22, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-159&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf ''Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rules 10.09, 10.10, 10.12, 10.21d)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 22, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-160&quot;&gt;See, e.g., Albert, Jim, and Jay Bennett, &quot;Situational Effects&quot;, ch. 4 in ''Curve Ball: Baseball, Statistics, and the Role of Chance in the Game'', 2d ed. (Springer, 2003), pp. 71–110.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-161&quot;&gt;Gray, Scott, ''The Mind of Bill James: How a Complete Outsider Changed Baseball'' (Doubleday, 2006), p. ix.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-162&quot;&gt;Guzzo (2007), pp. 20–21, 67; Schwarz (2004), p. 233; Lewis (2003), p. 127.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-163&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf ''Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rule 10.21f)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 22, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-164&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf ''Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rule 10.21c)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 22, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-165&quot;&gt;Guzzo (2007), pp. 22, 67, 140; Schwarz (2004), p. 233.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-166&quot;&gt;Guzzo (2007), pp. 140–141.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-167&quot;&gt;[https://library.fangraphs.com/misc/war/ ''What is WAR? &amp;#124; Sabermetrics Library'']. February 15, 2010. daty nijerena voarakitra: October 12, 2021. datin' ny tahiry: October 10, 2021. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211010010307/https://library.fangraphs.com/misc/war/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-168&quot;&gt;Cohen, Morris Raphael, &quot;Baseball as a National Religion&quot; (1919), in Cohen, ''The Faith of a Liberal'' (Transaction, 1993 [1946]), pp. 334–336: p. 334.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-169&quot;&gt;Stark; Jayson. [https://www.espn.com/mlb/columns/story?columnist=stark_jayson&amp;id=3892788 ''A-Rod Has Destroyed Game's History'']. ''ESPN.com''. February 8, 2009. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 8, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 10, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090210124048/http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/columns/story?columnist=stark_jayson&amp;id=3892788 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-170&quot;&gt;Bjarkman (2004), p. xix.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-171&quot;&gt;Riess (1991), pp. 69–71.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-172&quot;&gt;Riess (1991), pp. 247–248.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-173&quot;&gt;Jones, Jeffrey M.. [http://news.gallup.com/poll/22240/nearly-half-americans-baseball-fans.aspx ''Nearly Half of Americans are Baseball Fans'']. Gallup. April 4, 2006. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 31, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: June 17, 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180617092923/https://news.gallup.com/poll/22240/nearly-half-americans-baseball-fans.aspx rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-174&quot;&gt;[https://www.archives.gov/news/topics/baseball-and-the-archives ''America's Favorite Pastime'']. 2018-03-14. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2024-03-11. datin' ny tahiry: March 11, 2024. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: National Archives. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240311211947/https://www.archives.gov/news/topics/baseball-and-the-archives rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-175&quot;&gt;Missimer, Katy. [https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories/vol5/iss2/5/ ''American Immigration and Baseball: A Parallel Pastime'']. ''The Histories''. 2019-03-18. boky: 5. laharana: 2. daty nijerena voarakitra: October 3, 2024. datin' ny tahiry: August 7, 2024. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240807004254/https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories/vol5/iss2/5/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-176&quot;&gt;Kercheval, Nancy. [https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&amp;sid=asFEMjfiKA5s ''Major League Baseball Revenue Reaches Record, Attendance Falls'']. Bloomberg.com. October 1, 2008. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 8, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: June 29, 2011. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629051650/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&amp;sid=asFEMjfiKA5s rohy tahiry voarakitra]. Battista, Judy. [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/10/sports/football/10nfl.html ''Feeling Pinch, N.F.L. Will Cut About 150 Jobs'']. ''The New York Times''. December 9, 2008. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 8, 2009. Haudricourt, Tom. [http://www.jsonline.com/sports/brewers/29405374.html ''Bases Loaded'']. ''Milwaukee Journal Sentinel''. October 20, 2007. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 8, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: July 6, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090706194429/http://www.jsonline.com/sports/brewers/29405374.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-177&quot;&gt;[https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2017/11/22/mlb-revenues-exceed-10-billion/890041001/ ''Report: MLB revenues exceed $10 billion for the first time'']. ''USA Today''. November 22, 2017. daty nijerena voarakitra: March 27, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-178&quot;&gt;Bonesteel, Matt. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2018/01/10/despite-all-the-bad-news-poll-shows-football-still-is-americas-favorite-sport-by-a-wide-margin/ ''Despite all the bad news, poll shows football still is America's favorite sport by a wide margin'']. ''The Washington Post''. January 10, 2018. daty nijerena voarakitra: March 27, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: March 28, 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180328102734/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2018/01/10/despite-all-the-bad-news-poll-shows-football-still-is-americas-favorite-sport-by-a-wide-margin/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-179&quot;&gt;[http://www.allbusiness.com/sports-recreation/sports-games-outdoor/11762627-1.html ''Professional Football Continues Dominance over Baseball as America's Favorite Sport'']. ''Business Wire''. AllBusiness. January 27, 2009. daty nijerena voarakitra: September 15, 2010. datin' ny tahiry: January 10, 2011. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110110073300/http://www.allbusiness.com/sports-recreation/sports-games-outdoor/11762627-1.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-180&quot;&gt;McGinty, Jo Craven. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/popularity-contest-baseball-vs-football-1428679449 ''Popularity Contest: Baseball vs. Football'']. ''The Wall Street Journal''. April 10, 2015. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 18, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: September 3, 2020. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. fidirana voarakitra: subscription. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200903113149/https://www.wsj.com/articles/popularity-contest-baseball-vs-football-1428679449 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-183&quot;&gt;[https://www.milb.com/milb/news/gcs-148297748 ''Minor League attendance tops 42.5 million'']. Minor League Baseball. September 9, 2015. daty nijerena voarakitra: June 16, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: March 8, 2021. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210308154434/https://www.milb.com/milb/news/gcs-148297748 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-185&quot;&gt;[https://www.mlb.com/press-release/press-release-mlb-finishes-2024-season-with-highest-attendance-in-seven-years ''MLB Finishes 2024 Season With Highest Attendance in Seven Years'']. ''Major League Baseball''. October 1, 2024. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 10, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-252&quot;&gt;''The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales''. University of Wales Press. Cardiff. 2008. p.: 53. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. editor1-last: Davies. editor1-first: John. editor1-link: John Davies (historian). editor2-last: Jenkins. editor2-first: Nigel. editor2-link: Nigel Jenkins. editor3-last: Menna. editor3-first: Baines. editor4-last: Lynch. editor4-first: Peredur I..&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-253&quot;&gt;Beynon, Ivor; Evans, Bob. ''The Inside Story of Baseball''. Unknown. Cardiff. 1962. p.: 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-255&quot;&gt;Clair, Michael. [https://www.mlb.com/news/first-english-language-broadcast-of-finland-baseball-game-pesapallo ''There's a pitcher, a batter... even a river sometimes. Welcome to Finnish baseball'']. 2 August 2024. daty nijerena voarakitra: 4 August 2024. datin' ny tahiry: August 4, 2024. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: MLB.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240804133607/https://www.mlb.com/news/first-english-language-broadcast-of-finland-baseball-game-pesapallo rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;renaissance&quot;&gt;Fidler, Gabriel. [https://www.mister-baseball.com/philippines-preparing-baseball-renaissance/ ''Philippines Preparing for Baseball Renaissance'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: July 8, 2014. datin' ny tahiry: 2014-05-03. tranonkala: Mister Baseball. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140503194745/https://www.mister-baseball.com/philippines-preparing-baseball-renaissance/ rohy tahiry voarakitra]. ref: November 12, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

=== Fanamarihana ===
&lt;references group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot; /&gt;

== Boky sy loharano ankapobeny ==
* Bjarkman, Peter C.. ''Diamonds Around the Globe: The Encyclopedia of International Baseball''. Greenwood. 2004. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-313-32268-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 58806121.
* Block, David. [https://archive.org/details/baseballbeforewe00davi ''Baseball Before We Knew It: A Search for the Roots of the Game'']. University of Nebraska Press. 2005. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8032-6255-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 70261798.
* Burgos, Adrian. [https://archive.org/details/playingamericasg00burg ''Playing America's Game: Baseball, Latinos, and the Color Line'']. University of California Press. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-25143-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 81150202.
* Burk, Robert F.. ''Never Just a Game: Players, Owners, and American Baseball to 1920''. University of North Carolina Press. 2001. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8078-4961-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 28183874.
* ''The Baseball Chronology: The Complete History of the Most Important Events in the Game of Baseball''. Macmillan. 1991. mpamoaka (anarana): Charlton. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): James. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-02-523971-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 22704314.
* Clarke, William Jones; Fredrick Thomas Dawson. [https://archive.org/details/baseballindivid00dawsgoog ''Baseball: Individual Play and Team Play in Detail'']. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1915. OCLC: 2781766. name-list-style: amp.
* Gmelch, George. ''Baseball Without Borders: The International Pastime''. University of Nebraska Press. 2006. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8032-7125-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 64594333.
* González Echevarría, Roberto. ''The Pride of Havana: A History of Cuban Baseball''. Oxford University Press. 2001. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-514605-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 46601626.
* Guttmann, Allen. ''Sports: The First Five Millennia''. University of Massachusetts Press. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-55849-610-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 5912442808.
* Guzzo, Glenn. ''The New Ballgame: Baseball Statistics for the Casual Fan''. ACTA. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-87946-318-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 123083947.
* ''Baseball Between the Numbers: Why Everything You Know About the Game Is Wrong''. Basic. 2007. mpamoaka (anarana): Keri. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Jonah. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-465-00547-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 77795904.
* Koppett, Leonard. ''Koppett's Concise History of Major League Baseball''. Carroll &amp; Graf. 2004. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7867-1286-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 54674804.
* Kte'pi, Bill. ''Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society, Volume 1''. ''Baseball (Amateur)''. SAGE. 2009. mpamoaka: Rodney Carlisle. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4129-6670-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 251215353.
* Lewis, Michael M.. ''Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game''. W. W. Norton. 2003. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-393-32481-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 54896532.
* Mahony, Phillip. [http://www.baseballexplained.com ''Baseball Explained'']. McFarland Books. 2014. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7864-7964-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. datin' ny tahiry: August 13, 2014. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140813034018/http://www.baseballexplained.com/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].
* Mandelbaum, Michael. [https://archive.org/details/meaningofsportsw0000mand ''The Meaning of Sports: Why Americans Watch Baseball, Football, and Basketball and What They See When They Do'']. PublicAffairs. 2005. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-58648-330-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 55539339.
* McNeil, William. [https://archive.org/details/baseballsotheral0000mcne ''Baseball's Other All-Stars: The Greatest Players from the Negro Leagues, the Japanese Leagues, the Mexican League, and the Pre-1960 Winter Leagues in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic'']. McFarland. 2000. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7864-0784-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 42976826.
* Morris, Peter. ''Level Playing Fields: How the Groundskeeping Murphy Brothers Shaped Baseball''. University of Nebraska Press. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8032-1110-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 70884952.
* Porterfield, Jason. ''Baseball: Rules, Tips, Strategy, and Safety''. Rosen. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4042-0991-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 67773742.
* Powers, Albert Theodore. ''The Business of Baseball''. McFarland. 2003. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7864-1426-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 50866929.
* Puhalla, Jim; Jeff Krans; Mike Goatley. ''Baseball and Softball Fields: Design, Construction, Renovation, and Maintenance''. John Wiley &amp; Sons. 2003. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-471-44793-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 50959054.
* Rader, Benjamin G.. ''Baseball: A History of America's Game''. University of Illinois Press. 2008. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-252-07550-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 3rd. OCLC: 176980876.
* Riess, Steven A.. ''City Games: The Evolution of American Urban Society and the Rise of Sports''. University of Illinois Press. 1991. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-252-06216-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 23739530.
* Rudel, Anthony J.. [https://archive.org/details/helloeverybodyd00rude ''Hello, Everybody!: The Dawn of American Radio'']. Houghton Mifflin. 2008. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-15-101275-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 192042215.
* Schwarz, Alan. ''The Numbers Game: Baseball's Lifelong Fascination with Statistics''. Thomas Dunne. 2004. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-312-32222-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 54692908.
* [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780736042185 ''Baseball Strategies: Your Guide to the Game Within the Game'']. American Baseball Coaches Association/Human Kinetics. 2003. mpamoaka: Stallings, Jack. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7360-4218-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 50203866. editor2: Bob Bennett.
* [https://archive.org/details/earlyinningsdocu00sull ''Early Innings: A Documentary History of Baseball, 1825–1908'']. University of Nebraska Press. 1997. mpamoaka (anarana): Sullivan. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Dean. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8032-9244-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 36258074.
* Terry, Thomas Philip. ''Terry's Mexico: Handbook for Travellers''. Gay and Hancock, Houghton Mifflin, and Sonora News. 1911. fanontana: 2nd rev.. OCLC: 7587420.
* Thurston, Bill. [https://archive.org/details/baffledparentsgu0000thur ''Coaching Youth Baseball: A Baffled Parents Guide'']. McGraw-Hill. 2000. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-07-135822-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 43031493.
* Tygiel, Jules. [https://archive.org/details/pasttimebaseball0000tygi ''Past Time: Baseball as History'']. Oxford University Press. 2000. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-508958-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 42290019.
* Votano, Paul. ''Stand and Deliver: A History of Pinch-Hitting''. McFarland. 2013. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7864-1588-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 52047315.
* Zimbalist, Andrew. [https://archive.org/details/inbestinterestso00andr ''In the Best Interests of Baseball?: The Revolutionary Reign of Bud Selig'']. John Wiley &amp; Sons. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-470-12824-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 62796332.
* Zoss, Joel. [https://archive.org/details/diamondsinroughu0000zoss ''Diamonds in the Rough: The Untold History of Baseball'']. University of Nebraska Press. 2004. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8032-9920-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 54611393.

== Vakiteny fanampiny ==
* Dickson, Paul. ''The Dickson Baseball Dictionary'', fanontana faha-3 (W. W. Norton, 2009). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-393-06681-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Fitts, Robert K. ''Remembering Japanese Baseball: An Oral History of the Game'' (Southern Illinois University Press, 2005). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-8093-2629-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Gillette, Gary, sy Pete Palmer (mpandrindra). ''The ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia'', fanontana faha-5 (Sterling, 2008). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-4027-6051-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Peterson, Robert. ''Only the Ball Was White: A History of Legendary Black Players and All-Black Professional Teams'' (Oxford University Press, 1992 [1970]). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-19-507637-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Reaves, Joseph A. ''Taking in a Game: A History of Baseball in Asia'' (Bison, 2004). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-8032-3943-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Ward, Geoffrey C., sy [[Ken Burns]]. ''Baseball: An Illustrated History'' (Alfred A. Knopf, 1996). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-679-40459-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [[Media:En-Baseball-article.ogg|Dika novakina tamin' ny teny anglisy, tamin' ny 25 Aprily 2024]].
* [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Base-Ball Lahatsoratra ''Base-Ball'' ao amin' ny ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' tamin' ny 1911, ao amin' ny Wikisource].
* [https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Baseball_in_the_United_States Torolalana ''Baseball in the United States'' ao amin' ny Wikivoyage].
* [http://www.wbsc.org/ ''World Baseball Softball Confederation''] (Konfederasiona Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Baseball sy Softball) — [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718130950/http://www.wbsc.org//en/ dika voatahiry tamin' ny 18 Jolay 2011].
* [https://www.britannica.com/sports/baseball ''Baseball''] — [https://web.archive.org/web/20230927054000/https://www.britannica.com/sports/baseball dika voatahiry tamin' ny 27 Septambra 2023]. Ao amin' ny ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' an-tserasera.
* [http://www.baseballprospectus.com/ ''Baseball Prospectus''] — [https://web.archive.org/web/20060909215125/http://www.baseballprospectus.com/ dika voatahiry tamin' ny 9 Septambra 2006].
* [http://www.sabr.org/ ''Society for American Baseball Research''] (Fikambanana momba ny Fikarohana momba ny Baseball Amerikanina) — [https://web.archive.org/web/20210517161345/http://www.sabr.org/ dika voatahiry tamin' ny 17 Mey 2021].
* [http://www.mister-baseball.com/ ''Mister Baseball''] — [https://web.archive.org/web/20181010113247/https://www.mister-baseball.com/ dika voatahiry tamin' ny 10 Ôktôbra 2018]. Vaovao momba ny ''baseball'' any Eorôpa.
* [http://baseballheritagemuseum.org/ ''Baseball Heritage Museum''] (Mozea momba ny Lova ara-tantaran' ny Baseball) — [https://web.archive.org/web/20060619170336/http://www.baseballheritagemuseum.org/ dika voatahiry tamin' ny 19 Jona 2006]. Ao amin' ny League Park, any Cleveland, Ohio.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=p4o9AQAAIAAJ ''Perils of Base Ball Playing''], lahatsoratra manome fomba fijery ara-tantara momba ny antontanisa mikasika ny ratra vokatry ny filalaovana ''baseball'', ao amin' ny ''[[Scientific American]]'', 13 Jolay 1878, p.&amp;nbsp;21.
* [https://learninglab.si.edu/collections/subject-baseball-nmahphc/N5DAuhDVcVe9hDmJ Tahirin-javatra momba ny ''baseball''] ao amin' ny ''Smithsonian National Museum of American History'' (Mozeam-pirenena Smithsonian momba ny Tantara Amerikanina).

[[:Sokajy:Baseball]]</text>
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      <text bytes="215107" sha1="437vwlg25efja2pklwqdox4cam553um" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''baseball''' dia [[Fanatanjahantena|fanatanjahantena]] mampiasa kibay fikapohana sy baolina, ifanandrinan' ny ekipa roa manana mpilalao sivy avy, izay mifandimby mikapoka sy miaro. Ny mpanipy ao amin' ny ekipa miaro no manipy baolina ''baseball'' mankany amin' ny mpikapoka ao amin' ny ekipa mpifanandrina, izay miezaka mikapoka izany ho eny amin' ny faritra filalaovana. Rehefa voakapoka tsara ny baolina, dia afaka mandroso manodidina ny toby efatra ny mpilalao ao amin' ny ekipa manafika, ka mahazo isa iray isaky ny fihodinana feno vitany. Ny ekipa miaro kosa miezaka manala ny mpikapoka sy ny mpihazakazaka amin' ny fanafihana amin' io anjara io, mba tsy hahazoan' izy ireo isa. Rehefa nahavita nanala mpilalao telo ny ekipa miaro, dia mifamadika andraikitra ny ekipa manafika sy ny ekipa miaro. Mitohy ny lalao mandra-pahavitan' ny isan' ny fihodinana voafaritra, ka ny ekipa mahazo isa betsaka indrindra no mandresy. Ny fihodinana iray dia ahitana ny anjaran' ny ekipa roa mifandimby manafika sy miaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-002&quot; /&gt;

Nivoatra avy amin' ny lalao tranainy kokoa nampiasa kibay fikapohana sy baolina ny ''baseball''; nihamaro ny mpitia ireo lalao ireo tany [[Angletera]] tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-18. Nentin' ny mpifindra monina tany [[Amerika Avaratra]] izy ireo. Tany no nivoaran' ny ''baseball'' maoderina, ka efa nisy fikambanana voalamina nilalao araka ny fitsipika voarakitra an-tsoratra tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-19. Ny fiandohan' ny ''baseball'' tany Amerika sy ny fiheverana azy ho fialam-boly manadino ny olana nandritra ireo fotoan-tsarotra teo amin' ny tantaran' i Amerika, toy ny [[Ady an-trano amerikana|Ady an-trano amerikanina]] sy ny Fahaketrahana Lehibe ara-toekarena, no nahatonga azy hantsoina hoe « ''America's Pastime'' », izany hoe « fialam-bolin' i Amerika ». Nanomboka tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19 dia nekena ho fanatanjahantem-pirenena tsy ofisialy tao [[Etazonia]] izy, na dia misy fanatanjahantena hafa be mpitia kokoa noho izy aza amin' ny vanim-potoana maoderina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-003&quot; /&gt; Ankoatra an' i [[Amerika Avaratra]], dia niely tany amin' ny faritra hafa tao Amerika sy ny faritra Azia–Pasifika ny ''baseball'' nandritra ny taonjato faha-19 sy faha-20.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-004&quot; /&gt; Anisan' ny fanatanjahantena be mpitia indrindra any amin' ny faritra sasany ao [[Amerika Afovoany]], [[Amerika Atsimo]], [[Karaîba|Karaiba]] ary [[Azia Atsinanana]] izy amin' ny vanim-potoana ankehitriny, indrindra any [[Japàna]], [[Kôrea Atsimo]] ary [[Taioàna]].

Ao amin' ny ''Major League Baseball'' (MLB, Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball), izay ambaratonga ambony indrindra amin' ny ''baseball'' lalaovina ho asa ao Etazonia sy [[Kanada]], dia mizara ho ligy roa ny ekipa: ny ''National League'' (NL, Ligim-pirenena) sy ny ''American League'' (AL, Ligy Amerikanina). Samy manana vondrona telo ireo ligy ireo, dia ny Atsinanana, ny Andrefana ary ny Afovoany. Ny dingana fifanintsanana mifarana amin' ny ''World Series'' no amaritana ny tompondakan' ny MLB. Mizara roa toy izany koa ny ambaratonga ambony indrindra any Japàna, dia ny ''Central League'' (Ligy Afovoany) sy ny ''Pacific League'' (Ligy Pasifika); ary any [[Kiobà]] kosa dia ny Ligy Andrefana sy Ligy Atsinanana. Ny ''World Baseball Classic'' (fifaninanana iraisam-pirenena amin' ny ''baseball''), karakarain' ny ''World Baseball Softball Confederation'' (Konfederasiona Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Baseball sy Softball), no fifaninanana iraisam-pirenena lehibe amin' ity fanatanjahantena ity, ary andraisan' ireo ekipam-pirenena sangany maneran-tany anjara. Nilalaovana tamin' ny Lalao Olaimpika ny ''baseball'' nanomboka tamin' ny 1992 ka hatramin' ny 2008, ary tamin' ny 2020; hiverina amin' izany indray izy amin' ny 2028.

== Fitsipika sy fizotry ny lalao ==
Fanazavana fanampiny: Fitsipiky ny ''baseball'' sy Topimaso mirindra momba ny ''baseball''.

=== Topimaso ===
[[File:Baseball diamond.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Kisarin' ny kianja filalaovana ''baseball''. Ny teny hoe ''diamond'' dia mety hilazana ilay faritra efamira voafaritry ny toby efatra, na ny kianja filalaovana manontolo. Ho an' ny lalao matihanina sy ny lalao manaraka ny endriky ny lalao matihanina ireo refy aseho. Matetika ny ankizy no milalao amin' ny kianja kely kokoa.]]
[[File:Yankee stadium.jpg|thumb|Ny New York Yankees mifaninana amin' ny Baltimore Orioles tao amin' ny kianja Yankee Stadium (1923), tamin' ny taona 2000.]]
Ekipa roa misy mpilalao sivy avy no mifaninana amin' ny lalao ''baseball''. Mifandimby manafika, izany hoe mikapoka baolina sy mihazakazaka mamakivaky ny toby, ary miaro, izany hoe manipy sy misambotra baolina eny an-kianja, ireo ekipa ireo. Ny fifandimbiasana izay samy ahazoan' ny ekipa tsirairay anjara iray mikapoka sy anjara iray miaro no atao hoe fihodinana lalao (''inning''). Misy fihodinana sivy ny lalao iray; fito kosa izany amin' ny lalao eny amin' ny lisea sy amin' ny fihaonana ahitana lalao roa misesy eo amin' ny sehatry ny oniversite sy ao amin' ny ''Minor League Baseball'' (Ligy Madinika amin' ny Baseball), ary enina eo amin' ny sehatry ny ''Little League'' (ligy ho an' ny ankizy).&lt;ref name=&quot;League&quot; /&gt; Ny ekipa iray, izay matetika ny ekipa vahiny, no mikapoka amin' ny tapany voalohany amin' ny fihodinana tsirairay. Ny ekipa iray hafa, izay matetika ny ekipa mpampiantrano, kosa no mikapoka amin' ny tapany faharoa.

Ny tanjon' ny lalao dia ny hahazoana isa (''runs'') betsaka kokoa noho ny ekipa mpifanandrina. Miezaka mahazo isa ny mpilalao ao amin' ny ekipa mikapoka amin' ny alalan' ny fikasihana, araka ny filaharany, ireo toby efatra eo amin' ny zoron' ilay faritra efamira amin' ny kianja ''baseball''. Eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana no mikapoka ny mpilalao, ary tsy maintsy miezaka tonga eny amin' ny toby iray tsy voaesorina amin' ny lalao izy. Avy eo izy dia mandroso mifanohitra amin' ny fihodin' ny fanjaitran' ny famantaranandro, mankany amin' ny toby voalohany, ny faharoa, ny fahatelo, ary miverina eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana mba hahazoana isa iray. Miezaka misakana ny fahazoan' ny mpifanandrina isa ny ekipa miaro, amin' ny alalan' ny fanesorana mpilalao amin' ny fanafihana (''outs''). Tsy mandray anjara amin' ny fanafihana intsony ireo mpilalao nesorina ireo mandra-pahatongan' ny anjarany mikapoka manaraka. Rehefa misy mpilalao telo voaesorina, dia mifamadika andraikitra ireo ekipa amin' ny antsasaky ny fihodinana manaraka. Raha mbola mitovy isa izy ireo rehefa vita ny fihodinana sivy, dia misy fihodinana fanampiny atao mba hamaritana izay mandresy. Maro ny lalao tsy matihanina, indrindra ireo tsy ao anatin' ny fifaninanana voalamina, no manana isan' ny mpilalao sy isan' ny fihodinana hafa noho ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-006&quot; /&gt;

Ny tsipika roa atao hoe ''foul lines'' no fetra fototra eo amin' ny kianja: miainga eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana ireo ary mitodika mandroso amin' ny zoro 45° avy. Ilay faritra mirefy zoro 90° eo anelanelan' ireo tsipika ireo no antsoina hoe ''fair territory'', ary ilay faritra mirefy zoro 270° any ivelan' ireo kosa no ''foul territory''. Ny faritra voahodidin' ny toby, miaraka amin' ny faritra miitatra ''yards'' vitsivitsy any ivelan' ireo, no atao hoe faritra akaikin' ny toby (''infield''); ny faritra any ankoatra izany kosa no faritra lavitry ny toby (''outfield''). Eo afovoan' ny faritra akaikin' ny toby dia misy dongon-tany ijoroan' ny mpanipy. Eo afovoan' io dongon-tany io no misy takelaka fingotra mahitsizoro, atao hoe ''rubber''. Mazàna dia fefy mitsangana no manamarika ny sisiny ivelan' ny faritra lavitry ny toby; mety ho vita amin' izay akora tiana io fefy io ary tsy voafetra ny haavony. Ny ''fair territory'' eo anelanelan' ny takelaka fiaingana sy ny sisiny ivelan' ny faritra lavitry ny toby no kianja filalaovana ''baseball'', na dia mety hisy zava-mitranga lehibe eo amin' ny lalao koa aza ao amin' ny ''foul territory''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-007&quot; /&gt;

Misy fitaovana fototra telo ampiasaina amin' ny ''baseball'': ny baolina, ny kibay fikapohana, ary ny fonon-tanana fisamborana (''glove'' na ''mitt''):
* Mitovitovy habe amin' ny totohondrin' olon-dehibe ny baolina ''baseball'', ary manodidina ny 9&amp;nbsp;in (22,86&amp;nbsp;cm) ny refin' ny manodidina azy. Fingotra na bosoa no ao anatiny, izay ahodidina kofehy ary rakofana hoditr' omby fotsy misy zaitra mena.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-008&quot; /&gt;
* Fitaovana entina mikapoka ny kibay fikapohana. Araka ny fomba nentim-paharazana dia tapa-kazo iray mafy sady tsy poakaty no anaovana azy. Amin' ny lalao tsy matihanina dia efa fahita ankehitriny ny fampiasana akora hafa. Tsorakazo mafy boribory izy io, manana savaivo tokony ho 2,5&amp;nbsp;in (6,35&amp;nbsp;cm) eo amin' ny tendrony fikapohana. Mihamanify izy mankany amin' ny tahony, ary misy lohany mibontsina eo amin' ny faran' ny tahony. Mazàna dia manodidina ny 34&amp;nbsp;in (86,36&amp;nbsp;cm) ny halavan' ny kibay ampiasain' ny olon-dehibe, ary tsy mihoatra ny 42&amp;nbsp;in (106,68&amp;nbsp;cm).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-009&quot; /&gt;
* Fitaovana ho an' ny mpiaro ny fonon-tanana fisamborana, na ''glove'' na ''mitt''. Vita amin' ny hoditra nasiana sosona malefaka izy io, ary misy ampahany mampifandray ny faritra anelanelan' ny rantsantanana. Manampy amin' ny fisamborana sy fihazonana ny baolina izy io, ary samy manana ny endriny mifanaraka amin' ny filàna manokan' ny toerana fiarovana isan-karazany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-010&quot; /&gt;
Anisan' ny fitaovana mahazatra ho an' ny mpikapoka rehetra koa ny satroka fiarovan-doha.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-011&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

=== Toeran' ny mpiaro ===
[[File:Baseball positions numbered en.svg|thumb|Kisary mampiseho ny fandaminana mahazatra ny toeran' ny mpilalao.]]
Isaky ny manomboka ny antsasaky ny fihodinana dia maka toerana manerana ny kianja ireo mpilalao sivy ao amin' ny ekipa miaro. Mijoro eo amin' ny dongona fanipazana ny iray amin' izy ireo, dia ny mpanipy. Rehefa manomboka ny fihetsika fanipazana izy dia mametraka tongotra iray eo amin' ny takelaka fingotra, ary manosika ny vatany amin' io tongotra io mba hampitombo ny hafainganan' ny fanipazana ny baolina mankany amin' ny takelaka fiaingana. Mpilalao iray hafa ao amin' ny ekipa miaro, dia ny mpisambotra ao ambadiky ny mpikapoka, no mitampisaka etsy an-dafin' ny takelaka fiaingana, mifanatrika amin' ny mpanipy.
Mitodika mankany amin' ny takelaka fiaingana ny mpiaro sisa. Matetika izy ireo no mizara ho mpiaro efatra amin' ny faritra anatiny sy mpiaro telo amin' ny faritra ivelany. Maka toerana manaraka ireo tsipika an-tsaina mampitohy ny toby voalohany sy faharoa ary fahatelo, na any ivelan' ireo tsipika ireo saingy tsy mihoatra ny elanelana ''yard'' vitsivitsy, ireo mpiaro efatra amin' ny faritra anatiny.
Amin' ny fandaminana mahazatra dia misy mpiaro ny toby voalohany eo ankavian' ny toby voalohany, misaraka aminy dingana vitsivitsy; mpiaro ny toby faharoa eo ankavanan' ny toby faharoa; mpiaro antsoina hoe ''shortstop'' eo ankavian' ny toby faharoa; ary mpiaro ny toby fahatelo eo ankavanan' ny toby fahatelo. Ny toerana fototra ao amin' ny faritra ivelany kosa dia ny an' ny mpiaro ny ilany havia, ny mpiaro ny afovoany, ary ny mpiaro ny ilany havanana.
Afa-tsy ny mpisambotra ao ambadiky ny mpikapoka, dia tsy maintsy ao amin' ny faritra eo anelanelan' ny tsipika roa mametra ny sisin' ny kianja (''fair territory'') ny mpiaro rehetra amin' ny fotoana anipazana ny baolina. Maka toerana ao ambadiky ny mpisambotra ny mpitsara iray tsy miandany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-012&quot; /&gt; Misy mpitsara hafa koa miparitaka manerana ny kianja.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-013&quot; /&gt;

=== Fanafihana ===
[[File:David-ortiz-batters-box.JPG|thumb|right|David Ortiz, ilay mpikapoka, miandry ny baolina hatsipy, miaraka amin' ny mpisambotra sy ny mpitsara.]]
Manomboka ny filalaovana rehefa mijoro ao anatin' ny iray amin' ireo faritra roa voatokana hijoroan' ny mpikapoka (''batter's box''), eo akaikin' ny takelaka fiaingana, ny mpilalao iray ao amin' ny ekipa mikapoka, sady mitazona kibay fikapohana.&lt;ref name=&quot;RulesPuttingBallInPlay&quot; /&gt; Miandry ny mpanipy hanipy ny baolina mankany amin' ny takelaka fiaingana ilay mpikapoka, ary miezaka mikapoka ny baolina&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-015&quot; /&gt; amin' ny kibay.&lt;ref name=&quot;RulesPuttingBallInPlay&quot; /&gt; Ny mpisambotra ao ambadiky ny mpikapoka no misambotra ireo baolina natsipy nefa tsy voakapoky ny mpikapoka, na noho izy nisafidy ny tsy hanetsika ny kibay hikapoka, na noho izy nikapoka nefa tsy nahavoa. Averin' ny mpisambotra any amin' ny mpanipy avy eo ireo baolina ireo. Raha tafakapoka ny baolina ho ao amin' ny kianja filalaovana ny mpikapoka, dia tsy maintsy mamela ny kibay ary manomboka mihazakazaka mankany amin' ny toby voalohany. Manomboka amin' izay izy dia antsoina hoe mpihazakazaka (''runner''), na hoe mpikapoka lasa mpihazakazaka (''batter-runner'') mandra-pahatapitry ny filalaovana amin' io baolina io.

Rehefa tonga eo amin' ny toby voalohany ilay mpikapoka lasa mpihazakazaka nefa tsy voaesotra amin' ny fanafihana, dia lazaina fa tafatody tsy voaesotra (''safe'') izy, ary efa eo amin' ny toby. Azony atao ny mijanona eo amin' ny toby voalohany, na miezaka mandroso mankany amin' ny toby faharoa, na mihoatra noho izany aza, arakaraka izay halavirana heveriny fa ho tratrany nefa tsy hahavoaesotra azy. Raha tafatody eo amin' ny toby ny mpilalao iray na dia nilalao araka ny tokony ho izy aza ireo mpiaro, dia anoratana kapoka nahatafatody azy (''hit'') izy. Raha tafatody tsy voaesotra eo amin' ny toby voalohany noho ny kapoka nataony izy, dia anoratana ''single'', izany hoe kapoka nahatafatody teo amin' ny toby voalohany. Raha tafatody tsy voaesotra eo amin' ny toby faharoa noho ilay kapoka mivantana izy, dia ''double'' izany; raha eo amin' ny toby fahatelo kosa, dia ''triple''. Raha voakapoka misidina ao anelanelan' ny tsipika mametra ny faritra ekena ny baolina ka tafahoatra ny faritra ivelany amin' ny kianja manontolo, ary koa ny fefy manodidina azy raha misy, na raha mahavita mihodina amin' ny toby rehetra tsy voaesotra amin' ny fomba hafa ilay mpikapoka lasa mpihazakazaka, dia ''home run'' izany, izany hoe kapoka ahafahana mamita ny fihodinana ny toby efatra. Afaka mihodina malalaka amin' ny toby rehetra ilay mpikapoka sy izay mpihazakazaka efa teo amin' ny toby, ka samy mahazo isa iray avy. Izany no vokatra irin' ny mpikapoka indrindra. Ny vokatra ambony indrindra sady iriny indrindra dia ny manao ''home run'' rehefa samy misy mpihazakazaka ny toby telo, na hoe feno ireo toby, ka mahazo isa efatra amin' ny kapoka tokana. Antsoina hoe ''grand slam'' izany. Raha vokatry ny fahadisoan' ny mpiaro kosa no nahatafatody ny mpilalao teo amin' ny toby, dia tsy anoratana ''hit'' izy; fa ilay mpiaro tompon' andraikitra no anoratana fahadisoana (''error'').&lt;ref name=&quot;RulesPuttingBallInPlay&quot; /&gt;

[[File:5TH 3689 Lou Marson.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Mpihazakazaka mikorisa manatona ny takelaka fiaingana ka mahazo isa.]]
Afaka miezaka mandroso ireo mpihazakazaka efa eo amin' ny toby rehefa voakapoka ny baolina ka milatsaka na mikasika ny tany ao anatin' ny faritra ekena amin' ny filalaovana. Azony atao izany na mbola tsy nilatsaka aza ilay baolina, na efa nilatsaka. Raha milatsaka ao anatin' ny faritra filalaovana ny baolina, dia tsy maintsy miezaka mandroso ny mpihazakazaka eo amin' ny toby voalohany, satria mpihazakazaka iray ihany no mahazo mitana toby iray amin' ny fotoana iray. Mihatra amin' ireo mpihazakazaka hafa koa izany raha eo amin' ny toby tsy maintsy hirosoan' ny namany ao amin' ny ekipa izy ireo. Raha voakapoka ho ao amin' ny faritra filalaovana ny baolina nefa mikodiadia mivoaka ny faritra ekena, alohan' ny hahatafavoahany ny faritra anatiny, dia miato ny filalaovana azy (''dead ball''), ary tsy maintsy miverina eo amin' ny toby nisy azy tamin' ny nanombohan' ilay filalaovana ny mpihazakazaka rehetra. Raha voakapoka misidina kosa ny baolina ka voasambotra alohan' ny hilatsahany amin' ny tany, dia voaesotra ilay mpikapoka noho ny fisamborana ny baolina mbola teny an-drivotra (''flyout''). Tsy mahazo miezaka mandroso ireo mpihazakazaka eo amin' ny toby raha tsy mikasika indray ny toby nisy azy tamin' ny nanombohan' ilay filalaovana, amin' ny fotoana isamborana ilay baolina na aorian' izay; izany no atao hoe ''tag up''. Afaka miezaka mandroso mankany amin' ny toby manaraka koa ny mpihazakazaka mandritra ny fanipazan' ny mpanipy ny baolina mankany amin' ny takelaka fiaingana. Raha mahomby izany, dia atao hoe fakana toby mandritra ny fanipazana (''stolen base'').&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-016&quot; /&gt;

=== Fiarovana ===
[[File:Strike zone en.JPG|thumb|Ny faritra fanisana ''strike'' no amaritana ny vokatry ny ankamaroan' ny fanipazana. Miova arakaraka ny mpikapoka ny haavony.]]
Raha tsy voakapoka ho ao amin' ny faritra ilalaovana ny baolina natsipy, dia sokajina ho ''strike'' na ''ball'' ilay fanipazana. Rehefa voaisa ho nahazo ''strike'' telo ny mpikapoka iray, dia esorina amin' ny fanafihana noho ireo ''strike'' telo izy. Rehefa voaisa ho nahazo ''ball'' efatra kosa izy, dia mahazo mandroso maimaim-poana ho any amin' ny toby voalohany, izay atao hoe ''base on balls'' na ''walk''. (Afaka mandroso maimaim-poana ho any amin' ny toby voalohany koa ny mpikapoka raha voan' ny baolina natsipy ny vatany na ny fanamiany any ivelan' ny faritra fanisana ''strike'', raha toa ka tsy nanetsika ny kibay fikapohana mba hikapoka izy sady niezaka nisoroka ilay baolina.)&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-017&quot; /&gt; Zava-dehibe amin' ny fanisana ny ''ball'' sy ny ''strike'' ny fanapahan-kevitry ny mpitsara hoe nandalo tao amin' ny faritra fanisana ''strike'' ve ilay baolina natsipy sa tsia. Faritra an-tsaina eo ambonin' ny takelaka fiaingana izany, izay manomboka eo amin' ny haavo afovoany manelanelana ny soroka sy ny fehikibon' ny mpikapoka ka midina hatreo amin' ny lempona ao ambadiky ny lohaliny.&lt;ref name=&quot;MLBR2&quot; /&gt; Isaina ho ''ball'' ny fanipazana rehetra tsy mandalo ao amin' io faritra io, afa-tsy raha manetsika ny kibay hikapoka ilay mpikapoka nefa tsy mahavoa, na raha voakapony ho any amin' ny faritra ivelan' ny tsipika mamaritra ny faritra ilalaovana ilay baolina. Misy anefa ny maningana amin' ny ankapobeny rehefa voakapoka ho any amin' io faritra ivelany io ny baolina nefa efa nahazo ''strike'' roa ilay mpikapoka: tsy misy ''ball'' na ''strike'' fanampiny isaina amin' izany.

[[File:America East Baseball Championship (14075491598).jpg|left|thumb|Mpilalao ''baseball'' ao amin' ny Binghamton Bearcats mikorisa miditra eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana, raha mampikasoka ny baolina aminy kosa ny mpisambotra ao ambadiky ny mpikapoka ao amin' ny Hartford Hawks, tamin' ny 2014.]]
Raha miezaka mahazo isa ny ekipa mikapoka, dia miezaka manala ny mpilalaon' io ekipa io amin' ny fanafihana kosa ny ekipa miaro. Ankoatra ny fanesorana noho ny ''strike'' telo sy ny fanesorana rehefa voasambotra talohan' ny hikasihany ny tany ny baolina nokapohina, dia anisan' ny fomba mahazatra koa ny fanesorana taorian' ny kapoka nandehanan' ny baolina tamin' ny tany (''ground out''), ny fanesorana mpihazakazaka voatery mandroso (''force out''), ary ny fanesorana amin' ny fampikasohana baolina amin' ny mpihazakazaka (''tag out''). Mitranga ireo rehefa voatery mandroso ho any amin' ny toby iray ny mpihazakazaka nefa tonga eo amin' io toby io alohany ny mpiaro mitana ny baolina, na rehefa kasihina amin' ny baolina tazonin' ny tanan' ny mpiaro ny mpihazakazaka iray izay tsy eo amin' ny toby. (Voatery mandroso ho any amin' ny toby voalohany foana ny mpikapoka lasa mpihazakazaka; ny mpihazakazaka hafa rehetra kosa dia tsy maintsy mandroso ho any amin' ny toby manaraka raha misy mpiara-milalao aminy voatery mandroso ho eo amin' ny toby misy azy.) Azo atao ny manala mpilalao roa ao anatin' ny fizotran-dalao iray ihany. Izany no atao hoe fanesorana roa misesy ao anatin' ny fizotran-dalao iray (''double play''). Azo atao koa ny manala mpilalao telo ao anatin' ny fizotran-dalao iray (''triple play''), saingy mahalana izany. Tsy maintsy miala ny kianja ny mpilalao nesorina, ka miverina any amin' ny fialofan' ny ekipany na eny amin' ny dabilio. Mety mbola hisy mpihazakazaka tavela eo amin' ny toby rehefa mpilalao hafa ao amin' ny ekipany no esorina ka mahafeno telo ny isan' ny nesorina. Tsy mitondra tombony ho an' ny ekipany amin' ny anjarany mikapoka manaraka ireo mpihazakazaka tavela ireo, satria tsy misy mpihazakazaka eo amin' ny toby amin' ny fiandohan' ny antsasaky ny fihodinana tsirairay.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-019&quot; /&gt;

=== Filaharan' ny fikapohana sy fanoloana mpilalao ===
[[File:Chris Tillman, Buck Showalter (36615791150).jpg|thumb|Mpanipy manolotra ny baolina rehefa navoaka tamin' ny lalao nandritra ny fifampidinihana teo amin' ny dongona fanipazana.]]
Tapitra ny anjaran' ny mpilalao iray hikapoka eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana (''plate appearance'') rehefa tafapaka amin' ny toby izy, mahavita ''home run'', voaesotra amin' ny fanafihana, na mikapoka baolina izay mahatonga ny fanesorana fahatelo ho an' ny ekipany, na dia mpiray ekipa aminy aza no voarakitra ho nesorina. Amin' ny toe-javatra tsy fahita firy, mety ho eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana ny mpikapoka nefa mpiray ekipa aminy no voarakitra ho nesorina fahatelo, na dia tsy nikapoka ny baolina aza ilay mpikapoka. Ohatra amin' izany ny mpihazakazaka tratra teo am-pangalatra toby, izany hoe voaesotra rehefa voakitiky ny mpiaro mitana ny baolina teo am-panandramana hangalatra toby. Raha tsy vita noho izany ny anjaran' ny mpikapoka iray, dia izy no voalohany hikapoka rehefa tonga indray ny anjaran' ny ekipany hanafika; foanana ny isan' ny ''ball'' sy ''strike'' voaisa taminy tamin' ny fihodinana teo aloha.

Indray mandeha ihany ny mpihazakazaka no mahazo mamita ny fihodinana ny toby isaky ny anjarany hikapoka, ka isa iray raha be indrindra no azony amin' izany anjara izany. Rehefa nahavita ny anjarany hikapoka teo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana ny mpilalao iray, dia tsy mahazo mikapoka indray izy raha tsy efa samy nandray ny anjarany avokoa ireo mpiray ekipa aminy valo hafa, araka ny filaharan' ny fikapohana. Faritana alohan' ny hanombohan' ny lalao io filaharana io, ary tsy azo ovana raha tsy amin' ny alalan' ny fanoloana mpilalao. Rehefa nesorina ny mpilalao iray ka nasiana mpisolo toerana, dia tsy mahazo miverina milalao intsony izy amin' io lalao io. Matetika anefa no malefaka kokoa ny fitsipika amin' ny lalaon' ny ankizy, toy ny fitsipiky ny ''Little League'' (Ligy Madinika), izay mamela ny mpilalao nosoloina hiverina ao anatin' io lalao io ihany.&lt;ref name=&quot;League&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-020&quot; /&gt;

Raha ampiharina ny fitsipika momba ny DH (mpikapoka voatendry), dia manana mpilalao fahafolo ny ekipa tsirairay, ary ny mikapoka sy mihazakazaka ihany no andraikiny. Mandray ny toeran' ny mpilalao iray hafa ao amin' ny filaharan' ny fikapohana ny DH; saika ny mpanipy foana io mpilalao soloany io. Tsy mandray anjara amin' ny fiarovana kosa ny DH. Noho izany, na dia mampiasa DH aza ny ekipa tsirairay, dia mbola mpilalao sivy ihany no ao amin' ny filaharan' ny fikapohana, ary sivy koa no milahatra hiaro eny an-kianja.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-021&quot; /&gt;

== Ireo mpandray anjara ==
Jereo koa: Toeran' ny mpilalao amin' ny ''baseball''.

=== Mpilalao ===
Jereo koa: sokajin' ny mpilalao ''baseball'' sy lisitry ny mpilalao ''baseball''.

Miovaova arakaraka ny ligy sy ny ambaratongan' ny fifaninanana ny isan' ny olona ao amin' ny lisitry ny mpilalaon' ny ekipa ''baseball'' iray. Nanomboka tamin' ny taom-pilalaovana 2021, dia mpilalao 26 samy manana andraikitra manokana no ao amin' ny lisitry ny mpilalao mahazo mandray anjara amin' ny lalao ho an' ny ekipa iray ao amin' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-roster-2021&quot;&gt;Hutchinson-Kausch, Daniel. [https://www.talkingchop.com/2021/3/1/22304344/2021-mlb-season-preview-rule-changes ''Taking a look at the rule changes for the 2021 season'']. March 1, 2021. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 19, 2021. tranonkala: talkingchop.com.&lt;/ref&gt; Toy izao matetika ny firafitry ny ekipa iray:&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-022&quot; /&gt;
* Mpiaro tsy mpanipy valo: ny mpisambotra ao ambadiky ny mpikapoka, mpiaro ny faritra anatiny efatra ary mpiaro ny faritra ivelany telo. Samy milalao tsy tapaka ireo.
* Mpanipy dimy mpanomboka lalao, izay mifandimby manipy amin' ny fanombohan' ny lalao araka ny filaharana voatendrin' ny ekipa.
* Mpanipy mpisolo toerana fito, ka anisan' ireo ny mpanipy famaranana iray. Ireo no antsoina hoe ''bullpen'', anarana nalaina avy amin' ny anaran' ny toerana ivelan' ny kianja filalaovana izay anaovan' ny mpanipy fanafanana.
* Mpisambotra mpisolo toerana iray.
* Mpiaro mpisolo toerana dimy ho an' ny faritra anatiny sy ivelany, na mpilalao afaka mitana toerana maro.

Mampihatra ny fitsipika DH (mpikapoka voatendry hisolo mpilalao hafa amin' ny filaharana mikapoka) ny ankamaroan' ny ligy ''baseball'' eran-tany, anisan' izany ny MLB, ny ''Pacific League'' (Ligy Pasifika) ao [[Japàna]], ary ireo ligy matihanina any Karaiba, ary koa ireo fikambanana lehibe mikarakara ''baseball'' tsy matihanina any [[Etazonia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-023&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fanazavana navoaka tamin' ny 2016, dia tsy nampihatra izany fitsipika izany ny ''Central League'' (Ligy Afovoany) ao [[Japàna]], ary tsy voatery nampiasa DH ny klioba tamin' ny ambaratonga ambony tamin' ny ligy madinika izay nifandray tamin' ny ekipa tao amin' ny ''National League'' (Ligim-pirenena).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-024&quot; /&gt; Ao amin' ireo ligy mampihatra ny fitsipika momba ny mpikapoka voatendry, dia matetika ny ekipa iray no manana mpilalao sivy milalao tsy tapaka amin' ny fanafihana, anisan' izany ny DH, sy mpanipy dimy mpanomboka lalao,&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-025&quot; /&gt; ary mpanipy mpisolo toerana fito na valo, mpisambotra mpisolo toerana iray, ary mpilalao mpisolo toerana roa na telo hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-026&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-027&quot; /&gt;

=== Mpanazatra lehibe sy mpanazatra mpanampy ===
[[File:Mark Canha with Mets First Base Coach Wayne Kirby (52003392854).jpg|thumb|Miresaka amin' i Wayne Kirby, mpanazatra eo amin' ny toby voalohany ao amin' ny New York Mets, i Mark Canha.]]
Ny mpanazatra lehibe no miandraikitra ny fanapahan-kevitra lehibe momba ny paikadin' ny ekipa. Anisan' izany ny famaritana ny filaharana ifandimbiasan' ny mpanipy mpanomboka lalao, ny fandaminana ny filaharan' ny mpikapoka alohan' ny lalao tsirairay, ary ny fanoloana mpilalao mandritra ny lalao, indrindra ny fampidirana mpanipy mpisolo toerana. Matetika izy no ampian' ny mpanazatra mpanampy roa na mihoatra. Mety hanana andraikitra manokana ireo, toy ny fampiofanana ny mpilalao amin' ny fikapohana, ny fiarovana, ny fanipazana, na ny fanamafisana ny tanjaka sy ny fanomanana ara-batana. Amin' ny ankamaroan' ny ambaratongan' ny fifaninanana, dia misy mpanazatra roa eny an-kianja rehefa mikapoka ny ekipany: ny mpanazatra eo amin' ny toby voalohany sy ny mpanazatra eo amin' ny toby fahatelo. Mijoro ao amin' ny faritra voatokana ho an' ny mpanazatra izy ireo, ety ivelan' ny tsipika mametra ny faritra ara-dalàna. Manampy amin' ny fitarihana ny mpihazakazaka eny amin' ny toby izy ireo rehefa mbola mandeha ny lalao, ary mampita ny famantarana momba ny tetika avy amin' ny mpanazatra lehibe ho an' ny mpikapoka sy ny mpihazakazaka mandritra ny fiatoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-028&quot; /&gt; Tsy toy ny amin' ny fanatanjahantena iraisan' ekipa maro hafa, dia mazàna manao ny fanamian' ny ekipany ny mpanazatra lehibe sy ny mpanazatra mpanampy amin' ny ''baseball''. Tsy maintsy manao fanamiana ny mpanazatra vao mahazo miditra eny an-kianja hiresaka amin' ny mpilalao mandritra ny lalao.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-029&quot; /&gt;

=== Mpitsara ===
[[File:Brian Knight calls out Derrek Lee.jpg|thumb|Manambara ny fanesorana an' i Derrek Lee amin' ny fanafihana i Brian Knight, mpitsara eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana.]]
Misy mpitsara iray na maromaro ny lalao ''baseball'' rehetra. Izy ireo no mitsara ny vokatry ny hetsika tsirairay. Farafahakeliny, dia misy mpitsara iray mijoro ao ambadiky ny mpisambotra mba hahitany tsara ny faritra tokony handalovan' ny baolina, ka hanambarany raha ''ball'' na ''strike'' ny fanipazana tsirairay. Azo ametrahana mpitsara fanampiny eo akaikin' ny toby hafa, mba hanamorana ny fitsarana ny hetsika toy ny fiezahana hanala mpihazakazaka amin' ny alalan' ny fahatongavan' ny mpiaro mitana baolina eo amin' ny toby tsy maintsy alehan' ilay mpihazakazaka alohany, na amin' ny fanendrena azy amin' ny baolina tazonina an-tanana rehefa tsy eo amin' ny toby izy. Mpitsara efatra no ampiasaina isaky ny lalao ao amin' ny MLB, ka iray eo akaikin' ny toby tsirairay. Amin' ny dingana fanintsanana kosa, dia mpitsara enina no ampiasaina: iray eo amin' ny toby tsirairay ary roa any amin' ny faritra ivelany, manaraka ny tsipika mametra ny faritra ara-dalàna.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-030&quot; /&gt;

== Paikady ==
Jereo koa: Fandaminana ny toeran' ny mpilalao eny an-kianja.

Maro amin' ny fanapahan-kevitra momba ny paikady raisina mialoha sy mandritra ny lalao ''baseball'' no mifototra amin' izao zava-misy fototra izao: amin' ny ankapobeny, mazàna mahomby kokoa ny mpikapoka ankavanana rehefa miatrika mpanipy mampiasa ny tanana havia; ary lehibe kokoa aza izany tombony izany ho an' ny mpikapoka ankavia rehefa miatrika mpanipy mampiasa ny tanana havanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-031&quot; /&gt; Raha manana mpikapoka ankavia maromaro ao amin' ny filaharan' ny mpikapoka mahazatra ny mpanazatra mpitantana iray, ary fantany fa mpanipy mampiasa ny tanana havia no hanomboka ny lalao ho an' ny ekipa mpifanandrina, dia mety hampilalao hatrany am-piandohana mpikapoka ankavanana iray na maromaro amin' ireo mpisolo toerana ao amin' ny lisitry ny mpilalaon' ny ekipany izy. Amin' ny fihodinana faramparan' ny lalao, rehefa ampidirina ireo mpanipy sy mpikapoka mpisolo toerana, dia matetika ny mpanazatra mpitantana ny ekipa roa no mifandimby manolo mpilalao mba hahazoana fifanandrinana ahazoan' ny ekipany tombony. Ny mpanazatra mpitantana ny ekipa miaro dia miezaka mampifanandrina mpanipy sy mpikapoka samy ankavanana na samy ankavia; ny an' ny ekipa manafika kosa miezaka mampifanandrina mpanipy ankavanana amin' ny mpikapoka ankavia, na mpanipy ankavia amin' ny mpikapoka ankavanana. Raha mitarika isa ny ekipa iray amin' ny fihodinana faramparany, dia mety hosoloan' ny mpanazatra mpitantana mpiaro mahay kokoa ny mpilalao mpiaro ankoatra ny mpanipy izay nilalao hatrany am-piandohana, indrindra raha tsy dia azo inoana intsony ny hiverenan' ny anjarany mikapoka. Izany no atao hoe fanoloana mpilalao hanatsarana ny fiarovana.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-032&quot; /&gt;

== Tetika ==
=== Fanipazana sy fiarovana ===
[[File:Indiana vs Navy, Baseball pick-off attempt.jpg|right|thumb|Mandray fanipazana natao hisamborana mpihazakazaka ivelan' ny toby ny mpiaro ny toby voalohany, raha mitsoraka hiverina eo amin' io toby io kosa ilay mpihazakazaka.]]

Jereo koa: Fanipazana amin' ny ''baseball''.

Saika alohan' ny hetsika rehetra amin' ny lalao ''baseball'' dia misy fanapahan-kevitra ara-tetika momba ny karazana fanipazana hofidina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-033&quot; /&gt;
Amin' ny fomba ihazonany sy amotsorany ny baolina ary amin' ny hafainganam-pandeha anipazany azy, dia azon' ny mpanipy atao ny mampivily ny baolina miankavia na miankavanana, na mampidina azy tampoka, rehefa manakaiky ny mpikapoka. Izany no ahafahana mamorona karazana fanipazana samihafa azo isafidianana.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-034&quot; /&gt;
Amin' ireo karazana fanipazana maro azo atao, dia efatra ny fototra: ny fanipazana haingam-pandeha (''fastball''), ny fanipazana ampihenana hafainganam-pandeha (''changeup'', na fanipazana miadana kokoa), ary ny fanipazana mivily roa karazana, dia ny fanipazana miolaka midina (''curveball'') sy ny fanipazana mivily mitsivalana sady midina (''slider'').&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-035&quot; /&gt;
Samy manana ny karazana fanipazana hainy tsara ny mpanipy tsirairay. Araka ny fanao, alohan' ny fanipazana tsirairay dia manome famantarana ny mpanipy ilay mpisambotra ao ambadiky ny mpikapoka, mba hilazana ny karazana fanipazana hatao sy ny toerana ankapobeny hikendrena azy, na amin' ny haavony na amin' ny ilany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-036&quot; /&gt;
Raha tsy eken' ny mpanipy ilay safidy, dia azony atao ny mihifikifi-doha handavana ilay famantarana, ka hangataka karazana fanipazana hafa ilay mpisambotra.

Raha misy mpihazakazaka eo amin' ny toby iray ary efa mihataka kely amin' ilay toby mba hiaingana haingana kokoa, dia azon' ny mpanipy atao ny manandrana misambotra azy ivelan' ny toby (''pickoff'').
Fanipazana haingana any amin' ny mpiaro miambina ilay toby izany, mba tsy hamela ilay mpihazakazaka ho lasa lavitra loatra amin' ny toby, na, raha mahomby indrindra, hanesorana azy amin' ny fikasihana azy amin' ny baolina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-037&quot; /&gt;
Voafehin' ny fitsipika mametra mafy ny fihetsiky ny mpanipy anefa ny fanandramana toy izany, na mialoha na mandritra ny fanatanterahana azy.
Raha mandika ny iray amin' ireo fitsipika ireo ny mpanipy, dia azon' ny mpitsara atao ny manambara fa nanao fihetsika tsy ara-dalàna (''balk'') izy. Amin' izany dia mahazo mandroso toby iray ny mpihazakazaka rehetra eny amin' ny toby, nefa tsy azo esorina mandritra io fandrosoana io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-038&quot; /&gt;
Raha ahina fa hisy hanandrana hangalatra toby, dia azon' ilay mpisambotra angatahina ny fanipazana fanahy iniana ivelan' ny takelaka fiaingana (''pitchout''). Afaka misambotra azy mitsangana izy amin' izany ary manipy haingana any amin' ny toby iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-039&quot; /&gt;
Rehefa miatrika mpikapoka izay mirona mafy handefa ny baolina any amin' ny ilany iray amin' ny kianja ny ekipa mpiaro, dia mety hamindra ny toeran' ny mpiaro izy, ka hifindra miankavia na miankavanana raha oharina amin' ny toerana mahazatra azy ny ankamaroan' ny mpiaro na izy rehetra.
Raha misy mpihazakazaka eo amin' ny toby fahatelo, dia mety hanatona ny takelaka fiaingana ny mpiaro ny faritra anatiny, mba hampitomboana ny fahafahana manala ilay mpihazakazaka amin' ny fanipazana ny baolina rehefa mikorisa na mitsambikimbikina amin' ny tany ilay baolina voakapoka.
Raha kapohina mafy anefa ny baolina manaraka ny tany, dia vao mainka mety ho tafavoaka eo anelanelan' ireo mpiaro izay efa nanatona ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;SB45&quot; /&gt;

=== Fikapohana sy fihazakazahana eny amin' ny toby ===
[[File:Mookie Betts hitting the ball (36478781664).jpg|thumb|Manetsika ny kibay fikapohany i Mookie Betts, mpilalaon' ny Boston Red Sox, ka mikapoka baolina natsipy.]]
Rehefa misy mpihazakazaka eo amin' ny toby voalohany, dia misy tetika fototra maromaro azon' ny ekipa mpanafika ampiasaina, anisan' izany ny fanapahan-kevitra na hanandrana hangalatra ny toby faharoa na tsia.
Ampiasaina indraindray ny tetika fikapohana sy fihazakazahana miaraka (''hit and run''), raha mahay mampifandray ny kibay amin' ny baolina ilay mpikapoka. Miainga miaraka amin' ny fanipazana ilay mpihazakazaka, ka misarika ny mpiaro eo anelanelan' ny toby faharoa sy fahatelo na ny mpiaro ny toby faharoa hankeo amin' ny toby faharoa. Misy banga àry eo amin' ny faritra anatiny, izay ahafahan' ilay mpikapoka mandefa ny baolina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-041&quot; /&gt;
Amin' ny fanosehana moramora ny baolina ka mahafoy ny anjaran' ny mpikapoka (''sacrifice bunt''), dia ifantohan' ilay mpikapoka ny fampikasihana moramora ny kibay amin' ny baolina, mba hikorisany tsy lavitra eo amin' ny faritra anatiny.
Afaka mandroso ho eo amin' ny toerana ahazoana isa mora kokoa ilay mpihazakazaka, izany hoe ny toby faharoa na fahatelo, fa ilay mpikapoka kosa esorina rehefa tonga mialoha azy eo amin' ny toby voalohany ny baolina natsipy.
Azon' ny mpikapoka atao koa, indrindra raha haingam-pandeha izy rehefa mihazakazaka, ny manandrana manosika moramora ny baolina amin' ny kibay mba hahazoany kapoka ahatongavana soa aman-tsara eo amin' ny toby.
Raha ampiasaina ny ''sacrifice bunt'' rehefa misy mpihazakazaka eo amin' ny toby fahatelo, ka ny hampody azy eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana no tanjona, dia antsoina hoe tetika fampodiana amin' ny fanosehana moramora ny baolina (''squeeze play'') izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-042&quot; /&gt;
Raha misy mpihazakazaka eo amin' ny toby fahatelo ary mbola latsaky ny roa ny mpilalao nesorina, dia azon' ny mpikapoka atao kosa ny mifantoka amin' ny fandefasana baolina avo sy lavitra. Na dia voasambotra tsy nipaka tamin' ny tany aza izany baolina izany, dia ampy ny halavirany hahafahan' ilay mpihazakazaka miainga avy eo amin' ny toby rehefa voasambotra ny baolina, ary mody mahazo isa.
Raha mahomby izany, dia voarakitra ho nahavita kapoka avo nahafoizany ny anjarany mba hahazoana isa (''sacrifice fly'') ilay mpikapoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;SB45&quot; /&gt;
Mba hampitomboana ny fahafahan' ny mpikapoka mankany amin' ny toby voalohany amin' ny alalan' ny ''walk'', izany hoe zo handroso azo rehefa feno efatra ny ''ball'', dia indraindray ny mpitantana no manome famantarana ny mpikapoka izay manana tombony amin' ny fanisana, izany hoe betsaka kokoa ny ''ball'' noho ny ''strike'', mba hamela ny fanipazana manaraka handalo ka tsy hanetsika ny kibay hikapohana azy.
Lehibe kokoa ny tombontsoa mety ho azony amin' ny fahatongavana eny amin' ny toby amin' ny alalan' ny ''walk'' noho ny fatiantoka raha toa ka ''strike'' ilay fanipazana manaraka.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-043&quot; /&gt;

== Tantara ==
''Lahatsoratra fototra: Tantaran' ny baseball. Fanazavana fanampiny: Fiandohan' ny baseball.''

Nisy fotoana nifanarahan' ny maro fa ny ''baseball'' ankehitriny dia vokatry ny fivoaran' ny lalao tranainy kokoa atao hoe ''rounders'' tany [[Amerika Avaratra]]; lalao be mpanao teo amin' ny ankizy tany Britaina Lehibe sy Irlandy io ''rounders'' io.&lt;ref name=&quot;BlockRader&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-044&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-045&quot; /&gt; Mihevitra kosa i David Block, Amerikanina mpahay tantaran' ny ''baseball'', fa tany [[Angletera]] no niandohan' ilay lalao; manohana izany hevitra izany ny porofo ara-tantara hita tatỳ aoriana. Araka ny filazan' i Block sy John Thorn, mpahay tantara ofisialin' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball), dia mety ho ny tanana no nikapohana ny baolina tamin' io endrika talohan' ny ''baseball'' ankehitriny io, ka nitovitovy tamin' ny ''punchball'' ankehitriny izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-046&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-047&quot; /&gt; Araka ny hevitr' i Block, dia endrika samy hafa isam-paritra tamin' ny lalao iray ihany raha ny marina ny ''rounders'' sy ny ''baseball'' tany am-piandohana, ary ireo lalao anglisy ''stoolball'' sy ''tut-ball'' no nialoha azy mivantana indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;BlockRader&quot; /&gt; Ny firesahana ny ''baseball'' tranainy indrindra fantatra dia hita ao amin' ny ''A Little Pretty Pocket-Book'', boky britanika navoakan' i John Newbery tamin' ny 1744.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-049&quot; /&gt; Hitan' i Block fa natao tany Surrey tamin' ny 1749 ny lalao voalohany voarakitra an-tsoratra tamin' ny anarana hoe « Base Ball »,&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-050&quot; /&gt; ary anisan' ny mpilalao tamin' izany ny Printsin' i Kambria.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-051&quot; /&gt; Toa ireo mpifindra monina anglisy no nitondra io endrika voalohan' ilay lalao io tany [[Kanada]].&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-052&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Cricket vs. baseball (4050380395).jpg|thumb|upright|Tamin' ny vanim-potoan' ny Ady an-trano amerikanina, tao anatin' ny taompolo 1860, dia efa nihoatra ny ''cricket'' (eo ambony) ny ''baseball'' (eo ambany) raha ny hamaroan' ny mpankafy tany [[Etazonia]] no jerena, na dia samy fanatanjahantena mampiasa kibay sy baolina aza izy roa.&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Anisan' ny antony ny hoe fohy lavitra ny fotoana nilalaovana ny ''baseball'' raha oharina amin' ny endriky ny ''cricket'' nilalaovana tamin' izany fotoana izany, ary tsy nitaky faritra voaomana manokana hilalaovana ny ''baseball''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-053&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-054&quot; /&gt; Noho ny fitomboan' ny hery fitaoman' i Etazonia tany ivelany, dia toy izany koa no nitranga tany [[Japàna]] sy tany [[Repoblika Dôminikana]] tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-20.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-055&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-056&quot; /&gt;]]
Tany am-piandohan' ny taompolo 1830 dia efa nisy tatitra momba ny lalao isan-karazany nampiasa kibay sy baolina, izay tsy mbola nanana fitsipika voarafitra nefa azo fantarina ho endrika voalohan' ny ''baseball'', nilalaovana nanerana an' i Amerika Avaratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-057&quot; /&gt; Ny lalao ''baseball'' voalohany voarakitra an-tsoratra tany Amerika Avaratra dia natao tany Beachville, Ontario, any Kanada, tamin' ny 4 Jona 1838.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-058&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 1845, i Alexander Cartwright, mpikambana tao amin' ny klioba Knickerbocker tao amin' ny tanànan' i New York, no nitarika ny fandrafetana ny fitsipika nantsoina hoe fitsipika Knickerbocker.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-059&quot; /&gt; Ireo indray dia nifototra tamin' ny fitsipika novolavolain' i William R. Wheaton, avy tao amin' ny klioba Gotham, tamin' ny 1837.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-060&quot; /&gt; Na dia misy tatitra aza fa efa nilalao tamin' ny 1845 ny New York Knickerbockers, dia ilay fifaninanana natao tamin' ny 19 Jona 1846 tany Hoboken, New Jersey, no nekena nandritra ny fotoana ela ho lalao ''baseball'' voalohany voarakitra an-tsoratra teo amin' ny tantaran' i [[Etazonia]]: resin' ny New York Nine tamin' ny isa 23–1 ny Knickerbockers, tao anatin' ny fihodinana efatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-061&quot; /&gt; Niorina tamin' ny fitsipika Knickerbocker ny fitsipiky ny ''baseball'' maoderina, ary mbola nivoatra nandritra ny dimampolo taona nanaraka.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-062&quot; /&gt; Niparitaka nanerana ny faritra manodidina ny Oseana Pasifika sy ny kaontinanta amerikanina ilay lalao taorian' izany,&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-063&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-064&quot; /&gt; ary notohanan' ny Amerikanina ho fomba iray hampielezana ny soatoavina amerikanina ilay fanatanjahantena.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-065&quot; /&gt;

=== Any [[Etazonia]] ===
Jereo koa ny ''baseball'' any Etazonia sy ny tantaran' ny ''baseball'' any Etazonia.

==== Fananganana ny ligy matihanina ====
Tamin' ny tapaky ny taompolo 1850 dia niely be ny fitiavana ny ''baseball'' tao amin' ny faritra an-tanàn-dehiben' i New York sy ny manodidina azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-066&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 1856 dia efa niantso azy io hoe « fialam-bolin' ny firenena » na « lalaon' ny firenena » ny gazety teo an-toerana, raha adika ireo teny nampiasainy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-067&quot; /&gt;
Herintaona taorian' izay dia niforona ny rafitra voalohany nitantana an' ilay fanatanjahantena, dia ny ''National Association of Base Ball Players'' (Fikambanana Nasionalin' ny Mpilalao Baseball).
Tamin' ny 1867 dia noraran' io fikambanana io tsy handray anjara ny [[Afrikana-Amerikana|Amerikanina mainty hoditra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-068&quot; /&gt;
Niorina tamin' ny 1876 ny ''National League'' (Ligim-pirenena), izay nanana rafitra voalamina tamin' ny fomba ofisialy kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-069&quot; /&gt;
Niforona koa ireo ligy matihanina ho an' ny mpilalao mainty hoditra, na ''Negro leagues'', saingy vetivety dia nitsahatra ny asany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-070&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 1887 dia noforonina ny ''softball'', izay natao ho endriky ny lalao niaviany azo lalaovina amin' ny ririnina.
Nantsoina hoe ''indoor baseball'' na ''indoor-outdoor'' izy io tamin' izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-071&quot; /&gt;
Ny ''American League'' (Ligy Amerikanina) dia nivoatra avy amin' ny ''Western League'' (Ligy Tandrefana), ligy ambaratonga ambany izay naverina nalamina teo ambany fitarihan' i Ban Johnson tamin' ny 1893.
Tsy natsangana tamin' ny fomba ofisialy ho ligy lehibe ny ''American League'' raha tsy tamin' ny 1901.
Efa tamin' ny 1893 kosa dia nanamafy ny fitsipika fototry ny lalao maoderina ireo fanovana lehibe teo amin' ny firafiny, anisan' izany ny famindrana ny toerana fanipazana mba ho 60 ''feet'' sy 6 ''inches'' ny halaviran' ny fanipazana.&lt;ref name=&quot;R71&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-073&quot; /&gt;

Ny Fifanarahana Nasionaly tamin' ny 1903 no nametraka tamin' ny fomba ofisialy ny fifandraisan' ireo ligy lehibe roa, ary koa ny fifandraisan' izy ireo tamin' ny ''National Association of Professional Base Ball Leagues'' (Fikambanana Nasionalin' ny Ligy Baseball Matihanina).
Io fikambanana io no nisolo tena ny ankamaroan' ny ligy matihanina ambaratonga ambany tao amin' ilay firenena.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-074&quot; /&gt;
Natomboka tamin' ny fararano tany amin' ny ila-bolantany avaratra tamin' io taona io ny ''World Series'', fifaninanana mampifanandrina ny tompondakan' ireo ligy lehibe roa.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-075&quot; /&gt;
Nitarika ny fananganana ny toeran' ny kaomisera mpitantana ny ''baseball'' ny raharaha ''Black Sox Scandal'' tamin' ny ''World Series'' 1919.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-076&quot; /&gt;
Voafidy tamin' ny 1920 ny kaomisera voalohany, Kenesaw Mountain Landis.
Tamin' io taona io koa no niorina ny ''Negro National League'' (Ligim-pirenena ho an' ny mpilalao mainty hoditra).
Io no ligy ho an' ny mpilalao mainty hoditra voalohany nanana toerana lehibe, ary nitohy hatramin' ny 1931 ny asany.
Nisy nandritra ny ampahany tamin' ny taompolo 1920 koa ny ''Eastern Colored League'' (Ligy Atsinanana ho an' ny mpilalao mainty hoditra).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-077&quot; /&gt;

==== Fisongadinan' i Ruth sy fanafoanana ny fanavahana ara-pirazanana ====
Raha oharina amin' ny lalao amin' izao andro izao, dia vitsy kokoa ny isa azo tamin' ny ''baseball'' matihanina tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-20, ary nifehy bebe kokoa ny fizotry ny lalao ny mpanipy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-078&quot; /&gt;
Nifarana tany am-piandohan' ny taompolo 1920 io vanim-potoana antsoina hoe ''dead-ball era'', na vanim-potoanan' ny baolina tsy dia lasa lavitra rehefa voakapoka, io.
Fanovana maromaro teo amin' ny fitsipika sy ny toe-javatra manodidina ny lalao no nanome tombony ny mpikapoka.
Nisy fepetra vaovao hentitra nifehy ny habeny sy ny endriny ary ny akora nanamboarana ny baolina.
Niampy izany ny fitsipika vaovao nandrara tamin' ny fomba ofisialy ny ''spitball'', na fanipazana baolina nasiana rora, sy ireo fanipazana hafa niankina tamin' ny fanosorana akora hafa tamin' ny baolina na ny fanaovana ny velarany ho marokoroko.
Vokatr' izany dia lasa lavitra kokoa ny baolina rehefa voakapoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-079&quot; /&gt;
Nanampy hanova maharitra ny endriky ny lalao ny fisongadinan' ilay mpilalao malaza [[Babe Ruth]], izay mpikapoka mahery voalohany nisongadina tamin' io vanim-potoana vaovao io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-080&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny faramparan' ny taompolo 1920 sy ny fiandohan' ny taompolo 1930 dia nampiasa vola tamin' ny klioba maromaro tao amin' ny ligy ambaratonga ambany i [[Branch Rickey]], tale jeneralin' ny St. Louis Cardinals.
Novolavolainy tamin' izany ny rafitra maoderina voalohany nampifandray ekipa lehibe tamin' ny ekipa ambaratonga ambany mba hanomanana mpilalao hiakatra ao aminy, izay antsoina hoe ''farm system''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-081&quot; /&gt;
Nisy ''Negro National League'' vaovao natsangana tamin' ny 1933, ary efa-taona taorian' izay dia niforona koa ny ''Negro American League'' (Ligy Amerikanina ho an' ny mpilalao mainty hoditra).
Tamin' ny 1936 no natao ny fifidianana voalohany ireo horaisina ao amin' ny ''National Baseball Hall of Fame'' (toeram-pankasitrahana nasionaly an' ireo nisongadina tamin' ny ''baseball'').
Niorina tany Pennsylvania tamin' ny 1939 ny ''Little League Baseball'' (fikambanan' ny ligy baseball ho an' ny ankizy).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-082&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Jackie Robinson Kansas City Monarchs.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Robinson maka sary, manao ny satroka fanamian' ny Kansas City Monarchs, ekipa baseball tao amin' ny ligy ho an' ny mpilalao mainty hoditra, tamin' ny 1945|[[Jackie Robinson]] tamin' ny 1945, fony izy tao amin' ny Kansas City Monarchs, ekipa tao amin' ny ''Negro American League'' (Ligy Amerikanina ho an' ny mpilalao mainty hoditra).]]

Nirava ny ekipa maro tao amin' ny ligy ambaratonga ambany rehefa nahatonga tsy fahampian' ny mpilalao ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]].
I Philip K. Wrigley, tompon' ny Chicago Cubs, no nitarika ny fananganana ny ''All-American Girls Professional Baseball League'' (Ligy Baseball Matihanina Amerikanina ho an' ny Vehivavy), mba hanampiana amin' ny fitazonana ny fahalianan' ny vahoaka amin' ilay lalao.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-083&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 1945 no nisy ny dingana voalohany nandravana ilay fifanarahana tsy voasoratra izay nanakana ny mainty hoditra tsy hilalao tao amin' ny ''baseball'' matihanina nofehezin' ny fotsy hoditra: nanao fifanarahana tamin' i [[Jackie Robinson]] ny Brooklyn Dodgers, ekipa tao amin' ny ''National League'', ary nanomboka nilalao tao amin' ny Montreal Royals, ekipan' izy ireo tao Montreal izay tao amin' ny ligy ambaratonga ambany, izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-084&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 1947, rehefa nilalao voalohany niaraka tamin' ny Dodgers i Robinson, dia rava ny sakana ara-pirazanana nanakana ny mainty hoditra tsy hiditra tao amin' ny ligy lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-085&quot; /&gt;
Nanomboka nitombo koa ny isan' ny mpilalao avy any [[Amerika Latina]] niditra tao amin' ireo ligy lehibe, na dia tsy dia nomena lanja aza izy ireo talohan' izany.
Tamin' ny 1951 dia mpilalao roa tao amin' ny Chicago White Sox, dia i Chico Carrasquel, teraka tany [[Venezoela]], sy i Minnie Miñoso, mainty hoditra teraka tany [[Kiobà]], no lasa mpilalao manana fiaviana amin' ny kolontsaina miteny espaniola voalohany voafantina ho amin' ny ''All-Star Game'', lalao natokana ho an' ireo mpilalao voafantina tao amin' ny ligy lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;P111&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-087&quot; /&gt;
Niadana anefa ny fampidirana ny mpilalao tsy misy fanavahana ara-pirazanana: tamin' ny 1953 dia enina monja tamin' ny ekipa 16 tao amin' ny ligy lehibe no nanana mpilalao mainty hoditra tao amin' ny lisitry ny mpilalaony.&lt;ref name=&quot;P111&quot; /&gt;

==== Tarehimarika ambony indrindra teo amin' ny mpijery sy ny vanim-potoanan' ny sterôida ====

Tamin' ny 1975 dia nanomboka nitombo be ny fahefan' ny sendikan' ny mpilalao sy ny karaman' ireo mpilalao, rehefa nofoanana teo amin' ny fampiharana ilay fepetra nahafahan' ny klioba nitazona ny zo hampilalao mpilalao iray na dia tapitra aza ny fifanarahana taminy, na ''reserve clause''.
Izany no nitarika ny rafitra ahafahan' ny mpilalao misafidy malalaka izay klioba hanaovany fifanarahana, na ''free agency''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-088&quot; /&gt;
Nisy fampitsaharana asa lehibe tamin' ny 1981 sy ny 1994.
Ilay faharoa dia nanery ny fanafoanana ny ''World Series'', izay sambany tao anatin' ny 90 taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-089&quot; /&gt;
Nitombo tsy an-kijanona ny isan' ny mpijery nanomboka tamin' ny tapaky ny taompolo 1970.
Tamin' ny 1994, talohan' ny fampitsaharana asa, dia nahatratra ny salanisan' ny mpijery isaky ny lalao ambony indrindra teo amin' ny tantarany ireo ligy lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simm&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-091&quot; /&gt;
Rehefa nitohy indray ny lalao tamin' ny 1995 dia lasa anisan' ny fifaninanana famaranana aorian' ny vanim-potoana ara-dalàna hatrany ireo ekipa nahazo toerana nefa tsy tompondakan' ny vondrona misy azy, na ''wild card''.
Tamin' ny 1997 no nampidirina tao amin' ny vanim-potoana ara-dalàna ny lalao nampifanandrina ekipa avy amin' ireo ligy roa samy hafa.
Tamin' io taona io koa no tratra ny isan' ny mpijery faharoa ambony indrindra ho an' ny vanim-potoana iray manontolo.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-092&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 2000 dia nofoanana tamin' ny maha-fikambanana manana sata ara-dalàna misaraka azy ny ''National League'' sy ny ''American League''.
Notazonina ny maha-ligy samy hafa azy ireo ho amin' ny fandaminana ny fandaharam-pilalaovana sy ny fahasamihafan' ny fitsipika momba ny mpikapoka voatendry hisolo ny mpanipy amin' ny fikapohana.
Ny fitantanana ny fitsipika sy ireo andraikitra hafa, toy ny fampiharana sazy amin' ny mpilalao sy ny fanaraha-maso ny mpitsara, izay nosahanin' ny ligy tsirairay nitokana teo aloha kosa dia natambatra teo ambany MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-093&quot; /&gt;

Tamin' ny 2001 dia nametraka ny zava-bita ambony indrindra mbola voatazona i [[Barry Bonds]], tamin' ny nahazoany ''home run'' 73 tao anatin' ny vanim-potoana iray.
Ny ''home run'' dia kapoka ahafahana mamita ny fihodinana ny toby efatra.
Momba ny fitomboan' ny fikapohana mahery teo amin' ny lalao amin' ny ankapobeny, araka ireo loharano nosoratan' i Rader, Zimbalist ary Tom Verducci, dia efa ela no nisy ahiahy fa ampahany lehibe tamin' izany fitomboana izany no vokatry ny fampiasana tsy araka ny tokony ho izy ny sterôida tsy ara-dalàna (na akora mitovy fiasana amin' ny hormonina sasany, ampiasaina eto hampitomboana ny hozatra sy ny hery; ''steroids'').
Anisan' ny anton-javatra nahiahiana koa ny fielezan' ireo mpanipy mahay tamin' ny ekipa maro kokoa noho ny fanitarana ny ligy, ka nampihena ny haavon' ny fahaizan' ny mpanipy tamin' ny ankapobeny.
Tamin' ny 2002 vao nanomboka nahasarika ny sain' ny fampitam-baovao betsaka io raharaha io, ary tsy nisy sazy ho an' ny fampiasana akora mampitombo ny fahaiza-manao ara-panatanjahantena talohan' ny 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-094&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 2007 dia nihoatra an' i [[Hank Aaron]] i Bonds ka lasa mpilalao nahazo ''home run'' betsaka indrindra teo amin' ny tantaran' ny MLB.
Tamin' io taona io koa dia samy nahatratra ny tarehimarika ambony indrindra teo amin' ny tantarany ny fitambaran' ny mpijery tao amin' ny ligy lehibe sy ny tao amin' ny ligy ambaratonga ambany.&lt;ref name=&quot;MajorAtRec&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MinorAtRec&quot; /&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;Around-the-world&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
=== Maneran-tany ===
''Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Tantaran' ny baseball ivelan' i [[Etazonia]].''

Na dia nantsoina hoe «fialam-boly nasionalin' i Amerika» (dikan-teny) aza ny ''baseball'', dia efa miorim-paka any amin' ny firenena hafa maromaro koa izy. Efa tamin' ny 1877 no nisy ekipa avy any [[Kanada]] sy Etazonia niara-nilalao tao amin' ny ligy matihanina iray, dia ny ''International Association for Professional Base Ball Players'' (Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenen' ny Mpilalao Baseball Matihanina).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-097&quot; /&gt; Na dia betsaka aza ny olona milalao ''baseball'' any Kanada, ary maro ny ekipa ao amin' ny ligy madinika niorina tao amin' io firenena io,&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-098&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-099&quot; /&gt; dia tsy nisy klioba avy any Kanada tao amin' ny ligy lehibe amerikanina raha tsy tamin' ny 1969. Tamin' izay no niditra tao amin' ny ''National League'' (Ligim-pirenena) ny Montreal Expos, ho ekipa vaovao nampidirina tamin' ny fanitarana ny ligy. Tamin' ny 1977 dia niditra tao amin' ny ''American League'' (Ligy Amerikanina) koa ny Toronto Blue Jays, izay ekipa vaovao nampiana tamin' ny fanitarana ny ligy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-100&quot; /&gt;

[[File:WBC2006 Sadaharu Oh.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|[[Sadaharu Oh]] mitantana ny ekipam-pirenen' i [[Japàna]] tamin' ny fifaninanana ''World Baseball Classic'' tamin' ny 2006. Fony izy nilalao tao amin' ny Yomiuri Giants, ao amin' ny ''Central League'' (Ligy Afovoany), tamin' ny 1959–1980, dia nametraka ny zava-bita ambony indrindra eran-tany teo amin' ny mpilalao matihanina i Oh tamin' ny isan' ny ''home run'' (kapoka ahafahana mamita ny fihodinana ny toby efatra).]]
Tamin' ny 1847, tao amin' ny Parque Los Berros, any [[Xalapa]], ao [[Veracruz]], dia nanao lalao izay mety ho ny lalao ''baseball'' voalohany tao [[Meksika]] ny miaramila amerikanina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-101&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 1878 no natsangana tany [[Kiobà]] ny ligy ''baseball'' ara-dalàna voalohany ivelan' i Etazonia sy Kanada. Mbola manana fomban-dalao ''baseball'' lalim-paka i Kiobà. Tao amin' ny [[Fanjakana Mitambatra]], ny klioban' ny baolina kitra anglisy Aston Villa no tompondaka britanika voalohany tamin' ny ''baseball'', rehefa nandresy tamin' ny Ligim-pirenena Britanika tamin' ny Baseball tamin' ny 1890.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-102&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cheats&quot; /&gt; Ny London Mets no tompondaka nasionaly tamin' ny 2025.

[[File:Eino Kaakkolahti.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.75|Ny ''pesäpallo'', izay karazana ''baseball'' avy any [[Finlandy]], dia noforonin' i Lauri &quot;Tahko&quot; Pihkala tamin' ny taompolo 1920.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-104&quot; /&gt; Nanomboka tamin' izay dia niova nifanaraka tamin' ny fandehan' ny fotoana izy io ary nitombo ny olona nankafy azy. Asehon' ny sary ny lalao ''pesäpallo'' tamin' ny 1958 tao Jyväskylä, [[Finlandy]].]]

Tamin' ny 1912 no nataon' i [[Repoblika Dôminikana]] ny fifaninanana fiadiana ny tompondaka voalohany nanerana ny nosy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-105&quot; /&gt; Teo anelanelan' ny ady lehibe roa dia nanomboka niforona tany amin' ny firenena hafa koa ny fifaninanana sy ligy ''baseball'' matihanina, anisan' izany ny tany [[Nederlandy]] (1922), Aostralia (1934), [[Japàna]] (1936), Meksika (1937), ary Pôrtô-Rikô (1938).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-106&quot; /&gt; Efa hatry ny ela no noheverina fa ny ligy lehibe japoney no ligy matihanina manana fari-pilalaovana ambony indrindra ivelan' i Etazonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-107&quot; /&gt; Taorian' ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]] dia natsangana tany amin' ny firenena maro tao [[Amerika Latina]] ny ligy matihanina, indrindra tany [[Venezoela]] (1946) sy Repoblika Dôminikana (1955).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-108&quot; /&gt; Nanomboka tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taompolo 1970, ny Fiadiana ny Tompondakan' i Karaiba, izay atao isan-taona, dia nampifandona ny klioba tompondaka avy amin' ny ligy efatra lehibe ao Amerika Latina izay manao ny taom-pilalaovany amin' ny ririnina: ny Ligy Matihanina amin' ny Baseball ao Repoblika Dôminikana, ny Ligy Pasifika ao Meksika, ny Ligy Matihanina amin' ny Baseball ao Pôrtô-Rikô, ary ny Ligy Matihanina amin' ny Baseball ao Venezoela. Any Azia dia samy manana ligy matihanina koa i [[Kôrea Atsimo]] (1982), [[Taioàna]] (1990), ary ny [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina]] (2003).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-109&quot; /&gt;

Nisy ligy matihanina koa tany amin' ny firenena eorôpeanina hafa. Ankoatra ny ligy ao Nederlandy, dia ny ligy italiana, natsangana tamin' ny 1948, no nahomby indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-110&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 2004 dia nahazo medaly volafotsy tsy nampoizina i Aostralia tamin' ny Lalao Ôlimpika.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-111&quot; /&gt; Ny ''Confédération Européene de Baseball'' (''European Baseball Confederation'' amin' ny teny anglisy; Konfederasiona Eorôpeanina momba ny Baseball), natsangana tamin' ny 1953, no mikarakara fifaninanana maromaro eo amin' ny klioba avy amin' ny firenena samihafa. Ny fifaninanana hafa eo amin' ny ekipam-pirenena, toy ny fiadiana ny amboara eran-tany amin' ny ''baseball'' sy ny fifaninanana ''baseball'' amin' ny Lalao Ôlimpika, dia notantanan' ny ''International Baseball Federation'' na IBAF (Federasiona Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Baseball), nanomboka tamin' ny nananganana azy tamin' ny 1938 ka hatramin' ny nikambanany tamin' ny ''International Softball Federation'' (Federasiona Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Softball) tamin' ny 2013. Izany fampikambanana izany no niteraka ny rafitra iraisana mitantana ireo fanatanjahantena roa ireo ankehitriny, dia ny ''World Baseball Softball Confederation'' na WBSC (Konfederasiona Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Baseball sy Softball).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-112&quot; /&gt; Any amin' ny firenena maro dia lalaovin' ny mpankafy tsy matihanina ao anatin' ny rafitra voalamina ny ''baseball'' ho an' ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-113&quot; /&gt;

Rehefa nekena ho fanatanjahantena ifaninanana hahazoana medaly tao amin' ny Lalao Ôlimpika nanomboka tamin' ny Lalao tamin' ny 1992 ny ''baseball'', dia tapaka tao amin' ny fivorian' ny Komity Ôlimpika Iraisam-pirenena tamin' ny 2005 ny hanesorana azy amin' ny [[Lalao Olimpikan'ny fahavaratra 2012|Lalao Ôlimpika fahavaratra tamin' ny 2012]]. Mbola anisan' ny taranja tamin' ny Lalao tamin' ny 2008 anefa izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-114&quot; /&gt; Anisan' ny antony ny tsy fahamaroan' ny mpankafy an' io fanatanjahantena io tany amin' ny ampahany lehibe tamin' izao tontolo izao,&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-115&quot; /&gt; saingy ny antony lehibe kokoa dia ny fisalasalan' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball) hamela ny mpilalaony handray anjara nandritra ny taom-pilalaovan' ny ligy lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-116&quot; /&gt; Ny MLB no nanomboka ny ''World Baseball Classic'' (Fifaninanana Iraisam-pirenena amin' ny Baseball), izay nokasaina hatao alohan' ny taom-pilalaovany. Anisan' ny antony nananganana azy ny hanoloana ilay fifaninanana ôlimpika amin' ny fifaninanana iraisam-pirenena manana laza lehibe. Ny fifaninanana voalohany, natao tamin' ny Martsa 2006, no fifaninanana voalohany teo amin' ny ekipam-pirenena nahitana mpilalao avy amin' ny MLB maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-117&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-118&quot; /&gt; Natsahatra taorian' ny fifaninanana tamin' ny 2011 ny fiadiana ny amboara eran-tany amin' ny ''baseball'', ka nosoloana ny ''World Baseball Classic'' izay nitarina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-119&quot; /&gt;

== Toetra mampiavaka azy ==
Misy toetra mampiavaka ny ''baseball'' amin' ireo fanatanjahantena hafa iarahan' ny ekipa izay be mpitia any amin' ny firenena itiavana azy. Ireo fanatanjahantena ireo dia samy mampiasa famantaranandro mametra ny faharetan' ny lalao,&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-120&quot; /&gt; tsy dia mifantoka amin' ny mpilalao tsirairay,&lt;ref name=&quot;Mandelbaum5557&quot; /&gt; ary tsy dia lehibe na manan-danja loatra ny fahasamihafan' ny kianja ilalaovana azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-122&quot; /&gt; Asehon' ny fampitahana ny ''cricket'' sy ny ''baseball'' anefa fa maro amin' ireo toetra mampiavaka ny ''baseball'' no hita amin' ny endriny samihafa koa amin' ny fanatanjahantena mitovitovy aminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-123&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-124&quot; /&gt;

=== Tsy misy fe-potoana farany azo andrasana fotsiny ===
[[File:A worn-out baseball.JPG|thumb|Baolina ''baseball'' efa tonta noho ny fampiasana azy.]]
Amin' ny fanatanjahantena ferana amin' ny famantaranandro, matetika no mifarana ny lalao rehefa minia mampiandry ny fotoana hifarana ilay ekipa mitarika, fa tsy miezaka mafy intsony mifaninana amin' ny ekipa mpifanandrina aminy. Ny ''baseball'' kosa tsy manana famantaranandro mametra ny faharetan' ny lalao manontolo: tsy afaka mandresy ny ekipa raha tsy efa nanala ny mpikapoka farany, ary tsy misy fe-potoana manakana ny ezaka misesy hanangonana isa sy hahatratrarana ny mpifanandrina. Saika amin' ny fotoana rehetra ao anatin' ny lalao ''baseball'' rehetra, ny paikady ahazoana tombony indrindra dia paikady iray ikatsahana mavitrika ny handresy ny mpifanandrina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-125&quot; /&gt; Amin' ny ''cricket'' sokajy ''Test'' sy ny ''cricket'' sokajy voalohany (''first-class cricket'') izay lalaovina mandritra ny andro maromaro kosa, dia misy ny mety hiafaran' ny lalao tsy ahitana mpandresy noho ny fahataperan' ny fotoana. Tsy nisy izany fetran' ny fotoana izany tany am-boalohany, toy ny amin' ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-126&quot; /&gt; Noho io mety tsy hahitana mpandresy io, dia matetika ny ekipa mikapoka farany sady tara be amin' ny isa no mifidy ny hikapoka amim-pitandremana mba haharitra mandra-pahatapitry ny fotoana. Afoiny amin' izany na dia ny vintana kely mety handreseny aza, mba tsy ho resy amin' ny lalao manontolo.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-127&quot; /&gt;

Na dia fihodinana sivy aza no fenitra hatramin' ny niandohan' ny ''baseball'' matihanina, dia nitombo hatrany nandritra ny taona maro ny salanisan' ny faharetan' ny lalao tao amin' ny ligy lehibe. Teo amin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-20, dia adiny iray sy sasany no faharetan' ny lalao tamin' ny ankapobeny. Tamin' ny taompolo 1920, dia latsaka kelin' ny adiny roa ny salanisa, ary nahatratra adiny roa sy 38 minitra izany tamin' ny 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;HB&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 1997, dia adiny roa sy 57 minitra ny salanisan' ny faharetan' ny lalao tao amin' ny ''American League'' (Ligy Amerikanina). Fohy tokony ho folo minitra noho izany ny tao amin' ny ''National League'' (Ligim-pirenena), satria rehefa ny mpanipy no nikapoka, dia haingana kokoa ny fanesorana azy noho ny an' ireo mpikapoka voatendry hisolo ny mpanipy.&lt;ref name=&quot;JG&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 2004, dia nanambara ny ''Major League Baseball'' (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball, MLB) fa ny tanjony dia ny hahatonga ny faharetan' ny lalao ho adiny roa sy 45 minitra amin' ny salanisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;HB&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 2014 anefa, dia efa nihoatra ny adiny telo ny salanisan' ny faharetan' ny lalao MLB.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-130&quot; /&gt; Lazaina fa anton' io fitomboan' ny faharetana io ny fiatoana lava kokoa eo anelanelan' ny antsasaky ny fihodinana mba handefasana dokam-barotra amin' ny fahitalavitra, ny fitomboan' ny hetsika fanafihana, ny fanoloana mpanipy matetika kokoa, ary ny fandehan' ny lalao miadana kokoa: naka fotoana bebe kokoa teo anelanelan' ny fanipazana tsirairay ny mpanipy, ary nivoaka matetika kokoa ny faritra fijoroany ny mpikapoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;HB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JG&quot; /&gt; Nisedra olana mitovitovy amin' izany koa ny ligy hafa. Tamin' ny 2008, dia nandray fepetra ny ''Nippon Professional Baseball'' (Baseball Matihanina ao [[Japàna]]) mba hampihenana 12 minitra ny faharetan' ny lalao, raha oharina amin' ny salanisa adiny telo sy 18 minitra tamin' ny folo taona teo aloha.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-131&quot; /&gt;

Ho setrin' ny fitomboan' ny faharetan' ny lalao, dia nanapa-kevitra ny MLB fa hampihatra fitsipika momba ny famerana ny fotoana eo anelanelan' ny fanipazana (''pitch clock'') manomboka amin' ny taom-pilalaovana 2023. Sazina araka io fitsipika io ny mpikapoka sy ny mpanipy izay maka fotoana be loatra eo anelanelan' ny fanipazana; tsy famantaranandro mamarana ny lalao manontolo anefa izany. Nampihena 24 minitra tamin' ny salanisa ny faharetan' ny lalao nandritra ny taom-pilalaovana ara-dalàna 2023 io fepetra io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-133&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-134&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 2025, dia efa nihena ho adiny roa sy 38 minitra ny salanisan' ny faharetan' ny lalao MLB.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-135&quot; /&gt;

=== Ny fifantohana amin' ny mpilalao tsirairay ===
[[File:Babe Ruth2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Babe Ruth]] tamin' ny 1920, taona nidirany tao amin' ny New York Yankees.]]
Na dia fanatanjahantena iarahan' ny ekipa aza ny ''baseball'', dia matetika no arahi-maso akaiky sy iharan' ny tsindry ny mpilalao tsirairay. Na dia mitondra fahafaham-po aza izy io, dia efa nisy fotoana nilazana azy ho «tsy misy indrafo» (dikan-teny), noho ny tsindry mianjady amin' ny mpilalao tsirairay.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-136&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 1915, dia nisy boky fampianarana ''baseball'' nanazava fa ny fanipazana tsirairay, izay matetika mihoatra ny roanjato ao anatin' ny lalao iray, dia fifanandrinan' olona roa mifanatrika: «ny mpanipy sy ny mpikapoka mifaninana amin' ny fahaiza-misaina» (dikan-teny).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-137&quot; /&gt; Saika mahaleo tena amin' ny ataony avy ny mpanipy, ny mpikapoka ary ny mpiaro. Afaka manome famantarana ho an' ny mpanipy na ny mpikapoka ny mpanazatra mba hampiharana tetika sasany, nefa ny fanatanterahana ny hetsika mihitsy dia fitohizan' ny zavatra ataon' olona samirery. Raha mikapoka baolina mandeha mahitsy sy iva eny amin' ny rivotra ny mpikapoka, dia ilay mpiaro any amin' ny faritra ivelany irery no manapa-kevitra na hiezaka hisambotra azy alohan' ny hikasihany ny tany, na handray azy rehefa avy mitsambikina amin' ny tany. Izy irery koa no tompon' andraikitra amin' ny fahombiazana na ny tsy fahombiazana amin' izany. Sady manamora ny fahazoana antontanisa marina tsara momba ny ''baseball'' io fisarahan' ny andraikitra io no vao mainka hamafisin' izany antontanisa izany.

Amin' io lafiny io, ny ''cricket'' dia mitovy kokoa amin' ny ''baseball'' noho ny fanatanjahantena maro hafa iarahan' ny ekipa. Mihena ny fifantohana amin' ny mpilalao tsirairay ao amin' ny ''cricket'' noho ny maha-zava-dehibe ny fiaraha-miasan' ny mpikapoka roa sy ny filàna mifandrindra rehefa miara-mihazakazaka izy ireo. Mihamafy kosa izany fifantohana izany satria mety hijanona eo amin' ny toerana fikapohana (''wicket'') mandritra ny adiny iray na mihoatra lavitra noho izany ny mpikapoka iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-138&quot; /&gt; Tsy misy antontanisa ao amin' ny ''cricket'' mifanandrify amin' ny fanisana ny fahadisoana ataon' ny mpiaro ao amin' ny ''baseball'', ka tsy dia asongadina loatra ny andraikitry ny olona tsirairay amin' io lafiny amin' ny lalao io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-139&quot; /&gt;

=== Ny maha-samy hafa ny kianja ===
Jereo koa: kianja ''baseball''.
[[File:Fenway Park 1996.jpg|thumb|left|Fenway Park, kianjan' ny Boston Red Sox. Hita any ivelan' ny faritra filalaovana ny Green Monster.]]

Tsy toy ny amin' ny ankamaroan' ny fanatanjahantena, fa mety hiova be ny habe sy ny endriky ny kianja ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-140&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-141&quot; /&gt; Voafaritra mazava amin' ny fitsipika ny refin' ny faritra anatiny. Araka ny fitsipiky ny MLB sy ny ''Minor League Baseball'' (Ligy Madinika amin' ny Baseball) kosa, ny hany fepetra mifehy ny habe sy ny endriky ny faritra ivelany amin' ny kianjan' ny ekipa matihanina dia izao: ny kianja naorina na nohavaozina nanomboka tamin' ny 1 Jona 1958 dia tsy maintsy manana elanelana farafahakeliny 325 tongotra (ft), izany hoe 99 m eo ho eo, avy eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana ka hatreo amin' ny fefy amin' ny ilany havia sy havanana, ary 400 ft (122 m eo ho eo) farafahakeliny hatreo amin' ny fefy eo afovoany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-142&quot; /&gt; Matetika anefa na dia io fitsipika io aza dia ihodiviran' ny ekipa ao amin' ny ligy lehibe. Ao amin' ny Daikin Park, izay nanjary kianjan' ny Houston Astros tamin' ny 2000, ohatra, dia 315 ft (96 m eo ho eo) monja no elanelan' ny takelaka fiaingana sy ny Crawford Boxes, ireo seza ho an' ny mpijery amin' ny ilany havia amin' ny faritra ivelany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-143&quot; /&gt; Tsy misy mihitsy fitsipika mifehy ny haavon' ny fefy na ny rafitra hafa eny amin' ny sisin' ny faritra ivelany. Ny rindrina eo amin' ny ilany havia amin' ny Fenway Park ao Boston, izay nampiasaina hatramin' ny 1912, no sisin' ny faritra ivelany malaza indrindra noho ny toetrany manokana: 310 ft (94 m eo ho eo) avy eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana manaraka ny tsipika no misy ilay Green Monster, ary 37 ft (11 m eo ho eo) ny haavony.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-144&quot; /&gt;

Toy izany koa, tsy misy mihitsy fitsipika mifehy ny refin' ny faritra ivelan' ny tsipika mamaritra ny faritra ara-dalàna (''foul territory''). Noho izany, ny baolina voakapoka miakatra eny amin' ny rivotra ka mankany amin' io faritra io dia mety tsy ho azo lalaovina intsony eo amin' ny kianja izay kely ny elanelan' ny tsipika sy ny sezan' ny mpijery. Raha malalaka kokoa kosa io faritra io eo amin' ny kianja iray, dia mety ho voasambotra alohan' ny hikasihany ny tany ilay baolina ka hahatonga ny mpikapoka ho voaesotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-145&quot; /&gt;
Raha akaikin' ny tsipika manamorona ny faritra ivelany ny fefy ao amin' ny faritra ''foul'', dia mirona hiverina any amin' ny mpiaro ny baolina midona aminy. Raha lavidavitra kokoa kosa ilay fefy, dia mety hampitombo ny fifandonana izany, satria mihazakazaka mafy eny amin' ny zorony lalina ny mpiaro mba handray ny baolina. Miankina amin' ireny fahasamihafana ireny ny mety hahazoan' ny mpikapoka toby roa, na toby telo, na hahavitany mihitsy ny fihodinana ny toby efatra nefa tsy mivoaka ny kianja ny baolina (''inside-the-park home run'').&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-146&quot; /&gt;
Tsy voafehin' ny fitsipika koa ny rakotra eo ambonin' ny tany. Ahitana ny fandaminana nentim-paharazana ny ahitra sy ny tany tsy rakotra ny sary eto, izay fandaminana ampiasain' ny ekipa MLB saika rehetra manana kianja misy rakotra voajanahary. Malalaka anefa ny safidin' ny ekipa amin' izay faritra hasiana ahitra sy izay avela tsy hisy rakotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-147&quot; /&gt;
Misy kianja, anisan' izany ny maromaro ao amin' ny MLB, mampiasa bozaka solon' ahitra. Mety hisy fiantraikany lehibe amin' ny fivezivezen' ny baolina mandeha amin' ny tany sy ny fomba andraisan' ny mpiaro azy, ary koa amin' ny fihazakazahana eo anelanelan' ny toby, ny fahasamihafan' ny rakotra. Toy izany koa, mety hanova be ny fomba andraisan' ny mpiaro ny baolina miakatra eny amin' ny rivotra ny fisian' ny tafo: ekipa fito ao amin' ny ligy lehibe no milalao ao amin' ny kianja misy tafo raikitra na azo sokafana sy akatona.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-148&quot; /&gt;
Na dia miatrika fahasamihafana mitovitovy amin' izany eo amin' ny rakotry ny tany sy ny tafon' ny kianja aza ny mpilalao baolina kitra amerikanina sy ny mpilalao baolina kitra, dia manara-penitra kokoa ny habe sy ny endriky ny kianjany. Tsy misy fiantraikany amin' ny lalao tahaka ny faritra ''foul'' amin' ny ''baseball'' ny faritra ivelan' ny sisin' ny kianja amin' ireo fanatanjahantena roa ireo, ka tsy dia misy lanjany ny fahasamihafana amin' io lafiny io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-149&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Red Sox Yankees Game Boston July 2012.jpg|thumb|Mpikapoka ao amin' ny New York Yankees (Andruw Jones) sy mpisambotra ao ambadiky ny mpikapoka ao amin' ny Boston Red Sox, ao amin' ny Fenway Park.]]

Ireo fahasamihafana ara-batana ireo no mahatonga ny kianja tsirairay hanana fepetra manokana ilalaovana. Mety hisy fiantraikany lehibe amin' ny lalao koa ny toetra hafa eo an-toerana, toy ny haavo sy ny toetrandro. Mety ho fantatra ho kianja manome tombony ny mpanipy na ny mpikapoka ny kianja iray, raha mahazo tombony manokana amin' ny fitambaran' ny toetrany ny iray amin' ireo andraikitra roa ireo. Ny Coors Field, kianjan' ny Colorado Rockies, no miavaka indrindra amin' io lafiny io. Any amin' ny haavo 5 282 ft (1 610 m eo ho eo) ambonin' ny ranomasina no misy azy. Ny tsindrin' ny rivotra ambany vokatry ny haavony dia anisan' ny mahatonga azy hanome tombony ny mpikapoka mihoatra noho ny kianja hafa rehetra ao amin' ny ligy lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-150&quot; /&gt; Ny Wrigley Field, kianjan' ny Chicago Cubs, kosa dia fantatra amin' ny fiovaovan' ny toe-javatra ao aminy: manome tombony ny mpanipy izy rehefa mitsoka mankao anatin' ny kianja ny rivotra mahery avy any amin' ny [[Farihy Michigan]], fa manome tombony kokoa ny mpikapoka kosa rehefa mitsoka mivoaka ny kianja izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-151&quot; /&gt; Tsy ny fizotry ny lalao tsirairay ihany no iharan' ny vokatry ny tsy fisian' ny kianja manara-penitra, fa ny firafitry ny ekipa sy ny antontanisan' ny mpilalao koa. Ohatra, ny baolina voakapoka miakatra eny amin' ny rivotra ka mandeha 330 ft (100 m eo ho eo) mankany amin' ny ilany havanana dia mety ho mora samborina eo amin' ny fehin-tany fampitandremana manakaiky ny fefy amin' ny kianja iray, nefa mety hahazoana ''home run'' amin' ny kianja iray hafa. Ny ekipa milalao amin' ny kianja izay somary fohy ny faritra havanana, toy ny New York Yankees, dia hirona hampiditra mpikapoka kavia mahay mandefa ny baolina mankany amin' ny ilany havanana (''pull hitters''), satria izy ireo no afaka manararaotra tsara indrindra izany. Raha ny mpilalao tsirairay indray, dia hahazo tombony amin' ny antontanisa momba ny fikapohana, rehefa mandeha ny fotoana, izay mandany ny ankamaroan' ny fotoam-pilalaovany ao amin' ny ekipa mampiasa kianja manome tombony ny mpikapoka. Vao mainka hitombo izany tombony izany raha mifanaraka indrindra amin' ilay kianja ny fahaizany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-152&quot; /&gt;

== Antontanisa ==
Fanazavana fanampiny: antontanisa momba ny ''baseball''.

Mora ampiharana [[Statistika|antontanisa]] kokoa noho ny fanatanjahantena maro hafa ny ''baseball'' lalaovina ao anatin' ny rafitra voalamina. Misaraka mazava ny hetsika tsirairay eo amin' ny lalao, ary somary vitsy ny mety ho fiafarany. Tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19, i Henry Chadwick, teraka tany [[Angletera]], nipetraka tao Brooklyn ary mpilalao ''cricket'' taloha, no tompon' andraikitra tamin' izao, araka ity teny nalaina adika amin' ny teny malagasy ity: «fampivelarana ny tabilao famintinana ny zava-bitan' ny mpilalao sy ny ekipa (''box score''), ny tabilao filaharana, ny boky torolalana momba ny ''baseball'' mivoaka isan-taona, ny salanisan' ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby (''batting average''), ary ny ankamaroan' ny antontanisa sy tabilao mahazatra ampiasaina hamaritana ny ''baseball''».&lt;ref name=&quot;T16&quot; /&gt; Manana anjara toerana lehibe tokoa amin' izay lazain' ny loharano hoe «maha izy azy ara-tantara» an' ilay lalao ny firaketana antontanisa, ka nanjary nantsoina hoe ''Father Baseball'' (Rain' ny ''baseball'') i Chadwick.&lt;ref name=&quot;T16&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ireo taona 1920, dia nanomboka nanokana toerana nihamaro hatrany ho an' ny antontanisan' ny ''baseball'' ny gazety amerikanina. Izany no niandohan' ny fiovana izay nofaritan' ilay mpanao gazety sady mpahay tantara Alan Schwarz tamin' izao teny izao, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «fiovana goavana teo amin' ny fanatanjahantena, satria nanomboka nitodika tany amin' ny mpilalao tsirairay sy ny antontanisa momba azy ny fahalianana izay nifantoka indrindra tamin' ny ekipa taloha».&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-154&quot; /&gt;

Takian' ny ''Official Baseball Rules'' (Fitsipika Ofisialin' ny ''Baseball''), izay tantanan' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny ''Baseball''; ''Major League Baseball''), ny hanasokajian' ny mpiraki-dalao ofisialy ny hetsika tsirairay amin' ny fomba tsy mampisalasala. Manome fepetra amin' ny antsipiriany ireo fitsipika ireo mba hitovian' ny fomba firaketana. Ny tatitra firaketana ny lalao no fototra ofisialy iorenan' ny tabilao famintinana ny lalao sy ny antontanisa mifandraika aminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-155&quot; /&gt; Mampiasa antontanisa ny tale jeneraly, ny mpitantana ekipa ary ny mpitsikilo mitady mpilalao mba hanombanana ny mpilalao sy handraisana fanapahan-kevitra momba ny paikady.

[[File:Baseball steal.jpg|right|thumb|Rickey Henderson, izay mitana ny laharana voalohany hatramin' izay teo amin' ireo ligy lehibe raha ny isa azo sy ny toby nangalarina no jerena, mangalatra ny toby fahatelo nandritra ny lalao iray tamin' ny 1988.]]
Mahazatra ny ankamaroan' ny mpankafy ''baseball'' ny antontanisa nentim-paharazana sasany. Anisan' ny antontanisa fototra momba ny fikapohana ireto:&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-156&quot; /&gt;
* Fanatrehana fikapohana isaina (''at bats''): ny isan' ny fanatrehan' ny mpikapoka eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana, ka tsy ampidirina ny fahazoana mandeha ho amin' ny toby voalohany tsy mikapoka (''walks'') sy ny fahavoazan' ny baolina natsipy (''hit by pitch''), satria tsy voasedra tanteraka ny fahaizan' ny mpikapoka amin' ireo; tsy ampidirina koa ny kapoka atao sorona sy ny kapoka avo atao sorona (''sacrifices'' sy ''sacrifice flies''), izay aneken' ny mpikapoka fanesorana azy mba hampandrosoana mpihazakazaka iray na maromaro.
* Kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby (''hits''): ny isan' ny fahatongavana amin' ny toby tsy voaesotra, vokatry ny baolina voakapoka tafiditra ao anatin' ny faritra ara-dalàna, nefa tsy nisy fahadisoan' ny mpiaro na safidin' ny mpiaro hanala mpihazakazaka hafa (''fielder's choice'').
* Isa azo (''runs''): ny isan' ny fahavitana mihodidina ny toby sy ny fahatongavana eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana tsy voaesotra.
* Isa nampidirin' ny mpikapoka, na RBI (isa nampidirina vokatry ny fikapohana; ''runs batted in''): ny isan' ny mpihazakazaka nahazo isa noho ny hetsika nataon' ny mpikapoka, ka tafiditra amin' izany ny mpikapoka ihany raha kapoka ahafahany mamita ny fihodinana ny toby efatra (''home run'') no nataony. Tsy isaina anefa izany raha kapoka nikodiadia niteraka fanesorana mpilalao roa no nataon' ny mpikapoka, na raha fahadisoan' ny mpiaro no nahatafapaka azy tamin' ny toby.
* Kapoka ahafahana mamita ny fihodinana ny toby efatra (''home runs''): ny kapoka nahafahan' ny mpikapoka nikasika ny toby efatra rehetra, nefa tsy nisy fahadisoan' ny mpiaro nanampy azy.
* Salanisan' ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby (''batting average''): ny isan' ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby zaraina amin' ny isan' ny fanatrehana fikapohana isaina. Io no fandrefesana nentim-paharazana ny fahaizana mikapoka.
Anisan' ny antontanisa fototra momba ny fihazakazahana eny amin' ny toby ireto:&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-157&quot; /&gt;
* Toby nangalarina (''stolen bases''): ny isan' ny fandrosoana ho amin' ny toby manaraka noho ny ezaky ny mpihazakazaka irery ihany, izay matetika mitranga rehefa miomana hanipy na manipy ny baolina ny mpanipy.
* Fanesorana teo am-pangalarana toby (''caught stealing''): ny isan' ny fanesorana ny mpihazakazaka amin' ny fikasihana azy amin' ny baolina eo am-piezahany hangalatra toby.
[[File:Cy young pitching.jpg|right|thumb|[[Cy Young]] tamin' ny 1908. Mitana zava-bita ambony indrindra maro voarakitra nandritra ny androm-pilalaovana teo amin' ireo ligy lehibe izy, anisan' izany ny fandresena sy ny fihodinana niandraiketana fanipazana ary koa ny faharesena. Mitondra ny anaran' i Young ny loka omen' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny ''Baseball'') isan-taona ho an' ny mpanipy tsara indrindra ao amin' ny ligy tsirairay.]]
Anisan' ny antontanisa fototra momba ny fanipazana ireto:&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-158&quot; /&gt;
* Fandresena (''wins''): omena ny mpanipy tao amin' ny ekipa nandresy izay farany niandraikitra fanipazana talohan' ny nahazoan' ilay ekipa tombon' isa tsy nafoiny intsony hatramin' ny farany. Raha ilay mpanipy nanomboka ny lalao no hahazo io fandresena io, dia tsy maintsy efa niandraikitra fanipazana nandritra ny fihodinana dimy farafahakeliny izy.
* Faharesena (''losses''): ampitondraina ny mpanipy tao amin' ny ekipa resy izay niandraikitra fanipazana tamin' ny fotoana nahazoan' ny mpifanandrina tombon' isa tsy nafoiny intsony hatramin' ny farany.
* Famonjena fandresena (''saves''): ny lalao izay nidiran' ny mpanipy raha efa nitarika tamin' ny isa ny ekipany, ary nofaranany nefa tsy very izany fitarihana izany, sady tsy izy no mpanipy nomena ny fandresena. Ankoatra ireo dia tsy maintsy tanteraka ny iray amin' ireto fepetra ireto: (a) isa telo na latsaka ny elanelana nitaritan' ny ekipany tamin' ny nidirany; (b) ilay mpilalao afaka mampitovy isa dia efa teo amin' ny toby, na nikapoka, na niandry ny anjarany hikapoka manaraka avy hatrany (''on deck''); na (c) niandraikitra fanipazana nandritra ny fihodinana telo na mihoatra ilay mpanipy.
* Fihodinana niandraiketana fanipazana (''innings pitched''): ny isan' ny fanesorana mpilalao voarakitra nandritra ny fanipazan' ilay mpanipy zaraina telo. Raha misy fihodinana tsy feno, dia toy ny hoe «5.2» na «7.1» no fomba mahazatra anoratana azy. Ny tarehimarika farany amin' ireo dia manondro ampahatelon' ny fihodinana, fa tsy ampahafolony.
* Fanesorana amin' ny ''strike'' telo (''strikeouts''): ny isan' ny fanomezana ''strike'' telo ho an' ny mpikapoka iray tamin' ny fanipazana.
* Taham-pandresena (''winning percentage''): ny isan' ny fandresena zaraina amin' ny fitambaran' ny lalao nahazoana fanapahan-kevitra momba ny fandresena na faharesena, izany hoe ny fandresena miampy ny faharesena.
* Salanisan' ny isa azon' ny mpifanandrina ankoatra izay vokatry ny fahadisoan' ny mpiaro, na ERA (salanisan' ny isa heverina ho vokatry ny lalao ara-dalàna; ''earned run average''): ny isa azon' ny mpifanandrina isaky ny fihodinana sivy niandraiketana fanipazana, ka tsy ampidirina ireo isa vokatry ny fahadisoan' ny mpiaro.
Anisan' ny antontanisa fototra momba ny fiarovana ireto:&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-159&quot; /&gt;
* Fanesorana mivantana (''putouts''): ny isan' ny fotoana nisamboran' ny mpiaro baolina voakapoka teny amin' ny habakabaka, na nanesorany mpihazakazaka tamin' ny fikasihana azy amin' ny baolina na tamin' ny fanesorana an-tery, na nanatanterahany mivantana fanesorana tamin' ny fomba hafa.
* Fanampiana tamin' ny fanesorana (''assists''): ny isan' ny fanesorana mivantana nataon' ny mpiaro hafa rehefa avy nikasika ny baolina ilay mpiaro isaina ho nanampy.
* Fahadisoana (''errors''): ny isan' ny fotoana tsy nahavitan' ny mpiaro hetsika izay tokony ho vitany tamin' ny ezaka mahazatra, ka nahazoan' ny ekipa mpikapoka tombony.
* Fitambaran' ny fahafahana manao hetsika fiarovana (''total chances''): ny fanesorana mivantana miampy ny fanampiana tamin' ny fanesorana miampy ny fahadisoana.
* Taham-pahombiazan' ny fiarovana (''fielding average''): ny fahafahana nahavitana hetsika fiarovana tamim-pahombiazana, izany hoe ny fanesorana mivantana miampy ny fanampiana tamin' ny fanesorana, zaraina amin' ny fitambaran' ny fahafahana manao hetsika fiarovana.

Misy koa, amin' ireo antontanisa maro hafa raketina, ny antsoina amin' ny anarana iombonana hoe antontanisa arakaraka ny toe-draharaha (''situational statistics''). Ohatra, azo fantarina amin' ny antontanisa hoe iza avy amin' ny mpanipy no tena ahombiazan' ny mpikapoka iray. Raha manome tombony ho an' ny mpikapoka iray ny toe-draharaha iray araka ny antontanisa, dia mety hirona kokoa amin' ny fanoloana mpanipy ny mpitantana ny ekipa miaro, na hampanao fanomezana toby voalohany an-tsitrapo ho an' ilay mpikapoka (''intentional walk'') ny mpanipy, mba hiatrehana mpikapoka hafa izay kely kokoa ny mety hahombiazany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-160&quot; /&gt;

=== Famakafakana ara-antontanisa ny baseball ===
Ny ''sabermetrics'' dia sehatra fandinihana ny antontanisan' ny ''baseball'' sy famoronana antontanisa ary fitaovana famakafakana vaovao. Antsoina hoe ''sabermetrics'' koa ireo antontanisa vaovao ireo. Manodidina ny 1980 no namoronan' i Bill James, iray amin' ireo mpanohana lehibe an' io sehatra io, ilay teny. Avy amin' ny anaran' ny ''Society for American Baseball Research'' (Fikambanana momba ny Fikarohana ny ''Baseball'' Amerikanina), izay hafohezina hoe SABR (Fikambanana momba ny Fikarohana ny ''Baseball'' Amerikanina), izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-161&quot; /&gt;

Hatramin' ny fiandohan' ireo taona 1980, dia nitombo ny fahalianana tamin' ny ''sabermetrics''. Nampitombo ny fifantohana tamin' ny antontanisa roa momba ny fikapohana izany, izay lazain' ny mpandinika ao amin' io sehatra io fa mahomby lavitra noho ny salanisan' ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby amin' ny fandrefesana ny fahaizan' ny mpikapoka:&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-162&quot; /&gt;
* Ny OBP (taham-pahatongavana amin' ny toby; ''on-base percentage'') dia mandrefy ny fahaizan' ny mpikapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby. Kajina izany amin' ny fanampiana ny fahombiazany rehetra tamin' ny fahatongavana amin' ny toby, izany hoe ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby miampy ny fahazoana mandeha ho amin' ny toby voalohany tsy mikapoka miampy ny fahavoazan' ny baolina natsipy. Zaraina amin' ny fitambaran' ny fanatrehany eo amin' ny takelaka fiaingana izany, dia ny fanatrehana fikapohana isaina miampy ny fahazoana mandeha tsy mikapoka miampy ny fahavoazan' ny baolina natsipy miampy ny kapoka avo atao sorona; tsy ampidirina kosa ny kapoka fohy atao sorona (''sacrifice bunts'').&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-163&quot; /&gt;
* Ny SLG (taham-pahazoana toby amin' ny kapoka; ''slugging percentage'') dia mandrefy ny fahaizan' ny mpikapoka mikapoka mafy. Kajina izany amin' ny fizarana ny fitambaran' ny toby azony tamin' ny kapoka amin' ny isan' ny fanatrehany fikapohana isaina. Ao amin' io fitambaran' ny toby io dia iray no isaina isaky ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby voalohany (''single''), roa isaky ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby faharoa (''double''), telo isaky ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby fahatelo (''triple''), ary efatra isaky ny ''home run''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-164&quot; /&gt;

Nanjary fampiasa betsaka ny sasany amin' ireo antontanisa vaovao noforonin' ny mpandinika ''sabermetrics'':
* Ny OPS (taham-pahatongavana amin' ny toby miampy taham-pahazoana toby amin' ny kapoka; ''on-base plus slugging'') dia mandrefy ny fahaizan' ny mpikapoka amin' ny ankapobeny. Ny taham-pahatongavany amin' ny toby ampiana ny taham-pahazoany toby amin' ny kapoka no ahazoana azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-165&quot; /&gt;
* Ny WHIP (fahazoana mandeha tsy mikapoka miampy kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby isaky ny fihodinana niandraiketana fanipazana; ''walks plus hits per inning pitched'') dia mandrefy ny fahaizan' ny mpanipy manakana ny mpikapoka tsy ho tonga amin' ny toby. Kajina izany amin' ny fanampiana ny isan' ny fahazoana mandeha tsy mikapoka sy ny kapoka mahatafapaka amin' ny toby navelan' ilay mpanipy ho azon' ny mpifanandrina, ary avy eo fizarana izany amin' ny isan' ny fihodinana niandraiketany fanipazana.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-166&quot; /&gt;
* Ny WAR (fandresena fanampiny raha oharina amin' ny fenitry ny mpisolo; ''Wins Above Replacement'') dia mandrefy ny isan' ny fandresena fanampiny azon' ny ekipa noho ny mpilalao iray, raha oharina amin' ny isan' ny fandresena antenaina ho azon' ilay ekipa raha mpilalao manana ny haavo ampiasaina ho fenitra ho an' ny mpisolo (''replacement-level player'') no nisolo azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-167&quot; /&gt;

== Fitiavan' ny olona azy sy ny fiantraikany eo amin' ny kolontsaina ==
[[File:Waseda University baseball players.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|Mpilalao roa ao amin' ny ekipa mpilalao ''baseball'' ao amin' ny Oniversite Waseda, any Tokyo, [[Japàna]], tamin' ny 1921]]
Tao amin' ny lahatsoratra nosoratany tamin' ny 1919, dia nofaritan' ilay filôzôfa Morris Raphael Cohen ho fivavaham-pirenen' i [[Etazonia]] ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-168&quot; /&gt; Araka ny tenin' ilay mpanoratra momba ny fanatanjahantena Jayson Stark, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy, dia efa hatry ny ela ny ''baseball'' no «ohatra filamatra tokana miavaka amin' ny kolontsaina amerikanina»; araka ny heviny anefa, dia ravan' ilay raharaha momba ny fampiasana tsy araka ny tokony ho izy ny sterôida (na akora simika misy karazany ampiasaina hampitomboana hozatra) izany toerana notanany izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-169&quot; /&gt; Manana toerana lehibe eo amin' ny kolontsain' ny firenena hafa koa ny ''baseball'', araka ny filazan' ilay manam-pahaizana Peter Bjarkman. Toy izao no nilazany izany, raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy: «lalina tokoa ny fakan' io fanatanjahantena io ao amin' ny tantara sy ny kolontsain' ny firenena toa an' i [[Kiobà]], [ary] tanteraka tokoa ny fanovana ifotony azy sy ny fampifanarahana azy tamin' ny kolontsaina teo an-toerana tany [[Japàna]]».&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-170&quot; /&gt;

=== Ila-bolantany andrefana ===
Noho ny fitaoman' i Etazonia teo amin' ny ila-bolantany andrefana, dia nitombo be ny filalaovana ''baseball'' tao amin' io faritra io.

==== Ao Etazonia ====
Jereo koa: Baseball any [[Kanada]].
[[File:911 President George W. Bush at World Series, 10302001..jpg|thumb|[[George Bush|Ny filoha George W. Bush]] mandray torohevitra alohan' ny hanaovany ny fanipazana fanokafana ny lalao fahatelo tamin' ny ''World Series'', herinandro vitsivitsy taorian' ny fanafihana tamin' ny 11 Septambra 2001]]
Tamin' ny voalohany, dia ny mpiasa birao avy amin' ny saranga antonony no nokendrena ho mpijery ny lalaon' ny ligy lehibe tao Etazonia. Lafo ny vidim-pidirana 50&amp;nbsp;cents napetraky ny ''National League'' (Ligim-pirenena) tamin' ny 1876, raha oharina amin' ny fialam-boly hafa natrehin' ny mpijery. Sakana ho an' ny mpiasa manao asa tanana koa ny toerana nisy ny kianja, izay teny ivelan' ny faritra afovoan-tanàna, sy ny fandaminana ny lalao hatao antoandro mandritra ny andro fiasana.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-171&quot; /&gt; Hafa tanteraka ny toe-javatra taonjato iray tatỳ aoriana. Araka ny fanadihadian' i Riess, rehefa nitombo ny fitiavan' ny olona ireo fanatanjahantena an' ekipa hafa izay lafo lavitra ny salanisan' ny vidim-pidirana, dia ny baolina kitra amerikanina, ny basikety ary ny ''hockey'', dia lasa anisan' ny fanatanjahantena natrehin' ny mpijery sy tena nankafizin' ny mpiasa manao asa tanana tao Etazonia ny ''baseball'' matihanina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-172&quot; /&gt;
[[File:20080708 Oversized Cubs Win Flag.jpg|thumb|Mpankafy ny Chicago Cubs mifaly miaraka amin' ny sainan' ny fandresen' ny Cubs]]
Amin' ny ankapobeny, dia maro ny mpankafy ''baseball'' ao Etazonia. Araka ny fitsapan-kevitra iray natao tamin' ny 2006, dia efa ho ny antsasaky ny Amerikanina no mpankafy azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-173&quot; /&gt;
Izany no nahatonga ny mpankafy ''baseball'' amerikanina maro hiantso azy hoe «fialam-boly tian' ny Amerikanina indrindra», raha adika amin' ny teny malagasy ilay fiantsoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-174&quot; /&gt;
Araka ny fandinihan' i Katy Missimer, dia azo raisina ho sary an' ohatra maneho ny fomba fiaina amerikanina ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-175&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-20 sy ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-21, dia nisy fironana nifanohitra teo amin' ny toerana notanan' ny ''baseball'' raha oharina amin' ny baolina kitra amerikanina tao Etazonia.
Tamin' ny 2008, dia nahatratra 6,5&amp;nbsp;miliara dôlara ny vola niditra tamin' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball), ka izany no ambony indrindra voarakitra hatramin' izay. Sambany tao anatin' ny am-polony taona maro no nitovy tamin' ny vola niditra tamin' ny NFL (Ligim-pirenena amin' ny Baolina Kitra Amerikanina) izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-176&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 2017, dia nahatratra ny tarehimarika ambony indrindra vaovao indray ny vola niditra tamin' ny MLB, izay nihoatra ny 10&amp;nbsp;miliara dôlara.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-177&quot; /&gt;
Etsy ankilany, dia 9&amp;nbsp;% tamin' ireo Amerikanina mpankafy fanatanjahantena nanaovana fitsapan-kevitra no nilaza fa ny ''baseball'' no fanatanjahantena tiany indrindra, raha 37&amp;nbsp;% kosa no nifidy ny baolina kitra amerikanina matihanina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-178&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 1985, dia 24&amp;nbsp;% no nifidy ny baolina kitra amerikanina matihanina ary 23&amp;nbsp;% no nifidy ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-179&quot; /&gt;
Betsaka lavitra kosa ny fitambaran' ny mpijery manatrika ny lalaon' ny ligy lehibe amin' ny ''baseball'', satria maro lavitra ny lalao atao ao aminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-180&quot; /&gt;
Tamin' ny 2008, dia 78,6&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa ny fitambaran' ny mpijery nanatrika ny lalaon' ny ligy lehibe: io no isa faharoa ambony indrindra teo amin' ny tantarany, ary latsaka 0,7&amp;nbsp;% monja noho ny isa ambony indrindra voarakitra tamin' ny taona teo aloha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MajorAtRec&quot; /&gt;
Ny taona nanaraka, tao anatin' ny fitotongan' ny toekaren' i Etazonia, dia nihena 6,6&amp;nbsp;% izany ka lasa 73,4&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown10&quot; /&gt;
Valo taona tatỳ aoriana, dia nidina ambanin' ny 73&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-182&quot; /&gt;
Nahatratra ny isa ambony indrindra voarakitra koa ny fitambaran' ny mpijery nanatrika ireo lalao teo ambany fiahian' ny ''Minor League Baseball'' (Ligy Madinika amin' ny Baseball) tamin' ny 2008, izay nahatratra 43,3&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-183&quot; /&gt;
Na dia tsy mahasarika mpijery fahitalavitra manerana ny firenena betsaka tahaka ny lalao baolina kitra amerikanina aza ny lalaon' ny MLB, dia izy ireo no manjaka eo amin' ny tsenan' ny fahitalavitra any amin' ny faritra misy ny ekipany. Mandritra ny fahavaratra any an-toerana, dia matetika izy ireo no voalohany amin' ny fandaharana rehetra amin' ny ora be mpijery amin' ny hariva any amin' ireny faritra ireny.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-184&quot; /&gt;
Taorian' ny fihenana nandritra ny taona maromaro nanomboka tamin' ny 2017, dia nitombo kely indray ny isan' ny mpijery ''baseball'' tamin' ny taona vitsivitsy nifarana tamin' ny 2024. Tamin' ny 2024, dia nahatratra 71,3&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa izany, ka io no ambony indrindra nanomboka tamin' ny 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-185&quot; /&gt;

==== [[Amerika Latina]] ====
Jereo koa: ny fifandraisan' i Amerika Latina sy [[Etazonia]] eo amin' ny fanatanjahantena.

Be mpankafy tokoa ny ''baseball'' any [[Venezoela]]; tamin' ny 2011, dia nilaza ny 95 % tamin' ireo olona nanaovana fanadihadiana fa io no fanatanjahantena nasionaly.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-186&quot; /&gt; Heverina ho fanatanjahantena nasionaly koa ny ''baseball'' any Nikaragoa sy Panamà.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-187&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-188&quot; /&gt; Na dia mbola be mpankafy kokoa aza ny baolina kitra, dia mitombo haingana ny firoboroboan' ny ''baseball'' any [[Meksika]]. Tamin' ny 2024, dia nahasarika mpijery maro kokoa noho ny ekipa sasany ao amin' ny ''Liga MX'' (ligy baolina kitra any Meksika) ireo ekipa sangany tao amin' ny ligy ''baseball'' any Meksika.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-189&quot; /&gt; Misy mpankafy ihany koa ny ''baseball'' any Kôlômbia, na dia mbola aorian' ny baolina kitra aza izy, indrindra any amin' ny faritra amorontsiraka akaikin' ny Ranomasina Karaiba, toa an' i [[Barranquilla]] sy Cartagena.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-190&quot; /&gt; Tao anatin' ny taona vitsivitsy, dia nitombo ny mpankafy ''baseball'' tany Kôlômbia, indrindra tao [[Bogotá]] renivohitra, noho ny fitomboan' ny isan' ny mpifindra monina avy any Venezoela.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-191&quot; /&gt; Nitombo koa ny mpankafy ''baseball'' tany [[Brezila]] tao anatin' ny taona vitsivitsy, noho ny fandefasana ny lalaon' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball) tao amin' ny ESPN (fantsona fahitalavitra momba ny fanatanjahantena) any Brezila sy ilay medaly volafotsy manan-tantara azo tamin' ny fifaninanana ''baseball'' tao amin' ny Lalao Panamerikanina 2023. Na izany aza, dia mbola aorian' ny basikety sy ny baolina kitra amerikanina izy raha jerena ny fanatanjahantena be mpanao indrindra any Brezila.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-192&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-193&quot; /&gt; Nitombo koa ny mpankafy ''baseball'' tany [[Arzantina]] sy [[Però]] tao anatin' ny taona vitsivitsy noho ny mpifindra monina avy any Venezoela.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-194&quot; /&gt; Lalaovina any [[Hôndorasy]] koa ny ''baseball''. Tao anatin' ny taona vitsivitsy, dia niezaka nampitombo ny fanohanana io fanatanjahantena io tao amin' ilay firenena i Mauricio Dubón, mpilalao ao amin' ny ligy lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-196&quot; /&gt;

Nanampy ireo mpifindra monina avy any Amerika Latina ho tafiditra ao amin' ny fiarahamonina any Etazonia ny fitiavan' ny olona an' io fanatanjahantena io manerana an' i Amerika Latina.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-197&quot; /&gt;

==== Karaiba ====
Nanomboka tany am-piandohan' ny taompolo 1980, dia ny [[Repoblika Dôminikana]], indrindra ny tanànan' i San Pedro de Macorís, no tena namatsy ireo ligy lehibe tamin' ny mpilalao mahay avy any ivelany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-198&quot; /&gt; Mbola isan' ireo maherifom-pirenena lehibe indrindra teo amin' ny tantaran' i Pôrtô-Rikô i [[Roberto Clemente]], izay voaray ao amin' ny ''Hall of Fame'' (lisitr' ireo olona omena voninahitra noho ny zava-bitany).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-200&quot; /&gt; Na dia efa hatry ny ela aza ny ''baseball'' no fialam-boly ara-panatanjahantena lehibe indrindra tao amin' ilay nosy, dia nihena nanomboka tamin' ny 1990 ny mpankafy ny ligy matihanina lalaovina amin' ny ririnina, izay nahasarika mpijery maro taloha. Tamin' io taona io no nanombohana nampiditra ireo tanora mpilalao avy any Pôrtô-Rikô tao amin' ny fifantenana isan-taona ataon' ireo ekipa ao amin' ny ligy lehibe handraisana mpilalao vaovao.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-201&quot; /&gt; Any [[Kiobà]], izay heverina amin' ny lafiny rehetra fa ny ''baseball'' no fanatanjahantena nasionaly,&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-202&quot; /&gt; dia mahazo toerana lehibe kokoa noho ireo ekipan' ny tanàna sy faritany mifaninana ao amin' ireo ligy an-toerana avo lenta indrindra ny ekipam-pirenena.&lt;ref name=&quot;WW&quot; /&gt; Anisan' ny fanatanjahantena be mpankafy indrindra any [[Aruba]] sy Curaçao koa ny ''baseball'',&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-204&quot; /&gt; ary mihamiroborobo any [[Bahamasy]] sy any amin' ny US Virgin Islands.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-205&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-206&quot; /&gt;

=== Azia ===
[[File:Afghan girl playing baseball in 2002.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Ankizivavy afganà milalao ''baseball'' tamin' ny Aogositra 2002]]
Any [[Azia Atsinanana]], anisan' ny fanatanjahantena be mpankafy indrindra ny ''baseball'' any [[Japàna]],&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-207&quot; /&gt; any [[Taioàna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-208&quot; /&gt; ary any [[Kôrea Atsimo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-209&quot; /&gt; Any Japàna, izay tsy iadian-kevitra fa ny ''baseball'' no fanatanjahantena ifaninanana ekipa be mpijery indrindra, dia notombanana ho iray lavitrisa dôlara ny fitambaran' ny vola niditra tamin' ireo ekipa roa ambin' ny folo ao amin' ny ''Nippon Professional Baseball'' (Baseball Matihanina ao Japàna, NPB) tamin' ny 2007. Io fikambanana io no miandraikitra ny ''Central League'' (Ligy Afovoany) sy ny ''Pacific League'' (Ligy Pasifika). Tokony ho 20 tapitrisa ny fitambaran' ny mpijery tonga nanatrika ny lalaon' ny NPB tamin' io taona io. Tao anatin' ny roapolo taona nialoha izany, dia nitombo 50 isan-jato ny isan' ny mpijery tonga nanatrika ny lalaon' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny Baseball), ary efa ho nitombo avo telo heny ny vola niditra taminy; tsy niova firy kosa ireo tarehimarika ireo ho an' ny NPB. Misy ny ahiahy fa hanimba ny ''baseball'' any Japàna ny fitomboan' ny fahalianan' ny MLB haka ireo mpilalao japoney malaza.&lt;ref name=&quot;RW&quot; /&gt; Any Taioàna, ny ''baseball'' dia iray amin' ireo fanatanjahantena be mpijery indrindra, na amin' ny fahitalavitra na eny an-kianja.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taiwan Culture Portal&quot; /&gt;

Nitombo be ny mpankafy ny ''baseball'' tany amin' ny [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina]] tato anatin' ny taona vitsivitsy; araka ny tombana nataon' ny MLB tamin' ny 2019, dia 21 tapitrisa ny mpankafy nanaraka mavitrika io fanatanjahantena io tao amin' ilay firenena.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Noheverina ho fialam-boly nasionaly ny ''baseball'' tany amin' ny [[Filipina]] tamin' ireo taompolo 1960 sy 1970, saingy nihena ny fankafizan' ny olona azy taorian' izany. Nanomboka tamin' ny 2005, dia nisy ezaka natao hamelomana indray io fanatanjahantena io tao amin' ilay firenena.&lt;ref name=&quot;renaissance&quot; /&gt;

Nitombo tampoka ny fankafizan' ny olona ny ''baseball'' tany [[Tailandy]], taorian' ny nahazoan' ilay firenena medaly volafotsy tamin' io fanatanjahantena io nandritra ny Lalaon' i Azia Atsimo Atsinanana tamin' ny 2025, izay nampiantranoiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-215&quot; /&gt;

=== Eorôpa ===
[[File:Tigers2017Champions.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|Ny Tampere Tigers mankalaza ny fandreseny tamin' ny fiadiana ny ho tompondaka tamin' ny 2017 tao Turku, any [[Finlandy]].]]
Amin' ny ankapobeny, dia fanatanjahantena vitsy mpitia any Eorôpa ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-216&quot; /&gt; Somary be mpitia kosa izy io any [[Nederlandy]], izay iantsoana azy hoe ''honkbal'', noho ny fitaoman' i [[Etazonia]] taorian' ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]] sy noho i [[Aruba]] sy Curaçao, izay ny ''baseball'' no fanatanjahantena be mpitia indrindra, eo ambany fifehezan' io fanjakana io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-217&quot; /&gt; Somary be mpitia koa ny ''baseball'' any amin' ny faritra sasany any Italia, indrindra ao amin' ny tanànan' i Nettuno, noho ny fitaoman' ny miaramila amerikanina taorian' ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-218&quot; /&gt; Nivoatra tao anatin' ny taona vitsivitsy ny ''baseball'' any [[Tsekia]], ka anisan' ny nahatonga izany ny fahombiazan' ny ekipa tseky tamin' ny fifaninanana ''World Baseball Classic'' tamin' ny 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-219&quot; /&gt;

=== Ôseania ===
Jereo koa: Ny ''baseball'' any Zelandy Vaovao.

Anisan' ny fanatanjahantena be mpitia indrindra any [[Palaô]] sy [[Guam]] ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-220&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-221&quot; /&gt; Any Aostralia, dia fanatanjahantena vitsy mpitia izy io, nefa manana ligy matihanina ilay firenena. Mahasarika mpilalao matihanina amerikanina sy kôreanina maniry hilalao amin' ny ligin' ny ''baseball'' amin' ny ririnina io ligy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-222&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 2026, dia Aostralianina maherin' ny 30 no nilalao ''baseball'' teny amin' ny oniversite tany Etazonia, raha enina izany tamin' ny 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-223&quot; /&gt;

=== Afrika ===
Tsy dia be mpitia any Afrika ny ''baseball'', ary any [[Afrika Atsimo]] sy [[Oganda]] no tena ahitana mpitia azy maro ao amin' io kôntinenta io. Mihamitombo kosa ny fandaharanasa fampandrosoana azy any [[Zimbaboe]], [[Ganà]], [[Kenià]], [[Tanzania]] ary [[Nizerià]].&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-224&quot; /&gt;

Be mpitia tany [[Afrika Atsimo]] ny ''baseball'' talohan' ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]], saingy nihena ny mpitia azy hatramin' izay. Mbola misy ekipa any, ary misy ezaka atao hampitomboana indray ny mpitia azy, anisan' izany ny fampidirana ny ''Baseball5''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-227&quot; /&gt; Mihamitombo koa ny fandaharanasa fampandrosoana ny ''baseball'' any [[Sodàna Atsimo]], ka nisy mpilalao nahazo fifanarahana hilalaovana ho matihanina vokatr' izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-228&quot; /&gt; Nanangana fifaninanana ''baseball'' Koshien ho an' ny mpianatra eny amin' ny lisea tany [[Tanzania]], [[Ganà]] ary [[Kenià]] ny ''[[Japàna|Japan]]-Africa Baseball &amp; Softball Foundation'' (Fondasiona Japàna–Afrika momba ny ''baseball'' sy ny ''softball''), ka tany [[Tanzania]] no nahitana fahombiazana indrindra. Kasaina koa ny hananganana fifaninanana mitovy amin' izany any [[Nizerià]], [[Sodàna Atsimo]], [[Benîno]], [[Kamerona]] ary [[Zambia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-229&quot; /&gt;

=== Eo amin' ny ankizy ===
Tamin' ny 2024, ny ''Little League Baseball'' (fikambanana mikarakara ligy ''baseball'' ho an' ny ankizy) dia niandraikitra ligy nahitana mpandray anjara 2&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa tany amin' ny firenena maherin' ny 80.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-230&quot; /&gt; Nihena ny isan' ny mpilalao raha oharina amin' ny taompolo 1990, izay nahitana ankizy 3&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa nandray anjara tamin' ny ''Little League Baseball'' isan-taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-231&quot; /&gt; Maherin' ny 1&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa ny mpandray anjara ao amin' ny ekipan' ny ''[[Babe Ruth]] League'' (ligy Babe Ruth).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-232&quot; /&gt; Araka ny filazan' ny filohan' ny Federasiona Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Baseball tamin' ny 2009, dia vehivavy sy zazavavy eo anelanelan' ny 300&amp;nbsp;000 sy 500&amp;nbsp;000 maneran-tany no milalao ''baseball'', ka anisan' izany ireo mandray anjara amin' ny ''Little League'' sy ny ''Tee Ball'', lalao fampidirana amin' ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-233&quot; /&gt;

Efa anisan' ny rafitra miorina ao amin' ny sampana misahana ny fanabeazana ara-batana any amin' ny ankamaroan' ny sekoly ambaratonga faharoa ambony sy ny toeram-pampianarana ambony any [[Etazonia]] ny fisian' ny ekipa ''baseball'' voalohany misolo tena ny sekoly.&lt;ref name=&quot;MB&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 2015, dia mpianatra ambaratonga faharoa ambony efa ho antsasaka tapitrisa sy mpianatra ambaratonga ambony maherin' ny 34&amp;nbsp;000 no nilalao tao amin' ny ekipa ''baseball'' tao amin' ny toeram-pianarany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-235&quot; /&gt; Efa tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-20 no nitana ny laharana voalohany tamin' ny fanatanjahantena tao [[Japàna]] ny ''baseball'' nifanandrinan' ny toeram-pampianarana ambony. Tena be mpitia ao indrindra indrindra ny ''baseball'' an-tsekoly ambaratonga faharoa ambony.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-236&quot; /&gt; Alefa manerana ny firenena ny fihodinana farany amin' ireo fifaninanana roa fanao isan-taona: ny Fifaninanam-pirenena ''Baseball'' ho an' ny Sekoly Ambaratonga Faharoa Ambony Asaina Handray Anjara, amin' ny lohataona, sy ny Fiadiana ny Ho Tompondaka Nasionalin' ny ''Baseball'' ho an' ny Sekoly Ambaratonga Faharoa Ambony, izay mbola manan-danja kokoa, amin' ny fahavaratra. Antsoina hoe ''Spring Koshien'' (Koshien amin' ny lohataona) sy ''Summer Koshien'' (Koshien amin' ny fahavaratra) izy ireo tsirairay avy, araka ny anaran' ny kianja Koshien mahazaka olona 55&amp;nbsp;000 izay anaovana azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-237&quot; /&gt; Any [[Kiobà]], dia ampahany tsy maintsy atao ao anatin' ny rafi-panjakana momba ny fanabeazana ara-batana, izay manomboka ho an' ny ankizy enin-taona, ny ''baseball''. Misy ankizy manan-talenta alefa any amin' ny sekoly manokana eny amin' ny distrika mba hahazo fiofanana lalina kokoa, na dia vao fito taona aza. Izany no dingana voalohany amin' ny lalam-pivoarana izay miafara any amin' ny ekipam-pirenena ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WW&quot; /&gt;

=== Ao amin' ny kolontsaina iombonan' ny besinimaro ===
[[File:Honus wagner t206 baseball card.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Nisongadina tao amin' ny andian-karatra ''baseball'' navoakan' ny ''American Tobacco Company'' (orinasa amerikanina mpamokatra paraky) teo anelanelan' ny 1909 sy 1911 i [[Honus Wagner]], mpiaro teo anelanelan' ny toby faharoa sy fahatelo tao amin' ny Pittsburgh Pirates. Namidy 2,8&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa dolara ity karatra aseho ity tamin' ny 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-238&quot; /&gt;]]

Nisy fiantraikany midadasika teo amin' ny kolontsaina iombonan' ny besinimaro ny ''baseball'', na tao [[Etazonia]] na tany an-kafa. Am-polony ireo fomba fiteny anglisy nipoitra avy amin' ny ''baseball''; anisan' izany indrindra ireo fomba fiteny an-kolaka momba ny firaisana ara-nofo izay ampiasaina betsaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-239&quot; /&gt; Ny World Series tamin' ny 1922 no nampitaina tamin' ny fandaharana voalohany nalefan' ny tambajotran' onjam-peo tao [[Amerika Avaratra]]: i Grantland Rice, mpanao gazety ara-panatanjahantena malaza, no nitantara mivantana ny fizotry ny lalao isaky ny hetsika avy tao amin' ny kianja Polo Grounds tao amin' ny tanànan' i New York, tao amin' ny onjam-peo WJZ any Newark, New Jersey. Nampifandraisina tamin' ny alalan' ny tariby tamin' ny WGY any Schenectady, New York, sy ny WBZ any [[Springfield, Massachusetts]], io onjam-peo io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-240&quot; /&gt; Nanjary kojakojan-damaody hita hatraiza hatraiza ny satroka ''baseball'', tsy tany Etazonia sy [[Japàna]] ihany, fa tany amin' ny firenena izay tsy dia be mpitia loatra ilay fanatanjahantena koa, toy ny [[Fanjakana Mitambatra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-241&quot; /&gt;

Nahazoana aingam-panahy hamoronana zavakanto sy fialamboly maro ny ''baseball''. Anisan' ny ohatra lehibe voalohany ny tononkalon' i Ernest Thayer, ''Casey at the Bat'', izay nivoaka tamin' ny 1888. Mitantara amin' ny hatsikana somary maneso ny tsy fahombiazan' ny mpilalao kintana iray tamin' ny fotoana manan-danja mety hamaritra ny vokatry ny lalao, izay antsoina ankehitriny hoe ''clutch situation'', io tononkalo io. Niainga avy taminy ny seho mampifandimby karazana fampisehoana (''vaudeville'') sy ny seho an-tsehatra hafa, ny firaketana feo, ny sarimihetsika nampifanarahana tamin' ilay tantara, ary ny opera iray, ary koa ny tohin-tantara sy ny fanahafana maneso maro tamin' ny haino aman-jery isan-karazany. Maro ny sarimihetsika momba ny ''baseball'', anisan' izany ny ''The Pride of the Yankees'' (1942), izay nahazo ny loka Academy Award, sy ireo voatendry hifaninana hahazo ny loka Oscar, dia ny ''The Natural'' (1984) sy ny ''Field of Dreams'' (1989). Tao amin' ny fifantenan' ny ''American Film Institute'' (Ivontoerana Amerikanina momba ny Sarimihetsika) ireo sarimihetsika ara-panatanjahantena folo tsara indrindra, dia teo amin' ny laharana faha-3 ny ''The Pride of the Yankees'', ary teo amin' ny laharana faha-5 ny ''Bull Durham'' (1988).&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-242&quot; /&gt; Nampiasaina ho lohahevitra tamin' ny sanganasa nahomby na an-tsehatra na tamin' ny kapila ny ''baseball'': teo ny teatra misy hira ''Damn Yankees'', noforonin' i Adler sy Ross; teo koa ny hiran' i George J. Gaskin hoe ''Slide, Kelly, Slide'', ny ''Mrs. Robinson'' an' i [[Simon &amp; Garfunkel|Simon and Garfunkel]], ary ny ''Centerfield'' an' i John Fogerty.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-243&quot; /&gt; Nanjary nalaza haingana ny hatsikana fohy ''Who's on First?'', izay naka aingam-panahy avy amin' ny ''baseball'' ary nampahalazain' i Abbott and Costello tamin' ny 1938. Enimpolo taona tatỳ aoriana dia nofidin' ny gazetiboky ''Time'' ho fampisehoana hatsikana tsara indrindra tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-244&quot; /&gt;

Anisan' ny asa soratra mifandray amin' ilay lalao ny tantara foronina fohy nosoratan' i Ring Lardner sy ny tantara lava toa ny ''The Natural'' an' i Bernard Malamud, izay niavian' ilay sarimihetsika; ny ''The Universal Baseball Association, Inc., J. Henry Waugh, Prop.'' an' i Robert Coover; ny ''Calico Joe'' an' i [[John Grisham]]; ary ny ''Shoeless Joe'' an' i W. P. Kinsella, izay niavian' ny ''Field of Dreams''. Anisan' ny asa soratra heverina ho fototra momba ny ''baseball'' koa ny tatitra ara-gazety nosoratan' i Damon Runyon tamin' ny fanarahany tsy tapaka ilay taranja; ny lahatsoratra tao amin' ny tsanganana nosoratan' i Grantland Rice, Red Smith, Dick Young ary Peter Gammons; ary ny lahatsoratra famakafakana nosoratan' i Roger Angell. Anisan' ny boky tsy foronina malaza momba ilay taranja ny ''The Glory of Their Times'' an' i Lawrence S. Ritter, ny ''The Boys of Summer'' an' i Roger Kahn, ary ny ''Moneyball'' an' i Michael Lewis. Heverina ho fotoana nanova ny fanaovana tatitra momba ny fanatanjahantena matihanina ny famoahana, tamin' ny 1970, ny ''Ball Four'', boky fitantaran' i Jim Bouton, mpanipy tao amin' ny ligy lehibe, izay namboraka na dia ny zava-nitranga tsy nampahafantarina ny besinimaro aza.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-245&quot; /&gt;

Nahazoana aingam-panahy hamoronana endrika kolontsaina vaovao koa ny ''baseball''. Nampidirina tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-19 ny karatra ''baseball'', izay karatra fanaovana dokambarotra tamin' ny voalohany. Matetika dia nisy sarina mpilalao ''baseball'' teo amin' ny ilany iray, ary dokambarotra momba ny orinasa iray teo amin' ny ilany hafa. Tany am-piandohan' ny taona 1900 dia namokatra azy ireny betsaka ho fitaovana fampiroboroboana ny varotra ny orinasa mpamokatra paraky sy vatomamy. Niely tamin' ny taona 1930 ny endrika maoderin' ny karatra ''baseball'', ahitana sarin' ny mpilalao ary antontan' isa sy mombamomba ny fiainany eo an-damosin' ilay karatra. Ireo karatra ''baseball'' ireo, izay maro amin' izy ireny ankehitriny no zavatra sarobidy angonina, no niavian' ny sehatra indostrialy midadasika kokoa mamokatra karatra angonina sy ifanakalozana. Tafiditra ao amin' izany ny vokatra mitovitovy aminy momba ny fanatanjahantena samihafa sy ny sehatra tsy mifandray amin' ny fanatanjahantena.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-246&quot; /&gt;

Nanomboka tamin' ny 1980 ny endrika maoderin' ny lalao fanatanjahantena an-tsaina, rehefa namorona ny ''Rotisserie League Baseball'' i Daniel Okrent, mpanoratra tao New York, sy ny namany maromaro. Ny mpandray anjara amin' ny ligy Rotisserie dia mifantina mpilalao avy amin' ny lisitry ny mpilalao mbola milalao ao amin' ny MLB (Ligy Lehibe amin' ny ''Baseball'') mba hamoronana ekipa an-tsaina. Avy eo izy ireo dia manao vanim-potoana fifaninanana an-tsaina iray manontolo, ka ny antontan' isa farany avy amin' ny tena lalao nataon' ireo mpilalao no amaritana ny vokatry ny lalao an-tsaina. Niely haingana ny lalao amin' ny fomba Rotisserie. Antsoina amin' ny anarana ankapobeny kokoa hoe ''fantasy baseball'', na lalao ''baseball'' an-tsaina, izy io ankehitriny, ary nitarika ny famoronana lalao mitovitovy aminy mifototra amin' ny fanatanjahantena maro samihafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-247&quot; /&gt; Niroborobo io sehatra io noho ny fitomboan' ny fahafahana mampiasa Internet sy ny fipoiran' ny tranonkala vaovao mifandray amin' ny lalao fanatanjahantena an-tsaina. Tamin' ny 2008 dia efa olona 29,9 tapitrisa tao Etazonia sy [[Kanada]] no nanao ireny lalao ireny, ka nandany 800&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa dolara tamin' izany fialam-boly izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-248&quot; /&gt; Heverina koa fa ny fitomboan' ny fitiavana ny lalao ''baseball'' an-tsaina no anisan' ny nahatonga ny fitomboan' ny fifantohana tamin' ny fandalinana ny ''baseball'' amin' ny alalan' ny antontan' isa (''sabermetrics''): teo amin' ny mpankafy aloha, ary tatỳ aoriana vao teo amin' ny matihanina amin' ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-249&quot; /&gt;

=== Lalao nipoitra avy aminy ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Ireo endrika samihafan' ny ''baseball''.

[[File:Queens stickball.jpg|thumb|198x198px|Ny ''stickball'' dia endrika iray amin' ny ''baseball'' fahita eny an-dalambe, izay matetika ampifanarahana amin' ny toe-javatra eo no ho eo. Hita eo amin' ny rindrina ao ambadiky ny mpikapoka ny faritra kendrena amin' ny fanipazana (''strike zone''), izay voamarika tamin' ny loko.]]
Nipoitra tsikelikely ny endrika tsy ara-pomba samihafan' ny ''baseball'', ka misy lalao toy ny ''corkball'' izay ahitana taratra ny fomban-drazana eo an-toerana sady ahafahana milalao amin' ny toerana samihafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-250&quot; /&gt; Endrika roa amin' ny ''baseball'', dia ny ''softball'' sy ny ''Baseball5'', no tantanan' ny ''World Baseball Softball Confederation'' (Konfederasiona Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Baseball sy Softball) eo amin' ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, miaraka amin' ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-251&quot; /&gt;

==== Ny ''baseball'' britanika ====
Lahatsoratra fototra: Ny ''baseball'' britanika.

Nanao fitetezam-paritra tany Britaina Lehibe ny ekipa amerikanina mpilalao ''baseball'' matihanina tamin' ny 1874 sy 1889, ary nisy fiantraikany lehibe teo amin' ireo fanatanjahantena nitovitovy taminy tany Britaina Lehibe izany. Tany Kambria sy Merseyside dia efa nisy lalao niorim-paka tsara teo amin' ny fiarahamonina, izay nampiasana fahaiza-milalao sy fomba filalaovana nifanaraka kokoa tamin' ny lalao amerikanina. Nanomboka nampiasa tsy ara-pomba ny anarana hoe ''baseball'' (''Pêl Fas'') ny mponin' i Kambria mba hanehoana izany fomba filalaovana amerikanina izany. Tamin' ny taompolo 1890 dia nisy antso mba hanaraka ny fahombiazan' ireo fanatanjahantena hafa nilalaovan' ny sarangan' ny mpiasa, toy ny ''rugby'' tany Kambria sy ny baolina kitra tany Merseyside, ka hametraka fitsipika sy rafi-pitantanana manokana.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-252&quot; /&gt; Nandritra ny taom-pilalaovana 1892 no nifanarahana ny fitsipik' ilay lalao nantsoina hoe ''baseball'', ka natambatra sy noraiketina tamin' ny fomba ofisialy izany fitsipika izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-253&quot; /&gt;

==== Ny ''baseball'' any [[Finlandy]] ====
Lahatsoratra fototra: ''Pesäpallo''.

Ny ''baseball'' any Finlandy, izay antsoina koa hoe ''pesäpallo'', dia fitambaran' ireo lalaon' ekipa nentim-paharazana misy fikapohana baolina sy ny ''baseball'' any [[Amerika Avaratra]]. I Lauri &quot;Tahko&quot; Pihkala no namorona azy tamin' ny taompolo 1920.&lt;ref name=&quot;INTRO2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-255&quot; /&gt; Mitovy amin' ny an' ny ''baseball'' ny foto-kevitry ny ''pesäpallo'': miezaka mahazo isa amin' ny fikapohana tsara ny baolina sy ny fihazakazahana mamakivaky ireo toby ny ekipa manafika, fa ny ekipa miaro kosa miezaka manala ny mpikapoka sy ny mpihazakazaka amin' ny fanafihana. Anisan' ny fahasamihafana lehibe indrindra eo amin' ny ''pesäpallo'' sy ny ''baseball'' ny fanipazana ny baolina mitsangana miakatra amin' ny ''pesäpallo''. Manamora be ny fikapohana ny baolina sy ny fifehezana ny herin' ny kapoka ary ny lalana alehan' ny baolina izany. Noho izany dia maro karazana kokoa ny fomba fanafihana, haingana kokoa ny lalao ary betsaka kokoa ny lafiny ara-tetika amin' ny fanafihana, raha oharina amin' ny ''baseball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;INTRO2&quot; /&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* Loka amin' ny ''baseball''
* Fitafiana sy fitaovana ampiasaina amin' ny ''baseball''
* Lisitr' ireo sarimihetsika momba ny ''baseball''
* Lisitr' ireo ligy voarafitra amin' ny ''baseball''
* Vehivavy eo amin' ny ''baseball''

=== Fanatanjahantena mifandray aminy ===
* ''Brännboll'' – lalao skandinavianina mampiasa kibay fikapohana sy baolina
* Fampitahana ny ''baseball'' sy ny ''cricket''
* Fampitahana ny ''baseball'' sy ny ''softball''
* ''Lapta'' – lalao rosiana mampiasa kibay fikapohana sy baolina
* ''Oină'' – lalao avy any Romania mampiasa kibay fikapohana sy baolina
* ''Snow baseball'' (''baseball'' amin' ny lanezy) – lalao manana fitsipika mitovitovy amin' ny an' ny ''baseball'', atao any India mandritra ny ririnina
* ''Stickball''
* ''Stoop ball''
* ''Tee-ball'' – lalao manana fitsipika mitovitovy amin' ny an' ny ''baseball'', saingy tsy misy mpanipy ary apetraka eo an-tampon' ny fitoerana mitazona azy ny baolina
* ''Vitilla''
* ''Wiffle ball''

== Loharano ==
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&lt;ref name=&quot;P111&quot;&gt;Powers (2003), p. 111.&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-001&quot;&gt;Sargis, Joe. [https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/08/03/The-World-Games-slipped-out-of-town-Monday-quietly/8794365659200/ ''The World Games slipped out of town Monday, quietly...'']. United Press International. August 3, 1981. daty nijerena voarakitra: August 13, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: August 14, 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180814071521/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/08/03/The-World-Games-slipped-out-of-town-Monday-quietly/8794365659200/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-003&quot;&gt;Nissen, Keith. [https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/state-of-us-sports-viewing-2025 ''State of US sports viewing, 2025'']. S&amp;P Global. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-10-05.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-004&quot;&gt;Bjarkman, Peter C.. [https://studiesonasia.scholasticahq.com/article/14327-american-baseball-imperialism-clashing-national-cultures-and-the-future-of-samurai-besuboru ''American Baseball Imperialism, Clashing National Cultures, and the Future of Samurai Besuboru'']. ''Studies on Asia''. 2006-09-01. boky: 3. laharana: 3. pp.: 123–140. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: September 15, 2024. datin' ny tahiry: September 15, 2024. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240915170509/https://studiesonasia.scholasticahq.com/article/14327-american-baseball-imperialism-clashing-national-cultures-and-the-future-of-samurai-besuboru rohy tahiry voarakitra]. quote: Formal league baseball has long thrived in amateur and professional play around the world, especially in the Caribbean Basin and along the Asian-Pacific Rim. Its history in those regions is every bit as ancient and deep-rooted as it is on the North American continent.&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-011&quot;&gt;Thurston (2000), pp. 21, 30, 31; [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf ''Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game (Rule 1.16)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011325/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-012&quot;&gt;Porterfield (2007), pp. 16–18, 25, 34, 35; [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/09_the_umpire.pdf ''Official Rules/9.00—The Umpire (Rule 9.03a)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011323/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/09_the_umpire.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-013&quot;&gt;[https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2014/09/29/ap-source-7-umpires-rotate-at-world-series/16437053/ ''AP source: 7 umpires rotate at World Series'']. ''USA Today''. September 29, 2014. daty nijerena voarakitra: March 27, 2018. agency: Associated Press.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-015&quot;&gt;Epstein, David. [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1188950/index.htm ''It's All About Anticipation: Ryan Howard and Rafael Nadal don't have quicker reflexes than you do. They hit the fastest pitches and return the hardest serves because they can see the future'']. August 8, 2011. daty nijerena voarakitra: September 4, 2011. datin' ny tahiry: December 13, 2011. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111213074933/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1188950/index.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra]. magazine: Sports Illustrated.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-016&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/02_definition_of_terms.pdf ''Official Rules/2.00—Definitions of Terms'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011321/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/02_definition_of_terms.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra]. [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/05_putting_ball_in_play.pdf ''Official Rules/5.00—Putting the Ball in Play. Live Ball (Rule 5.09e)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011326/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/05_putting_ball_in_play.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra]. [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf ''Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rule 6.05a)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011324/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra]. [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/07_the_runner.pdf ''Official Rules/7.00—The Runner (Rules 7.08d, 7.10a)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011328/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/07_the_runner.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra]. [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf ''Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rule 10.07)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205082219/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-017&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf ''Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rule 6.08b)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 12, 2012. datin' ny tahiry: May 29, 2008. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080529025727/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-019&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf ''Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rule 6.05)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011324/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra]. [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/07_the_runner.pdf ''Official Rules/7.00—The Runner (Rules 7.08, 7.10)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011328/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/07_the_runner.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-020&quot;&gt;Thurston (2000), p. 100; [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/03_game_preliminaries.pdf ''Official Rules/3.00—Game Preliminaries (Rule 3.03)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011326/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/03_game_preliminaries.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra]. [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf ''Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rules 6.01, 6.04)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011324/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-021&quot;&gt;Porterfield (2007), p. 19; Thurston (2000), p. 153; [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf ''Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rule 6.10)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011324/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-022&quot;&gt;See, e.g., [http://washington.nationals.mlb.com/news/press_releases/press_release.jsp?ymd=20090404&amp;content_id=4127882&amp;vkey=pr_was&amp;fext=.jsp&amp;c_id=was ''Nationals Finalize 25-Man Roster'']. Washington Nationals/Major League Baseball. April 4, 2009. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 21, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: July 14, 2011. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110714104000/http://washington.nationals.mlb.com/news/press_releases/press_release.jsp?ymd=20090404&amp;content_id=4127882&amp;vkey=pr_was&amp;fext=.jsp&amp;c_id=was rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-023&quot;&gt;Alexander, Charles C.. [https://archive.org/details/ourgameamerican000alex/page/290 ''Our Game: An American Baseball History'']. Macmillan. 1991. p.: [https://archive.org/details/ourgameamerican000alex/page/290 290]. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780805015942&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-024&quot;&gt;Ringolsby, Tracy. [https://www.mlb.com/news/national-league-could-add-dh-before-long/c-162404308 ''Tide is turning toward a universal DH'']. January 20, 2016. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 22, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: August 27, 2019. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: MLB.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190827201738/https://www.mlb.com/news/national-league-could-add-dh-before-long/c-162404308 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-025&quot;&gt;McLaughlin, Dan. [http://grantland.com/the-triangle/designated-hitters-and-the-economics-of-baseball/ ''Designated Hitters and the Economics of Baseball'']. Grantland. July 12, 2011. daty nijerena voarakitra: August 6, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-026&quot;&gt;Dunn, Jay. [http://www.trentonian.com/article/TT/20170621/SPORTS/170629946 ''Jay Dunn: It's Time For MLB Teams to Consider Grooming Two-Way Players'']. ''The Trentonian''. June 21, 2017. daty nijerena voarakitra: August 6, 2017. datin' ny tahiry: August 6, 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170806221951/http://www.trentonian.com/article/TT/20170621/SPORTS/170629946 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-027&quot;&gt;Goldman, Steven. [https://www.vice.com/en/article/it-is-time-for-baseball-to-fight-back-against-big-bullpen/ ''It Is Time for Baseball to Fight Back Against Big Bullpen'']. VICE Media. April 26, 2016. daty nijerena voarakitra: August 6, 2017. datin' ny tahiry: September 14, 2024. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240914104021/https://www.vice.com/en/article/it-is-time-for-baseball-to-fight-back-against-big-bullpen/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-028&quot;&gt;Walfoort, Cleon, &quot;Most 'Signs' Given by Coaches Are Merely Camouflage&quot;, ''Baseball Digest'', December 1960 – January 1961, pp. 47–49.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-029&quot;&gt;&quot;The Fans Speak Out&quot; [''Baseball Digest'' staff], ''Baseball Digest'', August 1999, pp. 9–10; [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/03_game_preliminaries.pdf ''Official Rules/3.00—Game Preliminaries (Rule 3.15)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 27, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: May 20, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090520205621/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/03_game_preliminaries.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-030&quot;&gt;Zoss (2004), p. 293; [http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/09_the_umpire.pdf ''Official Rules/9.00—The Umpire'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 18, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215915/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/09_the_umpire.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-031&quot;&gt;Bast, Andrew. [http://www.newsweek.com/id/146842 ''Southpaw's Revenge'']. ''Newsweek''. July 18, 2008. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 8, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: March 9, 2010. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100309065835/http://www.newsweek.com/id/146842 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-032&quot;&gt;See, e.g., Davis, Hank, ''Small-town Heroes: Images of Minor League Baseball'' (Univ. of Iowa Press, 1997), p. 186.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-033&quot;&gt;Paine, Neil. [https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/game-theory-says-r-a-dickey-should-throw-more-knuckleballs/ ''Game Theory Says R.A. Dickey Should Throw More Knuckleballs'']. ''FiveThirtyEight''. August 13, 2015. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 22, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: April 23, 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180423102215/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/game-theory-says-r-a-dickey-should-throw-more-knuckleballs/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-034&quot;&gt;[https://www.popularmechanics.com/adventure/sports/a3207/1283161/ ''The Mechanics Of A Breaking Pitch'']. December 6, 2004. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 23, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: May 16, 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230516170451/https://www.popularmechanics.com/adventure/sports/a3207/1283161/ rohy tahiry voarakitra]. magazine: Popular Mechanics.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-035&quot;&gt;Walsh, John. [http://www.hardballtimes.com/main/article/fastball-slider-changeup-curveball-an-analysis/ ''Fastball, Slider, Change-up, Curveball—An Analysis'']. The Hardball Times. December 20, 2007. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 21, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: April 9, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090409112752/http://www.hardballtimes.com/main/article/fastball-slider-changeup-curveball-an-analysis rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-036&quot;&gt;Stallings and Bennett (2003), p. 192.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-037&quot;&gt;McCarver, Tim; Peary, Danny. ''Tim McCarver's Baseball for Brain Surgeons and Other Fans: Understanding and Interpreting the Game So You Can Watch It Like a Pro''. Random House. 2013. pp.: 71, 272–273. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780307831774&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-038&quot;&gt;[https://www.mlb.com/glossary/rules/balk ''Balk'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 23, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: January 19, 2021. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210119135337/https://www.mlb.com/glossary/rules/balk rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-039&quot;&gt;Stallings and Bennett (2003), pp. 126–132.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-041&quot;&gt;Stallings and Bennett (2003), pp. 5, 46–47.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-042&quot;&gt;Stallings and Bennett (2003), pp. 42–43, 47–48.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-043&quot;&gt;Stallings and Bennett (2003), p. 186.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-044&quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/510872/rounders ''Rounders (English Game)'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: October 23, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: April 26, 2015. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150426161127/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/510872/rounders rohy tahiry voarakitra]. encyclopedia: Encyclopædia Britannica.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-045&quot;&gt;Cohen, Claire. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11384071/Rounders-Its-the-only-sport-for-people-who-hate-sport.html ''Save rounders! It's the only sport for people who hate sport'']. ''The Telegraph''. February 2, 2015. daty nijerena voarakitra: October 23, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: January 11, 2022. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. fidirana voarakitra: subscription. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11384071/Rounders-Its-the-only-sport-for-people-who-hate-sport.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-046&quot;&gt;Thorn, John. [https://books.google.com/books?id=gqF84JTKCNoC&amp;pg=PA58 ''Baseball in the Garden of Eden: The Secret History of the Early Game'']. Simon and Schuster. 2012-03-20. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7432-9404-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-047&quot;&gt;Curtis, Bryan. [https://grantland.com/features/baseball-archaeologist-david-block/ ''In Search of Baseball's Holy Grail'']. ESPN. October 18, 2013. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2024-12-24. tranonkala: Grantland.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-049&quot;&gt;Block (2005), pp. 139, 140, 151, 164, 178, 179, et seq.; Hellier, Cathy. [http://www.history.org/history/teaching/enewsletter/volume2/june04/pocketbook.cfm ''Mr. Newbery's Little Pretty Pocket-Book'']. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 12, 2008. datin' ny tahiry: January 10, 2011. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110110115349/http://www.history.org/history/teaching/enewsletter/volume2/june04/pocketbook.cfm rohy tahiry voarakitra]. See Wikisource edition of ''A Little Pretty Pocket-Book''.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-050&quot;&gt;[https://hertsbaseball.com/2013/06/11/the-1749-baseball-season-with-the-prince-of-wales-at-bat-and-the-earl-of-middlesex-on-deck/ ''The 1749 baseball season'']. June 11, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-051&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23425907 ''Why isn't baseball more popular in the UK?'']. ''BBC News''. July 26, 2013. daty nijerena voarakitra: July 26, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-052&quot;&gt;Block (2005), pp. 58, 160, 300, 307, 310; Miller, Doug. [http://boston.redsox.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/news/article.jsp?ymd=20050802&amp;content_id=1154441&amp;vkey=news_bos&amp;fext=.jsp&amp;c_id=bos ''Pittsfield: Small City, Big Baseball Town'']. Major League Baseball. August 2, 2005. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: March 21, 2006. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060321043321/http://boston.redsox.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/news/article.jsp?ymd=20050802&amp;content_id=1154441&amp;vkey=news_bos&amp;fext=.jsp&amp;c_id=bos rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-053&quot;&gt;Crown, Daniel. [http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/cricket-baseball-american-sport ''The Battle Between Baseball and Cricket for American Sporting Supremacy'']. 2017-10-19. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2023-01-05. tranonkala: Atlas Obscura.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-054&quot;&gt;[https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2022/12/20/why-cricket-and-america-are-made-for-each-other ''Why cricket and America are made for each other'']. ''The Economist''. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISSN 0013-0613&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2023-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-055&quot;&gt;Guthrie-Shimizu, Sayuri. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx2i3f5k6MkC&amp;pg=PA26 ''Transpacific Field of Dreams: How Baseball Linked the United States and Japan in Peace and War'']. University of North Carolina Press. 2012-04-04. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8078-8266-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-056&quot;&gt;[https://dr1.com/articles/cricket.shtml ''DR1.com - Dominican Republic News &amp; Travel Information Service'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2024-07-30. tranonkala: dr1.com.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-057&quot;&gt;Block (2005), pp. 4–5, 11–15, 25, 33, 59–61, et. seq.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-058&quot;&gt;Giddens, David. [https://www.cbc.ca/sportslongform/entry/how-canada-invented-american-football-baseball-basketball-and-hockey ''How Canada invented 'American' football, baseball, basketball and hockey'']. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. June 15, 2017. fiteny: en-US. daty nijerena voarakitra: June 4, 2019. datin' ny tahiry: May 3, 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230503181804/https://www.cbc.ca/sportslongform/entry/how-canada-invented-american-football-baseball-basketball-and-hockey rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-059&quot;&gt;Sullivan (1997), p. 292.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-060&quot;&gt;Kittel, Jeffrey. [http://protoball.org/1845_Knickerbocker_Rules ''Evolution or Revolution? A Rule-By-Rule Analysis of the 1845 Knickerbocker Rules'']. Protoball. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 9, 2016. datin' ny tahiry: December 5, 2022. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221205115830/https://protoball.org/1845_Knickerbocker_Rules rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-061&quot;&gt;Sullivan (1997), pp. 32, 80, 95.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-062&quot;&gt;Tygiel (2000), pp. 8–14; Rader (2008), pp. 71–72.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-063&quot;&gt;Guthrie-Shimizu, Sayuri. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx2i3f5k6MkC&amp;pg=PP15 ''Transpacific Field of Dreams: How Baseball Linked the United States and Japan in Peace and War'']. University of North Carolina Press. 2012-04-04. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8078-8266-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-064&quot;&gt;[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317980360 ''Mapping an Empire of American Sport'']. Routledge. 2013-09-13. mpamoaka (anarana): Dyreson. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Mark. mpamoaka faharoa (anarana): Mangan. mpamoaka faharoa (fanampin' anarana): J.A.. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-317-98036-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.4324/9781315872971&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 0. editor-last3: Park. editor-first3: Roberta J..&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-065&quot;&gt;Tienou, Debora N.. [https://hdl.handle.net/2142/104978 ''Beyond the outfield: Baseball fiction and historical fantasy, 1864-present'']. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 2019-03-29. pp.: 1. &lt;nowiki&gt;HDL 2142/104978&lt;/nowiki&gt;. degree: text.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-066&quot;&gt;Rader (2008), pp. 9, 10.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-067&quot;&gt;Tygiel (2000), p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-068&quot;&gt;Rader (2008), p. 27; Sullivan (1997), pp. 68, 69.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-069&quot;&gt;Sullivan (1997), pp. 83, 130, 243.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-070&quot;&gt;Sullivan (1997), p. 115.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-071&quot;&gt;Heaphy, Leslie, &quot;Women Playing Hardball&quot;, in ''Baseball and Philosophy: Thinking Outside the Batter's Box'', ed. Eric Bronson (Open Court, 2004), pp. 246–256: p. 247.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-073&quot;&gt;Sullivan (1997), pp. 243–246.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-074&quot;&gt;Rader (2008), p. 110; Zimbalist (2006), p. 22. See [http://roadsidephotos.sabr.org/baseball/1903NatAgree.htm ''National Agreement for the Government of Professional Base Ball Clubs'']. roadsidephotos.sabr.org. daty nijerena voarakitra: January 29, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 1, 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180201020524/http://roadsidephotos.sabr.org/baseball/1903NatAgree.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-075&quot;&gt;Sullivan (1997), pp. 13–16.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-076&quot;&gt;Powers (2003), pp. 39, 47, 48.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-077&quot;&gt;Burgos (2007), pp. 117, 118.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-078&quot;&gt;Sullivan (1997), p. 214.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-079&quot;&gt;Zoss (2004), p. 90.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-080&quot;&gt;Zoss (2004), p. 192.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-081&quot;&gt;Burk (2001), pp. 34–37.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-082&quot;&gt;[http://www.littleleague.org/about/history.asp ''History of Little League'']. Little League. daty nijerena voarakitra: June 26, 2007. datin' ny tahiry: May 14, 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070514082459/http://www.littleleague.org/about/history.asp rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-083&quot;&gt;Lesko, Jeneane. [http://www.aagpbl.org/index.cfm/pages/league/12/league-history ''League History'']. All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Players Association. 2005. daty nijerena voarakitra: January 29, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: July 24, 2011. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110724213445/http://aagpbl.org/index.cfm/pages/league/12/league-history rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-084&quot;&gt;Burgos (2007), p. 158.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-085&quot;&gt;Burgos (2007), pp. 180, 191.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-087&quot;&gt;[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E3DD113FF935A15753C1A9639C8B63 ''Baseball: White Sox and Fans Speak Same Language, with a Spanish Accent'']. ''[[The New York Times]]''. October 26, 2005. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 4, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: October 22, 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171022090235/https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E3DD113FF935A15753C1A9639C8B63 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-088&quot;&gt;Powers (2003), pp. 178, 180, 245.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-089&quot;&gt;Powers (2003), pp. 184–187, 191, 192, 280–282.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-091&quot;&gt;Koppett (2004), pp. 376, 511.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-092&quot;&gt;Koppett (2004), p. 481.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-093&quot;&gt;Koppett (2004), p. 489.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-094&quot;&gt;Rader (2008), pp. 254, 271; Zimbalist (2007), pp. 195, 196; Verducci, Tom. [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/magazine/05/29/baseball.steroids/index.html ''To Cheat or Not to Cheat'']. May 29, 2012. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 30, 2012. datin' ny tahiry: June 1, 2012. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120601005751/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/magazine/05/29/baseball.steroids/index.html? rohy tahiry voarakitra]. magazine: Sports Illustrated.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-097&quot;&gt;Bjarkman (2004), p. 73; Burk (2001), p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-098&quot;&gt;[http://www.wbsc.org/canada-baseball-participation-popularity-rising-across-the-nation/ ''Canada: Baseball participation, popularity rising across the nation'']. World Baseball Softball Confederation. October 12, 2016. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 2, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: April 2, 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180402231713/http://www.wbsc.org/canada-baseball-participation-popularity-rising-across-the-nation/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-099&quot;&gt;''The Beaver Bites Back?: American Popular Culture in Canada''. McGill-Queen's University Press. 1993. pp.: 157–158. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780773511200&lt;/nowiki&gt;. editor1: Flaherty, David H.. editor2: Manning, Frank E..&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-100&quot;&gt;Riess, Steven A.. ''Sports in America from Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century: An Encyclopedia''. Routledge. 2015. pp.: 172, 656–657. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781317459477&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-101&quot;&gt;Terry (1909), p. 506.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-102&quot;&gt;Kendrick, Mat. [http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/aston-villa-the-day-the-claret-and-blues-157375 ''Aston Villa: The day the claret and blues won the baseball league'']. ''Birmingham Mail''. daty nijerena voarakitra: October 3, 2016. datin' ny tahiry: October 5, 2016. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161005110644/http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/aston-villa-the-day-the-claret-and-blues-157375 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-104&quot;&gt;
    [http://www.pesis.fi/pesapalloliitto/international_site/introduction/ ''Introduction to the game''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pesis.fi/pesapalloliitto/international_site/introduction/ |date=20151029075041 }}. Pesäpalloliitto. daty nijerena voarakitra: October 16, 2015. tranonkala: Pesis.fi.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-105&quot;&gt;Bjarkman (2004), pp. xxiv.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-106&quot;&gt;Bjarkman (2004), pp. 356, 123, 137, xxiv, 11, 233; Gmelch (2006), p. 296.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-107&quot;&gt;McNeil (2000), p. 113.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-108&quot;&gt;Bjarkman (2004), pp. xxiv, xxv; Burgos (2007), p. 46.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-109&quot;&gt;Bjarkman (2004), pp. 362, 368; Gmelch (2006), pp. 100, 75, 59.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-110&quot;&gt;Bjarkman (2004), pp. xv.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-111&quot;&gt;Mayo, Jonathan. [https://www.milb.com/news/gcs-501366 ''Perspective: Baseball in the Holy Land'']. Minor League Baseball. January 28, 2009. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 5, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: January 31, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090131063101/http://web.minorleaguebaseball.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20090127&amp;content_id=501366&amp;vkey=news_milb&amp;fext=.jsp rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-112&quot;&gt;[http://www.ibaf.org/ ''International Baseball Federation (Confederations/Member Federations)'']. International Baseball Federation. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: March 6, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090306131244/http://www.ibaf.org/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-113&quot;&gt;Seymour Mills, Dorothy. ''Chasing Baseball: Our Obsession with its History, Numbers, People and Places''. McFarland &amp; Company. 2009. pp.: 169–170. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780786455881&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-114&quot;&gt;[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4658925.stm ''Fewer Sports for London Olympics'']. ''BBC News''. July 8, 2005. daty nijerena voarakitra: September 16, 2008. datin' ny tahiry: February 8, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090208214941/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4658925.stm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-115&quot;&gt;[http://www.espn.com/olympics/news/story?id=2103234 ''Secret ballot eliminates baseball, softball'']. ESPN. July 8, 2005. daty nijerena voarakitra: June 2, 2019. datin' ny tahiry: December 14, 2019. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191214064042/https://www.espn.com/olympics/news/story?id=2103234 rohy tahiry voarakitra]. agency: Associated Press.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-116&quot;&gt;Fetters, Ashley. [https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/07/lost-sports-of-the-summer-olympics/260101/ ''Lost Sports of the Summer Olympics'']. July 20, 2012. daty nijerena voarakitra: June 2, 2019. datin' ny tahiry: November 12, 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231112150247/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/07/lost-sports-of-the-summer-olympics/260101/ rohy tahiry voarakitra]. magazine: The Atlantic.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-117&quot;&gt;Isidore, Chris. [https://money.cnn.com/2006/03/10/commentary/column_sportsbiz/sportsbiz/index.htm ''The Spring Classic?'']. CNNMoney.com. March 11, 2006. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: October 7, 2008. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081007104544/http://money.cnn.com/2006/03/10/commentary/column_sportsbiz/sportsbiz/index.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-118&quot;&gt;McNeal, Stan. [http://business.highbeam.com/62653/article-1G1-142729829/your-guide-06-world-baseball-classic ''Your Guide to the '06 World Baseball Classic'']. ''Sporting News''. CBS Interactive. March 3, 2006. nampitaina tamin' ny: HighBeam Research. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 3, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: July 1, 2015. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: usurped. fidirana voarakitra: subscription. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150701033537/http://business.highbeam.com/62653/article-1G1-142729829/your-guide-06-world-baseball-classic rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-119&quot;&gt;[http://www.ibaf.org/en/news/2011/12/03/the-congress-approved-a-new-format-of-internationa/cd3e0ea8-a62d-4c01-85f5-4c2aafba5119 ''IBAF Congress Approves New Format of International Tournaments'']. International Baseball Federation. December 3, 2011. daty nijerena voarakitra: January 20, 2013. datin' ny tahiry: November 2, 2015. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151102111418/http://www.ibaf.org/en/news/2011/12/03/the-congress-approved-a-new-format-of-internationa/cd3e0ea8-a62d-4c01-85f5-4c2aafba5119 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-120&quot;&gt;Guttmann (2007), p. 140.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-122&quot;&gt;Morris (2007), p. xi.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-123&quot;&gt;Melville, Tom. [https://sabr.org/journal/article/cricket-and-mr-spalding/ ''Cricket and Mr. Spalding'']. 1996. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2023-01-05. datin' ny tahiry: June 9, 2025. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: Society for American Baseball Research. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250609232835/https://sabr.org/journal/article/cricket-and-mr-spalding/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-124&quot;&gt;Crown, Daniel. [http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/cricket-baseball-american-sport ''The Battle Between Baseball and Cricket for American Sporting Supremacy'']. 2017-10-19. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2023-01-05. datin' ny tahiry: January 5, 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: Atlas Obscura. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230105141613/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/cricket-baseball-american-sport rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-125&quot;&gt;Mount, Nicholas James, &quot;Team Sports&quot;, in ''Encyclopedia of Time'', ed. Samuel L. Macey (Taylor &amp; Francis, 1994), pp. 588–590: p. 590.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-126&quot;&gt;[http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/dec/22/the-spin-cricket-the-timeless-test-1939 ''The Test match that went on and on and on. Without a winner but with meaning &amp;#124; Andy Bull'']. December 22, 2015. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: September 6, 2020. tranonkala: The Guardian.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-127&quot;&gt;Eastaway, Rob, ''What Is a Googly?: The Mysteries of Cricket Explained'' (Anova, 2005), p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-130&quot;&gt;Berg, Ted. [http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/09/mlb-games-length-three-hours-pace-of-play ''Why Are Baseball Games Getting So Much Longer?'']. ''USA Today''. September 30, 2014. daty nijerena voarakitra: December 27, 2014. datin' ny tahiry: December 28, 2014. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141228075648/http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/09/mlb-games-length-three-hours-pace-of-play rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-131&quot;&gt;[http://www.japanfs.org/en/pages/027087.html ''Japan's Pro Baseball Teams Start Eco-Project to Cut Energy Use by 6%'']. Japan for Sustainability. July 13, 2008. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 18, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: July 7, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090707230418/http://www.japanfs.org/en/pages/027087.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-133&quot;&gt;[https://www.mlb.com/glossary/rules/pitch-timer ''Pitch Timer (2023 rule change) &amp;#124; Glossary'']. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2023-03-05. datin' ny tahiry: April 6, 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: MLB.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230406075754/https://www.mlb.com/glossary/rules/pitch-timer rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-134&quot;&gt;McCullough, Andy. [https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4917785/2023/10/02/pitch-clock-postseason-mlb/ ''The pitch clock meets the postseason: MLB's new rules face October pressure'']. October 2, 2023. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2023-10-02. datin' ny tahiry: August 25, 2025. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: The Athletic. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250825021117/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4917785/2023/10/02/pitch-clock-postseason-mlb/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-135&quot;&gt;Foster, Jason. [https://www.mlb.com/news/mlb-average-game-time-under-three-hours-third-straight-year ''MLB game times continue to drop -- and marathon contests are increasingly rare'']. 26 September 2025. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-10-12. tranonkala: MLB.com.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-136&quot;&gt;[https://www.newyorker.com/sports/sporting-scene/ways-to-stay-sane-in-baseball ''Ways to Stay Sane in Baseball'']. April 4, 2015. daty nijerena voarakitra: June 12, 2021. datin' ny tahiry: December 9, 2022. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221209003253/https://www.newyorker.com/sports/sporting-scene/ways-to-stay-sane-in-baseball rohy tahiry voarakitra]. magazine: The New Yorker.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-137&quot;&gt;Clarke and Dawson (1915), p. 48.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-138&quot;&gt;[https://cricket.yahoo.net/news/10-cricketers-batted-five-days-184512717 ''10 Cricketers who batted on all five days of a Test match'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: September 6, 2020. tranonkala: cricket.yahoo.net.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-139&quot;&gt;Morton, Richard, &quot;Baseball in England&quot;, ''Badminton Magazine'', August 1896, pp. 157–158: &quot;The scoring is one of the most interesting features in this new importation from America [baseball]. Every detail of play is recorded, and a man's mistakes are tabulated as well as his successes... A line in a cricket score may read, 'Lockwood, ''caught'' Stoddart, ''bowled'' J. T. Hearne; 30.'...&amp;nbsp;[T]here is so much that is left out! There is no mention of the fact that O'Brien missed Lockwood before he had scored, and that somebody else failed to take a chance when his score was ten. These are items that go to make cricket history; but there is no record of them in the analysis... The man who catches a ball is thought worthy of mention, but the man who muffs one does not suffer by publicity.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-140&quot;&gt;MLB. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qUkc0BBRCc ''Why do all MLB ballparks have different dimensions? &amp;#124; Quick Question (MLB Originals)'']. 2020-04-13. nampitaina tamin' ny: YouTube. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2025-10-29.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-141&quot;&gt;Voice to Victory. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fiL568IED0 ''Why Baseball Refused to Standardize Its Fields'']. 2025-05-04. nampitaina tamin' ny: YouTube. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2025-10-29.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-142&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf ''Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game. (Rule 1.04a)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011325/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-143&quot;&gt;Nightengale, Bob. [https://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/2008-08-20-bestseats-minutemaid_N.htm ''No. 8: Out in Left Field in Houston's Crawford Boxes'']. ''USA Today''. August 20, 2008. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 17, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: March 10, 2012. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120310185131/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/2008-08-20-bestseats-minutemaid_N.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-144&quot;&gt;Powers (2003), p. 85.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-145&quot;&gt;Powers (2003), p. 219.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-146&quot;&gt;Puhalla, Krans, and Goatley (2003), p. 198; Shaikin, Bill. [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-may-27-sp-angels27-story.html ''Guerrero Becomes Mr. Inside'']. ''Los Angeles Times''. May 27, 2006. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 17, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: July 28, 2020. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200728193529/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-may-27-sp-angels27-story.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-147&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf ''Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game. (Rule 1.04)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 5, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011325/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-148&quot;&gt;Shaikin, Bill. [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-oct-08-sp-angnote8-story.html ''No Fly Ball Routine in Dome'']. ''Los Angeles Times''. October 8, 2002. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 17, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-149&quot;&gt;Puhalla, Krans, and Goatley (2003), p. 207.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-150&quot;&gt;Keri (2007), pp. 295–301.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-151&quot;&gt;Gilbert, Steve. [http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20080930&amp;content_id=3575106 ''Wrigley's Winds Don't Rattle Lowe'']. Major League Baseball. September 30, 2008. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 17, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: December 1, 2008. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081201003317/http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20080930&amp;content_id=3575106&amp;vkey=ps2008news&amp;fext=.jsp&amp;c_id=mlb rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-152&quot;&gt;Sheinin, Dave. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/24/AR2008032402798.html ''After Move, a Breaking In Process'']. ''The Washington Post''. March 26, 2008. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 17, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: May 25, 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170525165417/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/24/AR2008032402798.html rohy tahiry voarakitra]. See also Powers (2003), p. 85.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-154&quot;&gt;Schwarz (2004), p. 50.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-155&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf ''Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 22, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-156&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf ''Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rules 10.02a, 10.04, 10.21b)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 22, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-157&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf ''Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rule 10.07)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 22, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-158&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf ''Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rules 10.15, 10.17, 10.19, 10.21a, 10.21e)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 22, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-159&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf ''Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rules 10.09, 10.10, 10.12, 10.21d)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 22, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-160&quot;&gt;See, e.g., Albert, Jim, and Jay Bennett, &quot;Situational Effects&quot;, ch. 4 in ''Curve Ball: Baseball, Statistics, and the Role of Chance in the Game'', 2d ed. (Springer, 2003), pp. 71–110.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-161&quot;&gt;Gray, Scott, ''The Mind of Bill James: How a Complete Outsider Changed Baseball'' (Doubleday, 2006), p. ix.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-162&quot;&gt;Guzzo (2007), pp. 20–21, 67; Schwarz (2004), p. 233; Lewis (2003), p. 127.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-163&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf ''Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rule 10.21f)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 22, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-164&quot;&gt;[http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf ''Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rule 10.21c)'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 22, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 24, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-165&quot;&gt;Guzzo (2007), pp. 22, 67, 140; Schwarz (2004), p. 233.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-166&quot;&gt;Guzzo (2007), pp. 140–141.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-167&quot;&gt;[https://library.fangraphs.com/misc/war/ ''What is WAR? &amp;#124; Sabermetrics Library'']. February 15, 2010. daty nijerena voarakitra: October 12, 2021. datin' ny tahiry: October 10, 2021. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211010010307/https://library.fangraphs.com/misc/war/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-168&quot;&gt;Cohen, Morris Raphael, &quot;Baseball as a National Religion&quot; (1919), in Cohen, ''The Faith of a Liberal'' (Transaction, 1993 [1946]), pp. 334–336: p. 334.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-169&quot;&gt;Stark; Jayson. [https://www.espn.com/mlb/columns/story?columnist=stark_jayson&amp;id=3892788 ''A-Rod Has Destroyed Game's History'']. ''ESPN.com''. February 8, 2009. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 8, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: February 10, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090210124048/http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/columns/story?columnist=stark_jayson&amp;id=3892788 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-170&quot;&gt;Bjarkman (2004), p. xix.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-171&quot;&gt;Riess (1991), pp. 69–71.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-172&quot;&gt;Riess (1991), pp. 247–248.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-173&quot;&gt;Jones, Jeffrey M.. [http://news.gallup.com/poll/22240/nearly-half-americans-baseball-fans.aspx ''Nearly Half of Americans are Baseball Fans'']. Gallup. April 4, 2006. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 31, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: June 17, 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180617092923/https://news.gallup.com/poll/22240/nearly-half-americans-baseball-fans.aspx rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-174&quot;&gt;[https://www.archives.gov/news/topics/baseball-and-the-archives ''America's Favorite Pastime'']. 2018-03-14. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2024-03-11. datin' ny tahiry: March 11, 2024. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: National Archives. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240311211947/https://www.archives.gov/news/topics/baseball-and-the-archives rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-175&quot;&gt;Missimer, Katy. [https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories/vol5/iss2/5/ ''American Immigration and Baseball: A Parallel Pastime'']. ''The Histories''. 2019-03-18. boky: 5. laharana: 2. daty nijerena voarakitra: October 3, 2024. datin' ny tahiry: August 7, 2024. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240807004254/https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories/vol5/iss2/5/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-233&quot;&gt;Frommer, Frederic J. [https://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2009-04-06-2437047144_x.htm ''Baseball to Add Women to Olympic Bid'']. ''USA Today''. April 6, 2009. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 29, 2009. agency: Associated Press.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-235&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/estimated-probability-competing-college-athletics ''Estimated probability of competing in college athletics'']. National Collegiate Athletic Association. March 2, 2015. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 22, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: April 23, 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180423035501/http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/estimated-probability-competing-college-athletics rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-236&quot;&gt;Bjarkman (2004), p. xxiv; Gmelch (2006), pp. 23, 53.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-237&quot;&gt;Ellsesser, Stephen. [http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20060810&amp;content_id=1602960 ''Summer Tournament Is Big in Japan'']. Major League Baseball. August 11, 2006. daty nijerena voarakitra: April 28, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: October 14, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091014063836/http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20060810&amp;content_id=1602960 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-238&quot;&gt;[https://www.espn.com/mlb/news/story?id=3007893 ''Honus Wagner Card Sells for Record $2.8 Million'']. ESPN. September 6, 2007. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 3, 2009. agency: Associated Press.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-239&quot;&gt;Kte'pi (2009), p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-240&quot;&gt;Rudel (2008), pp. 145–146.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-241&quot;&gt;Lam, Andrew. [http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/Too-much-self-esteem-spoils-your-child-2552521.php ''Too Much Self Esteem Spoils Your Child'']. New America Media. July 6, 2007. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: July 3, 2015. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150703113756/http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/Too-much-self-esteem-spoils-your-child-2552521.php rohy tahiry voarakitra]. [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3660333.stm ''Happy 50th, Baseball Caps'']. ''BBC News''. April 27, 2004. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: August 27, 2019. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190827140836/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3660333.stm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-242&quot;&gt;[http://www.afi.com/10top10/sports.html ''AFI 10 Top 10—Top 10 Sports'']. American Film Institute. June 17, 2008. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: August 10, 2013. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130810160512/http://www.afi.com/10top10/sports.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-243&quot;&gt;Zoss (2004), pp. 373–374.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-244&quot;&gt;[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,36533,00.html ''The Best of the Century'']. December 26, 1999. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 2, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: May 4, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090504145236/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C36533%2C00.html rohy tahiry voarakitra]. magazine: Time.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-245&quot;&gt;Neyer, Rob. [http://static.espn.go.com/mlb/ballfour/neyer.html ''&amp;#39;Ball Four' Changed Sports and Books'']. ''ESPN.com''. June 15, 2000. daty nijerena voarakitra: May 12, 2009. datin' ny tahiry: July 29, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090729133223/http://static.espn.go.com/mlb/ballfour/neyer.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-246&quot;&gt;Zoss (2004), pp. 16–25.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-247&quot;&gt;Zoss (2004), pp. 27–31.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-248&quot;&gt;[http://www.prweb.com/releases/2008/07/prweb1084994.htm ''Fantasy Sports Industry Grows to an $800 Million Industry with 29.9 Million Players'']. ''PRWeb''. July 10, 2008. daty nijerena voarakitra: October 25, 2011. datin' ny tahiry: May 3, 2009. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090503091523/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2008/07/prweb1084994.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-249&quot;&gt;Lewis (2003), pp. 86–88.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-250&quot;&gt;[https://mlb.mlb.com/memorylab/spread_of_baseball/derivative_games.jsp ''Derivative Games'']. Major League Baseball. daty nijerena voarakitra: February 20, 2022. datin' ny tahiry: 2014-01-16. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140116003643/https://mlb.mlb.com/memorylab/spread_of_baseball/derivative_games.jsp rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-251&quot;&gt;[https://www.wbsc.org/ ''World Baseball Softball Confederation'']. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: October 4, 2021. datin' ny tahiry: December 4, 2000. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: World Baseball Softball Confederation. [https://web.archive.org/web/20001204155100/http://www.wbsc.org/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-252&quot;&gt;''The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales''. University of Wales Press. Cardiff. 2008. p.: 53. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. editor1-last: Davies. editor1-first: John. editor1-link: John Davies (historian). editor2-last: Jenkins. editor2-first: Nigel. editor2-link: Nigel Jenkins. editor3-last: Menna. editor3-first: Baines. editor4-last: Lynch. editor4-first: Peredur I..&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-253&quot;&gt;Beynon, Ivor; Evans, Bob. ''The Inside Story of Baseball''. Unknown. Cardiff. 1962. p.: 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;baseball-255&quot;&gt;Clair, Michael. [https://www.mlb.com/news/first-english-language-broadcast-of-finland-baseball-game-pesapallo ''There's a pitcher, a batter... even a river sometimes. Welcome to Finnish baseball'']. 2 August 2024. daty nijerena voarakitra: 4 August 2024. datin' ny tahiry: August 4, 2024. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: MLB.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240804133607/https://www.mlb.com/news/first-english-language-broadcast-of-finland-baseball-game-pesapallo rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;renaissance&quot;&gt;Fidler, Gabriel. [https://www.mister-baseball.com/philippines-preparing-baseball-renaissance/ ''Philippines Preparing for Baseball Renaissance'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: July 8, 2014. datin' ny tahiry: 2014-05-03. tranonkala: Mister Baseball. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140503194745/https://www.mister-baseball.com/philippines-preparing-baseball-renaissance/ rohy tahiry voarakitra]. ref: November 12, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

=== Fanamarihana ===
&lt;references group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot; /&gt;

== Boky sy loharano ankapobeny ==
* Bjarkman, Peter C.. ''Diamonds Around the Globe: The Encyclopedia of International Baseball''. Greenwood. 2004. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-313-32268-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 58806121.
* Block, David. [https://archive.org/details/baseballbeforewe00davi ''Baseball Before We Knew It: A Search for the Roots of the Game'']. University of Nebraska Press. 2005. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8032-6255-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 70261798.
* Burgos, Adrian. [https://archive.org/details/playingamericasg00burg ''Playing America's Game: Baseball, Latinos, and the Color Line'']. University of California Press. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-25143-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 81150202.
* Burk, Robert F.. ''Never Just a Game: Players, Owners, and American Baseball to 1920''. University of North Carolina Press. 2001. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8078-4961-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 28183874.
* ''The Baseball Chronology: The Complete History of the Most Important Events in the Game of Baseball''. Macmillan. 1991. mpamoaka (anarana): Charlton. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): James. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-02-523971-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 22704314.
* Clarke, William Jones; Fredrick Thomas Dawson. [https://archive.org/details/baseballindivid00dawsgoog ''Baseball: Individual Play and Team Play in Detail'']. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1915. OCLC: 2781766. name-list-style: amp.
* Gmelch, George. ''Baseball Without Borders: The International Pastime''. University of Nebraska Press. 2006. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8032-7125-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 64594333.
* González Echevarría, Roberto. ''The Pride of Havana: A History of Cuban Baseball''. Oxford University Press. 2001. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-514605-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 46601626.
* Guttmann, Allen. ''Sports: The First Five Millennia''. University of Massachusetts Press. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-55849-610-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 5912442808.
* Guzzo, Glenn. ''The New Ballgame: Baseball Statistics for the Casual Fan''. ACTA. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-87946-318-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 123083947.
* ''Baseball Between the Numbers: Why Everything You Know About the Game Is Wrong''. Basic. 2007. mpamoaka (anarana): Keri. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Jonah. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-465-00547-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 77795904.
* Koppett, Leonard. ''Koppett's Concise History of Major League Baseball''. Carroll &amp; Graf. 2004. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7867-1286-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 54674804.
* Kte'pi, Bill. ''Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society, Volume 1''. ''Baseball (Amateur)''. SAGE. 2009. mpamoaka: Rodney Carlisle. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4129-6670-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 251215353.
* Lewis, Michael M.. ''Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game''. W. W. Norton. 2003. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-393-32481-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 54896532.
* Mahony, Phillip. [http://www.baseballexplained.com ''Baseball Explained'']. McFarland Books. 2014. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7864-7964-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. datin' ny tahiry: August 13, 2014. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140813034018/http://www.baseballexplained.com/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].
* Mandelbaum, Michael. [https://archive.org/details/meaningofsportsw0000mand ''The Meaning of Sports: Why Americans Watch Baseball, Football, and Basketball and What They See When They Do'']. PublicAffairs. 2005. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-58648-330-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 55539339.
* McNeil, William. [https://archive.org/details/baseballsotheral0000mcne ''Baseball's Other All-Stars: The Greatest Players from the Negro Leagues, the Japanese Leagues, the Mexican League, and the Pre-1960 Winter Leagues in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic'']. McFarland. 2000. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7864-0784-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 42976826.
* Morris, Peter. ''Level Playing Fields: How the Groundskeeping Murphy Brothers Shaped Baseball''. University of Nebraska Press. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8032-1110-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 70884952.
* Porterfield, Jason. ''Baseball: Rules, Tips, Strategy, and Safety''. Rosen. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4042-0991-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 67773742.
* Powers, Albert Theodore. ''The Business of Baseball''. McFarland. 2003. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7864-1426-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 50866929.
* Puhalla, Jim; Jeff Krans; Mike Goatley. ''Baseball and Softball Fields: Design, Construction, Renovation, and Maintenance''. John Wiley &amp; Sons. 2003. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-471-44793-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 50959054.
* Rader, Benjamin G.. ''Baseball: A History of America's Game''. University of Illinois Press. 2008. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-252-07550-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 3rd. OCLC: 176980876.
* Riess, Steven A.. ''City Games: The Evolution of American Urban Society and the Rise of Sports''. University of Illinois Press. 1991. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-252-06216-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 23739530.
* Rudel, Anthony J.. [https://archive.org/details/helloeverybodyd00rude ''Hello, Everybody!: The Dawn of American Radio'']. Houghton Mifflin. 2008. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-15-101275-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 192042215.
* Schwarz, Alan. ''The Numbers Game: Baseball's Lifelong Fascination with Statistics''. Thomas Dunne. 2004. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-312-32222-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 54692908.
* [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780736042185 ''Baseball Strategies: Your Guide to the Game Within the Game'']. American Baseball Coaches Association/Human Kinetics. 2003. mpamoaka: Stallings, Jack. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7360-4218-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 50203866. editor2: Bob Bennett.
* [https://archive.org/details/earlyinningsdocu00sull ''Early Innings: A Documentary History of Baseball, 1825–1908'']. University of Nebraska Press. 1997. mpamoaka (anarana): Sullivan. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Dean. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8032-9244-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 36258074.
* Terry, Thomas Philip. ''Terry's Mexico: Handbook for Travellers''. Gay and Hancock, Houghton Mifflin, and Sonora News. 1911. fanontana: 2nd rev.. OCLC: 7587420.
* Thurston, Bill. [https://archive.org/details/baffledparentsgu0000thur ''Coaching Youth Baseball: A Baffled Parents Guide'']. McGraw-Hill. 2000. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-07-135822-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 43031493.
* Tygiel, Jules. [https://archive.org/details/pasttimebaseball0000tygi ''Past Time: Baseball as History'']. Oxford University Press. 2000. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-508958-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 42290019.
* Votano, Paul. ''Stand and Deliver: A History of Pinch-Hitting''. McFarland. 2013. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7864-1588-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 52047315.
* Zimbalist, Andrew. [https://archive.org/details/inbestinterestso00andr ''In the Best Interests of Baseball?: The Revolutionary Reign of Bud Selig'']. John Wiley &amp; Sons. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-470-12824-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 62796332.
* Zoss, Joel. [https://archive.org/details/diamondsinroughu0000zoss ''Diamonds in the Rough: The Untold History of Baseball'']. University of Nebraska Press. 2004. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8032-9920-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration. OCLC: 54611393.

== Vakiteny fanampiny ==
* Dickson, Paul. ''The Dickson Baseball Dictionary'', fanontana faha-3 (W. W. Norton, 2009). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-393-06681-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Fitts, Robert K. ''Remembering Japanese Baseball: An Oral History of the Game'' (Southern Illinois University Press, 2005). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-8093-2629-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Gillette, Gary, sy Pete Palmer (mpandrindra). ''The ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia'', fanontana faha-5 (Sterling, 2008). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-4027-6051-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Peterson, Robert. ''Only the Ball Was White: A History of Legendary Black Players and All-Black Professional Teams'' (Oxford University Press, 1992 [1970]). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-19-507637-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Reaves, Joseph A. ''Taking in a Game: A History of Baseball in Asia'' (Bison, 2004). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-8032-3943-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Ward, Geoffrey C., sy [[Ken Burns]]. ''Baseball: An Illustrated History'' (Alfred A. Knopf, 1996). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-679-40459-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [[Media:En-Baseball-article.ogg|Dika novakina tamin' ny teny anglisy, tamin' ny 25 Aprily 2024]].
* [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Base-Ball Lahatsoratra ''Base-Ball'' ao amin' ny ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' tamin' ny 1911, ao amin' ny Wikisource].
* [https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Baseball_in_the_United_States Torolalana ''Baseball in the United States'' ao amin' ny Wikivoyage].
* [http://www.wbsc.org/ ''World Baseball Softball Confederation''] (Konfederasiona Iraisam-pirenena momba ny Baseball sy Softball) — [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718130950/http://www.wbsc.org//en/ dika voatahiry tamin' ny 18 Jolay 2011].
* [https://www.britannica.com/sports/baseball ''Baseball''] — [https://web.archive.org/web/20230927054000/https://www.britannica.com/sports/baseball dika voatahiry tamin' ny 27 Septambra 2023]. Ao amin' ny ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' an-tserasera.
* [http://www.baseballprospectus.com/ ''Baseball Prospectus''] — [https://web.archive.org/web/20060909215125/http://www.baseballprospectus.com/ dika voatahiry tamin' ny 9 Septambra 2006].
* [http://www.sabr.org/ ''Society for American Baseball Research''] (Fikambanana momba ny Fikarohana momba ny Baseball Amerikanina) — [https://web.archive.org/web/20210517161345/http://www.sabr.org/ dika voatahiry tamin' ny 17 Mey 2021].
* [http://www.mister-baseball.com/ ''Mister Baseball''] — [https://web.archive.org/web/20181010113247/https://www.mister-baseball.com/ dika voatahiry tamin' ny 10 Ôktôbra 2018]. Vaovao momba ny ''baseball'' any Eorôpa.
* [http://baseballheritagemuseum.org/ ''Baseball Heritage Museum''] (Mozea momba ny Lova ara-tantaran' ny Baseball) — [https://web.archive.org/web/20060619170336/http://www.baseballheritagemuseum.org/ dika voatahiry tamin' ny 19 Jona 2006]. Ao amin' ny League Park, any Cleveland, Ohio.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=p4o9AQAAIAAJ ''Perils of Base Ball Playing''], lahatsoratra manome fomba fijery ara-tantara momba ny antontanisa mikasika ny ratra vokatry ny filalaovana ''baseball'', ao amin' ny ''[[Scientific American]]'', 13 Jolay 1878, p.&amp;nbsp;21.
* [https://learninglab.si.edu/collections/subject-baseball-nmahphc/N5DAuhDVcVe9hDmJ Tahirin-javatra momba ny ''baseball''] ao amin' ny ''Smithsonian National Museum of American History'' (Mozeam-pirenena Smithsonian momba ny Tantara Amerikanina).

[[:Sokajy:Baseball]]</text>
      <sha1>437vwlg25efja2pklwqdox4cam553um</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Iliada</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>1153356</id>
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      <text bytes="133387" sha1="oixyu4o50eitshixw0kscs79njgdhpv" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Iliada''''' na '''''Iliasy''''' na '''''Iliady''''' (''Iliad'' amin' ny teny anglisy, fanononana: /ˈɪl.i.əd/, ''ILL-ee-əd'';&lt;ref&gt;[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Iliad &quot;Iliad&quot;]. ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:File:en-us-Iliad.oga|rakipeon' ny fanononana anglisy amerikanina]]; ''Iliás'', na ''Ἰλιάς'', amin' ny teny grika taloha, fanononana atika: /iːliás/, izay midika ara-bakiteny hoe «tononkalo momba an' i [[Trôia|Ilion (Troy)]]»)&lt;ref&gt;Harper, Douglas. [https://www.etymonline.com/word/iliad ''iliad'']. ''Online Etymology Dictionary''.&lt;/ref&gt; dia iray amin' ireo tononkalo lehibe mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo roa avy any [[Grisia Taloha|Grisia tamin' ny Andro Taloha]] mbola voatahiry, miaraka amin' ny ''Odisey'', izay samy lazaina fa noforonin' i [[Hômerôsy|Hômera]].
Anisan' ny sanganasa literera tranainy indrindra mbola voatahiry sy be mpamaky amin' izao andro izao izy.
Tahaka ny ''Odisey'', dia mizara ho boky 24 ny tononkalo ary mampiasa andalana misy vondrona gadona enina (''dactylic hexameter'').
Misy andalana 15 693 ny lahatsoratra amin' ny fanontana mahazatra.&lt;ref&gt;Lesser (2022), p. 25.&lt;/ref&gt;
Matetika ny ''Iliada'' no heverina ho sanganasa lehibe voalohany amin' ny literatiora eorôpeana, ary manana toerana fototra eo amin' ny fandinihana ny fiteny sy ny lahatsoratra grika sy latina tranainy.&lt;ref&gt;Fantuzzi; Tsagalis (2015).&lt;/ref&gt;

Any amin' ny fiafaran' ny Adin' i Troasy no mitranga ny tantara. Naharitra folo taona izany fanaovan' ny fanjakana [[Sivilizasiôna Mikeniana|grika mikeniana]] nivondrona fahirano ny tanànan' i [[Trôia|Troasy]] izany, ary zava-nitranga lehibe nandritra ny herinandro farany tamin' ilay ady no asehon' ny tononkalo. I [[Achille|Akileosy]], mpiady malaza, no tena ifantohan' ny tantara, ary ny hatezerany (''mēnis'') no manosika ny fizotrany,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Iliad-epic-poem-by-Homer ''The Iliad | Epic, Homer, Summary, Plot, Characters, &amp; Oral Poetry | Britannica'']. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-10-26. tranonkala: www.britannica.com.&lt;/ref&gt; manomboka amin' ny fifandirany mafy tamin' i [[Agamemnon|Agamemnôna]], mpanjakan' i Misenea, ka hatramin' ny namonoany an' i Hektôro, zanaky ny mpanjakan' i Troasy.&lt;ref&gt;Murray; Wyatt (1924).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Murray; Wyatt (1925).&lt;/ref&gt; Mifandimby ao ny fanehoana ny ady amin' ny sehatra midadasika sy ny fifandraisana akaiky kokoa eo amin' ny olona tsirairay. Mifanohitra amin' ny fiheverana miely, tsy mitantara ny nahalavoan' i Troasy ny ''Iliada'', sady tsy miresaka ny soavaly hazo tao Troasy nampiasain' ny Grika handresena ilay tanàna; ao amin' ny loharano tatỳ aoriana no ahitana ireo ampahany amin' ny tantara ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mackie&quot;&gt;Mackie, Chris. [https://theconversation.com/guide-to-the-classics-homers-iliad-80968 ''Guide to the classics: Homer's Iliad'']. 2017-08-02. fiteny: en-US. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-06-23. tranonkala: The Conversation.&lt;/ref&gt;

Azo inoana fa teo anelanelan' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-8 sy ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-7 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy no namoronana ny ''Iliada'' sy ny ''Odisey'', tamin' ny teny grika homerika, izay fiteny literera mampifangaro ny tenim-paritra grika iôniana sy ny tenim-paritra hafa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Iliad-epic-poem-by-Homer ''The Iliad | Epic, Homer, Summary, Plot, Characters, &amp; Oral Poetry | Britannica'']. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-10-26. tranonkala: www.britannica.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vanWees1994&quot;&gt;van Wees, Hans. ''The Homeric way of war: the Iliad and the hoplite phalanx''. ''Greece &amp; Rome''. Cambridge University Press. 1994. boky: 41. laharana: 2. pp.: 131–155. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1017/S0017383500023366&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;JSTOR 643010&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;West2011&quot; /&gt;
Iadian-kevitra betsaka ny fomba namoronana ny tononkalo, ny fifandraisany amin' ny zava-nitranga ara-tantara, ary ny hoe iza no namorona azy; antsoina hoe olana momba an' i Hômera ireo fanontaniana ireo.
Iadian' ny mpikaroka ny sanganasan' i Hômera hevitra koa ny hoe samy noforonina mitokana ve ny ''Iliada'' sy ny ''Odisey'', ary nampitaina am-bava ihany ve izy ireo sa nampitaina an-tsoratra koa.&lt;ref&gt;Fowler, Robert (2006). ''The Homeric question''; Robert Fowler (mpamoaka), ''The Cambridge Companion to Homer'', pp. 220–232.&lt;/ref&gt;
Matetika ny mpikaroka no mandinika ny andian-teny miverimberina ao amin' ny tononkalo, ny fampitahana ampiasainy, ary ny teny enti-manamarika toetra miaraka amin' ny anaran' olona na zavatra.&lt;ref&gt;Fowler, Robert (2006). ''The poet's craft''; Robert Fowler (mpamoaka), ''The Cambridge Companion to Homer'', pp. 115–116.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nanome lanja lehibe ny ''Iliada'' ny Grika taloha, ary anisan' ny fampianarana nahazatra azy ireo ilay tononkalo.
Nahakasika lalina ny tontolo helenistika ny fampifangaroany tenim-paritra samihafa sy ny fitantarany ireo vondrona grika isan-karazany niray hina hiady tamin' i Troasy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mackie&quot;/&gt;
Nitanisa azy nandritra ny fety grika, toy ny Panathenaia, ireo mpitanisa tononkalo matihanina antsoina hoe ''rhapsode''.&lt;ref&gt;[[Platôna|Plato]], ''Ion'', translated by Harold North Fowler, W. R. M. Lamb, Loeb Classical Library, 164, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1925.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Tsagalis (2018), pp. 46–52.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ny lohahevitra lehibe ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' ny ''kleos'', na voninahitra, ny fireharehana, ny lahatra ary ny hatezerana.&lt;ref&gt;Hammond (1987), pp. i–xxxiv.&lt;/ref&gt;
Na dia ireo lohahevitra mampalahelo sy mavesa-danja aza no tena ahafantarana azy, dia misy toe-javatra mampihomehy sy vazivazy koa ao amin' ny tononkalo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bell&quot;&gt;Bell, Robert H.; &quot;Homer's humor – laughter in the ''Iliad''&quot;, hand 1 (2007), 596.&lt;/ref&gt;
Matetika izy no lazaina ho tononkalo mitantara ny mahery fo, izay mifantoka amin' ny ady, ny herisetra ary ny fitsipi-pitondrantena takina amin' ny mahery fo.
Manome filazalazana amin' ny antsipiriany momba ny ady tamin' ny Andro Taloha ny tononkalo, anisan' izany ny tetika sy ny fitaovam-piadiana.
Mandinika ny fiainam-piarahamonina sy ny fiainana an-tokantrano tamin' izany koa izy, amin' ny alalan' ny zava-mitranga ao anatin' ny mandan' i Troasy sy ao amin' ny tobin' ny Grika.
Manana anjara toerana lehibe koa ireo andriamanitra ôlimpiana: manampy ny mpiady sy ny tanàna tohanany eny an' ady izy ireo, ary miditra an-tsehatra amin' ny fifandiran' ny olona tsirairay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kearns, E. 2004 pp. 59&quot;&gt;Kearns, Emily (2006). ''The Gods in the Homeric epics''; Robert Fowler (mpamoaka), ''The Cambridge Companion to Homer'', pp. 59–73.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny fanehoana azy ireo ho manana toetran' olombelona ao amin' ny tononkalo dia nampanakaiky azy ireo tamin' ny mpihaino grika taloha, ka nanome endrika azo tsapain-tanana kokoa ny [[Fivavahana grika taloha|lovantsofina ara-kolontsaina sy ara-pivavahany]].

== Famintinana ==

=== Fiandohan' ny tantara (boky faha-1–4) ===
Loharano:&lt;ref&gt;Murray; Wyatt (1924).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Beginning Iliad.svg|thumb|upright=1.40|Ireo andininy voalohany amin' ny ''Iliada'']]

Manomboka amin' ny fiantsoana an' i Muse, andriamanibavin' ny aingam-panahy, ny tantara. Any amin' ny faramparan' ny Adin' i Troasy no mitranga ny zava-tantaraina; niady tamin' izany ny tafik' i Troasy sy ny Achaean izay nanao fahirano azy. Mifandimby mampiasa ny anarana hoe Achaean, Argives ary Danaans i Hômera hilazana ny Grika. Tafika avy amin' ny fanjakana grika maro samihafa no mandrafitra ny tafiky ny Achaean, ary samy tarihin' ny mpanjakany na ny printsy ao aminy ireo tafika ireo. I [[Agamemnon|Agamemnôna]], mpanjakan' i Misenea, no mibaiko ireo tafika mitambatra ireo.

Rehefa avy niady nandritra ny sivy taona ny Achaean, dia nandroba tanàna sasany niray dina tamin' i Troasy ary nisambotra tovovavy roa, dia i Chryseis sy i Briseis. Nalain' i Agamemnôna, mpitarika ny tafika, ho vadikely i Chryseis; i Akileosy kosa, ilay mpiady mahery indrindra teo amin' ny Achaean, no naka an' i Briseis.

Nanolotra vidim-panavotana be tamin' i Agamemnôna i Chryses, rain' i Chryseis sady mpisoron' i [[Apôlôna (andriamanitra)|Apollo]], mba hamerenana ny zanany vavy. Tsy nanaiky i Agamemnôna, na dia naniry ny hanaovany izany aza ny Achaean hafa, ary nanevateva ilay mpisorona.

Nangataka tamin' i Apollo ilay mpisorona mba hamaliana ny faniratsirana azy. Nandefa valanaretina (na aretina mamely olona maro ao amin' ny vondron' olona iray) tamin' ny Achaean i Apollo mba hanasaziana azy ireo noho ny faniratsiran' i Agamemnôna ny mpisorony. Rehefa naharitra sivy andro ny valanaretina, dia nampiantso fivoriana i Akileosy, mpitarika ny tafiky ny Myrmidons sady nantsoina hoe ''aristos achaion'', izany hoe «ilay tsara indrindra amin' ny Grika».

Noho ny fanerena azy, dia nanaiky hamerina an' i Chryseis amin' ny rainy i Agamemnôna, saingy nanapa-kevitra ny haka an' i Briseis, andevovavin' i Akileosy, ho solony. Noraisin' i Akileosy ho fanalam-baraka lehibe teo anatrehan' ny tafiky ny Achaean tafavory izany fanapahan-kevitra izany. Tezitra mafy izy ka nanambara fa tsy hiady ho an' i Agamemnôna intsony izy sy ny olony. Namerina an' i Chryseis tamin' ny rainy i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]], ka nampitsahatra ny valanaretina i Apollo.

Nandritra izany fotoana izany, dia nentin' ny irak' i Agamemnôna niala i Briseis. Ory mafy i Akileosy ka nivavaka tamin' i Thetis reniny, andriamanibavy ambany laharana sady nimfa an-dranomasina (andriamanibavy mifandray amin' ny ranomasina).&lt;ref&gt;Homer. ''The Iliad''. W. W. Norton &amp; Company. p.: 115. mpandika (anarana): Wilson. mpandika (fanampin' anarana): Emily.&lt;/ref&gt; Nangataka tamin' ny reniny i Akileosy mba hitalaho amin' i [[Zeosy|Zeus]]. Niriny ny hanosehan' ny tafik' i Troasy ny Achaean hihemotra mandra-pahatonga ny sambon' ny Achaean ho atahorana hodorana. Amin' izay vao ho takatr' i Agamemnôna fa tena mila an' i Akileosy ny Achaean, ka haveriny amin' i Akileosy ny voninahiny. Nanao izany i Thetis, ary nanaiky i Zeus. Avy eo, dia nandefa nofy tamin' i Agamemnôna i Zeus mba hampirisihana azy hanafika an' i Troasy. Nanaraka ny nofy i Agamemnôna, saingy nanapa-kevitra ny hizaha toetra ny fahavononan' ny tafiky ny Achaean aloha ka nilaza tamin' izy ireo mba hody. Efa nihena anefa ny fahavononan' ny miaramila rehefa niady nandritra ny sivy taona. Nifanohitra tamin' izay nantenainy àry ny vokatr' ilay tetika. Ny fidiran' i Odysseus an-tsehatra ihany, noho ny aingam-panahy nomen' i [[Atena (andriamanibavy)|Athena]] azy, no nisakana ny fandosiran' ny tafika an-korontana. Nifanandrina tamin' i Thersites i Odysseus ary nikapoka azy. Miaramila tsotra i Thersites, ary nilaza ny tsy fahafaliany tamin' ny fiadiana ny adin' i Agamemnôna.

Nilahatra ho vondrona teo amin' ny lemaka manodidina an' i Troasy ny Achaean. Rehefa nahare ny filaharan' ny Achaean ny mpanjaka Priam, dia nivoaka ny tanàna hiatrika azy ireo teny amin' ny lemaka ny tafik' i Troasy. Nifanatona ny tafika roa tonta, saingy talohan' ny fifandonany, dia nampirisihin' i Hektôro, rahalahiny sady mahery fon' i [[Trôia|Troasy]], i Paris ka nanolotra ny hamaranana ny ady amin' ny alalan' ny ady ifanaovany samirery amin' i Menelaus. Eto no hazavaina ny antony niandohan' ilay ady manontolo: nalain' i Paris tao an-tranon' i Menelaus tany Sparta i [[Hélène|Helen]], vadin' i Menelaus sady vehivavy tsara tarehy indrindra teto an-tany araka ilay tantara. Nanaiky hifanandrina samirery i Menelaus sy i Paris, ary izay mandresy no hanambady an' i Helen. Rehefa resy anefa i Paris, dia novonjen' i [[Afrôdita|Aphrodite]] talohan' ny hahafahan' i Menelaus mamono azy, ary nentiny hiara-mandry amin' i Helen.

Nidinika ireo andriamanitra raha tokony hifarana teo ny ady, saingy naharesy lahatra an' i Zeus i Hera mba hiandry ny fandravana tanteraka an' i Troasy. Nampirisika an' i Pandarus, mpandefa zana-tsipìka tao amin' ny tafik' i Troasy, i Athena mba hitifitra an' i Menelaus. Naratra i Menelaus, ary rava ny fampitsaharana ady nifanarahana. Nipoaka ny ady ka maro ny Achaean sy ny mpiady tao amin' ny tafik' i Troasy no maty.

=== Adin' ny mahery fo (boky faha-5–7) ===
Loharano:&lt;ref&gt;Murray; Wyatt (1924).&lt;/ref&gt;

Mandritra ny ady, mamono miaramila maro avy any Troasy i Diomedes, anisan' izany i Pandarus, ary mandresy an' i [[Énée|Aeneas]]. Mamonjy an' i Aeneas i Aphrodite alohan' ny hahafatesany, saingy manafika azy i Diomedes ka mandratra ny hato-tanan' ilay andriamanibavy. Mifanatrika amin' i Diomedes i Apollo ary mampitandrina azy mba tsy hiady amin' ny andriamanitra, nefa tsy raharahian' i Diomedes izany. Maniraka an' i Ares handresy an' i Diomedes i Apollo. Mahery fo sy mpitari-tafika maro no mandray anjara amin' ny ady, anisan' izany i Hektôro, ary miezaka manova ny fizotran' ny ady ny andriamanitra manohana ny andaniny sy ny ankilany. Ampaherezin' i Athena i Diomedes ka mandratra an' i Ares, izay tsy afaka manohy miady intsony.

Mampivondrona indray ny miaramilan' i Troasy i Hektôro ka misakana azy ireo tsy handositra an-korontana. Rehefa mifanatrika hifampitana i Diomedes sy Glaucus, izay avy any Troasy, dia nahita zavatra mampifandray azy ireo noho ny tantaran' i Bellerophon notantarain' i Glaucus, ka nifanakalo fanomezana tsy nitovy vidy. Miditra ao an-tanàna i Hektôro ka mampirisika an' i Hecuba reniny hanao vavaka sy fanatitra, mandrisika an' i Paris hiady, ary manao veloma an' i Andromache vadiny sy Astyanax zanany lahy eo ambonin' ny mandan' ny tanàna. Avy eo dia miverina miady izy. Miady mifanandrina amin' i Ajax i Hektôro, saingy tapaka ny ady rehefa maizina ny andro, ka samy miala ny andaniny sy ny ankilany. Mifamaly ny olona ao Troasy momba ny hamerenana an' i Helen amin' ny Achaean. Manolotra ny hamerina ny harena nalainy sy hanome harena fanampiny ho fanonerana i Paris, saingy tsy manaiky hamerina an' i Helen; lavina izany tolotra izany. Mifanaraka ny roa tonta hampitsahatra ny ady mandritra ny iray andro mba handevenana ny maty. Manorina manda sy mihady hadivory koa ny Achaean mba hiarovana ny tobiny sy ny sambony.

=== Faharesen' ny Grika (boky faha-8–15) ===
Loharano:&lt;ref&gt;Murray; Wyatt (1924).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Murray; Wyatt (1925).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Iliad VIII 245-253 in cod F205, Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, late 5c or early 6c.jpg|thumb|upright=1.20|''Iliada'', Boky VIII, andalana 245–253, ao amin' ny sora-tanana grika iray tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-5 na fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-6 taorian' i Kristy.]]

Ny ampitso maraina, mandrara ny andriamanitra tsy hitsabaka i Zeus, ary manomboka indray ny ady. Mahazo ny ambony ny Troiana ka manosika ny Achaean hihemotra hatreny amin' ny manda fiarovany. Tsy avela hanampy azy ireo i Hera sy Athena. Tonga ny alina alohan' ny hahafahan' ny Troiana manafika ny mandan' ny Achaean. Mitoby eny an-tsaha izy ireo mba hanafika raha vao mangiran-dratsy, ary mamirapiratra toy ny kintana eny amin' ny lemaka ny afon' ny mpiambina azy ireo.

Mandritra izany, very fanantenana ny Achaean. Miaiky ny fahadisoany i Agamemnôna ka mandefa an' i Odysseus sy Ajax ary Phoenix ho iraka any amin' i Akileosy, hanolotra an' i Briseis sy fanomezana maro raha manaiky hiverina hiady izy. Mandray ireo iraka i Akileosy sy Patroclus, namany, saingy mandà amim-pahatezerana ilay tolotra i Akileosy, satria heveriny fa lehibe loatra ny faniratsirana ny voninahiny. Milaza izy fa tsy hiverina hiady raha tsy tonga eny amin' ny sambony ny Troiana ka mandrahona ny handoro izany. Tsy mahomby ny iraka ka miverina.

Rehefa mandroso ny alina, sahy manatona ny toeran' ny tafika troiana i Odysseus sy Diomedes. Mamono an' i Dolon, izay Troiana, izy ireo, ary mandravarava ny tobin' ny sasany amin' ireo mpiara-dia amin' i Troasy avy any Thrace. Ny maraina, raikitra ny ady mafy, ka samy maratra i Agamemnôna sy Diomedes ary Odysseus. Maniraka an' i Patroclus hiala ao amin' ny tobiny i Akileosy mba hanontany ny momba ireo Achaean maty na naratra. Raha mbola any i Patroclus, dia manohina ny fony ka mampangoraka azy ny tenin' i Nestor. Mangataka aminy i Nestor mba hiangavy an' i Akileosy hiverina hiady; raha tsy mety kosa i Akileosy, dia i Patroclus mihitsy no tokony hitarika ny tafika, sady mitafy ny fiadiana fiarovan-tenan' i Akileosy.

An-tongotra ny Troiana no manafika ny mandan' ny Achaean. Mitarika ny ady mahery vaika i Hektôro, na dia misy fambara aza fa tsy hahomby ny fanafihany. Tsy mahatohitra ny Achaean ka vaky mandositra. Potika ny vavahadin' ny manda, ary miditra an-keriny i Hektôro. Mihemotra hatreny amin' ny sambony ny Achaean.

Mangoraka ny Achaean i Poseidon ka manapa-kevitra ny tsy hankatò an' i Zeus fa hanampy azy ireo. Mampahery ny Achaean izy, ary manomboka mampihemotra ny Troiana indray izy ireo. Maty an' ady i Amphimachus, zafikelin' i Poseidon. Omen' i Poseidon hery avy amin' ny andriamanitra i Idomeneus. Maro ny maty eo amin' ny andaniny sy ny ankilany. Noho ny fambara ratsy iray, dia mandrisika an' i Hektôro hihemotra i Polydamas, mpaminany troiana, saingy tsy henoiny.

Manangoly an' i Zeus i Hera ka mampatory azy, ary izany no ahafahan' i Poseidon manampy ny Grika. Voatery mihemotra mankany amin' ny lemaka ny Troiana. Mandratra an' i Hektôro i Ajax, ary entina miverina any Troasy i Hektôro avy eo. Mifoha i Zeus ka tezitra mafy noho ny fitsabahan' i Poseidon. Manome toky an' i Hera anefa izy fa mbola voalahatra ho rava i Troasy, aorian' ny hamonoan' i Hektôro an' i Patroclus. Asaina miala amin' ny sahan' ady i Poseidon, ary alefan' i Zeus hanampy ny Troiana i Apollo. Tafiditra indray amin' ny manda ny Troiana, ary mipaka hatreny amin' ny sambo ny ady.

=== Fahafatesan' i Patroclus (boky faha-16–18) ===
Loharano:&lt;ref&gt;Murray; Wyatt (1925).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Achilles weapons MNA Naples.jpg|thumb|upright=1.10|Thetis ao amin' ny toeram-panefen' i Hephaestus, miandry ny fitaovam-piadiana vaovaon' i Akileosy; sary hosodoko amin' ny rindrina (''fresco'') avy any Pompeii, tamin' ny taonjato voalohany.]]

Tsy tantin' i Patroclus intsony ny mijery ny zava-mitranga, ka manatona an' i Akileosy izy sady mitomany. Mananatra azy noho ny hamafin-dohany izy, ary mangataka ny hiady hisolo azy sady hitafy ny fiadiana fiarovan-tenany, mba hoheverin' ny olona ho i Akileosy. Manaiky ihany i Akileosy ka mampindrana azy ny fiadiany, saingy mampitandrina azy mafy mba hiverina raha vao voatosika hihemotra ny Troiana, fa tsy hanenjika azy ireo hatrany amin' ny mandan' ny tanàna. Milaza i Akileosy fa rehefa voalamina avokoa ny zava-drehetra, dia hiara-haka an' i Troasy izy sy Patroclus.

Mitarika ny Myrmidons ho any an' ady i Patroclus, ary tonga rehefa mandoro ny sambo voalohany ny Troiana. Resin' io fanafihana tampoka io ny Troiana ka mandositra. Eo am-piandohan' ny fanafihany dia mamono an' i Sarpedon, zanakalahin' i Zeus sady iray amin' ireo mpiara-dia lehibe amin' ny Troiana, i Patroclus. Tsy miraharaha ny baikon' i Akileosy izy fa manenjika hatrany, ka tonga eo amin' ny vavahadin' i Troasy; eo no sakanan' i Apollo mihitsy. Mamono an' i Cebriones, mpamily ny kalesin' adin' i Hektôro, i Patroclus. Avy eo, rehefa avy nampahalemy azy i Apollo sy Euphorbos, dia novonoin' i Hektôro izy nony farany.

Esorin' i Hektôro amin' i Patroclus lavo ny fiadiana fiarovan-tenan' i Akileosy. Miady haka ny fatin' i Patroclus eo am-pelatanan' ny Troiana ny Achaean, fa miezaka mitondra azy hiverina any Troasy kosa ny Troiana araka ny baikon' i Hektôro. Irahina hampandre an' i Akileosy ny vaovao i Antilochus, ary mangataka azy hanampy haka ny razana.

Rehefa ren' i Akileosy fa maty i Patroclus, dia mafy dia mafy ny alahelony ka ren' i Thetis reniny hatrany amin' ny fanambanin' ny ranomasina ny fitarainany. Ory koa i Thetis satria fantany fa voalahatra ho faty i Akileosy raha mamono an' i Hektôro. Na dia fantatr' i Akileosy aza fa izany no hampahatanteraka ny anjarany, dia mivoady ny hamono an' i Hektôro izy mba hamaly ny fahafatesan' i Patroclus.

Ampirisihina hanampy haka ny fatin' i Patroclus i Akileosy, nefa tsy manana fiadiana fiarovan-tena hotafina. Mandrakotra azy amin' ny hazavana mamirapiratra i Athena; mijoro eo akaikin' ny mandan' ny Achaean izy ka mierona noho ny hatezerana. Raiki-tahotra ny Troiana raha nahita azy, ka vitan' ny Achaean ny mitondra ny fatin' i Patroclus hiala teo. Mbola mampirisika an' i Hektôro hiverina ao an-tanàna indray i Polydamas, nefa mbola mandà ihany i Hektôro, ka mitoby eny amin' ny lemaka ny Troiana rehefa hariva ny andro.

Torotoro fo i Akileosy ka misaona an' i Patroclus. Mandritra izany fotoana izany, noho ny fangatahan' i Thetis, dia manefy fiadiana fiarovan-tena vaovao ho an' i Akileosy i Hephaestus, anisan' izany ny ampinga vita asa tanana tsara tarehy.&lt;ref&gt;Auden, W. H.; Jacobs, Alan. ''The Shield of Achilles''. 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hatezeran' i Akileosy (boky faha-19–24) ===
Loharano:&lt;ref&gt;Murray; Wyatt (1925).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Achilles' Sacrifice of Trojan Prisoners.jpg|thumb|upright=1.40|Ampahany amin' ny sary hosodoko amin' ny rindrina (''fresco'') ao amin' ny Fasan' i François, any Vulci, mampiseho ny fanaovana sorona andevo troiana. Avy eo ankavia miankavanana: [[Agamemnon|Agamemnôna]], ny fanahin' i Patroclus, Vanth, [[Achille|Akileosy]] manapaka ny lohan' ny andevo iray, Charun, Ajax Lehibe, andevo iray, ary Ajax Kely. 350–330 tal. J.K.]]

Ny maraina dia entin' i Thetis ho an' i Akileosy ny fitafiana fiarovan-tenany vaovao, nefa hitany mitomany eo amin' ny fatin' i Patroclus izy. Mitafy ny fiadiany i Akileosy ary mampivondrona ireo mpiady Achaean. Omen' i Agamemnôna azy avokoa ny fanomezana nampanantenainy, anisan' izany i Briseis, nefa tsy mampiraika an' i Akileosy izany. Misakafo ny Achaean, fa mandà tsy hihinana kosa i Akileosy. Maminany ny hahafatesan' i Akileosy ny soavaliny, Xanthos, nefa tsy mampiraika azy koa izany. Mandeha miady i Akileosy, ary i Automedon no mitondra ny kalesin' adiny.

Esorin' i [[Zeosy|Zeus]] ny fandrarana ny fitsabahan' ireo andriamanitra, ka samy afaka manampy malalaka ny andaniny sy ny ankilany izy ireo. Vonton' ny hatezerana sy ny alahelo i Akileosy ka mamono Troiana maro ao anaty renirano, hany ka mibahana ny rano ireo faty. Miatrika an' i Akileosy i Scamander, andriamanitr' ilay renirano, ary mandidy azy hitsahatra tsy hamono Troiana, saingy mandà i Akileosy. Miady izy roa mandra-pihemotr' i Scamander noho ny afo miredareda toy ny tafio-drivotra alefan' i Hephaestus. Miady koa ireo andriamanitra. Sokafana ny vavahady lehiben' ny tanàna handraisana ireo Troiana mandositra, ary miseho ho Troiana i Apollo mba hitarihana an' i Akileosy hiala eo amin' ny tanàna. Rehefa mampahafantatra ny tena maha-izy azy amin' i Akileosy i Apollo, dia efa tafaverina ao anatin' ny tanàna voaro avokoa ny Troiana, afa-tsy i Hektôro.

Na dia miangavy azy aza i Priam sy Hecuba, ray aman-dreniny, dia manapa-kevitra ny hiatrika an' i Akileosy i Hektôro. Rehefa manatona anefa i Akileosy, dia rava ny fahavononany. Mandositra izy ka enjehin' i Akileosy manodidina ny tanàna. Farany, maka ny endrik' i Deiphobus, rahalahin' i Hektôro, i Athena mba hamitahana azy ka hampijanona azy; mitodika hiatrika ny mpifanandrina aminy àry izy. Rehefa avy niady vetivety izy roa, dia tsindronin' i Akileosy eo amin' ny vozony i Hektôro. Alohan' ny hahafatesany dia ampahatsiahivin' i Hektôro an' i Akileosy fa voalahatra ho faty koa izy. Esorin' i Akileosy amin' i Hektôro ilay fiadiana izay an' i Akileosy ihany, sady miravoravo noho ny nahafatesan' i Hektôro izy. Avy eo dia manala baraka ny fatin' i Hektôro izy: afatony ao ambadiky ny kalesin' adiny izany ka tarihiny manodidina ny tanàna. Mitomany i Hecuba sy Priam, ary miezaka ny hiatrika an' i Akileosy mihitsy i Priam. Mandre ny vaovao i Andromache ka mankany amin' ny manda; torana izy rehefa mahita izay mitranga eo ambany. Misaona ny Troiana.

Miseho amin' i Akileosy ao anaty nofy ny fanahin' i Patroclus, ka mampirisika azy hanao ny fombafomba fandevenana mba hahafahan' ny fanahiny mankany amin' ny [[Fanjakan' i Hadesy|tontolon' ny maty amin' ny finoana grika]]. Mangataka amin' i Akileosy i Patroclus mba handamina ny hiarahan' ny taolan' izy roa halevina ao anaty siny iray. Manaiky i Akileosy, ary dorana ny fatin' i Patroclus. Manokana andro iray hanaovana fifaninanana ho fanomezam-boninahitra ny maty ny Achaean, ary i Akileosy no mizara ny loka.

Variana tanteraka ao anatin' ny alahelony i Akileosy, ka laniny amin' ny fitomaniana an' i Patroclus sy ny fitarihana ny fatin' i Hektôro ao ambadiky ny kalesin' adiny ny androny. Tsy faly amin' ny fanimbazimbana tsy mitsahatra ataon' i Akileosy amin' ny fatin' i Hektôro i Zeus, ka manapa-kevitra fa tsy maintsy averina amin' i Priam izany. Tarihin' i [[Hermesy (andriamanitra)|Hermes]] i Priam, ka mitondra sarety feno fanomezana mamakivaky ny lemaka ary miditra tsy hitan' olona ao amin' ny tobin' ny Achaean. Mamihina ny lohalik' i Akileosy izy ary miangavy azy hamerina ny fatin-janany. Ontsa ka mitomany i Akileosy, ary manaiky ihany amin' ny farany, rehefa mihalefaka ny hatezerany. Samy mitomany noho ireo nafoiny tamin' ny ady izy roa. Manaiky hamerina ny fatin' i Hektôro i Akileosy ary hanome roa ambin' ny folo andro ho an' ny Troiana mba hisaonana sy handevenana azy araka ny tokony ho izy. Miala tsiny amin' i Patroclus i Akileosy satria matahotra izy sao nanala baraka azy tamin' ny namerenany ny fatin' i Hektôro. Rehefa avy misakafo i Priam dia mitondra ny fatin' i Hektôro mody any Troasy. Alevina i Hektôro, ary misaona ny tanàna.

== Lohahevitra ==

=== Fivavahana ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Fitaka natao tamin' i Zeus.

[[File:Hypnos Thanatos BM Vase D56 full.jpg|thumb|Hypnos sy Thanatos mitondra ny fatin' i Sarpedon hiala amin' ny sahan' ady ao [[Trôia|Troasy]]; antsipirian-tsary eo amin' ny tavoahangy fitoeran-diloilo (''lekythos'') avy any Attika, misy lafika fotsy, tokony ho tamin' ny 440 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy.]]

Tsy nanana rafitra fandaminana hentitra ny [[Fivavahana grika taloha|fivavahana grika fahiny]], fa niforona avy tamin' ny finoana samihafa nananan' ny vahoaka grika.&lt;ref&gt;Lawson, John Cuthbert. [https://archive.org/details/moderngreekfolkl00laws/page/2/mode/2up ''Modern Greek folklore and ancient Greek religion – a study in survivals'']. Cambridge University Press. 1910. pp.: 2–3.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny filazan' i Adkins sy Pollard, dia nomen' ny Grika tany am-boalohany toetran' olona avokoa ny lafiny rehetra tamin' ny tontolo niainany, na ny zavaboary na ny kolontsaina, ary koa ny zavatra niainany tao. Ny tany, ny ranomasina, ny tendrombohitra, ny renirano, ny lalàna miorina amin' ny fomba amam-panao (''themis''), ary ny anjaran' ny tsirairay eo amin' ny fiaraha-monina sy amin' ny harena ao aminy dia samy nojerena ho toy ny olona, sady nojerena araka ny natiora ihany koa.&lt;ref&gt;Adkins, A. W. H.; Pollard, John Richard Thornhill. [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Greek-religion ''Greek religion'']. 2 March 2020. daty niandohana voarakitra: 1998. encyclopedia: [[Encyclopædia Britannica]].&lt;/ref&gt; Noheverin' izy ireo ho vokatry ny fidiran' ny andriamanitra an-tsehatra na ny fanatrehan' ireo ny tontolo sy ny fiovana mitranga ao aminy. Matetika no hitany ho zava-miafina tsy hay hazavaina ireny fisehoan-javatra ireny.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Mikalson, Jon. ''Honor Thy Gods – Popular Religion in Greek Tragedy''. University of North Carolina Press. 1991.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny ''Iliada'', dia miady samy izy ny andriamanitra sy andriamanibavy ao Olympus ary ireo andriamanitra madinika, sady mandray anjara amin' ny adin' olombelona. Matetika izy ireo no miditra amin' ny raharahan' ny olona mety maty mba hanoherana andriamanitra hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kearns, E. 2004 pp. 59&quot; /&gt; Mifanaraka amin' ny tanjona kendren' i Hômera amin' ny fitantarany ny fanehoany ny andriamanitra, na dia tsy tahaka izany aza ny fomba niresahan' ny Atenianina ny andriamanitra tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Nodinihin' i Wolfgang Kullmann ny fidiran' ny andriamanitra an-tsehatra eo amin' ny tontolon' ny olombelona noho ny fifandirany samy izy. Araka ny famakafakany, dia ampiasain' i Hômera ho anton-javatra mamaritra ny zava-mitranga eo amin' ny olombelona ny firehetam-po sy ny fihetseham-pon' ny andriamanitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Kullmann, Wolfgang. ''Gods and Men in the Iliad and the Odyssey''. ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology''. 1985. boky: 89. pp.: 1–23. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.2307/311265&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;JSTOR 311265&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny boky faha-24, dia iverenana ny anton' ny ady ka ampifandraisina amin' ny hatezeran' i Hera sy Athena. Ao amin' ny andininy 24.25–30, araka ny dikan-tenin' i Augustus Taber Murray nokarakarain' i William F. Wyatt, dia tsy niray hevitra tamin' ny andriamanitra hafa i Hera, Poseidon ary Athena. Mbola nankahala an' i Ilios masina, Priam ary ny vahoakany izy ireo noho ny nataon' i Alexander, izay asehon' ireo andininy ho fahadalana: nanala baraka ireo andriamanibavy tonga tao amin' ny toeram-pamboleny izy, ary nidera ilay nanampy ny filany izay nitondra fahoriana.&lt;ref&gt;Murray; Wyatt (1925).&lt;/ref&gt;

Manohitra an' i Paris i Athena sy Hera noho ilay fifaninanana hatsaran-tarehy izay nifidianany an' i Aphrodite ho andriamanibavy tsara tarehy indrindra fa tsy izy roa. Araka ny filazan' i Kullmann, dia ny fahadisoam-panantenan' i Hera sy Athena noho ny fandresen' i Aphrodite tamin' ny fitsaran' i Paris no mamaritra ny fihetsik' izy roa manerana ny ''Iliada'', sady anton' ny fankahalany an' i Paris, ilay mpitsara, sy ny tanànany, Troasy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Noho izany dia manohana hatrany ny tafika Achaean i Hera sy Athena mandritra ny tononkalo, fa i Aphrodite kosa manampy an' i Paris sy ny Troiana. Miseho amin' ny zavatra ataon' ireo andriamanibavy eo amin' ny tontolon' ny olombelona ny fihetseham-pony. Ao amin' ny boky faha-3, ohatra, dia efa saika resin' i Menelaus, izay nihantsy azy hiady nifampitana, i Paris, saingy niditra an-tsehatra i Aphrodite mba hamonjy azy tamin' ny hatezeran' i Menelaus. Ohatra iray amin' ny fifandraisan' ny fihetseham-po sy ny asa manerana ny tononkalo izany. Miditra an-tsehatra hatrany ny andriamanitra, indrindra mba hampahery ireo olona arovany, ary matetika izy ireo no miseho amin' ny endrik' olona fantatr' ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mandinika ny anjara asan' ny ataon' ny andriamanitra ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' i Mary Lefkowitz. Anisan' ny fanontaniana dinihiny ny hoe: mijoro ho zava-mitranga ao amin' ny tantara amin' ny maha-izy azy ve ny fidiran' ny andriamanitra an-tsehatra, sa fanoharana ny toetran' olombelona fotsiny ny fihetsik' izy ireo?&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Lefkowitz, Mary (2003), ''Greek Gods, Human Lives: What We Can Learn From Myths'', New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' io famakafakana io, ny fahalianan' ny mpanoratra tamin' ny taonjato faha-5 sy faha-4 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy, toa an' i [[Thucydides]] sy [[Platôna|Plato]], dia nifantoka tamin' ny fampiasana ireny tantara ireny ho fomba hiresahana ny fiainan' olombelona, fa tsy ho famaritana zava-misy na fanambarana fahamarinana. Raha mbola andriamanitra ivavahana anefa izy ireo fa tsy fanoharana ny olombelona fotsiny, dia ny tsy fisian' ny foto-pinoana raikitra na boky masina tokana mamaritra ny fisiany no namela malalaka ny kolontsaina grika hamolavola andriamanitra mifanaraka amin' izay anjara asa ara-pivavahana nilain' ny vahoaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Taplin, Oliver. ''Bring Back the Gods''. ''[[The New York Times]]&amp;#39;''. 14 December 2003.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ampiasain' ilay psikôlôga Julian Jaynes ho porofo lehibe anohanany ny teôrian' ny saina mizara roa (''Bicameral Mind'') ny ''Iliada''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Jaynes, Julian. ''The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind''. 1976. p.: 221.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka io teôria io, dia hafa lavitra noho ny an' ny olona ankehitriny ny fomba fiasan' ny sain' olombelona hatramin' ny manodidina ny fotoana resahina ao amin' ny ''Iliada''. Nilaza i Jaynes fa tsy mbola nanana izay antsoina ankehitriny hoe fahatsiarovan-tena ireo olona ireo. Araka ny heviny, dia nandre sy nankatò baiko noheveriny fa avy tamin' ny andriamanitra izy ireo, mandra-piovan' ny fomba fiasan' ny sainy ka nahatonga ilay hery nanosika azy hanao zavatra ho isan' ny fahatsapany ny tenany. Nomarihiny fa saika ny asa rehetra ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' dia tarihin' ny andriamanitra iray, na aterany, na iharan' ny fitaomany. Nilaza koa izy fa vitsy dia vitsy ny teny manambara fieritreretana, fanaovana drafitra na fandinihana ny eritreritra sy ny fihetseham-pon' ny tena ao amin' ireo dikan-teny taloha. Raha misy teny toy izany, hoy izy, dia vokatry ny fandikan-diso ataon' ny mpandika teny izay mampitafy ireo mpandray anjara ny fomba fisainan' ny olona ankehitriny izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Lahatra ===

Ny lahatr' olona (''kēr'' amin' ny teny grika, izay midika eto hoe fahafatesana efa voalahatra) no manosika ny ankamaroan' ny zava-mitranga ao amin' ny ''Iliada''. Aseho ho manaiky izany ny andriamanitra sy ny olombelona, fa tsy afaka manohitra na manova azy.&lt;ref&gt;Liu (2024), pp. 561–563, 566.&lt;/ref&gt; Miseho amin' ny fomba samihafa manerana ny fitantarana ny lahatr' olona: mandefa famantarana amin' ny mpaminany toa an' i Calchas, ohatra, i Zeus,&lt;ref&gt;Erp Taalman Kip (2000), pp. 388–389.&lt;/ref&gt; ary manambara mialoha ny fahafatesan' i Akileosy izay efa mananontanona i Thetis. Miresaka matetika ny fanekena ny lahatr' olona ho mariky ny herim-po ny olombelona sy ny andriamaniny, ary ny fitsoahana izany ho mariky ny hakanosana.&lt;ref&gt;Nagy, Gregory. ''The best of the Achaeans: concepts of the hero in Archaic Greek poetry''. Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore. 1979. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8018-2200-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy ny asa sy ny zava-mitranga tsirairay rehetra no faritan' ny lahatr' olona, fa ny fiafaran' ny fiainana kosa no faritany. Anisan' ny ohatra amin' izany ny filazan' i Patroclus mialoha ny fahafatesan' i Hektôro.&lt;ref&gt;Dunkle, Roger (1986), [https://web.archive.org/web/20071205014548/http://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/dunkle/studyguide/homer.htm &quot;Iliad&quot;], in ''The Classical Origins of Western Culture'', ''The Core Studies 1 Study Guide'', Brooklyn College, archived from the [http://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/dunkle/studyguide/homer.htm original], 5 December 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny andininy 16.849–854, araka ny dikan-tenin' i Richmond Lattimore, dia lazain' i Patroclus amin' i Hektôro fa ny lahatr' olona mitondra fahafatesana sy ny zanak' i Leto no namono azy, ary i Euphorbos no voalohany tamin' ny olombelona namely azy; fahatelo ihany i Hektôro. Ampitandremany koa i Hektôro fa tsy ho ela velona, satria efa miandry azy ny fahafatesana voalahatra, ary i Akileosy, taranak' i Aiakos, no hahafaty azy.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 16.849–854 Lattimore (1951), p. 353.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy aseho ho ekena avy hatrany mandrakariva anefa ny lahatr' olona. Ao amin' ny boky faha-16, rehefa mahita an' i Patroclus efa hamono an' i Sarpedon zanany izay mety maty i Zeus, dia maneho alahelo izy.&lt;ref&gt;Morrison (1997), p. 286.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny andininy 16.433–434 amin' ny dikan-tenin' i Lattimore, dia alahelovan' i Zeus ny hoe efa voalahatra ho fatin' i Patroclus zanak' i Menoitios i Sarpedon, ilay olona tena malalany.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''The Iliad''. 16.433–434 Lattimore (1951), p. 342.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mamaly izany fisalasalan' i Zeus izany i Hera.&lt;ref&gt;Morrison (1997), p. 286.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny andininy 16.440–43 amin' ny dikan-tenin' i Lattimore, dia manontany an' i Zeus zanak' i Kronos izy raha te hanafaka amin' ny fahafatesana olona mety maty izay efa ela no voalahatra ho faty. Lazainy fa azon' i Zeus atao izany, nefa tsy ny andriamanitra hafa rehetra no hanaiky ny nataony.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''The Iliad'' 16.440–43 Lattimore (1951), p. 342.&lt;/ref&gt;

Miverina ny toe-javatra mitovitovy amin' izany rehefa mieritreritra ny hitsimbina an' i Hektôro, izay tiany sy hajainy, i Zeus. I Athena indray no mamaly azy. Ao amin' ny andininy 22.178–81 amin' ny dikan-tenin' i Lattimore, dia manontany izy raha tian' i Zeus havotana amin' ny fahafatesana ilay olona mety maty izay efa ela no voalahatra ho faty; ampitandremany koa izy fa tsy ny andriamanitra hafa rehetra no hanaiky izany.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''The Iliad'' 22.178–81 Lattimore (1951), p. 440.&lt;/ref&gt; Eto kosa, i Zeus dia miseho ho afaka manova ny lahatr' olona, nefa tsy manao izany fa mamela ny fiafarana efa voalahatra hitranga.

Miaro an' i Aeneas amin' ny fahafatesana koa ny lahatr' olona. Rehefa avy nandresy lahatra azy hiady amin' i Akileosy i Apollo, na dia tsy hahatohitra an' i Akileosy aza io mpiady avy any Troasy io, dia miditra an-tsehatra i Poseidon. Ao amin' ny andininy 20.300–04 amin' ny dikan-tenin' i Lattimore, dia manentana ny andriamanitra hamonjy an' i Aeneas izy, sao tezitra i Zeus zanak' i Kronos raha mamono azy i Akileosy. Araka ny fanazavany, dia efa voalahatra ho tafavoaka velona i Aeneas mba tsy ho lany tamingana ny taranak' i Dardanos.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''The Iliad'' 20.300–04 Lattimore (1951), p. 412.&lt;/ref&gt; Noho ny fanampian' ny andriamanitra, dia afa-mandositra ny hatezeran' i Akileosy i Aeneas.

=== Voninahitra sy fiverenana an-tanindrazana ===

==== Voninahitra ====
Ny ''kleos'' dia teny grika ilazana ny voninahitra sy ny laza azo amin' ny fanehoana herim-po amin' ny ady.&lt;ref&gt;[http://athome.harvard.edu/programs/nagy/threads/concept_of_hero.html ''The Concept of the Hero in Greek Civilization'']. Athome.harvard.edu. daty nijerena voarakitra: 18 April 2010. datin' ny tahiry: 21 April 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100421140227/http://athome.harvard.edu/programs/nagy/threads/concept_of_hero.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hitombo na hihena izany voninahitra izany, ary mety homena na hesorina amin' ny olona iray. Zava-dehibe indrindra amin' i Akileosy ny ''kleos'' ananany.&lt;ref&gt;Dué, C.; Lupack, Susan; Lamberton, R. (2020). ''Kleos''; Corinne Ondine Pache (mpamoaka), ''The Cambridge Guide to Homer'', pp. 167–168.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny boky faha-9, andininy 410–416, dia hazavainy amin' i Odysseus, Phoenix ary Ajax, irak' i Agamemnôna izay miangavy azy hiverina hiady, fa misy lahatra roa azony isafidianana.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;Volk, Katharina, &quot;ΚΛΕΟΣ ΑΦΘΙΤΟΝ Revisited&quot;, ''Classical Philology'', vol. 97, no. 1 (January 2002), pp. 61–68. &lt;nowiki&gt;JSTOR 1215546&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' izany andalan-teny izany dia milaza i Akileosy fa ny reniny, ilay andriamanibavy Thetis, no nampahafantatra azy ireo lalana roa mitondra ho amin' ny fahafatesany ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 9.410–416&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny hevitr' ilay andalan-teny ao amin' ny fandikan-tenin' i Richmond Lattimore, raha mijanona hiady eo akaikin' ny tanànan' ny Troiana izy, dia tsy hody intsony, nefa haharitra mandrakizay ny lazany. Raha mody any amin' ny tanindrazany kosa izy, dia tsy hahazo izany laza izany, saingy ho lava andro iainana ary tsy ho faty atsy ho atsy.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''The Iliad'' Lattimore (1951), p. 209.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny famoizany ny ''nostos'', izany hoe ny fiverenana an-tanindrazana, àry no ahazoany ny ''kleos aphthiton'', na laza tsy mety levona.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt; Miseho amin' ny toerana dimy hafa ao amin' ny tononkalo ny teny hoe ''aphthiton'', izay midika hoe tsy mety levona.&lt;ref&gt;II.46, V.724, XIII.22, XIV.238, XVIII.370&lt;/ref&gt; Zavatra no lazainy amin' ireo toerana ireo: ny tehim-panjakan' i Agamemnôna, ny kodiaran' ny kalesin' i Hebe, ny tranon' i Poseidon, ny seza fiandrianan' i Zeus ary ny tranon' i Hephaestus.

I Hephaestus no nanamboatra ny ampingan' i Akileosy, ary i Thetis reniny no nanome azy izany. Ahitana sarina kintana io ampinga io.

==== Fiverenana an-tanindrazana ====
Miseho impito ao amin' ny tononkalo ny ''nostos'', teny grika midika hoe fiverenana an-tanindrazana.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 2.155, Homer, ''Iliad'' 2.251, Homer, ''Iliad'' 9.413, Homer, ''Iliad'' 9.434, Homer, ''Iliad'' 9.622, Homer, ''Iliad'' 10.509, Homer, ''Iliad'' 16.82&lt;/ref&gt; Mivelatra kokoa amin' ny asa hafa ao amin' ny haisoratra grika fahiny ny fandinihana izany fiverenana izany, indrindra amin' ny tantaran' ny zava-mihatra amin' ireo taranak' i Atreus, dia i Agamemnôna sy Menelaus, ary amin' i Odysseus rehefa mody avy any an' ady; anisan' izany ny ''Odisey''.&lt;ref&gt;Alexopoulou (2003), pp. 1–3, 4–7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hornblower (2018), pp. 29–34.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Avonavona, herim-po, haja ary ''hybris'' ===

==== Avonavona ====
Mampandroso ny fizotry ny tantara ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' ny avonavona. Mivory eo amin' ny lemak' i Troasy ny Achaean mba haka an' i Helen avy amin' ny Troiana. Na dia vonona hamerina an' i Helen amin' ny Achaean aza ny ankamaroan' ny Troiana, dia milefitra eo anatrehan' ny avonavon' ny printsy Alexandros, izay fantatra koa amin' ny anarana hoe Paris, izy ireo. Ao anatin' izany toe-javatra izany no manomboka ny sanganasan' i Hômera. Eo am-piandohan' ny ''Iliada'', ny avonavon' i Agamemnôna no manetsika ny fifandimbiasan-javatra izay mitarika azy haka an' i Briseis amin' i Akileosy. I Briseis no tovovavy nomeny an' i Akileosy ho valin' ny fahaizany miady. Noho izany fanalam-baraka izany dia mandà tsy hiady i Akileosy, ary mangataka amin' i Thetis reniny mba hahatonga an' i Zeus hampijaly ny Achaean eny an' ady, mandra-pahatsapan' i Agamemnôna ny ratsy nataony taminy.&lt;ref&gt;Frobish (2003).&lt;/ref&gt;

Mitarika an' i Akileosy hangataka amin' i Thetis ny hahafatesan' ireo Achaean namany ny avonavony. Ao amin' ny boky faha-9, rehefa mampirisika azy hiverina hiady ireo namany sady manolotra babo sy ny famerenana an' i Briseis andevovaviny, dia mandà izy noho ny avonavony sy ny faniriany hamaly faty. Rehefa maty i Patroclus, dia mandresy ny avonavona vokatry ny fanalam-baraka nataon' i Agamemnôna ny hatezerany amin' ny tenany noho izany fahafatesana izany, ka miverina hiady izy mba hamono an' i Hektôro. Mandresy ny avonavony indray izy amin' ny faran' ny tononkalo, rehefa mifehy ny hatezerany ka mamerina ny fatin' i Hektôro amin' i Priam. Araka izany, dia mandray anjara amin' ny fizotry ny tantara hatrany am-piandohana ka hatramin' ny farany ny avonavona.&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Araka ny filazan' i Frobish, manomboka amin' ny avonavona sy ny tsy fahamatoran' ilay mpiady ny ady, nefa mifarana amin' ny fahaizany sy ny herim-pony eny an' ady. Frobish (2003), p. 24&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Herim-po sy ny mahery fo ====
Anisan' ireo mpiady ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' i Akileosy, Hektôro ary Patroclus. Manaraka an' i Akileosy sy ny hatezerany ary ny faharavana aterak' izany ny tantara. Etsy ankilany, manaraka an' i Hektôro, mpiady troiana izay miady hiaro ny fianakaviany sy ny vahoakany, koa izy. Hita ao amin' ny tantara ny fifikirany amin' ny fianakaviany sy ny ezaka ataony hiarovana ny vahoakany; mifantoka amin' ny fandevenana azy amim-panajana ny fiafaran' ny tononkalo. Ireo fihetsika sy andraikitra samihafa ireo no mampiavaka ny fanehoana an' i Akileosy sy Hektôro ao amin' ny tantara.

==== Haja sy fanajana: ''timē'' ====
Mifandray amin' ny ''kleos'', na voninahitra azo amin' ny ady, ny ''timē'' (''τιμή''), izay midika hoe haja sy fanajana. Izy io dia manondro ny haja azon' ny olona noho ny zava-bitany eo amin' ny kolontsaina, ny politika na ny ady, arakaraka ny toerana misy azy eo amin' ny fiarahamonina. Ao amin' ny boky voalohany, dia mandrahona an' i Chryses mpisorona i Agamemnôna mpanjaka (1.11), ary vao mainka mampitombo ny fahasahiranan' ny Achaean rehefa manala baraka an' i Akileosy amin' ny fakany an' i Briseis (1.171). Manimba ny ezaka ataon' ny Achaean amin' ny ady ny lolompon' ilay mpiady amin' ny mpanjaka vokatr' izany.

==== Fihoaram-pefy noho ny avonavona: ''hybris'' ====
Mitovy anjara asa amin' ny ''timē'' ny ''hybris'' (''Ὕβρις''), na fihoaram-pefy vokatry ny avonavona tafahoatra. Ny hatezeran' i Akileosy sy ny faharavana aterak' izany no lohahevitra iorenan' ny tononkalo. Mampikorontana ny fetra manasaraka ny olombelona amin' ireo andriamanitra ny hatezerana. Mandrava ny filaminan' ny fifandraisan' ny olona ny hatezerana tsy voafehy, ary manakorontana ny fandanjalanjana ny fihetsika tokony hatao mba hitazonana ny elanelana misy eo amin' ny olombelona sy ny andriamanitra. Na dia mifantoka amin' ny hatezeran' i Akileosy aza ny tononkalo, dia manana anjara toerana lehibe koa ny ''hybris'': sady manomboka no mampitombo trangan-javatra maro mitondra faharavana izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thompson&quot;&gt;Thompson, Diane P.. [https://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/troy/bbversion/level4/achillesanger.html ''Achilles' Wrath and the Plan of Zeus'']. 1998. datin' ny tahiry: 11 December 2018. tranonkala: Northern Virginia Community College. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181211095013/http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/Eli/Troy/BbVersion/level4/achillesanger.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Noho ny ''hybris'' dia mandà ny hanafaka an' i Chryseis takalon' ny vidim-panavotana i Agamemnôna; mandratra ny hambom-pon' i Akileosy koa izy rehefa mitaky an' i Briseis. Ny ''hybris'' koa no manosika an' i Paris hiady amin' i Menelaus. Mampirisika ny Achaean hiady i Agamemnôna amin' ny fikasihana ny hambom-pon' i Odysseus, Diomedes ary Nestor: anontaniany izy ireo hoe nahoana no mitakoko sy miandry fanampiana, nefa tokony ho izy ireo no hitarika ny fanafihana. Na dia ny hatezeran' i Akileosy sy ny faharavana aterak' izany aza no ivon' ny zava-mitranga ao amin' ny ''Iliada'', dia samy ampirehetin' ny ''hybris'' izy roa ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thompson&quot; /&gt;

=== Hatezerana (''mēnis'') ===
[[File:Wrath of Achilles2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.20|''The Wrath of Achilles'' (Ny hatezeran' i Akileosy; 1810), nataon' i Michel Martin Drolling.]]

Ny teny voalohany amin' ny tononkalo dia ''mēnin'' (μῆνιν), endrika ara-pitsipi-pitenenana ampiasaina amin' ny fameno mivantana amin' ny teny hoe ''mēnis'' (μῆνις), izay midika hoe hatezerana mafy. Io teny io no mampiditra ny lohahevitra fototry ny ''Iliada'': ny hatezeran' i Akileosy.&lt;ref&gt;''The Iliad''. T. Nelsons &amp; Sons. 1938. p.: 11. mpandika (anarana): Rouse. mpandika (fanampin' anarana): W. H. D..&lt;/ref&gt; Ny hatezerany sy ny fahatsapany fa voahitsakitsaka ny hajany amin' ny maha-mpiady azy no mampifandray ny fizotran' ny tantara, anisan' izany ny fahasahiranan' ny Achaean teo amin' ny ady sy ny fahafatesan' i Patroclus sy Hektôro. Tsy tantaraina ao amin' ny tononkalo kosa ny faharavan' i Troasy.

Ao amin' ny boky voalohany dia misongadina ny hatezeran' i Akileosy mandritra ny fivoriana nampiantsoiny, izay natrehin' ny mpanjaka grika sy Calchas mpaminany. Nandà tsy hamerina an' i Chryseis tamin' i Chryses rainy, mpisoron' i Apollo avy any Troasy, i Agamemnôna mpanjaka. Norahonany ilay mpisorona, na dia nanolotra fanomezana maro ho tambin' ny famotsorana ny zanany aza.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 1.13 Lattimore (1951), p. 59.&lt;/ref&gt; Nivavaka tamin' i Apollo ilay mpisorona noho izany fanalam-baraka izany, ka nandritra ny sivy andro dia nandefa zana-tsipìka nitondra areti-mandringana tamin' ny Achaean ilay andriamanitra. Tao amin' ilay fivoriana koa dia niampanga an' i Agamemnôna ho tia tombontsoa mihoatra noho ny olona rehetra i Akileosy.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 1.122 Lattimore (1951), p. 62.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny andininy 1.181–187, araka ny dikan-tenin' i Lattimore, dia mamaly i Agamemnôna fa haveriny an-tsambo miaraka amin' ny olony i Chryseis, satria takin' i Apollo izany. Handray an' i Briseis, izay nomena an' i Akileosy ho anjarany tamin' ny babo, kosa izy. Lazainy fa ny tenany mihitsy no haka azy ao amin' ny fonenan' i Akileosy, mba hampisehoana fa ambony fahefana noho io mpiady io izy ary hampihemotra izay hafa te hifaninana aminy.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 1.181–187 Lattimore (1951), p. 64.&lt;/ref&gt;

I Athena no misakana an' i Akileosy tsy hanao zavatra noho ny hatezerany. Mianiana tsy hankatò ny baikon' i Agamemnôna intsony izy. Mitomany amin' i Thetis reniny izy, ary i Thetis kosa mandresy lahatra an' i Zeus mba hanampy ny Troiana mandra-pamerenana ny haja tokony ho azon' i Akileosy. Ao amin' ny boky faha-12, dia tarihin' i Hektôro ny Troiana ka saika manosika ny Achaean hatrany an-dranomasina. Ao amin' ny boky faha-14 kosa, mieritreritra ny mety hahareseny sy ny hiverenana any Grisia i Agamemnôna.

Rehefa matin' i Hektôro i Patroclus, dia mitodika amin' ny famaliana faty ny hatezeran' i Akileosy. Noho ny alahelony dia misarika ny volony izy ary manosotra vovoka amin' ny tarehiny. Mampionona azy i Thetis. Ao amin' ny andininy 18.111–116, araka ny dikan-tenin' i Lattimore, dia milaza amin' ny reniny i Akileosy fa havelany ho lasa ny fifandirany tamin' i Agamemnôna ary hofeheziny ny hatezerany noho izany. Ny hamono an' i Hektôro, izay nahafaty an' i Patroclus malalany, no katsahiny; ekeny avy eo ny fahafatesany amin' izay fotoana hotendren' i Zeus sy ireo andriamanitra hafa.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 18.111–116 Lattimore (1951), p. 378.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Peter Paul Rubens - Achilles slays Hector.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|''Achilles Slays Hector'' (Mamono an' i Hektôro i Akileosy), nataon' i [[Pierre Paul Rubens|Peter Paul Rubens]] (1630–1635).]]
Manaiky ny mety hahafatesany i Akileosy mba hamaliana faty an' i Patroclus, ka miverina miady. Manenjika an' i Hektôro intelo manodidina ny mandan' i Troasy izy vao mamono azy. Afatony amin' ny kalesiny avy eo ny faty, ka tarihiny miverina any amin' ny toby.

=== Ady ===
Mitana toerana lehibe ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' ny famonoana olona eny an' ady. Misy koa anefa fotoana itsaharan' ny fifandonana sy ifampiresahan' ny mpifanandrina. Ao amin' ny boky fahatelo, dia manaiky hifampitana samirery i Menelaus sy Paris mba hamaranana ny ady. Ao amin' io boky io ihany, dia miresaka amin' i Priam ireo anti-panahy: na dia ekeny aza ny hatsaran-tarehin' i Helen, dia heveriny ho vidiny lafo loatra ny ady noho ny olona iray.

Ao amin' ny boky fahenina, dia miverina ao an-tanàna i Hektôro hitsidika ny ankohonany. Aseho ao ny fifandraisany amin' ny vady aman-janany, fa tsy ny maha-mpiady azy ihany. Mifandimby amin' ny fitantarana ny fifandonana sy ny fahafatesana eny an' ady izany fihaonana ao an-tokantrano izany.

Ao amin' ny boky faha-23, dia anaovana lalao fandevenana i Patroclus. Ao amin' ny boky faha-24 kosa, miara-misakafo i Akileosy sy Priam ary mizara ny alahelony noho ireo havany maty. Mifankahazo amin' ny alahelony izy ireo ary manaiky hampitsahatra ny ady mandritra ny roa ambin' ny folo andro mba handevenana an' i Hektôro.&lt;ref&gt;Moore (1921), p. 175.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Murray; Wyatt (1925).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daty sy tantaran' ny lahatsoratra ==
''Lahatsoratra an-tsipiriany: ny adihevitra momba an' i Hômera sy ny maha-ara-tantara ny Iliada.''

[[Sary:Homeric Greece-en.svg|thumb|300px|left|Sarintanin' i [[Grisia]] araka ny fitantaran' i [[Hômerôsy|Hômera]]]]

Tamin' ny vanim-potoana arkaika tao anatin' ny [[Andro Taloha Klasika|Andro Taloha klasika]] no niforonan' ilay tononkalo. Ny ankamaroan' ny manam-pahaizana dia mametraka izany ho tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-8 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy, na dia misy aza mametraka azy ho tamin' ny taonjato faha-7 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy.&lt;ref&gt;Crielaard, Jan Paul. [https://www.academia.edu/31148054 ''Homer, History and Archaeology: Some Remarks on the Date of the Homeric World'']. ''Homeric Questions: Essays in Philology, Ancient History and Archaeology''. J.C. Grieben. 1995. pp.: 201–288. mpamoaka (anarana): Crielaard. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Jan Paul. nampitaina tamin' ny: Academia.edu. publication-place: Amsterdam. publication-date: 1995.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;van Wees, Hans. [https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/cq/vol38/iss1/9/ ''Homer and Early Greece'']. ''Colby Quarterly''. 2002. boky: 38. laharana: 1. pp.: 94–117. nampitaina tamin' ny: Digital Commons.&lt;/ref&gt; Na ahoana na ahoana, ny taona 630 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy no daty farany indrindra mety ho niforonan' ny ''Iliada'' (''terminus ante quem''), araka ny porofo hita amin' ny akony eo amin' ny zavakanto sy ny haisoratra.&lt;ref&gt;West, M. L.. ''The Invention of Homer''. ''The Classical Quarterly''. 1999. boky: 49. laharana: 2. pp.: 364–382. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISSN 0009-8388&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1093/cq/49.2.364&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;JSTOR 639863&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rehefa avy naka hevitra tao amin' ny toerana fangatahana valin' ny andriamanitra tao Dodona i [[Herôdôtôsy|Herodotus]], dia nametraka an' i [[Hômerôsy|Hômera]] sy Hesiod ho niaina tokony ho 400 taona talohan' ny androny. Izany dia mametraka azy ireo ho niaina tokony ho tamin' ny taona 850 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy.&lt;ref&gt;Herodotus (de Sélincourt) (1975), p. 41.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny vanim-potoana isehoan' ny tantara ao amin' ilay tononkalo dia ny fotoana nirodanan' ny sivilizasiôna tamin' ny faran' ny Andron' ny Alimo, tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-12 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy. Tokony ho 400 taona àry no manasaraka an' i Hômera amin' ny zava-mitranga tantarainy; io elanelam-potoana io no fantatra amin' ny hoe Vanim-potoana Maizina tany Grisia. Niadian-kevitra mafy teo amin' ny manam-pahaizana ny amin' izay ampahan' ny tononkalo tena mitahiry lovantsofina avy amin' ny vanim-potoana mikeniana. Ny ''Lisitr' ireo sambo'' indrindra dia mampiseho toetra iray miavaka: tsy i Grisia tamin' ny [[Andron' ny Vy]], izany hoe tamin' ny andron' i Hômera, no hita ao amin' ny jeografia resahiny, fa i Grisia talohan' ny fanafihan' ny Dôriana.

Ny anarana hoe ''Ἰλιάς'' (''Ilias''; ''Ἰλιάδος'', ''Iliados'', amin' ny endrika zenitiva, izay maneho fifandraisana toy ny fananana) dia endrika nohafohezina avy amin' ny hoe ''ἡ ποίησις Ἰλιάς'', ''he poíesis Iliás'', izay midika hoe «ny tononkalo momba an' i Ilion (Troy)». Mpamaritra amin' ny endrika vavy manokana ny ''Ἰλιάς'' («momba an' i Ilion/Troy»), izay avy amin' ny hoe ''Ἴλιον'' (Ilion/Troasy). Ny endrika lahy amin' izany mpamaritra izany kosa dia ''Ἰλιακός'' na ''Ἴλιος''.&lt;ref&gt;
[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=*)ilia/s &lt;span title=&quot;Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;grc&quot;&gt;Ἰλιάς&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]
, 
[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=*)iliako/s &lt;span title=&quot;Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;grc&quot;&gt;Ἰλιακός&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]
, 
[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=*)/ilios &lt;span title=&quot;Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;grc&quot;&gt;Ἴλιος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; ''A Greek–English Lexicon'' at the Perseus Project
&lt;/ref&gt; Mampiasa azy io i Herodotus.&lt;ref&gt;''Histories'' 2.116&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny 2026 no nitaterana ny nahitana momia ejipsianina iray, izay tokony ho tamin' ny taona 400 taorian' i Jesoa Kristy, niaraka tamin' ny sombin' ny ''Iliada'' napetraka tao anatiny. Tsy nahalana ny lahatsoratra toy izany tamin' ny vanim-potoana grika sy romana, saingy mbola tsy nisy nahitana azy tamin' ny toe-javatra mifandray amin' ny fandevenana talohan' izany.&lt;ref&gt;Wexler, Ellen. [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archaeologists-unearth-a-papyrus-fragment-from-the-iliad-tucked-inside-the-wrappings-of-a-1600-year-old-egyptian-mummy-180988603/ ''Archaeologists Unearth a Papyrus Fragment From the 'Iliad' Tucked Inside the Wrappings of a 1,600-Year-Old Egyptian Mummy'']. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-05-19. magazine: Smithsonian Magazine.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny Venetus A (Venetus Graec. 822; Marc. graec. 454 taloha) no sora-tanana tranainy indrindra mbola ahitana ny lahatsoratry ny ''Iliada'' manontolo. Sora-tanana avy amin' ny [[Empira Bizantina|tontolo bizantina]] izy io, nadika tamin' ny taonjato faha-10 taorian' i Jesoa Kristy.&lt;ref&gt;Davison (1962), p. 226.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao anatiny ny lahatsoratry ny ''Iliada'' miaraka amin' ny fanazavana teny, ary koa ny ''scholia A'', izany hoe fanamarihana mandinika sy manazava ny lahatsoratra. Nalaina indrindra avy amin' ny asa soratr' ireo mpahay fitsipi-pitenenana Aristonicus, Didymus, Herodian ary Nicanor, izay tsy voatahiry intsony ankehitriny, ireo fanamarihana ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Erbse (1969), pp. XIII–XVI.&lt;/ref&gt; Porofo manan-danja momba ny fandinihana ny sanganasan' i Hômera tamin' ny vanim-potoana helenistika io sora-tanana io. Mitahiry endriky ny lahatsoratra maro avy tamin' ny Andro Taloha izay tsy voatahiry any an-kafa izy, ary heverin' ireo mpanonta ho tena ilaina amin' ny famerenana ny lahatsoratry ny ''Iliada'' ho araka ny endriny tany am-boalohany.&lt;ref&gt;West (2001), pp. 139–140; 147.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nokarakarain' i Demetrios Chalkokondyles ny fanontana voalohany natao pirinty ny ''Iliada'', na ''editio princeps'', ary navoakan' i Bernardus Nerlius sy Demetrius Damilas tao [[Florencia|Florence]] tamin' ny taona 1489.&lt;ref&gt;[http://onassislibrary.gr/en/collection/items/39018_en/ ''Homerus, [Τὰ σωζόμενα]'']. The Hellenic Library of the Onassis Foundation. daty nijerena voarakitra: 3 September 2017. tranonkala: onassislibrary.gr.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lovantsofina am-bava ===
[[File:Thomas Lawrence (1769-1830) - Homer Reciting his Poems - T01974 - Tate.jpg|thumb|''Homer Reciting his Poems'' (Hômera mitanisa ny tononkalony), nataon' i Thomas Lawrence, 1790]]

Tamin' ny Andro Taloha, ny Grika dia nampiasa ny ''Iliada'' sy ny ''Odisey'' ho fototry ny fampianarana. Nitana anjara toerana lehibe teo amin' ny asa fanabeazana sy fampitana kolontsaina nataon' ny mpitanisa tononkalo nitety toerana ny literatiora. Nampifandray ny zavatra notadidiny sy ny famoronana teo no ho eo ireo mpitanisa ireo mba hamoronana tononkalo lava mirindra mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo. Nampiely izany tamin' ny alalan' ny hira sy ny fanononana mirindra izy ireo, nandritra ny diany sy tamin' ny fety Panathenaic, izay nahitana fanatanjahantena, mozika, tononkalo ary fanaovana sorona, ho fankalazana ny andro nahaterahan' i Athena.&lt;ref&gt;''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (5 ed.), 1994, p. 173.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny voalohany, ny manam-pahaizana momba ny tontolo grika sy romana taloha dia nihevitra ny ''Iliada'' sy ny ''Odisey'' ho tononkalo noforonina an-tsoratra, ary i Hômera ho mpanoratra. Tamin' ny taompolo 1920 anefa, dia efa nanomboka hetsika nanohana hevitra mifanohitra amin' izany i Milman Parry (1902–1935). Nandinika ny fomba am-bava nampiasain' i Hômera izy, indrindra ireo anaram-pamaritana raikitra sy ny famerimberenana teny, andian-teny ary andian' andalana. Hita tamin' izany fandinihana izany fa avy amin' ny [[Lovantsofina am-bava|lovantsofina am-bava]] ireo fomba fiteny efa voaomana ireo, ary mora nampifanarahina tamin' ny andalana misy singa enina amin' ny fandrefesana gadona. Ny famerimberenana anaram-pamaritana raikitra misy teny roa, toy ny hoe « resourceful Odysseus » amin' ny teny anglisy (izany hoe « Odysseus mahay mitady hevitra »), dia afaka mameno antsasaky ny andalana amin' ny fampiarahana ny anaran' ny olona iray sy ny famaritana azy. Afaka mamorona ny antsasany sisa araka ireo fomba fiteny mahazatra àry ny poeta, ka mameno ny hevitra tiany hambara amin' ny teny noforoniny manokana.&lt;ref&gt;Porter, John. [http://duke.usask.ca/~porterj/CourseNotes/HomOral.html ''The Iliad as Oral Formulaic Poetry'']. University of Saskatchewan. 6 December 2002. daty nijerena voarakitra: 26 November 2007. datin' ny tahiry: 2 February 2006. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060202093017/http://duke.usask.ca/~porterj/CourseNotes/HomOral.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Tany [[Iogôslavia]], i Parry sy Albert Lord (1912–1991), mpanampy azy, dia nandinika ny famoronana tononkalo am-bava amin' ny [[Fiteny serba|teny serba]] tamin' ny fampiasana fomba fiteny efa voaomana. Nivoaka avy tamin' izany ny teôrian' i Parry sy Lord, izay nametraka ny fototry ny fandinihana ny lovantsofina am-bava. Novolavolain' i Eric Havelock, [[Marshall McLuhan]], Walter Ong ary Gregory Nagy izany tatỳ aoriana.

Ao amin' ny ''The Singer of Tales'' (1960), i Lord dia mampiseho fitoviana eo amin' ny loza nanjo an' i Patroclus, ilay Achaean ao amin' ny ''Iliada'', sy ny nanjo an' i Enkidu, ilay avy any [[Somera|Sumer]] ao amin' ny ''[[Epikan' i Gilgamesa|Epic of Gilgamesh]]''. Milaza izy fa ny fandinihana akaiky ny fiverimberenan' ny lamina ara-lohahevitra dia manohitra ny hevitra hoe manakorontana ny lamina efa nampiasain' i Hômera momba ny hatezerana, ny fangalarana ampakarina ary ny famonjena ny fizotry ny tantaran' i Patroclus. Araka izany, ny famerimberenana andian-teny raikitra dia tsy mametra ny fahaizan' i Hômera mamorona zava-baovao rehefa mampifanaraka ny tantara amin' ny endriky ny andalan-tononkalo.&lt;ref&gt;Lord, Albert. ''The Singer of Tales''. Harvard University Press. Cambridge. 1960. pp.: 190, 195.&lt;/ref&gt; Toy izany koa, araka ny fandinihan' i James Armstrong tamin' ny 1958,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; dia mampanan-karena ny hevitra ao amin' ny tononkalo ireo fomba fiteny miverimberina ireo. Ny safidin-teny ampiasaina amin' ny lohahevitra miverimberina momba ny fitafiana fiadiana, rehefa milazalaza an' i Akileosy, Agamemnôna, Paris ary Patroclus, dia manasongadina ny lanjan' ny fotoana iray manaitra. Mahatonga ny fitantarana hikoriana mirindra ny famerimberenana; ao anatin' izany no anavahan' i Hômera an' i Patroclus amin' i Akileosy, sy anomezany famantarana mialoha ny fahafatesan' i Patroclus amin' ny alalan' ny fomba filaza manamafy sy mandà.&lt;ref&gt;''Iliad'', Book XVI, 130–154&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Armstrong, James I. ''The Arming Motif in the Iliad''. ''American Journal of Philology''. 1958. boky: 79. pp.: 337–354. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.2307/292347&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;JSTOR 292347&lt;/nowiki&gt;. number: 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mety ho vokatry ny lovantsofina am-bava ny tsy fifanarahana indraindray eo amin' ny anaram-pamaritana ampiasaina sy ny toe-javatra eo amin' ilay seho ao amin' ny ''Iliada''. Ohatra amin' izany ny ilazana an' i Aphrodite ho tia hehy na dia nijaly noho ny ratra nataon' i Diomedes aza izy (Boky V, 375). Mety hampifangaro ny angano tamin' ny [[Sivilizasiôna Mikeniana|vanim-potoana mikeniana tany Grisia]] sy tamin' ny vanim-potoana maizina grika (tokony ho 1150–800 talohan' i Kristy) koa ny fanehoana ireo andriamanitra. Ampitoviana amin' ny andriamanitra madinika, toa an' i Scamander sy ny hafa, ireo andriana mandova toerana antsoina hoe ''basileis'', izay mpitondra ambany laharana kokoa eo amin' ny fiarahamonina.&lt;ref&gt;Toohey, Peter. ''Reading Epic – An Introduction to the Ancient Narrative''. Routledge. New Fetter Lane, London. 1992.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanehoana ny ady sy fanamboarana fitaovam-piadiana ==
Lahatsoratra fototra: Filaharan' ny tafika tao Troasy.

=== Fanehoana ny adin' ny miaramila an-tongotra ===
Na dia samy nanana hery an-dranomasina aza i Misenea sy Troasy, dia tsy misy ady an-dranomasina ao amin' ny ''Iliada''.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 3.45–50&lt;/ref&gt; Na i Phereclus, ilay mpanamboatra ny sambo nitondra an' i Helen ho any Troasy, aza dia miady an-tongotra.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 5.59–65&lt;/ref&gt; Voafaritra amin' ny antsipiriany ny fitafiana sy ny fiadiana fiarovana anaovan' ny mahery fo sy ny miaramila. Mandeha amin' ny kalesin' ady izy ireo rehefa miditra an-tsehatra, ary manipy lefona amin' ny filaharan' ny fahavalo. Midina avy eo izy ireo mba hiady akaiky, ka mbola mifampitoraka lefona sy vato ihany, ary mampiasa sabatra sy ampinga entina amin' ny soroka, antsoina hoe ''aspis'', raha ilaina.&lt;ref&gt;John Keegan (1993), ''A History of Warfare'', p. 248.&lt;/ref&gt;

I Ajax Lehibe, zanak' i Telamon, dia mitondra ampinga lehibe mahitsizoro antsoina hoe ''sakos'', izay iarovany ny tenany sy i Teucer rahalahiny. Ao amin' ny andalana 8.267–272, araka ny dikan-tenin' i Ian Johnston, dia i Teucer no miseho ho faha-sivy, manenjana ny tsipìkany miolaka. Mifandimby ny fitifirany sy ny fialofany: ahilik' i Ajax amim-pitandremana kely ny ampinga, ka mipoitra i Teucer, mandefa zana-tsipìka mahafaty olona iray ao amin' ny andian-tafika, ary avy hatrany dia miverina mialoka eo akaikin' i Ajax. Mianjera eo amin' ny toerana nisy azy ilay voatifitra. I Teucer kosa dia ampitahaina amin' ny zaza eo akaikin-dreniny rehefa miondrika eo akaikin' i Ajax, ary saronan' ity farany amin' ilay ampinga mamirapiratra indray.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 8.267–272, translated by Ian Johnston.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sarotra entina sy ahetsika ny ampingan' i Ajax, ka mety kokoa amin' ny fiarovan-tena noho ny fanafihana. I Akileosy, zanak' olo-mpiray tampo aminy, kosa dia mampiasa ampinga lehibe miaraka amin' ny lefony, ka mahomby amin' ny ady ataony amin' ny Troiana. Ao amin' ny andalana 16.213–217, araka ny dikan-tenin' i Ian Johnston, dia aseho koa ny fifanatonan' ny miaramila ao amin' ny filaharana: mifampikasoka ny ampinga, izay misy bontsina eo afovoany, sy ny fiarovan-doha, ary mifanety ny olona. Ampitahaina amin' ny vato mifanaraka tsara amin' ny rindrin' ny trano avo, izay natao hisakana ny rivotra mahery, izany filaharana izany. Rehefa mihetsika ny lohan' ny mpiady, dia mifampikasoka ny volon-tsoavaly manaravaka ny tendrony mamirapiratra eo amin' ny fiarovan-dohany, noho izy ireo mifanakaiky aoka izany.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 16.213–217 (translated by Ian Johnston).&lt;/ref&gt;

Rehefa milazalaza ny adin' ny miaramila an-tongotra i Hômera, dia manonona ny filaharan-tafika ''phalanx'', izany hoe andian' ny miaramila milahatra mifanety.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 6.6&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny bokin' i Tomas Cahill, ''Sailing the Wine Dark Sea – Why the Greeks Matter'', anefa, dia tsy mihevitra ny ankamaroan' ny mpikaroka fa izany no fomba niadiana tamin' ny Adin' i Troasy ara-tantara.&lt;ref&gt;Cahill, Tomas (2003), ''Sailing the Wine Dark Sea – Why the Greeks Matter''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nampiasa kalesy ny Grika mikeniana tamin' ny [[Andron' ny Alimo]], ary tsy nitovy tamin' ny nampiasain' ireo fanjakana niara-belona taminy tany Afovoany Atsinanana ny kalesiny.&lt;ref name=Georganas-2012-Cline-p312&gt;Georganas, Ioannis. ''Weapons and Warfare''. Oxford University Press. 2012. p.: 312. mpamoaka (anarana): Cline. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Eric. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0199873609&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0023&lt;/nowiki&gt;. encyclopedia: The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;D'Amato, Raphaelo; Salimbeti, Andrea. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ydE6bwAACAAJ ''Bronze Age Greek Warrior 1600–1100 BC'']. Osprey Publishing Company. Oxford. 2011. pp.: 43–44. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-84908-195-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

I Nestor dia mametraka ny kalesy ho lohalaharana amin' ny tafiny. Ao amin' ny andalana 4.301–309, araka ny dikan-tenin' i Ian Johnston, dia mampitandrina ny mpiady izy mba tsy hisy hialoha ny namany noho ny fahatokisany ny heriny sy ny fahaizany mitondra soavaly, na ho tara aoriana ka hampihena ny herin' ny fanafihana. Raha mifanatrika amin' ny kalesin' ny fahavalo ny kalesin' ny mpiady iray, dia tokony hanindrona amin' ny lefona avy eo izy. Lazain' i Nestor fa izany no tetika mahomby indrindra, sady fomba efa nandravan' ny olona tanàna mimanda fahiny, rehefa nanana izany toe-tsaina sy fahavononana izany izy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 4.301–309 (translated by Ian Johnston).&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny fandinihany an' i Akileosy sy ny ''kleos'', na laza maharitra avy amin' ny zava-bita, i John W. Head dia mampifanohitra ny fandresena manjombona sy ny fankalazana ny voninahitry ny maty. Na dia asehon' i Hômera mivantana sy amin' ny antsipiriany aza ny herisetran' ny ady, dia mampiharihary ny habetsahan' ny zavatra very ny fandresen' i Akileosy amin' ny fiafaran' ny tononkalo. Ny lalao atao amin' ny fandevenana kosa dia feno fiainana, satria ankalazana ny fiainan' ilay maty sy ny voninahiny.&lt;ref&gt;Head, John W.. ''Deep Agroecology and the Homeric Epics''. ''Achilles: mênis, kleos, and aristeia''. Routledge. 14 December 2020. pp.: 35–47. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781003108412&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.4324/9781003108412-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. chapter-url: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781003108412-3/achilles-m%C3%AAnis-kleos-aristeia-john-head.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanamboarana indray ny fitaovam-piadiana sy ny fiadiana fiarovana ary ny endriny ===
Nisy fanamboarana indray ny fitaovam-piadiana sy ny fiadiana fiarovana nataon' i Salimbeti sy ny mpiara-miasa aminy.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.salimbeti.com/micenei/armour5.htm ''The Greek Age of Bronze – Armour''].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiantraikany tamin' ny ady grika ===
Tsy voatery ho soratra masina nohajain' ny Grika fahiny ny tononkalon' i Hômera, indrindra ny ''Iliada'', nefa nanana anjara teo amin' ny fanabeazana sy ny fiainana ara-tsaina grika izy ireo. Araka an' i Lendon, tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-5 tal. J.K., dia mariky ny toerana ambony teo amin' ny fiaraha-monina ny fahaizana mitanisa tsianjery ny ''Iliada'' sy ny ''Odisey''.&lt;ref&gt;Lendon (2005), p. 36.&lt;/ref&gt; Azo dinihina amin' ny lafiny telo ny fifandraisan' ny ady asehon' ny tononkalo sy ny ady grika tamin' ny vanim-potoana klasika: ny fomba fandaminana sy fitarihana ny ady, ny foto-kevitra momba ny ady, ary ny fomba fisainan' ny mpitari-tafika.

Ady ifanaovan' ny mahery fo tsiroaroa no betsaka amin' ireo fifandonana tantaraina amin' ny an-tsipiriany ao amin' ny ''Iliada''. Araka ny famaritana nataon' i Lendon, dia misy filaharan-javatra miverimberina amin' ireny ady ireny, toy ny ao amin' ny ''Odisey'': mifanena amin' ny mahery fo iray tsy dia misongadina avy amin' ny ankilany ny mahery fo lehibe iray; ampahafantarina ilay mpifanandrina; mety hifampitahotra izy ireo; ary maty ilay mahery fo tsy dia misongadina. Matetika no esorin' ny mpandresy amin' ny faty ny fiarovan-tena sy ny fitaovam-piadiana entiny.&lt;ref&gt;Lendon (2005), pp. 22–23.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ohatra amin' izany ny fahafatesan' i Simoeisios eo an-tanan' i Ajax, zanak' i Telamon. Ao amin' ny andalana 4.473–483, araka ny dikan-tenin' i Lattimore, dia ampahafantarin' ny tantara fa zanak' i Anthemion i Simoeisios. Teraka teo amoron' ny renirano Simoeis izy, ka izany no niavian' ny anarany: nidina avy tany Ida ny reniny tamin' izay, rehefa niaraka tamin' ny ray aman-dreniny nikarakara andian' ondry. Mbola tanora izy no maty, ka tsy afaka namaly ny fikarakaran' ny ray aman-dreniny. Rehefa nandroso hiady izy dia notsatohan' i Ajax tamin' ny lefona teo akaikin' ny nonony havanana, ary nivoaka teo amin' ny sorony ny lohan-defona varahina.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 4.473–483 Lattimore (1951), pp. 125–126.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny iray amin' ny olana amin' ny fampitahana ny adin' ny mahery fo ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' sy ny ady grika tatỳ aoriana dia ny ady nataon' ny miaramila an-tongotra nitondra fitaovam-piarovana mavesatra, na ''hoplite'', izay nilahatra nifanizina tao amin' ny ''phalanx''. Tany aorian' ny ''Iliada'' vao hita tamin' ny tantara grika izany fomba fiady izany. Misy filazana miaramila milahatra amin' ny endrika mitovitovy amin' ny ''phalanx'' ao amin' ny tononkalo, nefa toa tsy mifanaraka amin' ny fomba fiady iarahan' ny andiany ny fanasongadinana ny ady ifanaovan' ny mahery fo tsirairay. Araka an' i Lendon anefa, dia nisy endrika herim-po koa tao amin' ny adin' ny ''phalanx'': ny fitazonan' ny miaramila ny toerana misy azy ao amin' ny laharana no nisolo ilay fifaninanana isam-batan' olona nanehoana herim-pon' ny lehilahy tao amin' ny tononkalo.&lt;ref&gt;Lendon (2005), p. 51.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ohatra amin' izany ny tantaran' ny adin' ny mpiady voafantina, izay niadian' ny lehilahy 300 avy any Sparta tamin' ny lehilahy 300 avy any Argos. Araka ilay tantara dia roa tamin' ny avy any Argos sy iray tamin' ny avy any Sparta sisa no tavela. Niverina nankany Argos ireo roa lahy mba hitatitra ny fandreseny, fa i Othryades, ilay avy any Sparta, kosa niverina nijoro teo amin' ny toerany tao amin' ny laharana, na dia naratra nahafaty aza. Nambaran' ny avy any Sparta ho azy ireo ny fandresena, satria ny fitazonan' ilay miaramilany farany ny toerany tao amin' ny ''phalanx'' no noraisiny ho fanehoana herim-po ambony indrindra.&lt;ref&gt;Herodotus, ''Histories'' 1.82.&lt;/ref&gt;

Miseho amin' ny tenin' i Hektôro amin' i Ajax koa ny fandavana ny fampiasana fitaka amin' ny ady. Ao amin' ny andalana 7.237–243, araka ny dikan-tenin' i Lattimore, dia milaza i Hektôro fa mahay miady eo anivon' ny fifandonan' ny soavaly sy manao ny fihetsika ilaina amin' ny ady. Na dia mahery aza i Ajax, dia tsy mikasa hanafika azy an-tsokosoko i Hektôro: aleony mifanatrika aminy ampahibemaso ka manandrana mamely azy amin' izany fomba izany.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 7.237–243 Lattimore (1951), p. 174.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy ny fandavana fitaka ihany anefa no asehon' ny lovantsofina momba ny ady. Ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' dia misy andalana iresahan' ny mpitari-tafika toa an' i Agamemnôna sy Nestor ny fandaminana ny miaramila mba hahazoana tombony amin' ny fahavalo. Ao amin' ny tantaran' ny Ady tao Troasy manontolo kosa, ny hafetsen' ny Achaean tamin' ny fampiasana ny soavaly tao Troasy no nahazoany ny fandresena. Tsy ao amin' ny zava-mitranga tantarain' ny ''Iliada'' io, fa resahin' i Hômera ao amin' ny ''Odisey''. Araka an' i Lendon, teo amin' ny ady grika tatỳ aoriana dia nalaza tamin' ny fampiasana hafetsena ny mpitari-tafika avy any Sparta, ary fahaizana notadiavina tamin' ny mpitari-tafika izany. Nampirisika io fomba fitarihana io koa ny mpanoratra grika momba ny paikady miaramila.&lt;ref&gt;Lendon (2005), p. 240.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy naverina manontolo tamin' ny ady grika tatỳ aoriana ny fomba fiady asehon' ny tononkalon' i Hômera. Misy kosa ny fitohizan' ny soatoavina sy ny fomba fiady ary ny torohevitra sasany hita ao amin' izany.&lt;ref&gt;Lendon (2005).&lt;/ref&gt;

Milaza i Hans van Wees fa azo ampifandraisina amin' ny vanim-potoana voafaritra kokoa ny filazalazana ny ady ao amin' ny tononkalo, dia ny tapany voalohan' ny taonjato faha-7 tal. J.K.&lt;ref&gt;van Wees, Hans. ''Greek Warfare – Myth and Realities''. Bristol Classical Press. 2004. p.: 249.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fiantraikany ara-javakanto sy ara-kolontsaina ==
Jereo koa: ny Adin' i Troasy eo amin' ny literatiora sy ny zavakanto.

Nanjary fototry ny fampianarana tany Atena tamin' ny vanim-potoana klasika ny ''Iliada'' sy ny ''Odisey''.&lt;ref&gt;Lamberton (2020), p. 411.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny faran' ny taonjato fahadimy talohan' i Kristy dia efa niely ny fahalalana ireo lahatsoratra roa ireo teo amin' ny tontolo grika fahiny.&lt;ref&gt;Kim (2020), p. 424.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny filazan' i Gregory Nagy, manam-pahaizana momba ny tontolo grika sy rômana fahiny, dia nohajain' ny Grika fahiny ho vato fehizoron' ny sivilizasiônany ny ''Iliada'' nosoratan' i Hômera sy ny ''Odisey'' izay miara-dalana aminy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uh.edu/~cldue/texts/introductiontohomer.html ''Heroes and the Homeric Iliad'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2025-12-04. tranonkala: www.uh.edu.&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an' i James Boyd White, mpandalina literatiora, dia sady mamaritra kolontsaina iray ny ''Iliada'' no mitsikera ny fototra iorenan' izany kolontsaina izany.&lt;ref&gt;White, James B.. ''Homer's Argument with Culture''. ''Critical Inquiry''. 1981. boky: 7. laharana: 4. pp.: 707–725. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISSN 0093-1896&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1086/448127&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;JSTOR 1343146&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nahazo laza tany Grisia tamin' ny vanim-potoana klasika ny ''Iliada'', ary nitohy izany nandritra ny [[Vanim-potoana helenistika|vanim-potoana helenistika]], ny vanim-potoana rômana ary ny [[Empira Bizantina|vanim-potoana bizantina]]. Araka ny famintinana omen' i Lawrence Kim ny hevitry ny ankamaroan' ny mpikaroka, dia efa nisy tamin' ny endriny iray ny ''Iliada'' teo antenatenan' ny taonjato fahafito talohan' i Kristy. Tsy misy anefa fanondroana mivantana azy tamin' ny taona 650–550 talohan' i Kristy voatahiry, ary fanondroana ankolaka ao amin' ny literatiora ny ankamaroan' ny fanondroana azy.&lt;ref&gt;Kim (2020), p. 418–420.&lt;/ref&gt; Nitombo ny lazany tamin' ny taonjato fahadimy talohan' i Kristy, nefa vitsy ny porofo ahafahana milaza fa efa nekena ho lahatsoratra fototra sy fakan-tahaka ao amin' ny asa soratra ampifandraisina amin' i Hômera izy sy ny ''Odisey'' tamin' izany fotoana izany.&lt;ref&gt;Kim (2020), p. 422.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny filazan' i Kim momba ny taona 14–235 taorian' i Kristy, dia nahatratra ny faritra rehetra tao amin' ny Empira Rômana ny fitaoman' i Hômera, ary nisy sarivongana naneho ny ''Iliada'' ho toy ny olona.&lt;ref&gt;Kim (2020), p. 431.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ny lohahevitra nankafizin' ny mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra grika fahiny ny Adin' i Troasy. Ny ''Oresteia'', tantara an-tsehatra telo mifampitohy nosoratan' i [[Aeschylus]], izay ahitana ny ''Agamemnon'', ny ''The Libation Bearers'' ary ny ''The Eumenides'', dia mitantara ny fiainan' i Agamemnôna taorian' ny niverenany avy tany an' ady.

I Publius Baebius Italicus, mpikambana tao amin' ny Antenimieran-doholona rômana, no heverina ho nanoratra dikan-teny latina nohafohezina tamin' ny ''Iliada'', tokony ho tamin' ny taona 54–65 taorian' i Kristy. Antsoina hoe ''Ilias Latina'' na ''Homerus Latinus'' io asa soratra io, izay nambara taloha fa nosoratan' i Pindarus Thebaeus. Tsy dia novakina tany amin' ny Tandrefana nandritra ny Andro Antenatenany ny lahatsoratra grika niandohan' ny ''Iliada'', fa ny ''Ilias Latina'' kosa dia nianarana sy novakina betsaka ho lahatsoratra fototra tany an-tsekoly. Nirona tsy hatoky an' i Hômera koa ny olona tany amin' ny Tandrefana, satria noheveriny fa nananany ireo fitantarana momba ny Adin' i Troasy nosoratan' i Dares sy Dictys Cretensis, izay noheverina ho vavolombelona nanatrika ireo zava-nitranga; tamin' ny fijerin' ireo mpamaky dia akaiky kokoa ny fiainana andavanandro sy ny zava-misy ireo fitantarana ireo. Ireo fitantarana natao hosoka tamin' ny faraparan' ny Andro Taloha ireo no fototry ny tantaram-pitiavana sy zava-niainan' ny mpiady an-tsoavaly maro izay nahazo laza be tamin' ny [[Andro Antenatenany]], indrindra ireo nosoratan' i Benoît de Sainte-Maure sy Guido delle Colonne. Niteraka tantara maro hafa tamin' ny fiteny eorôpeana samihafa indray ireo, anisan' izany ny ''Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye'' tamin' ny taona 1473, izay boky voalohany natao pirinty tamin' ny teny anglisy. Anisan' ny fitantarana hafa novakina tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany koa ny famerenana ny tantara tamin' ny teny latina efa nisy hatramin' ny Andro Taloha, toy ny ''Excidium Troiae'', sy ireo asa soratra tamin' ny fiteny fampiasan' ny mponina, toy ny tantaran' i Troasy amin' ny teny islandey. Na dia tsy novakina aza i Hômera, dia mbola nanana toerana lehibe teo amin' ny kolontsaina ara-literatiora tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany sy ny fiheveran' ny olona ny maha-izy azy tany Eorôpa Andrefana ny tantaran' ny Adin' i Troasy. Nampifandray ny fiaviany tamin' ireo mahery fo tamin' izany ady izany ny ankamaroan' ny firenena sy ny fianakavian' andriana maro. Anisan' izany ny fitantarana fa ilay Troiana atao hoe Brutus no nanorim-ponenana tany Britain.&lt;ref&gt;Nennius. ''Historia Brittonum''. ''III. The History''. Fordham University Press. nampitaina tamin' ny: sourcebooks.fordham.edu. daty nijerena voarakitra: 4 July 2022. chapter-url: https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/nennius-full.asp.&lt;/ref&gt;

Efa nanao dikan-teny latina talohan' izany i Matius, ka nampiasa andalana misy singam-pandrefesana gadona enina, na ''hexameter''. Mbola misy sombiny amin' io dikan-teny io voatahiry.&lt;ref&gt;Conte, Gian Biagio; Most, Glenn W.; Fowler, Don P.; Conte, Gian Biagio; Conte, Gian Biagio; Fowler, Don; Solodow, Joseph B.. ''Latin literature: a history''. Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Md.. 1999. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8018-6253-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: Paperbacks.&lt;/ref&gt;

Niverina nanana fiantraikany lehibe teo amin' ny kolontsaina eorôpeana ny asa soratr' i Hômera rehefa niverina ny fahalianana tamin' ny kolontsaina grika fahiny nandritra ny ''Renaissance'', vanim-potoan' ny fifohazana ara-kolontsaina tany Eorôpa. Nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 no niverina tany Italia sy Eorôpa Andrefana ny lahatsoratra manontolon' ny ''Iliada'', indrindra tamin' ny alalan' ny dikan-teny latina sy ireo dikan-teny tamin' ny fiteny fampiasan' ny mponina.

Araka ny filazan' i Suleyman al-Boustani, poety tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 izay nanao ny dikan-teny arabo voalohany tamin' ny ''Iliada'', dia mety ho niely be tamin' ny voalohandohan' ny Andro Antenatenany ny dikan-tenin' ilay tononkalo tamin' ny [[Fiteny siriaka|teny siriaka]] sy ny teny persiana antenatenany, na ''pahlavi''. I al-Boustani no nilaza fa i Theophilus of Edessa no nanao ilay dikan-teny siriaka. Araka ny filazany ihany, dia namaky na nihaino betsaka an' io dikan-teny io sy ny lahatsoratra grika niandohany ireo manam-pahaizana tao [[Bagdad|Baghdad]] tamin' ny fotoan' ny firoboroboan' ny [[Kalifata Abasida|Kalifata Abbasida]], nefa tsy niezaka nandika azy ho amin' ny teny arabo, fiteny ofisialin' ilay empira. Nilaza koa i al-Boustani fa ny ''Iliada'' no tononkalo epika manontolo voalohany voadika avy tamin' ny fiteny vahiny ho amin' ny teny arabo, rehefa navoaka tamin' ny taona 1904 ny dikan-teny feno nataony.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Boustani, Suleyman. ''الإلياذة''. Hindawi. 2012. pp.: 26–27. dikan' ny lohateny voarakitra: Iliad. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-977-719-184-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zavakanto anglisy ===
* Nampiasa ny fizotry ny tantara ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' ho akora nanoratany ny tantara an-tsehatra ''Troilus and Cressida'' i [[William Shakespeare]]. Nifantoka tamin' ny angano iray tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany anefa izy, dia ny fifankatiavan' i Troilus, zanak' i Priam mpanjakan' i Troasy, sy i Cressida, zanakavavin' i Calchas, ilay mpilaza ny hoavy troiana. Matetika sokajina ho hatsikana io tantara an-tsehatra io, ary mamadika ny fomba fijery nentim-paharazana momba ny zava-nitranga tamin' ny Adin' i Troasy: asehony ho kanosa i Akileosy, ho mpikarama an' ady vendrana sady tsy mieritreritra i Ajax, sy ny sisa.
* Nanao sarivongana halimo mampiseho an' i Thetis mitondra ny fitafiana fiarovana vaovao ho an' i Akileosy i William Theed zokiny. I Hephaestus no nanamboatra izany fiarovana izany tamin' ny fanefena metaly. Naranty tao amin' ny ''Metropolitan Museum of Art'' (Tranombakoky ny Zavakanto ao an-tanàn-dehibe), any New York City, ilay sarivongana nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2013.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/239234 ''Thetis Transporting Arms for Achilles'']. Metropolitan Museum of Art. daty nijerena voarakitra: 4 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Miresaka ny nahafantaran' i Robert Browning ny tantaran' ny ''Iliada'' fony izy mbola zaza sy ny fahafinaretana azony tamin' io tononkalo mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo io ny tononkalony ''Development''. Resahiny ao koa ireo adihevitra tamin' ny androny momba izay nanoratra ny ''Iliada''.&lt;ref&gt;Browning, Robert. ''Asolando: Fancies and Facts''. Smith, Elder &amp; Co.. London, England. 1890. pp.: 123–130. fiteny: en. fanontana: 1st.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zavakanto tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 ===
* Nanoratra ny tononkalo miendrika tantara an-tsehatra ''Cassandra'' i Lesya Ukrainka tamin' ny 1901–1907, ka ny ''Iliada'' no niaingany. Mitantara ny fiainan' i Cassandra, vehivavy mpaminany, ilay asa.
* Ny ''The fall of Troy'' (1911) dia sarimihetsika italiana tsy misy feo nataon' i [[Giovanni Pastrone]].
* Ny ''Achilles in the Trench'' dia tononkalo momba ny ady tamin' ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany. Nanoratra azy i Patrick Shaw-Stewart raha mbola niandry ny handefasana azy hiady tany Gallipoli.
* Ny ''The Private Life of Helen of Troy'' (1925) dia boky nosoratan' i John Erskine. Ny fiainan' i Helen tatỳ aoriana tao Sparta, tamin' ny fotoana nanakaiky ny fanambadian' i Hermione, no ifantohany. Araka ny famakafakan' i Laurie Maguire, mampiasa teny maneso ny resaka ao amin' ilay boky, ary aseho ho olona mahay mifampiresaka sy mandinika ny tenany i Helen.&lt;ref name = &quot;Maguire&quot;&gt;Maguire, Laurie. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ccjIPayRmvMC ''Helen of Troy: From Homer to Hollywood'']. ''Parodying Helen''. Wiley-Blackwell. 2009. p.: 183. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781444308631&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 23 July 2026. chapter-url: https://books.google.com/books?id=ccjIPayRmvMC&amp;q=%22In+1927%2C+Helen+received+her+first+film+treatment%22. publication-place: Chichester, West Sussex, [[Angletera|England]].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny ''The Private Life of Helen of Troy'' (1927) dia sarimihetsika hatsikana tsy misy feo notarihin' i [[Alexander Korda]].&lt;ref name = &quot;Review&quot;&gt;Anna Tóth, Zsófia. [https://americanaejournal.hu/index.php/americanaejournal/article/download/46136/44664 ''Helen of Troy in Hollywood Review by Zsófia Anna Tóth'']. AMERICANA – E-Journal of American Studies in Hungary. [[Hôngria|Hungary]]. 2024. daty nijerena voarakitra: 23 July 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny famakafakan' i Laurie Maguire, na dia natao dokam-barotra ho fampifanarahana ny tantara nosoratan' i Erskine aza izy io, dia vitsy ny zavatra iombonan' izy roa. Miseho mandritra ny fotoana mialoha ny Adin' i Troasy kosa ny zava-mitranga ao amin' ilay sarimihetsika, saingy mitovitovy amin' ny an' ilay boky ny fomba fitantarany sy ny fanehoany ireo mpandray anjara fototra.&lt;ref name = &quot;Maguire&quot; /&gt;
* Ny ''The Queen of Sparta'' (1931) dia sarimihetsika maharitra 80 minitra, mitantara zava-bitan' ny mahery fo, ary natao tamin' ny tetibola kely. Orinasa italiana no namokatra azy tany Hollywood, ary fampifanarahana tsy manaraka akaiky ny ''Iliada'' izy io.&lt;ref&gt;Winkler, Martin M.. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tDv2znATTy4C ''Troy: From Homer's Iliad to Hollywood Epic'']. ''13: The Trojan War on Screen: An Annotated Filmography''. John Wiley &amp; Sons. 2007. p.: 205. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781405178549&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 23 July 2026. chapter-url: https://books.google.com/books?id=tDv2znATTy4C&amp;q=%22La+regina+di+Sparta%22%22dysfunctional%22&amp;pg=PR7.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nanoratra ny lahatsoratra famakafakana ''The Iliad or the Poem of Force'' i Simone Weil tamin' ny 1939, fotoana fohy taorian' ny nanombohan' ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]]. Ao amin' io lahatsoratra io, dia mandinika ny fomba anehoan' ny ''Iliada'' fa ny fampiasana hery tafahoatra amin' ny ady dia mampietry na ny iharam-pahavoazana na ny mpanafika ho toy ny andevo sy milina mandeha ho azy tsy misaina i Weil.&lt;ref&gt;Lawrence, Bruce B.; Karim, Aisha. ''On Violence – A Reader''. Duke University Press. 2008. p.: 377. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8223-3769-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny ''The Golden Apple'' dia tantara an-tsehatra misy hira tao Broadway tamin' ny 1954. I John Treville Latouche no nanoratra ny lahateny sy ny tononkira, ary i Jerome Moross no namorona ny mozika. Fampifanarahana malalaka ny ''Iliada'' sy ny ''Odisey'' izy io, ka nafindra tao amin' ny [[Washington|fanjakan' i Washington]], any [[Etazonia]], ny zava-mitranga, tamin' ireo taona taorian' ny ady nifanaovan' i Espaina sy Etazonia. Ny ''Iliada'' no nanome aingam-panahy ny zava-mitranga ao amin' ny fizarana voalohany, ary ny ''Odisey'' kosa ny ao amin' ny fizarana faharoa.
* Ny ''Helen of Troy'' (1956) dia sarimihetsika notarihin' i [[Robert Wise]]. Araka ny famakafakan' i Zsófia Anna Tóth, asongadiny fa tsy tompon' andraikitra tamin' ny fakana an-keriny azy i Helen.&lt;ref name = &quot;Review&quot; /&gt;
* Nanomboka nanoratra ny tononkalo ''War Music'' i Christopher Logue tamin' ny 1959, ho fanatanterahana asa nampanaovina azy ho an' ny fampielezam-peo. Fitantarana miainga amin' ny ''Iliada'' izy io, fa tsy fandikana azy. Nanohy niasa tamin' ilay tononkalo i Logue mandra-pahafatiny tamin' ny 2011. Araka ny filazan' i Tom Holland, anisan' ny asa literera miavaka indrindra taorian' ny ady izy io. Nisy fiantraikany tamin' i Kae Tempest sy Alice Oswald ilay tononkalo; i Oswald kosa nilaza fa mamoaka eo amin' izao tontolo izao hery ara-tsehatra efa hadino izy io.&lt;ref&gt;Logue, Christopher. ''War Music, an account of Homer's Iliad''. ''Introduction by Christopher Reid''. Faber &amp; Faber. 2015. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-571-31449-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny ''opera'' (tantara an-tsehatra atao amin' ny hira sy mozika) ''King Priam'', nosoratan' i Michael Tippett, dia niainga tamin' ny ''Iliada'' nefa tsy nanaraka azy akaiky. Tamin' ny 1962 no nanaovana ny fampisehoana azy voalohany.
* Ny ''The Fury of Achilles'' (1962) dia sarimihetsika italiana notarihin' i [[Marino Girolami]], ary i Akileosy no ifantohany. Fohy noho ny kinova voalohany amin' ny roapolo minitra eo ho eo ny kinova nosoloina feo anglisy. Tsy tafiditra ao amin' io kinova anglisy io ireo seho momba ny Soavaly Troiana, ary mifarana aorian' ny namonoan' i Akileosy an' i Hektôro ilay izy.&lt;ref&gt;Sipiläinen, Mirke. [https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202306133738 ''Friend, Lover, Cousin: The Portrayal of Achilles and Patroclus' relationship in the adaptations of the Iliad in 1920-2020'']. 31 May 2023. p.: 34. daty nijerena voarakitra: 23 July 2026. tranonkala: University of Jyväskylä.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny tantara ''Cassandra'' (1983), nosoratan' i Christa Wolf, dia mamerina mandinika ny ''Iliada''. I Cassandra no mpitantara ao amin' ilay tantara nosoratan' i Wolf, ary ny eritreriny fotoana fohy talohan' ny namonoan' i Clytemnestra azy no ampandrenesina ny mpamaky. Ny fomba fijery manohana ny zon' ny vehivavy no entin' ilay mpitantara mandinika io ady io sy ny ady amin' ny ankapobeny. Miaraka amin' ny tantaran' i Cassandra ny lahatsoratra famakafakana efatra natolotr' i Wolf nandritra ny ''Frankfurter Poetik-Vorlesungen'' (lahateny momba ny famoronana literera any Frankfurt) tamin' ny 1982. Asehon' ireo lahatsoratra ireo ny olana nodinihin' i Wolf amin' ny maha-mpanoratra azy sy amin' ny famerenany manoratra io tantara efa anisan' ny lova literera io. Asehon' izy ireo koa ny fiforonan' ilay tantara tamin' ny alalan' ny vakitenin' i Wolf sy ny diany tany Grisia.
* Ny ''Men in Aida'' (1983), nosoratan' i David Melnick, dia asa ao amin' ny firehan' ny literatiora ''postmodern'', izay mametraka fanontaniana amin' ny fomba fanoratra efa mahazatra. Ny boky voalohan' ny ''Iliada'' no averiny soratana amin' ny alalan' ny fandikana mifototra amin' ny fitoviam-peo: ny feon' ny teny tany am-boalohany no arahiny, fa tsy ny heviny, ka lasa tantara hatsikana mihoa-pampana miseho ao amin' ny trano fandroana ilay lahatsoratra. Mifandray amin' ny fiandohan' ny tononkalo amin' ny teny grika, «μῆνιν ἄειδε», soratana amin' ny abidy latina hoe ''mínin áeide'' (izany hoe «Hirao ny hatezerana»), ny lohateniny.
* Ny ''The Firebrand'', tantara nosoratan' i Marion Zimmer Bradley tamin' ny 1987, dia mamerina mitantara ny zava-nitranga araka ny fomba fijerin' i Kassandra, andriambavy tao Troasy sady mpaminany voaozon' i [[Apôlôna (andriamanitra)|Apollo]].

=== Kolontsaina malaza ankehitriny ===
* Mitantara indray ny angano momba ny Adin' i Troasy ny andian-tantara an-tsary ''Age of Bronze'', nosoratan' i Eric Shanower sy navoakan' ny ''Image Comics'' (trano famoahana tantara an-tsary), izay nanomboka tamin' ny 1998.&lt;ref&gt;Eric Shanower, ''A Thousand Ships'' (2001, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-58240-200-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;); —. ''Sacrifice'' (2004, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-58240-360-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;); —. ''Betrayal, Part One'' (2008, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-58240-845-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/ref&gt;
* Navoaka tamin' ny 2003 ny ''Ilium'', tantara foronina ara-tsiansa mivelatra be nataon' i Dan Simmons ho fampifanarahana ny ''Iliada'' sady ho fanomezam-boninahitra azy. Nahazo ny loka Locus ho an' ny tantara foronina ara-tsiansa tsara indrindra tamin' ny 2004 izy io.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.worldswithoutend.com/novel.asp?ID=56 Ilium|WWEnd], ''worldswithoutend.com'', retrieved 2 February 2025&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WWE-2004&quot;&gt;[http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=2004 ''2004 Award Winners &amp; Nominees'']. ''Worlds Without End''. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2009-07-16.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny ''Helen of Troy'' (2003) dia tantara mitohy fohy amin' ny fahitalavitra, izay mitantara avy amin' ny fomba fijerin' i Menelaus. Ny fiantraikan' i Helen tamin' ireo olona nanodidina azy no ifantohany, fa ny Adin' i Troasy amin' ny ankapobeny kosa no tontolo iavian' ilay tantara.&lt;ref&gt;Santos Muñoz, Yalitza Y.. [https://scholar.uprm.edu/entities/publication/da9bdcce-88ed-4c87-a84e-a179f9365dad ''The Ripple Effect: Mirror Images of Helen of Troy'']. 2012. p.: 50. daty nijerena voarakitra: 23 July 2026. tranonkala: University of Jyväskylä.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Fampifanarahana an-tsarimihetsika tsy manaraka akaiky ny ''Iliada'' ny ''Troy'' (2004). Samy nisy ny hevitra nankasitraka sy ny nitsikera azy; 133 tapitrisa dolara monja ny vola niditra tamin' ny fampisehoana azy tao [[Etazonia]], raha 185 tapitrisa dolara ny tetibolany.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2005/US/10/10/past.profile.troy/ ''&quot;Troy&quot; a mediocre epic - Oct 10, 2005'']. October 10, 2005. daty nijerena voarakitra: March 15, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: March 16, 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. tranonkala: CNN.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180316023921/http://edition.cnn.com/2005/US/10/10/past.profile.troy/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Raha ny tsena iraisam-pirenena kosa no jerena, dia nahomby ara-barotra ilay sarimihetsika, ka nahatratra 497 tapitrisa dolara ny vola niditra maneran-tany.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/ ''All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses'']. tranonkala: boxofficemojo.com.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mitantara indray ny ''Iliada'' amin' ny endrika tantara foronina ny ''The Rage of Achilles'' (2009), nosoratan' i Terence Hawkins, mpanoratra avy any [[Etazonia]] sady mpanorina ny ''Yale Writers' Conference'' (fihaonamben' ny mpanoratra ao Yale). Fiteny maoderina, izay maneho mivantana sy amin' ny antsipiriany ny herisetra indraindray, no ampiasainy. Ny teôrian' i Julian Jaynes momba ny saina lazaina fa manana ampahany roa sy ny fanontaniana raha tena nitranga teo amin' ny tantara ny Adin' i Troasy no fototra niaingan' ilay tantara foronina. Asehony ho lehilahy tena nisy ireo mpandray anjara; ao amin' ilay tantara, amin' ny endrika fahitana na fandrenesana zavatra tsy misy eo ivelany (''hallucinations'') na feo mandidy ihany no isehoan' ireo andriamanitra amin' izy ireo, mandritra ny fiovana tampoka sy mampanaintaina mankany amin' ny fahatsiarovan-tena tena maoderina.
* Namorona ny ''An Iliad'', tantara an-tsehatra maharitra 100 minitra lalaovin' olona iray, i Lisa Peterson sy Denis O'Hare. Ny dikan-tenin' i Robert Fagles no fototr' izy io, ary natao ho an' ny ''New York Theatre Workshop'' (fikambanana mpanatontosa teatra ao New York) ilay asa. Tao amin' ny ''Seattle Repertory Theatre'' (teatra ao Seattle) no nisehoany voalohany tamin' ny 2010. Tamin' io taona io ihany dia nasehon' ny ''McCarter Theatre'' (teatra McCarter) tao Princeton, New Jersey, izy io, talohan' ny nanombohan' ny fampisehoana azy tao New York tamin' ny 2012.&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Kenneth. [https://playbill.com/article/denis-ohare-and-stephen-spinella-alternate-in-nyc-premiere-of-an-iliad-spinella-begins-feb-17-com-187609 ''Denis O'Hare and Stephen Spinella Alternate in NYC Premiere of An Iliad; Spinella Begins Feb. 17'']. 17 February 2012. daty nijerena voarakitra: 20 April 2026. magazine: Playbill. Gans, Andrew. [https://playbill.com/article/stephen-spinella-to-star-in-mccarter-theatre-centers-an-iliad-com-172539 ''Stephen Spinella to Star in McCarter Theatre Center's An Iliad'']. 11 October 2010. daty nijerena voarakitra: 20 April 2026. magazine: Playbill.&lt;/ref&gt; I David Wenham no nandray ny anjara fototra tamin' ny fampisehoana ilay tantara ho an' ny ''Sydney Theatre Company'' (orinasa mpanatontosa teatra ao Sydney) tamin' ny 2026.&lt;ref&gt;[https://sydneytheatre.shorthandstories.com/an-iliad/index.html &quot;''An Iliad''&quot;], program notes, Sydney Theatre Company&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny ''Memorial'' (2011),&lt;ref&gt;
Oswald, Alice. [http://www.faber.co.uk/work/memorial/9780571274161/ ''Memorial – An Excavation of the Iliad'']. Faber &amp; Faber. 2011. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-571-27416-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. datin' ny tahiry: 6 June 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120606191424/http://faber.co.uk/work/memorial/9780571274161/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].
&lt;/ref&gt; izay amboaran-tononkalo fahenina nosoratan' i Alice Oswald, dia miainga amin' ny ''Iliada'', saingy miala amin' ny endriny amin' ny maha-tononkalo mitantara azy. Mifantoka amin' ireo mpandray anjara voatonona anarana tsirairay izay voalaza fa maty ao amin' ilay tononkalo izy io, ka manokana fahatsiarovana ho azy ireo amin' izany.&lt;ref&gt;
Holland, Tom. [http://www.newstatesman.com/books/2011/10/homer-achilles-iliad-miller-2 ''The Song of Achilles by Madeline Miller / Memorial by Alice Oswald. Surfing the rip tide of all things Homeric'']. London. 17 October 2011. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 June 2012. datin' ny tahiry: 23 May 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210523130310/https://www.newstatesman.com/books/2011/10/homer-achilles-iliad-miller-2 rohy tahiry voarakitra]. magazine: New Statesman.
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kellaway20111002&quot;&gt;
Kellaway, Kate. [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/oct/02/memorial-alice-oswald-review ''Memorial by Alice Oswald – review'']. ''The Observer''. London. 2 October 2011. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 June 2012.
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
Higgins, Charlotte. [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/oct/28/song-achilles-madeline-miller-iliad ''The Song of Achilles by Madeline Miller, and more – review'']. ''The Guardian''. London. 28 October 2011. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 June 2012.
&lt;/ref&gt; Tafiditra tao amin' ny lisitra fohy nifantenana izay hahazo ny loka T. S. Eliot ny ''Memorial'' tamin' ny Oktobra 2011.&lt;ref&gt;
Flood, Alison. [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/oct/20/ts-eliot-prize-2011-shortlist ''TS Eliot prize 2011 shortlist revealed'']. ''The Guardian''. London. 20 October 2011. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 June 2012.
&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny tatitr' i Florence Waters sy Alison Flood anefa, nesorin' i Oswald tamin' ilay lisitra fohy ny boky tamin' ny Desambra 2011.&lt;ref&gt;
Waters, Florence. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/8938343/Poet-withdraws-from-TS-Eliot-prize-over-sponsorship.html ''Poet withdraws from TS Eliot prize over sponsorship'']. ''The Telegraph''. London. 6 December 2011. daty nijerena voarakitra: 13 February 2012. datin' ny tahiry: 10 January 2022. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. fidirana voarakitra: subscription. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/8938343/Poet-withdraws-from-TS-Eliot-prize-over-sponsorship.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
Flood, Alison. [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/dec/06/alice-oswald-withdraws-ts-eliot-prize ''Alice Oswald withdraws from TS Eliot prize in protest at sponsor Aurum'']. ''The Guardian''. London. 6 December 2011. daty nijerena voarakitra: 13 February 2012.
&lt;/ref&gt; Nambarany fa ny ahiahiny momba ny fanarahan' ireo mpanohana ny loka ny fitsipika ara-pitondran-tena no antony nisintonany ny boky.&lt;ref&gt;
Oswald, Alice. [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/dec/12/ts-eliot-poetry-prize-pulled-out ''Why I pulled out of the TS Eliot poetry prize?'']. ''The Guardian''. London. 12 December 2011. daty nijerena voarakitra: 13 February 2012.
&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny ''The Song of Achilles'',&lt;ref&gt;Miller, Madeline. ''The Song of Achilles''. Bloomsbury. 2011. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4088-1603-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; tantara foronina voalohany nosoratan' i Madeline Miller ary navoaka tamin' ny 2011, dia mitantara ny fiarahan' i Akileosy sy Patroclus niaina tamin' ny fahazazany sy tamin' izy ireo mpifankatia sy miaramila. Nahazo ny loka ho an' ny vehivavy mpanoratra tantara foronina tamin' ny 2012 ilay boky. Ny ''Iliada'' sy ny sanganasan' ny mpanoratra hafa tamin' ny Andro Taloha, toa an' i Statius, [[Ôvidio|Ovid]] ary [[Virgil]], no fototra niaingany.&lt;ref&gt;Ciabattari, Jane. [http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/03/20/madeline-miller-discusses-the-song-of-achilles.html ''Madeline Miller Discusses The Song of Achilles'']. 21 March 2012. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 June 2012. tranonkala: The Daily Beast.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nosoratan' i Emily Hauser, manam-pahaizana momba ny kolontsaina tamin' ny Andro Taloha sady mpahay tantara, tamin' ny 2016 ny ''For the Most Beautiful''.&lt;ref&gt;Hauser, Emily. ''For the Most Beautiful''. Penguin Books. 2016. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-784-16065-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Mitantara ny fiainan' i Chryseis sy Briseis amin' ny alalan' ny tenin' izy ireo ihany ilay boky.
* Mitantara ny vokatry ny faharavan' i Troasy amin' ny alalan' ny fomba fijery sy ny tenin' ireo vehivavy voakasik' izany ny ''A Thousand Ships'',&lt;ref&gt;Haynes, Natalie. ''A Thousand Ships''. Pan Macmillan. 2019. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-509-83621-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; tantara foronina nosoratan' i Natalie Haynes tamin' ny 2019. Tafiditra tao amin' ny lisitra fohy nifantenana izay hahazo ny loka ho an' ny vehivavy mpanoratra tantara foronina tamin' ny 2020 izy io.&lt;ref&gt;[https://nataliehaynes.com/books/a-thousand-ships ''Natalie Haynes – A Thousand Ships'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 February 2025. datin' ny tahiry: 1 February 2025. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. tranonkala: nataliehaynes.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250201121526/https://nataliehaynes.com/books/a-thousand-ships rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.womensprize.com/announcing-the-2020-womens-prize-for-fiction-shortlist/ ''Announcing the 2020 Women's Prize for Fiction shortlist'']. 31 March 2020. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 February 2025. tranonkala: womensprize.com.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tao anatin' ny fahalianany nitohy tamin' ny fitantarana an-tsoratra ireo angano tamin' ny Andro Taloha no namoahan' i Stephen Fry ny ''Troy'' tamin' ny 2020.&lt;ref&gt;Fry, Stephen. ''Troy''. Penguin Books. 2020. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-241-42458-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanjary be mpitia ilay boky satria nanome fomba mora kokoa hamakiana ireo angano grika.&lt;ref&gt;Dutta, Shomit. [https://www.the-tls.co.uk/classics/troy-stephen-fry-shmoit-dutta ''Troys for girls and boys'']. The Times Literary Supplement. 8 January 2021. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 February 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Namoaka ny ''The Silence of the Girls''&lt;ref&gt;Barker, Pat. ''The Silence of the Girls''. Penguin Books. 2019. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-241-98320-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; tamin' ny 2018 sy ny ''The Women of Troy''&lt;ref&gt;Barker, Pat. ''The Women of Troy''. Penguin Books. 2022. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-241-98833-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; tamin' ny 2021 i Pat Barker. Samy mitantara indray ny tantaran' ireo vehivavy tsy nahazo naneho ny feony tao amin' ny ''Iliada'' ireo boky roa ireo, ary samy nahazo fankasitrahan' ny mpitsikera. Nampidirin' ny ''The Guardian'' tao amin' ny lisitry ny boky tsara indrindra tamin' ny taonjato faha-21 ny ''The Silence of the Girls''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/sep/21/best-books-of-the-21st-century ''The 100 best books of the 21st century'']. ''The Guardian''. 21 September 2019. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 February 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Siansa ===
Nanoratra boky roa i Jonathan Shay, mpitsabo aretin-tsaina: ''Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character'' (1994)&lt;ref&gt;Shay, Jonathan. ''Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and the undoing of character''. Scribner. 1994. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-684-81321-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; sy ''Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming'' (2002).&lt;ref&gt;Shay, Jonathan; ''Odysseus in America – Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming'', New York, Scribner, 2002, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7432-1157-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ireo boky ireo, dinihiny ny fikorontanana noho ny strès pôstraomatika (na aretin-tsaina mety hitranga aorian' ny zava-nitranga tena nampihorohoro na nandratra mafy ara-tsaina; ''posttraumatic stress disorder'' amin' ny teny anglisy), ka ampitahainy amin' ny fanehoana ny ady sy ny fiverenana an-tanindrazana ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' sy ny ''Odisey'' ny zavatra niainan' ireo miaramila efa niady resahiny.&lt;ref&gt;Shay, J. ''Learning about combat stress from Homer's Iliad''. ''Journal of Traumatic Stress''. 1991. boky: 4. laharana: 4. pp.: 561–579. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1002/jts.2490040409&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny lohahevitra resahiny ao amin' ireo boky roa ireo koa ny ratra amin' ny faharesen-dahatra momba ny tsara sy ny ratsy (''moral injury'').&lt;ref&gt;Maguen, S.; Litz, B. T.. [http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/newsletters/research-quarterly/v23n1.pdf ''Moral injury in veterans of war'']. ''PTSD Research Quarterly''. 2012. boky: 23. laharana: 1. pp.: 1–6.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanehoana ny vehivavy sy ny lehilahy ==
Mandinika ny fanehoana ny vehivavy ao amin' ny dikan-tenin' ny tononkalon' i Hômera i Sophie Davidson sy Briana King, samy amin' ny fomba famakafakany avy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Sophie Davidson. [https://blue-stocking.org.uk/2024/04/26/emily-wilsons-iliad-myth-translation-and-gender-in-the-homeric-epics/ ''Emily Wilson's Iliad: Myth, Translation, and Gender in the Homeric Epics'']. 2024-04-26. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-05-09. tranonkala: Bluestocking Oxford.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;King, Briana. [https://thersites-journal.de/index.php/thr/article/view/279 ''Un-silencing the Girls: Critical Classical Reception in Feminist Retellings of Greek Myths'']. ''Thersites. Journal for Transcultural Presences &amp; Diachronic Identities from Antiquity to Date''. 2024-12-09. boky: 19. laharana: thersites. Journal for Transcultural Presences &amp; Diachronic Identities from Antiquity to Date, Vol. 19 (2024): Fantastic antiquities and where to find them. Ancient worlds in (post-)modern novels (ed. M. Heinemann, A. Weiß &amp; C. Walde). pp.: 8–46. fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISSN 2364-7612&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.34679/thersites.vol19.279&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Asehon' ny tantara indrindra ho toy ny fananana sarobidy ny vehivavy, ka miteraka fifandirana ny fifaninanana hahazo azy ireo: i Helen no anton' ny ady, ary ny fifanolanana momba ireo andevo vavy Briseis sy Chryseis no mampifanditra an' i Akileosy sy Agamemnôna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

Anisan' ny tantara averina soratana amin' ny fomba fijerin' ny vehivavy iharan' ny fampahoriana ny ''Iliada''. Ampiasaina ho sehatra handinihana indray ny toeran' ny vehivavy sy ny lehilahy tamin' ny Andro Taloha ny Adin' i Troasy. Ao amin' ny tantara foronina nosoratany tamin' ny 1983, i Christa Wolf, mpanoratra avy any Alemaina Atsinanana, dia mitantara izany amin' ny fomba fijerin' i Cassandra, fa i Pat Barker kosa mampiasa ny fomba fijerin' i Briseis. Matetika ireo fanoratana indray ireo no mametra-panontaniana momba ireo toetra raisina ho filamatry ny lehilahy, sady mandinika ny herisetra atao amin' ny vehivavy mandritra ny ady.&lt;ref&gt;Lesser, Rachel. [https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/classfac/28 ''Ancient and Modern Voices of Briseis: A Feminist Critique'']. ''Classical Receptions Journal''. 2025-06-21. boky: 17. laharana: 3. pp.: 236–251. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1093/crj/claf002&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;[https://pjes.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/PJES_6-1_3_Tuhin_Shuvra_Sen.pdf ''Summoning the Voices of the Silenced: Pat Barker's The Silence of the Girls, a Feminist Retelling of Homer's The Iliad''].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ebsco.com/ ''Cassandra by Christa Wolf | Literature and Writing | Research Starters | EBSCO Research'']. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-05-10. tranonkala: EBSCO.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Nanomboka teo antenatenan' ny taompolo 2000, dia nanjary sampan-karazan-dahatsoratra be mpamaky ny fanoratana indray ny angano fahiny amin' ny fomba fijerin' ny vehivavy iray ao amin' ny tantara.&lt;ref&gt;[https://huskiecommons.lib.niu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2453&amp;context=studentengagement-honorscapstones ''Feminist Retellings of Homer's The Odyssey, 2005-2022''].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Shaffi, Sarah. [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/24/two-sides-to-a-story-why-feminist-retellings-are-filling-our-bookshelves ''Two sides to a story: why feminist retellings are filling our bookshelves'']. ''The Guardian''. 2023-03-24. fiteny: en-GB. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISSN 0261-3077&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-05-19.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://grattanstreetpress.com/2024/09/17/the-enduring-popularity-of-mythological-retellings/ ''The Enduring Popularity of Mythological Retellings'']. 2024-09-17. fiteny: en-AU. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-05-19. tranonkala: Grattan Street Press.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Lou, Jo. [http://www.electricliterature.com/9-feminist-retellings-of-mythology ''10 Feminist Retellings of Mythology'']. 2021-01-05. fiteny: en-US. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-05-19. tranonkala: Electric Literature.&lt;/ref&gt;

Miova arakaraka ny dikan-teny koa ny fomba anehoana ny vehivavy. Ao amin' ny boky fahatelo, andalana faha-180, dia manome tsiny ny tenany i Helen rehefa miresaka amin' i Priam rafozany. Izao ny teny grika: &lt;span lang=&quot;grc&quot;&gt;δαὴρ αὖτ᾽ ἐμὸς ἔσκε κυνώπιδος, εἴ ποτ᾽ ἔην γε.&lt;/span&gt; Misy teny midika ara-bakiteny hoe manana tarehin' alika (''dog-faced'') ao. Araka ny famakafakan' i Amritesh Mukherjee, dia teny fanaratsiana vehivavy no nampiasain' ireo mpandika teny lehilahy telo manaraka hisoloana azy:&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherjee&quot;&gt;Mukherjee, Amritesh. [https://writingwomen.co/the-violence-of-translation-rewritings-of-empire-caste-and-patriarchy/ ''The Violence of Translation: Rewritings of Empire, Caste and Patriarchy'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-05-10. tranonkala: Writing Women.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
* Lattimore: &quot;Once my kinsman, slut that I am. Did this ever happen?&quot;
* Fagles: &quot;…and he used to be my kinsman, whore that I am! There was a world … or was it all a dream?&quot;
* Rieu: &quot;…my brother-in-law once, slut that I am – unless all that was a dream.&quot;

Eto, ny ''slut'' dia ompa milaza vehivavy ho mpijangajanga, ary ny ''whore'' dia midika hoe mpivaro-tena sady ampiasaina ho ompa manaratsy vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherjee&quot; /&gt;

Raha ampitahaina amin' ireo, dia manakaiky kokoa ny hevitra ara-bakiteny ary mampiasa teny mitovy na vehivavy na lehilahy no resahina ireo dikan-teny roa tatỳ aoriana, samy nataon' ny vehivavy, araka ireo famakafakana momba ny dikan-teny ireo:&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherjee&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.phillyvoice.com/the-iliad-new-tanslation-emily-wilson-penn-professor-homer/ ''Penn professor, the first woman to translate 'The Odyssey' into English, now breathes new life into 'The Iliad&amp;#39;'']. 2023-10-02. fiteny: english. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-05-10. tranonkala: PhillyVoice.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alexander (2015): &quot;He was my brother-in-law, dog-faced as I am—if that ever happened.&quot;
* Wilson (2023): &quot;…his brother, the former husband of my dog-face self—if any of these things took place at all.&quot;

Rehefa niresaka momba ireo dikan-teny teo aloha i Wilson, dia nilaza fa ampiasaina amin' ny lehilahy iray koa ilay teny grika, saingy tsy mitovy ny teny nosafidin' ireo mpandika teny ireo rehefa i Agamemnôna no tenenina. Izao ny fanazavany tamin' ny teny anglisy: &quot;Unlike me, none of these translators use the same term when Achilles is insulting Agamemnon; Lattimore, for instance, has Achilles say, 'You with the dog's eyes,' not 'Agamemnon, you slut!'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Wilson, Emily. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/books/2023/09/20/emily-wilson-iliad-translation-terms/ ''Perspective | Emily Wilson on 5 crucial decisions she made in her 'Iliad' translation'']. ''The Washington Post''. 2023-09-20. fiteny: en-US. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISSN 0190-8286&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-05-10.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dikan-teny anglisy ==
Jereo ny lahatsoratra lehibe: Dikan-teny anglisy ny sanganasan' i Hômera.

[[File:Iliad1660Frontis.jpg|thumb|upright=1.20|Pejin-dohatenin' ny fanontana ny ''Iliada'' tamin' ny 1660, nataon' i Wenceslas Hollar tamin' ny teknika fanaovana sokitra; John Ogilby no nandika ilay boky.]]
[[File:Iliad editions.jpg|thumb|Santionany amin' ny dikan-teny sy ny fanontana ny ''Iliada'' amin' ny teny anglisy.]]

Namoaka tsikelikely ny fandikany ny ''Iliada'' i George Chapman, nanomboka tamin' ny 1598. Nampiasa andininy lava misy vaninteny efatra ambin' ny folo izy, karazana gadon-tononkalo fitantarana antsoina hoe ''fourteeners''. Araka ny ''The Oxford Guide to English Literature in Translation'', malalaka tsara ireo andininy ireo ka mahazaka ny haingom-pitenenana rehetra ampiasain' i Hômera, miaraka amin' ny hafa nampian' ilay mpandika teny sy ny fanazavana anaty fononteny. Manana hery ara-pandaha-teny lehibe izy ireo rehefa mahomby indrindra, toy ny amin' ny fandavan' i Akileosy ireo iraka ao amin' ny boky fahasivy amin' ny ''Iliada''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;''The Oxford Guide to English Literature in Translation''.&lt;/ref&gt; (p. 351) Vetivety dia nahazo toerana ho anisan' ny sanganasa fototra amin' ny tononkalo anglisy io dikan-teny io. Tao amin' ny teny fampidirana ny dikan-teniny manokana, dia nidera ny fahasahiana sy ny hafanam-pon' ny dikan-tenin' i Chapman i Pope. Nampitahainy tamin' izay mety ho nosoratan' i Hômera fony mbola tsy tonga tamin' ny fahamatorana ara-tsaina izany.&lt;ref&gt;Gutting, Edward. [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1999/1999.10.14/ ''Chapman's Homer – The Iliad'']. ''Bryn Mawr Classical Review''. 14 October 1999. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 February 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nidera an' i Chapman tao amin' ny sonetany ''On First Looking into Chapman's Homer'' (1816) i [[John Keats]].&lt;ref&gt;Keats, John. [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/44481/on-first-looking-into-chapmans-homer ''On First Looking into Chapman's Homer'']. Poetry Foundation. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 February 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny fanontana voalohany nasiana fanamarihana manazava ny dikan-tenin' i John Ogilby tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-17. Ny dikan-tenin' i Alexander Pope tamin' ny 1715 kosa dia nampiasa andininy miara-droa misy rima, samy ahitana vondrona gadona iambika dimy, izany hoe vaninteny tsy misy tsindrim-peo arahin' ny vaninteny misy tsindrim-peo, averina indimy (''heroic couplet''). Araka ny ''The Oxford Guide to English Literature in Translation'', dikan-teny nanjary sanganasa fototra izy io ary niainga tamin' ireo dikan-teny rehetra nialoha azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; (p. 352) Tahaka ny an' i Chapman, dia sanganasa lehibe amin' ny tononkalo ihany koa izy, na dia tsy jerena ho fandikan-teny aza. Ny fanontan' i William Cowper tamin' ny 1791 dia nampiasa andininy tsy misy rima, saingy misy vondrona gadona iambika dimy isaky ny andininy (''blank verse''), araka ny fomban' i Milton. Nahazo fankasitrahana izy io noho ny fitoviany akaiky kokoa amin' ny teny grika noho ny dikan-tenin' i Chapman sy Pope. Tao amin' ny teny fampidirany, dia nilaza i Cowper, araka izao fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy izao: «Tsy nisy nesoriko; tsy nisy noforoniko.»

Tao amin' ireo lahateny ''On Translating Homer'' (1861), dia niresaka ny olana amin' ny fandikan-teny sy ny fandikana hevitra rehefa avadika amin' ny teny anglisy ny ''Iliada'' i Matthew Arnold. Raha nandinika ireo dikan-teny nisy tamin' ny 1861 izy, dia nanavaka toetra fototra efatra ao amin' ny tononkalon' i Hômera izay tokony ho voatazon' ny mpandika teny. Voalohany, mailaka indrindra ny fizotrany. Faharoa, tsotra sy mivantana indrindra ny fivoaran' ny fisainana sy ny fomba ilazana azy, na amin' ny firafitry ny fehezanteny izany na amin' ny teny ampiasaina. Fahatelo, tsotra sy mivantana indrindra koa ny votoatin' ny fisainana, izany hoe ny zavatra resahina sy ny hevitra. Farany, mendri-kaja indrindra ny fanehoana azy.

Rehefa avy nandinika ireo rafitra gadona nampiasain' ny mpandika teny teo aloha i Arnold, dia nanohana ny handikana ny ''Iliada'' amin' ny fiteny manokana ampiasaina amin' ny tononkalo, sady hampiasa andininy misy vondrona gadona enina (''hexameter''), tahaka ny tononkalo niandohana. Araka ny ''The Oxford Guide to English Literature in Translation'', na dia sarotra ampiasaina aza io rafitra io, dia nisy fanandramana enina farafahakeliny handikana manontolo ny ''Iliada'' na ny ''Odisey'' tamin' izany; tamin' ny 1945 ny farany. Mety ho ny an' i J. Henry Dart tamin' ny 1862, izay natao ho valin' ny hevitr' i Arnold, no mikoriana mora indrindra amin' izy ireny.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; (p. 354) Tamin' ny 1870, ny poeta amerikanina William Cullen Bryant dia namoaka dikan-teny tamin' ny andininy tsy misy rima misy vondrona gadona iambika dimy. Nofaritan' i Van Wyck Brooks ho tsotra sy mahatoky ny tononkalo niandohana izany.

Navoakan' i Longmans tamin' ny 1898 ny dikan-tenin' i Samuel Butler. Nianatra ny teny sy ny kolontsaina grika ary latina fahiny tao amin' ny Oniversiten' i Cambridge i Butler, ary nahazo diplaoma tamin' ny 1859.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.joh.cam.ac.uk/iliad-1898 ''The Iliad (1898)'']. Cambridge University. daty nijerena voarakitra: 16 June 2016. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. tranonkala: St John's College.&lt;/ref&gt;

Maro ny dikan-teny anglisy nivoaka nanomboka tamin' ny 1950:
* Ny dikan-tenin' i Richmond Lattimore (1951) dia manaraka tsirairay ny andininy niandohana, ary mampiasa andininy misy tsindrim-peo fototra enina nefa malalaka ny firafiny. Matetika tsy mifanaraka amin' ny fomba fiteny anglisy mahazatra ny teny ampiasainy, ary matetika koa misy endrika tranainy. Ny dikan-tenin' i Robert Fitzgerald (tao amin' ny andiana boky ''Oxford World's Classics'', 1974) kosa dia mampiasa andininy fohy kokoa, izay iambika ny ankamaroany, izany hoe mifototra amin' ny fifandimbiasan' ny vaninteny tsy misy tsindrim-peo sy ny vaninteny misy tsindrim-peo. Maro koa ny fanondroana an-kolaka ireo tononkalo anglisy taloha ao aminy.
* Sahisahy kokoa noho i Lattimore i Robert Fagles (tao amin' ny andiana boky ''Penguin Classics'', 1990) sy Stanley Lombardo (1997) tamin' ny fampidirana fomba fiteny amerikanina akaiky kokoa ny fampiasa tamin' ny androny, mba hampitana ny fomba fitenin' i Hômera izay manaraka fomban-drazana sy mamerimberina raikipitenenana. Ny dikan-tenin' i Rodney Merrill (navoakan' ny ''University of Michigan Press'', na Trano famoaham-bokin' ny Oniversiten' i Michigan, 2007) dia mampiasa andininy anglisy mitovitovy amin' ny rafitra gadona misy vondrona enina amin' ny tononkalo niandohana (''dactylic hexameter''). Ao amin' io rafitra grika io, ny vondrona fototra dia vaninteny lava iray arahin' ny vaninteny fohy roa, miaraka amin' ny fanoloana avelan' ilay rafitra; tsy isan' ny tsindrim-peo enina fotsiny izany.
* Ny dikan-tenin' i Stephen Mitchell tamin' ny 2011 dia niainga tamin' ny lahatsoratra grika niandohana mba hanolorana dikan-teny amin' ny teny anglisy nohavaozina, ary misy teny fampidirana amin' ny an-tsipiriany.
* Nandika ny ''Iliada'' i Peter Green tamin' ny 2015, ary navoakan' ny ''University of California Press'' (Trano famoaham-bokin' ny Oniversiten' i Kalifornia) izany.&lt;ref&gt;Homerus. ''The Iliad''. University of California Press. Oakland, California. 2016. mpandika (anarana): Green. mpandika (fanampin' anarana): Peter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-28141-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: First Paperback Printing.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tamin' ny 2015 no namoahan' i Caroline Alexander ny dikan-teny anglisy feno voalohany nataon' ny vehivavy.&lt;ref&gt;Wolff, Karl. [http://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/iliad-new ''The Iliad: A New Translation by Caroline Alexander'']. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. magazine: New York Journal of Books.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny dikan-tenin' i Emily Wilson tamin' ny 2023 dia mampiasa andininy misy vondrona gadona iambika dimy tsy misy rima.&lt;ref&gt;Williams, Rowan. [https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2023/09/homers-history-violence-the-iliad ''Homer's history of violence'']. 6 September 2023. fidirana voarakitra: subscription. magazine: New Statesman.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Homer. ''The Iliad''. W. W. Norton &amp; Company. 2023. mpandika (anarana): Wilson. mpandika (fanampin' anarana): Emily. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-324-00180-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sora-tanana ==
Maherin' ny 2000 ny sora-tanana mirakitra ny sanganasan' i Hômera.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Graeme D.. ''Multitextuality in the Homeric Iliad – The Witness of the Ptolemaic Papyr''. Center for Hellenic Studies. 2010. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-674-05323-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ireo sora-tanana ireo:
* Rom. Bibl. Nat. gr. 6 + Matriti. Bibl. Nat. 4626, izay natao teo anelanelan' ny taona 870 sy 890;
* Venetus A = Venetus Marc, 822, tamin' ny taonjato faha-10;
* Venetus B = Venetus Marc, 821, tamin' ny taonjato faha-11;
* Sora-tanana Ambrosiana an' ny ''Iliada'';
* Papiry Oxyrhynchus 20;
* Papiry Oxyrhynchus 21;
* Codex Nitriensis, sora-tanana izay nofafana ny soratra teo aloha ka nampiasaina hanoratana soratra vaovao indray ilay akora nanoratana azy (''palimpsest'');
* papiry hita tany amin' ny faritr' i El Bahnasa, ao amin' ny faritanin' i Minya, izay mirakitra andalana avy amin' ny boky faharoan' ny ''Iliada'' nosoratan' i Hômera.&lt;ref&gt;Radley, Dario. [https://archaeologymag.com/2026/04/roman-cemetery-in-minya-reveals-golden-tongues/ ''Roman cemetery in Egypt reveals golden tongues, mummies, and rare Iliad papyrus'']. 2026-04-19. fiteny: en-US. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-04-20. tranonkala: Archaeology News Online Magazine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Papadopoulos, Kosta. [https://greekcitytimes.com/2026/04/20/papyrus-of-greek-epic-iliad-discovered-inside-egyptian-mummy/ ''Papyrus Of Greek Epic Iliad Discovered Inside Egyptian Mummy Greek City Times'']. 2026-04-20. fiteny: en-GB. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-04-20. tranonkala: Greek City Times.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* Saron-tavan' i Agamemnôna
* Fitoviana eo amin' ny ''Aeneid'' nosoratan' i Virgil sy ny ''Iliada'' ary ny ''Odisey'' nosoratan' i Hômera
* Heinrich Schliemann
* Dikan-teny anglisy amin' ny sanganasan' i Hômera
* Fitantarana indray ny angano grika
* Sanganasa mifototra amin' ny ''Iliada''

== Fanamarihana ==
&lt;references group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot; /&gt;

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Boky sy lahatsoratra nampiasaina ===
* Alexopoulou, Marigo. ''The homecoming pattern in Greek tragedy''. University of Glasgow. 2003. type: PhD. 
* ''Herodotus – The Histories''. Penguin Books. 1975. mpamoaka (anarana): Burn. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): A. R.. mpamoaka faharoa (anarana): de Sélincourt. mpamoaka faharoa (fanampin' anarana): Aubrey. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-14-051260-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty niandohana voarakitra: 1954.
* Davison, John A.. [https://archive.org/details/companiontohomer0000alan ''A Companion to Homer'']. ''The Transmission of the Text''. Macmillan. London / New York. 1962. pp.: 215–233. mpamoaka (anarana): Wace. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Alan J.. mpamoaka faharoa (anarana): Stubbings. mpamoaka faharoa (fanampin' anarana): Frank H..
* Erbse, Hartmut. ''Scholia Graeca in Homeri Iliadem (Scholia vetera)''. Walter de Gruyter. Berlin. 1969. boky: 1. mpamoaka (anarana): Erbse. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Hartmut. fiteny: la. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-11-002558-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1515/9783110844788&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Erp Taalman Kip, A. Maria van. ''The Gods of the &quot;Iliad&quot; and the Fate of Troy''. ''Mnemosyne''. August 2000. boky: 53. pp.: 385–402. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1163/156852500510679&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;JSTOR 4433117&lt;/nowiki&gt;. number: 4.
* ''The Greek Epic Cycle and its Ancient Reception: A Companion''. Cambridge University Press. 2015. mpamoaka (anarana): Fantuzzi. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Marco. mpamoaka faharoa (anarana): Tsagalis. mpamoaka faharoa (fanampin' anarana): Christos. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-110701259-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* ''The Cambridge Companion to Homer''. Cambridge University Press. 2006. mpamoaka (anarana): Fowler. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Robert. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0511998935&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Frobish, T. S.. ''An Origin of a Theory – A Comparison of Ethos in the Homeric Iliad with That Found in Aristotle's Rhetoric''. ''Rhetoric''. 2003. boky: 22. pp.: 16–30. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1207/S15327981RR2201_2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;S2CID 44483572&lt;/nowiki&gt;. number: 1.
* ''Homer, The Iliad''. Penguin Books. 1987. mpamoaka (anarana): Hammond. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): M..
* Hornblower. ''The Returning Hero: nostoi and Traditions of Mediterranean Settlement''. ''Introduction''. Oxford University Press. 2018. pp.: 22–76. mpamoaka (anarana): Hornblower. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Simon. mpamoaka faharoa (anarana): Biffis. mpamoaka faharoa (fanampin' anarana): Giulia. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0198811428&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* ''The Iliad by Homer''. University of Chicago Press. Chicago. 1951. mpandika (anarana): Lattimore. mpandika (fanampin' anarana): Richmond.
* Lendon, J. E.. ''Soldiers and Ghosts – A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity''. Yale University Press. New Haven, CT. 2005.
* Lesser, Rachel H.. ''Desire in the Iliad: The Force That Moves the Epic and Its Audience''. Oxford University Press. Oxford. 2022. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780192866516&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1093/oso/9780192866516.001.0001&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Liu, Delin. ''Research on Fate, Gods, and Mortals in the Iliad''. ''Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Science''. 2024. boky: 8. pp.: 560–567. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.26855/jhass.2024.03.002&lt;/nowiki&gt;. number: 3.
* Moore, C. H.. ''Prophecy in the Ancient Epic''. ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology''. 1921. boky: 32. pp.: 99–175. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.2307/310716&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;JSTOR 310716&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Morrison, J. V.. ''&quot;Kerostasia&quot;, the Dictates of Fate, and the Will of Zeus in the &quot;Iliad&quot;''. ''Arethusa''. Spring 1997. boky: 30. pp.: 273–296. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1353/are.1997.0008&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;JSTOR 44578099&lt;/nowiki&gt;. number: 2.
* Homer. ''Iliad''. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1999. boky: I, Books 1–12. mpamoaka (anarana): Wyatt. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): William F.. mpandika (anarana): Murray. mpandika (fanampin' anarana): Augustus Taber. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-674-99579-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty niandohana voarakitra: 1924. series: Loeb Classical Library 170.
* Homer. ''Iliad''. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1999. boky: II, Books 13–24. mpamoaka (anarana): Wyatt. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): William F.. mpandika (anarana): Murray. mpandika (fanampin' anarana): Augustus Taber. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-674-99580-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty niandohana voarakitra: 1925. series: Loeb Classical Library 170.
* [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-guide-to-homer/36C797F24ABA3D78394B293A797E846A ''The Cambridge Guide to Homer'']. Cambridge University Press. February 2020. mpamoaka (anarana): Pache. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Corinne Ondine. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781139225649&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1017/9781139225649&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
** Kim, Lawrence (2020). ''Homer in Antiquity''; Corinne Ondine Pache (mpamoaka), ''The Cambridge Guide to Homer'', pp. 415–434.
** Lamberton, Robert (2020). ''Part III – Homer in the World: Introduction''; Corinne Ondine Pache (mpamoaka), ''The Cambridge Guide to Homer'', pp. 411–414.
* Tsagalis, Christos C.. ''Homer in Performance: Rhapsodes, Narrators, and Characters''. ''Performance Contexts for Rhapsodic Recitals in the Archaic and Classical Periods''. University of Texas Press. Austin. 2018. pp.: 27–75. mpamoaka (anarana): Ready. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Jonathan L.. mpamoaka faharoa (anarana): Tsagalis. mpamoaka faharoa (fanampin' anarana): Christos C.. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4773-1603-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1515/9783110981384-018&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* West, Martin L.. ''Studies in the Text and Transmission of the Iliad''. K. G. Saur. Munich / Leipzig. 2001. mpamoaka (anarana): West. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Martin L.. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-598-73005-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1515/9783110963120&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Boky sy lahatsoratra fanampiny ==
* De Jong, Irene (2012), ''Iliad – Book XXII'', Cambridge University Press, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-70977-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Dunn, Daisy. [https://www.britishmuseum.org/blog/who-was-homer ''Who was Homer?'']. British Museum. 2020. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2 February 2025.
* Edwards, Mark W.; Geoffrey Kirk, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-sKGGd1JuqoC The Iliad – A Commentary: Volume V, Books 17–20]'', Cambridge University Press, 1991, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-521-30959-X&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Edwards, Mark W.; Richard Janko; Geoffrey Kirk, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JojMmQEACAAJ The Iliad – A Commentary: Volume IV, Books 13–16]'', Cambridge University Press, 1992, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-521-28171-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Fox, Robin Lane. ''Travelling Heroes – Greeks and their myths in the epic age of Homer''. Allen Lane. 2008. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7139-9980-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Barbara Graziosi, Haubold, Johannes; ''Iliad – Book VI'', Cambridge University Press, 2010, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-87884-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Kouroupis, Georgios; Tsiplakos, Ioannis. ''The Iliad – honour and glory in Wilios''. Akritas. 2022. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-618-84202-9-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Geoffrey Kirk, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=TguHR9k8DQ8C The Iliad – A Commentary: Volume I, Books 1–4]'', Cambridge University Press, 1985, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-521-23709-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Geoffrey Kirk, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZdxbCe84z0C The Iliad – A Commentary: Volume II, Books 5–8]'', Cambridge University Press, 1990, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-521-23710-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Hainsworth, Bryan; Geoffrey Kirk, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=URaInQEACAAJ The Iliad – A Commentary: Volume III, Books 9–12]'', Cambridge University Press, 1993, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-521-23711-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Mueller, Martin. [https://archive.org/details/iliad0000muel ''The Iliad'']. Allen &amp; Unwin. 1984. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-04-800027-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration.
* Nagy, Gregory. [http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/nagy/BofATL/toc.html ''The Best of the Achaeans'']. Johns Hopkins University Press. 1979. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-8018-2388-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 20 July 2006. datin' ny tahiry: 17 February 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150217125451/http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/nagy/BofATL/toc.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].
* Page, Denys Lionel. ''History and the Homeric Iliad''. University of California Press. 1959.
* Powell, Barry B.. [https://archive.org/details/homer00powe ''Homer'']. Blackwell's. 2004. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4051-5325-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration.
* Nicholas Richardson, Geoffrey Kirk, ''The Iliad – A Commentary: Volume VI, Books 21–24'', Cambridge University Press, 1993, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-521-30960-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Seaford, Richard. ''Reciprocity and Ritual''. Oxford University Press. 1994. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-19-815036-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Judith Thurman, ''[https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/09/18/emily-wilson-profile &quot;Mother Tongue: How Emily Wilson makes Homer modern&quot;]'', ''The New Yorker'', 18 September 2023, pp.&amp;nbsp;46–53. Lahatsoratra lava momba ny fandikan' i Emily Wilson ny sanganasan' i Homer.
* West, Martin. [https://books.google.com/books?id=fIp0RYIjazQC ''The East Face of Helicon'']. Oxford University Press. 1997. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-19-815221-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Rohy ivelany ==
[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iliad Sary sy tahiry momba ny Iliad ao amin’ ny Wikimedia Commons]
[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Iliad ''The Iliad'' ao amin’ ny Wikisource anglisy]
[https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/Ιλιάς ''Ἰλιάς'' amin’ ny teny grika ao amin’ ny Wikisource]

* [https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&amp;su=Iliad&amp;library=OLBP Boky azo vakina an-tserasera]
* [https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&amp;su=Iliad Tahiry ao amin’ ny tranomboky]
* [https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&amp;su=Iliad&amp;library=0CHOOSE0 Tahiry ao amin’ ny tranomboky hafa]

* [https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/homer/the-iliad/william-cullen-bryant ''The Iliad'', nadikan' i William Cullen Bryant]
* [https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Iliad&amp;author=HOMER&amp;reader=&amp;keywords=&amp;genre_id=0&amp;status=all&amp;project_type=either&amp;recorded_language=&amp;sort_order=catalog_date&amp;search_page=1&amp;search_form=advanced ''The Iliad'', boky rakipeo azon’ ny besinimaro ampiasaina ao amin’ ny LibriVox]
* Dikan-teny maro amin' ny ''Iliada'' ao amin' ny ''Project Gutenberg'' (Tetikasa Gutenberg):
** [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/51355 ''The Iliad of Homer''], nadikan' i George Chapman, ao amin' ny ''Project Gutenberg''
** [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6130 ''The Iliad of Homer''], nadikan' i Alexander Pope, ao amin' ny ''Project Gutenberg''
** [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16452 ''The Iliad of Homer''], nadikan' i William Cowper, ao amin' ny ''Project Gutenberg''
** [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22382 ''The Iliad of Homer''], nadikan' i Theodore Alois Buckley, ao amin' ny ''Project Gutenberg''
** [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6150 ''The Iliad of Homer''], nadikan' i Edward, Earl of Derby, ao amin' ny ''Project Gutenberg''
** [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3059 ''The Iliad of Homer''], nadikan' i Andrew Lang, Walter Leaf ary Ernest Meyers, ao amin' ny ''Project Gutenberg''
** [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2199 ''The Iliad of Homer''], nadikan' i Samuel Butler, ao amin' ny ''Project Gutenberg''
* [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng2:1.1-1.39 ''Iliad''], ao amin' ny ''Perseus Digital Library'' (Tranomboky nomerika Perseus), miaraka amin' ny dikan-tenin' i Murray sy Butler ary rohy mankany amin' ny fanazavana momba ny angano sy ny fitsipi-pitenenana
* [https://bitbucket.org/ben-crowell/ransom/src/master/README.md ''Iliad'']: ny lahatsoratra grika miaraka amin' ny dikan-tenin' i Buckley, lisitry ny voambolana, fanamarihana ary famakafakana ireo endrika ara-pitsipi-pitenenana sarotra
* [http://moebio.com/iliad/ ''Gods, Achaeans and Troyans'']. Fampisehoana an-tsary azo ifandraisana momba ny fivoaran' ny anjara toeran' ny olona ao amin' ny ''The Iliad'' sy ny fifandraisan' izy ireo
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210520042345/http://www.iliadtranslation.com/The-Iliad-About.html Fanazavana momba ny toe-javatra manodidina ny tantara, ny fizotran' ny tantara, ny lohahevitra, ny mpanoratra ary ny olana amin' ny fandikan-teny], nataon' i Herbert Jordan, izay nandika ny tononkalo tamin' ny 2008
* [http://www.mccunecollection.org/Iliad%20of%20Homer.html Sary nataon' i Flaxman ho an' ny ''Iliad'']
* [http://www.shmoop.com/iliad/ ''The Iliad''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140815083712/http://www.shmoop.com/iliad/ tahiry tamin’ ny 15 August 2014]: torolalana ho an' ny fandalinana, lohahevitra, teny nalaina ary fitaovana ho an' ny mpampianatra
* [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050607/images/index.html?fip=193.174.98.30&amp;id=00050607&amp;seite=1 Dika nomerika mitahiry ny endriky ny pejin' ny fanontana voalohany (''editio princeps'') amin' ny ''Iliad'' amin' ny teny grikan' i Hômera, navoakan' i Demetrios Chalkokondyles, ao amin' ny ''Bayerische Staatsbibliothek'' (Tranombokim-panjakana bavariana)]

[[:Sokajy:Boky]]
[[:Sokajy:Angano grika]]</text>
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      <text bytes="133387" sha1="oixyu4o50eitshixw0kscs79njgdhpv" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Iliada''''' na '''''Iliasy''''' na '''''Iliady''''' (''Iliad'' amin' ny teny anglisy, fanononana: /ˈɪl.i.əd/, ''ILL-ee-əd'';&lt;ref&gt;[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Iliad &quot;Iliad&quot;]. ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:File:en-us-Iliad.oga|rakipeon' ny fanononana anglisy amerikanina]]; ''Iliás'', na ''Ἰλιάς'', amin' ny teny grika taloha, fanononana atika: /iːliás/, izay midika ara-bakiteny hoe «tononkalo momba an' i [[Trôia|Ilion (Troy)]]»)&lt;ref&gt;Harper, Douglas. [https://www.etymonline.com/word/iliad ''iliad'']. ''Online Etymology Dictionary''.&lt;/ref&gt; dia iray amin' ireo tononkalo lehibe mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo roa avy any [[Grisia Taloha|Grisia tamin' ny Andro Taloha]] mbola voatahiry, miaraka amin' ny ''Odisey'', izay samy lazaina fa noforonin' i [[Hômerôsy|Hômera]].
Anisan' ny sanganasa literera tranainy indrindra mbola voatahiry sy be mpamaky amin' izao andro izao izy.
Tahaka ny ''Odisey'', dia mizara ho boky 24 ny tononkalo ary mampiasa andalana misy vondrona gadona enina (''dactylic hexameter'').
Misy andalana 15 693 ny lahatsoratra amin' ny fanontana mahazatra.&lt;ref&gt;Lesser (2022), p. 25.&lt;/ref&gt;
Matetika ny ''Iliada'' no heverina ho sanganasa lehibe voalohany amin' ny literatiora eorôpeana, ary manana toerana fototra eo amin' ny fandinihana ny fiteny sy ny lahatsoratra grika sy latina tranainy.&lt;ref&gt;Fantuzzi; Tsagalis (2015).&lt;/ref&gt;

Any amin' ny fiafaran' ny Adin' i Troasy no mitranga ny tantara. Naharitra folo taona izany fanaovan' ny fanjakana [[Sivilizasiôna Mikeniana|grika mikeniana]] nivondrona fahirano ny tanànan' i [[Trôia|Troasy]] izany, ary zava-nitranga lehibe nandritra ny herinandro farany tamin' ilay ady no asehon' ny tononkalo. I [[Achille|Akileosy]], mpiady malaza, no tena ifantohan' ny tantara, ary ny hatezerany (''mēnis'') no manosika ny fizotrany,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Iliad-epic-poem-by-Homer ''The Iliad | Epic, Homer, Summary, Plot, Characters, &amp; Oral Poetry | Britannica'']. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-10-26. tranonkala: www.britannica.com.&lt;/ref&gt; manomboka amin' ny fifandirany mafy tamin' i [[Agamemnon|Agamemnôna]], mpanjakan' i Misenea, ka hatramin' ny namonoany an' i Hektôro, zanaky ny mpanjakan' i Troasy.&lt;ref&gt;Murray; Wyatt (1924).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Murray; Wyatt (1925).&lt;/ref&gt; Mifandimby ao ny fanehoana ny ady amin' ny sehatra midadasika sy ny fifandraisana akaiky kokoa eo amin' ny olona tsirairay. Mifanohitra amin' ny fiheverana miely, tsy mitantara ny nahalavoan' i Troasy ny ''Iliada'', sady tsy miresaka ny soavaly hazo tao Troasy nampiasain' ny Grika handresena ilay tanàna; ao amin' ny loharano tatỳ aoriana no ahitana ireo ampahany amin' ny tantara ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mackie&quot;&gt;Mackie, Chris. [https://theconversation.com/guide-to-the-classics-homers-iliad-80968 ''Guide to the classics: Homer's Iliad'']. 2017-08-02. fiteny: en-US. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-06-23. tranonkala: The Conversation.&lt;/ref&gt;

Azo inoana fa teo anelanelan' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-8 sy ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-7 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy no namoronana ny ''Iliada'' sy ny ''Odisey'', tamin' ny teny grika homerika, izay fiteny literera mampifangaro ny tenim-paritra grika iôniana sy ny tenim-paritra hafa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Iliad-epic-poem-by-Homer ''The Iliad | Epic, Homer, Summary, Plot, Characters, &amp; Oral Poetry | Britannica'']. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-10-26. tranonkala: www.britannica.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vanWees1994&quot;&gt;van Wees, Hans. ''The Homeric way of war: the Iliad and the hoplite phalanx''. ''Greece &amp; Rome''. Cambridge University Press. 1994. boky: 41. laharana: 2. pp.: 131–155. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1017/S0017383500023366&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;JSTOR 643010&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;West2011&quot; /&gt;
Iadian-kevitra betsaka ny fomba namoronana ny tononkalo, ny fifandraisany amin' ny zava-nitranga ara-tantara, ary ny hoe iza no namorona azy; antsoina hoe olana momba an' i Hômera ireo fanontaniana ireo.
Iadian' ny mpikaroka ny sanganasan' i Hômera hevitra koa ny hoe samy noforonina mitokana ve ny ''Iliada'' sy ny ''Odisey'', ary nampitaina am-bava ihany ve izy ireo sa nampitaina an-tsoratra koa.&lt;ref&gt;Fowler, Robert (2006). ''The Homeric question''; Robert Fowler (mpamoaka), ''The Cambridge Companion to Homer'', pp. 220–232.&lt;/ref&gt;
Matetika ny mpikaroka no mandinika ny andian-teny miverimberina ao amin' ny tononkalo, ny fampitahana ampiasainy, ary ny teny enti-manamarika toetra miaraka amin' ny anaran' olona na zavatra.&lt;ref&gt;Fowler, Robert (2006). ''The poet's craft''; Robert Fowler (mpamoaka), ''The Cambridge Companion to Homer'', pp. 115–116.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nanome lanja lehibe ny ''Iliada'' ny Grika taloha, ary anisan' ny fampianarana nahazatra azy ireo ilay tononkalo.
Nahakasika lalina ny tontolo helenistika ny fampifangaroany tenim-paritra samihafa sy ny fitantarany ireo vondrona grika isan-karazany niray hina hiady tamin' i Troasy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mackie&quot;/&gt;
Nitanisa azy nandritra ny fety grika, toy ny Panathenaia, ireo mpitanisa tononkalo matihanina antsoina hoe ''rhapsode''.&lt;ref&gt;[[Platôna|Plato]], ''Ion'', translated by Harold North Fowler, W. R. M. Lamb, Loeb Classical Library, 164, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1925.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Tsagalis (2018), pp. 46–52.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ny lohahevitra lehibe ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' ny ''kleos'', na voninahitra, ny fireharehana, ny lahatra ary ny hatezerana.&lt;ref&gt;Hammond (1987), pp. i–xxxiv.&lt;/ref&gt;
Na dia ireo lohahevitra mampalahelo sy mavesa-danja aza no tena ahafantarana azy, dia misy toe-javatra mampihomehy sy vazivazy koa ao amin' ny tononkalo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bell&quot;&gt;Bell, Robert H.; &quot;Homer's humor – laughter in the ''Iliad''&quot;, hand 1 (2007), 596.&lt;/ref&gt;
Matetika izy no lazaina ho tononkalo mitantara ny mahery fo, izay mifantoka amin' ny ady, ny herisetra ary ny fitsipi-pitondrantena takina amin' ny mahery fo.
Manome filazalazana amin' ny antsipiriany momba ny ady tamin' ny Andro Taloha ny tononkalo, anisan' izany ny tetika sy ny fitaovam-piadiana.
Mandinika ny fiainam-piarahamonina sy ny fiainana an-tokantrano tamin' izany koa izy, amin' ny alalan' ny zava-mitranga ao anatin' ny mandan' i Troasy sy ao amin' ny tobin' ny Grika.
Manana anjara toerana lehibe koa ireo andriamanitra ôlimpiana: manampy ny mpiady sy ny tanàna tohanany eny an' ady izy ireo, ary miditra an-tsehatra amin' ny fifandiran' ny olona tsirairay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kearns, E. 2004 pp. 59&quot;&gt;Kearns, Emily (2006). ''The Gods in the Homeric epics''; Robert Fowler (mpamoaka), ''The Cambridge Companion to Homer'', pp. 59–73.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny fanehoana azy ireo ho manana toetran' olombelona ao amin' ny tononkalo dia nampanakaiky azy ireo tamin' ny mpihaino grika taloha, ka nanome endrika azo tsapain-tanana kokoa ny [[Fivavahana grika taloha|lovantsofina ara-kolontsaina sy ara-pivavahany]].

== Famintinana ==

=== Fiandohan' ny tantara (boky faha-1–4) ===
Loharano:&lt;ref&gt;Murray; Wyatt (1924).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Beginning Iliad.svg|thumb|upright=1.40|Ireo andininy voalohany amin' ny ''Iliada'']]

Manomboka amin' ny fiantsoana an' i Muse, andriamanibavin' ny aingam-panahy, ny tantara. Any amin' ny faramparan' ny Adin' i Troasy no mitranga ny zava-tantaraina; niady tamin' izany ny tafik' i Troasy sy ny Achaean izay nanao fahirano azy. Mifandimby mampiasa ny anarana hoe Achaean, Argives ary Danaans i Hômera hilazana ny Grika. Tafika avy amin' ny fanjakana grika maro samihafa no mandrafitra ny tafiky ny Achaean, ary samy tarihin' ny mpanjakany na ny printsy ao aminy ireo tafika ireo. I [[Agamemnon|Agamemnôna]], mpanjakan' i Misenea, no mibaiko ireo tafika mitambatra ireo.

Rehefa avy niady nandritra ny sivy taona ny Achaean, dia nandroba tanàna sasany niray dina tamin' i Troasy ary nisambotra tovovavy roa, dia i Chryseis sy i Briseis. Nalain' i Agamemnôna, mpitarika ny tafika, ho vadikely i Chryseis; i Akileosy kosa, ilay mpiady mahery indrindra teo amin' ny Achaean, no naka an' i Briseis.

Nanolotra vidim-panavotana be tamin' i Agamemnôna i Chryses, rain' i Chryseis sady mpisoron' i [[Apôlôna (andriamanitra)|Apollo]], mba hamerenana ny zanany vavy. Tsy nanaiky i Agamemnôna, na dia naniry ny hanaovany izany aza ny Achaean hafa, ary nanevateva ilay mpisorona.

Nangataka tamin' i Apollo ilay mpisorona mba hamaliana ny faniratsirana azy. Nandefa valanaretina (na aretina mamely olona maro ao amin' ny vondron' olona iray) tamin' ny Achaean i Apollo mba hanasaziana azy ireo noho ny faniratsiran' i Agamemnôna ny mpisorony. Rehefa naharitra sivy andro ny valanaretina, dia nampiantso fivoriana i Akileosy, mpitarika ny tafiky ny Myrmidons sady nantsoina hoe ''aristos achaion'', izany hoe «ilay tsara indrindra amin' ny Grika».

Noho ny fanerena azy, dia nanaiky hamerina an' i Chryseis amin' ny rainy i Agamemnôna, saingy nanapa-kevitra ny haka an' i Briseis, andevovavin' i Akileosy, ho solony. Noraisin' i Akileosy ho fanalam-baraka lehibe teo anatrehan' ny tafiky ny Achaean tafavory izany fanapahan-kevitra izany. Tezitra mafy izy ka nanambara fa tsy hiady ho an' i Agamemnôna intsony izy sy ny olony. Namerina an' i Chryseis tamin' ny rainy i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]], ka nampitsahatra ny valanaretina i Apollo.

Nandritra izany fotoana izany, dia nentin' ny irak' i Agamemnôna niala i Briseis. Ory mafy i Akileosy ka nivavaka tamin' i Thetis reniny, andriamanibavy ambany laharana sady nimfa an-dranomasina (andriamanibavy mifandray amin' ny ranomasina).&lt;ref&gt;Homer. ''The Iliad''. W. W. Norton &amp; Company. p.: 115. mpandika (anarana): Wilson. mpandika (fanampin' anarana): Emily.&lt;/ref&gt; Nangataka tamin' ny reniny i Akileosy mba hitalaho amin' i [[Zeosy|Zeus]]. Niriny ny hanosehan' ny tafik' i Troasy ny Achaean hihemotra mandra-pahatonga ny sambon' ny Achaean ho atahorana hodorana. Amin' izay vao ho takatr' i Agamemnôna fa tena mila an' i Akileosy ny Achaean, ka haveriny amin' i Akileosy ny voninahiny. Nanao izany i Thetis, ary nanaiky i Zeus. Avy eo, dia nandefa nofy tamin' i Agamemnôna i Zeus mba hampirisihana azy hanafika an' i Troasy. Nanaraka ny nofy i Agamemnôna, saingy nanapa-kevitra ny hizaha toetra ny fahavononan' ny tafiky ny Achaean aloha ka nilaza tamin' izy ireo mba hody. Efa nihena anefa ny fahavononan' ny miaramila rehefa niady nandritra ny sivy taona. Nifanohitra tamin' izay nantenainy àry ny vokatr' ilay tetika. Ny fidiran' i Odysseus an-tsehatra ihany, noho ny aingam-panahy nomen' i [[Atena (andriamanibavy)|Athena]] azy, no nisakana ny fandosiran' ny tafika an-korontana. Nifanandrina tamin' i Thersites i Odysseus ary nikapoka azy. Miaramila tsotra i Thersites, ary nilaza ny tsy fahafaliany tamin' ny fiadiana ny adin' i Agamemnôna.

Nilahatra ho vondrona teo amin' ny lemaka manodidina an' i Troasy ny Achaean. Rehefa nahare ny filaharan' ny Achaean ny mpanjaka Priam, dia nivoaka ny tanàna hiatrika azy ireo teny amin' ny lemaka ny tafik' i Troasy. Nifanatona ny tafika roa tonta, saingy talohan' ny fifandonany, dia nampirisihin' i Hektôro, rahalahiny sady mahery fon' i [[Trôia|Troasy]], i Paris ka nanolotra ny hamaranana ny ady amin' ny alalan' ny ady ifanaovany samirery amin' i Menelaus. Eto no hazavaina ny antony niandohan' ilay ady manontolo: nalain' i Paris tao an-tranon' i Menelaus tany Sparta i [[Hélène|Helen]], vadin' i Menelaus sady vehivavy tsara tarehy indrindra teto an-tany araka ilay tantara. Nanaiky hifanandrina samirery i Menelaus sy i Paris, ary izay mandresy no hanambady an' i Helen. Rehefa resy anefa i Paris, dia novonjen' i [[Afrôdita|Aphrodite]] talohan' ny hahafahan' i Menelaus mamono azy, ary nentiny hiara-mandry amin' i Helen.

Nidinika ireo andriamanitra raha tokony hifarana teo ny ady, saingy naharesy lahatra an' i Zeus i Hera mba hiandry ny fandravana tanteraka an' i Troasy. Nampirisika an' i Pandarus, mpandefa zana-tsipìka tao amin' ny tafik' i Troasy, i Athena mba hitifitra an' i Menelaus. Naratra i Menelaus, ary rava ny fampitsaharana ady nifanarahana. Nipoaka ny ady ka maro ny Achaean sy ny mpiady tao amin' ny tafik' i Troasy no maty.

=== Adin' ny mahery fo (boky faha-5–7) ===
Loharano:&lt;ref&gt;Murray; Wyatt (1924).&lt;/ref&gt;

Mandritra ny ady, mamono miaramila maro avy any Troasy i Diomedes, anisan' izany i Pandarus, ary mandresy an' i [[Énée|Aeneas]]. Mamonjy an' i Aeneas i Aphrodite alohan' ny hahafatesany, saingy manafika azy i Diomedes ka mandratra ny hato-tanan' ilay andriamanibavy. Mifanatrika amin' i Diomedes i Apollo ary mampitandrina azy mba tsy hiady amin' ny andriamanitra, nefa tsy raharahian' i Diomedes izany. Maniraka an' i Ares handresy an' i Diomedes i Apollo. Mahery fo sy mpitari-tafika maro no mandray anjara amin' ny ady, anisan' izany i Hektôro, ary miezaka manova ny fizotran' ny ady ny andriamanitra manohana ny andaniny sy ny ankilany. Ampaherezin' i Athena i Diomedes ka mandratra an' i Ares, izay tsy afaka manohy miady intsony.

Mampivondrona indray ny miaramilan' i Troasy i Hektôro ka misakana azy ireo tsy handositra an-korontana. Rehefa mifanatrika hifampitana i Diomedes sy Glaucus, izay avy any Troasy, dia nahita zavatra mampifandray azy ireo noho ny tantaran' i Bellerophon notantarain' i Glaucus, ka nifanakalo fanomezana tsy nitovy vidy. Miditra ao an-tanàna i Hektôro ka mampirisika an' i Hecuba reniny hanao vavaka sy fanatitra, mandrisika an' i Paris hiady, ary manao veloma an' i Andromache vadiny sy Astyanax zanany lahy eo ambonin' ny mandan' ny tanàna. Avy eo dia miverina miady izy. Miady mifanandrina amin' i Ajax i Hektôro, saingy tapaka ny ady rehefa maizina ny andro, ka samy miala ny andaniny sy ny ankilany. Mifamaly ny olona ao Troasy momba ny hamerenana an' i Helen amin' ny Achaean. Manolotra ny hamerina ny harena nalainy sy hanome harena fanampiny ho fanonerana i Paris, saingy tsy manaiky hamerina an' i Helen; lavina izany tolotra izany. Mifanaraka ny roa tonta hampitsahatra ny ady mandritra ny iray andro mba handevenana ny maty. Manorina manda sy mihady hadivory koa ny Achaean mba hiarovana ny tobiny sy ny sambony.

=== Faharesen' ny Grika (boky faha-8–15) ===
Loharano:&lt;ref&gt;Murray; Wyatt (1924).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Murray; Wyatt (1925).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Iliad VIII 245-253 in cod F205, Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, late 5c or early 6c.jpg|thumb|upright=1.20|''Iliada'', Boky VIII, andalana 245–253, ao amin' ny sora-tanana grika iray tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-5 na fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-6 taorian' i Kristy.]]

Ny ampitso maraina, mandrara ny andriamanitra tsy hitsabaka i Zeus, ary manomboka indray ny ady. Mahazo ny ambony ny Troiana ka manosika ny Achaean hihemotra hatreny amin' ny manda fiarovany. Tsy avela hanampy azy ireo i Hera sy Athena. Tonga ny alina alohan' ny hahafahan' ny Troiana manafika ny mandan' ny Achaean. Mitoby eny an-tsaha izy ireo mba hanafika raha vao mangiran-dratsy, ary mamirapiratra toy ny kintana eny amin' ny lemaka ny afon' ny mpiambina azy ireo.

Mandritra izany, very fanantenana ny Achaean. Miaiky ny fahadisoany i Agamemnôna ka mandefa an' i Odysseus sy Ajax ary Phoenix ho iraka any amin' i Akileosy, hanolotra an' i Briseis sy fanomezana maro raha manaiky hiverina hiady izy. Mandray ireo iraka i Akileosy sy Patroclus, namany, saingy mandà amim-pahatezerana ilay tolotra i Akileosy, satria heveriny fa lehibe loatra ny faniratsirana ny voninahiny. Milaza izy fa tsy hiverina hiady raha tsy tonga eny amin' ny sambony ny Troiana ka mandrahona ny handoro izany. Tsy mahomby ny iraka ka miverina.

Rehefa mandroso ny alina, sahy manatona ny toeran' ny tafika troiana i Odysseus sy Diomedes. Mamono an' i Dolon, izay Troiana, izy ireo, ary mandravarava ny tobin' ny sasany amin' ireo mpiara-dia amin' i Troasy avy any Thrace. Ny maraina, raikitra ny ady mafy, ka samy maratra i Agamemnôna sy Diomedes ary Odysseus. Maniraka an' i Patroclus hiala ao amin' ny tobiny i Akileosy mba hanontany ny momba ireo Achaean maty na naratra. Raha mbola any i Patroclus, dia manohina ny fony ka mampangoraka azy ny tenin' i Nestor. Mangataka aminy i Nestor mba hiangavy an' i Akileosy hiverina hiady; raha tsy mety kosa i Akileosy, dia i Patroclus mihitsy no tokony hitarika ny tafika, sady mitafy ny fiadiana fiarovan-tenan' i Akileosy.

An-tongotra ny Troiana no manafika ny mandan' ny Achaean. Mitarika ny ady mahery vaika i Hektôro, na dia misy fambara aza fa tsy hahomby ny fanafihany. Tsy mahatohitra ny Achaean ka vaky mandositra. Potika ny vavahadin' ny manda, ary miditra an-keriny i Hektôro. Mihemotra hatreny amin' ny sambony ny Achaean.

Mangoraka ny Achaean i Poseidon ka manapa-kevitra ny tsy hankatò an' i Zeus fa hanampy azy ireo. Mampahery ny Achaean izy, ary manomboka mampihemotra ny Troiana indray izy ireo. Maty an' ady i Amphimachus, zafikelin' i Poseidon. Omen' i Poseidon hery avy amin' ny andriamanitra i Idomeneus. Maro ny maty eo amin' ny andaniny sy ny ankilany. Noho ny fambara ratsy iray, dia mandrisika an' i Hektôro hihemotra i Polydamas, mpaminany troiana, saingy tsy henoiny.

Manangoly an' i Zeus i Hera ka mampatory azy, ary izany no ahafahan' i Poseidon manampy ny Grika. Voatery mihemotra mankany amin' ny lemaka ny Troiana. Mandratra an' i Hektôro i Ajax, ary entina miverina any Troasy i Hektôro avy eo. Mifoha i Zeus ka tezitra mafy noho ny fitsabahan' i Poseidon. Manome toky an' i Hera anefa izy fa mbola voalahatra ho rava i Troasy, aorian' ny hamonoan' i Hektôro an' i Patroclus. Asaina miala amin' ny sahan' ady i Poseidon, ary alefan' i Zeus hanampy ny Troiana i Apollo. Tafiditra indray amin' ny manda ny Troiana, ary mipaka hatreny amin' ny sambo ny ady.

=== Fahafatesan' i Patroclus (boky faha-16–18) ===
Loharano:&lt;ref&gt;Murray; Wyatt (1925).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Achilles weapons MNA Naples.jpg|thumb|upright=1.10|Thetis ao amin' ny toeram-panefen' i Hephaestus, miandry ny fitaovam-piadiana vaovaon' i Akileosy; sary hosodoko amin' ny rindrina (''fresco'') avy any Pompeii, tamin' ny taonjato voalohany.]]

Tsy tantin' i Patroclus intsony ny mijery ny zava-mitranga, ka manatona an' i Akileosy izy sady mitomany. Mananatra azy noho ny hamafin-dohany izy, ary mangataka ny hiady hisolo azy sady hitafy ny fiadiana fiarovan-tenany, mba hoheverin' ny olona ho i Akileosy. Manaiky ihany i Akileosy ka mampindrana azy ny fiadiany, saingy mampitandrina azy mafy mba hiverina raha vao voatosika hihemotra ny Troiana, fa tsy hanenjika azy ireo hatrany amin' ny mandan' ny tanàna. Milaza i Akileosy fa rehefa voalamina avokoa ny zava-drehetra, dia hiara-haka an' i Troasy izy sy Patroclus.

Mitarika ny Myrmidons ho any an' ady i Patroclus, ary tonga rehefa mandoro ny sambo voalohany ny Troiana. Resin' io fanafihana tampoka io ny Troiana ka mandositra. Eo am-piandohan' ny fanafihany dia mamono an' i Sarpedon, zanakalahin' i Zeus sady iray amin' ireo mpiara-dia lehibe amin' ny Troiana, i Patroclus. Tsy miraharaha ny baikon' i Akileosy izy fa manenjika hatrany, ka tonga eo amin' ny vavahadin' i Troasy; eo no sakanan' i Apollo mihitsy. Mamono an' i Cebriones, mpamily ny kalesin' adin' i Hektôro, i Patroclus. Avy eo, rehefa avy nampahalemy azy i Apollo sy Euphorbos, dia novonoin' i Hektôro izy nony farany.

Esorin' i Hektôro amin' i Patroclus lavo ny fiadiana fiarovan-tenan' i Akileosy. Miady haka ny fatin' i Patroclus eo am-pelatanan' ny Troiana ny Achaean, fa miezaka mitondra azy hiverina any Troasy kosa ny Troiana araka ny baikon' i Hektôro. Irahina hampandre an' i Akileosy ny vaovao i Antilochus, ary mangataka azy hanampy haka ny razana.

Rehefa ren' i Akileosy fa maty i Patroclus, dia mafy dia mafy ny alahelony ka ren' i Thetis reniny hatrany amin' ny fanambanin' ny ranomasina ny fitarainany. Ory koa i Thetis satria fantany fa voalahatra ho faty i Akileosy raha mamono an' i Hektôro. Na dia fantatr' i Akileosy aza fa izany no hampahatanteraka ny anjarany, dia mivoady ny hamono an' i Hektôro izy mba hamaly ny fahafatesan' i Patroclus.

Ampirisihina hanampy haka ny fatin' i Patroclus i Akileosy, nefa tsy manana fiadiana fiarovan-tena hotafina. Mandrakotra azy amin' ny hazavana mamirapiratra i Athena; mijoro eo akaikin' ny mandan' ny Achaean izy ka mierona noho ny hatezerana. Raiki-tahotra ny Troiana raha nahita azy, ka vitan' ny Achaean ny mitondra ny fatin' i Patroclus hiala teo. Mbola mampirisika an' i Hektôro hiverina ao an-tanàna indray i Polydamas, nefa mbola mandà ihany i Hektôro, ka mitoby eny amin' ny lemaka ny Troiana rehefa hariva ny andro.

Torotoro fo i Akileosy ka misaona an' i Patroclus. Mandritra izany fotoana izany, noho ny fangatahan' i Thetis, dia manefy fiadiana fiarovan-tena vaovao ho an' i Akileosy i Hephaestus, anisan' izany ny ampinga vita asa tanana tsara tarehy.&lt;ref&gt;Auden, W. H.; Jacobs, Alan. ''The Shield of Achilles''. 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hatezeran' i Akileosy (boky faha-19–24) ===
Loharano:&lt;ref&gt;Murray; Wyatt (1925).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Achilles' Sacrifice of Trojan Prisoners.jpg|thumb|upright=1.40|Ampahany amin' ny sary hosodoko amin' ny rindrina (''fresco'') ao amin' ny Fasan' i François, any Vulci, mampiseho ny fanaovana sorona andevo troiana. Avy eo ankavia miankavanana: [[Agamemnon|Agamemnôna]], ny fanahin' i Patroclus, Vanth, [[Achille|Akileosy]] manapaka ny lohan' ny andevo iray, Charun, Ajax Lehibe, andevo iray, ary Ajax Kely. 350–330 tal. J.K.]]

Ny maraina dia entin' i Thetis ho an' i Akileosy ny fitafiana fiarovan-tenany vaovao, nefa hitany mitomany eo amin' ny fatin' i Patroclus izy. Mitafy ny fiadiany i Akileosy ary mampivondrona ireo mpiady Achaean. Omen' i Agamemnôna azy avokoa ny fanomezana nampanantenainy, anisan' izany i Briseis, nefa tsy mampiraika an' i Akileosy izany. Misakafo ny Achaean, fa mandà tsy hihinana kosa i Akileosy. Maminany ny hahafatesan' i Akileosy ny soavaliny, Xanthos, nefa tsy mampiraika azy koa izany. Mandeha miady i Akileosy, ary i Automedon no mitondra ny kalesin' adiny.

Esorin' i [[Zeosy|Zeus]] ny fandrarana ny fitsabahan' ireo andriamanitra, ka samy afaka manampy malalaka ny andaniny sy ny ankilany izy ireo. Vonton' ny hatezerana sy ny alahelo i Akileosy ka mamono Troiana maro ao anaty renirano, hany ka mibahana ny rano ireo faty. Miatrika an' i Akileosy i Scamander, andriamanitr' ilay renirano, ary mandidy azy hitsahatra tsy hamono Troiana, saingy mandà i Akileosy. Miady izy roa mandra-pihemotr' i Scamander noho ny afo miredareda toy ny tafio-drivotra alefan' i Hephaestus. Miady koa ireo andriamanitra. Sokafana ny vavahady lehiben' ny tanàna handraisana ireo Troiana mandositra, ary miseho ho Troiana i Apollo mba hitarihana an' i Akileosy hiala eo amin' ny tanàna. Rehefa mampahafantatra ny tena maha-izy azy amin' i Akileosy i Apollo, dia efa tafaverina ao anatin' ny tanàna voaro avokoa ny Troiana, afa-tsy i Hektôro.

Na dia miangavy azy aza i Priam sy Hecuba, ray aman-dreniny, dia manapa-kevitra ny hiatrika an' i Akileosy i Hektôro. Rehefa manatona anefa i Akileosy, dia rava ny fahavononany. Mandositra izy ka enjehin' i Akileosy manodidina ny tanàna. Farany, maka ny endrik' i Deiphobus, rahalahin' i Hektôro, i Athena mba hamitahana azy ka hampijanona azy; mitodika hiatrika ny mpifanandrina aminy àry izy. Rehefa avy niady vetivety izy roa, dia tsindronin' i Akileosy eo amin' ny vozony i Hektôro. Alohan' ny hahafatesany dia ampahatsiahivin' i Hektôro an' i Akileosy fa voalahatra ho faty koa izy. Esorin' i Akileosy amin' i Hektôro ilay fiadiana izay an' i Akileosy ihany, sady miravoravo noho ny nahafatesan' i Hektôro izy. Avy eo dia manala baraka ny fatin' i Hektôro izy: afatony ao ambadiky ny kalesin' adiny izany ka tarihiny manodidina ny tanàna. Mitomany i Hecuba sy Priam, ary miezaka ny hiatrika an' i Akileosy mihitsy i Priam. Mandre ny vaovao i Andromache ka mankany amin' ny manda; torana izy rehefa mahita izay mitranga eo ambany. Misaona ny Troiana.

Miseho amin' i Akileosy ao anaty nofy ny fanahin' i Patroclus, ka mampirisika azy hanao ny fombafomba fandevenana mba hahafahan' ny fanahiny mankany amin' ny [[Fanjakan' i Hadesy|tontolon' ny maty amin' ny finoana grika]]. Mangataka amin' i Akileosy i Patroclus mba handamina ny hiarahan' ny taolan' izy roa halevina ao anaty siny iray. Manaiky i Akileosy, ary dorana ny fatin' i Patroclus. Manokana andro iray hanaovana fifaninanana ho fanomezam-boninahitra ny maty ny Achaean, ary i Akileosy no mizara ny loka.

Variana tanteraka ao anatin' ny alahelony i Akileosy, ka laniny amin' ny fitomaniana an' i Patroclus sy ny fitarihana ny fatin' i Hektôro ao ambadiky ny kalesin' adiny ny androny. Tsy faly amin' ny fanimbazimbana tsy mitsahatra ataon' i Akileosy amin' ny fatin' i Hektôro i Zeus, ka manapa-kevitra fa tsy maintsy averina amin' i Priam izany. Tarihin' i [[Hermesy (andriamanitra)|Hermes]] i Priam, ka mitondra sarety feno fanomezana mamakivaky ny lemaka ary miditra tsy hitan' olona ao amin' ny tobin' ny Achaean. Mamihina ny lohalik' i Akileosy izy ary miangavy azy hamerina ny fatin-janany. Ontsa ka mitomany i Akileosy, ary manaiky ihany amin' ny farany, rehefa mihalefaka ny hatezerany. Samy mitomany noho ireo nafoiny tamin' ny ady izy roa. Manaiky hamerina ny fatin' i Hektôro i Akileosy ary hanome roa ambin' ny folo andro ho an' ny Troiana mba hisaonana sy handevenana azy araka ny tokony ho izy. Miala tsiny amin' i Patroclus i Akileosy satria matahotra izy sao nanala baraka azy tamin' ny namerenany ny fatin' i Hektôro. Rehefa avy misakafo i Priam dia mitondra ny fatin' i Hektôro mody any Troasy. Alevina i Hektôro, ary misaona ny tanàna.

== Lohahevitra ==

=== Fivavahana ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Fitaka natao tamin' i Zeus.

[[File:Hypnos Thanatos BM Vase D56 full.jpg|thumb|Hypnos sy Thanatos mitondra ny fatin' i Sarpedon hiala amin' ny sahan' ady ao [[Trôia|Troasy]]; antsipirian-tsary eo amin' ny tavoahangy fitoeran-diloilo (''lekythos'') avy any Attika, misy lafika fotsy, tokony ho tamin' ny 440 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy.]]

Tsy nanana rafitra fandaminana hentitra ny [[Fivavahana grika taloha|fivavahana grika fahiny]], fa niforona avy tamin' ny finoana samihafa nananan' ny vahoaka grika.&lt;ref&gt;Lawson, John Cuthbert. [https://archive.org/details/moderngreekfolkl00laws/page/2/mode/2up ''Modern Greek folklore and ancient Greek religion – a study in survivals'']. Cambridge University Press. 1910. pp.: 2–3.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny filazan' i Adkins sy Pollard, dia nomen' ny Grika tany am-boalohany toetran' olona avokoa ny lafiny rehetra tamin' ny tontolo niainany, na ny zavaboary na ny kolontsaina, ary koa ny zavatra niainany tao. Ny tany, ny ranomasina, ny tendrombohitra, ny renirano, ny lalàna miorina amin' ny fomba amam-panao (''themis''), ary ny anjaran' ny tsirairay eo amin' ny fiaraha-monina sy amin' ny harena ao aminy dia samy nojerena ho toy ny olona, sady nojerena araka ny natiora ihany koa.&lt;ref&gt;Adkins, A. W. H.; Pollard, John Richard Thornhill. [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Greek-religion ''Greek religion'']. 2 March 2020. daty niandohana voarakitra: 1998. encyclopedia: [[Encyclopædia Britannica]].&lt;/ref&gt; Noheverin' izy ireo ho vokatry ny fidiran' ny andriamanitra an-tsehatra na ny fanatrehan' ireo ny tontolo sy ny fiovana mitranga ao aminy. Matetika no hitany ho zava-miafina tsy hay hazavaina ireny fisehoan-javatra ireny.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Mikalson, Jon. ''Honor Thy Gods – Popular Religion in Greek Tragedy''. University of North Carolina Press. 1991.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny ''Iliada'', dia miady samy izy ny andriamanitra sy andriamanibavy ao Olympus ary ireo andriamanitra madinika, sady mandray anjara amin' ny adin' olombelona. Matetika izy ireo no miditra amin' ny raharahan' ny olona mety maty mba hanoherana andriamanitra hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kearns, E. 2004 pp. 59&quot; /&gt; Mifanaraka amin' ny tanjona kendren' i Hômera amin' ny fitantarany ny fanehoany ny andriamanitra, na dia tsy tahaka izany aza ny fomba niresahan' ny Atenianina ny andriamanitra tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Nodinihin' i Wolfgang Kullmann ny fidiran' ny andriamanitra an-tsehatra eo amin' ny tontolon' ny olombelona noho ny fifandirany samy izy. Araka ny famakafakany, dia ampiasain' i Hômera ho anton-javatra mamaritra ny zava-mitranga eo amin' ny olombelona ny firehetam-po sy ny fihetseham-pon' ny andriamanitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Kullmann, Wolfgang. ''Gods and Men in the Iliad and the Odyssey''. ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology''. 1985. boky: 89. pp.: 1–23. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.2307/311265&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;JSTOR 311265&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny boky faha-24, dia iverenana ny anton' ny ady ka ampifandraisina amin' ny hatezeran' i Hera sy Athena. Ao amin' ny andininy 24.25–30, araka ny dikan-tenin' i Augustus Taber Murray nokarakarain' i William F. Wyatt, dia tsy niray hevitra tamin' ny andriamanitra hafa i Hera, Poseidon ary Athena. Mbola nankahala an' i Ilios masina, Priam ary ny vahoakany izy ireo noho ny nataon' i Alexander, izay asehon' ireo andininy ho fahadalana: nanala baraka ireo andriamanibavy tonga tao amin' ny toeram-pamboleny izy, ary nidera ilay nanampy ny filany izay nitondra fahoriana.&lt;ref&gt;Murray; Wyatt (1925).&lt;/ref&gt;

Manohitra an' i Paris i Athena sy Hera noho ilay fifaninanana hatsaran-tarehy izay nifidianany an' i Aphrodite ho andriamanibavy tsara tarehy indrindra fa tsy izy roa. Araka ny filazan' i Kullmann, dia ny fahadisoam-panantenan' i Hera sy Athena noho ny fandresen' i Aphrodite tamin' ny fitsaran' i Paris no mamaritra ny fihetsik' izy roa manerana ny ''Iliada'', sady anton' ny fankahalany an' i Paris, ilay mpitsara, sy ny tanànany, Troasy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Noho izany dia manohana hatrany ny tafika Achaean i Hera sy Athena mandritra ny tononkalo, fa i Aphrodite kosa manampy an' i Paris sy ny Troiana. Miseho amin' ny zavatra ataon' ireo andriamanibavy eo amin' ny tontolon' ny olombelona ny fihetseham-pony. Ao amin' ny boky faha-3, ohatra, dia efa saika resin' i Menelaus, izay nihantsy azy hiady nifampitana, i Paris, saingy niditra an-tsehatra i Aphrodite mba hamonjy azy tamin' ny hatezeran' i Menelaus. Ohatra iray amin' ny fifandraisan' ny fihetseham-po sy ny asa manerana ny tononkalo izany. Miditra an-tsehatra hatrany ny andriamanitra, indrindra mba hampahery ireo olona arovany, ary matetika izy ireo no miseho amin' ny endrik' olona fantatr' ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mandinika ny anjara asan' ny ataon' ny andriamanitra ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' i Mary Lefkowitz. Anisan' ny fanontaniana dinihiny ny hoe: mijoro ho zava-mitranga ao amin' ny tantara amin' ny maha-izy azy ve ny fidiran' ny andriamanitra an-tsehatra, sa fanoharana ny toetran' olombelona fotsiny ny fihetsik' izy ireo?&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Lefkowitz, Mary (2003), ''Greek Gods, Human Lives: What We Can Learn From Myths'', New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' io famakafakana io, ny fahalianan' ny mpanoratra tamin' ny taonjato faha-5 sy faha-4 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy, toa an' i [[Thucydides]] sy [[Platôna|Plato]], dia nifantoka tamin' ny fampiasana ireny tantara ireny ho fomba hiresahana ny fiainan' olombelona, fa tsy ho famaritana zava-misy na fanambarana fahamarinana. Raha mbola andriamanitra ivavahana anefa izy ireo fa tsy fanoharana ny olombelona fotsiny, dia ny tsy fisian' ny foto-pinoana raikitra na boky masina tokana mamaritra ny fisiany no namela malalaka ny kolontsaina grika hamolavola andriamanitra mifanaraka amin' izay anjara asa ara-pivavahana nilain' ny vahoaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Taplin, Oliver. ''Bring Back the Gods''. ''[[The New York Times]]&amp;#39;''. 14 December 2003.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ampiasain' ilay psikôlôga Julian Jaynes ho porofo lehibe anohanany ny teôrian' ny saina mizara roa (''Bicameral Mind'') ny ''Iliada''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Jaynes, Julian. ''The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind''. 1976. p.: 221.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka io teôria io, dia hafa lavitra noho ny an' ny olona ankehitriny ny fomba fiasan' ny sain' olombelona hatramin' ny manodidina ny fotoana resahina ao amin' ny ''Iliada''. Nilaza i Jaynes fa tsy mbola nanana izay antsoina ankehitriny hoe fahatsiarovan-tena ireo olona ireo. Araka ny heviny, dia nandre sy nankatò baiko noheveriny fa avy tamin' ny andriamanitra izy ireo, mandra-piovan' ny fomba fiasan' ny sainy ka nahatonga ilay hery nanosika azy hanao zavatra ho isan' ny fahatsapany ny tenany. Nomarihiny fa saika ny asa rehetra ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' dia tarihin' ny andriamanitra iray, na aterany, na iharan' ny fitaomany. Nilaza koa izy fa vitsy dia vitsy ny teny manambara fieritreretana, fanaovana drafitra na fandinihana ny eritreritra sy ny fihetseham-pon' ny tena ao amin' ireo dikan-teny taloha. Raha misy teny toy izany, hoy izy, dia vokatry ny fandikan-diso ataon' ny mpandika teny izay mampitafy ireo mpandray anjara ny fomba fisainan' ny olona ankehitriny izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Lahatra ===

Ny lahatr' olona (''kēr'' amin' ny teny grika, izay midika eto hoe fahafatesana efa voalahatra) no manosika ny ankamaroan' ny zava-mitranga ao amin' ny ''Iliada''. Aseho ho manaiky izany ny andriamanitra sy ny olombelona, fa tsy afaka manohitra na manova azy.&lt;ref&gt;Liu (2024), pp. 561–563, 566.&lt;/ref&gt; Miseho amin' ny fomba samihafa manerana ny fitantarana ny lahatr' olona: mandefa famantarana amin' ny mpaminany toa an' i Calchas, ohatra, i Zeus,&lt;ref&gt;Erp Taalman Kip (2000), pp. 388–389.&lt;/ref&gt; ary manambara mialoha ny fahafatesan' i Akileosy izay efa mananontanona i Thetis. Miresaka matetika ny fanekena ny lahatr' olona ho mariky ny herim-po ny olombelona sy ny andriamaniny, ary ny fitsoahana izany ho mariky ny hakanosana.&lt;ref&gt;Nagy, Gregory. ''The best of the Achaeans: concepts of the hero in Archaic Greek poetry''. Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore. 1979. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8018-2200-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy ny asa sy ny zava-mitranga tsirairay rehetra no faritan' ny lahatr' olona, fa ny fiafaran' ny fiainana kosa no faritany. Anisan' ny ohatra amin' izany ny filazan' i Patroclus mialoha ny fahafatesan' i Hektôro.&lt;ref&gt;Dunkle, Roger (1986), [https://web.archive.org/web/20071205014548/http://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/dunkle/studyguide/homer.htm &quot;Iliad&quot;], in ''The Classical Origins of Western Culture'', ''The Core Studies 1 Study Guide'', Brooklyn College, archived from the [http://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/dunkle/studyguide/homer.htm original], 5 December 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny andininy 16.849–854, araka ny dikan-tenin' i Richmond Lattimore, dia lazain' i Patroclus amin' i Hektôro fa ny lahatr' olona mitondra fahafatesana sy ny zanak' i Leto no namono azy, ary i Euphorbos no voalohany tamin' ny olombelona namely azy; fahatelo ihany i Hektôro. Ampitandremany koa i Hektôro fa tsy ho ela velona, satria efa miandry azy ny fahafatesana voalahatra, ary i Akileosy, taranak' i Aiakos, no hahafaty azy.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 16.849–854 Lattimore (1951), p. 353.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy aseho ho ekena avy hatrany mandrakariva anefa ny lahatr' olona. Ao amin' ny boky faha-16, rehefa mahita an' i Patroclus efa hamono an' i Sarpedon zanany izay mety maty i Zeus, dia maneho alahelo izy.&lt;ref&gt;Morrison (1997), p. 286.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny andininy 16.433–434 amin' ny dikan-tenin' i Lattimore, dia alahelovan' i Zeus ny hoe efa voalahatra ho fatin' i Patroclus zanak' i Menoitios i Sarpedon, ilay olona tena malalany.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''The Iliad''. 16.433–434 Lattimore (1951), p. 342.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mamaly izany fisalasalan' i Zeus izany i Hera.&lt;ref&gt;Morrison (1997), p. 286.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny andininy 16.440–43 amin' ny dikan-tenin' i Lattimore, dia manontany an' i Zeus zanak' i Kronos izy raha te hanafaka amin' ny fahafatesana olona mety maty izay efa ela no voalahatra ho faty. Lazainy fa azon' i Zeus atao izany, nefa tsy ny andriamanitra hafa rehetra no hanaiky ny nataony.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''The Iliad'' 16.440–43 Lattimore (1951), p. 342.&lt;/ref&gt;

Miverina ny toe-javatra mitovitovy amin' izany rehefa mieritreritra ny hitsimbina an' i Hektôro, izay tiany sy hajainy, i Zeus. I Athena indray no mamaly azy. Ao amin' ny andininy 22.178–81 amin' ny dikan-tenin' i Lattimore, dia manontany izy raha tian' i Zeus havotana amin' ny fahafatesana ilay olona mety maty izay efa ela no voalahatra ho faty; ampitandremany koa izy fa tsy ny andriamanitra hafa rehetra no hanaiky izany.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''The Iliad'' 22.178–81 Lattimore (1951), p. 440.&lt;/ref&gt; Eto kosa, i Zeus dia miseho ho afaka manova ny lahatr' olona, nefa tsy manao izany fa mamela ny fiafarana efa voalahatra hitranga.

Miaro an' i Aeneas amin' ny fahafatesana koa ny lahatr' olona. Rehefa avy nandresy lahatra azy hiady amin' i Akileosy i Apollo, na dia tsy hahatohitra an' i Akileosy aza io mpiady avy any Troasy io, dia miditra an-tsehatra i Poseidon. Ao amin' ny andininy 20.300–04 amin' ny dikan-tenin' i Lattimore, dia manentana ny andriamanitra hamonjy an' i Aeneas izy, sao tezitra i Zeus zanak' i Kronos raha mamono azy i Akileosy. Araka ny fanazavany, dia efa voalahatra ho tafavoaka velona i Aeneas mba tsy ho lany tamingana ny taranak' i Dardanos.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''The Iliad'' 20.300–04 Lattimore (1951), p. 412.&lt;/ref&gt; Noho ny fanampian' ny andriamanitra, dia afa-mandositra ny hatezeran' i Akileosy i Aeneas.

=== Voninahitra sy fiverenana an-tanindrazana ===

==== Voninahitra ====
Ny ''kleos'' dia teny grika ilazana ny voninahitra sy ny laza azo amin' ny fanehoana herim-po amin' ny ady.&lt;ref&gt;[http://athome.harvard.edu/programs/nagy/threads/concept_of_hero.html ''The Concept of the Hero in Greek Civilization'']. Athome.harvard.edu. daty nijerena voarakitra: 18 April 2010. datin' ny tahiry: 21 April 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100421140227/http://athome.harvard.edu/programs/nagy/threads/concept_of_hero.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hitombo na hihena izany voninahitra izany, ary mety homena na hesorina amin' ny olona iray. Zava-dehibe indrindra amin' i Akileosy ny ''kleos'' ananany.&lt;ref&gt;Dué, C.; Lupack, Susan; Lamberton, R. (2020). ''Kleos''; Corinne Ondine Pache (mpamoaka), ''The Cambridge Guide to Homer'', pp. 167–168.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny boky faha-9, andininy 410–416, dia hazavainy amin' i Odysseus, Phoenix ary Ajax, irak' i Agamemnôna izay miangavy azy hiverina hiady, fa misy lahatra roa azony isafidianana.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;Volk, Katharina, &quot;ΚΛΕΟΣ ΑΦΘΙΤΟΝ Revisited&quot;, ''Classical Philology'', vol. 97, no. 1 (January 2002), pp. 61–68. &lt;nowiki&gt;JSTOR 1215546&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' izany andalan-teny izany dia milaza i Akileosy fa ny reniny, ilay andriamanibavy Thetis, no nampahafantatra azy ireo lalana roa mitondra ho amin' ny fahafatesany ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 9.410–416&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny hevitr' ilay andalan-teny ao amin' ny fandikan-tenin' i Richmond Lattimore, raha mijanona hiady eo akaikin' ny tanànan' ny Troiana izy, dia tsy hody intsony, nefa haharitra mandrakizay ny lazany. Raha mody any amin' ny tanindrazany kosa izy, dia tsy hahazo izany laza izany, saingy ho lava andro iainana ary tsy ho faty atsy ho atsy.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''The Iliad'' Lattimore (1951), p. 209.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny famoizany ny ''nostos'', izany hoe ny fiverenana an-tanindrazana, àry no ahazoany ny ''kleos aphthiton'', na laza tsy mety levona.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt; Miseho amin' ny toerana dimy hafa ao amin' ny tononkalo ny teny hoe ''aphthiton'', izay midika hoe tsy mety levona.&lt;ref&gt;II.46, V.724, XIII.22, XIV.238, XVIII.370&lt;/ref&gt; Zavatra no lazainy amin' ireo toerana ireo: ny tehim-panjakan' i Agamemnôna, ny kodiaran' ny kalesin' i Hebe, ny tranon' i Poseidon, ny seza fiandrianan' i Zeus ary ny tranon' i Hephaestus.

I Hephaestus no nanamboatra ny ampingan' i Akileosy, ary i Thetis reniny no nanome azy izany. Ahitana sarina kintana io ampinga io.

==== Fiverenana an-tanindrazana ====
Miseho impito ao amin' ny tononkalo ny ''nostos'', teny grika midika hoe fiverenana an-tanindrazana.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 2.155, Homer, ''Iliad'' 2.251, Homer, ''Iliad'' 9.413, Homer, ''Iliad'' 9.434, Homer, ''Iliad'' 9.622, Homer, ''Iliad'' 10.509, Homer, ''Iliad'' 16.82&lt;/ref&gt; Mivelatra kokoa amin' ny asa hafa ao amin' ny haisoratra grika fahiny ny fandinihana izany fiverenana izany, indrindra amin' ny tantaran' ny zava-mihatra amin' ireo taranak' i Atreus, dia i Agamemnôna sy Menelaus, ary amin' i Odysseus rehefa mody avy any an' ady; anisan' izany ny ''Odisey''.&lt;ref&gt;Alexopoulou (2003), pp. 1–3, 4–7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hornblower (2018), pp. 29–34.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Avonavona, herim-po, haja ary ''hybris'' ===

==== Avonavona ====
Mampandroso ny fizotry ny tantara ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' ny avonavona. Mivory eo amin' ny lemak' i Troasy ny Achaean mba haka an' i Helen avy amin' ny Troiana. Na dia vonona hamerina an' i Helen amin' ny Achaean aza ny ankamaroan' ny Troiana, dia milefitra eo anatrehan' ny avonavon' ny printsy Alexandros, izay fantatra koa amin' ny anarana hoe Paris, izy ireo. Ao anatin' izany toe-javatra izany no manomboka ny sanganasan' i Hômera. Eo am-piandohan' ny ''Iliada'', ny avonavon' i Agamemnôna no manetsika ny fifandimbiasan-javatra izay mitarika azy haka an' i Briseis amin' i Akileosy. I Briseis no tovovavy nomeny an' i Akileosy ho valin' ny fahaizany miady. Noho izany fanalam-baraka izany dia mandà tsy hiady i Akileosy, ary mangataka amin' i Thetis reniny mba hahatonga an' i Zeus hampijaly ny Achaean eny an' ady, mandra-pahatsapan' i Agamemnôna ny ratsy nataony taminy.&lt;ref&gt;Frobish (2003).&lt;/ref&gt;

Mitarika an' i Akileosy hangataka amin' i Thetis ny hahafatesan' ireo Achaean namany ny avonavony. Ao amin' ny boky faha-9, rehefa mampirisika azy hiverina hiady ireo namany sady manolotra babo sy ny famerenana an' i Briseis andevovaviny, dia mandà izy noho ny avonavony sy ny faniriany hamaly faty. Rehefa maty i Patroclus, dia mandresy ny avonavona vokatry ny fanalam-baraka nataon' i Agamemnôna ny hatezerany amin' ny tenany noho izany fahafatesana izany, ka miverina hiady izy mba hamono an' i Hektôro. Mandresy ny avonavony indray izy amin' ny faran' ny tononkalo, rehefa mifehy ny hatezerany ka mamerina ny fatin' i Hektôro amin' i Priam. Araka izany, dia mandray anjara amin' ny fizotry ny tantara hatrany am-piandohana ka hatramin' ny farany ny avonavona.&lt;ref group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot;&gt;Araka ny filazan' i Frobish, manomboka amin' ny avonavona sy ny tsy fahamatoran' ilay mpiady ny ady, nefa mifarana amin' ny fahaizany sy ny herim-pony eny an' ady. Frobish (2003), p. 24&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Herim-po sy ny mahery fo ====
Anisan' ireo mpiady ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' i Akileosy, Hektôro ary Patroclus. Manaraka an' i Akileosy sy ny hatezerany ary ny faharavana aterak' izany ny tantara. Etsy ankilany, manaraka an' i Hektôro, mpiady troiana izay miady hiaro ny fianakaviany sy ny vahoakany, koa izy. Hita ao amin' ny tantara ny fifikirany amin' ny fianakaviany sy ny ezaka ataony hiarovana ny vahoakany; mifantoka amin' ny fandevenana azy amim-panajana ny fiafaran' ny tononkalo. Ireo fihetsika sy andraikitra samihafa ireo no mampiavaka ny fanehoana an' i Akileosy sy Hektôro ao amin' ny tantara.

==== Haja sy fanajana: ''timē'' ====
Mifandray amin' ny ''kleos'', na voninahitra azo amin' ny ady, ny ''timē'' (''τιμή''), izay midika hoe haja sy fanajana. Izy io dia manondro ny haja azon' ny olona noho ny zava-bitany eo amin' ny kolontsaina, ny politika na ny ady, arakaraka ny toerana misy azy eo amin' ny fiarahamonina. Ao amin' ny boky voalohany, dia mandrahona an' i Chryses mpisorona i Agamemnôna mpanjaka (1.11), ary vao mainka mampitombo ny fahasahiranan' ny Achaean rehefa manala baraka an' i Akileosy amin' ny fakany an' i Briseis (1.171). Manimba ny ezaka ataon' ny Achaean amin' ny ady ny lolompon' ilay mpiady amin' ny mpanjaka vokatr' izany.

==== Fihoaram-pefy noho ny avonavona: ''hybris'' ====
Mitovy anjara asa amin' ny ''timē'' ny ''hybris'' (''Ὕβρις''), na fihoaram-pefy vokatry ny avonavona tafahoatra. Ny hatezeran' i Akileosy sy ny faharavana aterak' izany no lohahevitra iorenan' ny tononkalo. Mampikorontana ny fetra manasaraka ny olombelona amin' ireo andriamanitra ny hatezerana. Mandrava ny filaminan' ny fifandraisan' ny olona ny hatezerana tsy voafehy, ary manakorontana ny fandanjalanjana ny fihetsika tokony hatao mba hitazonana ny elanelana misy eo amin' ny olombelona sy ny andriamanitra. Na dia mifantoka amin' ny hatezeran' i Akileosy aza ny tononkalo, dia manana anjara toerana lehibe koa ny ''hybris'': sady manomboka no mampitombo trangan-javatra maro mitondra faharavana izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thompson&quot;&gt;Thompson, Diane P.. [https://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/troy/bbversion/level4/achillesanger.html ''Achilles' Wrath and the Plan of Zeus'']. 1998. datin' ny tahiry: 11 December 2018. tranonkala: Northern Virginia Community College. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181211095013/http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/Eli/Troy/BbVersion/level4/achillesanger.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Noho ny ''hybris'' dia mandà ny hanafaka an' i Chryseis takalon' ny vidim-panavotana i Agamemnôna; mandratra ny hambom-pon' i Akileosy koa izy rehefa mitaky an' i Briseis. Ny ''hybris'' koa no manosika an' i Paris hiady amin' i Menelaus. Mampirisika ny Achaean hiady i Agamemnôna amin' ny fikasihana ny hambom-pon' i Odysseus, Diomedes ary Nestor: anontaniany izy ireo hoe nahoana no mitakoko sy miandry fanampiana, nefa tokony ho izy ireo no hitarika ny fanafihana. Na dia ny hatezeran' i Akileosy sy ny faharavana aterak' izany aza no ivon' ny zava-mitranga ao amin' ny ''Iliada'', dia samy ampirehetin' ny ''hybris'' izy roa ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thompson&quot; /&gt;

=== Hatezerana (''mēnis'') ===
[[File:Wrath of Achilles2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.20|''The Wrath of Achilles'' (Ny hatezeran' i Akileosy; 1810), nataon' i Michel Martin Drolling.]]

Ny teny voalohany amin' ny tononkalo dia ''mēnin'' (μῆνιν), endrika ara-pitsipi-pitenenana ampiasaina amin' ny fameno mivantana amin' ny teny hoe ''mēnis'' (μῆνις), izay midika hoe hatezerana mafy. Io teny io no mampiditra ny lohahevitra fototry ny ''Iliada'': ny hatezeran' i Akileosy.&lt;ref&gt;''The Iliad''. T. Nelsons &amp; Sons. 1938. p.: 11. mpandika (anarana): Rouse. mpandika (fanampin' anarana): W. H. D..&lt;/ref&gt; Ny hatezerany sy ny fahatsapany fa voahitsakitsaka ny hajany amin' ny maha-mpiady azy no mampifandray ny fizotran' ny tantara, anisan' izany ny fahasahiranan' ny Achaean teo amin' ny ady sy ny fahafatesan' i Patroclus sy Hektôro. Tsy tantaraina ao amin' ny tononkalo kosa ny faharavan' i Troasy.

Ao amin' ny boky voalohany dia misongadina ny hatezeran' i Akileosy mandritra ny fivoriana nampiantsoiny, izay natrehin' ny mpanjaka grika sy Calchas mpaminany. Nandà tsy hamerina an' i Chryseis tamin' i Chryses rainy, mpisoron' i Apollo avy any Troasy, i Agamemnôna mpanjaka. Norahonany ilay mpisorona, na dia nanolotra fanomezana maro ho tambin' ny famotsorana ny zanany aza.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 1.13 Lattimore (1951), p. 59.&lt;/ref&gt; Nivavaka tamin' i Apollo ilay mpisorona noho izany fanalam-baraka izany, ka nandritra ny sivy andro dia nandefa zana-tsipìka nitondra areti-mandringana tamin' ny Achaean ilay andriamanitra. Tao amin' ilay fivoriana koa dia niampanga an' i Agamemnôna ho tia tombontsoa mihoatra noho ny olona rehetra i Akileosy.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 1.122 Lattimore (1951), p. 62.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny andininy 1.181–187, araka ny dikan-tenin' i Lattimore, dia mamaly i Agamemnôna fa haveriny an-tsambo miaraka amin' ny olony i Chryseis, satria takin' i Apollo izany. Handray an' i Briseis, izay nomena an' i Akileosy ho anjarany tamin' ny babo, kosa izy. Lazainy fa ny tenany mihitsy no haka azy ao amin' ny fonenan' i Akileosy, mba hampisehoana fa ambony fahefana noho io mpiady io izy ary hampihemotra izay hafa te hifaninana aminy.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 1.181–187 Lattimore (1951), p. 64.&lt;/ref&gt;

I Athena no misakana an' i Akileosy tsy hanao zavatra noho ny hatezerany. Mianiana tsy hankatò ny baikon' i Agamemnôna intsony izy. Mitomany amin' i Thetis reniny izy, ary i Thetis kosa mandresy lahatra an' i Zeus mba hanampy ny Troiana mandra-pamerenana ny haja tokony ho azon' i Akileosy. Ao amin' ny boky faha-12, dia tarihin' i Hektôro ny Troiana ka saika manosika ny Achaean hatrany an-dranomasina. Ao amin' ny boky faha-14 kosa, mieritreritra ny mety hahareseny sy ny hiverenana any Grisia i Agamemnôna.

Rehefa matin' i Hektôro i Patroclus, dia mitodika amin' ny famaliana faty ny hatezeran' i Akileosy. Noho ny alahelony dia misarika ny volony izy ary manosotra vovoka amin' ny tarehiny. Mampionona azy i Thetis. Ao amin' ny andininy 18.111–116, araka ny dikan-tenin' i Lattimore, dia milaza amin' ny reniny i Akileosy fa havelany ho lasa ny fifandirany tamin' i Agamemnôna ary hofeheziny ny hatezerany noho izany. Ny hamono an' i Hektôro, izay nahafaty an' i Patroclus malalany, no katsahiny; ekeny avy eo ny fahafatesany amin' izay fotoana hotendren' i Zeus sy ireo andriamanitra hafa.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 18.111–116 Lattimore (1951), p. 378.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Peter Paul Rubens - Achilles slays Hector.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|''Achilles Slays Hector'' (Mamono an' i Hektôro i Akileosy), nataon' i [[Pierre Paul Rubens|Peter Paul Rubens]] (1630–1635).]]
Manaiky ny mety hahafatesany i Akileosy mba hamaliana faty an' i Patroclus, ka miverina miady. Manenjika an' i Hektôro intelo manodidina ny mandan' i Troasy izy vao mamono azy. Afatony amin' ny kalesiny avy eo ny faty, ka tarihiny miverina any amin' ny toby.

=== Ady ===
Mitana toerana lehibe ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' ny famonoana olona eny an' ady. Misy koa anefa fotoana itsaharan' ny fifandonana sy ifampiresahan' ny mpifanandrina. Ao amin' ny boky fahatelo, dia manaiky hifampitana samirery i Menelaus sy Paris mba hamaranana ny ady. Ao amin' io boky io ihany, dia miresaka amin' i Priam ireo anti-panahy: na dia ekeny aza ny hatsaran-tarehin' i Helen, dia heveriny ho vidiny lafo loatra ny ady noho ny olona iray.

Ao amin' ny boky fahenina, dia miverina ao an-tanàna i Hektôro hitsidika ny ankohonany. Aseho ao ny fifandraisany amin' ny vady aman-janany, fa tsy ny maha-mpiady azy ihany. Mifandimby amin' ny fitantarana ny fifandonana sy ny fahafatesana eny an' ady izany fihaonana ao an-tokantrano izany.

Ao amin' ny boky faha-23, dia anaovana lalao fandevenana i Patroclus. Ao amin' ny boky faha-24 kosa, miara-misakafo i Akileosy sy Priam ary mizara ny alahelony noho ireo havany maty. Mifankahazo amin' ny alahelony izy ireo ary manaiky hampitsahatra ny ady mandritra ny roa ambin' ny folo andro mba handevenana an' i Hektôro.&lt;ref&gt;Moore (1921), p. 175.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Murray; Wyatt (1925).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daty sy tantaran' ny lahatsoratra ==
''Lahatsoratra an-tsipiriany: ny adihevitra momba an' i Hômera sy ny maha-ara-tantara ny Iliada.''

[[Sary:Homeric Greece-en.svg|thumb|300px|left|Sarintanin' i [[Grisia]] araka ny fitantaran' i [[Hômerôsy|Hômera]]]]

Tamin' ny vanim-potoana arkaika tao anatin' ny [[Andro Taloha Klasika|Andro Taloha klasika]] no niforonan' ilay tononkalo. Ny ankamaroan' ny manam-pahaizana dia mametraka izany ho tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-8 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy, na dia misy aza mametraka azy ho tamin' ny taonjato faha-7 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy.&lt;ref&gt;Crielaard, Jan Paul. [https://www.academia.edu/31148054 ''Homer, History and Archaeology: Some Remarks on the Date of the Homeric World'']. ''Homeric Questions: Essays in Philology, Ancient History and Archaeology''. J.C. Grieben. 1995. pp.: 201–288. mpamoaka (anarana): Crielaard. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Jan Paul. nampitaina tamin' ny: Academia.edu. publication-place: Amsterdam. publication-date: 1995.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;van Wees, Hans. [https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/cq/vol38/iss1/9/ ''Homer and Early Greece'']. ''Colby Quarterly''. 2002. boky: 38. laharana: 1. pp.: 94–117. nampitaina tamin' ny: Digital Commons.&lt;/ref&gt; Na ahoana na ahoana, ny taona 630 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy no daty farany indrindra mety ho niforonan' ny ''Iliada'' (''terminus ante quem''), araka ny porofo hita amin' ny akony eo amin' ny zavakanto sy ny haisoratra.&lt;ref&gt;West, M. L.. ''The Invention of Homer''. ''The Classical Quarterly''. 1999. boky: 49. laharana: 2. pp.: 364–382. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISSN 0009-8388&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1093/cq/49.2.364&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;JSTOR 639863&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rehefa avy naka hevitra tao amin' ny toerana fangatahana valin' ny andriamanitra tao Dodona i [[Herôdôtôsy|Herodotus]], dia nametraka an' i [[Hômerôsy|Hômera]] sy Hesiod ho niaina tokony ho 400 taona talohan' ny androny. Izany dia mametraka azy ireo ho niaina tokony ho tamin' ny taona 850 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy.&lt;ref&gt;Herodotus (de Sélincourt) (1975), p. 41.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny vanim-potoana isehoan' ny tantara ao amin' ilay tononkalo dia ny fotoana nirodanan' ny sivilizasiôna tamin' ny faran' ny Andron' ny Alimo, tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-12 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy. Tokony ho 400 taona àry no manasaraka an' i Hômera amin' ny zava-mitranga tantarainy; io elanelam-potoana io no fantatra amin' ny hoe Vanim-potoana Maizina tany Grisia. Niadian-kevitra mafy teo amin' ny manam-pahaizana ny amin' izay ampahan' ny tononkalo tena mitahiry lovantsofina avy amin' ny vanim-potoana mikeniana. Ny ''Lisitr' ireo sambo'' indrindra dia mampiseho toetra iray miavaka: tsy i Grisia tamin' ny [[Andron' ny Vy]], izany hoe tamin' ny andron' i Hômera, no hita ao amin' ny jeografia resahiny, fa i Grisia talohan' ny fanafihan' ny Dôriana.

Ny anarana hoe ''Ἰλιάς'' (''Ilias''; ''Ἰλιάδος'', ''Iliados'', amin' ny endrika zenitiva, izay maneho fifandraisana toy ny fananana) dia endrika nohafohezina avy amin' ny hoe ''ἡ ποίησις Ἰλιάς'', ''he poíesis Iliás'', izay midika hoe «ny tononkalo momba an' i Ilion (Troy)». Mpamaritra amin' ny endrika vavy manokana ny ''Ἰλιάς'' («momba an' i Ilion/Troy»), izay avy amin' ny hoe ''Ἴλιον'' (Ilion/Troasy). Ny endrika lahy amin' izany mpamaritra izany kosa dia ''Ἰλιακός'' na ''Ἴλιος''.&lt;ref&gt;
[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=*)ilia/s &lt;span title=&quot;Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;grc&quot;&gt;Ἰλιάς&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]
, 
[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=*)iliako/s &lt;span title=&quot;Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;grc&quot;&gt;Ἰλιακός&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]
, 
[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=*)/ilios &lt;span title=&quot;Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;grc&quot;&gt;Ἴλιος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; ''A Greek–English Lexicon'' at the Perseus Project
&lt;/ref&gt; Mampiasa azy io i Herodotus.&lt;ref&gt;''Histories'' 2.116&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny 2026 no nitaterana ny nahitana momia ejipsianina iray, izay tokony ho tamin' ny taona 400 taorian' i Jesoa Kristy, niaraka tamin' ny sombin' ny ''Iliada'' napetraka tao anatiny. Tsy nahalana ny lahatsoratra toy izany tamin' ny vanim-potoana grika sy romana, saingy mbola tsy nisy nahitana azy tamin' ny toe-javatra mifandray amin' ny fandevenana talohan' izany.&lt;ref&gt;Wexler, Ellen. [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archaeologists-unearth-a-papyrus-fragment-from-the-iliad-tucked-inside-the-wrappings-of-a-1600-year-old-egyptian-mummy-180988603/ ''Archaeologists Unearth a Papyrus Fragment From the 'Iliad' Tucked Inside the Wrappings of a 1,600-Year-Old Egyptian Mummy'']. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-05-19. magazine: Smithsonian Magazine.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny Venetus A (Venetus Graec. 822; Marc. graec. 454 taloha) no sora-tanana tranainy indrindra mbola ahitana ny lahatsoratry ny ''Iliada'' manontolo. Sora-tanana avy amin' ny [[Empira Bizantina|tontolo bizantina]] izy io, nadika tamin' ny taonjato faha-10 taorian' i Jesoa Kristy.&lt;ref&gt;Davison (1962), p. 226.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao anatiny ny lahatsoratry ny ''Iliada'' miaraka amin' ny fanazavana teny, ary koa ny ''scholia A'', izany hoe fanamarihana mandinika sy manazava ny lahatsoratra. Nalaina indrindra avy amin' ny asa soratr' ireo mpahay fitsipi-pitenenana Aristonicus, Didymus, Herodian ary Nicanor, izay tsy voatahiry intsony ankehitriny, ireo fanamarihana ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Erbse (1969), pp. XIII–XVI.&lt;/ref&gt; Porofo manan-danja momba ny fandinihana ny sanganasan' i Hômera tamin' ny vanim-potoana helenistika io sora-tanana io. Mitahiry endriky ny lahatsoratra maro avy tamin' ny Andro Taloha izay tsy voatahiry any an-kafa izy, ary heverin' ireo mpanonta ho tena ilaina amin' ny famerenana ny lahatsoratry ny ''Iliada'' ho araka ny endriny tany am-boalohany.&lt;ref&gt;West (2001), pp. 139–140; 147.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nokarakarain' i Demetrios Chalkokondyles ny fanontana voalohany natao pirinty ny ''Iliada'', na ''editio princeps'', ary navoakan' i Bernardus Nerlius sy Demetrius Damilas tao [[Florencia|Florence]] tamin' ny taona 1489.&lt;ref&gt;[http://onassislibrary.gr/en/collection/items/39018_en/ ''Homerus, [Τὰ σωζόμενα]'']. The Hellenic Library of the Onassis Foundation. daty nijerena voarakitra: 3 September 2017. tranonkala: onassislibrary.gr.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lovantsofina am-bava ===
[[File:Thomas Lawrence (1769-1830) - Homer Reciting his Poems - T01974 - Tate.jpg|thumb|''Homer Reciting his Poems'' (Hômera mitanisa ny tononkalony), nataon' i Thomas Lawrence, 1790]]

Tamin' ny Andro Taloha, ny Grika dia nampiasa ny ''Iliada'' sy ny ''Odisey'' ho fototry ny fampianarana. Nitana anjara toerana lehibe teo amin' ny asa fanabeazana sy fampitana kolontsaina nataon' ny mpitanisa tononkalo nitety toerana ny literatiora. Nampifandray ny zavatra notadidiny sy ny famoronana teo no ho eo ireo mpitanisa ireo mba hamoronana tononkalo lava mirindra mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo. Nampiely izany tamin' ny alalan' ny hira sy ny fanononana mirindra izy ireo, nandritra ny diany sy tamin' ny fety Panathenaic, izay nahitana fanatanjahantena, mozika, tononkalo ary fanaovana sorona, ho fankalazana ny andro nahaterahan' i Athena.&lt;ref&gt;''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (5 ed.), 1994, p. 173.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny voalohany, ny manam-pahaizana momba ny tontolo grika sy romana taloha dia nihevitra ny ''Iliada'' sy ny ''Odisey'' ho tononkalo noforonina an-tsoratra, ary i Hômera ho mpanoratra. Tamin' ny taompolo 1920 anefa, dia efa nanomboka hetsika nanohana hevitra mifanohitra amin' izany i Milman Parry (1902–1935). Nandinika ny fomba am-bava nampiasain' i Hômera izy, indrindra ireo anaram-pamaritana raikitra sy ny famerimberenana teny, andian-teny ary andian' andalana. Hita tamin' izany fandinihana izany fa avy amin' ny [[Lovantsofina am-bava|lovantsofina am-bava]] ireo fomba fiteny efa voaomana ireo, ary mora nampifanarahina tamin' ny andalana misy singa enina amin' ny fandrefesana gadona. Ny famerimberenana anaram-pamaritana raikitra misy teny roa, toy ny hoe « resourceful Odysseus » amin' ny teny anglisy (izany hoe « Odysseus mahay mitady hevitra »), dia afaka mameno antsasaky ny andalana amin' ny fampiarahana ny anaran' ny olona iray sy ny famaritana azy. Afaka mamorona ny antsasany sisa araka ireo fomba fiteny mahazatra àry ny poeta, ka mameno ny hevitra tiany hambara amin' ny teny noforoniny manokana.&lt;ref&gt;Porter, John. [http://duke.usask.ca/~porterj/CourseNotes/HomOral.html ''The Iliad as Oral Formulaic Poetry'']. University of Saskatchewan. 6 December 2002. daty nijerena voarakitra: 26 November 2007. datin' ny tahiry: 2 February 2006. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060202093017/http://duke.usask.ca/~porterj/CourseNotes/HomOral.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Tany [[Iogôslavia]], i Parry sy Albert Lord (1912–1991), mpanampy azy, dia nandinika ny famoronana tononkalo am-bava amin' ny [[Fiteny serba|teny serba]] tamin' ny fampiasana fomba fiteny efa voaomana. Nivoaka avy tamin' izany ny teôrian' i Parry sy Lord, izay nametraka ny fototry ny fandinihana ny lovantsofina am-bava. Novolavolain' i Eric Havelock, [[Marshall McLuhan]], Walter Ong ary Gregory Nagy izany tatỳ aoriana.

Ao amin' ny ''The Singer of Tales'' (1960), i Lord dia mampiseho fitoviana eo amin' ny loza nanjo an' i Patroclus, ilay Achaean ao amin' ny ''Iliada'', sy ny nanjo an' i Enkidu, ilay avy any [[Somera|Sumer]] ao amin' ny ''[[Epikan' i Gilgamesa|Epic of Gilgamesh]]''. Milaza izy fa ny fandinihana akaiky ny fiverimberenan' ny lamina ara-lohahevitra dia manohitra ny hevitra hoe manakorontana ny lamina efa nampiasain' i Hômera momba ny hatezerana, ny fangalarana ampakarina ary ny famonjena ny fizotry ny tantaran' i Patroclus. Araka izany, ny famerimberenana andian-teny raikitra dia tsy mametra ny fahaizan' i Hômera mamorona zava-baovao rehefa mampifanaraka ny tantara amin' ny endriky ny andalan-tononkalo.&lt;ref&gt;Lord, Albert. ''The Singer of Tales''. Harvard University Press. Cambridge. 1960. pp.: 190, 195.&lt;/ref&gt; Toy izany koa, araka ny fandinihan' i James Armstrong tamin' ny 1958,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; dia mampanan-karena ny hevitra ao amin' ny tononkalo ireo fomba fiteny miverimberina ireo. Ny safidin-teny ampiasaina amin' ny lohahevitra miverimberina momba ny fitafiana fiadiana, rehefa milazalaza an' i Akileosy, Agamemnôna, Paris ary Patroclus, dia manasongadina ny lanjan' ny fotoana iray manaitra. Mahatonga ny fitantarana hikoriana mirindra ny famerimberenana; ao anatin' izany no anavahan' i Hômera an' i Patroclus amin' i Akileosy, sy anomezany famantarana mialoha ny fahafatesan' i Patroclus amin' ny alalan' ny fomba filaza manamafy sy mandà.&lt;ref&gt;''Iliad'', Book XVI, 130–154&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Armstrong, James I. ''The Arming Motif in the Iliad''. ''American Journal of Philology''. 1958. boky: 79. pp.: 337–354. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.2307/292347&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;JSTOR 292347&lt;/nowiki&gt;. number: 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mety ho vokatry ny lovantsofina am-bava ny tsy fifanarahana indraindray eo amin' ny anaram-pamaritana ampiasaina sy ny toe-javatra eo amin' ilay seho ao amin' ny ''Iliada''. Ohatra amin' izany ny ilazana an' i Aphrodite ho tia hehy na dia nijaly noho ny ratra nataon' i Diomedes aza izy (Boky V, 375). Mety hampifangaro ny angano tamin' ny [[Sivilizasiôna Mikeniana|vanim-potoana mikeniana tany Grisia]] sy tamin' ny vanim-potoana maizina grika (tokony ho 1150–800 talohan' i Kristy) koa ny fanehoana ireo andriamanitra. Ampitoviana amin' ny andriamanitra madinika, toa an' i Scamander sy ny hafa, ireo andriana mandova toerana antsoina hoe ''basileis'', izay mpitondra ambany laharana kokoa eo amin' ny fiarahamonina.&lt;ref&gt;Toohey, Peter. ''Reading Epic – An Introduction to the Ancient Narrative''. Routledge. New Fetter Lane, London. 1992.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanehoana ny ady sy fanamboarana fitaovam-piadiana ==
Lahatsoratra fototra: Filaharan' ny tafika tao Troasy.

=== Fanehoana ny adin' ny miaramila an-tongotra ===
Na dia samy nanana hery an-dranomasina aza i Misenea sy Troasy, dia tsy misy ady an-dranomasina ao amin' ny ''Iliada''.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 3.45–50&lt;/ref&gt; Na i Phereclus, ilay mpanamboatra ny sambo nitondra an' i Helen ho any Troasy, aza dia miady an-tongotra.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 5.59–65&lt;/ref&gt; Voafaritra amin' ny antsipiriany ny fitafiana sy ny fiadiana fiarovana anaovan' ny mahery fo sy ny miaramila. Mandeha amin' ny kalesin' ady izy ireo rehefa miditra an-tsehatra, ary manipy lefona amin' ny filaharan' ny fahavalo. Midina avy eo izy ireo mba hiady akaiky, ka mbola mifampitoraka lefona sy vato ihany, ary mampiasa sabatra sy ampinga entina amin' ny soroka, antsoina hoe ''aspis'', raha ilaina.&lt;ref&gt;John Keegan (1993), ''A History of Warfare'', p. 248.&lt;/ref&gt;

I Ajax Lehibe, zanak' i Telamon, dia mitondra ampinga lehibe mahitsizoro antsoina hoe ''sakos'', izay iarovany ny tenany sy i Teucer rahalahiny. Ao amin' ny andalana 8.267–272, araka ny dikan-tenin' i Ian Johnston, dia i Teucer no miseho ho faha-sivy, manenjana ny tsipìkany miolaka. Mifandimby ny fitifirany sy ny fialofany: ahilik' i Ajax amim-pitandremana kely ny ampinga, ka mipoitra i Teucer, mandefa zana-tsipìka mahafaty olona iray ao amin' ny andian-tafika, ary avy hatrany dia miverina mialoka eo akaikin' i Ajax. Mianjera eo amin' ny toerana nisy azy ilay voatifitra. I Teucer kosa dia ampitahaina amin' ny zaza eo akaikin-dreniny rehefa miondrika eo akaikin' i Ajax, ary saronan' ity farany amin' ilay ampinga mamirapiratra indray.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 8.267–272, translated by Ian Johnston.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sarotra entina sy ahetsika ny ampingan' i Ajax, ka mety kokoa amin' ny fiarovan-tena noho ny fanafihana. I Akileosy, zanak' olo-mpiray tampo aminy, kosa dia mampiasa ampinga lehibe miaraka amin' ny lefony, ka mahomby amin' ny ady ataony amin' ny Troiana. Ao amin' ny andalana 16.213–217, araka ny dikan-tenin' i Ian Johnston, dia aseho koa ny fifanatonan' ny miaramila ao amin' ny filaharana: mifampikasoka ny ampinga, izay misy bontsina eo afovoany, sy ny fiarovan-doha, ary mifanety ny olona. Ampitahaina amin' ny vato mifanaraka tsara amin' ny rindrin' ny trano avo, izay natao hisakana ny rivotra mahery, izany filaharana izany. Rehefa mihetsika ny lohan' ny mpiady, dia mifampikasoka ny volon-tsoavaly manaravaka ny tendrony mamirapiratra eo amin' ny fiarovan-dohany, noho izy ireo mifanakaiky aoka izany.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 16.213–217 (translated by Ian Johnston).&lt;/ref&gt;

Rehefa milazalaza ny adin' ny miaramila an-tongotra i Hômera, dia manonona ny filaharan-tafika ''phalanx'', izany hoe andian' ny miaramila milahatra mifanety.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 6.6&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny bokin' i Tomas Cahill, ''Sailing the Wine Dark Sea – Why the Greeks Matter'', anefa, dia tsy mihevitra ny ankamaroan' ny mpikaroka fa izany no fomba niadiana tamin' ny Adin' i Troasy ara-tantara.&lt;ref&gt;Cahill, Tomas (2003), ''Sailing the Wine Dark Sea – Why the Greeks Matter''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nampiasa kalesy ny Grika mikeniana tamin' ny [[Andron' ny Alimo]], ary tsy nitovy tamin' ny nampiasain' ireo fanjakana niara-belona taminy tany Afovoany Atsinanana ny kalesiny.&lt;ref name=Georganas-2012-Cline-p312&gt;Georganas, Ioannis. ''Weapons and Warfare''. Oxford University Press. 2012. p.: 312. mpamoaka (anarana): Cline. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Eric. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0199873609&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0023&lt;/nowiki&gt;. encyclopedia: The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;D'Amato, Raphaelo; Salimbeti, Andrea. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ydE6bwAACAAJ ''Bronze Age Greek Warrior 1600–1100 BC'']. Osprey Publishing Company. Oxford. 2011. pp.: 43–44. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-84908-195-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

I Nestor dia mametraka ny kalesy ho lohalaharana amin' ny tafiny. Ao amin' ny andalana 4.301–309, araka ny dikan-tenin' i Ian Johnston, dia mampitandrina ny mpiady izy mba tsy hisy hialoha ny namany noho ny fahatokisany ny heriny sy ny fahaizany mitondra soavaly, na ho tara aoriana ka hampihena ny herin' ny fanafihana. Raha mifanatrika amin' ny kalesin' ny fahavalo ny kalesin' ny mpiady iray, dia tokony hanindrona amin' ny lefona avy eo izy. Lazain' i Nestor fa izany no tetika mahomby indrindra, sady fomba efa nandravan' ny olona tanàna mimanda fahiny, rehefa nanana izany toe-tsaina sy fahavononana izany izy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 4.301–309 (translated by Ian Johnston).&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny fandinihany an' i Akileosy sy ny ''kleos'', na laza maharitra avy amin' ny zava-bita, i John W. Head dia mampifanohitra ny fandresena manjombona sy ny fankalazana ny voninahitry ny maty. Na dia asehon' i Hômera mivantana sy amin' ny antsipiriany aza ny herisetran' ny ady, dia mampiharihary ny habetsahan' ny zavatra very ny fandresen' i Akileosy amin' ny fiafaran' ny tononkalo. Ny lalao atao amin' ny fandevenana kosa dia feno fiainana, satria ankalazana ny fiainan' ilay maty sy ny voninahiny.&lt;ref&gt;Head, John W.. ''Deep Agroecology and the Homeric Epics''. ''Achilles: mênis, kleos, and aristeia''. Routledge. 14 December 2020. pp.: 35–47. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781003108412&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.4324/9781003108412-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. chapter-url: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781003108412-3/achilles-m%C3%AAnis-kleos-aristeia-john-head.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanamboarana indray ny fitaovam-piadiana sy ny fiadiana fiarovana ary ny endriny ===
Nisy fanamboarana indray ny fitaovam-piadiana sy ny fiadiana fiarovana nataon' i Salimbeti sy ny mpiara-miasa aminy.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.salimbeti.com/micenei/armour5.htm ''The Greek Age of Bronze – Armour''].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fiantraikany tamin' ny ady grika ===
Tsy voatery ho soratra masina nohajain' ny Grika fahiny ny tononkalon' i Hômera, indrindra ny ''Iliada'', nefa nanana anjara teo amin' ny fanabeazana sy ny fiainana ara-tsaina grika izy ireo. Araka an' i Lendon, tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-5 tal. J.K., dia mariky ny toerana ambony teo amin' ny fiaraha-monina ny fahaizana mitanisa tsianjery ny ''Iliada'' sy ny ''Odisey''.&lt;ref&gt;Lendon (2005), p. 36.&lt;/ref&gt; Azo dinihina amin' ny lafiny telo ny fifandraisan' ny ady asehon' ny tononkalo sy ny ady grika tamin' ny vanim-potoana klasika: ny fomba fandaminana sy fitarihana ny ady, ny foto-kevitra momba ny ady, ary ny fomba fisainan' ny mpitari-tafika.

Ady ifanaovan' ny mahery fo tsiroaroa no betsaka amin' ireo fifandonana tantaraina amin' ny an-tsipiriany ao amin' ny ''Iliada''. Araka ny famaritana nataon' i Lendon, dia misy filaharan-javatra miverimberina amin' ireny ady ireny, toy ny ao amin' ny ''Odisey'': mifanena amin' ny mahery fo iray tsy dia misongadina avy amin' ny ankilany ny mahery fo lehibe iray; ampahafantarina ilay mpifanandrina; mety hifampitahotra izy ireo; ary maty ilay mahery fo tsy dia misongadina. Matetika no esorin' ny mpandresy amin' ny faty ny fiarovan-tena sy ny fitaovam-piadiana entiny.&lt;ref&gt;Lendon (2005), pp. 22–23.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ohatra amin' izany ny fahafatesan' i Simoeisios eo an-tanan' i Ajax, zanak' i Telamon. Ao amin' ny andalana 4.473–483, araka ny dikan-tenin' i Lattimore, dia ampahafantarin' ny tantara fa zanak' i Anthemion i Simoeisios. Teraka teo amoron' ny renirano Simoeis izy, ka izany no niavian' ny anarany: nidina avy tany Ida ny reniny tamin' izay, rehefa niaraka tamin' ny ray aman-dreniny nikarakara andian' ondry. Mbola tanora izy no maty, ka tsy afaka namaly ny fikarakaran' ny ray aman-dreniny. Rehefa nandroso hiady izy dia notsatohan' i Ajax tamin' ny lefona teo akaikin' ny nonony havanana, ary nivoaka teo amin' ny sorony ny lohan-defona varahina.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 4.473–483 Lattimore (1951), pp. 125–126.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny iray amin' ny olana amin' ny fampitahana ny adin' ny mahery fo ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' sy ny ady grika tatỳ aoriana dia ny ady nataon' ny miaramila an-tongotra nitondra fitaovam-piarovana mavesatra, na ''hoplite'', izay nilahatra nifanizina tao amin' ny ''phalanx''. Tany aorian' ny ''Iliada'' vao hita tamin' ny tantara grika izany fomba fiady izany. Misy filazana miaramila milahatra amin' ny endrika mitovitovy amin' ny ''phalanx'' ao amin' ny tononkalo, nefa toa tsy mifanaraka amin' ny fomba fiady iarahan' ny andiany ny fanasongadinana ny ady ifanaovan' ny mahery fo tsirairay. Araka an' i Lendon anefa, dia nisy endrika herim-po koa tao amin' ny adin' ny ''phalanx'': ny fitazonan' ny miaramila ny toerana misy azy ao amin' ny laharana no nisolo ilay fifaninanana isam-batan' olona nanehoana herim-pon' ny lehilahy tao amin' ny tononkalo.&lt;ref&gt;Lendon (2005), p. 51.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ohatra amin' izany ny tantaran' ny adin' ny mpiady voafantina, izay niadian' ny lehilahy 300 avy any Sparta tamin' ny lehilahy 300 avy any Argos. Araka ilay tantara dia roa tamin' ny avy any Argos sy iray tamin' ny avy any Sparta sisa no tavela. Niverina nankany Argos ireo roa lahy mba hitatitra ny fandreseny, fa i Othryades, ilay avy any Sparta, kosa niverina nijoro teo amin' ny toerany tao amin' ny laharana, na dia naratra nahafaty aza. Nambaran' ny avy any Sparta ho azy ireo ny fandresena, satria ny fitazonan' ilay miaramilany farany ny toerany tao amin' ny ''phalanx'' no noraisiny ho fanehoana herim-po ambony indrindra.&lt;ref&gt;Herodotus, ''Histories'' 1.82.&lt;/ref&gt;

Miseho amin' ny tenin' i Hektôro amin' i Ajax koa ny fandavana ny fampiasana fitaka amin' ny ady. Ao amin' ny andalana 7.237–243, araka ny dikan-tenin' i Lattimore, dia milaza i Hektôro fa mahay miady eo anivon' ny fifandonan' ny soavaly sy manao ny fihetsika ilaina amin' ny ady. Na dia mahery aza i Ajax, dia tsy mikasa hanafika azy an-tsokosoko i Hektôro: aleony mifanatrika aminy ampahibemaso ka manandrana mamely azy amin' izany fomba izany.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'' 7.237–243 Lattimore (1951), p. 174.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy ny fandavana fitaka ihany anefa no asehon' ny lovantsofina momba ny ady. Ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' dia misy andalana iresahan' ny mpitari-tafika toa an' i Agamemnôna sy Nestor ny fandaminana ny miaramila mba hahazoana tombony amin' ny fahavalo. Ao amin' ny tantaran' ny Ady tao Troasy manontolo kosa, ny hafetsen' ny Achaean tamin' ny fampiasana ny soavaly tao Troasy no nahazoany ny fandresena. Tsy ao amin' ny zava-mitranga tantarain' ny ''Iliada'' io, fa resahin' i Hômera ao amin' ny ''Odisey''. Araka an' i Lendon, teo amin' ny ady grika tatỳ aoriana dia nalaza tamin' ny fampiasana hafetsena ny mpitari-tafika avy any Sparta, ary fahaizana notadiavina tamin' ny mpitari-tafika izany. Nampirisika io fomba fitarihana io koa ny mpanoratra grika momba ny paikady miaramila.&lt;ref&gt;Lendon (2005), p. 240.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy naverina manontolo tamin' ny ady grika tatỳ aoriana ny fomba fiady asehon' ny tononkalon' i Hômera. Misy kosa ny fitohizan' ny soatoavina sy ny fomba fiady ary ny torohevitra sasany hita ao amin' izany.&lt;ref&gt;Lendon (2005).&lt;/ref&gt;

Milaza i Hans van Wees fa azo ampifandraisina amin' ny vanim-potoana voafaritra kokoa ny filazalazana ny ady ao amin' ny tononkalo, dia ny tapany voalohan' ny taonjato faha-7 tal. J.K.&lt;ref&gt;van Wees, Hans. ''Greek Warfare – Myth and Realities''. Bristol Classical Press. 2004. p.: 249.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fiantraikany ara-javakanto sy ara-kolontsaina ==
Jereo koa: ny Adin' i Troasy eo amin' ny literatiora sy ny zavakanto.

Nanjary fototry ny fampianarana tany Atena tamin' ny vanim-potoana klasika ny ''Iliada'' sy ny ''Odisey''.&lt;ref&gt;Lamberton (2020), p. 411.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny faran' ny taonjato fahadimy talohan' i Kristy dia efa niely ny fahalalana ireo lahatsoratra roa ireo teo amin' ny tontolo grika fahiny.&lt;ref&gt;Kim (2020), p. 424.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny filazan' i Gregory Nagy, manam-pahaizana momba ny tontolo grika sy rômana fahiny, dia nohajain' ny Grika fahiny ho vato fehizoron' ny sivilizasiônany ny ''Iliada'' nosoratan' i Hômera sy ny ''Odisey'' izay miara-dalana aminy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uh.edu/~cldue/texts/introductiontohomer.html ''Heroes and the Homeric Iliad'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2025-12-04. tranonkala: www.uh.edu.&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an' i James Boyd White, mpandalina literatiora, dia sady mamaritra kolontsaina iray ny ''Iliada'' no mitsikera ny fototra iorenan' izany kolontsaina izany.&lt;ref&gt;White, James B.. ''Homer's Argument with Culture''. ''Critical Inquiry''. 1981. boky: 7. laharana: 4. pp.: 707–725. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISSN 0093-1896&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1086/448127&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;JSTOR 1343146&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nahazo laza tany Grisia tamin' ny vanim-potoana klasika ny ''Iliada'', ary nitohy izany nandritra ny [[Vanim-potoana helenistika|vanim-potoana helenistika]], ny vanim-potoana rômana ary ny [[Empira Bizantina|vanim-potoana bizantina]]. Araka ny famintinana omen' i Lawrence Kim ny hevitry ny ankamaroan' ny mpikaroka, dia efa nisy tamin' ny endriny iray ny ''Iliada'' teo antenatenan' ny taonjato fahafito talohan' i Kristy. Tsy misy anefa fanondroana mivantana azy tamin' ny taona 650–550 talohan' i Kristy voatahiry, ary fanondroana ankolaka ao amin' ny literatiora ny ankamaroan' ny fanondroana azy.&lt;ref&gt;Kim (2020), p. 418–420.&lt;/ref&gt; Nitombo ny lazany tamin' ny taonjato fahadimy talohan' i Kristy, nefa vitsy ny porofo ahafahana milaza fa efa nekena ho lahatsoratra fototra sy fakan-tahaka ao amin' ny asa soratra ampifandraisina amin' i Hômera izy sy ny ''Odisey'' tamin' izany fotoana izany.&lt;ref&gt;Kim (2020), p. 422.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny filazan' i Kim momba ny taona 14–235 taorian' i Kristy, dia nahatratra ny faritra rehetra tao amin' ny Empira Rômana ny fitaoman' i Hômera, ary nisy sarivongana naneho ny ''Iliada'' ho toy ny olona.&lt;ref&gt;Kim (2020), p. 431.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ny lohahevitra nankafizin' ny mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra grika fahiny ny Adin' i Troasy. Ny ''Oresteia'', tantara an-tsehatra telo mifampitohy nosoratan' i [[Aeschylus]], izay ahitana ny ''Agamemnon'', ny ''The Libation Bearers'' ary ny ''The Eumenides'', dia mitantara ny fiainan' i Agamemnôna taorian' ny niverenany avy tany an' ady.

I Publius Baebius Italicus, mpikambana tao amin' ny Antenimieran-doholona rômana, no heverina ho nanoratra dikan-teny latina nohafohezina tamin' ny ''Iliada'', tokony ho tamin' ny taona 54–65 taorian' i Kristy. Antsoina hoe ''Ilias Latina'' na ''Homerus Latinus'' io asa soratra io, izay nambara taloha fa nosoratan' i Pindarus Thebaeus. Tsy dia novakina tany amin' ny Tandrefana nandritra ny Andro Antenatenany ny lahatsoratra grika niandohan' ny ''Iliada'', fa ny ''Ilias Latina'' kosa dia nianarana sy novakina betsaka ho lahatsoratra fototra tany an-tsekoly. Nirona tsy hatoky an' i Hômera koa ny olona tany amin' ny Tandrefana, satria noheveriny fa nananany ireo fitantarana momba ny Adin' i Troasy nosoratan' i Dares sy Dictys Cretensis, izay noheverina ho vavolombelona nanatrika ireo zava-nitranga; tamin' ny fijerin' ireo mpamaky dia akaiky kokoa ny fiainana andavanandro sy ny zava-misy ireo fitantarana ireo. Ireo fitantarana natao hosoka tamin' ny faraparan' ny Andro Taloha ireo no fototry ny tantaram-pitiavana sy zava-niainan' ny mpiady an-tsoavaly maro izay nahazo laza be tamin' ny [[Andro Antenatenany]], indrindra ireo nosoratan' i Benoît de Sainte-Maure sy Guido delle Colonne. Niteraka tantara maro hafa tamin' ny fiteny eorôpeana samihafa indray ireo, anisan' izany ny ''Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye'' tamin' ny taona 1473, izay boky voalohany natao pirinty tamin' ny teny anglisy. Anisan' ny fitantarana hafa novakina tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany koa ny famerenana ny tantara tamin' ny teny latina efa nisy hatramin' ny Andro Taloha, toy ny ''Excidium Troiae'', sy ireo asa soratra tamin' ny fiteny fampiasan' ny mponina, toy ny tantaran' i Troasy amin' ny teny islandey. Na dia tsy novakina aza i Hômera, dia mbola nanana toerana lehibe teo amin' ny kolontsaina ara-literatiora tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany sy ny fiheveran' ny olona ny maha-izy azy tany Eorôpa Andrefana ny tantaran' ny Adin' i Troasy. Nampifandray ny fiaviany tamin' ireo mahery fo tamin' izany ady izany ny ankamaroan' ny firenena sy ny fianakavian' andriana maro. Anisan' izany ny fitantarana fa ilay Troiana atao hoe Brutus no nanorim-ponenana tany Britain.&lt;ref&gt;Nennius. ''Historia Brittonum''. ''III. The History''. Fordham University Press. nampitaina tamin' ny: sourcebooks.fordham.edu. daty nijerena voarakitra: 4 July 2022. chapter-url: https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/nennius-full.asp.&lt;/ref&gt;

Efa nanao dikan-teny latina talohan' izany i Matius, ka nampiasa andalana misy singam-pandrefesana gadona enina, na ''hexameter''. Mbola misy sombiny amin' io dikan-teny io voatahiry.&lt;ref&gt;Conte, Gian Biagio; Most, Glenn W.; Fowler, Don P.; Conte, Gian Biagio; Conte, Gian Biagio; Fowler, Don; Solodow, Joseph B.. ''Latin literature: a history''. Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Md.. 1999. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8018-6253-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: Paperbacks.&lt;/ref&gt;

Niverina nanana fiantraikany lehibe teo amin' ny kolontsaina eorôpeana ny asa soratr' i Hômera rehefa niverina ny fahalianana tamin' ny kolontsaina grika fahiny nandritra ny ''Renaissance'', vanim-potoan' ny fifohazana ara-kolontsaina tany Eorôpa. Nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 no niverina tany Italia sy Eorôpa Andrefana ny lahatsoratra manontolon' ny ''Iliada'', indrindra tamin' ny alalan' ny dikan-teny latina sy ireo dikan-teny tamin' ny fiteny fampiasan' ny mponina.

Araka ny filazan' i Suleyman al-Boustani, poety tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 izay nanao ny dikan-teny arabo voalohany tamin' ny ''Iliada'', dia mety ho niely be tamin' ny voalohandohan' ny Andro Antenatenany ny dikan-tenin' ilay tononkalo tamin' ny [[Fiteny siriaka|teny siriaka]] sy ny teny persiana antenatenany, na ''pahlavi''. I al-Boustani no nilaza fa i Theophilus of Edessa no nanao ilay dikan-teny siriaka. Araka ny filazany ihany, dia namaky na nihaino betsaka an' io dikan-teny io sy ny lahatsoratra grika niandohany ireo manam-pahaizana tao [[Bagdad|Baghdad]] tamin' ny fotoan' ny firoboroboan' ny [[Kalifata Abasida|Kalifata Abbasida]], nefa tsy niezaka nandika azy ho amin' ny teny arabo, fiteny ofisialin' ilay empira. Nilaza koa i al-Boustani fa ny ''Iliada'' no tononkalo epika manontolo voalohany voadika avy tamin' ny fiteny vahiny ho amin' ny teny arabo, rehefa navoaka tamin' ny taona 1904 ny dikan-teny feno nataony.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Boustani, Suleyman. ''الإلياذة''. Hindawi. 2012. pp.: 26–27. dikan' ny lohateny voarakitra: Iliad. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-977-719-184-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zavakanto anglisy ===
* Nampiasa ny fizotry ny tantara ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' ho akora nanoratany ny tantara an-tsehatra ''Troilus and Cressida'' i [[William Shakespeare]]. Nifantoka tamin' ny angano iray tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany anefa izy, dia ny fifankatiavan' i Troilus, zanak' i Priam mpanjakan' i Troasy, sy i Cressida, zanakavavin' i Calchas, ilay mpilaza ny hoavy troiana. Matetika sokajina ho hatsikana io tantara an-tsehatra io, ary mamadika ny fomba fijery nentim-paharazana momba ny zava-nitranga tamin' ny Adin' i Troasy: asehony ho kanosa i Akileosy, ho mpikarama an' ady vendrana sady tsy mieritreritra i Ajax, sy ny sisa.
* Nanao sarivongana halimo mampiseho an' i Thetis mitondra ny fitafiana fiarovana vaovao ho an' i Akileosy i William Theed zokiny. I Hephaestus no nanamboatra izany fiarovana izany tamin' ny fanefena metaly. Naranty tao amin' ny ''Metropolitan Museum of Art'' (Tranombakoky ny Zavakanto ao an-tanàn-dehibe), any New York City, ilay sarivongana nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2013.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/239234 ''Thetis Transporting Arms for Achilles'']. Metropolitan Museum of Art. daty nijerena voarakitra: 4 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Miresaka ny nahafantaran' i Robert Browning ny tantaran' ny ''Iliada'' fony izy mbola zaza sy ny fahafinaretana azony tamin' io tononkalo mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo io ny tononkalony ''Development''. Resahiny ao koa ireo adihevitra tamin' ny androny momba izay nanoratra ny ''Iliada''.&lt;ref&gt;Browning, Robert. ''Asolando: Fancies and Facts''. Smith, Elder &amp; Co.. London, England. 1890. pp.: 123–130. fiteny: en. fanontana: 1st.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zavakanto tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 ===
* Nanoratra ny tononkalo miendrika tantara an-tsehatra ''Cassandra'' i Lesya Ukrainka tamin' ny 1901–1907, ka ny ''Iliada'' no niaingany. Mitantara ny fiainan' i Cassandra, vehivavy mpaminany, ilay asa.
* Ny ''The fall of Troy'' (1911) dia sarimihetsika italiana tsy misy feo nataon' i [[Giovanni Pastrone]].
* Ny ''Achilles in the Trench'' dia tononkalo momba ny ady tamin' ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany. Nanoratra azy i Patrick Shaw-Stewart raha mbola niandry ny handefasana azy hiady tany Gallipoli.
* Ny ''The Private Life of Helen of Troy'' (1925) dia boky nosoratan' i John Erskine. Ny fiainan' i Helen tatỳ aoriana tao Sparta, tamin' ny fotoana nanakaiky ny fanambadian' i Hermione, no ifantohany. Araka ny famakafakan' i Laurie Maguire, mampiasa teny maneso ny resaka ao amin' ilay boky, ary aseho ho olona mahay mifampiresaka sy mandinika ny tenany i Helen.&lt;ref name = &quot;Maguire&quot;&gt;Maguire, Laurie. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ccjIPayRmvMC ''Helen of Troy: From Homer to Hollywood'']. ''Parodying Helen''. Wiley-Blackwell. 2009. p.: 183. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781444308631&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 23 July 2026. chapter-url: https://books.google.com/books?id=ccjIPayRmvMC&amp;q=%22In+1927%2C+Helen+received+her+first+film+treatment%22. publication-place: Chichester, West Sussex, [[Angletera|England]].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny ''The Private Life of Helen of Troy'' (1927) dia sarimihetsika hatsikana tsy misy feo notarihin' i [[Alexander Korda]].&lt;ref name = &quot;Review&quot;&gt;Anna Tóth, Zsófia. [https://americanaejournal.hu/index.php/americanaejournal/article/download/46136/44664 ''Helen of Troy in Hollywood Review by Zsófia Anna Tóth'']. AMERICANA – E-Journal of American Studies in Hungary. [[Hôngria|Hungary]]. 2024. daty nijerena voarakitra: 23 July 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny famakafakan' i Laurie Maguire, na dia natao dokam-barotra ho fampifanarahana ny tantara nosoratan' i Erskine aza izy io, dia vitsy ny zavatra iombonan' izy roa. Miseho mandritra ny fotoana mialoha ny Adin' i Troasy kosa ny zava-mitranga ao amin' ilay sarimihetsika, saingy mitovitovy amin' ny an' ilay boky ny fomba fitantarany sy ny fanehoany ireo mpandray anjara fototra.&lt;ref name = &quot;Maguire&quot; /&gt;
* Ny ''The Queen of Sparta'' (1931) dia sarimihetsika maharitra 80 minitra, mitantara zava-bitan' ny mahery fo, ary natao tamin' ny tetibola kely. Orinasa italiana no namokatra azy tany Hollywood, ary fampifanarahana tsy manaraka akaiky ny ''Iliada'' izy io.&lt;ref&gt;Winkler, Martin M.. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tDv2znATTy4C ''Troy: From Homer's Iliad to Hollywood Epic'']. ''13: The Trojan War on Screen: An Annotated Filmography''. John Wiley &amp; Sons. 2007. p.: 205. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781405178549&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 23 July 2026. chapter-url: https://books.google.com/books?id=tDv2znATTy4C&amp;q=%22La+regina+di+Sparta%22%22dysfunctional%22&amp;pg=PR7.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nanoratra ny lahatsoratra famakafakana ''The Iliad or the Poem of Force'' i Simone Weil tamin' ny 1939, fotoana fohy taorian' ny nanombohan' ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]]. Ao amin' io lahatsoratra io, dia mandinika ny fomba anehoan' ny ''Iliada'' fa ny fampiasana hery tafahoatra amin' ny ady dia mampietry na ny iharam-pahavoazana na ny mpanafika ho toy ny andevo sy milina mandeha ho azy tsy misaina i Weil.&lt;ref&gt;Lawrence, Bruce B.; Karim, Aisha. ''On Violence – A Reader''. Duke University Press. 2008. p.: 377. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8223-3769-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny ''The Golden Apple'' dia tantara an-tsehatra misy hira tao Broadway tamin' ny 1954. I John Treville Latouche no nanoratra ny lahateny sy ny tononkira, ary i Jerome Moross no namorona ny mozika. Fampifanarahana malalaka ny ''Iliada'' sy ny ''Odisey'' izy io, ka nafindra tao amin' ny [[Washington|fanjakan' i Washington]], any [[Etazonia]], ny zava-mitranga, tamin' ireo taona taorian' ny ady nifanaovan' i Espaina sy Etazonia. Ny ''Iliada'' no nanome aingam-panahy ny zava-mitranga ao amin' ny fizarana voalohany, ary ny ''Odisey'' kosa ny ao amin' ny fizarana faharoa.
* Ny ''Helen of Troy'' (1956) dia sarimihetsika notarihin' i [[Robert Wise]]. Araka ny famakafakan' i Zsófia Anna Tóth, asongadiny fa tsy tompon' andraikitra tamin' ny fakana an-keriny azy i Helen.&lt;ref name = &quot;Review&quot; /&gt;
* Nanomboka nanoratra ny tononkalo ''War Music'' i Christopher Logue tamin' ny 1959, ho fanatanterahana asa nampanaovina azy ho an' ny fampielezam-peo. Fitantarana miainga amin' ny ''Iliada'' izy io, fa tsy fandikana azy. Nanohy niasa tamin' ilay tononkalo i Logue mandra-pahafatiny tamin' ny 2011. Araka ny filazan' i Tom Holland, anisan' ny asa literera miavaka indrindra taorian' ny ady izy io. Nisy fiantraikany tamin' i Kae Tempest sy Alice Oswald ilay tononkalo; i Oswald kosa nilaza fa mamoaka eo amin' izao tontolo izao hery ara-tsehatra efa hadino izy io.&lt;ref&gt;Logue, Christopher. ''War Music, an account of Homer's Iliad''. ''Introduction by Christopher Reid''. Faber &amp; Faber. 2015. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-571-31449-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny ''opera'' (tantara an-tsehatra atao amin' ny hira sy mozika) ''King Priam'', nosoratan' i Michael Tippett, dia niainga tamin' ny ''Iliada'' nefa tsy nanaraka azy akaiky. Tamin' ny 1962 no nanaovana ny fampisehoana azy voalohany.
* Ny ''The Fury of Achilles'' (1962) dia sarimihetsika italiana notarihin' i [[Marino Girolami]], ary i Akileosy no ifantohany. Fohy noho ny kinova voalohany amin' ny roapolo minitra eo ho eo ny kinova nosoloina feo anglisy. Tsy tafiditra ao amin' io kinova anglisy io ireo seho momba ny Soavaly Troiana, ary mifarana aorian' ny namonoan' i Akileosy an' i Hektôro ilay izy.&lt;ref&gt;Sipiläinen, Mirke. [https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202306133738 ''Friend, Lover, Cousin: The Portrayal of Achilles and Patroclus' relationship in the adaptations of the Iliad in 1920-2020'']. 31 May 2023. p.: 34. daty nijerena voarakitra: 23 July 2026. tranonkala: University of Jyväskylä.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny tantara ''Cassandra'' (1983), nosoratan' i Christa Wolf, dia mamerina mandinika ny ''Iliada''. I Cassandra no mpitantara ao amin' ilay tantara nosoratan' i Wolf, ary ny eritreriny fotoana fohy talohan' ny namonoan' i Clytemnestra azy no ampandrenesina ny mpamaky. Ny fomba fijery manohana ny zon' ny vehivavy no entin' ilay mpitantara mandinika io ady io sy ny ady amin' ny ankapobeny. Miaraka amin' ny tantaran' i Cassandra ny lahatsoratra famakafakana efatra natolotr' i Wolf nandritra ny ''Frankfurter Poetik-Vorlesungen'' (lahateny momba ny famoronana literera any Frankfurt) tamin' ny 1982. Asehon' ireo lahatsoratra ireo ny olana nodinihin' i Wolf amin' ny maha-mpanoratra azy sy amin' ny famerenany manoratra io tantara efa anisan' ny lova literera io. Asehon' izy ireo koa ny fiforonan' ilay tantara tamin' ny alalan' ny vakitenin' i Wolf sy ny diany tany Grisia.
* Ny ''Men in Aida'' (1983), nosoratan' i David Melnick, dia asa ao amin' ny firehan' ny literatiora ''postmodern'', izay mametraka fanontaniana amin' ny fomba fanoratra efa mahazatra. Ny boky voalohan' ny ''Iliada'' no averiny soratana amin' ny alalan' ny fandikana mifototra amin' ny fitoviam-peo: ny feon' ny teny tany am-boalohany no arahiny, fa tsy ny heviny, ka lasa tantara hatsikana mihoa-pampana miseho ao amin' ny trano fandroana ilay lahatsoratra. Mifandray amin' ny fiandohan' ny tononkalo amin' ny teny grika, «μῆνιν ἄειδε», soratana amin' ny abidy latina hoe ''mínin áeide'' (izany hoe «Hirao ny hatezerana»), ny lohateniny.
* Ny ''The Firebrand'', tantara nosoratan' i Marion Zimmer Bradley tamin' ny 1987, dia mamerina mitantara ny zava-nitranga araka ny fomba fijerin' i Kassandra, andriambavy tao Troasy sady mpaminany voaozon' i [[Apôlôna (andriamanitra)|Apollo]].

=== Kolontsaina malaza ankehitriny ===
* Mitantara indray ny angano momba ny Adin' i Troasy ny andian-tantara an-tsary ''Age of Bronze'', nosoratan' i Eric Shanower sy navoakan' ny ''Image Comics'' (trano famoahana tantara an-tsary), izay nanomboka tamin' ny 1998.&lt;ref&gt;Eric Shanower, ''A Thousand Ships'' (2001, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-58240-200-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;); —. ''Sacrifice'' (2004, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-58240-360-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;); —. ''Betrayal, Part One'' (2008, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-58240-845-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/ref&gt;
* Navoaka tamin' ny 2003 ny ''Ilium'', tantara foronina ara-tsiansa mivelatra be nataon' i Dan Simmons ho fampifanarahana ny ''Iliada'' sady ho fanomezam-boninahitra azy. Nahazo ny loka Locus ho an' ny tantara foronina ara-tsiansa tsara indrindra tamin' ny 2004 izy io.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.worldswithoutend.com/novel.asp?ID=56 Ilium|WWEnd], ''worldswithoutend.com'', retrieved 2 February 2025&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WWE-2004&quot;&gt;[http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=2004 ''2004 Award Winners &amp; Nominees'']. ''Worlds Without End''. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2009-07-16.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny ''Helen of Troy'' (2003) dia tantara mitohy fohy amin' ny fahitalavitra, izay mitantara avy amin' ny fomba fijerin' i Menelaus. Ny fiantraikan' i Helen tamin' ireo olona nanodidina azy no ifantohany, fa ny Adin' i Troasy amin' ny ankapobeny kosa no tontolo iavian' ilay tantara.&lt;ref&gt;Santos Muñoz, Yalitza Y.. [https://scholar.uprm.edu/entities/publication/da9bdcce-88ed-4c87-a84e-a179f9365dad ''The Ripple Effect: Mirror Images of Helen of Troy'']. 2012. p.: 50. daty nijerena voarakitra: 23 July 2026. tranonkala: University of Jyväskylä.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Fampifanarahana an-tsarimihetsika tsy manaraka akaiky ny ''Iliada'' ny ''Troy'' (2004). Samy nisy ny hevitra nankasitraka sy ny nitsikera azy; 133 tapitrisa dolara monja ny vola niditra tamin' ny fampisehoana azy tao [[Etazonia]], raha 185 tapitrisa dolara ny tetibolany.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2005/US/10/10/past.profile.troy/ ''&quot;Troy&quot; a mediocre epic - Oct 10, 2005'']. October 10, 2005. daty nijerena voarakitra: March 15, 2018. datin' ny tahiry: March 16, 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. tranonkala: CNN.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180316023921/http://edition.cnn.com/2005/US/10/10/past.profile.troy/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Raha ny tsena iraisam-pirenena kosa no jerena, dia nahomby ara-barotra ilay sarimihetsika, ka nahatratra 497 tapitrisa dolara ny vola niditra maneran-tany.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/ ''All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses'']. tranonkala: boxofficemojo.com.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mitantara indray ny ''Iliada'' amin' ny endrika tantara foronina ny ''The Rage of Achilles'' (2009), nosoratan' i Terence Hawkins, mpanoratra avy any [[Etazonia]] sady mpanorina ny ''Yale Writers' Conference'' (fihaonamben' ny mpanoratra ao Yale). Fiteny maoderina, izay maneho mivantana sy amin' ny antsipiriany ny herisetra indraindray, no ampiasainy. Ny teôrian' i Julian Jaynes momba ny saina lazaina fa manana ampahany roa sy ny fanontaniana raha tena nitranga teo amin' ny tantara ny Adin' i Troasy no fototra niaingan' ilay tantara foronina. Asehony ho lehilahy tena nisy ireo mpandray anjara; ao amin' ilay tantara, amin' ny endrika fahitana na fandrenesana zavatra tsy misy eo ivelany (''hallucinations'') na feo mandidy ihany no isehoan' ireo andriamanitra amin' izy ireo, mandritra ny fiovana tampoka sy mampanaintaina mankany amin' ny fahatsiarovan-tena tena maoderina.
* Namorona ny ''An Iliad'', tantara an-tsehatra maharitra 100 minitra lalaovin' olona iray, i Lisa Peterson sy Denis O'Hare. Ny dikan-tenin' i Robert Fagles no fototr' izy io, ary natao ho an' ny ''New York Theatre Workshop'' (fikambanana mpanatontosa teatra ao New York) ilay asa. Tao amin' ny ''Seattle Repertory Theatre'' (teatra ao Seattle) no nisehoany voalohany tamin' ny 2010. Tamin' io taona io ihany dia nasehon' ny ''McCarter Theatre'' (teatra McCarter) tao Princeton, New Jersey, izy io, talohan' ny nanombohan' ny fampisehoana azy tao New York tamin' ny 2012.&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Kenneth. [https://playbill.com/article/denis-ohare-and-stephen-spinella-alternate-in-nyc-premiere-of-an-iliad-spinella-begins-feb-17-com-187609 ''Denis O'Hare and Stephen Spinella Alternate in NYC Premiere of An Iliad; Spinella Begins Feb. 17'']. 17 February 2012. daty nijerena voarakitra: 20 April 2026. magazine: Playbill. Gans, Andrew. [https://playbill.com/article/stephen-spinella-to-star-in-mccarter-theatre-centers-an-iliad-com-172539 ''Stephen Spinella to Star in McCarter Theatre Center's An Iliad'']. 11 October 2010. daty nijerena voarakitra: 20 April 2026. magazine: Playbill.&lt;/ref&gt; I David Wenham no nandray ny anjara fototra tamin' ny fampisehoana ilay tantara ho an' ny ''Sydney Theatre Company'' (orinasa mpanatontosa teatra ao Sydney) tamin' ny 2026.&lt;ref&gt;[https://sydneytheatre.shorthandstories.com/an-iliad/index.html &quot;''An Iliad''&quot;], program notes, Sydney Theatre Company&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny ''Memorial'' (2011),&lt;ref&gt;
Oswald, Alice. [http://www.faber.co.uk/work/memorial/9780571274161/ ''Memorial – An Excavation of the Iliad'']. Faber &amp; Faber. 2011. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-571-27416-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. datin' ny tahiry: 6 June 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120606191424/http://faber.co.uk/work/memorial/9780571274161/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].
&lt;/ref&gt; izay amboaran-tononkalo fahenina nosoratan' i Alice Oswald, dia miainga amin' ny ''Iliada'', saingy miala amin' ny endriny amin' ny maha-tononkalo mitantara azy. Mifantoka amin' ireo mpandray anjara voatonona anarana tsirairay izay voalaza fa maty ao amin' ilay tononkalo izy io, ka manokana fahatsiarovana ho azy ireo amin' izany.&lt;ref&gt;
Holland, Tom. [http://www.newstatesman.com/books/2011/10/homer-achilles-iliad-miller-2 ''The Song of Achilles by Madeline Miller / Memorial by Alice Oswald. Surfing the rip tide of all things Homeric'']. London. 17 October 2011. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 June 2012. datin' ny tahiry: 23 May 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210523130310/https://www.newstatesman.com/books/2011/10/homer-achilles-iliad-miller-2 rohy tahiry voarakitra]. magazine: New Statesman.
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kellaway20111002&quot;&gt;
Kellaway, Kate. [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/oct/02/memorial-alice-oswald-review ''Memorial by Alice Oswald – review'']. ''The Observer''. London. 2 October 2011. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 June 2012.
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
Higgins, Charlotte. [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/oct/28/song-achilles-madeline-miller-iliad ''The Song of Achilles by Madeline Miller, and more – review'']. ''The Guardian''. London. 28 October 2011. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 June 2012.
&lt;/ref&gt; Tafiditra tao amin' ny lisitra fohy nifantenana izay hahazo ny loka T. S. Eliot ny ''Memorial'' tamin' ny Oktobra 2011.&lt;ref&gt;
Flood, Alison. [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/oct/20/ts-eliot-prize-2011-shortlist ''TS Eliot prize 2011 shortlist revealed'']. ''The Guardian''. London. 20 October 2011. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 June 2012.
&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny tatitr' i Florence Waters sy Alison Flood anefa, nesorin' i Oswald tamin' ilay lisitra fohy ny boky tamin' ny Desambra 2011.&lt;ref&gt;
Waters, Florence. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/8938343/Poet-withdraws-from-TS-Eliot-prize-over-sponsorship.html ''Poet withdraws from TS Eliot prize over sponsorship'']. ''The Telegraph''. London. 6 December 2011. daty nijerena voarakitra: 13 February 2012. datin' ny tahiry: 10 January 2022. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. fidirana voarakitra: subscription. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/8938343/Poet-withdraws-from-TS-Eliot-prize-over-sponsorship.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
Flood, Alison. [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/dec/06/alice-oswald-withdraws-ts-eliot-prize ''Alice Oswald withdraws from TS Eliot prize in protest at sponsor Aurum'']. ''The Guardian''. London. 6 December 2011. daty nijerena voarakitra: 13 February 2012.
&lt;/ref&gt; Nambarany fa ny ahiahiny momba ny fanarahan' ireo mpanohana ny loka ny fitsipika ara-pitondran-tena no antony nisintonany ny boky.&lt;ref&gt;
Oswald, Alice. [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/dec/12/ts-eliot-poetry-prize-pulled-out ''Why I pulled out of the TS Eliot poetry prize?'']. ''The Guardian''. London. 12 December 2011. daty nijerena voarakitra: 13 February 2012.
&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny ''The Song of Achilles'',&lt;ref&gt;Miller, Madeline. ''The Song of Achilles''. Bloomsbury. 2011. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4088-1603-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; tantara foronina voalohany nosoratan' i Madeline Miller ary navoaka tamin' ny 2011, dia mitantara ny fiarahan' i Akileosy sy Patroclus niaina tamin' ny fahazazany sy tamin' izy ireo mpifankatia sy miaramila. Nahazo ny loka ho an' ny vehivavy mpanoratra tantara foronina tamin' ny 2012 ilay boky. Ny ''Iliada'' sy ny sanganasan' ny mpanoratra hafa tamin' ny Andro Taloha, toa an' i Statius, [[Ôvidio|Ovid]] ary [[Virgil]], no fototra niaingany.&lt;ref&gt;Ciabattari, Jane. [http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/03/20/madeline-miller-discusses-the-song-of-achilles.html ''Madeline Miller Discusses The Song of Achilles'']. 21 March 2012. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 June 2012. tranonkala: The Daily Beast.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nosoratan' i Emily Hauser, manam-pahaizana momba ny kolontsaina tamin' ny Andro Taloha sady mpahay tantara, tamin' ny 2016 ny ''For the Most Beautiful''.&lt;ref&gt;Hauser, Emily. ''For the Most Beautiful''. Penguin Books. 2016. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-784-16065-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Mitantara ny fiainan' i Chryseis sy Briseis amin' ny alalan' ny tenin' izy ireo ihany ilay boky.
* Mitantara ny vokatry ny faharavan' i Troasy amin' ny alalan' ny fomba fijery sy ny tenin' ireo vehivavy voakasik' izany ny ''A Thousand Ships'',&lt;ref&gt;Haynes, Natalie. ''A Thousand Ships''. Pan Macmillan. 2019. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-509-83621-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; tantara foronina nosoratan' i Natalie Haynes tamin' ny 2019. Tafiditra tao amin' ny lisitra fohy nifantenana izay hahazo ny loka ho an' ny vehivavy mpanoratra tantara foronina tamin' ny 2020 izy io.&lt;ref&gt;[https://nataliehaynes.com/books/a-thousand-ships ''Natalie Haynes – A Thousand Ships'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 February 2025. datin' ny tahiry: 1 February 2025. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. tranonkala: nataliehaynes.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250201121526/https://nataliehaynes.com/books/a-thousand-ships rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.womensprize.com/announcing-the-2020-womens-prize-for-fiction-shortlist/ ''Announcing the 2020 Women's Prize for Fiction shortlist'']. 31 March 2020. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 February 2025. tranonkala: womensprize.com.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tao anatin' ny fahalianany nitohy tamin' ny fitantarana an-tsoratra ireo angano tamin' ny Andro Taloha no namoahan' i Stephen Fry ny ''Troy'' tamin' ny 2020.&lt;ref&gt;Fry, Stephen. ''Troy''. Penguin Books. 2020. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-241-42458-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanjary be mpitia ilay boky satria nanome fomba mora kokoa hamakiana ireo angano grika.&lt;ref&gt;Dutta, Shomit. [https://www.the-tls.co.uk/classics/troy-stephen-fry-shmoit-dutta ''Troys for girls and boys'']. The Times Literary Supplement. 8 January 2021. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 February 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Namoaka ny ''The Silence of the Girls''&lt;ref&gt;Barker, Pat. ''The Silence of the Girls''. Penguin Books. 2019. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-241-98320-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; tamin' ny 2018 sy ny ''The Women of Troy''&lt;ref&gt;Barker, Pat. ''The Women of Troy''. Penguin Books. 2022. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-241-98833-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; tamin' ny 2021 i Pat Barker. Samy mitantara indray ny tantaran' ireo vehivavy tsy nahazo naneho ny feony tao amin' ny ''Iliada'' ireo boky roa ireo, ary samy nahazo fankasitrahan' ny mpitsikera. Nampidirin' ny ''The Guardian'' tao amin' ny lisitry ny boky tsara indrindra tamin' ny taonjato faha-21 ny ''The Silence of the Girls''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/sep/21/best-books-of-the-21st-century ''The 100 best books of the 21st century'']. ''The Guardian''. 21 September 2019. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 February 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Siansa ===
Nanoratra boky roa i Jonathan Shay, mpitsabo aretin-tsaina: ''Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character'' (1994)&lt;ref&gt;Shay, Jonathan. ''Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and the undoing of character''. Scribner. 1994. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-684-81321-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; sy ''Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming'' (2002).&lt;ref&gt;Shay, Jonathan; ''Odysseus in America – Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming'', New York, Scribner, 2002, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7432-1157-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ireo boky ireo, dinihiny ny fikorontanana noho ny strès pôstraomatika (na aretin-tsaina mety hitranga aorian' ny zava-nitranga tena nampihorohoro na nandratra mafy ara-tsaina; ''posttraumatic stress disorder'' amin' ny teny anglisy), ka ampitahainy amin' ny fanehoana ny ady sy ny fiverenana an-tanindrazana ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' sy ny ''Odisey'' ny zavatra niainan' ireo miaramila efa niady resahiny.&lt;ref&gt;Shay, J. ''Learning about combat stress from Homer's Iliad''. ''Journal of Traumatic Stress''. 1991. boky: 4. laharana: 4. pp.: 561–579. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1002/jts.2490040409&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny lohahevitra resahiny ao amin' ireo boky roa ireo koa ny ratra amin' ny faharesen-dahatra momba ny tsara sy ny ratsy (''moral injury'').&lt;ref&gt;Maguen, S.; Litz, B. T.. [http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/newsletters/research-quarterly/v23n1.pdf ''Moral injury in veterans of war'']. ''PTSD Research Quarterly''. 2012. boky: 23. laharana: 1. pp.: 1–6.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanehoana ny vehivavy sy ny lehilahy ==
Mandinika ny fanehoana ny vehivavy ao amin' ny dikan-tenin' ny tononkalon' i Hômera i Sophie Davidson sy Briana King, samy amin' ny fomba famakafakany avy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Sophie Davidson. [https://blue-stocking.org.uk/2024/04/26/emily-wilsons-iliad-myth-translation-and-gender-in-the-homeric-epics/ ''Emily Wilson's Iliad: Myth, Translation, and Gender in the Homeric Epics'']. 2024-04-26. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-05-09. tranonkala: Bluestocking Oxford.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;King, Briana. [https://thersites-journal.de/index.php/thr/article/view/279 ''Un-silencing the Girls: Critical Classical Reception in Feminist Retellings of Greek Myths'']. ''Thersites. Journal for Transcultural Presences &amp; Diachronic Identities from Antiquity to Date''. 2024-12-09. boky: 19. laharana: thersites. Journal for Transcultural Presences &amp; Diachronic Identities from Antiquity to Date, Vol. 19 (2024): Fantastic antiquities and where to find them. Ancient worlds in (post-)modern novels (ed. M. Heinemann, A. Weiß &amp; C. Walde). pp.: 8–46. fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISSN 2364-7612&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.34679/thersites.vol19.279&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Asehon' ny tantara indrindra ho toy ny fananana sarobidy ny vehivavy, ka miteraka fifandirana ny fifaninanana hahazo azy ireo: i Helen no anton' ny ady, ary ny fifanolanana momba ireo andevo vavy Briseis sy Chryseis no mampifanditra an' i Akileosy sy Agamemnôna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

Anisan' ny tantara averina soratana amin' ny fomba fijerin' ny vehivavy iharan' ny fampahoriana ny ''Iliada''. Ampiasaina ho sehatra handinihana indray ny toeran' ny vehivavy sy ny lehilahy tamin' ny Andro Taloha ny Adin' i Troasy. Ao amin' ny tantara foronina nosoratany tamin' ny 1983, i Christa Wolf, mpanoratra avy any Alemaina Atsinanana, dia mitantara izany amin' ny fomba fijerin' i Cassandra, fa i Pat Barker kosa mampiasa ny fomba fijerin' i Briseis. Matetika ireo fanoratana indray ireo no mametra-panontaniana momba ireo toetra raisina ho filamatry ny lehilahy, sady mandinika ny herisetra atao amin' ny vehivavy mandritra ny ady.&lt;ref&gt;Lesser, Rachel. [https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/classfac/28 ''Ancient and Modern Voices of Briseis: A Feminist Critique'']. ''Classical Receptions Journal''. 2025-06-21. boky: 17. laharana: 3. pp.: 236–251. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1093/crj/claf002&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;[https://pjes.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/PJES_6-1_3_Tuhin_Shuvra_Sen.pdf ''Summoning the Voices of the Silenced: Pat Barker's The Silence of the Girls, a Feminist Retelling of Homer's The Iliad''].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ebsco.com/ ''Cassandra by Christa Wolf | Literature and Writing | Research Starters | EBSCO Research'']. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-05-10. tranonkala: EBSCO.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Nanomboka teo antenatenan' ny taompolo 2000, dia nanjary sampan-karazan-dahatsoratra be mpamaky ny fanoratana indray ny angano fahiny amin' ny fomba fijerin' ny vehivavy iray ao amin' ny tantara.&lt;ref&gt;[https://huskiecommons.lib.niu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2453&amp;context=studentengagement-honorscapstones ''Feminist Retellings of Homer's The Odyssey, 2005-2022''].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Shaffi, Sarah. [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/24/two-sides-to-a-story-why-feminist-retellings-are-filling-our-bookshelves ''Two sides to a story: why feminist retellings are filling our bookshelves'']. ''The Guardian''. 2023-03-24. fiteny: en-GB. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISSN 0261-3077&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-05-19.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://grattanstreetpress.com/2024/09/17/the-enduring-popularity-of-mythological-retellings/ ''The Enduring Popularity of Mythological Retellings'']. 2024-09-17. fiteny: en-AU. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-05-19. tranonkala: Grattan Street Press.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Lou, Jo. [http://www.electricliterature.com/9-feminist-retellings-of-mythology ''10 Feminist Retellings of Mythology'']. 2021-01-05. fiteny: en-US. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-05-19. tranonkala: Electric Literature.&lt;/ref&gt;

Miova arakaraka ny dikan-teny koa ny fomba anehoana ny vehivavy. Ao amin' ny boky fahatelo, andalana faha-180, dia manome tsiny ny tenany i Helen rehefa miresaka amin' i Priam rafozany. Izao ny teny grika: &lt;span lang=&quot;grc&quot;&gt;δαὴρ αὖτ᾽ ἐμὸς ἔσκε κυνώπιδος, εἴ ποτ᾽ ἔην γε.&lt;/span&gt; Misy teny midika ara-bakiteny hoe manana tarehin' alika (''dog-faced'') ao. Araka ny famakafakan' i Amritesh Mukherjee, dia teny fanaratsiana vehivavy no nampiasain' ireo mpandika teny lehilahy telo manaraka hisoloana azy:&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherjee&quot;&gt;Mukherjee, Amritesh. [https://writingwomen.co/the-violence-of-translation-rewritings-of-empire-caste-and-patriarchy/ ''The Violence of Translation: Rewritings of Empire, Caste and Patriarchy'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-05-10. tranonkala: Writing Women.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
* Lattimore: &quot;Once my kinsman, slut that I am. Did this ever happen?&quot;
* Fagles: &quot;…and he used to be my kinsman, whore that I am! There was a world … or was it all a dream?&quot;
* Rieu: &quot;…my brother-in-law once, slut that I am – unless all that was a dream.&quot;

Eto, ny ''slut'' dia ompa milaza vehivavy ho mpijangajanga, ary ny ''whore'' dia midika hoe mpivaro-tena sady ampiasaina ho ompa manaratsy vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherjee&quot; /&gt;

Raha ampitahaina amin' ireo, dia manakaiky kokoa ny hevitra ara-bakiteny ary mampiasa teny mitovy na vehivavy na lehilahy no resahina ireo dikan-teny roa tatỳ aoriana, samy nataon' ny vehivavy, araka ireo famakafakana momba ny dikan-teny ireo:&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherjee&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.phillyvoice.com/the-iliad-new-tanslation-emily-wilson-penn-professor-homer/ ''Penn professor, the first woman to translate 'The Odyssey' into English, now breathes new life into 'The Iliad&amp;#39;'']. 2023-10-02. fiteny: english. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-05-10. tranonkala: PhillyVoice.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alexander (2015): &quot;He was my brother-in-law, dog-faced as I am—if that ever happened.&quot;
* Wilson (2023): &quot;…his brother, the former husband of my dog-face self—if any of these things took place at all.&quot;

Rehefa niresaka momba ireo dikan-teny teo aloha i Wilson, dia nilaza fa ampiasaina amin' ny lehilahy iray koa ilay teny grika, saingy tsy mitovy ny teny nosafidin' ireo mpandika teny ireo rehefa i Agamemnôna no tenenina. Izao ny fanazavany tamin' ny teny anglisy: &quot;Unlike me, none of these translators use the same term when Achilles is insulting Agamemnon; Lattimore, for instance, has Achilles say, 'You with the dog's eyes,' not 'Agamemnon, you slut!'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Wilson, Emily. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/books/2023/09/20/emily-wilson-iliad-translation-terms/ ''Perspective | Emily Wilson on 5 crucial decisions she made in her 'Iliad' translation'']. ''The Washington Post''. 2023-09-20. fiteny: en-US. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISSN 0190-8286&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-05-10.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dikan-teny anglisy ==
Jereo ny lahatsoratra lehibe: Dikan-teny anglisy ny sanganasan' i Hômera.

[[File:Iliad1660Frontis.jpg|thumb|upright=1.20|Pejin-dohatenin' ny fanontana ny ''Iliada'' tamin' ny 1660, nataon' i Wenceslas Hollar tamin' ny teknika fanaovana sokitra; John Ogilby no nandika ilay boky.]]
[[File:Iliad editions.jpg|thumb|Santionany amin' ny dikan-teny sy ny fanontana ny ''Iliada'' amin' ny teny anglisy.]]

Namoaka tsikelikely ny fandikany ny ''Iliada'' i George Chapman, nanomboka tamin' ny 1598. Nampiasa andininy lava misy vaninteny efatra ambin' ny folo izy, karazana gadon-tononkalo fitantarana antsoina hoe ''fourteeners''. Araka ny ''The Oxford Guide to English Literature in Translation'', malalaka tsara ireo andininy ireo ka mahazaka ny haingom-pitenenana rehetra ampiasain' i Hômera, miaraka amin' ny hafa nampian' ilay mpandika teny sy ny fanazavana anaty fononteny. Manana hery ara-pandaha-teny lehibe izy ireo rehefa mahomby indrindra, toy ny amin' ny fandavan' i Akileosy ireo iraka ao amin' ny boky fahasivy amin' ny ''Iliada''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;''The Oxford Guide to English Literature in Translation''.&lt;/ref&gt; (p. 351) Vetivety dia nahazo toerana ho anisan' ny sanganasa fototra amin' ny tononkalo anglisy io dikan-teny io. Tao amin' ny teny fampidirana ny dikan-teniny manokana, dia nidera ny fahasahiana sy ny hafanam-pon' ny dikan-tenin' i Chapman i Pope. Nampitahainy tamin' izay mety ho nosoratan' i Hômera fony mbola tsy tonga tamin' ny fahamatorana ara-tsaina izany.&lt;ref&gt;Gutting, Edward. [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1999/1999.10.14/ ''Chapman's Homer – The Iliad'']. ''Bryn Mawr Classical Review''. 14 October 1999. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 February 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nidera an' i Chapman tao amin' ny sonetany ''On First Looking into Chapman's Homer'' (1816) i [[John Keats]].&lt;ref&gt;Keats, John. [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/44481/on-first-looking-into-chapmans-homer ''On First Looking into Chapman's Homer'']. Poetry Foundation. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 February 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny fanontana voalohany nasiana fanamarihana manazava ny dikan-tenin' i John Ogilby tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-17. Ny dikan-tenin' i Alexander Pope tamin' ny 1715 kosa dia nampiasa andininy miara-droa misy rima, samy ahitana vondrona gadona iambika dimy, izany hoe vaninteny tsy misy tsindrim-peo arahin' ny vaninteny misy tsindrim-peo, averina indimy (''heroic couplet''). Araka ny ''The Oxford Guide to English Literature in Translation'', dikan-teny nanjary sanganasa fototra izy io ary niainga tamin' ireo dikan-teny rehetra nialoha azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; (p. 352) Tahaka ny an' i Chapman, dia sanganasa lehibe amin' ny tononkalo ihany koa izy, na dia tsy jerena ho fandikan-teny aza. Ny fanontan' i William Cowper tamin' ny 1791 dia nampiasa andininy tsy misy rima, saingy misy vondrona gadona iambika dimy isaky ny andininy (''blank verse''), araka ny fomban' i Milton. Nahazo fankasitrahana izy io noho ny fitoviany akaiky kokoa amin' ny teny grika noho ny dikan-tenin' i Chapman sy Pope. Tao amin' ny teny fampidirany, dia nilaza i Cowper, araka izao fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy izao: «Tsy nisy nesoriko; tsy nisy noforoniko.»

Tao amin' ireo lahateny ''On Translating Homer'' (1861), dia niresaka ny olana amin' ny fandikan-teny sy ny fandikana hevitra rehefa avadika amin' ny teny anglisy ny ''Iliada'' i Matthew Arnold. Raha nandinika ireo dikan-teny nisy tamin' ny 1861 izy, dia nanavaka toetra fototra efatra ao amin' ny tononkalon' i Hômera izay tokony ho voatazon' ny mpandika teny. Voalohany, mailaka indrindra ny fizotrany. Faharoa, tsotra sy mivantana indrindra ny fivoaran' ny fisainana sy ny fomba ilazana azy, na amin' ny firafitry ny fehezanteny izany na amin' ny teny ampiasaina. Fahatelo, tsotra sy mivantana indrindra koa ny votoatin' ny fisainana, izany hoe ny zavatra resahina sy ny hevitra. Farany, mendri-kaja indrindra ny fanehoana azy.

Rehefa avy nandinika ireo rafitra gadona nampiasain' ny mpandika teny teo aloha i Arnold, dia nanohana ny handikana ny ''Iliada'' amin' ny fiteny manokana ampiasaina amin' ny tononkalo, sady hampiasa andininy misy vondrona gadona enina (''hexameter''), tahaka ny tononkalo niandohana. Araka ny ''The Oxford Guide to English Literature in Translation'', na dia sarotra ampiasaina aza io rafitra io, dia nisy fanandramana enina farafahakeliny handikana manontolo ny ''Iliada'' na ny ''Odisey'' tamin' izany; tamin' ny 1945 ny farany. Mety ho ny an' i J. Henry Dart tamin' ny 1862, izay natao ho valin' ny hevitr' i Arnold, no mikoriana mora indrindra amin' izy ireny.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; (p. 354) Tamin' ny 1870, ny poeta amerikanina William Cullen Bryant dia namoaka dikan-teny tamin' ny andininy tsy misy rima misy vondrona gadona iambika dimy. Nofaritan' i Van Wyck Brooks ho tsotra sy mahatoky ny tononkalo niandohana izany.

Navoakan' i Longmans tamin' ny 1898 ny dikan-tenin' i Samuel Butler. Nianatra ny teny sy ny kolontsaina grika ary latina fahiny tao amin' ny Oniversiten' i Cambridge i Butler, ary nahazo diplaoma tamin' ny 1859.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.joh.cam.ac.uk/iliad-1898 ''The Iliad (1898)'']. Cambridge University. daty nijerena voarakitra: 16 June 2016. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. tranonkala: St John's College.&lt;/ref&gt;

Maro ny dikan-teny anglisy nivoaka nanomboka tamin' ny 1950:
* Ny dikan-tenin' i Richmond Lattimore (1951) dia manaraka tsirairay ny andininy niandohana, ary mampiasa andininy misy tsindrim-peo fototra enina nefa malalaka ny firafiny. Matetika tsy mifanaraka amin' ny fomba fiteny anglisy mahazatra ny teny ampiasainy, ary matetika koa misy endrika tranainy. Ny dikan-tenin' i Robert Fitzgerald (tao amin' ny andiana boky ''Oxford World's Classics'', 1974) kosa dia mampiasa andininy fohy kokoa, izay iambika ny ankamaroany, izany hoe mifototra amin' ny fifandimbiasan' ny vaninteny tsy misy tsindrim-peo sy ny vaninteny misy tsindrim-peo. Maro koa ny fanondroana an-kolaka ireo tononkalo anglisy taloha ao aminy.
* Sahisahy kokoa noho i Lattimore i Robert Fagles (tao amin' ny andiana boky ''Penguin Classics'', 1990) sy Stanley Lombardo (1997) tamin' ny fampidirana fomba fiteny amerikanina akaiky kokoa ny fampiasa tamin' ny androny, mba hampitana ny fomba fitenin' i Hômera izay manaraka fomban-drazana sy mamerimberina raikipitenenana. Ny dikan-tenin' i Rodney Merrill (navoakan' ny ''University of Michigan Press'', na Trano famoaham-bokin' ny Oniversiten' i Michigan, 2007) dia mampiasa andininy anglisy mitovitovy amin' ny rafitra gadona misy vondrona enina amin' ny tononkalo niandohana (''dactylic hexameter''). Ao amin' io rafitra grika io, ny vondrona fototra dia vaninteny lava iray arahin' ny vaninteny fohy roa, miaraka amin' ny fanoloana avelan' ilay rafitra; tsy isan' ny tsindrim-peo enina fotsiny izany.
* Ny dikan-tenin' i Stephen Mitchell tamin' ny 2011 dia niainga tamin' ny lahatsoratra grika niandohana mba hanolorana dikan-teny amin' ny teny anglisy nohavaozina, ary misy teny fampidirana amin' ny an-tsipiriany.
* Nandika ny ''Iliada'' i Peter Green tamin' ny 2015, ary navoakan' ny ''University of California Press'' (Trano famoaham-bokin' ny Oniversiten' i Kalifornia) izany.&lt;ref&gt;Homerus. ''The Iliad''. University of California Press. Oakland, California. 2016. mpandika (anarana): Green. mpandika (fanampin' anarana): Peter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-28141-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: First Paperback Printing.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tamin' ny 2015 no namoahan' i Caroline Alexander ny dikan-teny anglisy feno voalohany nataon' ny vehivavy.&lt;ref&gt;Wolff, Karl. [http://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/iliad-new ''The Iliad: A New Translation by Caroline Alexander'']. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. magazine: New York Journal of Books.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny dikan-tenin' i Emily Wilson tamin' ny 2023 dia mampiasa andininy misy vondrona gadona iambika dimy tsy misy rima.&lt;ref&gt;Williams, Rowan. [https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2023/09/homers-history-violence-the-iliad ''Homer's history of violence'']. 6 September 2023. fidirana voarakitra: subscription. magazine: New Statesman.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Homer. ''The Iliad''. W. W. Norton &amp; Company. 2023. mpandika (anarana): Wilson. mpandika (fanampin' anarana): Emily. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-324-00180-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sora-tanana ==
Maherin' ny 2000 ny sora-tanana mirakitra ny sanganasan' i Hômera.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Graeme D.. ''Multitextuality in the Homeric Iliad – The Witness of the Ptolemaic Papyr''. Center for Hellenic Studies. 2010. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-674-05323-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ireo sora-tanana ireo:
* Rom. Bibl. Nat. gr. 6 + Matriti. Bibl. Nat. 4626, izay natao teo anelanelan' ny taona 870 sy 890;
* Venetus A = Venetus Marc, 822, tamin' ny taonjato faha-10;
* Venetus B = Venetus Marc, 821, tamin' ny taonjato faha-11;
* Sora-tanana Ambrosiana an' ny ''Iliada'';
* Papiry Oxyrhynchus 20;
* Papiry Oxyrhynchus 21;
* Codex Nitriensis, sora-tanana izay nofafana ny soratra teo aloha ka nampiasaina hanoratana soratra vaovao indray ilay akora nanoratana azy (''palimpsest'');
* papiry hita tany amin' ny faritr' i El Bahnasa, ao amin' ny faritanin' i Minya, izay mirakitra andalana avy amin' ny boky faharoan' ny ''Iliada'' nosoratan' i Hômera.&lt;ref&gt;Radley, Dario. [https://archaeologymag.com/2026/04/roman-cemetery-in-minya-reveals-golden-tongues/ ''Roman cemetery in Egypt reveals golden tongues, mummies, and rare Iliad papyrus'']. 2026-04-19. fiteny: en-US. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-04-20. tranonkala: Archaeology News Online Magazine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Papadopoulos, Kosta. [https://greekcitytimes.com/2026/04/20/papyrus-of-greek-epic-iliad-discovered-inside-egyptian-mummy/ ''Papyrus Of Greek Epic Iliad Discovered Inside Egyptian Mummy Greek City Times'']. 2026-04-20. fiteny: en-GB. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-04-20. tranonkala: Greek City Times.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* Saron-tavan' i Agamemnôna
* Fitoviana eo amin' ny ''Aeneid'' nosoratan' i Virgil sy ny ''Iliada'' ary ny ''Odisey'' nosoratan' i Hômera
* Heinrich Schliemann
* Dikan-teny anglisy amin' ny sanganasan' i Hômera
* Fitantarana indray ny angano grika
* Sanganasa mifototra amin' ny ''Iliada''

== Fanamarihana ==
&lt;references group=&quot;fanamarihana&quot; /&gt;

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Boky sy lahatsoratra nampiasaina ===
* Alexopoulou, Marigo. ''The homecoming pattern in Greek tragedy''. University of Glasgow. 2003. type: PhD. 
* ''Herodotus – The Histories''. Penguin Books. 1975. mpamoaka (anarana): Burn. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): A. R.. mpamoaka faharoa (anarana): de Sélincourt. mpamoaka faharoa (fanampin' anarana): Aubrey. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-14-051260-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty niandohana voarakitra: 1954.
* Davison, John A.. [https://archive.org/details/companiontohomer0000alan ''A Companion to Homer'']. ''The Transmission of the Text''. Macmillan. London / New York. 1962. pp.: 215–233. mpamoaka (anarana): Wace. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Alan J.. mpamoaka faharoa (anarana): Stubbings. mpamoaka faharoa (fanampin' anarana): Frank H..
* Erbse, Hartmut. ''Scholia Graeca in Homeri Iliadem (Scholia vetera)''. Walter de Gruyter. Berlin. 1969. boky: 1. mpamoaka (anarana): Erbse. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Hartmut. fiteny: la. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-11-002558-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1515/9783110844788&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Erp Taalman Kip, A. Maria van. ''The Gods of the &quot;Iliad&quot; and the Fate of Troy''. ''Mnemosyne''. August 2000. boky: 53. pp.: 385–402. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1163/156852500510679&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;JSTOR 4433117&lt;/nowiki&gt;. number: 4.
* ''The Greek Epic Cycle and its Ancient Reception: A Companion''. Cambridge University Press. 2015. mpamoaka (anarana): Fantuzzi. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Marco. mpamoaka faharoa (anarana): Tsagalis. mpamoaka faharoa (fanampin' anarana): Christos. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-110701259-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* ''The Cambridge Companion to Homer''. Cambridge University Press. 2006. mpamoaka (anarana): Fowler. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Robert. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0511998935&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Frobish, T. S.. ''An Origin of a Theory – A Comparison of Ethos in the Homeric Iliad with That Found in Aristotle's Rhetoric''. ''Rhetoric''. 2003. boky: 22. pp.: 16–30. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1207/S15327981RR2201_2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;S2CID 44483572&lt;/nowiki&gt;. number: 1.
* ''Homer, The Iliad''. Penguin Books. 1987. mpamoaka (anarana): Hammond. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): M..
* Hornblower. ''The Returning Hero: nostoi and Traditions of Mediterranean Settlement''. ''Introduction''. Oxford University Press. 2018. pp.: 22–76. mpamoaka (anarana): Hornblower. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Simon. mpamoaka faharoa (anarana): Biffis. mpamoaka faharoa (fanampin' anarana): Giulia. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0198811428&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* ''The Iliad by Homer''. University of Chicago Press. Chicago. 1951. mpandika (anarana): Lattimore. mpandika (fanampin' anarana): Richmond.
* Lendon, J. E.. ''Soldiers and Ghosts – A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity''. Yale University Press. New Haven, CT. 2005.
* Lesser, Rachel H.. ''Desire in the Iliad: The Force That Moves the Epic and Its Audience''. Oxford University Press. Oxford. 2022. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780192866516&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1093/oso/9780192866516.001.0001&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Liu, Delin. ''Research on Fate, Gods, and Mortals in the Iliad''. ''Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Science''. 2024. boky: 8. pp.: 560–567. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.26855/jhass.2024.03.002&lt;/nowiki&gt;. number: 3.
* Moore, C. H.. ''Prophecy in the Ancient Epic''. ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology''. 1921. boky: 32. pp.: 99–175. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.2307/310716&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;JSTOR 310716&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Morrison, J. V.. ''&quot;Kerostasia&quot;, the Dictates of Fate, and the Will of Zeus in the &quot;Iliad&quot;''. ''Arethusa''. Spring 1997. boky: 30. pp.: 273–296. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1353/are.1997.0008&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;JSTOR 44578099&lt;/nowiki&gt;. number: 2.
* Homer. ''Iliad''. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1999. boky: I, Books 1–12. mpamoaka (anarana): Wyatt. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): William F.. mpandika (anarana): Murray. mpandika (fanampin' anarana): Augustus Taber. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-674-99579-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty niandohana voarakitra: 1924. series: Loeb Classical Library 170.
* Homer. ''Iliad''. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1999. boky: II, Books 13–24. mpamoaka (anarana): Wyatt. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): William F.. mpandika (anarana): Murray. mpandika (fanampin' anarana): Augustus Taber. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-674-99580-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty niandohana voarakitra: 1925. series: Loeb Classical Library 170.
* [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-guide-to-homer/36C797F24ABA3D78394B293A797E846A ''The Cambridge Guide to Homer'']. Cambridge University Press. February 2020. mpamoaka (anarana): Pache. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Corinne Ondine. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781139225649&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1017/9781139225649&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
** Kim, Lawrence (2020). ''Homer in Antiquity''; Corinne Ondine Pache (mpamoaka), ''The Cambridge Guide to Homer'', pp. 415–434.
** Lamberton, Robert (2020). ''Part III – Homer in the World: Introduction''; Corinne Ondine Pache (mpamoaka), ''The Cambridge Guide to Homer'', pp. 411–414.
* Tsagalis, Christos C.. ''Homer in Performance: Rhapsodes, Narrators, and Characters''. ''Performance Contexts for Rhapsodic Recitals in the Archaic and Classical Periods''. University of Texas Press. Austin. 2018. pp.: 27–75. mpamoaka (anarana): Ready. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Jonathan L.. mpamoaka faharoa (anarana): Tsagalis. mpamoaka faharoa (fanampin' anarana): Christos C.. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4773-1603-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1515/9783110981384-018&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* West, Martin L.. ''Studies in the Text and Transmission of the Iliad''. K. G. Saur. Munich / Leipzig. 2001. mpamoaka (anarana): West. mpamoaka (fanampin' anarana): Martin L.. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-598-73005-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1515/9783110963120&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Boky sy lahatsoratra fanampiny ==
* De Jong, Irene (2012), ''Iliad – Book XXII'', Cambridge University Press, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-70977-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Dunn, Daisy. [https://www.britishmuseum.org/blog/who-was-homer ''Who was Homer?'']. British Museum. 2020. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2 February 2025.
* Edwards, Mark W.; Geoffrey Kirk, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-sKGGd1JuqoC The Iliad – A Commentary: Volume V, Books 17–20]'', Cambridge University Press, 1991, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-521-30959-X&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Edwards, Mark W.; Richard Janko; Geoffrey Kirk, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JojMmQEACAAJ The Iliad – A Commentary: Volume IV, Books 13–16]'', Cambridge University Press, 1992, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-521-28171-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Fox, Robin Lane. ''Travelling Heroes – Greeks and their myths in the epic age of Homer''. Allen Lane. 2008. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7139-9980-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Barbara Graziosi, Haubold, Johannes; ''Iliad – Book VI'', Cambridge University Press, 2010, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-87884-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Kouroupis, Georgios; Tsiplakos, Ioannis. ''The Iliad – honour and glory in Wilios''. Akritas. 2022. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-618-84202-9-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Geoffrey Kirk, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=TguHR9k8DQ8C The Iliad – A Commentary: Volume I, Books 1–4]'', Cambridge University Press, 1985, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-521-23709-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Geoffrey Kirk, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZdxbCe84z0C The Iliad – A Commentary: Volume II, Books 5–8]'', Cambridge University Press, 1990, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-521-23710-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Hainsworth, Bryan; Geoffrey Kirk, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=URaInQEACAAJ The Iliad – A Commentary: Volume III, Books 9–12]'', Cambridge University Press, 1993, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-521-23711-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Mueller, Martin. [https://archive.org/details/iliad0000muel ''The Iliad'']. Allen &amp; Unwin. 1984. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-04-800027-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration.
* Nagy, Gregory. [http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/nagy/BofATL/toc.html ''The Best of the Achaeans'']. Johns Hopkins University Press. 1979. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-8018-2388-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 20 July 2006. datin' ny tahiry: 17 February 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150217125451/http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/nagy/BofATL/toc.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].
* Page, Denys Lionel. ''History and the Homeric Iliad''. University of California Press. 1959.
* Powell, Barry B.. [https://archive.org/details/homer00powe ''Homer'']. Blackwell's. 2004. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4051-5325-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration.
* Nicholas Richardson, Geoffrey Kirk, ''The Iliad – A Commentary: Volume VI, Books 21–24'', Cambridge University Press, 1993, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-521-30960-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Seaford, Richard. ''Reciprocity and Ritual''. Oxford University Press. 1994. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-19-815036-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Judith Thurman, ''[https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/09/18/emily-wilson-profile &quot;Mother Tongue: How Emily Wilson makes Homer modern&quot;]'', ''The New Yorker'', 18 September 2023, pp.&amp;nbsp;46–53. Lahatsoratra lava momba ny fandikan' i Emily Wilson ny sanganasan' i Homer.
* West, Martin. [https://books.google.com/books?id=fIp0RYIjazQC ''The East Face of Helicon'']. Oxford University Press. 1997. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-19-815221-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Rohy ivelany ==
[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iliad Sary sy tahiry momba ny Iliad ao amin’ ny Wikimedia Commons]
[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Iliad ''The Iliad'' ao amin’ ny Wikisource anglisy]
[https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/Ιλιάς ''Ἰλιάς'' amin’ ny teny grika ao amin’ ny Wikisource]

* [https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&amp;su=Iliad&amp;library=OLBP Boky azo vakina an-tserasera]
* [https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&amp;su=Iliad Tahiry ao amin’ ny tranomboky]
* [https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&amp;su=Iliad&amp;library=0CHOOSE0 Tahiry ao amin’ ny tranomboky hafa]

* [https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/homer/the-iliad/william-cullen-bryant ''The Iliad'', nadikan' i William Cullen Bryant]
* [https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Iliad&amp;author=HOMER&amp;reader=&amp;keywords=&amp;genre_id=0&amp;status=all&amp;project_type=either&amp;recorded_language=&amp;sort_order=catalog_date&amp;search_page=1&amp;search_form=advanced ''The Iliad'', boky rakipeo azon’ ny besinimaro ampiasaina ao amin’ ny LibriVox]
* Dikan-teny maro amin' ny ''Iliada'' ao amin' ny ''Project Gutenberg'' (Tetikasa Gutenberg):
** [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/51355 ''The Iliad of Homer''], nadikan' i George Chapman, ao amin' ny ''Project Gutenberg''
** [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6130 ''The Iliad of Homer''], nadikan' i Alexander Pope, ao amin' ny ''Project Gutenberg''
** [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16452 ''The Iliad of Homer''], nadikan' i William Cowper, ao amin' ny ''Project Gutenberg''
** [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22382 ''The Iliad of Homer''], nadikan' i Theodore Alois Buckley, ao amin' ny ''Project Gutenberg''
** [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6150 ''The Iliad of Homer''], nadikan' i Edward, Earl of Derby, ao amin' ny ''Project Gutenberg''
** [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3059 ''The Iliad of Homer''], nadikan' i Andrew Lang, Walter Leaf ary Ernest Meyers, ao amin' ny ''Project Gutenberg''
** [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2199 ''The Iliad of Homer''], nadikan' i Samuel Butler, ao amin' ny ''Project Gutenberg''
* [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng2:1.1-1.39 ''Iliad''], ao amin' ny ''Perseus Digital Library'' (Tranomboky nomerika Perseus), miaraka amin' ny dikan-tenin' i Murray sy Butler ary rohy mankany amin' ny fanazavana momba ny angano sy ny fitsipi-pitenenana
* [https://bitbucket.org/ben-crowell/ransom/src/master/README.md ''Iliad'']: ny lahatsoratra grika miaraka amin' ny dikan-tenin' i Buckley, lisitry ny voambolana, fanamarihana ary famakafakana ireo endrika ara-pitsipi-pitenenana sarotra
* [http://moebio.com/iliad/ ''Gods, Achaeans and Troyans'']. Fampisehoana an-tsary azo ifandraisana momba ny fivoaran' ny anjara toeran' ny olona ao amin' ny ''The Iliad'' sy ny fifandraisan' izy ireo
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210520042345/http://www.iliadtranslation.com/The-Iliad-About.html Fanazavana momba ny toe-javatra manodidina ny tantara, ny fizotran' ny tantara, ny lohahevitra, ny mpanoratra ary ny olana amin' ny fandikan-teny], nataon' i Herbert Jordan, izay nandika ny tononkalo tamin' ny 2008
* [http://www.mccunecollection.org/Iliad%20of%20Homer.html Sary nataon' i Flaxman ho an' ny ''Iliad'']
* [http://www.shmoop.com/iliad/ ''The Iliad''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140815083712/http://www.shmoop.com/iliad/ tahiry tamin’ ny 15 August 2014]: torolalana ho an' ny fandalinana, lohahevitra, teny nalaina ary fitaovana ho an' ny mpampianatra
* [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050607/images/index.html?fip=193.174.98.30&amp;id=00050607&amp;seite=1 Dika nomerika mitahiry ny endriky ny pejin' ny fanontana voalohany (''editio princeps'') amin' ny ''Iliad'' amin' ny teny grikan' i Hômera, navoakan' i Demetrios Chalkokondyles, ao amin' ny ''Bayerische Staatsbibliothek'' (Tranombokim-panjakana bavariana)]

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[[:Sokajy:Angano grika]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Akileosy</title>
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      <text bytes="112497" sha1="c2udqkpzy6e70m659w0vv13kt5dj468" xml:space="preserve">Ao amin' ny angano grika, i '''Akileosy''', antsoina koa hoe '''Achille''', '''Achilles''' na '''Achilleus''' (amin' ny teny grika taloha: Ἀχιλλεύς, soratana amin' ny abidy latina hoe Achilleús), dia mahery fo tamin' ny Ady tao Troasy, izay asehon' ireo angano ho ny mahery indrindra tamin' ny mpiady grika rehetra. Izy no mpandray anjara fototra ao amin' ny ''[[iliada|Iliada]]'' (''Iliad'' amin' ny teny anglisy) nosoratan' i [[Hômerôsy|Homer]]. Zanak' i Thetis, iray amin' ireo andriamanibavy an-dranomasina antsoina hoe ''Nereid'', sy i Peleus, mpanjakan' i Phthia sady nalaza tamin' ny naha-iray azy tamin' ireo [[Argonautes|Argonauts]], izy. Notezaina tany Phthia niaraka tamin' i Patroclus, namany hatramin' ny fahazazany, i Achille, ary i Chiron, zavaboary ao amin' ny angano manana vatana soavaly sy loha ary tratra olombelona (''centaur''), no nanabe azy. Ao amin' ny ''Iliada'', dia aseho ho mpitari-tafiky ny foko ao amin' ny angano antsoina hoe Myrmidons izy.

Ny namonoan' i Achille an' i Hector, andrianan' i Troasy, teo ivelan' ny vavahadin' i [[Troasy]], no asa nampahalaza azy indrindra nandritra ny Ady tao Troasy. Na dia tsy mitantara ny fahafatesany aza ny ''Iliada'', dia mifanaraka kosa ny loharano hafa fa i Paris no namono azy tamin' ny zana-tsipìka, rehefa nadiva hifarana ilay ady. Milaza ny angano nipoitra tatỳ aoriana fa tsy mety maratra ny faritra rehetra amin' ny vatan' i Achille afa-tsy ny voditongony iray. Manomboka amin' ny ''Achilleid'', tononkalo lava mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo izay nosoratan' i Statius tamin' ny taonjato voalohany taorian' i Kristy nefa tsy vitany, no ahitana izany fitantarana izany. Araka io angano io, fony mbola zazakely i Achille, dia nalentik' i Thetis reniny tao amin' ny renirano Styx izy. Nohazoniny tamin' ny voditongony iray izy, ka tsy nokasihin' ny rano io faritra io, ary izany no nahatonga azy ho hany faritra mety haratra tamin' ny vatany.

Avy amin' ireo angano ireo ny fitenenana hoe ''voditongotr' i Achille'' (''Achilles' heel'' amin' ny teny anglisy), izay ilazana fahalemena mety hitarika amin' ny faharavana, indrindra eo amin' ny olona na zavatra iray izay matanjaka amin' ny lafiny hafa. Avy amin' io angano io ihany koa no niantsoana ny tendônan' i Achille (na tady mampitohy ny hozatry ny ranjo amin' ny taolan' ny voditongotra) amin' ny anarany.

== Fiavian' ny anarana ==
Voarakitra ao amin' ny takelaka misy soratra ''Linear B'' ny anaran' olona hoe Achilleus, amin' ny endrika ''a-ki-re-u'' sy ''a-ki-re-we''.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Pauly&quot;&gt;Dorothea Sigel; Anne Ley; Bruno Bleckmann. ''Achilles'', lahatsoratra « Achilles », ao amin' ny ''Brill's New Pauly'', Hubert Cancik sy ny hafa (mpamoaka lahatsoratra). Brill Reference Online. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e102220 10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e102220]. Retrieved 5 May 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Endrika ''dative'', izany hoe endrika ara-pitsipi-pitenenana entina manondro indrindra izay andefasana na omena zavatra, ny faharoa raha oharina amin' ny voalohany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beekes&quot; /&gt; Nihaniely ilay anarana ary nanjary fahita fotoana fohy taorian' ny taonjato faha-7 talohan' i Kristy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111126201849/http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/search?patt=*AXIL&amp;first=250 Epigraphical database] gives 476 matches for Ἀχιλ-.The earliest ones: [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=27810&amp;bookid=6&amp;region=2&amp;subregion=1 Corinth 7th c. BC], [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=238250&amp;bookid=118&amp;region=3&amp;subregion=7 Delphi 530 BC], Attica and Elis 5th c. BC.&lt;/ref&gt; Nisy koa endrika natao ho an' ny vehivavy, dia Achilleía, izay voarakitra tany Attica tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 talohan' i Kristy (IG, fanafohezana ny lohateny ''Inscriptiones Graecae'', na « soratra voasokitra grika », II² 1617). Ny endrika Achillia kosa dia hita eo amin' ny tsangambato misy soratra any Halicarnassus, ho anaran' ny vehivavy mpiady an-kianja iray izay miady amin' ny « Amazon ».

Azo anazavana ny anaran' i Achille ny fampiarahana ny teny hoe ''áchos'', izay midika hoe « fahoriana, fanaintainana, alahelo, fahoriam-po »,&lt;ref&gt;Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3D*)axilleu%2Fs ''An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon'']. Clarendon Press, 1889. Via: Perseus Digital Library.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Scholia to the ''Iliad'', 1.1.&lt;/ref&gt; sy ny teny hoe ''laós'', izay midika hoe « vahoaka, miaramila, firenena ».
Avy amin' izany ny endrika niandohana naroso hoe ''*Akhí-lāu̯os'', izay midika hoe « ilay mampahory ny vahoaka » na « ilay manana vahoaka ory ».&lt;ref&gt;Leonard Palmer. ''The Interpretation of Mycenaean Greek Texts''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963, p. 79.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nagy&quot;&gt;Gregory Nagy. [http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5442 ''The best of the Achaeans'']. CHS. The Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University. Access-date: 19 March 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115312/http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5442 Archive-url], archive-date: 2 April 2015. Url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Harper, Douglas. [https://www.etymonline.com/word/Achilles ''Achilles'']. ''Online Etymology Dictionary''.&lt;/ref&gt;
Lohahevitra averimberina ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' ny alahelo na ny fahorian' ny vahoaka, ary i Achille mihitsy matetika no miresaka izany.
Misy fifanoherana toa maneso eo amin' ny anjara asan' i Achille ho mahery fon' ny alahelo na ny fahoriana sy ny fomba fijery mahazatra azy ho mahery fon' ny ''kléos'', na voninahitra izay mazàna azo amin' ny ady.
Ankoatra izany, i Gregory Nagy, izay nanaraka an' i Leonard Palmer, dia nandika ny ''laós'' ho « vondron-tafika », izany hoe miaramila voavory.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nagy&quot; /&gt;
Raha io fanazavana ny fiavian' ilay anarana io no raisina, dia manana hevitra roa ilay anarana ao amin' ny tononkalo: rehefa manao araka ny tokony ho izy ilay mahery fo, dia mampahory ny fahavalo ny miaramilany; rehefa tsy manao izany kosa izy, dia ny miaramilany no iharan' ny fahorian' ny ady.
Anisan' ny resahin' ilay tononkalo ny hatezeran' ny mpitarika izay miantefa amin' ny tsy tokony hiantefany.

Misy mpikaroka mihevitra fa teny nindramina tamin' ny fiteny hafa ilay anarana, angamba tamin' ny fiteny iray efa nisy talohan' ny teny grika.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Pauly&quot; /&gt; Ny maha-taranak' i Thetis, iray amin' ireo ''Nereid'', an' i Achille sy ny fitovian' ny anarany amin' ny anaran' ny andriamanitry ny renirano toa an' i Acheron sy Achelous dia nahatonga ny fiheverana fa mety ho andriamanitry ny rano fahiny izy (jereo ny [[#Fanompoam-pivavahana sy fanomezam-boninahitra|Fanompoam-pivavahana sy fanomezam-boninahitra]] etsy ambany).&lt;ref&gt;Cf. the supportive position of Hildebrecht Hommel, ''Der Gott Achilleus'', ''Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften'', issue 1, 1980, pp. 38–44 – A critical point of view is taken by J. T. Hooker, ''The cults of Achilleus'', ''Rheinisches Museum für Philologie'', volume 131, issue 3, 1988, pp. 1–7.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanolotra ny hevitra i Robert S. P. Beekes fa avy amin' ny fiteny talohan' ny teny grika ilay anarana. Anisan' ny iorenan' izany ny fiarahan' ny endrika voasoratra hoe « -λλ- » sy « -λ- » hita amin' ny fitenin' ny tononkalo mitantara mahery fo; mety ho taratry ny singam-peo /l&lt;sup&gt;y&lt;/sup&gt;/, izay tononina miaraka amin' ny fanatonan' ny lela ny lanilany mafy, tao amin' ny fiteny niandohana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beekes&quot;&gt;Robert S. P. Beekes, ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, pp. 183ff.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Anarana hafa ===
Anisan' ny anarana iantsoana an' i Achille amin' ny ankapobeny ireto manaraka ireto:&lt;ref&gt;Ity lisitra ity dia ahitana votoaty avy amin' i John Murray. [https://archive.org/details/aclassicalmanua01unkngoog/page/n17 ''A Classical Manual: Being a Mythological, Historical and Geographical Commentary on Pope's Homer, and Dryden's Aeneid of Virgil, with a Copious Index'']. Albemarle Street, London, 1833, pp. 1–3.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Pyrisous''', izay midika hoe « voavonjy tamin' ny afo », no anarany voalohany. Toa manohana ilay lovantsofina milaza fa nodoran' i Thetis reniny ireo faritry ny vatany mety maty izany.
* '''Aeacides''', avy amin' ny anaran' i Aeacus raibeny.
* '''Aemonius''', avy amin' i Aemonia, faritra iray izay nantsoina hoe Thessaly tatỳ aoriana.
* '''Aspetos''', izay midika hoe « tsy azo tahafina » na « midadasika », no anarany tany Epirus.
* '''Larissaeus''', avy amin' i Larissa, izay antsoina koa hoe Cremaste, tanàna iray ao amin' i Achaia Phthiotis any Thessaly.
* '''Ligyron''', anarany tany am-boalohany.
* '''Nereius''', avy amin' i Thetis reniny, izay iray amin' ireo ''Nereid''.
* '''Pelides''', avy amin' ny anaran' i Peleus rainy.
* '''Phthius''', avy amin' i Phthia, toerana nahaterahany.
* '''Podarkes''', izay midika hoe « mailaka tongotra », satria napetaka tamin' ny tongony ny elatr' i Arke, izay midika hoe « mailaka » ny anarany; ''podes'' kosa no teny grika ilazana ny « tongotra ».&lt;ref&gt;Ptolemy Hephaestion, ''New History'', Book 6 (summary from Photius, ''Myriobiblon'' 190, trans. Pearse):

&quot;It is said ... that he [Akhilleus (Achilles)] was called Podarkes (Podarces, Swift-Footed) by the Poet [i.e. Homer], because, it is said, Thetis gave the newborn child the wings of Arke (Arce) and Podarkes means that his feet had the wings of Arke. And Arke was the daughter of Thaumas and her sister was Iris; both had wings, but, during the struggle of the gods against the Titanes (Titans), Arke flew out of the camp of the gods and joined the Titanes. After the victory Zeus removed her wings before throwing her into Tartaros and, when he came to the wedding of Peleus and Thetis, he brought these wings as a gift for Thetis.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fahaterahana sy fahazazana ==
[[File:Peter Paul Rubens 181.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|alt=Thetis mandentika an' i Achille zazakely ao amin' ny renirano Styx.|''Thetis Dipping the Infant Achilles into the River Styx'' (Thetis mandentika an' i Achille zazakely ao amin' ny renirano Styx), nataon' i [[Pierre Paul Rubens|Peter Paul Rubens]], tokony ho tamin' ny 1625; ao amin' ny ''Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen'' (Mozea Boijmans Van Beuningen), Rotterdam.]]

Zanakalahin' i Thetis, izay iray amin' ireo ''Nereid'' na andriamanibavin' ny ranomasina sady zanakavavin' ilay antsoina hoe Lehilahy antitry ny ranomasina, sy Peleus, mpanjakan' ny Myrmidons, i Achille. Nifaninana hahazo an' i Thetis ho vady i [[Zeosy|Zeus]] sy Poseidon, mandra-pampitandreman' i Prometheus, ilay mahatsinjo mialoha, an' i Zeus momba ny faminaniana iray. Nambaran' i Themis, andriamanibavin' ny lalàn' ny andriamanitra, tany am-boalohany io faminaniana io, izay nilaza fa hiteraka zazalahy ho lehibe noho ny rainy i Thetis. Noho izany dia samy nitsahatra nitady azy ho vady ireo andriamanitra roa ireo, ary nampanambady azy tamin' i Peleus.&lt;ref&gt;[[Aeschylus]], ''Prometheus Bound'' 755–768; Pindar, ''Nemean'' 5.34–37, ''Isthmian'' 8.26–47; Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'' 3.13.5; ''Poeticon astronomicon'' 2.15.&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fitantarana hafa momba ireo zava-nitranga ireo ao amin' ny ''Argonautica'' (4.760). Ao, i Hera, anabavin' i Zeus sady vadiny, dia miresaka ny fandavan' i Thetis ny fiezahan' i Zeus hitaona azy, noho ny fitandrovany ny fahadiovany. Araka ny tenin' i Hera, dia tena nanaja ny fatoram-panambadian' i Hera i Thetis ka nandà tamim-pahatoniana ilay rain' ny andriamanitra. Na dia zanakavavin' i Nereus, andriamanitry ny ranomasina, aza i Thetis, dia i Hera koa no nitaiza azy, ka izany no antony iray hafa nandavany ny fiezahan' i Zeus hitaona azy. Tezitra mafy i Zeus ary nandidy fa tsy hahazo hanambady olona tsy mety maty mihitsy i Thetis.&lt;ref&gt;Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'' 3.13.5.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The Education of Achilles 1862 Delacroix.jpg|thumb|alt=Fanabeazana an' i Achille, sary nataon' i Eugène Delacroix.|''The Education of Achilles'' (Ny fanabeazana an' i Achille), nataon' i [[Eugène Delacroix]], sary natao tamin' ny loko maina atao hoe ''pastel'' teo amin' ny taratasy, tokony ho tamin' ny 1862; ao amin' ny ''Getty Center'' (Foibe Getty), Los Angeles.]]

Araka ny ''Achilleid'', nosoratan' i Statius tamin' ny taonjato voalohany taorian' i Kristy, sy ny loharano taloha kokoa izay tsy voatahiry intsony, dia niezaka nanao an' i Achille ho tsy mety maty i Thetis raha vao teraka izy, tamin' ny fandentehana azy tao amin' ny renirano Styx. Mbola nety naratra anefa ilay faritra nitazonany azy, dia ny voditongony havia&lt;ref&gt;Statius, ''Achilleid'' 1.269; Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' 107.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan S. Burgess. ''The Death and Afterlife of Achilles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009, p. 9. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8018-9029-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_YAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA9 Rohy]; nojerena tamin' ny 5 February 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (jereo koa ny voditongotr' i Achille sy ny tendônan' i Achille, na tady mampitohy ny hozatry ny ranjo amin' ny taolan' ny voditongotra). Tsy mazava raha efa fantatra taloha kokoa io fitantarana io. Amin' ny fitantarana hafa indray, dia nanosotra ''ambrosia'' (menaka fanosotry ny andriamanitra ao amin' ny angano) tamin' ilay zazalahy i Thetis ary nametraka azy teo ambonin' ny afo mba handoroana sy hanesorana ireo faritra mety maty amin' ny vatany. Notapahin' i Peleus ny nataony, ka navelany teo ny ray sy ny zanaka ary lasa izy sady tezitra mafy.&lt;ref&gt;Apollonius of Rhodes, ''Argonautica'' 4.869–879.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The Education of Achilles, by James Barry.jpg|thumb|alt=Fanabeazana an' i Achille, sary nataon' i James Barry.|''The Education of Achilles'' (Ny fanabeazana an' i Achille), tokony ho tamin' ny 1772, nataon' i James Barry; ao amin' ny ''Yale Center for British Art'' (Foibe Yale momba ny zavakanto britanika).]]

Tsy misy loharano talohan' i Statius miresaka izany tsy fahafahany maratra amin' ny ankapobeny izany. Mifanohitra amin' izany aza, ao amin' ny ''Iliada'', dia milaza i Homer fa naratra i Achille. Ao amin' ny boky faha-21, i Asteropaios, mahery fo avy any Paeonia sady zanakalahin' i Pelagon, dia nihaika an' i Achille teo amoron' ny renirano Scamander. Nahay nampiasa ny tanany roa mitovy fahaizana izy, ka samy nanipazany lefona iray ny tanany tsirairay. Ny iray tamin' ireo dia nandalo nikasika ny kihon' i Achille, «ka nampiboiboika ra» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;Homer (Robert Fagles translation), ''The Iliad'', p. 525. Teny nalaina: “But the other (spear) grazed Achilles's strong right arm and dark blood gushed as the spear shot past his back”.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ireo tononkalo vitsy sisa tavela tapatapany avy amin' ny fitambaran-tononkalo atao hoe ''Epic Cycle'' izay mitantara ny nahafatesan' ilay mahery fo, dia tsy misy miresaka ny tsy fahafahany maratra amin' ny ankapobeny na ilay fahalemeny eo amin' ny voditongotra izay nanjary fantatra. Anisan' ireo tononkalo ireo ny ''Cypria'', ny ''Little Iliad'' nosoratan' i Lesches avy any Pyrrha, ary ny ''Aethiopis'' sy ny ''Iliupersis'' nosoratan' i Arctinus of Miletus. Amin' ireo sary hosodoko teo amin' ny vazy tatỳ aoriana izay mampiseho ny nahafatesan' i Achille, dia ny vatan-tenany no voan' ny zana-tsipìka iray, na zana-tsipìka maromaro amin' ny sary maro.

Natolotr' i Peleus ho taizain' i Chiron i Achille. Nonina teo amin' ny tendrombohitra Pelion i Chiron, ary nalaza ho marina indrindra tamin' ireo ''centaur'', zavaboary ao amin' ny angano izay manana vatana mitambatra olombelona sy soavaly.&lt;ref&gt;[[Hesiôdôsy|Hesiod]], ''Catalogue of Women'', fr. 204.87–89 MW; ''Iliad'' 11.830–832.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny fitantarana sasany, dia Ligyron no anaran' i Achille tany am-boalohany, ary i Chiron mpitaiza azy no nanome azy ny anarana hoe Achille tatỳ aoriana.&lt;ref&gt;Apollodorus, ''Library'', Book III [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.13&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022 3.13.6]&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny voalazan' i Homer, dia tao Phthia i Achille no nihalehibe niaraka tamin' i Patroclus, namany hatramin' ny fahazazany.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Pauly&quot; /&gt; Milaza koa i Homer fa nampianatra an' i Patroclus izay nianarany tamin' i Chiron i Achille, anisan' izany ny fahaizana mitsabo.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''The Iliad'' [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Iliad_(Murray)/Book_XI Book XI 822-836]&lt;/ref&gt; Naminany i Thetis fa iray amin' ireto no ho anjaran' ny zanany: na hahazo voninahitra izy nefa ho faty tanora, na ho ela velona saingy tsy hisy zava-nitranga miavaka eo amin' ny fiainany ary tsy ho fantatry ny olona izy. Nifidy ilay voalohany i Achille, ka nanapa-kevitra handray anjara tamin' ny Adin' i Troasy.&lt;ref&gt;''Iliad'' 9.410ff.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Achilleus Lyra.jpg|thumb|alt=Chiron mampianatra an' i Achille mitendry lyre.|Chiron mampianatra an' i Achille mitendry ''lyre'', zavamaneno misy tadiny; sary hosodoko rômanina teo amin' ny lalotra mbola mando, na ''fresco'', avy any Herculaneum, tamin' ny taonjato voalohany taorian' i Kristy.]]

Araka ny voalazan' i Photius, dia nitantara ny boky fahenina amin' ny ''New History'' nosoratan' i Ptolemy Hephaestion fa nodoran' i Thetis tany amin' ny toerana miafina ireo zanany tamin' i Peleus. Rehefa teraka i Achille, dia hitan' i Peleus ny nataony ka nosintoniny avy tao amin' ny lelafo ilay zaza, izay tongotra iray monja no may, ary natolony ho taizain' i Chiron ilay ''centaur''. Tatỳ aoriana dia nofongarin' i Chiron ny fatin' i Damysus, ilay haingam-pandeha indrindra tamin' ireo goavambe rehetra. Nalainy ny kitrokelin' i Damysus ary nampidiriny tao amin' ilay tongotr' i Achille may. Milaza koa i Photius fa nanana mpanoro hevitra avy any [[Carthage]] atao hoe Noemon i Achille.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_copyright/photius_05bibliotheca.htm Photius, ''Bibliotheca'', cod. 190]: &quot;Thetis burned in a secret place the children she had by Peleus; six were born; when she had Achilles, Peleus noticed and tore him from the flames with only a burnt foot and confided him to Chiron. The latter exhumed the body of the giant Damysos who was buried at Pallene—Damysos was the fastest of all the giants—removed the 'astragale' and incorporated it into Achilles's foot using 'ingredients'. This 'astragale' fell when Achilles was pursued by Apollo and it was thus that Achilles, fallen, was killed. It is said, on the other hand, that he was called Podarkes by the Poet, because, it is said, Thetis gave the newborn child the wings of Arce and Podarkes means that his feet had the wings of Arce.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Famaritana ny bika aman' endrika ===
Ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' nosoratan' i [[Hômerôsy|Homer]], dia aseho ho lehilahy lava sady miavaka bika i Achille, ary tsy misy mitovy aminy eo amin' ireo mpiady grika raha ny tanjaka sy ny hatsaran-tarehy no jerena.&lt;ref&gt;Barry Strauss. ''The Trojan War: A New History''. Simon and Schuster, 2007, p. 87. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7432-6442-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Amin' ny teny anglisy.&lt;/ref&gt;
Lazain' i Homer fa lava ny volony, na toy ny volon-tenda.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+23.141&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133 23.141] (in Greek)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=xai/th χαίτη]. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', Perseus Project.&lt;/ref&gt;
Toy ny an' ireo olona sasany hafa ao amin' ny tantara, dia faritana amin' ny teny hoe ''xanthḗ'' ny volony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Myres&quot;&gt;Myres, John Linton (1967). ''Who were the Greeks?'', pp. 192–199. University of California Press.&lt;/ref&gt;
Midika hoe mavo io teny io, ary nampiasaina hilazana volo mazava loko, anisan' izany ny volo mavo, volontany, volontany mazava ary volontany manopy mena.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=canqo/s ξανθός]. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', Perseus Project.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sidney Chawner Woodhouse. ''English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language''. London: Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul Limited, 1910, pp. 52,84,101.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nanoratra i Philostratus fa mavo manopy volontany, toy ny lokon' ny ditin-kazo atao hoe ''amber'', sady nitovy tamin' ny mason-diona ny masony.&lt;ref&gt;P. G Maxwell-Stuart. ''Studies in Greek colour terminology: Volume 2''. Brill, 1981, p. 19. [https://dokumen.pub/studies-in-greek-colour-terminology-2-2-9004064079-9789004064072.html Rohy].&lt;/ref&gt;

Nisy fitantarana latina tatỳ aoriana, angamba tamin' ny taonjato fahadimy taorian' i Kristy, izay [[Pseodepigrafa (literatiora)|nolazaina diso fa nosoratan' i]] Dares Phrygius, namaritra an' i Achille toy izao (dikan-teny malagasy): «… lehibe ny tratrany, tsara endrika ny vavany, ary natanjaka ny firafitry ny sandriny sy ny tongony. Rakotra volo lava miolanolana sady volontany manopy mena ny lohany (''capillo myrteo'', lokon' ny hodi-kazo ''myrtus'' na [[Miora|miora]]&lt;ref&gt;Fernando Navarro Antolín. ''Lygdamus: Corpus Tibullianum III. 1-6: Lygdami Elegiarum Liber : Edition and Commentary''. Belgium: E.J. Brill, 1996, p. 309.&lt;/ref&gt;). Na dia nalemy fanahy aza izy, dia tena masiaka tamin' ny ady. Ny endriny dia naneho ny hafalian' ny lehilahy nomena soa maro».&lt;ref&gt;Dares Phrygius, ''History of the Fall of Troy'' [https://www.theoi.com/Text/DaresPhrygius.html 13]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nafenina tao Skyros ===
Lohahevitra fototra: Achille tao Skyros.

[[File:Gaziantep Zeugma Museum Achilles mosaic in 2011 2098.jpg|thumb|alt=Môzaika mampiseho an' i Achille manao fitafiam-behivavy sy an' i Odysseus mamantatra azy amin' ny alalan' ny hafetsena.|Môzaika romana avy tao amin' ny vila Poseidon tao Zeugma, Commagene, izay ao amin' ny ''Zeugma Mosaic Museum'' (Tranombakoka momba ny môzaika ao Zeugma) ankehitriny. Mampiseho an' i Achille manao fitafiam-behivavy hanafenana ny maha izy azy sy an' i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]] mampiasa hafetsena mba hampiharihariana izany izy io.]]

Misy loharano taorian' i Homer&lt;ref&gt;[[Euripides]], ''Skyrioi'', surviving only in fragmentary form; Philostratus Junior, ''Imagines'' i; Scholiast on Homer's ''Iliad'', 9.326; [[Ôvidio|Ovid]], ''Metamorphoses'' 13.162–180; Ovid, ''Tristia'' 2.409–412 (mentioning a Roman tragedy on this subject); Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'' 3.13.8; Statius, ''Achilleid'' 1.689–880, 2.167ff.&lt;/ref&gt; milaza fa, mba hiarovana an' i Achille amin' ny ady, dia nafenin' i Thetis (na i Peleus, araka ny fitantarana sasany) tao amin' ny lapan' i Lycomedes, mpanjakan' i Skyros, ilay tovolahy. Nampanaovina fitafian' ny zanakavavin' ny mpanjaka izy, na farafaharatsiny fitafian-tovovavy.

Tao i Achille no nonina niaraka tamin' ireo zanakavavin' i Lycomedes, sady nanao fitafiana nanafenana ny maha izy azy. Angamba izy nantsoina hoe Pyrrha (ilay tovovavy mena volo), Cercysera na Aissa (izay midika hoe haingana&lt;ref&gt;[[Robert Graves|Graves, Robert]] (2017). ''The Greek Myths – The Complete and Definitive Edition''. Penguin Books Limited. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-241-98338-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Index s.v. Aissa.&lt;/ref&gt;).&lt;ref&gt;[[Robert Graves|Graves, Robert]] (2017). ''The Greek Myths – The Complete and Definitive Edition''. Penguin Books Limited. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-241-98338-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p. 642.&lt;/ref&gt; Tao no nananan' i Achille zazalahy roa tamin' i Deidamia, zanakavavin' i Lycomedes, izay efa nanomboka nifandray taminy: i Neoptolemus sy i Oneiros. Nantsoina koa hoe Pyrrhus i Neoptolemus, avy amin' ilay anarana mety ho nisaronan' ny rainy. Araka io fitantarana io, dia ren' i Odysseus tamin' i Calchas mpaminany fa tsy ho azon' ny Grika i Troasy raha tsy ampian' i Achille izy ireo. Nankany Skyros i Odysseus, nisandoka ho mpivarotra mandehandeha nivarotra fitafiana sy firavaky ny vehivavy, ary nametraka ampinga sy lefona teo amin' ny entany. Rehefa noraisin' i Achille avy hatrany ilay lefona, dia fantatr' i Odysseus hoe iza izy na dia nanao fitafiam-behivavy aza, ka noreseny lahatra mba handray anjara tamin' ny fanafihana nataon' ny Grika. Ao amin' ny fitantarana iray hafa, dia nasain' i Odysseus notsofina ny trompetra fanairana fony izy niaraka tamin' ireo vehivavy tao amin' ny lapan' i Lycomedes. Raha nandositra noho ny tahotra ireo vehivavy, dia niomana hiaro ny lapa kosa i Achille, ka nahafantarana ny maha izy azy izany.

== Tao amin' ny ady tao Troasy ==
[[File:Achilles by Lycomedes Louvre Ma2120.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Sary sokitra marbra mampiseho an' i Achille ao an-dapan' i Lycomedes.|Sary sokitra marbra mampiseho an' i Achille ao an-dapan' i Lycomedes mpanjaka, manodidina ny taona 240 taorian' i Kristy.]]

Araka ny filazan' i [[Hômerôsy|Homer]], ny ''Hellenes'' dia foko somary kely tany am-boalohany, nonina tao Phthia any Thessaly, ary nifantoka nanodidina an' i Alos, Alope, Trachis ary Argos an' ny Pelasgiana.&lt;ref&gt;Homer. ''Iliad'', [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.653-2.694 2.681–685].&lt;/ref&gt; Antsoina hoe « καλλιγύναικος », ''kalligýnaikos'', izany hoe « manana vehivavy tsara tarehy », io ''Hellas'' resahin' i Homer io. Teo ambany fifehezan' i Achille ny miaramilany, dia ny Hellenes, niaraka tamin' ny Myrmidons izay natahorana.

Araka ny ''Iliada'', dia tonga tao [[Troasy]] niaraka tamin' ny sambo 50 i Achille, ka Myrmidons 50 no tao amin' ny sambo tsirairay. Nanendry mpitarika dimy izy, ary Myrmidons 500 no nofehezin' ny tsirairay: Menesthius, Eudorus, Peisander, Phoenix ary Alcimedon.&lt;ref&gt;''Iliad'' 16.168–197.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Telephus ===
Araka ny angano, rehefa niainga ho any amin' ny ady tao Troasy ny Grika, dia nijanona tsy nahy tany Mysia, izay nofehezin' i Telephus mpanjaka. Tao amin' ny ady naterak' izany no nandratran' i Achille an' i Telephus, ary tsy nety sitrana ilay ratra. Araka ny fanamarihana manazava ny lahatsoratry ny ''Iliada'', dia tezitra tamin' i Telephus i [[Diônisôsy|Dionysus]] satria tsy nanompo azy araka ny tokony ho izy izy. Nampianjerainy tamin' ny tahom-boaloboka àry i Telephus mba hanampiana an' i Achille handratra azy.&lt;ref&gt;Platter, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PXnLrRQnufgC&amp;pg=PA148 p. 148]; Gantz, p. 579; Frazer's note to Pseudo-Apollodorus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+Epit.+E.3.17 ''Bibliotheca, Epitome 3.17''].&lt;/ref&gt; Nanatona mpaminany mampita ny valin' ny andriamanitra i Telephus, ary izao no valiny, amin' ny dikan-teny malagasy: « Izay nandratra no hanasitrana ». Nanaraka izany valiny izany izy ka tonga tany Argos. Tao no nanasitranan' i Achille azy mba hahafahany mitarika azy ireo amin' ny dia an-tsambo ho any Troasy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Epitome 3.20&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;69&quot;&gt;Pseudo-Apollodorus. [http://www.theoi.com/Text/ApollodorusE.html#69 ''Bibliotheca, Epitome 3.20'']. theoi.com.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Milaza i Philostratus fa, na dia i Achille aza no nandratra an' i Telephus, dia i Protesilaus no niady taminy voalohany sy naka ny ampingany. Koa rehefa nifanditra momba ny babo azo tamin' ny ady i Achille sy Protesilaus, dia nomena an' i Protesilaus ilay ampinga.&lt;ref&gt;Philostratus, ''On Heroes'' [https://chs.harvard.edu/primary-source/flavius-philostratus-on-heroes/#onheroestext 23.24–25]&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fitantarana hafa ao amin' ny tantara an-tsehatra nosoratan' i [[Euripides]] momba an' i Telephus, izay tsy voatahiry intsony, dia nankany Aulis i Telephus ka mody nanao mpangataka ary nangataka tamin' i Achille mba hanasitrana ny ratrany. Nandà i Achille ary nilaza fa tsy nahay fitsaboana. Amin' ny dikan-tantara iray hafa kosa, dia notazonin' i Telephus ho takalonaina i Orestes, ka ny fanampian' i Achille hanasitrana ilay ratra no notakiny ho takalon' ny famotsorana azy. Nanjohy hevitra i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]] fa ny lefona no nahatonga ilay ratra, ka tsy maintsy afaka nanasitrana azy koa ilay lefona. Nokikisana teo ambonin' ilay ratra ny lefona mba hilatsahan' ny potiny teo, ary sitrana i Telephus araka io angano io.&lt;ref name=&quot;Epitome 3.20&quot; /&gt;

=== Cycnus ===
Anisan' ny fahavalo voalohany natrehin' i Achille tamin' ny ady tao Troasy i Cycnus, zanak' i Poseidon izay tsy mety maratra. Efa namono an' i Protesilaus izy,&lt;ref&gt;Quintus Smyrnaeus, ''Posthomerica'' 4.529&lt;/ref&gt; sy olona arivo hafa tao Sigeion.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ôvidio|Ovid]], ''Metamorphoses'' 12.70&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny ''Metamorphoses'' nosoratan' i [[Ôvidio|Ovid]] indrindra no voatahiry ny fitantarana ny adin' izy roa. Tsy voatrobaky ny lefona na ny sabatra ny hoditr' i Cycnus ao amin' io fitantarana io. Araka ny filazan' i Pseudo-Apollodorus, dia maty izy rehefa nitorahan' i Achille vato ny lohany.&lt;ref&gt;Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'', [https://www.theoi.com/Text/ApollodorusE.html Epitome 3.31]&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny fitantaran' i Ovid kosa, dia nokendain' i Achille tamin' ny fehin' ny fiarovan-dohany i Cycnus.&lt;ref&gt;Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.139–145&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Troilus ===
[[File:Achilles slaying Troilus.PNG|thumb|left|I Achille namono an' i Troilus, eo amin' ny kaopy ''kylix'' voaravaka sary mena sy misy ny sonian' i Euphronios.]]

Araka ny ''Cypria'', izay ampahany amin' ireo tononkalo mitantara ny ady tany Troasy (''Epic Cycle'') ka milaza ny zava-nitranga talohan' ny fahatezeran' i Achille, dia nosakanan' i Achille ny Grika rehefa naniry hody. Avy eo dia nanafika ny ombin' i [[Énée|Aeneas]] izy, nandroba ireo tanàna manodidina, toa an' i Pedasus sy Lyrnessus, izay nisamboran' ny Grika an' i Briseis mpanjakavavy, ary namono an' i Tenes, zanakalahin' i [[Apôlôna (andriamanitra)|Apollo]], sy Troilus, zanakalahin' i Priam, tao amin' ny toerana masina nanompoana an' i Apollo Thymbraios. Ny tantaram-pitiavana momba an' i Troilus hita ao amin' ny ''Troilus and Criseyde'' nosoratan' i [[Geoffrey Chaucer]] sy ny ''Troilus and Cressida'' nosoratan' i [[William Shakespeare]] kosa dia noforonina tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany.&lt;ref name=&quot;stoa.org&quot;&gt;[http://www.stoa.org/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Stoa:text:2003.01.0004 ''Proclus' Summary of the Cypria'']. Stoa.org. access-date: 9 March 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091009120320/http://www.stoa.org/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Stoa:text:2003.01.0004 archive-url], archive-date: 9 October 2009; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;New Pauly&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Timiades_Painter_-_ABV_95_5_-_Achilleus_and_Hektor_fighting_over_the_body_of_Troilos_-_animal_friezes_-_München_AS_1426_-_07.jpg|thumb|I Achille niady tamin' i Hector teo amin' ny alitara, ary teo amin' ny lefony ny lohan' i Troilus. Sinibe ''amphora'' avy any Attica, voaravaka sary mainty, tamin' ny 570–560 talohan' i Kristy.]]

Ao amin' ny ''Account of the Destruction of Troy'' nosoratan' i Dares Phrygius,&lt;ref&gt;[http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/DaresTW.html ''Dares' account of the destruction of Troy, Greek Mythology Link'']. Homepage.mac.com. access-date: 9 March 2010&lt;!--Added by DASHBot--&gt;. [https://web.archive.org/web/20011130034104/http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/DaresTW.html archive-url], archive-date: 30 November 2001; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt; izay famintinana amin' ny teny latina nampita ny tantaran' i Achille tany Eorôpa tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany, ary koa ao amin' ireo fitantarana tranainy kokoa, dia printsy tanora avy any Troasy i Troilus.
Izy no faralahy tamin' ireo zanakalahy dimy ara-dalàna naterak' i Priam mpanjaka sy Hecuba; araka ny loharano hafa kosa dia zanakalahin' i Apollo koa izy.&lt;ref&gt;Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'' 3.151.&lt;/ref&gt;
Na dia mbola tanora aza izy, dia anisan' ireo mpitarika lehibe ny tafik' i Troasy, ary nolazain' i Homer ho «mpiady mitaingin-tsoavaly» na «mpiady mitaingina kalesy» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;''Iliad'' 24.257. Cf. Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 1.474–478.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nampifandray ny hoavin' i Troilus tamin' ny an' i Troasy ny faminaniana, ka nasiana otrika izy mba hisamborana azy.
Na izany aza, nanaitra an' i Achille ny hatsaran' i Troilus sy Polyxena anabaviny. Resin' ny filan' nofo izy ka nitady hanao firaisana ara-nofo tamin' ilay tovolahy. Tsy nanaiky anefa i Troilus, ka notapahin-doha teo amin' ny alitara misy vato masina antsoina hoe ''omphalos'', natokana ho an' i Apollo Thymbraios.&lt;ref&gt;Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca Epitome'' 3.32.&lt;/ref&gt;
Araka ny dikan-tantara tatỳ aoriana kosa dia tsy fanahy iniana no nahafaty an' i Troilus i Achille, rehefa namihina azy tamin' ny firehetam-pitiavana tafahoatra.&lt;ref&gt;Scholia to Lycophron 307; Servius, Scholia to the ''Aeneid'', Perseus Project [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Serv.+A.+1.474 A.1.474].&lt;/ref&gt;
Araka io dikan' ny angano io àry, dia sazy noho izany fanimbazimbana ny zava-masina izany ny fahafatesan' i Achille.&lt;ref&gt;Davidson, James (19 July 2007). [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n14/davi02_.html ''Zeus Be Nice Now'']. ''London Review of Books''. url-status: dead; [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011152019/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n14/davi02_.html archive-url], archive-date: 11 October 2007; access-date: 1 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nasehon' ireo mpanoratra fahiny ho ohatra maneho indrindra ny zaza maty isaonan' ny ray aman-dreniny i Troilus.
Raha nahatratra ny fahalehibeazana i Troilus, araka ilay mpanoratra fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe ''First Vatican Mythographer'' (mpanangona angano voalohany ao amin' ny Vatikana), dia tsy ho azo resena i Troasy; efa tranainy kokoa anefa io hevitra ao amin' ny tantara io, ary efa hita ao amin' ny ''Bacchides'' nosoratan' i Plautus.&lt;ref&gt;Plautus, ''Bacchides'' 953ff.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ao amin' ny Iliada ===
[[File:Achilles Agamemnon Pompei mosaic NAMNaples 10006.jpg|thumb|alt=Achille sy Agamemnon eo amin' ny môzaika.|Achille sy [[Agamemnon]], eo amin' ny môzaika avy any Pompeii, taonjato voalohany taor. J.K.]]

Ny ''Iliada'' nosoratan' i Homer no fitantarana malaza indrindra momba ny zava-bitan' i Achille nandritra ny adin' i Troasy. Ny fahatezeran' i Achille («μῆνις Ἀχιλλέως», ''mênis Achilléōs'') no lohahevitra fototry ny tononkalo. Toy izao ny andalana roa voalohany ao amin' ny ''Iliada'':
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Lahatsoratra grika tany am-boalohany
! Dikan-teny malagasy
|-
|Μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληιάδεω Ἀχιλῆος&lt;br /&gt;
οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί' Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκε, [...]
|Hirao, ry Andriamanibavy, ny fahatezeran' i Achille zanak' i Peleus,&lt;br /&gt;
ilay fahatezerana voaozona izay nitondra fijaliana lehibe ho an' ny Grika, [...]
|}

[[File:Wall painting - Briseis taken away from Achilles - Pompeii (VI 8 5) - Napoli MAN 9105 - 01.jpg|thumb|alt=Achille manolotra an' i Briseis ho an' i Agamemnon eo amin' ny hosodoko amin' ny rindrina.|Achille manolotra an' i Briseis ho an' i [[Agamemnon]]. Hosodoko amin' ny lalotra mbola mando avy ao amin' ny Tranon' ny Poeta Trajika any Pompeii, taonjato voalohany taor. J.K. (Mozeam-pirenena momba ny arkeôlôjia ao Naples).]]

Herinandro vitsivitsy monja tamin' ilay ady naharitra folo taona no tantarain' ity tononkalo lava mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo ity, ary tsy voatantara ao ny nahafatesan' i Achille. Manomboka amin' ny fisintahan' i Achille tsy hiady intsony izy io, rehefa avy nanala baraka azy i [[Agamemnon]], mpitari-tafiky ny Grika, izay antsoin' i Homer hoe ''Achaeans'' ao amin' ny tononkalo. Naka vehivavy iray atao hoe Chryseis ho andevony i Agamemnon. Niangavy azy hamerina an' io vehivavy io aminy i Chryses rainy, mpisoron' i [[Apôlôna (andriamanitra)|Apollo]]. Nandà i Agamemnon, ka nandefa valanaretina (na aretina miparitaka amin' ny olona maro) teo amin' ny Grika i Apollo. Nahafantatra marina ny anton' ireo loza i Calchas mpaminany, saingy tsy nety nilaza izany raha tsy nianiana hiaro azy i Achille. Nanao izany i Achille, ka nanambara i Calchas fa tsy maintsy averina amin' ny rainy i Chryseis. Nanaiky i Agamemnon, nefa nandidy kosa izy ny hitondrana any aminy an' i Briseis, zanakavavin' i Briseus sady andevon' i Achille, mba hisolo an' i Chryseis. Tezitra noho ny fanalam-baraka azy tamin' ny fakana ny babo azony sy ny voninahiny i Achille, ary, araka ny filazany tatỳ aoriana, noho izy tia an' i Briseis koa.&lt;ref&gt;''Iliad'' 9.334–343.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampirisihin' i Thetis reniny izy, ka tsy nanaiky hiady na hitarika ny miaramilany hiaraka amin' ny tafika grika hafa. Nandritra izany fotoana izany, dia mbola tezitra mafy noho ilay halatra nataon' i Agamemnon izy, ka nivavaka tamin' i Thetis mba handresy lahatra an' i Zeus hanampy ny mponin' i Troasy handroso amin' ny ady, hahafahany mahazo indray ny voninahiny.

Rehefa niharatsy ny toeran' ny Grika teo amin' ny ady noho ny fidiran' i Zeus an-tsehatra, dia nilaza i Nestor fa nandresy ny mponin' i Troasy satria nampahatezitra an' i Achille i Agamemnon. Nampirisika ny mpanjaka hampitony ilay mpiady izy. Nanaiky i Agamemnon, ka naniraka an' i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]] sy mpitarika roa hafa, dia i Ajax sy i Phoenix. Nampanantena izy ireo fa, raha miverina miady i Achille, dia hamerina an' i Briseis babo sy hanome fanomezana hafa i Agamemnon. Nolavin' i Achille avokoa ny natolotr' i Agamemnon azy, ary ny niverenan' ny Grika an-tsambo ho any an-taniny fotsiny no nampirisihiny, araka izay nokasainy hatao koa.

[[File:The Rage of Achilles by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo.jpeg|thumb|left|alt=Hosodoko maneho ny fahatezeran' i Achille.|''The Rage of Achilles'' (Ny fahatezeran' i Achille), hosodoko amin' ny lalotra mbola mando nataon' i Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (1757, Villa Valmarana ai Nani, Vicenza).]]

Avy eo dia nanosika ny tafika grika hihemotra ho eny amoron-dranomasina ny tafik' i Troasy notarihin' i Hector, ary nanafika ny sambo grika. Raha efa saika ho ringana tanteraka ny tafika grika, dia nitafy ny fiadian' i Achille i Patroclus ka nitarika ny Myrmidons ho any an' ady, fa i Achille kosa nijanona tao an-tobiny ihany. Nahavita nanosika ny tafik' i Troasy hiala teny amoron-dranomasina i Patroclus, saingy novonoin' i Hector izy talohan' ny nahafahany nitarika fanafihana tanteraka ny tanànan' i Troasy.

Rehefa nampandre azy ny nahafatesan' i Patroclus i Antilochus, zanak' i Nestor, dia nalahelo mafy ny nahafatesan' ilay sakaiza malalany i Achille. Tonga hampionona an' i Achille izay difotry ny alahelo i Thetis reniny. Nandresy lahatra an' i Hephaestus izy mba hanao fiadiana vaovao ho azy, hisolo ilay nanaovan' i Patroclus ka nalain' i Hector. Anisan' izany fiadiana vaovao izany ny ampingan' i Achille, izay voalazalaza amin' ny an-tsipiriany ao amin' ny tononkalo.

Tezitra mafy noho ny nahafatesan' i Patroclus i Achille, ka tsy nandà ny hiady intsony ary niverina teny an-tany fiadiana. Namono lehilahy maro tao anatin' ny fahatezerany izy, nefa tsy nitsahatra nitady an' i Hector. Niady tamin' i Scamander, andriamanitry ny renirano, mihitsy aza izy. Tezitra io andriamanitra io satria voasakan' ny fatin' ireo olona rehetra novonoin' i Achille ny fikorianan' ny ranony. Niezaka nandentika an' i Achille tao anaty rano izy, saingy nosakanan' i Hera sy i Hephaestus. Tsikaritr' i Zeus mihitsy ny fahatezeran' i Achille, ka nirahiny ny andriamanitra mba hisakana azy tsy handroba an' i Troasy alohan' ny fotoana voatendry handravana azy. Toa maneho izany fa afaka manohitra ny lahatra mihitsy ny fahatezeran' i Achille raha tsy misy misakana. Nahita an' i Hector izay nokendreny hovonoina ihany i Achille tamin' ny farany.

[[File:The Triumph of Achilles by Franz von Matsch.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|alt=Hosodoko maneho ny fandresen' i Achille.|''The Triumph of Achilles'' (Ny fandresen' i Achille), hosodoko amin' ny lalotra mbola mando nataon' i Franz von Matsch ao amin' ny Achilleion, any Grisia.]]

Nanenjika an' i Hector nanodidina ny mandan' i Troasy intelo i Achille, vao naka ny endrik' i Deiphobus, rahalahin' i Hector tiany indrindra sady akaiky indrindra azy, i [[Atena (andriamanibavy)|Athena]]. Nandresy lahatra an' i Hector izy mba tsy handositra intsony fa hifanandrina mivantana amin' i Achille. Rehefa fantatr' i Hector ilay fitaka, dia tsapany fa tsy azo ihodivirana ny ady. Naniry ny ho faty eo am-piadiana izy, ka niantoraka tamin' i Achille niaraka tamin' ny sabany, izay hany fiadiany, saingy tsy nahavoa. Nanaiky ny lahatra i Hector, ka tsy ny hitsimbinana ny ainy no niangaviany tamin' i Achille, fa ny hanajana ny fatiny rehefa avy mamono azy. Namaly azy i Achille fa tsy tokony hanantena izany aminy izy, ka nilaza hoe, araka izao dikan-teny malagasy izao: «Ny hatezerako sy ny havinirako dia mety hanosika ahy izao handrasarasa ny nofonao sy hihinana anao manta, fa mafy toy izany ny fijaliana naterakao tamiko».&lt;ref&gt;''The Iliad'', Fagles translation. Penguin Books, 1991: 22.346.&lt;/ref&gt; Novonoin' i Achille avy eo i Hector, ary notaritaritiny tamin' ny voditongony tao aorian' ny kalesiny ny fatiny. Rehefa avy nanonofy an' i Patroclus niangavy azy hanao ny fandevenana azy i Achille, dia nikarakara fifaninanana maromaro ho fanomezam-boninahitra ny sakaizany nandritra ny fombafomba fandevenana izy.&lt;ref&gt;Richmond Lattimore. ''[https://archive.org/details/iliad00home_5 The Illiad of Homer]''. Chicago: The University of Chicago, 2011. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-226-46937-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fidirana mila fisoratana anarana.&lt;/ref&gt;

Eo am-panombohan' ny ady ifanaovany amin' i Hector, dia ampitahaina amin' ny kintana mamirapiratra indrindra eny an-danitra i Achille: ny alikan' i Orion (Sirius), izay miseho amin' ny fararano sady famantarana loza. Mandritra ny fandoroana ny fatin' i Patroclus kosa, dia ampitahaina amin' i Hesperus izy, ilay kintana amin' ny hariva hita any andrefana ([[Venosy (planeta)|Venosy]]). Voatonona amin' ny filazalazana ny fandoroana ny faty koa i Phosphorus, ilay kintana amin' ny maraina hita any atsinanana, izay Venosy ihany koa.

Noho ny fanampian' i [[Hermesy (andriamanitra)|Hermes]] andriamanitra, antsoina koa hoe Argeiphontes, dia nankany amin' ny tranolain' i Achille i Priam, rain' i Hector, mba hiangavy azy hamerina ny fatin' i Hector ka hahafahana mandevina azy. Nanaiky ihany i Achille, ary nampanantena fampitsaharana ny ady mandritra ny fombafomba fandevenana, izay maharitra sivy andro, ary amin' ny andro fahafolo ny fandevenana, araka ny lovantsofina momba ny zanak' i Niobe. Mifarana amin' ny filazalazana ny fandevenana an' i Hector ny tononkalo, fa mbola ho avy kosa ny fandravana an' i Troasy sy ny fahafatesan' i Achille.

=== Penthesilea sy Memnon ===
[[File:Akhilleus Memnon Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1410.jpg|thumb|alt=I Achille sy Memnon miady eo anelanelan' i Thetis sy Eos, eo amin' ny siny voaravaka sary mainty.|I Achille sy Memnon miady eo anelanelan' i Thetis sy Eos; siny tahony roa (''amphora'') avy any Attica, voaravaka sary mainty, manodidina ny taona 510 talohan' i Kristy, hita tany Vulci.]]

Mitantara zava-nitranga hafa tamin' ny ady tao Troasy ny sanganasa tatỳ aoriana, anisan' izany ny ''Aethiopis'' tamin' ny taonjato fahafito talohan' i Kristy sy ny sanganasa mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Posthomerica'', nosoratan' i Quintus of Smyrna tamin' ny taonjato fahefatra taorian' i Kristy. Rehefa tonga tao Troasy i Penthesilea, mpanjakavavin' ny Amazons sady zanakavavin' i Ares, dia nanantena i Priam fa handresy an' i Achille izy. Taorian' ny fampitsaharana ady vonjimaika nifanaovany tamin' i Priam, dia niady tamin' ilay mpanjakavavy mpiady i Achille ka nahafaty azy, nefa nalahelo ny nahafatesany tatỳ aoriana.&lt;ref&gt;Propertius, 3.11.15; Quintus Smyrnaeus 1.&lt;/ref&gt; Naneso an' i Achille noho izany alahelony izany i Thersites, ka novonoin' i Achille ho faty. Nahatezitra an' i Diomedes, zanak' olo-mpiray tam-po amin' ny ray na renin' i Thersites, izany.&lt;ref&gt;Quintus Smyrnaeus, ''Posthomerica'' 1.765–770; Tzetzes ad Lycophron 999&lt;/ref&gt; Noho izany dia voatery nandeha sambo nankany Lesbos i Achille ary nanolotra sorona ho an' i [[Apôlôna (andriamanitra)|Apollo]], Artemis ary Leto, vao afaka nanadio azy ara-pivavahana noho ilay famonoana olona i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Prôklôsy|Proclus]], ''Chresthomathy'' 2.1&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian' ny nahafatesan' i Patroclus dia i Antilochus, zanak' i Nestor, no lasa namana akaiky indrindra an' i Achille. Efa tia an' i Antilochus i Achille, ka nihevitra i Menelaus fa i Antilochus no olona mety indrindra hampandre an' i Achille ny fahafatesan' i Patroclus.&lt;ref&gt;Philostratus, ''Imagines'', [https://topostext.org/work/225#2.7.1 2.7.1] ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0601%3Abook%3Dpos%3D2%3Achapter%3D7 Original Greek text])&lt;/ref&gt; Tatỳ aoriana dia i Memnon, mpanjakan' i Ethiopia ao amin' ny angano sady zanak' i Eos, andriamanibavin' ny mangiran-dratsy, no namono an' i Antilochus raha nanao sorona ny ainy hamonjena ny rainy ity farany. Araka ny ''Imagines'' nosoratan' i Philostratus, dia nitomany ny nahafatesan' i Antilochus teo an-tany fiadiana i Achille, sady nampanantena azy fandevenana manetriketrika sy valifaty. Namaly faty teo an-tany fiadiana indray i Achille ka namono an' i Memnon.&lt;ref&gt;Philostratus, ''Imagines'', [https://topostext.org/work/225#2.7.2 2.7.2] ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0601%3Abook%3Dpos%3D2%3Achapter%3D7 Original Greek text])&lt;/ref&gt; Vokatr' izany dia tsy navelan' i Eos hiposaka ny masoandro raha tsy efa nandresy lahatra azy i Zeus. Mitovy endrika amin' ny adin' i Achille sy Hector noho i Patroclus ny adin' i Achille sy Memnon noho i Antilochus, saingy zanak' andriamanibavy koa i Memnon, fa tsy toy izany kosa i Hector.

Manam-pahaizana maro momba ny sanganasan' i Homer no nilaza fa io tantara io no nanome aingam-panahy ho an' ny antsipiriany maro ao amin' ny fitantaran' ny ''Iliada'' ny fahafatesan' i Patroclus sy ny fihetsik' i Achille nanoloana izany. Io tantara io avy eo no fototry ny ''Aethiopis'', tononkalo lava mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo ao amin' ny fitambaran-tononkalo antsoina hoe ''Epic Cycle''. Nosoratana taorian' ny ''Iliada'' izy io, angamba tamin' ny taonjato fahafito talohan' i Kristy. Tsy voatahiry intsony ny ''Aethiopis'', afa-tsy sombiny miparitaka notononin' ny mpanoratra tatỳ aoriana.

=== Achille sy Patroclus ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Achille sy Patroclus.

[[File:Akhilleus Patroklos Antikensammlung Berlin F2278.jpg|thumb|alt=Achille mikarakara an' i Patroclus naratran' ny zana-tsipìka.|Achille mikarakara an' i Patroclus naratran' ny zana-tsipìka, eo amin' ny ''kylix'' (karazana kaopy fisotroana grika fahiny) avy any Attika misy sary mena eo amin' ny lafika maizina, manodidina ny taona 500 talohan' i Kristy (''Altes Museum'' na Mozea Taloha, Berlin).]]

Niadian-kevitra na tamin' ny vanim-potoana klasika na amin' ny andro maoderina ny tena toetry ny fifandraisan' i Achille sy Patroclus. Ao amin' ny ''Iliada'', dia toa ohatry ny fisakaizana lalina sy tsy mivadika izany. Tsy milaza an-kolaka i Homer fa nanao firaisana ara-nofo i Achille sy Patroclus, ilay namany akaiky.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fox 2011&quot;&gt;Robin Fox, ''The Tribal Imagination: Civilization and the Savage Mind'', Harvard University Press, 2011, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YCxy_4Bt1F0C&amp;pg=PA223 223]. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-674-06094-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Teny nalaina amin' ny teny anglisy: “There is certainly no evidence in the text of the Iliad that Achilles and Patroclus were lovers.”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Martin 2012&quot;&gt;Martin, Thomas R, ''Alexander the Great: The Story of an Ancient Life'', Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 100. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-14844-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Teny nalaina amin' ny teny anglisy: “The ancient sources do not report, however, what modern scholars have asserted: that Alexander and his very close friend Hephaestion were lovers. Achilles and his equally close friend Patroclus provided the legendary model for this friendship, but Homer in the ''Iliad'' never suggested that they had sex with each other. (That came from later authors.).”&lt;/ref&gt;
Na dia tsy misy porofo ao amin' ny lahatsoratry ny ''Iliada'' aza fa mpifankatia i Achille sy Patroclus, dia nisy mpanoratra tatỳ aoriana nilaza izany hevitra izany. Matetika ireo mpivaofy, hatramin' ny [[Andro Taloha Klasika|Andro Taloha klasika]] ka hatramin' izao, no nandika ny fifandraisan' izy roa araka ny kolontsainy manokana. Tao Athens tamin' ny taonjato fahadimy talohan' i Kristy, dia matetika no nampifandraisina tamin' ny fomba grika atao hoe ''paiderasteia'' ny fifamatorany lalina: fifandraisam-pitiavan' ny lehilahy zokiny sy ny zazalahy na tovolahy tanora kokoa, izay matetika mbola zatovo.
Ao amin' ny ''Symposium'' nosoratan' i Plato, dia mihevitra ho mpifankatia i Achille sy Patroclus ireo mpandray anjara amin' ny fifanakalozan-kevitra momba ny fitiavana; araka ny hevitr' i Phaedrus, dia i Achille no tanora kokoa sy tsara tarehy kokoa, ka izy no ilay notiavina ary i Patroclus no ilay tia.&lt;ref&gt;[[Platôna|Plato]], ''Symposium'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plat.+Sym.+180a 180a]; efa noresahina tao amin' ny ''Iliad'' 2.673–674 ny hatsaran' i Achille.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny ''Symposium'' nosoratan' i Xenophon kosa, dia milaza i Socrates fa tsy mpifankatia i Achille sy Patroclus, fa fifandraisana am-pisakaizana tsy misy faniriana ara-nofo no nisy teo aminy.
Araka ny hevitr' i Kenneth Dover, dia tsy nanana teny hanavahana ny olona maniry olona tsy mitovy fananahana aminy sy ny olona maniry olona mitovy fananahana aminy ny teny grika fahiny,&lt;ref name=&quot;Dover&quot;&gt;Kenneth Dover, ''Greek Homosexuality'', Harvard University Press, 1989 (fanontana voalohany 1978), p. 1 ''et passim''. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-674-36270-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ary noheverina fa afaka maniry tovolahy tsara tarehy sady manao firaisana ara-nofo amin' ny vehivavy ny lehilahy iray. Kanefa, nisy lahatsoratra grika fahiny nanaiky fa misy lehilahy izay, araka ny toetrany voajanahary, dia lehilahy hafa ihany no iriny, nefa manambady vehivavy sy miteraka noho ny fanerena na ny fomba amam-panao fotsiny, fa misy kosa maniry vehivavy mandrakariva.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dover&quot; /&gt; Maro ireo lehilahy niaraka tsiroaroa teo amin' ny tantara no nampitahaina tamin' i Achille sy Patroclus mba hilazana an-kolaka fa nisy fifandraisam-pitiavana na ara-nofo teo amin' izy ireo, izay samy lehilahy.&lt;ref&gt;Clarke, W. M., ''Achilles and Patroclus in Love'', ''Hermes'', 1978, boky 106, laharana 3, p. 381–396. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4476069?seq=1 JSTOR]. ISSN 0018-0777.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fandikan' i Bernard Knox, dia i Patroclus no nitazona an' i Achille hifamatotra tamin' ny maha-olombelona azy izay voageja tao anatiny. Noho ny fangorahany, dia nampifandray an' ilay mpiady nitokana sy sahala amin' ny andriamanitra tamin' ny tontolon' ny olombelona mety maty, izay ahitana fiaraha-miory sy fiaraha-monina, i Patroclus. Na dia manamafy aza i Knox fa fisakaizana lalina mampiavaka ny mahery fo (''philia''), fa tsy fifankatiavana misy faniriana ara-nofo, no nanehoan' i Homer ny fifamatorany tany am-boalohany, dia io no fifandraisana lalina indrindra ao amin' ilay tononkalo epika, araka ny fandikany. Ny fahafatesan' i Patroclus no nandrava ny fireharehan' i Achille izay nifantoka tamin' ny tenany ihany, nanery azy hiatrika ny vokatra mahatsiravina nateraky ny nataony ary nanomboka ny fiovana nampijaly azy ho amin' ny famerenana ny maha-olombelona azy. Ny fanaintainana noho ny fahaverezan' i Patroclus no nitarika an' i Achille hamindra fo tamin' i Priam tamin' ny farany, ka namela azy handevina ny fatin' i Hector zanany.&lt;ref&gt;Knox, Bernard, ''Achilles'', ''Grand Street'', 1990, boky 9, laharana 3, p. 129–150. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25007374 JSTOR] (famakiana mila famandrihana). DOI: 10.2307/25007374. ISSN 0734-5496.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fahafatesana ===
[[File:Closeup of Achilles thniskon in Corfu Achilleion autocorrected.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Sarivongan' i Achille efa ho faty ao amin' ny zaridainan' ny Achilleion.|''Dying Achilles'' (Achille efa ho faty; ''Achilleas thniskon'') ao amin' ny zaridainan' ny Achilleion.]]

Maro karazana sy sarotra ny fitantarana ny fahafatesan' i Achille, na dia ireo loharano tranainy indrindra ihany aza no dinihina.&lt;ref&gt;Abrantes 2016: c. 4.3.1&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny fitantarana tranainy indrindra, ao amin' ny boky faha-22 amin' ny ''Iliada'', dia maminany i Hector, eo am-pialana aina, fa i Paris sy i Apollo no hamono an' i Achille eo amin' ny Vavahady Scaean izay idirana ao Troasy. Araka an' i Statius dia zana-tsipìka mamely ny voditongony no hahafaty azy. Ao amin' ny boky faha-23, dia mamangy an' i Achille ny fanahin' i Patroclus efa maty, sady malahelo, raha iny vao resin-tory iny i Achille. Mangataka izy mba hapetraka miaraka amin' ny taolan' i Achille ny taolany, ao anatin' ilay vazy volamena nomen-drenin' i Achille azy.

[[File:Aias body Akhilleus Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1884.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Sarin' i Ajax mitondra ny fatin' i Achille, voaravaka amin' ny tavoara fahiny.|I Ajax mitondra ny fatin' i Achille, eo amin' ny karazana tavoara atao hoe ''lekythos'' avy any Attica, voaravaka araka ny teknikan' ny sary mainty. Avy any Sicily izy io ary natao tokony ho tamin' ny 510 talohan' i Kristy (''Staatliche Antikensammlungen'', na Fanangonam-panjakana momba ny zavakanto fahiny, Munich).]]

Ao amin' ny boky faha-11 amin' ny ''Odyssey'', dia mandeha an-tsambo any amin' ny tontolon' ny maty i Odysseus ary miresaka amin' ny fanahin' ireo maty. Anisan' izy ireo i Achille. Rehefa arahabaina hoe « sambatra fony fahavelony, sambatra rehefa maty » izy (dikan-teny malagasy), dia mamaly fa aleony ho andevon' ny tompo ratsy indrindra toy izay ho mpanjakan' ny maty rehetra. Avy eo anefa dia manontany an' i Odysseus momba ny zava-bitan' ny zanany tamin' ny ady tao Troasy i Achille, ka tantarain' i Odysseus aminy ny nataon' i Neoptolemus.&lt;ref&gt;''Odyssey'' 11.467–564.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny boky faha-24 amin' ny ''Odyssey'', dia mitantara ny fahafatesan' i Achille ny fanahin' i Agamemnon mpanjaka efa maty. Araka io fitantarana io, dia nafangaro tamin' ny taolan' i Patroclus ny taolan' i Achille izay efa fotsy taorian' ny nandoroana ny fatiny tamin' ny antontan-kitay, ary natao tao anatin' ilay vazy volamena an' ny reniny. Natokana tao anaty fitoerana hafa kosa ny taolan' i Antilochus, izay nanjary akaiky an' i Achille mihoatra noho ny olon-kafa rehetra taorian' ny fahafatesan' i Patroclus. Notanterahina ireo fifaninanana fanao amin' ny fandevenana mahery fo, ary naorina teo amoron' ny Hellespont ny fasana lehibe iray, na dongon-tany, mba hahafahan' ireo mpandeha an-dranomasina manatona manome voninahitra azy.&lt;ref&gt;Richmond Lattimore. ''The Odyssey of Homer''. Harper Perennial, 2007. New York, p. 347. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-06-124418-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny ''Aethiopis'', dia aseho ho mbola velona aorian' ny fahafatesany i Achille, ao amin' ny nosy Leuke eo am-bavan' ny renirano [[Danube]]. Araka ny fitantarana hafa momba ny fahafatesany, dia raiki-pitia mafy tamin' i Polyxena, iray tamin' ireo zanakavavin' ny mpanjakan' i Troasy, izy. Nangataka tamin' i Priam ny hanambady an' i Polyxena i Achille. Nanaiky i Priam satria hampitsahatra ny ady izany sady hampiray dina azy amin' ilay lazain' io fitantarana io ho mpiady mahery indrindra eran-tany. Kanefa, raha mbola niandraikitra ny fanambadian' i Polyxena sy i Achille natao tsy ampahibemaso i Priam, dia niafina tao anaty kirihitra i Paris. Tsy maintsy hamoy an' i Helen mantsy i Paris raha manambady ny anabaviny i Achille. Notifiriny tamin' ny zana-tsipìkan' andriamanitra i Achille ka maty. Araka an' i Apollodorus kosa, dia nanambady an' i [[Médée|Medea]] tany amin' ny Sahan' i Elysium izy taorian' ny fahafatesany.&lt;ref&gt;Dräger, paras. 1, 4; Apollodorus, [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.5.5 E.5.5].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ny niafaran' ny fiadiana fiarovan-tena ===
[[File:Odysseus Ajax Louvre F340.jpg|thumb|left|Siny ''oinochoe'', tokony ho tamin' ny 520 talohan' i Kristy, mampiseho an' i Ajax sy Odysseus miady noho ny fiadiana fiarovan-tenan' i Achille.]]

Nifanditra noho ny fiadiana fiarovan-tenan' i Achille i Odysseus sy Ajax. Samy nanao kabary teo anatrehan' ireo babo avy any Troasy izy ireo mba hanazavana ny antony tokony hiheverana azy ho ilay be herim-po indrindra manarakaraka an' i Achille. Rehefa nandinika ny kabarin' izy roa lahy ireo babo dia nanapa-kevitra fa i Odysseus no mendrika kokoa hahazo ilay fiadiana. Tezitra mafy i Ajax ka nanozona an' i Odysseus, ary nampahatezitra an' i Athena izany. Nampikorontana vetivety ny sain' i Ajax noho ny alahelo sy ny fahoriana i Athena, ka namono ondry izy satria noheveriny ho ireo namany izany. Rehefa naverin' i Athena tamin' ny laoniny ny sainy tatỳ aoriana, ka takatr' i Ajax fa ondry tokoa no novonoiny, dia nahatsiaro ho afa-baraka loatra izy ka namono tena. Nomen' i Odysseus an' i Neoptolemus, zanak' i Achille, ihany ilay fiadiana tamin' ny farany. Rehefa nihaona tamin' ny fanahin' i Ajax tao amin' ny fonenan' i Hades i Odysseus ela be taorian' izany (''Odyssey'' 11.543–566), dia mbola tezitra mafy noho ny valin' ilay fifaninanana i Ajax ka tsy nety niresaka taminy.

Namboarin' i Hephaestus ilay fiadiana nifandiran' izy ireo, ka mafy sy tsara tarehy lavitra noho izay fiadiana azon' ny olombelona mety maty namboarina. Nasain' i Thetis namboarina ho an' i Achille izany satria ny fiadiany voalohany dia nanaovan' i Patroclus rehefa nandeha niady, ary nalain' i Hector rehefa namono an' i Patroclus izy. Io andriamanitry ny afo io koa no nanao ny ampingan' i Achille. Ny lefona resahina ao amin' ny angano kosa dia nomen' i Chiron, mpanabe azy, an' i Achille talohan' ny nandraisany anjara tamin' ny adin' i Troasy. Nantsoina hoe lefona Pelian izany, ary voalaza fa tsy nisy lehilahy hafa afaka nampiasa azy.

Nisy zavatra nolazaina fa lefon' i Achille misy lohany vita amin' ny halimo, izay notehirizina nandritra ny taonjato maro tao amin' ny tempolin' i Athena teo amin' ny faritra avo amin' ny tanànan' i Phaselis, any Lycia, seranan-tsambo eo amin' ny Hoalan' i Pamphylia. Nitsidika an' io tanàna io tamin' ny 333 talohan' i Kristy i [[Aleksandra Lehibe|Alexander the Great]], izay nihevitra ny tenany ho Achille vaovao sady nitondra ny ''Iliada'' niaraka taminy. Tsy miresaka an' ilay lefona anefa ireo mpanoratra ny tantaram-piainany tao an-dapany; naseho kosa izany tamin' ny andron' i Pausanias, tamin' ny taonjato faharoa taorian' i Kristy.&lt;ref&gt;Robin Lane Fox (1973). ''Alexander the Great'', p. 144. Teny nalaina amin' ny teny anglisy: “Alexander came to rest at Phaselis, a coastal city which was later renowned for the possession of Achilles' original spear.”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, iii.3.6; jereo Christian Jacob; Anne Mullen-Hohl (1980). ''The Greek Traveler's Areas of Knowledge: Myths and Other Discourses in Pausanias' Description of Greece'', ao amin' ny ''Rethinking History: Time, Myth, and Writing'', ''Yale French Studies'', vol. 59, pp. 5–85, especially 81. JSTOR: 2929815.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== I Achille sy Ajax ary ny lalao ''petteia'' ===
Misy sary hosodoko maro amin' ny tanimanga izay toa manondro tantara iray tsy voalaza ao amin' ny lovantsofina ara-literatiora. Tamin' ny fotoana iray nandritra ny ady, dia nilalao lalao teo ambony solaitra, na ''petteia'', i Achille sy Ajax.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.personal.psu.edu/wxk116/roma/petteia.html “Petteia”.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20061209122834/http://www.personal.psu.edu/wxk116/roma/petteia.html Tahiry tamin' ny 9 December 2006].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/Archives/Austin/index.html “Greek Board Games”.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090408090534/http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/Archives/Austin/index.html Tahiry tamin' ny 8 April 2009].&lt;/ref&gt; Variana tanteraka tamin' ilay lalao izy ireo ka tsy nahatsikaritra ny ady nanodidina azy.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxk116/roma/latruncu.html “Latrunculi”.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20060915044905/http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxk116/roma/latruncu.html Tahiry tamin' ny 15 September 2006].&lt;/ref&gt; Nanafika ny miaramila avy any Troasy ka tonga hatreny amin' izy roa lahy mahery fo, ary ny fidiran' i Athena an-tsehatra ihany no nahavonjy azy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Ioannis Kakridis (1988). ''Ελληνική Μυθολογία'' [Greek mythology]. Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. Vol. 5, p. 92.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanompoam-pivavahana sy fanomezam-boninahitra ==
Jereo koa: toerana fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' ny mahery fo (''heroön'').

[[File:Tumulus of Achilles and sacrifice of Polyxena.jpg|thumb|Sary eo amin' ny vatam-paty vato misy sary momba an' i Polyxena, mampiseho ny fanaovana sorona azy sy ny fasan' i Achille miendrika dongon-tany, ary fitoeran-javatra misy tongotra telo eo anoloany, manodidina ny taona 500 talohan' i Kristy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBR79&quot;&gt;Rose, Charles Brian (2014). ''The Archaeology of Greek and Roman Troy''. Cambridge University Press. p. 79. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-76207-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9gaAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA79&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Achilles Troilus MAN Napoli Inv5999.jpg|thumb|Sarivongana rômanina mampiseho lehilahy iray mitondra fatin-jazalahy, izay heverina ho i Achille sy i Troilus, tamin' ny taonjato faharoa taorian' i Kristy (''Naples National Archaeological Museum'', na Tranombakokam-pirenena momba ny arkeôlôjia ao Naples).]]
[[File:05-Mosaico del Oecus. Aquiles en Skyros alta.jpg|thumb|right|220px|I Achille tao Skyros. Araka ny ''Achilleid'', dia hitan' i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]] tao izy, nitafy toy ny vehivavy sady niafina teo anivon' ireo zanakavavin' ny mpanjaka tao an-dapa. Môzaika avy ao La Olmeda, Espaina, tamin' ny faramparan' ny vanim-potoana rômanina, taonjato fahefatra–fahadimy taorian' i Kristy.]]
[[File:Achilles at Skyros, Mosaic, Villa La Olmeda, 4th century AD.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Ampahany amin' ilay môzaika mampiseho an' i Achille.]]

Ny fasan' i Achille,&lt;ref&gt;Cf. Homer, ''Iliad'' 24.80–84.&lt;/ref&gt; izay nisy tao [[Troasy|Troad]] nandritra ny Andro Taloha manontolo,&lt;ref name=&quot;Troad&quot;&gt;Herodotus, ''Histories'' 5.94; Pliny, ''Naturalis Historia'' 5.125; Strabo, ''Geographica'' 13.1.32 (C596); Diogenes Laërtius 1.74.&lt;/ref&gt; dia nomen' ny mponin' i Thessaly voninahitra ara-pivavahana, ary toy izany koa ireo tafika [[Persàna (vahoaka)|persiana]] nanao iraka tany ivelany, i [[Aleksandra Lehibe|Alexander the Great]] ary i Caracalla, emperora rômanina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedreen&quot;&gt;Guy Hedreen. ''The Cult of Achilles in the Euxine''. ''Hesperia'', volume 60, issue 3, July 1991, pp. 313–330. DOI: 10.2307/148068. JSTOR: 148068.&lt;/ref&gt; Nisy fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' i Achille koa tany amin' ny toerana hafa, ohatra, tany amin' ny nosy Astypalaea ao amin' ny vondronosy Sporades,&lt;ref&gt;Cicero, ''De Natura Deorum'' 3.45.&lt;/ref&gt; tany Sparta, izay nisy toerana masina ho azy,&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 3.20.8.&lt;/ref&gt; tany Elis sy tany Thessaly, tanindrazan' i Achille, ary tany amin' ireo tanànan' i [[Gresy Lehibe|Magna Graecia]], dia i [[Taranto|Tarentum]], i Locri ary i Croton.&lt;ref&gt;Lycophron 856.&lt;/ref&gt; Noho izany, dia saika nahenika ny tontolo grika ny fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' io mahery fo io.

Ahitana fanehoana ny fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' i Achille ilay vatam-paty vato misy sary momba an' i Polyxena (taona 500 talohan' i Kristy): aseho eo ny fanaovana sorona an' i Polyxena teo akaikin' ny dongon-tany fasan' i Achille.&lt;ref name=&quot;JB114&quot;&gt;Burgess, Jonathan S. (2009). ''The Death and Afterlife of Achilles''. JHU Press. p. 114. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4214-0361-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. https://books.google.com/books?id=YVnS1IcVWuYC&amp;pg=PA114 (en).&lt;/ref&gt; Nanondro koa i [[Estrabôna|Strabo]] (13.1.32) fa nisy fanompoam-pivavahana toy izany ho an' i Achille tany Troad:&lt;ref name=&quot;CBR79&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Burgess, Jonathan S. (2009). ''The Death and Afterlife of Achilles''. JHU Press. p. 116. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4214-0361-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. https://books.google.com/books?id=YVnS1IcVWuYC&amp;pg=PA116 (en).&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Eo akaikin' i Sigeium dia misy tempoly sy tsangambato ho an' i Achille, ary misy tsangambato ho an' i Patroclus sy i Anthlochus koa. Manao lanonana masina hanomezam-boninahitra azy rehetra ny mponin' i Ilium, ary na dia ho an' i Ajax aza. Tsy mivavaka amin' i Hercules kosa izy ireo, ka milaza ho anton' izany fa nandrava ny taniny izy.

— [[Estrabôna|Strabo]] (13.1.32), dikan-teny malagasy avy amin' ny fandikan-teny anglisy nataon' i W. Falconer.&lt;ref&gt;''Str. 13.1.32''. W. Falconer (translator). http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D32&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Toa nivelatra be sady mafy orina ny fanomezam-boninahitra ara-pivavahana an' io mahery fo io teo amin' ireo Grika nanorim-ponenana teo amin' ny morontsiraka avaratry ny Pontus Euxinus, izay antsoina ankehitriny hoe [[Ranomasina Mainty]]. Misy porofo fa efa nisy fanompoam-pivavahana ho azy tamin' ny vanim-potoana arkaika tao Olbia, zanatany naorin' ny mponin' i Miletus, ary tany amin' ny nosy iray eo afovoan' ny Ranomasina Mainty, izay ampitovina ankehitriny amin' ny Nosin' ny Menarana (''Snake Island'', na Zmiinyi amin' ny teny okrainiana), eo akaikin' i Kiliia, Okraina. Manaporofo ny fisian' ny fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' i Achille amin' ny maha-mahery fo azy, nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato fahenina talohan' i Kristy, ireo soratra tranainy milaza fanolorana ho azy hita tany amin' ireo zanatany grika manamorona ny Ranomasina Mainty. Anisan' izany ny soratra voakiky sy ny kapila tanimanga misy soratra, izay mety ho fanatitra, avy ao Olbia, ny faritr' i Berezan Island ary i Tauric Chersonese.&lt;ref&gt;Hildebrecht Hommel. ''Der Gott Achilleus''. ''Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften'', issue 1, 1980, pp. 38–44.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hooker, J. T. ''The cults of Achilleus''. ''Rheinisches Museum für Philologie'', volume 131, issue 3, 1988, pp. 1–7.&lt;/ref&gt; Mbola niroborobo izany fanompoam-pivavahana izany tamin' ny taonjato fahatelo taorian' i Kristy. Tamin' izany fotoana izany, dia nisy tsangam-bato fanolorana tao Olbia niantso azy hoe Achille ''Pontárchēs'', izay azo adika eo ho eo hoe «tompon' ny ranomasina» na «tompon' ny Pontus Euxinus». Nivavahana mba ho mpiaro ny tanànan' i Olbia izy, ary nomena voninahitra mitovy laharana amin' ireo andriamanitra olimpiana, toy ireo andriamanitra teo an-toerana, dia i [[Apôlôna (andriamanitra)|Apollo]] Prostates sy i [[Hermesy (andriamanitra)|Hermes]] Agoraeus,&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedreen&quot; /&gt; na i Poseidon.&lt;ref&gt;Quintus Smyrnaeus, 3.770–779.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny ''[[Tantara Voajanahary|Natural History]]'', i [[Plinio Zokiny|Pliny the Elder]] (23–79 taor. J.K.) dia miresaka momba ny «seranan-tsambon' ny Achæi» sy ny «nosin' i Achille», izay nalaza noho ny fasan' io «lehilahy» io (dikan-teny malagasy; amin' ny teny latina: ''portus Achaeorum, insula Achillis, tumulo eius viri clara''). Teo akaikin' i Olbia sy ny vinanin' i Dnieper-Bug no nametrahany izany. Ankoatra izany, teo amin' ny 125&amp;nbsp;maily romana miala amin' io nosy io no nametrahany saikinosy iray izay, araka ny teniny, «mivelatra mitovy endrika amin' ny sabatra», ary mitongilana. Nantsoina hoe ''Dromos Achilleos'' izy io (''Achilléōs drómos'', izany hoe «kianja fihazakazahan' i Achille», dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;Pliny, ''Naturalis Historia'' 4.12.83 ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D26#note-link10 chapter 4.26]).&lt;/ref&gt; Noheverina ho toerana nanaovan' ilay mahery fo fanazaran-tena na nanaovana lalao natsangany izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedreen&quot; /&gt; Io toerana farany ao amin' ny fitantaran' i Pliny io dia ampifandraisina amin' ilay lelavin-tany fasika fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe Tendra ankehitriny, na Kosa Tendra sy Kosa Djarilgatch, izay eo anelanelan' ny vavan' ny renirano [[Dniepr|Dnieper]] sy ny helodranon' i Karkinit. Zara raha 125&amp;nbsp;maily romana, izany hoe manodidina ny 185&amp;nbsp;km, anefa no elanelany amin' ny vinanin' i Dnieper-Bug, araka ny voalazan' i Pliny. Nomeny halavana 80&amp;nbsp;''miles'' (maily) ilay «kianja fihazakazahana», nefa manodidina ny 70&amp;nbsp;km ny halavan' ilay lelavin-tany ankehitriny.

Ao amin' ny toko manaraka amin' ny bokiny, i Pliny dia miantso io nosy io hoe Achillea ary manome anarana roa hafa ho azy: Leuce sy Macaron, izay avy amin' ny teny grika hoe «[νῆσος] μακαρῶν», midika hoe «nosin' ny sambatra» (dikan-teny malagasy).
Toa manohana ny fampitoviana an' i Achillea na Leuce amin' ilay antsoina ankehitriny hoe Snake Island ireo refy nomeny teo, izay lazainy fa refy «amin' izao fotoana izao» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;Pliny, ''Naturalis Historia'' 4.13.93 ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D27 chapter 4.27]): &quot;Researches which have been made at the present day place this island at a distance of 140 miles from the Borysthenes, of 120 from Tyras, and of fifty from the island of Peuce. It is about ten miles in circumference.&quot; Although afterwards he speaks again of &quot;the remaining islands in the Gulf of Carcinites&quot; which are &quot;Cephalonesos, Rhosphodusa [or Spodusa], and Macra&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
I Pomponius Mela, izay niara-belona tamin' i Pliny, dia nilaza, manodidina ny taona 43 taor. J.K., fa nalevina tao amin' ny nosy iray nantsoina hoe Achillea, teo anelanelan' i Borysthenes sy [[Danube|Ister]], i Achille.
Vao mainka mampisafotofoto ny famaritana ara-jeografia izany.&lt;ref&gt;Pomponius Mela, ''De situ orbis'' 2.7.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tamin' ny 1823, ny kapiteny Nikolay Kritsky dia nahita tao Snake Island ny sisan' ny tempoly iray miendrika efamira, mirefy 30&amp;nbsp;metatra ny lafiny tsirairay, izay mety ho ilay natokana ho an' i Achille.
Ny fikarohana faharoa tamin' ny 1840 dia nampiseho fa nandrava ny dian' io tempoly io manontolo ny fanorenana tilikambo fanilon-tsambo.
Nisy soratra tamin' ny ''lekythos'', karazana fitoeran-diloilo misy sosona mainty mamirapiratra, avy amin' ny taonjato faha-5 tal. J.K., hita tao amin' ilay nosy tamin' ny 1840.
Izao no voasoratra teo (dikan-teny malagasy): «I Glaukos, zanak' i Poseidon, no nanolotra ahy ho an' i Achille, tompon' i Leuke.»
Ao amin' ny soratra hafa iray avy amin' ny taonjato faha-5 na faha-4 tal. J.K., dia misy olom-pirenen' i Olbia manolotra sarivongana ho an' i Achille, tompon' i Leuke.
Ao amin' ny soratra fanolorana iray hafa kosa, ny tanànan' i Olbia dia manamafy fa nanohana hatrany ny fanompoam-pivavahana tao amin' ilay nosy izy.
Manondro indray izany fa toerana nanomezam-boninahitra mahery fo ilay nosy, ary nihoatra ny faritra iray ny halehiben' izany fanomezam-boninahitra izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedreen&quot; /&gt;

Toa avy amin' ny fitantarana tao amin' ilay tononkalo epika ''Aethiopis'', izay tsy voatahiry intsony, ny fanompoam-pivavahana nanomezam-boninahitra an' i Achille ho mahery fo tao Leuce.
Araka io fitantarana io, rehefa maty talohan' ny fotoana izy, dia nosintonin' i Thetis hiala teo amin' ny antontan-kitay handoroana ny fatiny ny zanany, ary nentiny tany amin' ny nosy ao amin' ny angano atao hoe Leúkē Nêsos, na «Nosy Fotsy» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;[[Prôklôsy|Proclus]], ''Chrestomathia'' 2.&lt;/ref&gt;
Efa tamin' ny taonjato faha-5 tal. J.K. i Pindar no niresaka momba ny fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' i Achille tao amin' ny «nosy mamirapiratra» iray (''phaenná nâsos''; dikan-teny malagasy) tao amin' ny Ranomasina Mainty.&lt;ref&gt;Pindar, ''Nemea'' 4.49ff.; Arrian, ''Periplus of the Euxine Sea'' 21.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tao amin' ny sanganasany hafa kosa, i Pindar dia nitantara an' i Achille, izay natao tsy mety maty, niaina tao amin' ny nosin' ny sambatra iray tsy voafaritra mazava ny toerana nisy azy, niaraka tamin' ny mahery fo hafa, anisan' izany i Peleus rainy sy i Cadmus.&lt;ref&gt;Pindar, ''Olympia'' 2.78ff.&lt;/ref&gt;
Mifandray amin' ny renirano Oceanus ireo nosin' ny sambatra ao amin' ny angano ireo (''makárôn nêsoi'') sy ilay Elysium ao amin' ny sanganasan' i Homer.
Araka ny angano grika, dia manodidina ny tany onenan' ny olombelona i Oceanus.
Io fifandraisana io no heverina ho nahatonga ny fampitoviana ny morontsiraka avaratr' i Euxine amin' io renirano io.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedreen&quot; /&gt;
Nahita porofo hafa momba io fifandraisan' i Achille amin' ny sisiny avaratry ny tany onenan' ny olombelona io i Guy Hedreen, tao amin' ny tononkalo iray nosoratan' i Alcaeus izay miantso azy hoe «Achille, tompon' i Scythia» (dikan-teny malagasy),&lt;ref&gt;D. Page, ''Lyrica Graeca Selecta'', Oxford 1968, p. 89, no. 166.&lt;/ref&gt; ary tao amin' ny fifanoheran' ny avaratra sy ny atsimo hita amin' ny adin' i Achille tamin' i Memnon, andriana avy any Aethiopia ao amin' ny angano.
Nentin' i Eos reniny niverina tany amin' ny tanindrazany koa i Memnon rehefa maty.

Manome izao antsipiriany manaraka izao ny ''Periplus of the Euxine Sea'', nosoratana manodidina ny taona 130 taor. J.K. (dikan-teny malagasy):

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Voalaza fa nampiakatra io nosy io avy tao amin' ny ranomasina ny andriamanibavy Thetis, ho an' i Achille zanany, izay monina ao.
Ao ny tempoliny sy ny sarivongany, izay sanganasa tranainy.
Tsy misy mponina io nosy io, ary misy osy vitsivitsy miraoka ahitra ao.
Ireo olona sendra tonga eo amin' ny sambony dia mamono azy ireny hatao sorona ho an' i Achille.
Voatahiry ao amin' io tempoly io koa ny fanomezana masina maro dia maro, siny lehibe fangaroana divay sy rano, peratra ary vatosoa, natolotra ho an' i Achille ho fisaorana azy.
Mbola azo vakina ireo soratra amin' ny teny grika sy latina izay midera sy mankalaza an' i Achille.
Ny sasany amin' ireo dia nosoratana ho fanomezam-boninahitra an' i Patroclus, satria ireo te hahazo ny fankasitrahan' i Achille dia manome voninahitra an' i Patroclus koa.
Ao amin' io nosy io koa ny voron-dranomasina tsy tambo isaina izay mikarakara ny tempolin' i Achille.
Isa-maraina izy ireo dia manidina any an-dranomasina, mandena ny elany amin' ny rano, ary miverina haingana any amin' ny tempoly ka mamafy rano ao.
Rehefa vita izany famafazana rano izany, dia dioviny amin' ny elany ny fatana ao amin' ny tempoly.
Mbola milaza zavatra hafa koa ny olona sasany: misy amin' ireo lehilahy tonga ao amin' io nosy io no minia mankany.
Mitondra biby ao amin' ny sambony izy ireo, izay kasainy hatao sorona.
Ny sasany amin' ireo biby ireo dia vonoiny, fa ny hafa kosa avelany handeha malalaka ao amin' ny nosy ho fanomezam-boninahitra an' i Achille.
Misy hafa anefa teren' ny tafio-drivotra eny an-dranomasina hankao amin' io nosy io.
Koa satria tsy manana biby hatao sorona izy ireo, nefa maniry hahazo izany avy amin' ilay andriamanitry ny nosy mihitsy, dia mangataka valiny avy amin' i Achille.
Mangataka alalana hamono ireo biby hatao sorona izy ireo, izay fidiny amin' ireo biby miraoka ahitra malalaka eo amin' ny nosy, ary hametraka ho takalony ny vidiny izay heveriny fa ara-drariny.
Raha tsy manaiky anefa ny valiny avy amin' ilay andriamanitra, satria misy toerana angatahana izany valiny izany eto, dia ampiany ny vola natolotra.
Raha mbola tsy manaiky indray ilay valiny, dia ampiany indray ny vola, mandra-panekena amin' ny farany fa ampy ny vidiny.
Amin' izay dia tsy mandositra intsony ilay biby hatao sorona, fa miandry an-tsitrapo ny hisamborana azy.
Noho izany, dia be dia be ny volafotsy ao, voatokana ho an' ilay mahery fo, ho vidin' ireo biby natao sorona.
Amin' ny sasany amin' ireo olona tonga ao amin' io nosy io dia miseho amin' ny nofy i Achille; amin' ny hafa kosa dia miseho izy na dia mbola eny am-pandehanana an-tsambo aza izy ireo, raha tsy lavitra loatra, ary manoro azy ireo ny faritra amin' ilay nosy tsara kokoa hampidirana vatofantsika ho an' ny sambony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Densuşianu&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

I Dionysius Periegetes, mpahay jeografia grika izay azo inoana fa niaina tamin' ny taonjato voalohany taor. J.K., dia nanoratra fa Leuce no niantsoana ilay nosy «satria fotsy ny bibidia miaina ao. Voalaza fa ao amin' ny nosy Leuce no itoeran' ny fanahin' i Achille sy ny mahery fo hafa, ary mivezivezy eny amin' ireo lohasaha tsy misy mponina ao amin' io nosy io izy ireo; izany no fomba namalian' i Jove soa an' ireo lehilahy niavaka noho ny toetra mendrika nananany, satria tamin' ny alalan' izany toetra mendrika izany no nahazoany voninahitra mandrakizay» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;Dionysius Periegetes, ''Orbis descriptio'' 5.541, quoted in Densuşianu 1913.&lt;/ref&gt; Toy izany koa, misy fitantarana hafa mampifandray ny anaran' ilay nosy amin' ny hantsam-batony fotsy, na amin' ny bibilava na ny vorona monina ao.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedreen&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Arrian, ''Periplus of the Euxine Sea'' 21; Scholion to Pindar, ''Nemea'' 4.79.&lt;/ref&gt; Nolazaina tamin' i Pausanias fa «rakotra ala ilay nosy ary feno biby, ka ny sasany dia dia ary ny sasany fiompy. Ao amin' io nosy io koa ny tempolin' i Achille sy ny sarivongany» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 3.19.11.&lt;/ref&gt; Nalaza ho toerana fanasitranana koa i Leuce. Mitantara i Pausanias fa nandefa andriana iray avy any Croton tany ny Pythia tao Delphi, mba hositranina tamin' ny ratra teo amin' ny tratrany.&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 3.19.13.&lt;/ref&gt; I [[Ammien Marcellin|Ammianus Marcellinus]] kosa dia nilaza fa ny rano (''aquae'') tao amin' ilay nosy no nahasitrana azy.&lt;ref&gt;Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Res Gestae'' 22.8.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nilaza i [[Estrabôna|Strabo]] fa masina ho an' i Achille ny lohatany teo amin' ny kianja fihazakazahan' i Achille, ary nantsoina hoe Alsos izy io na dia tsy nisy hazo aza.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:7.3.19 Strabo, ''Geography'', 7.3.19]&lt;/ref&gt; Midika hoe «ala kely» ny teny grika hoe ''alsos''.

Nisy tanàna seranan-tsambo manan-danja teo amin' ny varotra tany amin' ny ranomasina grika natokana ho an' i Achille. I [[Herôdôtôsy|Herodotus]], i [[Plinio Zokiny|Pliny the Elder]] ary i [[Estrabôna|Strabo]] dia samy niresaka ny fisian' ny tanàna iray nantsoina hoe Achílleion, izay naorin' ny mpifindra monina avy any [[Mitilena|Mytilene]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-6 tal. J.K., teo akaikin' ilay dongon-tany heverina ho fasan' ilay mahery fo tao [[Troasy|Troad]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Troad&quot; /&gt; Ny porofo tatỳ aoriana dia manondro ny fisian' ny Achílleion iray tao Messenia, araka an' i Stephanus Byzantinus, sy ny Achílleios iray tao Laconia.&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 3.25.4.&lt;/ref&gt; Nahita fifandraisana tamin' i Achille i Nicolae Densuşianu tao amin' ny anaran' i [[Akoileia|Aquileia]] sy ny sampana avaratr' i Danube eo amin' ny vinaniny mivelatra, izay antsoina hoe Chilia, angamba avy amin' ny anarana taloha hoe Achileii. Ny fanatsoahan-keviny anefa, izay milaza fa nanana zo maha-tompon' ny fahefana teo amin' ny Ranomasina Mainty i Leuce, dia mampahatsiahy kokoa ny lalàna an-dranomasina maoderina noho ny lalàna tamin' ny Andro Taloha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Densuşianu&quot;&gt;Nicolae Densuşianu: ''Dacia preistorică''. Bucharest: Carol Göbl, 1913.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nilaza ny mpanjaka avy amin' ny tarana-mpanjaka Aeacid teo amin' ny Molossians tao Epirus fa taranak' i Achille tamin' ny alalan' i Neoptolemus zanany izy ireo. Noho izany, dia afaka nilaza izany fiaviana izany koa i [[Aleksandra Lehibe|Alexander the Great]], zanak' i Olympias, andriambavy avy any Epirus. Tamin' ny fomba maro no niezahany hitovy tamin' io razambeny niavaka io. Voalaza fa nitsidika ny fasan' i Achille tao Achilleion izy rehefa nandalo tao Troasy.&lt;ref&gt;Arrian, ''Anabasis Alexandri'' 1.12.1, [[Cicero]], ''Pro Archia Poeta'' 24.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 216, raha teny an-dalana hiady tamin' i [[Partia|Parthia]] i Caracalla, emperora rômana, dia naka tahaka an' i Alexander ka nanao lalao nanodidina ny dongon-tany fasan' i Achille.&lt;ref&gt;Dio Cassius 78.16.7.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny fanamarihany manazava ny ''Alexandra'' nosoratan' i Lycophron, i Tzetzes dia miresaka lovantsofina iray momba ny toerana masina tao Croton. Tao, araka io lovantsofina io, no nanokanan' i Thetis zaridaina ho an' i Hera, izay nantsoina tamin' ny anarana grika hoe «Ὁπλοσμία», midika hoe «Hera an' ny fitehirizam-piadiana» (dikan-teny malagasy). Araka io lovantsofina io ihany, dia nivory tao ny vehivavin' i Croton, nitafy akanjo fisaonana, mba hanao fitomaniana ara-pivavahana ho an' i Achille.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/details/lycophronisalexa02lycouoft/page/278/mode/2up ''Lycophronis Alexandra'', 857]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://topostext.org/work/860#857 Tzetzes, ''Ad Lycophronem'', 857 in english]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ny Achilleum tao Tanagra ===

Nanoratra i [[Plotarkosy|Plutarch]] fa nisy faritra masina voatokana ho an' ny fanompoam-pivavahana (''temenos'') teo akaikin' i Tanagra, natokana ho an' i Achille ary nantsoina hoe Achilleum. Nitantara izao manaraka izao izy mba hanazavana ny niavian' izany. Nomarihiny fa nampametra-panontaniana ny fisian' io faritra masina io, satria nitahiry tantara momba ny fifankahalana teo amin' i Achille sy ny mponin' i Tanagra koa ny lovantsofina. Voalaza fa naka an-keriny an' i Stratonice, renin' i Poemander, i Achille indray mandeha, ary namono an' i Acestor, zanakalahin' i Ephippus. Na izany aza, nitondra ny anaran' i Achille ilay toerana teo akaikin' i Tanagra, ary izao tantara manaraka izao no nanazavan' ny lovantsofina teo an-toerana izany toa fifanoherana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;&gt;[https://sacred-texts.com/cla/plu/rgq/rgq18.htm Plutarch, Quaestiones Graecae, 37]&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny fotoana tany am-boalohany, raha mbola vohitra nisaratsaraka fa tsy tanàna iray nitambatra no nisy tao amin' ny faritanin' i Tanagra, dia nonina tao amin' ny vohitra nantsoina hoe Stephon i Poemander, rain' i Ephippus. Nanao fahirano azy ny Grika satria tsy nety niara-niady tamin' izy ireo izy. Niala tao Stephon tamin' ny alina i Poemander ary nanorina vohitra voaro manda nantsoina hoe Poemandria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;/&gt;

Raha mbola teo am-panorenana ilay vohitra vaovao, dia tonga nizaha ny rafitra fiarovana ny mpanao mari-trano iray nantsoina hoe Polycrithus. Nitsikera ny asan' i Poemander izy, naneso ny fanorenana, ary nitsambikina nihoatra ny hady fiarovana ho fanehoam-panamavoana. Tezitra noho izany faniratsirana izany i Poemander ka nandray vato lehibe iray ary niezaka hitora an' i Polycrithus tamin' izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;/&gt;

Efa nafenina teo hatramin' ny andro fahiny anefa ilay vato, satria napetraka teo ambonin' ny zavatra masina nifandray tamin' ny fombafomba natao tamin' ny alina. Tsy nahafantatra ny maha-masina ilay vato i Poemander ka nanainga sy nanipy azy. Tsy nahavoa an' i Polycrithus izy, fa namono tsy nahy an' i Leucippus zanany lahy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;/&gt;

Noho io famonoana io, dia notakin' ny lalàna ny hialan' i Poemander tao Boeotia ka ho sesitany sy mpitalaho vonjy. Sarotra taminy anefa ny niala, satria mbola nanafika ny faritanin' i Tanagra ny Grika. Nitady fanampiana i Poemander ka naniraka an' i Ephippus zanany lahy hangataka ny fanampian' i Achille.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;/&gt;

Nanaiky hanampy azy i Achille ka tonga niaraka tamin' i Tlepolemus, zanakalahin' i [[Heraklesy|Heracles]], sy Peneleos, zanakalahin' i Hippalcimus. Nanampy an' i Poemander hiditra tao Chalcis ireo mahery fo ireo; tao no nanaovan' i Elephenor fanadiovana ara-pivavahana azy noho ilay famonoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;/&gt;

Taorian' ny fanadiovana azy, dia nanome voninahitra an' i Achille sy Tlepolemus ary Peneleos i Poemander noho ny fanampiana nomen' izy ireo, ary nanome faritra masina voatokana ho an' ny fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' ny tsirairay tamin' izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;/&gt;

== Ny fandraisana azy tamin' ny Andro Taloha ==

=== Ao amin' ny traikeodia grika ===
Jereo koa: ''Achilleis''.

Nanoratra tantara an-tsehatra telo mifampitohy momba an' i Achille i [[Aeschylus]], mpanoratra traikeodia grika, izany hoe tantara an-tsehatra momba ny fijaliana sy ny zava-mitranga mavesatra mahazo ny mpilalao. ''Achilleis'' no lohateny nomen' ny manam-pahaizana maoderina an' io fitambarana io. Mitantara ny nataon' i Achille nandritra ny adin' i Troasy ireo tantara ireo, anisan' izany ny nandreseny an' i Hector sy ny nahafatesany tatỳ aoriana. Natambatra ireo sombin' ny ''Achilleis'' mbola voatahiry sy sombin' ny asa hafa nosoratan' i Aeschylus mba hamoronana tantara an-tsehatra azo lalaovina amin' ny andro maoderina. Ny ampahany voalohany amin' ny ''Achilleis'', dia ny ''The Myrmidons'', dia nifantoka tamin' ny fifandraisan' i Achille tamin' ny antoko mpihira, izay misolo tena ny tafika grika sady miezaka mandresy lahatra azy hampitsahatra ny fifandirany amin' i Agamemnon; andalana vitsivitsy monja no mbola voatahiry.&lt;ref&gt;Pantelis Michelakis, ''Achilles in Greek Tragedy'', 2002, p. 22&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny ''Symposium'' nosoratan' i Plato, dia milaza i Phaedrus fa nasehon' i Aeschylus ho ilay tia i Achille ary ho ilay tiana i Patroclus. Araka ny hevitr' i Phaedrus anefa, dia diso izany: i Achille, izay zandriny sady tsara tarehy kokoa tamin' izy roa, no ilay tiana, ary lehibe tokoa ny fitiavany an' ilay tia azy ka nisafidy ny ho faty izy mba hamaly faty azy.&lt;ref&gt;Plato, ''Symposium'', translated Benjamin Jowett, Dover Thrift Editions, page 8&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny tantara farany, ''The Phrygians'', dia niangavy an' i Achille i Priam mba hamerina ny fatin' ny zanany lahy.&lt;ref&gt;Michelakis 2002, p. 54&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanoratra ny ''The Lovers of Achilles'' koa i [[Sophocles]], mpanoratra traikeodia; i Achille no mpilalao fototra ao amin' io tantara an-tsehatra io. Sombiny vitsivitsy monja no mbola voatahiry.&lt;ref&gt;S. Radt. ''Tragicorum Graecorum fragmenta'', vol. 4, (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 1977) frr. 149–157a.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tany amin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato fahadimy talohan' i Kristy, dia nanomboka niseho tao amin' ny tantara an-tsehatra grika ny fomba fijery nitsikera kokoa an' i Achille. Miresaka azy amin' ny fomba feno lolompo na fanesoana i [[Euripides]] ao amin' ny ''Hecuba'', ''Electra'' ary ''Iphigenia in Aulis''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Latacz 2010&quot;&gt;Latacz 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanoratra asa momba an' i Achille koa ireo mpanoratra traikeodia hafa niara-belona tamin' izy ireo, toa an' i Astydamas, saingy very manontolo ireo asa ireo.

=== Ao amin' ny filôzôfia grika ===

==== Zeno ====
Ny filôzôfa [[Zénon d'Élée|Zeno of Elea]] dia nandrafitra ny iray tamin' ny fanatsoahan-keviny toa mifanohitra amin' ny saina mahazatra (''paradoxes'') tamin' ny alalan' ny hazakazaka an-tongotra noforonina teo amin' i Achille, izay nantsoina hoe mailaka tongotra, sy ny sokatra iray. Niezaka nampiseho tamin' izany izy fa tsy hahatratra ny sokatra izay efa niainga talohany i Achille, ka noho izany dia tsy mety hisy ny fihetsehana sy ny fiovana. Mpianatr' i Parmenides, izay nihevitra fa fototra tokana ihany no iorenan' ny zava-drehetra, sady anisan' ny sekolin-kevitr' i Elea i Zeno; nihevitra izy fa fahatsapana mamitaka fotsiny ny fotoana sy ny fihetsehana.

==== Plato ====
Ao amin' ny ''Hippias Minor'', lahatsoratra lazaina fa nosoratan' i [[Platôna|Plato]] ary miendrika fifanakalozan-kevitra iresahan' i Socrates, dia miady hevitra amin' i [[Sôkraty|Socrates]] i Hippias, lehilahy aseho ho miavonavona. Ny filazana lainga no resahin' izy roa. Tonga amin' ny hevitra izy ireo fa tsara kokoa ny olona minia milaza zavatra tsy marina noho ny olona milaza izany tsy nahy, satria tsy maintsy mahatakatra ny zavatra resahiny ny olona minia mandainga.&lt;ref name=&quot;hm&quot;&gt;Jowett, Benjamin; Plato. [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1673/1673-h/1673-h.htm ''Lesser Hippias'']. Project Gutenberg, 15 January 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Mampiasa fampitahana isan-karazany i Socrates, ka miresaka ny fanatanjahan-tena sy ny siansa mba hanaporofoana ny heviny. Miresaka betsaka ny asa soratr' i Homer koa izy roa. Samy manaiky i Socrates sy i Hippias fa ninia nandainga i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]], izay namorona lainga maro tao amin' ny ''Odyssey'' sy ireo tantara hafa ao amin' ny fitambaran-tantara momba ny adin' i Troasy. Nilaza zavatra tsy marina imbetsaka koa i Achille, tahaka an' i Odysseus. Araka ny hevitr' i Hippias, dia olona nilaza ny marina tamin' ny ankapobeny i Achille, fa araka ny hevitr' i Socrates kosa dia nandainga mba hahazoany tombontsoa izy. Miady hevitra izy roa raha tsara kokoa ny minia mandainga na ny milaza zavatra tsy marina tsy nahy. Farany, avelan' i Socrates ny fanaporofoana miainga amin' ny asa soratr' i Homer, ary mampiasa fampitahana amin' ny fanatanjahan-tena izy mba hanamafisana ny heviny hoe tsara kokoa ny olona minia manao ratsy noho ny olona manao ratsy tsy nahy.

=== Ao amin' ny literatiora romana sy tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany ===
Tena ratsy ny fomba fijerin' ny Romanina an' i Achille; araka ny lovantsofiny dia avy any Troasy ny razambeny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Latacz 2010&quot; /&gt; Lazain' i [[Virgil]] ho olona masiaka sy mpamono olona tsy misy indrafo i Achille,&lt;ref&gt;''Aeneid'' 2.28, 1.30, 3.87.&lt;/ref&gt; fa i [[Horace]] kosa mampiseho azy mamono vehivavy sy ankizy tsy misy antra.&lt;ref&gt;''Odes'' 4.6.17–20.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fironana faharoa amin' ny fanaratsiana an' i Achille ao amin' ny asa soratr' ireo mpanoratra toa an' i Catullus, Propertius ary [[Ôvidio|Ovid]], izay mifantoka amin' ny fiainam-pitiavany sy ny firaisana ara-nofo nataony. Mitohy ao amin' ny fitantarana amin' ny teny latina ny adin' i Troasy nosoratan' ireo mpanoratra toa an' i Dictys Cretensis sy Dares Phrygius izany fironana izany, ary koa ao amin' ny ''Roman de Troie'' nosoratan' i Benoît de Sainte-Maure sy ny ''Historia destructionis Troiae'' nosoratan' i Guido delle Colonne. Ireo roa farany ireo no mbola dikan' ny fitambaran-tantara momba an' i Troasy be mpamaky sy be mpamerina mitantara indrindra hatramin' ny taonjato fahafito ambin' ny folo.

Tsy Grika fa [[Skitiana (vahoaka)|Skitiana]] no nilazan' i Leo the Deacon, mpanoratra tantara bizantina, an' i Achille. Araka ny filazan' i John Malalas, mpanoratra bizantina, kosa dia foko iray nantsoina hoe Myrmidons taloha ary nantsoina hoe Bulgars tatỳ aoriana no nandrafitra ny tafiny.&lt;ref&gt;Ekonomou, Andrew (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=zomZk6DbFTIC&amp;q=john+malalas+myrmidons+Achilles&amp;pg=PA123 ''Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes'']. UK: Lexington Books, p. 123. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7391-1977-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Access-date: 14 September 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Croke, Brian (1990). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p55mAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=john+malalas+myrmidons+Achilles ''Studies in John Malalas'']. Sydney: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, Department of Modern Greek, University of Sydney, p. 206. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-9593626-5-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Access-date: 14 September 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ao amin' ny literatiora sy zavakanto maoderina ==
[[File:Wenceslas Hollar - Briseis and Achilles.jpg|thumb|right|''Briseis and Achilles'', sary nataon' i Wenceslaus Hollar (1607–1677) tamin' ny teknika fanaovana sokitra.]]
[[File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Wrath of Achilles - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''The Wrath of Achilles'' (manodidina ny 1630–1635), sary hosodoko nataon' i [[Pierre Paul Rubens|Peter Paul Rubens]].]]
[[File:Peter Paul Rubens 003.jpg|thumb|''The death of Hector'', sary hosodoko tsy vita nataon' i [[Pierre Paul Rubens|Peter Paul Rubens]] tamin' ny loko misy menaka.]]
[[File:Gottlieb Schick Achille and Agamemnon 1801.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|''Achilles and Agamemnon'', sary nataon' i Gottlieb Schick (1801), mampiseho an' i Achille sy Agamemnon.]]
[[File:Leon Benouville The Wrath of Achilles.jpg|thumb|''The Wrath of Achilles'', sary nataon' i François-Léon Benouville (1847; ''Musée Fabre'', na Tranombakoka Fabre).]]

=== Literatiora ===
* Miseho ao amin' ny ''Inferno'' nosoratan' i Dante tamin' ny 1308–1320 i Achille. Ao amin' ny faribolana faharoan' ny [[Fiainan-tsy hita|helo]], natokana ho an' ny filan' ny nofo, no ahitana azy.
* Ao amin' ny ''Troilus and Cressida'' (1602) nosoratan' i [[William Shakespeare]], dia aseho ho mahery fo fahiny izay nanjary kamo sy variana amin' ny fitiavany an' i Patroclus i Achille. Asainy vonoin' ny Myrmidons i Hector izay tsy mitam-piadiana, ary avy eo asainy ambaran' izy ireo fa i Achille mihitsy no nahafaty an' i Hector, toy ny hoe tamin' ny ady nifanandrinan' izy roa ara-drariny no nitrangan' izany (fizarana faha-5, seho faha-9, andalana 5–14).
* Nanoratra ny tantara an-tsehatra mampalahelo ''La Mort d'Achille'' (1673) ilay mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra frantsay Thomas Corneille.
* I Achille no lohahevitry ny ''Achilleis'' (1799), tononkalo sombiny nosoratan' i [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]].
* Tamin' ny 1899, namoaka ny ''Achilles'' i Stanisław Wyspiański, mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra, mpanao hosodoko ary poeta pôlôney. Tantara an-tsehatra momba ny firenena, mifototra amin' ny tantara pôlôney, izy io.
* Tamin' ny 1921, namoaka ny ''The Island of Youth and Other Poems'' i Edward Shanks; anisan' ny lohahevitra resahiny i Achille.
* Miresaka ny fahafatesan' i Achille koa ny tantara foronina ''Kassandra'' (1983) nosoratan' i Christa Wolf.
* Mitana toerana lehibe ao amin' ny ''Helen in Egypt'' (1961), tononkalo lava nosoratan' i H.D., i Achille. Miteraka ratra lalina ara-tsaina ho an' i Helen ny fankahalany azy tsy voalanjalanja, ary ny ampahany lehibe amin' ny fizotry ny tononkalo dia mikasika ny fahasitranan' i Helen tamin' izany.
* Ao amin' ny ''The Firebrand'' (1987), tantara foronina nosoratan' i Marion Zimmer Bradley, dia matin' ny zana-tsipìka misy poizina an' ny ''Centaur'' (zavaboary antsasa-olona antsasa-tsoavaly) i Achille; i Cassandra no nitifitra izany.
* Anisan' ireo mpitantara maro ao amin' ny ''The Song of Troy'' (1998), tantara foronina nosoratan' i Colleen McCullough, i Achille.
* Ny ''The Death of Achilles'' (''Смерть Ахиллеса'', 1998) dia tantara foronina momba ny famotopotorana heloka bevava, napetraka amin' ny vanim-potoana ara-tantara, nosoratan' ilay mpanoratra rosiana Boris Akunin. Misy fanondroana olona sy lohahevitra samihafa avy ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' ao anatiny.
* Ilay olona antsoina hoe Achille ao amin' ny ''Ender's Shadow'' (1999), nosoratan' i Orson Scott Card, dia manana saina fetsy sy toetra tsy misy antra, sahala amin' ilay nitondrana ny anarany.
* Anisan' ny olona fototra ao amin' ny tantara foronina ''Ilium'' (2003) sy ''Olympos'' (2005) nosoratan' i Dan Simmons i Achille.
* I Achille dia olona tsy fototry ny tantara nefa mitana anjara toerana lehibe ao amin' ny andiam-boky ''Troy'' (2005–2007) nosoratan' i David Gemmell.
* I Achille no olona fototra ao amin' ny ''Ransom'' (2009), tantara foronina nosoratan' i David Malouf.
* Miseho ao amin' ny ''The Last Olympian'' (2009) nosoratan' i Rick Riordan ny [[Matoatoa|matoatoan' i Achille]]. Mampitandrina an' i Percy Jackson momba ny ozon' i Achille sy ireo voka-dratsiny izy.
* Anisan' ny olona fototra ao amin' ny ''The Rage of Achilles'', tantara foronina nosoratan' i Terence Hawkins tamin' ny 2009, i Achille.
* Mitana anjara toerana lehibe ao amin' ny tantara foronina voalohany nosoratan' i Madeline Miller, ''The Song of Achilles'' (2011), i Achille. Nahazo ny loka ''Orange Prize for Fiction'' (loka Orange ho an' ny tantara foronina) tamin' ny 2012 io boky io. Mandinika ny fifandraisan' i Patroclus sy Achille hatramin' ny fahazazan' izy ireo ka hatramin' ireo zava-nitranga nanapa-kevitra ny anjarany ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' ilay tantara.
* Miseho amin' ny anjara asan' ny ''Rider of Red'' (mpitaingina mena) i Achille ao amin' ny andian-tantara foronina ''Fate/Apocrypha'' (2012–2014), izay ao amin' ny karazana ''light novel'' (karazana tantara foronina japoney).
* Anisan' ny olona fototra ao amin' ny ''The Silence of the Girls'', tantara foronina nosoratan' i Pat Barker tamin' ny 2018, i Achille. I Briseis, andevovaviny, no mitantara ny ampahany lehibe amin' ilay boky.
* I Achille no olona fototra ao amin' ny ''Wrath Goddess Sing'', tantara foronina nosoratan' i Maya Deane tamin' ny 2022.&lt;ref&gt;Steele, Hannah (January 2026). ''[https://classicalstudies.org/annual-meeting/157/abstract/classical-studies-trans-joy-and-reparative-reading-wrath-goddess-sing Classical Studies, Trans Joy, and Reparative Reading in &quot;Wrath Goddess Sing&quot;]''. Society for Classical Studies Annual Meeting, volume 157.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zavakanto hita maso ===
* Anisan' ny lohahevitra nataon' ny mpanao hosodoko ny ''Achilles with the Daughters of Lycomedes'', izay mampiseho an' i Achille miaraka amin' ny zanakavavin' i Lycomedes. Anisan' ireo nanao izany i [[Antoine van Dyck|Anthony van Dyck]] (talohan' ny 1618; ao amin' ny ''Museo del Prado'' (Tranombakoka Prado), Madrid) sy i [[Nicolas Poussin]] (manodidina ny taona 1652; ao amin' ny ''Museum of Fine Arts, Boston'' (Tranombakoky ny kanto ao Boston)).
* Nanao andian-tsanganasa momba ny fiainan' i Achille i [[Pierre Paul Rubens|Peter Paul Rubens]]. Ireto ny lohatenin' ireo sanganasa ireo: ''Thetis dipping the infant Achilles into the river Styx'', ''Achilles educated by the centaur Chiron'', ''Achilles recognized among the daughters of Lycomedes'', ''The wrath of Achilles'', ''The death of Hector'', ''Thetis receiving the arms of Achilles from Vulcanus'', ''The death of Achilles'' (ao amin' ny ''Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen'' (Tranombakoka Boijmans Van Beuningen), Rotterdam), ary ''Briseis restored to Achilles'' (ao amin' ny ''Detroit Institute of Arts'' (Ivon-toeran' ny zavakanto ao Detroit)). Manodidina ny taona 1630–1635 avokoa no nanaovana azy ireo.
* Sanganasan' i Pieter van Lint ny ''Achilles Discovered among the Daughters of Lycomedes'' (1645), izay mampiseho ny nahafantarana an' i Achille teo anivon' ny zanakavavin' i Lycomedes. Ao amin' ny ''Israel Museum'' (Tranombakok' i Israely), Jerusalem, no misy azy.
* Ny ''Dying Achilles'', izay mampiseho an' i Achille eo am-pahafatesana, dia sary sokitra nataon' i Christophe Veyrier (manodidina ny taona 1683; ao amin' ny ''Victoria and Albert Museum'' (Tranombakoka Victoria sy Albert), London).
* Ny ''The Rage of Achilles'', izay mampiseho ny hatezeran' i Achille, dia sary hosodoko amin' ny lalotra mbola mando (''fresco'') nataon' i Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (1757; ao amin' ny Villa Valmarana Ai Nani, Vicenza).
* Nandoko dika iray amin' ny ''The Education of Achilles'', momba ny fanabeazana an' i Achille, i [[Eugène Delacroix]] ho an' ny valindrihan' ny Palais Bourbon ao Paris (1833–1847). Iray amin' ny toerana ipetrahan' ny Parlemantan' i Frantsa io lapa io.
* Namorona vondron-tsary sokitra mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Achilles and Penthesilea'', mampiseho an' i Achille sy Penthesilea, i Arthur Kaan (1895; Vienna).
* Ny ''Achilleus'' (1908) dia sary nataon' i Max Slevogt tamin' ny ''lithography'', teknika fanaovana pirinty mampiasa vato na takelaka metaly.

=== Mozika ===
Matetika i Achille no natao lohahevitry ny ''opera'', ''ballet'' ary karazana sanganasa mifandray amin' ireo.
* Samy namorona ''opera'' mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Deidamia'' i Francesco Cavalli (1644) sy i [[George Frideric Handel]] (1739).
* Ny ''Achille et Polyxène'' (Paris 1687) dia ''opera'' (tantara an-tsehatra hiraina miaraka amin' ny mozika) natombok' i Jean-Baptiste Lully ary novitain' i Pascal Collasse.
* Ny ''Achille et Déidamie'' (Paris 1735) dia ''opera'' noforonin' i André Campra.
* Ny ''Achilles'' (London 1733) dia karazana tantara an-tsehatra mampifandimby resaka tenenina sy hira (''ballad opera''), nosoratan' i John Gay. Nanao dika manahaka azy ho fampihomehezana i Thomas Arne tamin' ny 1773, mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Achilles in petticoats''.
* Ny ''Achille in Sciro'' dia lahatsoratra ho an' ny ''opera'' (''libretto'') nosoratan' i Metastasio. Namorona mozika ho an' io lahatsoratra io i Domenico Sarro ho an' ny fitokanana ny ''Teatro di San Carlo'' (Teatra San Carlo), tao Naples, 4 Novambra 1737. Efa nisy mozika noforonin' i Antonio Caldara ho an' io lahatsoratra io talohan' izany (Vienna 1736). Namorona ''opera'' nampiasa io lahatsoratra io ihany koa tatỳ aoriana i Leonardo Leo (Turin 1739), Niccolò Jommelli (Vienna 1749 sy Rome 1772), Giuseppe Sarti (Copenhagen 1759 sy Florence 1779), Johann Adolph Hasse (Naples 1759), Giovanni Paisiello (St. Petersburg 1772), Giuseppe Gazzaniga (Palermo 1781), ary olona maro hafa. Namoronana mozika tamin' ny lohateny hoe ''Il Trionfo della gloria'' koa io lahatsoratra io.
* Ny ''Achille'' (Vienna 1801) dia ''opera'' noforonin' i Ferdinando Paër, mampiasa lahatsoratra nosoratan' i Giovanni de Gamerra.
* Ny ''Achille à Scyros'' (Paris 1804) dia ''[[Ballet|ballet]]'' (sanganasa dihy an-tsehatra) nataon' i Pierre Gardel, ary i Luigi Cherubini no namorona ny mozikany.
* Ny ''Achilles, oder Das zerstörte Troja'' (''Achilles, or Troy Destroyed'', izany hoe « Achille, na Troasy rava », Bonn 1885) dia sanganasa mozika mitantara tantara amin' ny alalan' ny hira sy ny zavamaneno, fa tsy lalaovina an-tsehatra (''oratorio''), noforonin' ilay mpamoron-kira alemà Max Bruch.
* Ny ''Achilles auf Skyros'' (Stuttgart 1926) dia ''ballet'' noforonin' ilay mpamoron-kira sady mpikaroka momba ny mozika aotrisianina-britanika Egon Wellesz.
* Ny ''Achilles' Wrath'' dia sanganasa mozika natao hotendrena amin' ny fampisehoana, noforonin' i Sean O'Loughlin.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://musicalworld.com/artists/sean-oloughlin/ Entry]'' ao amin' ny ''Musical World''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170224050134/http://musicalworld.com/artists/sean-oloughlin/ Tahiry], 24 February 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny ''Temporary Like Achilles'' dia hira ao amin' ny ''Blonde on Blonde'', rakikira misy kapila roa navoakan' i [[Bob Dylan]] tamin' ny 1966.
* Ny ''Achilles Last Stand'' dia hira ao amin' ny ''Presence'', rakikira navoakan' ny [[Led Zeppelin]] tamin' ny 1976.
* Ny ''Achilles, Agony and Ecstasy in Eight Parts'' no hira voalohany ao amin' ny ''The Triumph of Steel'', rakikira navoakan' ny Manowar tamin' ny 1992.
* Ny ''Achilles Come Down'' dia hira ao amin' ny ''Go Farther in Lightness'', rakikira navoakan' ny Gang of Youths tamin' ny 2017.

=== Sarimihetsika sy fahitalavitra ===
Ireto avy ny sarimihetsika sy tantara mitohy amin' ny fahitalavitra nanehoana an' i Achille:
* Ao amin' ny sarimihetsika ''Helena'' (1924), i Carlo Aldini no nilalao an' i Achille.
* Ao amin' ny sarimihetsika ''Ulysses'' (1954), i Piero Lulli no nilalao an' i Achille.
* Ao amin' ny sarimihetsika ''Helen of Troy'' (1956), i Stanley Baker no nilalao an' i Achille.
* Ao amin' ny sarimihetsika ''The Trojan Horse'' (1961), i Arturo Dominici no nilalao an' i Achille.
* Ao amin' ny sarimihetsika ''The Fury of Achilles'' (1962), i Gordon Mitchell no nilalao an' i Achille.
* Ao amin' ny tantara mitohy fohy amin' ny fahitalavitra ''The Odyssey'' (1997), i Richard Trewett no nilalao an' i Achille.
* Ao amin' ny tantara mitohy fohy amin' ny fahitalavitra ''Helen of Troy'' (2003), i Joe Montana no nilalao an' i Achille.
* Ao amin' ny sarimihetsika ''Troy'' (2004), i [[Brad Pitt]] no nilalao an' i Achille.

=== Maritrano ===
[[File:Wellington Monument (Achilles) - geograph.org.uk - 2956596.jpg|thumb|150px|alt=Ny Wellington Monument, sarivongana maneho an' i Achille.|Ny tsangambato Wellington Monument.]]
[[File:Achillii 490 84, Greece - panoramio (16).jpg|thumb|150px|alt=Sarivongan' i Achille ao amin' ny Achilleion.|Sarivongan' i Achille ao amin' ny Achilleion.]]

* Tamin' ny 1890, i Elisabeth of Bavaria, emperatrisan' i Aotrisy, dia nampanangana lapa hipetrahana amin' ny fahavaratra tao Corfu. Nantsoina hoe Achilleion ilay trano, araka ny anaran' i Achille. Ny sary hosodoko sy ny sarivongana ao aminy dia mampiseho zava-nitranga tamin' ny Ady tao Troasy, ka i Achille no tena asongadiny.
* Ny Wellington Monument dia sarivongana maneho an' i Achille, naorina tamin' ny 1822 ho fahatsiarovana an' i [[Arthur Wellesley]], dioka voalohan' i Wellington, sy ireo fandreseny tamin' ny Adin' ny Saikinosy (''Peninsular War'') ary tamin' ny dingana farany tamin' ireo ady napôleôniana.

== Fampiasana ny anarany ==
* Nanomboka tamin' ny 1744, dia sambo mpiady sivy farafahakeliny tao amin' ny ''Royal Navy'' (tafika an-dranomasin' ny mpanjaka britanika) no nitondra ny anaran' i Achille, na tamin' ny endrika HMS (sambo an' ny mpanjaka) ''Achilles'', na tamin' ny tsipelina frantsay HMS ''Achille''. Sambo iray nitondra io anarana io sy nanana tafondro 60 no nandray anjara tamin' ny ady tao Belleisle tamin' ny 1761, ary sambo iray nanana tafondro 74 kosa no nandray anjara tamin' ny ady tao Trafalgar. Anisan' ny ady nahazoan' ny sambo nitondra io anarana io mari-boninahitra koa ny tao Walcheren tamin' ny 1809. Nisy sambo mpiady mifono vy nitondra io anarana io koa niasa tao amin' ny ''Royal Navy'' nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany. Karazana ''cruiser'' izy io, izany hoe sambo mpiady antonony habe afaka mandeha lavitra.
* Ny HMNZS (sambo an' ny mpanjaka avy any Zelandy Vaovao) ''Achilles'' (70) dia sambo mpiady karazana ''cruiser'' tao amin' ny sokajy ''Leander'', izay niasa tao amin' ny ''Royal New Zealand Navy'' (tafika an-dranomasin' ny mpanjaka ao Zelandy Vaovao) nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa. Nanjary nalaza izy noho ny fandraisany anjara tamin' ny ady tao River Plate, niaraka tamin' ny HMS ''Ajax'' (22) sy HMS ''Exeter'' (68). Ankoatra ny nahazoany ny mari-boninahitra « River Plate » noho ny fandraisana anjara tamin' izany ady izany, dia niasa tany Guadalcanal tamin' ny 1942–1943 sy tany Okinawa tamin' ny 1945 koa ny HMNZS ''Achilles''. Rehefa tafaverina tao amin' ny ''Royal Navy'' ilay sambo, dia namidy tamin' ny tafika an-dranomasin' i India tamin' ny 1948. Rehefa noravana anefa izy, dia nisy ampahany tamin' ilay sambo navotana sy notehirizina tany Zelandy Vaovao.
* Nomena anarana avy amin' i Achille ny karazana androngo ''Anolis Achilles'', izay manana takela-kirany mivelatra eo amin' ny voditongony.&lt;ref&gt;Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. (&quot;Achilles&quot;, p. 1).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tahirin-tsary ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Achilles departure Eretria Painter CdM Paris 851.jpg|Achille sy Cymothoe, iray amin' ireo ''Nereid'' (andriamanibavin-dranomasina), eo amin' ny kaopy misy tahony roa (''kantharos'') avy any Attica, misy sary mena, hita tany Volci (''Cabinet des Médailles'' (Tahirin-medaly), ao amin' ny ''Bibliothèque nationale'' (Tranombokim-pirenena), Paris).
File:Akhilleus embassy Staatliche Antikensammlungen 8770.jpg|Ireo iraka nankany amin' i Achille, eo amin' ny siny fitondrana rano (''hydria'') avy any Attica, misy sary mena, tokony ho tamin' ny 480 talohan' i Kristy (''Staatliche Antikensammlungen'' (Tahirim-panjakana momba ny zavakanto tamin' ny Andro Taloha), Munich).
File:AmbrosianIliadPict47Achilles.jpg|Achille manao sorona ho an' i [[Zeosy|Zeus]] mba hiverenan' i Patroclus soa aman-tsara,&lt;ref&gt;''Iliad'' 16.220–252.&lt;/ref&gt; avy ao amin' ny ''Ambrosian Iliad'', sora-tanana voaravaka sary tamin' ny taonjato faha-5.
File:Bell-krater Akhilleus Penthesileia MAN.jpg|Achille sy Penthesilea miady, eo amin' ny vilany fampifangaroana divay miendrika lakolosy (''bell-krater'') avy any Lucania, misy sary mena, tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-5 talohan' i Kristy.
File:Akhilleus Penthesileia Staatliche Antikensammlungen 2688.jpg|Achille mamono an' i Penthesilea, sary boribory (''tondo'') eo amin' ny kaopy fisotroana malalaka sy marivo (''kylix'') avy any Attica, misy sary mena, tokony ho tamin' ny 465 talohan' i Kristy, hita tany Vulci.
File:Mourning of Akhilleus Louvre E643.jpg|Thetis sy ireo ''Nereid'' (andriamanibavin-dranomasina) misaona an' i Achille, eo amin' ny siny fitondrana rano (''hydria'') avy any Corinth, misy sary mainty, tokony ho tamin' ny 555 talohan' i Kristy (Tranombakoka Louvre, Paris).
File:Aias Achilles game Musei Capitolini MC6.jpg|Achille sy Ajax manao ny lalao an-databatra ''petteia'', eo amin' ny siny fandrarahana divay (''oinochoe'') misy sary mainty, tokony ho tamin' ny 530 talohan' i Kristy (''Capitoline Museums'' (Mozea Capitoline), Rome).
File:Achilles-01.jpg|Ny lohan' i Achille aseho eo amin' ny vola madinika tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 talohan' i Kristy, avy any Kremaste, Phthia. Eo amin' ny ilany ambadika: Thetis, mitafy akanjo lava sady mihazona ny ampingan' i Achille misy ny marika AX, litera natambatra maneho ny anarany.
File:Getty Villa - Collection (3151231788).jpg|Achille eo amin' ny sary rômana vita amin' ny sombina akora madinika natambatra (''mosaic''), mampiseho ny fakana an' i Briseis, tamin' ny taonjato faha-2.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Sivilizasiôna Mikeniana]]
* Phthiotis
* [[Biôgrafia]]

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Vakiteny fanampiny ==
* Apollodorus, ''Apollodorus. The Library, Volume II: Book 3.10-end. Epitome'', nadikan' i James G. Frazer, Loeb Classical Library laharana 122, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1921. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-674-99136-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL122/1921/volume.xml Harvard University Press]. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.10.1 Perseus Digital Library].
* Ileana Chirassi Colombo (1977), ''Heroes Achilleus&amp;nbsp;– Theos Apollon''. Ao amin' ny ''Il Mito Greco'', nokarakarain' i Bruno Gentili sy Giuseppe Paione. Rome: Edizione dell'Ateneo e Bizzarri.
* Dräger, Paul, ''Medea'', ao amin' ny ''Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity, Volume 8'', Lyd &amp;ndash; Mine, nokarakarain' i Hubert Cancik sy Helmuth Schneider, Leiden, Brill, 2006. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9004122710&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Anthony Edwards (1985a), ''Achilles in the Underworld: Iliad, Odyssey, and Æthiopis''. ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies''. '''26''': p.&amp;nbsp;215–227.
* Anthony Edwards (1985b), ''Achilles in the Odyssey: Ideologies of Heroism in the Homeric Epic''. ''Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie''. '''171'''.
* Edwards, Anthony T. (1988), ''ΚΛΕΟΣ ΑΦΘΙΤΟΝ and Oral Theory''. ''The Classical Quarterly''. '''38''': p. 25–30. DOI: 10.1017/S0009838800031220. S2CID: 170947595.
* [[Robert Graves|Graves, Robert]], ''The Greek Myths'', Harmondsworth, London, England, Penguin Books, 1960. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0143106715&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Graves, Robert, ''The Greek Myths: The Complete and Definitive Edition.'' Penguin Books Limited. 2017. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-241-98338-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 024198338X&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Guy Hedreen (1991), ''The Cult of Achilles in the Euxine''. ''Hesperia''. '''60''' (3): p. 313–330. American School of Classical Studies at Athens. JSTOR: 148068. DOI: 10.2307/148068.
* Karl Kerényi (1959), ''The Heroes of the Greeks''. New York/London: Thames and Hudson.
* Jakob Escher-Bürkli: ''[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Achilleus_1 Achilleus 1]'' (amin' ny teny alemà). Ao amin' ny ''Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft'' (RE). Boky I,1, Stuttgart, 1893, tsanganana&amp;nbsp;221–245.
* Joachim Latacz (2010), ''Achilles''. Ao amin' ny ''The Classical Tradition'', nokarakarain' i Anthony Grafton, Glenn Most ary Salvatore Settis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 3–5. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Hélène Monsacré (1984), ''Les larmes d'Achille. Le héros, la femme et la souffrance dans la poésie d'Homère'', Paris: Albin Michel.
* Gregory Nagy (1984), ''The Name of Achilles: Questions of Etymology and 'Folk Etymology'', ''Illinois Classical Studies''. '''19'''.
* Gregory Nagy (1999), ''The Best of The Acheans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry''. Johns Hopkins University Press (fanontana nohavaozina, [http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5576 azo vakina an-tserasera]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20181224041719/https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5576 tahiry tamin' ny 24 December 2018]).
* Dorothea Sigel; Anne Ley; Bruno Bleckmann, ''Achilles''. Ao amin' ny ''Brill's New Pauly'', nokarakarain' i Hubert Cancik sy ny hafa. Brill Reference Online. DOI: 10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e102220.
* Dale S. Sinos (1991), ''The Entry of Achilles into Greek Epic'', lahatsoratra fikarohana hahazoana diplaoma dôktôra, Johns Hopkins University. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International.
* Jonathan S. Burgess (2009), ''The Death and Afterlife of Achilles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
* Abrantes, M.C. (2016), ''Themes of the Trojan Cycle: Contribution to the study of the greek mythological tradition'' (Coimbra). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1530337118&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Achilles ''Achilles''], lahatsoratra ao amin' ny ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' tamin' ny 1911, ao amin' ny Wikisource.
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Achilles Sary sy rakitra momba an' i Achille ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons].
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Achillean ''Achillean''], fidirana ao amin' ny Wiktionary amin' ny teny anglisy.
* [http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/troy.html ''Trojan War Resources''] — loharano momba ny adin' i Troasy.
* [http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/result.htm?alt=Achilles&amp;pnumber=20 ''Gallery of the Ancient Art: Achilles''] — fitambaran-tsary momba an' i Achille ao amin' ny zavakanto fahiny.
* [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Achilles_(Coates) ''Achilles''], tononkalo nosoratan' i Florence Earle Coates, ao amin' ny Wikisource.
* [https://www.freebase.com/m/0gy_ Freebase].

[[:sokajy:Biôgrafia]]
[[:Sokajy:Angano grika]]</text>
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      <text bytes="112497" sha1="c2udqkpzy6e70m659w0vv13kt5dj468" xml:space="preserve">Ao amin' ny angano grika, i '''Akileosy''', antsoina koa hoe '''Achille''', '''Achilles''' na '''Achilleus''' (amin' ny teny grika taloha: Ἀχιλλεύς, soratana amin' ny abidy latina hoe Achilleús), dia mahery fo tamin' ny Ady tao Troasy, izay asehon' ireo angano ho ny mahery indrindra tamin' ny mpiady grika rehetra. Izy no mpandray anjara fototra ao amin' ny ''[[iliada|Iliada]]'' (''Iliad'' amin' ny teny anglisy) nosoratan' i [[Hômerôsy|Homer]]. Zanak' i Thetis, iray amin' ireo andriamanibavy an-dranomasina antsoina hoe ''Nereid'', sy i Peleus, mpanjakan' i Phthia sady nalaza tamin' ny naha-iray azy tamin' ireo [[Argonautes|Argonauts]], izy. Notezaina tany Phthia niaraka tamin' i Patroclus, namany hatramin' ny fahazazany, i Achille, ary i Chiron, zavaboary ao amin' ny angano manana vatana soavaly sy loha ary tratra olombelona (''centaur''), no nanabe azy. Ao amin' ny ''Iliada'', dia aseho ho mpitari-tafiky ny foko ao amin' ny angano antsoina hoe Myrmidons izy.

Ny namonoan' i Achille an' i Hector, andrianan' i Troasy, teo ivelan' ny vavahadin' i [[Troasy]], no asa nampahalaza azy indrindra nandritra ny Ady tao Troasy. Na dia tsy mitantara ny fahafatesany aza ny ''Iliada'', dia mifanaraka kosa ny loharano hafa fa i Paris no namono azy tamin' ny zana-tsipìka, rehefa nadiva hifarana ilay ady. Milaza ny angano nipoitra tatỳ aoriana fa tsy mety maratra ny faritra rehetra amin' ny vatan' i Achille afa-tsy ny voditongony iray. Manomboka amin' ny ''Achilleid'', tononkalo lava mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo izay nosoratan' i Statius tamin' ny taonjato voalohany taorian' i Kristy nefa tsy vitany, no ahitana izany fitantarana izany. Araka io angano io, fony mbola zazakely i Achille, dia nalentik' i Thetis reniny tao amin' ny renirano Styx izy. Nohazoniny tamin' ny voditongony iray izy, ka tsy nokasihin' ny rano io faritra io, ary izany no nahatonga azy ho hany faritra mety haratra tamin' ny vatany.

Avy amin' ireo angano ireo ny fitenenana hoe ''voditongotr' i Achille'' (''Achilles' heel'' amin' ny teny anglisy), izay ilazana fahalemena mety hitarika amin' ny faharavana, indrindra eo amin' ny olona na zavatra iray izay matanjaka amin' ny lafiny hafa. Avy amin' io angano io ihany koa no niantsoana ny tendônan' i Achille (na tady mampitohy ny hozatry ny ranjo amin' ny taolan' ny voditongotra) amin' ny anarany.

== Fiavian' ny anarana ==
Voarakitra ao amin' ny takelaka misy soratra ''Linear B'' ny anaran' olona hoe Achilleus, amin' ny endrika ''a-ki-re-u'' sy ''a-ki-re-we''.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Pauly&quot;&gt;Dorothea Sigel; Anne Ley; Bruno Bleckmann. ''Achilles'', lahatsoratra « Achilles », ao amin' ny ''Brill's New Pauly'', Hubert Cancik sy ny hafa (mpamoaka lahatsoratra). Brill Reference Online. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e102220 10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e102220]. Retrieved 5 May 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Endrika ''dative'', izany hoe endrika ara-pitsipi-pitenenana entina manondro indrindra izay andefasana na omena zavatra, ny faharoa raha oharina amin' ny voalohany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beekes&quot; /&gt; Nihaniely ilay anarana ary nanjary fahita fotoana fohy taorian' ny taonjato faha-7 talohan' i Kristy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111126201849/http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/search?patt=*AXIL&amp;first=250 Epigraphical database] gives 476 matches for Ἀχιλ-.The earliest ones: [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=27810&amp;bookid=6&amp;region=2&amp;subregion=1 Corinth 7th c. BC], [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=238250&amp;bookid=118&amp;region=3&amp;subregion=7 Delphi 530 BC], Attica and Elis 5th c. BC.&lt;/ref&gt; Nisy koa endrika natao ho an' ny vehivavy, dia Achilleía, izay voarakitra tany Attica tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 talohan' i Kristy (IG, fanafohezana ny lohateny ''Inscriptiones Graecae'', na « soratra voasokitra grika », II² 1617). Ny endrika Achillia kosa dia hita eo amin' ny tsangambato misy soratra any Halicarnassus, ho anaran' ny vehivavy mpiady an-kianja iray izay miady amin' ny « Amazon ».

Azo anazavana ny anaran' i Achille ny fampiarahana ny teny hoe ''áchos'', izay midika hoe « fahoriana, fanaintainana, alahelo, fahoriam-po »,&lt;ref&gt;Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3D*)axilleu%2Fs ''An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon'']. Clarendon Press, 1889. Via: Perseus Digital Library.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Scholia to the ''Iliad'', 1.1.&lt;/ref&gt; sy ny teny hoe ''laós'', izay midika hoe « vahoaka, miaramila, firenena ».
Avy amin' izany ny endrika niandohana naroso hoe ''*Akhí-lāu̯os'', izay midika hoe « ilay mampahory ny vahoaka » na « ilay manana vahoaka ory ».&lt;ref&gt;Leonard Palmer. ''The Interpretation of Mycenaean Greek Texts''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963, p. 79.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nagy&quot;&gt;Gregory Nagy. [http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5442 ''The best of the Achaeans'']. CHS. The Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University. Access-date: 19 March 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115312/http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5442 Archive-url], archive-date: 2 April 2015. Url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Harper, Douglas. [https://www.etymonline.com/word/Achilles ''Achilles'']. ''Online Etymology Dictionary''.&lt;/ref&gt;
Lohahevitra averimberina ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' ny alahelo na ny fahorian' ny vahoaka, ary i Achille mihitsy matetika no miresaka izany.
Misy fifanoherana toa maneso eo amin' ny anjara asan' i Achille ho mahery fon' ny alahelo na ny fahoriana sy ny fomba fijery mahazatra azy ho mahery fon' ny ''kléos'', na voninahitra izay mazàna azo amin' ny ady.
Ankoatra izany, i Gregory Nagy, izay nanaraka an' i Leonard Palmer, dia nandika ny ''laós'' ho « vondron-tafika », izany hoe miaramila voavory.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nagy&quot; /&gt;
Raha io fanazavana ny fiavian' ilay anarana io no raisina, dia manana hevitra roa ilay anarana ao amin' ny tononkalo: rehefa manao araka ny tokony ho izy ilay mahery fo, dia mampahory ny fahavalo ny miaramilany; rehefa tsy manao izany kosa izy, dia ny miaramilany no iharan' ny fahorian' ny ady.
Anisan' ny resahin' ilay tononkalo ny hatezeran' ny mpitarika izay miantefa amin' ny tsy tokony hiantefany.

Misy mpikaroka mihevitra fa teny nindramina tamin' ny fiteny hafa ilay anarana, angamba tamin' ny fiteny iray efa nisy talohan' ny teny grika.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Pauly&quot; /&gt; Ny maha-taranak' i Thetis, iray amin' ireo ''Nereid'', an' i Achille sy ny fitovian' ny anarany amin' ny anaran' ny andriamanitry ny renirano toa an' i Acheron sy Achelous dia nahatonga ny fiheverana fa mety ho andriamanitry ny rano fahiny izy (jereo ny [[#Fanompoam-pivavahana sy fanomezam-boninahitra|Fanompoam-pivavahana sy fanomezam-boninahitra]] etsy ambany).&lt;ref&gt;Cf. the supportive position of Hildebrecht Hommel, ''Der Gott Achilleus'', ''Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften'', issue 1, 1980, pp. 38–44 – A critical point of view is taken by J. T. Hooker, ''The cults of Achilleus'', ''Rheinisches Museum für Philologie'', volume 131, issue 3, 1988, pp. 1–7.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanolotra ny hevitra i Robert S. P. Beekes fa avy amin' ny fiteny talohan' ny teny grika ilay anarana. Anisan' ny iorenan' izany ny fiarahan' ny endrika voasoratra hoe « -λλ- » sy « -λ- » hita amin' ny fitenin' ny tononkalo mitantara mahery fo; mety ho taratry ny singam-peo /l&lt;sup&gt;y&lt;/sup&gt;/, izay tononina miaraka amin' ny fanatonan' ny lela ny lanilany mafy, tao amin' ny fiteny niandohana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beekes&quot;&gt;Robert S. P. Beekes, ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, pp. 183ff.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Anarana hafa ===
Anisan' ny anarana iantsoana an' i Achille amin' ny ankapobeny ireto manaraka ireto:&lt;ref&gt;Ity lisitra ity dia ahitana votoaty avy amin' i John Murray. [https://archive.org/details/aclassicalmanua01unkngoog/page/n17 ''A Classical Manual: Being a Mythological, Historical and Geographical Commentary on Pope's Homer, and Dryden's Aeneid of Virgil, with a Copious Index'']. Albemarle Street, London, 1833, pp. 1–3.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Pyrisous''', izay midika hoe « voavonjy tamin' ny afo », no anarany voalohany. Toa manohana ilay lovantsofina milaza fa nodoran' i Thetis reniny ireo faritry ny vatany mety maty izany.
* '''Aeacides''', avy amin' ny anaran' i Aeacus raibeny.
* '''Aemonius''', avy amin' i Aemonia, faritra iray izay nantsoina hoe Thessaly tatỳ aoriana.
* '''Aspetos''', izay midika hoe « tsy azo tahafina » na « midadasika », no anarany tany Epirus.
* '''Larissaeus''', avy amin' i Larissa, izay antsoina koa hoe Cremaste, tanàna iray ao amin' i Achaia Phthiotis any Thessaly.
* '''Ligyron''', anarany tany am-boalohany.
* '''Nereius''', avy amin' i Thetis reniny, izay iray amin' ireo ''Nereid''.
* '''Pelides''', avy amin' ny anaran' i Peleus rainy.
* '''Phthius''', avy amin' i Phthia, toerana nahaterahany.
* '''Podarkes''', izay midika hoe « mailaka tongotra », satria napetaka tamin' ny tongony ny elatr' i Arke, izay midika hoe « mailaka » ny anarany; ''podes'' kosa no teny grika ilazana ny « tongotra ».&lt;ref&gt;Ptolemy Hephaestion, ''New History'', Book 6 (summary from Photius, ''Myriobiblon'' 190, trans. Pearse):

&quot;It is said ... that he [Akhilleus (Achilles)] was called Podarkes (Podarces, Swift-Footed) by the Poet [i.e. Homer], because, it is said, Thetis gave the newborn child the wings of Arke (Arce) and Podarkes means that his feet had the wings of Arke. And Arke was the daughter of Thaumas and her sister was Iris; both had wings, but, during the struggle of the gods against the Titanes (Titans), Arke flew out of the camp of the gods and joined the Titanes. After the victory Zeus removed her wings before throwing her into Tartaros and, when he came to the wedding of Peleus and Thetis, he brought these wings as a gift for Thetis.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fahaterahana sy fahazazana ==
[[File:Peter Paul Rubens 181.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|alt=Thetis mandentika an' i Achille zazakely ao amin' ny renirano Styx.|''Thetis Dipping the Infant Achilles into the River Styx'' (Thetis mandentika an' i Achille zazakely ao amin' ny renirano Styx), nataon' i [[Pierre Paul Rubens|Peter Paul Rubens]], tokony ho tamin' ny 1625; ao amin' ny ''Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen'' (Mozea Boijmans Van Beuningen), Rotterdam.]]

Zanakalahin' i Thetis, izay iray amin' ireo ''Nereid'' na andriamanibavin' ny ranomasina sady zanakavavin' ilay antsoina hoe Lehilahy antitry ny ranomasina, sy Peleus, mpanjakan' ny Myrmidons, i Achille. Nifaninana hahazo an' i Thetis ho vady i [[Zeosy|Zeus]] sy Poseidon, mandra-pampitandreman' i Prometheus, ilay mahatsinjo mialoha, an' i Zeus momba ny faminaniana iray. Nambaran' i Themis, andriamanibavin' ny lalàn' ny andriamanitra, tany am-boalohany io faminaniana io, izay nilaza fa hiteraka zazalahy ho lehibe noho ny rainy i Thetis. Noho izany dia samy nitsahatra nitady azy ho vady ireo andriamanitra roa ireo, ary nampanambady azy tamin' i Peleus.&lt;ref&gt;[[Aeschylus]], ''Prometheus Bound'' 755–768; Pindar, ''Nemean'' 5.34–37, ''Isthmian'' 8.26–47; Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'' 3.13.5; ''Poeticon astronomicon'' 2.15.&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fitantarana hafa momba ireo zava-nitranga ireo ao amin' ny ''Argonautica'' (4.760). Ao, i Hera, anabavin' i Zeus sady vadiny, dia miresaka ny fandavan' i Thetis ny fiezahan' i Zeus hitaona azy, noho ny fitandrovany ny fahadiovany. Araka ny tenin' i Hera, dia tena nanaja ny fatoram-panambadian' i Hera i Thetis ka nandà tamim-pahatoniana ilay rain' ny andriamanitra. Na dia zanakavavin' i Nereus, andriamanitry ny ranomasina, aza i Thetis, dia i Hera koa no nitaiza azy, ka izany no antony iray hafa nandavany ny fiezahan' i Zeus hitaona azy. Tezitra mafy i Zeus ary nandidy fa tsy hahazo hanambady olona tsy mety maty mihitsy i Thetis.&lt;ref&gt;Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'' 3.13.5.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The Education of Achilles 1862 Delacroix.jpg|thumb|alt=Fanabeazana an' i Achille, sary nataon' i Eugène Delacroix.|''The Education of Achilles'' (Ny fanabeazana an' i Achille), nataon' i [[Eugène Delacroix]], sary natao tamin' ny loko maina atao hoe ''pastel'' teo amin' ny taratasy, tokony ho tamin' ny 1862; ao amin' ny ''Getty Center'' (Foibe Getty), Los Angeles.]]

Araka ny ''Achilleid'', nosoratan' i Statius tamin' ny taonjato voalohany taorian' i Kristy, sy ny loharano taloha kokoa izay tsy voatahiry intsony, dia niezaka nanao an' i Achille ho tsy mety maty i Thetis raha vao teraka izy, tamin' ny fandentehana azy tao amin' ny renirano Styx. Mbola nety naratra anefa ilay faritra nitazonany azy, dia ny voditongony havia&lt;ref&gt;Statius, ''Achilleid'' 1.269; Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' 107.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan S. Burgess. ''The Death and Afterlife of Achilles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009, p. 9. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8018-9029-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_YAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA9 Rohy]; nojerena tamin' ny 5 February 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (jereo koa ny voditongotr' i Achille sy ny tendônan' i Achille, na tady mampitohy ny hozatry ny ranjo amin' ny taolan' ny voditongotra). Tsy mazava raha efa fantatra taloha kokoa io fitantarana io. Amin' ny fitantarana hafa indray, dia nanosotra ''ambrosia'' (menaka fanosotry ny andriamanitra ao amin' ny angano) tamin' ilay zazalahy i Thetis ary nametraka azy teo ambonin' ny afo mba handoroana sy hanesorana ireo faritra mety maty amin' ny vatany. Notapahin' i Peleus ny nataony, ka navelany teo ny ray sy ny zanaka ary lasa izy sady tezitra mafy.&lt;ref&gt;Apollonius of Rhodes, ''Argonautica'' 4.869–879.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The Education of Achilles, by James Barry.jpg|thumb|alt=Fanabeazana an' i Achille, sary nataon' i James Barry.|''The Education of Achilles'' (Ny fanabeazana an' i Achille), tokony ho tamin' ny 1772, nataon' i James Barry; ao amin' ny ''Yale Center for British Art'' (Foibe Yale momba ny zavakanto britanika).]]

Tsy misy loharano talohan' i Statius miresaka izany tsy fahafahany maratra amin' ny ankapobeny izany. Mifanohitra amin' izany aza, ao amin' ny ''Iliada'', dia milaza i Homer fa naratra i Achille. Ao amin' ny boky faha-21, i Asteropaios, mahery fo avy any Paeonia sady zanakalahin' i Pelagon, dia nihaika an' i Achille teo amoron' ny renirano Scamander. Nahay nampiasa ny tanany roa mitovy fahaizana izy, ka samy nanipazany lefona iray ny tanany tsirairay. Ny iray tamin' ireo dia nandalo nikasika ny kihon' i Achille, «ka nampiboiboika ra» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;Homer (Robert Fagles translation), ''The Iliad'', p. 525. Teny nalaina: “But the other (spear) grazed Achilles's strong right arm and dark blood gushed as the spear shot past his back”.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ireo tononkalo vitsy sisa tavela tapatapany avy amin' ny fitambaran-tononkalo atao hoe ''Epic Cycle'' izay mitantara ny nahafatesan' ilay mahery fo, dia tsy misy miresaka ny tsy fahafahany maratra amin' ny ankapobeny na ilay fahalemeny eo amin' ny voditongotra izay nanjary fantatra. Anisan' ireo tononkalo ireo ny ''Cypria'', ny ''Little Iliad'' nosoratan' i Lesches avy any Pyrrha, ary ny ''Aethiopis'' sy ny ''Iliupersis'' nosoratan' i Arctinus of Miletus. Amin' ireo sary hosodoko teo amin' ny vazy tatỳ aoriana izay mampiseho ny nahafatesan' i Achille, dia ny vatan-tenany no voan' ny zana-tsipìka iray, na zana-tsipìka maromaro amin' ny sary maro.

Natolotr' i Peleus ho taizain' i Chiron i Achille. Nonina teo amin' ny tendrombohitra Pelion i Chiron, ary nalaza ho marina indrindra tamin' ireo ''centaur'', zavaboary ao amin' ny angano izay manana vatana mitambatra olombelona sy soavaly.&lt;ref&gt;[[Hesiôdôsy|Hesiod]], ''Catalogue of Women'', fr. 204.87–89 MW; ''Iliad'' 11.830–832.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny fitantarana sasany, dia Ligyron no anaran' i Achille tany am-boalohany, ary i Chiron mpitaiza azy no nanome azy ny anarana hoe Achille tatỳ aoriana.&lt;ref&gt;Apollodorus, ''Library'', Book III [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.13&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022 3.13.6]&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny voalazan' i Homer, dia tao Phthia i Achille no nihalehibe niaraka tamin' i Patroclus, namany hatramin' ny fahazazany.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Pauly&quot; /&gt; Milaza koa i Homer fa nampianatra an' i Patroclus izay nianarany tamin' i Chiron i Achille, anisan' izany ny fahaizana mitsabo.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''The Iliad'' [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Iliad_(Murray)/Book_XI Book XI 822-836]&lt;/ref&gt; Naminany i Thetis fa iray amin' ireto no ho anjaran' ny zanany: na hahazo voninahitra izy nefa ho faty tanora, na ho ela velona saingy tsy hisy zava-nitranga miavaka eo amin' ny fiainany ary tsy ho fantatry ny olona izy. Nifidy ilay voalohany i Achille, ka nanapa-kevitra handray anjara tamin' ny Adin' i Troasy.&lt;ref&gt;''Iliad'' 9.410ff.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Achilleus Lyra.jpg|thumb|alt=Chiron mampianatra an' i Achille mitendry lyre.|Chiron mampianatra an' i Achille mitendry ''lyre'', zavamaneno misy tadiny; sary hosodoko rômanina teo amin' ny lalotra mbola mando, na ''fresco'', avy any Herculaneum, tamin' ny taonjato voalohany taorian' i Kristy.]]

Araka ny voalazan' i Photius, dia nitantara ny boky fahenina amin' ny ''New History'' nosoratan' i Ptolemy Hephaestion fa nodoran' i Thetis tany amin' ny toerana miafina ireo zanany tamin' i Peleus. Rehefa teraka i Achille, dia hitan' i Peleus ny nataony ka nosintoniny avy tao amin' ny lelafo ilay zaza, izay tongotra iray monja no may, ary natolony ho taizain' i Chiron ilay ''centaur''. Tatỳ aoriana dia nofongarin' i Chiron ny fatin' i Damysus, ilay haingam-pandeha indrindra tamin' ireo goavambe rehetra. Nalainy ny kitrokelin' i Damysus ary nampidiriny tao amin' ilay tongotr' i Achille may. Milaza koa i Photius fa nanana mpanoro hevitra avy any [[Carthage]] atao hoe Noemon i Achille.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_copyright/photius_05bibliotheca.htm Photius, ''Bibliotheca'', cod. 190]: &quot;Thetis burned in a secret place the children she had by Peleus; six were born; when she had Achilles, Peleus noticed and tore him from the flames with only a burnt foot and confided him to Chiron. The latter exhumed the body of the giant Damysos who was buried at Pallene—Damysos was the fastest of all the giants—removed the 'astragale' and incorporated it into Achilles's foot using 'ingredients'. This 'astragale' fell when Achilles was pursued by Apollo and it was thus that Achilles, fallen, was killed. It is said, on the other hand, that he was called Podarkes by the Poet, because, it is said, Thetis gave the newborn child the wings of Arce and Podarkes means that his feet had the wings of Arce.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Famaritana ny bika aman' endrika ===
Ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' nosoratan' i [[Hômerôsy|Homer]], dia aseho ho lehilahy lava sady miavaka bika i Achille, ary tsy misy mitovy aminy eo amin' ireo mpiady grika raha ny tanjaka sy ny hatsaran-tarehy no jerena.&lt;ref&gt;Barry Strauss. ''The Trojan War: A New History''. Simon and Schuster, 2007, p. 87. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7432-6442-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Amin' ny teny anglisy.&lt;/ref&gt;
Lazain' i Homer fa lava ny volony, na toy ny volon-tenda.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+23.141&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133 23.141] (in Greek)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=xai/th χαίτη]. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', Perseus Project.&lt;/ref&gt;
Toy ny an' ireo olona sasany hafa ao amin' ny tantara, dia faritana amin' ny teny hoe ''xanthḗ'' ny volony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Myres&quot;&gt;Myres, John Linton (1967). ''Who were the Greeks?'', pp. 192–199. University of California Press.&lt;/ref&gt;
Midika hoe mavo io teny io, ary nampiasaina hilazana volo mazava loko, anisan' izany ny volo mavo, volontany, volontany mazava ary volontany manopy mena.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=canqo/s ξανθός]. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', Perseus Project.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sidney Chawner Woodhouse. ''English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language''. London: Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul Limited, 1910, pp. 52,84,101.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nanoratra i Philostratus fa mavo manopy volontany, toy ny lokon' ny ditin-kazo atao hoe ''amber'', sady nitovy tamin' ny mason-diona ny masony.&lt;ref&gt;P. G Maxwell-Stuart. ''Studies in Greek colour terminology: Volume 2''. Brill, 1981, p. 19. [https://dokumen.pub/studies-in-greek-colour-terminology-2-2-9004064079-9789004064072.html Rohy].&lt;/ref&gt;

Nisy fitantarana latina tatỳ aoriana, angamba tamin' ny taonjato fahadimy taorian' i Kristy, izay [[Pseodepigrafa (literatiora)|nolazaina diso fa nosoratan' i]] Dares Phrygius, namaritra an' i Achille toy izao (dikan-teny malagasy): «… lehibe ny tratrany, tsara endrika ny vavany, ary natanjaka ny firafitry ny sandriny sy ny tongony. Rakotra volo lava miolanolana sady volontany manopy mena ny lohany (''capillo myrteo'', lokon' ny hodi-kazo ''myrtus'' na [[Miora|miora]]&lt;ref&gt;Fernando Navarro Antolín. ''Lygdamus: Corpus Tibullianum III. 1-6: Lygdami Elegiarum Liber : Edition and Commentary''. Belgium: E.J. Brill, 1996, p. 309.&lt;/ref&gt;). Na dia nalemy fanahy aza izy, dia tena masiaka tamin' ny ady. Ny endriny dia naneho ny hafalian' ny lehilahy nomena soa maro».&lt;ref&gt;Dares Phrygius, ''History of the Fall of Troy'' [https://www.theoi.com/Text/DaresPhrygius.html 13]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nafenina tao Skyros ===
Lohahevitra fototra: Achille tao Skyros.

[[File:Gaziantep Zeugma Museum Achilles mosaic in 2011 2098.jpg|thumb|alt=Môzaika mampiseho an' i Achille manao fitafiam-behivavy sy an' i Odysseus mamantatra azy amin' ny alalan' ny hafetsena.|Môzaika romana avy tao amin' ny vila Poseidon tao Zeugma, Commagene, izay ao amin' ny ''Zeugma Mosaic Museum'' (Tranombakoka momba ny môzaika ao Zeugma) ankehitriny. Mampiseho an' i Achille manao fitafiam-behivavy hanafenana ny maha izy azy sy an' i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]] mampiasa hafetsena mba hampiharihariana izany izy io.]]

Misy loharano taorian' i Homer&lt;ref&gt;[[Euripides]], ''Skyrioi'', surviving only in fragmentary form; Philostratus Junior, ''Imagines'' i; Scholiast on Homer's ''Iliad'', 9.326; [[Ôvidio|Ovid]], ''Metamorphoses'' 13.162–180; Ovid, ''Tristia'' 2.409–412 (mentioning a Roman tragedy on this subject); Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'' 3.13.8; Statius, ''Achilleid'' 1.689–880, 2.167ff.&lt;/ref&gt; milaza fa, mba hiarovana an' i Achille amin' ny ady, dia nafenin' i Thetis (na i Peleus, araka ny fitantarana sasany) tao amin' ny lapan' i Lycomedes, mpanjakan' i Skyros, ilay tovolahy. Nampanaovina fitafian' ny zanakavavin' ny mpanjaka izy, na farafaharatsiny fitafian-tovovavy.

Tao i Achille no nonina niaraka tamin' ireo zanakavavin' i Lycomedes, sady nanao fitafiana nanafenana ny maha izy azy. Angamba izy nantsoina hoe Pyrrha (ilay tovovavy mena volo), Cercysera na Aissa (izay midika hoe haingana&lt;ref&gt;[[Robert Graves|Graves, Robert]] (2017). ''The Greek Myths – The Complete and Definitive Edition''. Penguin Books Limited. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-241-98338-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Index s.v. Aissa.&lt;/ref&gt;).&lt;ref&gt;[[Robert Graves|Graves, Robert]] (2017). ''The Greek Myths – The Complete and Definitive Edition''. Penguin Books Limited. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-241-98338-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p. 642.&lt;/ref&gt; Tao no nananan' i Achille zazalahy roa tamin' i Deidamia, zanakavavin' i Lycomedes, izay efa nanomboka nifandray taminy: i Neoptolemus sy i Oneiros. Nantsoina koa hoe Pyrrhus i Neoptolemus, avy amin' ilay anarana mety ho nisaronan' ny rainy. Araka io fitantarana io, dia ren' i Odysseus tamin' i Calchas mpaminany fa tsy ho azon' ny Grika i Troasy raha tsy ampian' i Achille izy ireo. Nankany Skyros i Odysseus, nisandoka ho mpivarotra mandehandeha nivarotra fitafiana sy firavaky ny vehivavy, ary nametraka ampinga sy lefona teo amin' ny entany. Rehefa noraisin' i Achille avy hatrany ilay lefona, dia fantatr' i Odysseus hoe iza izy na dia nanao fitafiam-behivavy aza, ka noreseny lahatra mba handray anjara tamin' ny fanafihana nataon' ny Grika. Ao amin' ny fitantarana iray hafa, dia nasain' i Odysseus notsofina ny trompetra fanairana fony izy niaraka tamin' ireo vehivavy tao amin' ny lapan' i Lycomedes. Raha nandositra noho ny tahotra ireo vehivavy, dia niomana hiaro ny lapa kosa i Achille, ka nahafantarana ny maha izy azy izany.

== Tao amin' ny ady tao Troasy ==
[[File:Achilles by Lycomedes Louvre Ma2120.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Sary sokitra marbra mampiseho an' i Achille ao an-dapan' i Lycomedes.|Sary sokitra marbra mampiseho an' i Achille ao an-dapan' i Lycomedes mpanjaka, manodidina ny taona 240 taorian' i Kristy.]]

Araka ny filazan' i [[Hômerôsy|Homer]], ny ''Hellenes'' dia foko somary kely tany am-boalohany, nonina tao Phthia any Thessaly, ary nifantoka nanodidina an' i Alos, Alope, Trachis ary Argos an' ny Pelasgiana.&lt;ref&gt;Homer. ''Iliad'', [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.653-2.694 2.681–685].&lt;/ref&gt; Antsoina hoe « καλλιγύναικος », ''kalligýnaikos'', izany hoe « manana vehivavy tsara tarehy », io ''Hellas'' resahin' i Homer io. Teo ambany fifehezan' i Achille ny miaramilany, dia ny Hellenes, niaraka tamin' ny Myrmidons izay natahorana.

Araka ny ''Iliada'', dia tonga tao [[Troasy]] niaraka tamin' ny sambo 50 i Achille, ka Myrmidons 50 no tao amin' ny sambo tsirairay. Nanendry mpitarika dimy izy, ary Myrmidons 500 no nofehezin' ny tsirairay: Menesthius, Eudorus, Peisander, Phoenix ary Alcimedon.&lt;ref&gt;''Iliad'' 16.168–197.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Telephus ===
Araka ny angano, rehefa niainga ho any amin' ny ady tao Troasy ny Grika, dia nijanona tsy nahy tany Mysia, izay nofehezin' i Telephus mpanjaka. Tao amin' ny ady naterak' izany no nandratran' i Achille an' i Telephus, ary tsy nety sitrana ilay ratra. Araka ny fanamarihana manazava ny lahatsoratry ny ''Iliada'', dia tezitra tamin' i Telephus i [[Diônisôsy|Dionysus]] satria tsy nanompo azy araka ny tokony ho izy izy. Nampianjerainy tamin' ny tahom-boaloboka àry i Telephus mba hanampiana an' i Achille handratra azy.&lt;ref&gt;Platter, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PXnLrRQnufgC&amp;pg=PA148 p. 148]; Gantz, p. 579; Frazer's note to Pseudo-Apollodorus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+Epit.+E.3.17 ''Bibliotheca, Epitome 3.17''].&lt;/ref&gt; Nanatona mpaminany mampita ny valin' ny andriamanitra i Telephus, ary izao no valiny, amin' ny dikan-teny malagasy: « Izay nandratra no hanasitrana ». Nanaraka izany valiny izany izy ka tonga tany Argos. Tao no nanasitranan' i Achille azy mba hahafahany mitarika azy ireo amin' ny dia an-tsambo ho any Troasy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Epitome 3.20&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;69&quot;&gt;Pseudo-Apollodorus. [http://www.theoi.com/Text/ApollodorusE.html#69 ''Bibliotheca, Epitome 3.20'']. theoi.com.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Milaza i Philostratus fa, na dia i Achille aza no nandratra an' i Telephus, dia i Protesilaus no niady taminy voalohany sy naka ny ampingany. Koa rehefa nifanditra momba ny babo azo tamin' ny ady i Achille sy Protesilaus, dia nomena an' i Protesilaus ilay ampinga.&lt;ref&gt;Philostratus, ''On Heroes'' [https://chs.harvard.edu/primary-source/flavius-philostratus-on-heroes/#onheroestext 23.24–25]&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fitantarana hafa ao amin' ny tantara an-tsehatra nosoratan' i [[Euripides]] momba an' i Telephus, izay tsy voatahiry intsony, dia nankany Aulis i Telephus ka mody nanao mpangataka ary nangataka tamin' i Achille mba hanasitrana ny ratrany. Nandà i Achille ary nilaza fa tsy nahay fitsaboana. Amin' ny dikan-tantara iray hafa kosa, dia notazonin' i Telephus ho takalonaina i Orestes, ka ny fanampian' i Achille hanasitrana ilay ratra no notakiny ho takalon' ny famotsorana azy. Nanjohy hevitra i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]] fa ny lefona no nahatonga ilay ratra, ka tsy maintsy afaka nanasitrana azy koa ilay lefona. Nokikisana teo ambonin' ilay ratra ny lefona mba hilatsahan' ny potiny teo, ary sitrana i Telephus araka io angano io.&lt;ref name=&quot;Epitome 3.20&quot; /&gt;

=== Cycnus ===
Anisan' ny fahavalo voalohany natrehin' i Achille tamin' ny ady tao Troasy i Cycnus, zanak' i Poseidon izay tsy mety maratra. Efa namono an' i Protesilaus izy,&lt;ref&gt;Quintus Smyrnaeus, ''Posthomerica'' 4.529&lt;/ref&gt; sy olona arivo hafa tao Sigeion.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ôvidio|Ovid]], ''Metamorphoses'' 12.70&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny ''Metamorphoses'' nosoratan' i [[Ôvidio|Ovid]] indrindra no voatahiry ny fitantarana ny adin' izy roa. Tsy voatrobaky ny lefona na ny sabatra ny hoditr' i Cycnus ao amin' io fitantarana io. Araka ny filazan' i Pseudo-Apollodorus, dia maty izy rehefa nitorahan' i Achille vato ny lohany.&lt;ref&gt;Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'', [https://www.theoi.com/Text/ApollodorusE.html Epitome 3.31]&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny fitantaran' i Ovid kosa, dia nokendain' i Achille tamin' ny fehin' ny fiarovan-dohany i Cycnus.&lt;ref&gt;Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.139–145&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Troilus ===
[[File:Achilles slaying Troilus.PNG|thumb|left|I Achille namono an' i Troilus, eo amin' ny kaopy ''kylix'' voaravaka sary mena sy misy ny sonian' i Euphronios.]]

Araka ny ''Cypria'', izay ampahany amin' ireo tononkalo mitantara ny ady tany Troasy (''Epic Cycle'') ka milaza ny zava-nitranga talohan' ny fahatezeran' i Achille, dia nosakanan' i Achille ny Grika rehefa naniry hody. Avy eo dia nanafika ny ombin' i [[Énée|Aeneas]] izy, nandroba ireo tanàna manodidina, toa an' i Pedasus sy Lyrnessus, izay nisamboran' ny Grika an' i Briseis mpanjakavavy, ary namono an' i Tenes, zanakalahin' i [[Apôlôna (andriamanitra)|Apollo]], sy Troilus, zanakalahin' i Priam, tao amin' ny toerana masina nanompoana an' i Apollo Thymbraios. Ny tantaram-pitiavana momba an' i Troilus hita ao amin' ny ''Troilus and Criseyde'' nosoratan' i [[Geoffrey Chaucer]] sy ny ''Troilus and Cressida'' nosoratan' i [[William Shakespeare]] kosa dia noforonina tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany.&lt;ref name=&quot;stoa.org&quot;&gt;[http://www.stoa.org/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Stoa:text:2003.01.0004 ''Proclus' Summary of the Cypria'']. Stoa.org. access-date: 9 March 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091009120320/http://www.stoa.org/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Stoa:text:2003.01.0004 archive-url], archive-date: 9 October 2009; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;New Pauly&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Timiades_Painter_-_ABV_95_5_-_Achilleus_and_Hektor_fighting_over_the_body_of_Troilos_-_animal_friezes_-_München_AS_1426_-_07.jpg|thumb|I Achille niady tamin' i Hector teo amin' ny alitara, ary teo amin' ny lefony ny lohan' i Troilus. Sinibe ''amphora'' avy any Attica, voaravaka sary mainty, tamin' ny 570–560 talohan' i Kristy.]]

Ao amin' ny ''Account of the Destruction of Troy'' nosoratan' i Dares Phrygius,&lt;ref&gt;[http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/DaresTW.html ''Dares' account of the destruction of Troy, Greek Mythology Link'']. Homepage.mac.com. access-date: 9 March 2010&lt;!--Added by DASHBot--&gt;. [https://web.archive.org/web/20011130034104/http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/DaresTW.html archive-url], archive-date: 30 November 2001; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt; izay famintinana amin' ny teny latina nampita ny tantaran' i Achille tany Eorôpa tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany, ary koa ao amin' ireo fitantarana tranainy kokoa, dia printsy tanora avy any Troasy i Troilus.
Izy no faralahy tamin' ireo zanakalahy dimy ara-dalàna naterak' i Priam mpanjaka sy Hecuba; araka ny loharano hafa kosa dia zanakalahin' i Apollo koa izy.&lt;ref&gt;Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'' 3.151.&lt;/ref&gt;
Na dia mbola tanora aza izy, dia anisan' ireo mpitarika lehibe ny tafik' i Troasy, ary nolazain' i Homer ho «mpiady mitaingin-tsoavaly» na «mpiady mitaingina kalesy» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;''Iliad'' 24.257. Cf. Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 1.474–478.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nampifandray ny hoavin' i Troilus tamin' ny an' i Troasy ny faminaniana, ka nasiana otrika izy mba hisamborana azy.
Na izany aza, nanaitra an' i Achille ny hatsaran' i Troilus sy Polyxena anabaviny. Resin' ny filan' nofo izy ka nitady hanao firaisana ara-nofo tamin' ilay tovolahy. Tsy nanaiky anefa i Troilus, ka notapahin-doha teo amin' ny alitara misy vato masina antsoina hoe ''omphalos'', natokana ho an' i Apollo Thymbraios.&lt;ref&gt;Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca Epitome'' 3.32.&lt;/ref&gt;
Araka ny dikan-tantara tatỳ aoriana kosa dia tsy fanahy iniana no nahafaty an' i Troilus i Achille, rehefa namihina azy tamin' ny firehetam-pitiavana tafahoatra.&lt;ref&gt;Scholia to Lycophron 307; Servius, Scholia to the ''Aeneid'', Perseus Project [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Serv.+A.+1.474 A.1.474].&lt;/ref&gt;
Araka io dikan' ny angano io àry, dia sazy noho izany fanimbazimbana ny zava-masina izany ny fahafatesan' i Achille.&lt;ref&gt;Davidson, James (19 July 2007). [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n14/davi02_.html ''Zeus Be Nice Now'']. ''London Review of Books''. url-status: dead; [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011152019/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n14/davi02_.html archive-url], archive-date: 11 October 2007; access-date: 1 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nasehon' ireo mpanoratra fahiny ho ohatra maneho indrindra ny zaza maty isaonan' ny ray aman-dreniny i Troilus.
Raha nahatratra ny fahalehibeazana i Troilus, araka ilay mpanoratra fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe ''First Vatican Mythographer'' (mpanangona angano voalohany ao amin' ny Vatikana), dia tsy ho azo resena i Troasy; efa tranainy kokoa anefa io hevitra ao amin' ny tantara io, ary efa hita ao amin' ny ''Bacchides'' nosoratan' i Plautus.&lt;ref&gt;Plautus, ''Bacchides'' 953ff.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ao amin' ny Iliada ===
[[File:Achilles Agamemnon Pompei mosaic NAMNaples 10006.jpg|thumb|alt=Achille sy Agamemnon eo amin' ny môzaika.|Achille sy [[Agamemnon]], eo amin' ny môzaika avy any Pompeii, taonjato voalohany taor. J.K.]]

Ny ''Iliada'' nosoratan' i Homer no fitantarana malaza indrindra momba ny zava-bitan' i Achille nandritra ny adin' i Troasy. Ny fahatezeran' i Achille («μῆνις Ἀχιλλέως», ''mênis Achilléōs'') no lohahevitra fototry ny tononkalo. Toy izao ny andalana roa voalohany ao amin' ny ''Iliada'':
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Lahatsoratra grika tany am-boalohany
! Dikan-teny malagasy
|-
|Μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληιάδεω Ἀχιλῆος&lt;br /&gt;
οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί' Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκε, [...]
|Hirao, ry Andriamanibavy, ny fahatezeran' i Achille zanak' i Peleus,&lt;br /&gt;
ilay fahatezerana voaozona izay nitondra fijaliana lehibe ho an' ny Grika, [...]
|}

[[File:Wall painting - Briseis taken away from Achilles - Pompeii (VI 8 5) - Napoli MAN 9105 - 01.jpg|thumb|alt=Achille manolotra an' i Briseis ho an' i Agamemnon eo amin' ny hosodoko amin' ny rindrina.|Achille manolotra an' i Briseis ho an' i [[Agamemnon]]. Hosodoko amin' ny lalotra mbola mando avy ao amin' ny Tranon' ny Poeta Trajika any Pompeii, taonjato voalohany taor. J.K. (Mozeam-pirenena momba ny arkeôlôjia ao Naples).]]

Herinandro vitsivitsy monja tamin' ilay ady naharitra folo taona no tantarain' ity tononkalo lava mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo ity, ary tsy voatantara ao ny nahafatesan' i Achille. Manomboka amin' ny fisintahan' i Achille tsy hiady intsony izy io, rehefa avy nanala baraka azy i [[Agamemnon]], mpitari-tafiky ny Grika, izay antsoin' i Homer hoe ''Achaeans'' ao amin' ny tononkalo. Naka vehivavy iray atao hoe Chryseis ho andevony i Agamemnon. Niangavy azy hamerina an' io vehivavy io aminy i Chryses rainy, mpisoron' i [[Apôlôna (andriamanitra)|Apollo]]. Nandà i Agamemnon, ka nandefa valanaretina (na aretina miparitaka amin' ny olona maro) teo amin' ny Grika i Apollo. Nahafantatra marina ny anton' ireo loza i Calchas mpaminany, saingy tsy nety nilaza izany raha tsy nianiana hiaro azy i Achille. Nanao izany i Achille, ka nanambara i Calchas fa tsy maintsy averina amin' ny rainy i Chryseis. Nanaiky i Agamemnon, nefa nandidy kosa izy ny hitondrana any aminy an' i Briseis, zanakavavin' i Briseus sady andevon' i Achille, mba hisolo an' i Chryseis. Tezitra noho ny fanalam-baraka azy tamin' ny fakana ny babo azony sy ny voninahiny i Achille, ary, araka ny filazany tatỳ aoriana, noho izy tia an' i Briseis koa.&lt;ref&gt;''Iliad'' 9.334–343.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampirisihin' i Thetis reniny izy, ka tsy nanaiky hiady na hitarika ny miaramilany hiaraka amin' ny tafika grika hafa. Nandritra izany fotoana izany, dia mbola tezitra mafy noho ilay halatra nataon' i Agamemnon izy, ka nivavaka tamin' i Thetis mba handresy lahatra an' i Zeus hanampy ny mponin' i Troasy handroso amin' ny ady, hahafahany mahazo indray ny voninahiny.

Rehefa niharatsy ny toeran' ny Grika teo amin' ny ady noho ny fidiran' i Zeus an-tsehatra, dia nilaza i Nestor fa nandresy ny mponin' i Troasy satria nampahatezitra an' i Achille i Agamemnon. Nampirisika ny mpanjaka hampitony ilay mpiady izy. Nanaiky i Agamemnon, ka naniraka an' i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]] sy mpitarika roa hafa, dia i Ajax sy i Phoenix. Nampanantena izy ireo fa, raha miverina miady i Achille, dia hamerina an' i Briseis babo sy hanome fanomezana hafa i Agamemnon. Nolavin' i Achille avokoa ny natolotr' i Agamemnon azy, ary ny niverenan' ny Grika an-tsambo ho any an-taniny fotsiny no nampirisihiny, araka izay nokasainy hatao koa.

[[File:The Rage of Achilles by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo.jpeg|thumb|left|alt=Hosodoko maneho ny fahatezeran' i Achille.|''The Rage of Achilles'' (Ny fahatezeran' i Achille), hosodoko amin' ny lalotra mbola mando nataon' i Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (1757, Villa Valmarana ai Nani, Vicenza).]]

Avy eo dia nanosika ny tafika grika hihemotra ho eny amoron-dranomasina ny tafik' i Troasy notarihin' i Hector, ary nanafika ny sambo grika. Raha efa saika ho ringana tanteraka ny tafika grika, dia nitafy ny fiadian' i Achille i Patroclus ka nitarika ny Myrmidons ho any an' ady, fa i Achille kosa nijanona tao an-tobiny ihany. Nahavita nanosika ny tafik' i Troasy hiala teny amoron-dranomasina i Patroclus, saingy novonoin' i Hector izy talohan' ny nahafahany nitarika fanafihana tanteraka ny tanànan' i Troasy.

Rehefa nampandre azy ny nahafatesan' i Patroclus i Antilochus, zanak' i Nestor, dia nalahelo mafy ny nahafatesan' ilay sakaiza malalany i Achille. Tonga hampionona an' i Achille izay difotry ny alahelo i Thetis reniny. Nandresy lahatra an' i Hephaestus izy mba hanao fiadiana vaovao ho azy, hisolo ilay nanaovan' i Patroclus ka nalain' i Hector. Anisan' izany fiadiana vaovao izany ny ampingan' i Achille, izay voalazalaza amin' ny an-tsipiriany ao amin' ny tononkalo.

Tezitra mafy noho ny nahafatesan' i Patroclus i Achille, ka tsy nandà ny hiady intsony ary niverina teny an-tany fiadiana. Namono lehilahy maro tao anatin' ny fahatezerany izy, nefa tsy nitsahatra nitady an' i Hector. Niady tamin' i Scamander, andriamanitry ny renirano, mihitsy aza izy. Tezitra io andriamanitra io satria voasakan' ny fatin' ireo olona rehetra novonoin' i Achille ny fikorianan' ny ranony. Niezaka nandentika an' i Achille tao anaty rano izy, saingy nosakanan' i Hera sy i Hephaestus. Tsikaritr' i Zeus mihitsy ny fahatezeran' i Achille, ka nirahiny ny andriamanitra mba hisakana azy tsy handroba an' i Troasy alohan' ny fotoana voatendry handravana azy. Toa maneho izany fa afaka manohitra ny lahatra mihitsy ny fahatezeran' i Achille raha tsy misy misakana. Nahita an' i Hector izay nokendreny hovonoina ihany i Achille tamin' ny farany.

[[File:The Triumph of Achilles by Franz von Matsch.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|alt=Hosodoko maneho ny fandresen' i Achille.|''The Triumph of Achilles'' (Ny fandresen' i Achille), hosodoko amin' ny lalotra mbola mando nataon' i Franz von Matsch ao amin' ny Achilleion, any Grisia.]]

Nanenjika an' i Hector nanodidina ny mandan' i Troasy intelo i Achille, vao naka ny endrik' i Deiphobus, rahalahin' i Hector tiany indrindra sady akaiky indrindra azy, i [[Atena (andriamanibavy)|Athena]]. Nandresy lahatra an' i Hector izy mba tsy handositra intsony fa hifanandrina mivantana amin' i Achille. Rehefa fantatr' i Hector ilay fitaka, dia tsapany fa tsy azo ihodivirana ny ady. Naniry ny ho faty eo am-piadiana izy, ka niantoraka tamin' i Achille niaraka tamin' ny sabany, izay hany fiadiany, saingy tsy nahavoa. Nanaiky ny lahatra i Hector, ka tsy ny hitsimbinana ny ainy no niangaviany tamin' i Achille, fa ny hanajana ny fatiny rehefa avy mamono azy. Namaly azy i Achille fa tsy tokony hanantena izany aminy izy, ka nilaza hoe, araka izao dikan-teny malagasy izao: «Ny hatezerako sy ny havinirako dia mety hanosika ahy izao handrasarasa ny nofonao sy hihinana anao manta, fa mafy toy izany ny fijaliana naterakao tamiko».&lt;ref&gt;''The Iliad'', Fagles translation. Penguin Books, 1991: 22.346.&lt;/ref&gt; Novonoin' i Achille avy eo i Hector, ary notaritaritiny tamin' ny voditongony tao aorian' ny kalesiny ny fatiny. Rehefa avy nanonofy an' i Patroclus niangavy azy hanao ny fandevenana azy i Achille, dia nikarakara fifaninanana maromaro ho fanomezam-boninahitra ny sakaizany nandritra ny fombafomba fandevenana izy.&lt;ref&gt;Richmond Lattimore. ''[https://archive.org/details/iliad00home_5 The Illiad of Homer]''. Chicago: The University of Chicago, 2011. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-226-46937-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fidirana mila fisoratana anarana.&lt;/ref&gt;

Eo am-panombohan' ny ady ifanaovany amin' i Hector, dia ampitahaina amin' ny kintana mamirapiratra indrindra eny an-danitra i Achille: ny alikan' i Orion (Sirius), izay miseho amin' ny fararano sady famantarana loza. Mandritra ny fandoroana ny fatin' i Patroclus kosa, dia ampitahaina amin' i Hesperus izy, ilay kintana amin' ny hariva hita any andrefana ([[Venosy (planeta)|Venosy]]). Voatonona amin' ny filazalazana ny fandoroana ny faty koa i Phosphorus, ilay kintana amin' ny maraina hita any atsinanana, izay Venosy ihany koa.

Noho ny fanampian' i [[Hermesy (andriamanitra)|Hermes]] andriamanitra, antsoina koa hoe Argeiphontes, dia nankany amin' ny tranolain' i Achille i Priam, rain' i Hector, mba hiangavy azy hamerina ny fatin' i Hector ka hahafahana mandevina azy. Nanaiky ihany i Achille, ary nampanantena fampitsaharana ny ady mandritra ny fombafomba fandevenana, izay maharitra sivy andro, ary amin' ny andro fahafolo ny fandevenana, araka ny lovantsofina momba ny zanak' i Niobe. Mifarana amin' ny filazalazana ny fandevenana an' i Hector ny tononkalo, fa mbola ho avy kosa ny fandravana an' i Troasy sy ny fahafatesan' i Achille.

=== Penthesilea sy Memnon ===
[[File:Akhilleus Memnon Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1410.jpg|thumb|alt=I Achille sy Memnon miady eo anelanelan' i Thetis sy Eos, eo amin' ny siny voaravaka sary mainty.|I Achille sy Memnon miady eo anelanelan' i Thetis sy Eos; siny tahony roa (''amphora'') avy any Attica, voaravaka sary mainty, manodidina ny taona 510 talohan' i Kristy, hita tany Vulci.]]

Mitantara zava-nitranga hafa tamin' ny ady tao Troasy ny sanganasa tatỳ aoriana, anisan' izany ny ''Aethiopis'' tamin' ny taonjato fahafito talohan' i Kristy sy ny sanganasa mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Posthomerica'', nosoratan' i Quintus of Smyrna tamin' ny taonjato fahefatra taorian' i Kristy. Rehefa tonga tao Troasy i Penthesilea, mpanjakavavin' ny Amazons sady zanakavavin' i Ares, dia nanantena i Priam fa handresy an' i Achille izy. Taorian' ny fampitsaharana ady vonjimaika nifanaovany tamin' i Priam, dia niady tamin' ilay mpanjakavavy mpiady i Achille ka nahafaty azy, nefa nalahelo ny nahafatesany tatỳ aoriana.&lt;ref&gt;Propertius, 3.11.15; Quintus Smyrnaeus 1.&lt;/ref&gt; Naneso an' i Achille noho izany alahelony izany i Thersites, ka novonoin' i Achille ho faty. Nahatezitra an' i Diomedes, zanak' olo-mpiray tam-po amin' ny ray na renin' i Thersites, izany.&lt;ref&gt;Quintus Smyrnaeus, ''Posthomerica'' 1.765–770; Tzetzes ad Lycophron 999&lt;/ref&gt; Noho izany dia voatery nandeha sambo nankany Lesbos i Achille ary nanolotra sorona ho an' i [[Apôlôna (andriamanitra)|Apollo]], Artemis ary Leto, vao afaka nanadio azy ara-pivavahana noho ilay famonoana olona i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Prôklôsy|Proclus]], ''Chresthomathy'' 2.1&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian' ny nahafatesan' i Patroclus dia i Antilochus, zanak' i Nestor, no lasa namana akaiky indrindra an' i Achille. Efa tia an' i Antilochus i Achille, ka nihevitra i Menelaus fa i Antilochus no olona mety indrindra hampandre an' i Achille ny fahafatesan' i Patroclus.&lt;ref&gt;Philostratus, ''Imagines'', [https://topostext.org/work/225#2.7.1 2.7.1] ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0601%3Abook%3Dpos%3D2%3Achapter%3D7 Original Greek text])&lt;/ref&gt; Tatỳ aoriana dia i Memnon, mpanjakan' i Ethiopia ao amin' ny angano sady zanak' i Eos, andriamanibavin' ny mangiran-dratsy, no namono an' i Antilochus raha nanao sorona ny ainy hamonjena ny rainy ity farany. Araka ny ''Imagines'' nosoratan' i Philostratus, dia nitomany ny nahafatesan' i Antilochus teo an-tany fiadiana i Achille, sady nampanantena azy fandevenana manetriketrika sy valifaty. Namaly faty teo an-tany fiadiana indray i Achille ka namono an' i Memnon.&lt;ref&gt;Philostratus, ''Imagines'', [https://topostext.org/work/225#2.7.2 2.7.2] ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0601%3Abook%3Dpos%3D2%3Achapter%3D7 Original Greek text])&lt;/ref&gt; Vokatr' izany dia tsy navelan' i Eos hiposaka ny masoandro raha tsy efa nandresy lahatra azy i Zeus. Mitovy endrika amin' ny adin' i Achille sy Hector noho i Patroclus ny adin' i Achille sy Memnon noho i Antilochus, saingy zanak' andriamanibavy koa i Memnon, fa tsy toy izany kosa i Hector.

Manam-pahaizana maro momba ny sanganasan' i Homer no nilaza fa io tantara io no nanome aingam-panahy ho an' ny antsipiriany maro ao amin' ny fitantaran' ny ''Iliada'' ny fahafatesan' i Patroclus sy ny fihetsik' i Achille nanoloana izany. Io tantara io avy eo no fototry ny ''Aethiopis'', tononkalo lava mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo ao amin' ny fitambaran-tononkalo antsoina hoe ''Epic Cycle''. Nosoratana taorian' ny ''Iliada'' izy io, angamba tamin' ny taonjato fahafito talohan' i Kristy. Tsy voatahiry intsony ny ''Aethiopis'', afa-tsy sombiny miparitaka notononin' ny mpanoratra tatỳ aoriana.

=== Achille sy Patroclus ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Achille sy Patroclus.

[[File:Akhilleus Patroklos Antikensammlung Berlin F2278.jpg|thumb|alt=Achille mikarakara an' i Patroclus naratran' ny zana-tsipìka.|Achille mikarakara an' i Patroclus naratran' ny zana-tsipìka, eo amin' ny ''kylix'' (karazana kaopy fisotroana grika fahiny) avy any Attika misy sary mena eo amin' ny lafika maizina, manodidina ny taona 500 talohan' i Kristy (''Altes Museum'' na Mozea Taloha, Berlin).]]

Niadian-kevitra na tamin' ny vanim-potoana klasika na amin' ny andro maoderina ny tena toetry ny fifandraisan' i Achille sy Patroclus. Ao amin' ny ''Iliada'', dia toa ohatry ny fisakaizana lalina sy tsy mivadika izany. Tsy milaza an-kolaka i Homer fa nanao firaisana ara-nofo i Achille sy Patroclus, ilay namany akaiky.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fox 2011&quot;&gt;Robin Fox, ''The Tribal Imagination: Civilization and the Savage Mind'', Harvard University Press, 2011, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YCxy_4Bt1F0C&amp;pg=PA223 223]. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-674-06094-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Teny nalaina amin' ny teny anglisy: “There is certainly no evidence in the text of the Iliad that Achilles and Patroclus were lovers.”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Martin 2012&quot;&gt;Martin, Thomas R, ''Alexander the Great: The Story of an Ancient Life'', Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 100. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-14844-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Teny nalaina amin' ny teny anglisy: “The ancient sources do not report, however, what modern scholars have asserted: that Alexander and his very close friend Hephaestion were lovers. Achilles and his equally close friend Patroclus provided the legendary model for this friendship, but Homer in the ''Iliad'' never suggested that they had sex with each other. (That came from later authors.).”&lt;/ref&gt;
Na dia tsy misy porofo ao amin' ny lahatsoratry ny ''Iliada'' aza fa mpifankatia i Achille sy Patroclus, dia nisy mpanoratra tatỳ aoriana nilaza izany hevitra izany. Matetika ireo mpivaofy, hatramin' ny [[Andro Taloha Klasika|Andro Taloha klasika]] ka hatramin' izao, no nandika ny fifandraisan' izy roa araka ny kolontsainy manokana. Tao Athens tamin' ny taonjato fahadimy talohan' i Kristy, dia matetika no nampifandraisina tamin' ny fomba grika atao hoe ''paiderasteia'' ny fifamatorany lalina: fifandraisam-pitiavan' ny lehilahy zokiny sy ny zazalahy na tovolahy tanora kokoa, izay matetika mbola zatovo.
Ao amin' ny ''Symposium'' nosoratan' i Plato, dia mihevitra ho mpifankatia i Achille sy Patroclus ireo mpandray anjara amin' ny fifanakalozan-kevitra momba ny fitiavana; araka ny hevitr' i Phaedrus, dia i Achille no tanora kokoa sy tsara tarehy kokoa, ka izy no ilay notiavina ary i Patroclus no ilay tia.&lt;ref&gt;[[Platôna|Plato]], ''Symposium'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plat.+Sym.+180a 180a]; efa noresahina tao amin' ny ''Iliad'' 2.673–674 ny hatsaran' i Achille.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny ''Symposium'' nosoratan' i Xenophon kosa, dia milaza i Socrates fa tsy mpifankatia i Achille sy Patroclus, fa fifandraisana am-pisakaizana tsy misy faniriana ara-nofo no nisy teo aminy.
Araka ny hevitr' i Kenneth Dover, dia tsy nanana teny hanavahana ny olona maniry olona tsy mitovy fananahana aminy sy ny olona maniry olona mitovy fananahana aminy ny teny grika fahiny,&lt;ref name=&quot;Dover&quot;&gt;Kenneth Dover, ''Greek Homosexuality'', Harvard University Press, 1989 (fanontana voalohany 1978), p. 1 ''et passim''. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-674-36270-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ary noheverina fa afaka maniry tovolahy tsara tarehy sady manao firaisana ara-nofo amin' ny vehivavy ny lehilahy iray. Kanefa, nisy lahatsoratra grika fahiny nanaiky fa misy lehilahy izay, araka ny toetrany voajanahary, dia lehilahy hafa ihany no iriny, nefa manambady vehivavy sy miteraka noho ny fanerena na ny fomba amam-panao fotsiny, fa misy kosa maniry vehivavy mandrakariva.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dover&quot; /&gt; Maro ireo lehilahy niaraka tsiroaroa teo amin' ny tantara no nampitahaina tamin' i Achille sy Patroclus mba hilazana an-kolaka fa nisy fifandraisam-pitiavana na ara-nofo teo amin' izy ireo, izay samy lehilahy.&lt;ref&gt;Clarke, W. M., ''Achilles and Patroclus in Love'', ''Hermes'', 1978, boky 106, laharana 3, p. 381–396. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4476069?seq=1 JSTOR]. ISSN 0018-0777.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fandikan' i Bernard Knox, dia i Patroclus no nitazona an' i Achille hifamatotra tamin' ny maha-olombelona azy izay voageja tao anatiny. Noho ny fangorahany, dia nampifandray an' ilay mpiady nitokana sy sahala amin' ny andriamanitra tamin' ny tontolon' ny olombelona mety maty, izay ahitana fiaraha-miory sy fiaraha-monina, i Patroclus. Na dia manamafy aza i Knox fa fisakaizana lalina mampiavaka ny mahery fo (''philia''), fa tsy fifankatiavana misy faniriana ara-nofo, no nanehoan' i Homer ny fifamatorany tany am-boalohany, dia io no fifandraisana lalina indrindra ao amin' ilay tononkalo epika, araka ny fandikany. Ny fahafatesan' i Patroclus no nandrava ny fireharehan' i Achille izay nifantoka tamin' ny tenany ihany, nanery azy hiatrika ny vokatra mahatsiravina nateraky ny nataony ary nanomboka ny fiovana nampijaly azy ho amin' ny famerenana ny maha-olombelona azy. Ny fanaintainana noho ny fahaverezan' i Patroclus no nitarika an' i Achille hamindra fo tamin' i Priam tamin' ny farany, ka namela azy handevina ny fatin' i Hector zanany.&lt;ref&gt;Knox, Bernard, ''Achilles'', ''Grand Street'', 1990, boky 9, laharana 3, p. 129–150. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25007374 JSTOR] (famakiana mila famandrihana). DOI: 10.2307/25007374. ISSN 0734-5496.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fahafatesana ===
[[File:Closeup of Achilles thniskon in Corfu Achilleion autocorrected.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Sarivongan' i Achille efa ho faty ao amin' ny zaridainan' ny Achilleion.|''Dying Achilles'' (Achille efa ho faty; ''Achilleas thniskon'') ao amin' ny zaridainan' ny Achilleion.]]

Maro karazana sy sarotra ny fitantarana ny fahafatesan' i Achille, na dia ireo loharano tranainy indrindra ihany aza no dinihina.&lt;ref&gt;Abrantes 2016: c. 4.3.1&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny fitantarana tranainy indrindra, ao amin' ny boky faha-22 amin' ny ''Iliada'', dia maminany i Hector, eo am-pialana aina, fa i Paris sy i Apollo no hamono an' i Achille eo amin' ny Vavahady Scaean izay idirana ao Troasy. Araka an' i Statius dia zana-tsipìka mamely ny voditongony no hahafaty azy. Ao amin' ny boky faha-23, dia mamangy an' i Achille ny fanahin' i Patroclus efa maty, sady malahelo, raha iny vao resin-tory iny i Achille. Mangataka izy mba hapetraka miaraka amin' ny taolan' i Achille ny taolany, ao anatin' ilay vazy volamena nomen-drenin' i Achille azy.

[[File:Aias body Akhilleus Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1884.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Sarin' i Ajax mitondra ny fatin' i Achille, voaravaka amin' ny tavoara fahiny.|I Ajax mitondra ny fatin' i Achille, eo amin' ny karazana tavoara atao hoe ''lekythos'' avy any Attica, voaravaka araka ny teknikan' ny sary mainty. Avy any Sicily izy io ary natao tokony ho tamin' ny 510 talohan' i Kristy (''Staatliche Antikensammlungen'', na Fanangonam-panjakana momba ny zavakanto fahiny, Munich).]]

Ao amin' ny boky faha-11 amin' ny ''Odyssey'', dia mandeha an-tsambo any amin' ny tontolon' ny maty i Odysseus ary miresaka amin' ny fanahin' ireo maty. Anisan' izy ireo i Achille. Rehefa arahabaina hoe « sambatra fony fahavelony, sambatra rehefa maty » izy (dikan-teny malagasy), dia mamaly fa aleony ho andevon' ny tompo ratsy indrindra toy izay ho mpanjakan' ny maty rehetra. Avy eo anefa dia manontany an' i Odysseus momba ny zava-bitan' ny zanany tamin' ny ady tao Troasy i Achille, ka tantarain' i Odysseus aminy ny nataon' i Neoptolemus.&lt;ref&gt;''Odyssey'' 11.467–564.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny boky faha-24 amin' ny ''Odyssey'', dia mitantara ny fahafatesan' i Achille ny fanahin' i Agamemnon mpanjaka efa maty. Araka io fitantarana io, dia nafangaro tamin' ny taolan' i Patroclus ny taolan' i Achille izay efa fotsy taorian' ny nandoroana ny fatiny tamin' ny antontan-kitay, ary natao tao anatin' ilay vazy volamena an' ny reniny. Natokana tao anaty fitoerana hafa kosa ny taolan' i Antilochus, izay nanjary akaiky an' i Achille mihoatra noho ny olon-kafa rehetra taorian' ny fahafatesan' i Patroclus. Notanterahina ireo fifaninanana fanao amin' ny fandevenana mahery fo, ary naorina teo amoron' ny Hellespont ny fasana lehibe iray, na dongon-tany, mba hahafahan' ireo mpandeha an-dranomasina manatona manome voninahitra azy.&lt;ref&gt;Richmond Lattimore. ''The Odyssey of Homer''. Harper Perennial, 2007. New York, p. 347. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-06-124418-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny ''Aethiopis'', dia aseho ho mbola velona aorian' ny fahafatesany i Achille, ao amin' ny nosy Leuke eo am-bavan' ny renirano [[Danube]]. Araka ny fitantarana hafa momba ny fahafatesany, dia raiki-pitia mafy tamin' i Polyxena, iray tamin' ireo zanakavavin' ny mpanjakan' i Troasy, izy. Nangataka tamin' i Priam ny hanambady an' i Polyxena i Achille. Nanaiky i Priam satria hampitsahatra ny ady izany sady hampiray dina azy amin' ilay lazain' io fitantarana io ho mpiady mahery indrindra eran-tany. Kanefa, raha mbola niandraikitra ny fanambadian' i Polyxena sy i Achille natao tsy ampahibemaso i Priam, dia niafina tao anaty kirihitra i Paris. Tsy maintsy hamoy an' i Helen mantsy i Paris raha manambady ny anabaviny i Achille. Notifiriny tamin' ny zana-tsipìkan' andriamanitra i Achille ka maty. Araka an' i Apollodorus kosa, dia nanambady an' i [[Médée|Medea]] tany amin' ny Sahan' i Elysium izy taorian' ny fahafatesany.&lt;ref&gt;Dräger, paras. 1, 4; Apollodorus, [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.5.5 E.5.5].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ny niafaran' ny fiadiana fiarovan-tena ===
[[File:Odysseus Ajax Louvre F340.jpg|thumb|left|Siny ''oinochoe'', tokony ho tamin' ny 520 talohan' i Kristy, mampiseho an' i Ajax sy Odysseus miady noho ny fiadiana fiarovan-tenan' i Achille.]]

Nifanditra noho ny fiadiana fiarovan-tenan' i Achille i Odysseus sy Ajax. Samy nanao kabary teo anatrehan' ireo babo avy any Troasy izy ireo mba hanazavana ny antony tokony hiheverana azy ho ilay be herim-po indrindra manarakaraka an' i Achille. Rehefa nandinika ny kabarin' izy roa lahy ireo babo dia nanapa-kevitra fa i Odysseus no mendrika kokoa hahazo ilay fiadiana. Tezitra mafy i Ajax ka nanozona an' i Odysseus, ary nampahatezitra an' i Athena izany. Nampikorontana vetivety ny sain' i Ajax noho ny alahelo sy ny fahoriana i Athena, ka namono ondry izy satria noheveriny ho ireo namany izany. Rehefa naverin' i Athena tamin' ny laoniny ny sainy tatỳ aoriana, ka takatr' i Ajax fa ondry tokoa no novonoiny, dia nahatsiaro ho afa-baraka loatra izy ka namono tena. Nomen' i Odysseus an' i Neoptolemus, zanak' i Achille, ihany ilay fiadiana tamin' ny farany. Rehefa nihaona tamin' ny fanahin' i Ajax tao amin' ny fonenan' i Hades i Odysseus ela be taorian' izany (''Odyssey'' 11.543–566), dia mbola tezitra mafy noho ny valin' ilay fifaninanana i Ajax ka tsy nety niresaka taminy.

Namboarin' i Hephaestus ilay fiadiana nifandiran' izy ireo, ka mafy sy tsara tarehy lavitra noho izay fiadiana azon' ny olombelona mety maty namboarina. Nasain' i Thetis namboarina ho an' i Achille izany satria ny fiadiany voalohany dia nanaovan' i Patroclus rehefa nandeha niady, ary nalain' i Hector rehefa namono an' i Patroclus izy. Io andriamanitry ny afo io koa no nanao ny ampingan' i Achille. Ny lefona resahina ao amin' ny angano kosa dia nomen' i Chiron, mpanabe azy, an' i Achille talohan' ny nandraisany anjara tamin' ny adin' i Troasy. Nantsoina hoe lefona Pelian izany, ary voalaza fa tsy nisy lehilahy hafa afaka nampiasa azy.

Nisy zavatra nolazaina fa lefon' i Achille misy lohany vita amin' ny halimo, izay notehirizina nandritra ny taonjato maro tao amin' ny tempolin' i Athena teo amin' ny faritra avo amin' ny tanànan' i Phaselis, any Lycia, seranan-tsambo eo amin' ny Hoalan' i Pamphylia. Nitsidika an' io tanàna io tamin' ny 333 talohan' i Kristy i [[Aleksandra Lehibe|Alexander the Great]], izay nihevitra ny tenany ho Achille vaovao sady nitondra ny ''Iliada'' niaraka taminy. Tsy miresaka an' ilay lefona anefa ireo mpanoratra ny tantaram-piainany tao an-dapany; naseho kosa izany tamin' ny andron' i Pausanias, tamin' ny taonjato faharoa taorian' i Kristy.&lt;ref&gt;Robin Lane Fox (1973). ''Alexander the Great'', p. 144. Teny nalaina amin' ny teny anglisy: “Alexander came to rest at Phaselis, a coastal city which was later renowned for the possession of Achilles' original spear.”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, iii.3.6; jereo Christian Jacob; Anne Mullen-Hohl (1980). ''The Greek Traveler's Areas of Knowledge: Myths and Other Discourses in Pausanias' Description of Greece'', ao amin' ny ''Rethinking History: Time, Myth, and Writing'', ''Yale French Studies'', vol. 59, pp. 5–85, especially 81. JSTOR: 2929815.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== I Achille sy Ajax ary ny lalao ''petteia'' ===
Misy sary hosodoko maro amin' ny tanimanga izay toa manondro tantara iray tsy voalaza ao amin' ny lovantsofina ara-literatiora. Tamin' ny fotoana iray nandritra ny ady, dia nilalao lalao teo ambony solaitra, na ''petteia'', i Achille sy Ajax.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.personal.psu.edu/wxk116/roma/petteia.html “Petteia”.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20061209122834/http://www.personal.psu.edu/wxk116/roma/petteia.html Tahiry tamin' ny 9 December 2006].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/Archives/Austin/index.html “Greek Board Games”.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090408090534/http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/Archives/Austin/index.html Tahiry tamin' ny 8 April 2009].&lt;/ref&gt; Variana tanteraka tamin' ilay lalao izy ireo ka tsy nahatsikaritra ny ady nanodidina azy.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxk116/roma/latruncu.html “Latrunculi”.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20060915044905/http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxk116/roma/latruncu.html Tahiry tamin' ny 15 September 2006].&lt;/ref&gt; Nanafika ny miaramila avy any Troasy ka tonga hatreny amin' izy roa lahy mahery fo, ary ny fidiran' i Athena an-tsehatra ihany no nahavonjy azy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Ioannis Kakridis (1988). ''Ελληνική Μυθολογία'' [Greek mythology]. Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. Vol. 5, p. 92.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanompoam-pivavahana sy fanomezam-boninahitra ==
Jereo koa: toerana fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' ny mahery fo (''heroön'').

[[File:Tumulus of Achilles and sacrifice of Polyxena.jpg|thumb|Sary eo amin' ny vatam-paty vato misy sary momba an' i Polyxena, mampiseho ny fanaovana sorona azy sy ny fasan' i Achille miendrika dongon-tany, ary fitoeran-javatra misy tongotra telo eo anoloany, manodidina ny taona 500 talohan' i Kristy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBR79&quot;&gt;Rose, Charles Brian (2014). ''The Archaeology of Greek and Roman Troy''. Cambridge University Press. p. 79. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-76207-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9gaAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA79&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Achilles Troilus MAN Napoli Inv5999.jpg|thumb|Sarivongana rômanina mampiseho lehilahy iray mitondra fatin-jazalahy, izay heverina ho i Achille sy i Troilus, tamin' ny taonjato faharoa taorian' i Kristy (''Naples National Archaeological Museum'', na Tranombakokam-pirenena momba ny arkeôlôjia ao Naples).]]
[[File:05-Mosaico del Oecus. Aquiles en Skyros alta.jpg|thumb|right|220px|I Achille tao Skyros. Araka ny ''Achilleid'', dia hitan' i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]] tao izy, nitafy toy ny vehivavy sady niafina teo anivon' ireo zanakavavin' ny mpanjaka tao an-dapa. Môzaika avy ao La Olmeda, Espaina, tamin' ny faramparan' ny vanim-potoana rômanina, taonjato fahefatra–fahadimy taorian' i Kristy.]]
[[File:Achilles at Skyros, Mosaic, Villa La Olmeda, 4th century AD.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Ampahany amin' ilay môzaika mampiseho an' i Achille.]]

Ny fasan' i Achille,&lt;ref&gt;Cf. Homer, ''Iliad'' 24.80–84.&lt;/ref&gt; izay nisy tao [[Troasy|Troad]] nandritra ny Andro Taloha manontolo,&lt;ref name=&quot;Troad&quot;&gt;Herodotus, ''Histories'' 5.94; Pliny, ''Naturalis Historia'' 5.125; Strabo, ''Geographica'' 13.1.32 (C596); Diogenes Laërtius 1.74.&lt;/ref&gt; dia nomen' ny mponin' i Thessaly voninahitra ara-pivavahana, ary toy izany koa ireo tafika [[Persàna (vahoaka)|persiana]] nanao iraka tany ivelany, i [[Aleksandra Lehibe|Alexander the Great]] ary i Caracalla, emperora rômanina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedreen&quot;&gt;Guy Hedreen. ''The Cult of Achilles in the Euxine''. ''Hesperia'', volume 60, issue 3, July 1991, pp. 313–330. DOI: 10.2307/148068. JSTOR: 148068.&lt;/ref&gt; Nisy fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' i Achille koa tany amin' ny toerana hafa, ohatra, tany amin' ny nosy Astypalaea ao amin' ny vondronosy Sporades,&lt;ref&gt;Cicero, ''De Natura Deorum'' 3.45.&lt;/ref&gt; tany Sparta, izay nisy toerana masina ho azy,&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 3.20.8.&lt;/ref&gt; tany Elis sy tany Thessaly, tanindrazan' i Achille, ary tany amin' ireo tanànan' i [[Gresy Lehibe|Magna Graecia]], dia i [[Taranto|Tarentum]], i Locri ary i Croton.&lt;ref&gt;Lycophron 856.&lt;/ref&gt; Noho izany, dia saika nahenika ny tontolo grika ny fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' io mahery fo io.

Ahitana fanehoana ny fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' i Achille ilay vatam-paty vato misy sary momba an' i Polyxena (taona 500 talohan' i Kristy): aseho eo ny fanaovana sorona an' i Polyxena teo akaikin' ny dongon-tany fasan' i Achille.&lt;ref name=&quot;JB114&quot;&gt;Burgess, Jonathan S. (2009). ''The Death and Afterlife of Achilles''. JHU Press. p. 114. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4214-0361-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. https://books.google.com/books?id=YVnS1IcVWuYC&amp;pg=PA114 (en).&lt;/ref&gt; Nanondro koa i [[Estrabôna|Strabo]] (13.1.32) fa nisy fanompoam-pivavahana toy izany ho an' i Achille tany Troad:&lt;ref name=&quot;CBR79&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Burgess, Jonathan S. (2009). ''The Death and Afterlife of Achilles''. JHU Press. p. 116. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4214-0361-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. https://books.google.com/books?id=YVnS1IcVWuYC&amp;pg=PA116 (en).&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Eo akaikin' i Sigeium dia misy tempoly sy tsangambato ho an' i Achille, ary misy tsangambato ho an' i Patroclus sy i Anthlochus koa. Manao lanonana masina hanomezam-boninahitra azy rehetra ny mponin' i Ilium, ary na dia ho an' i Ajax aza. Tsy mivavaka amin' i Hercules kosa izy ireo, ka milaza ho anton' izany fa nandrava ny taniny izy.

— [[Estrabôna|Strabo]] (13.1.32), dikan-teny malagasy avy amin' ny fandikan-teny anglisy nataon' i W. Falconer.&lt;ref&gt;''Str. 13.1.32''. W. Falconer (translator). http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D32&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Toa nivelatra be sady mafy orina ny fanomezam-boninahitra ara-pivavahana an' io mahery fo io teo amin' ireo Grika nanorim-ponenana teo amin' ny morontsiraka avaratry ny Pontus Euxinus, izay antsoina ankehitriny hoe [[Ranomasina Mainty]]. Misy porofo fa efa nisy fanompoam-pivavahana ho azy tamin' ny vanim-potoana arkaika tao Olbia, zanatany naorin' ny mponin' i Miletus, ary tany amin' ny nosy iray eo afovoan' ny Ranomasina Mainty, izay ampitovina ankehitriny amin' ny Nosin' ny Menarana (''Snake Island'', na Zmiinyi amin' ny teny okrainiana), eo akaikin' i Kiliia, Okraina. Manaporofo ny fisian' ny fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' i Achille amin' ny maha-mahery fo azy, nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato fahenina talohan' i Kristy, ireo soratra tranainy milaza fanolorana ho azy hita tany amin' ireo zanatany grika manamorona ny Ranomasina Mainty. Anisan' izany ny soratra voakiky sy ny kapila tanimanga misy soratra, izay mety ho fanatitra, avy ao Olbia, ny faritr' i Berezan Island ary i Tauric Chersonese.&lt;ref&gt;Hildebrecht Hommel. ''Der Gott Achilleus''. ''Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften'', issue 1, 1980, pp. 38–44.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hooker, J. T. ''The cults of Achilleus''. ''Rheinisches Museum für Philologie'', volume 131, issue 3, 1988, pp. 1–7.&lt;/ref&gt; Mbola niroborobo izany fanompoam-pivavahana izany tamin' ny taonjato fahatelo taorian' i Kristy. Tamin' izany fotoana izany, dia nisy tsangam-bato fanolorana tao Olbia niantso azy hoe Achille ''Pontárchēs'', izay azo adika eo ho eo hoe «tompon' ny ranomasina» na «tompon' ny Pontus Euxinus». Nivavahana mba ho mpiaro ny tanànan' i Olbia izy, ary nomena voninahitra mitovy laharana amin' ireo andriamanitra olimpiana, toy ireo andriamanitra teo an-toerana, dia i [[Apôlôna (andriamanitra)|Apollo]] Prostates sy i [[Hermesy (andriamanitra)|Hermes]] Agoraeus,&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedreen&quot; /&gt; na i Poseidon.&lt;ref&gt;Quintus Smyrnaeus, 3.770–779.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny ''[[Tantara Voajanahary|Natural History]]'', i [[Plinio Zokiny|Pliny the Elder]] (23–79 taor. J.K.) dia miresaka momba ny «seranan-tsambon' ny Achæi» sy ny «nosin' i Achille», izay nalaza noho ny fasan' io «lehilahy» io (dikan-teny malagasy; amin' ny teny latina: ''portus Achaeorum, insula Achillis, tumulo eius viri clara''). Teo akaikin' i Olbia sy ny vinanin' i Dnieper-Bug no nametrahany izany. Ankoatra izany, teo amin' ny 125&amp;nbsp;maily romana miala amin' io nosy io no nametrahany saikinosy iray izay, araka ny teniny, «mivelatra mitovy endrika amin' ny sabatra», ary mitongilana. Nantsoina hoe ''Dromos Achilleos'' izy io (''Achilléōs drómos'', izany hoe «kianja fihazakazahan' i Achille», dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;Pliny, ''Naturalis Historia'' 4.12.83 ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D26#note-link10 chapter 4.26]).&lt;/ref&gt; Noheverina ho toerana nanaovan' ilay mahery fo fanazaran-tena na nanaovana lalao natsangany izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedreen&quot; /&gt; Io toerana farany ao amin' ny fitantaran' i Pliny io dia ampifandraisina amin' ilay lelavin-tany fasika fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe Tendra ankehitriny, na Kosa Tendra sy Kosa Djarilgatch, izay eo anelanelan' ny vavan' ny renirano [[Dniepr|Dnieper]] sy ny helodranon' i Karkinit. Zara raha 125&amp;nbsp;maily romana, izany hoe manodidina ny 185&amp;nbsp;km, anefa no elanelany amin' ny vinanin' i Dnieper-Bug, araka ny voalazan' i Pliny. Nomeny halavana 80&amp;nbsp;''miles'' (maily) ilay «kianja fihazakazahana», nefa manodidina ny 70&amp;nbsp;km ny halavan' ilay lelavin-tany ankehitriny.

Ao amin' ny toko manaraka amin' ny bokiny, i Pliny dia miantso io nosy io hoe Achillea ary manome anarana roa hafa ho azy: Leuce sy Macaron, izay avy amin' ny teny grika hoe «[νῆσος] μακαρῶν», midika hoe «nosin' ny sambatra» (dikan-teny malagasy).
Toa manohana ny fampitoviana an' i Achillea na Leuce amin' ilay antsoina ankehitriny hoe Snake Island ireo refy nomeny teo, izay lazainy fa refy «amin' izao fotoana izao» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;Pliny, ''Naturalis Historia'' 4.13.93 ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D27 chapter 4.27]): &quot;Researches which have been made at the present day place this island at a distance of 140 miles from the Borysthenes, of 120 from Tyras, and of fifty from the island of Peuce. It is about ten miles in circumference.&quot; Although afterwards he speaks again of &quot;the remaining islands in the Gulf of Carcinites&quot; which are &quot;Cephalonesos, Rhosphodusa [or Spodusa], and Macra&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
I Pomponius Mela, izay niara-belona tamin' i Pliny, dia nilaza, manodidina ny taona 43 taor. J.K., fa nalevina tao amin' ny nosy iray nantsoina hoe Achillea, teo anelanelan' i Borysthenes sy [[Danube|Ister]], i Achille.
Vao mainka mampisafotofoto ny famaritana ara-jeografia izany.&lt;ref&gt;Pomponius Mela, ''De situ orbis'' 2.7.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tamin' ny 1823, ny kapiteny Nikolay Kritsky dia nahita tao Snake Island ny sisan' ny tempoly iray miendrika efamira, mirefy 30&amp;nbsp;metatra ny lafiny tsirairay, izay mety ho ilay natokana ho an' i Achille.
Ny fikarohana faharoa tamin' ny 1840 dia nampiseho fa nandrava ny dian' io tempoly io manontolo ny fanorenana tilikambo fanilon-tsambo.
Nisy soratra tamin' ny ''lekythos'', karazana fitoeran-diloilo misy sosona mainty mamirapiratra, avy amin' ny taonjato faha-5 tal. J.K., hita tao amin' ilay nosy tamin' ny 1840.
Izao no voasoratra teo (dikan-teny malagasy): «I Glaukos, zanak' i Poseidon, no nanolotra ahy ho an' i Achille, tompon' i Leuke.»
Ao amin' ny soratra hafa iray avy amin' ny taonjato faha-5 na faha-4 tal. J.K., dia misy olom-pirenen' i Olbia manolotra sarivongana ho an' i Achille, tompon' i Leuke.
Ao amin' ny soratra fanolorana iray hafa kosa, ny tanànan' i Olbia dia manamafy fa nanohana hatrany ny fanompoam-pivavahana tao amin' ilay nosy izy.
Manondro indray izany fa toerana nanomezam-boninahitra mahery fo ilay nosy, ary nihoatra ny faritra iray ny halehiben' izany fanomezam-boninahitra izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedreen&quot; /&gt;

Toa avy amin' ny fitantarana tao amin' ilay tononkalo epika ''Aethiopis'', izay tsy voatahiry intsony, ny fanompoam-pivavahana nanomezam-boninahitra an' i Achille ho mahery fo tao Leuce.
Araka io fitantarana io, rehefa maty talohan' ny fotoana izy, dia nosintonin' i Thetis hiala teo amin' ny antontan-kitay handoroana ny fatiny ny zanany, ary nentiny tany amin' ny nosy ao amin' ny angano atao hoe Leúkē Nêsos, na «Nosy Fotsy» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;[[Prôklôsy|Proclus]], ''Chrestomathia'' 2.&lt;/ref&gt;
Efa tamin' ny taonjato faha-5 tal. J.K. i Pindar no niresaka momba ny fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' i Achille tao amin' ny «nosy mamirapiratra» iray (''phaenná nâsos''; dikan-teny malagasy) tao amin' ny Ranomasina Mainty.&lt;ref&gt;Pindar, ''Nemea'' 4.49ff.; Arrian, ''Periplus of the Euxine Sea'' 21.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tao amin' ny sanganasany hafa kosa, i Pindar dia nitantara an' i Achille, izay natao tsy mety maty, niaina tao amin' ny nosin' ny sambatra iray tsy voafaritra mazava ny toerana nisy azy, niaraka tamin' ny mahery fo hafa, anisan' izany i Peleus rainy sy i Cadmus.&lt;ref&gt;Pindar, ''Olympia'' 2.78ff.&lt;/ref&gt;
Mifandray amin' ny renirano Oceanus ireo nosin' ny sambatra ao amin' ny angano ireo (''makárôn nêsoi'') sy ilay Elysium ao amin' ny sanganasan' i Homer.
Araka ny angano grika, dia manodidina ny tany onenan' ny olombelona i Oceanus.
Io fifandraisana io no heverina ho nahatonga ny fampitoviana ny morontsiraka avaratr' i Euxine amin' io renirano io.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedreen&quot; /&gt;
Nahita porofo hafa momba io fifandraisan' i Achille amin' ny sisiny avaratry ny tany onenan' ny olombelona io i Guy Hedreen, tao amin' ny tononkalo iray nosoratan' i Alcaeus izay miantso azy hoe «Achille, tompon' i Scythia» (dikan-teny malagasy),&lt;ref&gt;D. Page, ''Lyrica Graeca Selecta'', Oxford 1968, p. 89, no. 166.&lt;/ref&gt; ary tao amin' ny fifanoheran' ny avaratra sy ny atsimo hita amin' ny adin' i Achille tamin' i Memnon, andriana avy any Aethiopia ao amin' ny angano.
Nentin' i Eos reniny niverina tany amin' ny tanindrazany koa i Memnon rehefa maty.

Manome izao antsipiriany manaraka izao ny ''Periplus of the Euxine Sea'', nosoratana manodidina ny taona 130 taor. J.K. (dikan-teny malagasy):

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Voalaza fa nampiakatra io nosy io avy tao amin' ny ranomasina ny andriamanibavy Thetis, ho an' i Achille zanany, izay monina ao.
Ao ny tempoliny sy ny sarivongany, izay sanganasa tranainy.
Tsy misy mponina io nosy io, ary misy osy vitsivitsy miraoka ahitra ao.
Ireo olona sendra tonga eo amin' ny sambony dia mamono azy ireny hatao sorona ho an' i Achille.
Voatahiry ao amin' io tempoly io koa ny fanomezana masina maro dia maro, siny lehibe fangaroana divay sy rano, peratra ary vatosoa, natolotra ho an' i Achille ho fisaorana azy.
Mbola azo vakina ireo soratra amin' ny teny grika sy latina izay midera sy mankalaza an' i Achille.
Ny sasany amin' ireo dia nosoratana ho fanomezam-boninahitra an' i Patroclus, satria ireo te hahazo ny fankasitrahan' i Achille dia manome voninahitra an' i Patroclus koa.
Ao amin' io nosy io koa ny voron-dranomasina tsy tambo isaina izay mikarakara ny tempolin' i Achille.
Isa-maraina izy ireo dia manidina any an-dranomasina, mandena ny elany amin' ny rano, ary miverina haingana any amin' ny tempoly ka mamafy rano ao.
Rehefa vita izany famafazana rano izany, dia dioviny amin' ny elany ny fatana ao amin' ny tempoly.
Mbola milaza zavatra hafa koa ny olona sasany: misy amin' ireo lehilahy tonga ao amin' io nosy io no minia mankany.
Mitondra biby ao amin' ny sambony izy ireo, izay kasainy hatao sorona.
Ny sasany amin' ireo biby ireo dia vonoiny, fa ny hafa kosa avelany handeha malalaka ao amin' ny nosy ho fanomezam-boninahitra an' i Achille.
Misy hafa anefa teren' ny tafio-drivotra eny an-dranomasina hankao amin' io nosy io.
Koa satria tsy manana biby hatao sorona izy ireo, nefa maniry hahazo izany avy amin' ilay andriamanitry ny nosy mihitsy, dia mangataka valiny avy amin' i Achille.
Mangataka alalana hamono ireo biby hatao sorona izy ireo, izay fidiny amin' ireo biby miraoka ahitra malalaka eo amin' ny nosy, ary hametraka ho takalony ny vidiny izay heveriny fa ara-drariny.
Raha tsy manaiky anefa ny valiny avy amin' ilay andriamanitra, satria misy toerana angatahana izany valiny izany eto, dia ampiany ny vola natolotra.
Raha mbola tsy manaiky indray ilay valiny, dia ampiany indray ny vola, mandra-panekena amin' ny farany fa ampy ny vidiny.
Amin' izay dia tsy mandositra intsony ilay biby hatao sorona, fa miandry an-tsitrapo ny hisamborana azy.
Noho izany, dia be dia be ny volafotsy ao, voatokana ho an' ilay mahery fo, ho vidin' ireo biby natao sorona.
Amin' ny sasany amin' ireo olona tonga ao amin' io nosy io dia miseho amin' ny nofy i Achille; amin' ny hafa kosa dia miseho izy na dia mbola eny am-pandehanana an-tsambo aza izy ireo, raha tsy lavitra loatra, ary manoro azy ireo ny faritra amin' ilay nosy tsara kokoa hampidirana vatofantsika ho an' ny sambony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Densuşianu&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

I Dionysius Periegetes, mpahay jeografia grika izay azo inoana fa niaina tamin' ny taonjato voalohany taor. J.K., dia nanoratra fa Leuce no niantsoana ilay nosy «satria fotsy ny bibidia miaina ao. Voalaza fa ao amin' ny nosy Leuce no itoeran' ny fanahin' i Achille sy ny mahery fo hafa, ary mivezivezy eny amin' ireo lohasaha tsy misy mponina ao amin' io nosy io izy ireo; izany no fomba namalian' i Jove soa an' ireo lehilahy niavaka noho ny toetra mendrika nananany, satria tamin' ny alalan' izany toetra mendrika izany no nahazoany voninahitra mandrakizay» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;Dionysius Periegetes, ''Orbis descriptio'' 5.541, quoted in Densuşianu 1913.&lt;/ref&gt; Toy izany koa, misy fitantarana hafa mampifandray ny anaran' ilay nosy amin' ny hantsam-batony fotsy, na amin' ny bibilava na ny vorona monina ao.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedreen&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Arrian, ''Periplus of the Euxine Sea'' 21; Scholion to Pindar, ''Nemea'' 4.79.&lt;/ref&gt; Nolazaina tamin' i Pausanias fa «rakotra ala ilay nosy ary feno biby, ka ny sasany dia dia ary ny sasany fiompy. Ao amin' io nosy io koa ny tempolin' i Achille sy ny sarivongany» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 3.19.11.&lt;/ref&gt; Nalaza ho toerana fanasitranana koa i Leuce. Mitantara i Pausanias fa nandefa andriana iray avy any Croton tany ny Pythia tao Delphi, mba hositranina tamin' ny ratra teo amin' ny tratrany.&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 3.19.13.&lt;/ref&gt; I [[Ammien Marcellin|Ammianus Marcellinus]] kosa dia nilaza fa ny rano (''aquae'') tao amin' ilay nosy no nahasitrana azy.&lt;ref&gt;Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Res Gestae'' 22.8.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nilaza i [[Estrabôna|Strabo]] fa masina ho an' i Achille ny lohatany teo amin' ny kianja fihazakazahan' i Achille, ary nantsoina hoe Alsos izy io na dia tsy nisy hazo aza.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:7.3.19 Strabo, ''Geography'', 7.3.19]&lt;/ref&gt; Midika hoe «ala kely» ny teny grika hoe ''alsos''.

Nisy tanàna seranan-tsambo manan-danja teo amin' ny varotra tany amin' ny ranomasina grika natokana ho an' i Achille. I [[Herôdôtôsy|Herodotus]], i [[Plinio Zokiny|Pliny the Elder]] ary i [[Estrabôna|Strabo]] dia samy niresaka ny fisian' ny tanàna iray nantsoina hoe Achílleion, izay naorin' ny mpifindra monina avy any [[Mitilena|Mytilene]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-6 tal. J.K., teo akaikin' ilay dongon-tany heverina ho fasan' ilay mahery fo tao [[Troasy|Troad]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Troad&quot; /&gt; Ny porofo tatỳ aoriana dia manondro ny fisian' ny Achílleion iray tao Messenia, araka an' i Stephanus Byzantinus, sy ny Achílleios iray tao Laconia.&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 3.25.4.&lt;/ref&gt; Nahita fifandraisana tamin' i Achille i Nicolae Densuşianu tao amin' ny anaran' i [[Akoileia|Aquileia]] sy ny sampana avaratr' i Danube eo amin' ny vinaniny mivelatra, izay antsoina hoe Chilia, angamba avy amin' ny anarana taloha hoe Achileii. Ny fanatsoahan-keviny anefa, izay milaza fa nanana zo maha-tompon' ny fahefana teo amin' ny Ranomasina Mainty i Leuce, dia mampahatsiahy kokoa ny lalàna an-dranomasina maoderina noho ny lalàna tamin' ny Andro Taloha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Densuşianu&quot;&gt;Nicolae Densuşianu: ''Dacia preistorică''. Bucharest: Carol Göbl, 1913.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nilaza ny mpanjaka avy amin' ny tarana-mpanjaka Aeacid teo amin' ny Molossians tao Epirus fa taranak' i Achille tamin' ny alalan' i Neoptolemus zanany izy ireo. Noho izany, dia afaka nilaza izany fiaviana izany koa i [[Aleksandra Lehibe|Alexander the Great]], zanak' i Olympias, andriambavy avy any Epirus. Tamin' ny fomba maro no niezahany hitovy tamin' io razambeny niavaka io. Voalaza fa nitsidika ny fasan' i Achille tao Achilleion izy rehefa nandalo tao Troasy.&lt;ref&gt;Arrian, ''Anabasis Alexandri'' 1.12.1, [[Cicero]], ''Pro Archia Poeta'' 24.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 216, raha teny an-dalana hiady tamin' i [[Partia|Parthia]] i Caracalla, emperora rômana, dia naka tahaka an' i Alexander ka nanao lalao nanodidina ny dongon-tany fasan' i Achille.&lt;ref&gt;Dio Cassius 78.16.7.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny fanamarihany manazava ny ''Alexandra'' nosoratan' i Lycophron, i Tzetzes dia miresaka lovantsofina iray momba ny toerana masina tao Croton. Tao, araka io lovantsofina io, no nanokanan' i Thetis zaridaina ho an' i Hera, izay nantsoina tamin' ny anarana grika hoe «Ὁπλοσμία», midika hoe «Hera an' ny fitehirizam-piadiana» (dikan-teny malagasy). Araka io lovantsofina io ihany, dia nivory tao ny vehivavin' i Croton, nitafy akanjo fisaonana, mba hanao fitomaniana ara-pivavahana ho an' i Achille.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/details/lycophronisalexa02lycouoft/page/278/mode/2up ''Lycophronis Alexandra'', 857]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://topostext.org/work/860#857 Tzetzes, ''Ad Lycophronem'', 857 in english]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ny Achilleum tao Tanagra ===

Nanoratra i [[Plotarkosy|Plutarch]] fa nisy faritra masina voatokana ho an' ny fanompoam-pivavahana (''temenos'') teo akaikin' i Tanagra, natokana ho an' i Achille ary nantsoina hoe Achilleum. Nitantara izao manaraka izao izy mba hanazavana ny niavian' izany. Nomarihiny fa nampametra-panontaniana ny fisian' io faritra masina io, satria nitahiry tantara momba ny fifankahalana teo amin' i Achille sy ny mponin' i Tanagra koa ny lovantsofina. Voalaza fa naka an-keriny an' i Stratonice, renin' i Poemander, i Achille indray mandeha, ary namono an' i Acestor, zanakalahin' i Ephippus. Na izany aza, nitondra ny anaran' i Achille ilay toerana teo akaikin' i Tanagra, ary izao tantara manaraka izao no nanazavan' ny lovantsofina teo an-toerana izany toa fifanoherana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;&gt;[https://sacred-texts.com/cla/plu/rgq/rgq18.htm Plutarch, Quaestiones Graecae, 37]&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny fotoana tany am-boalohany, raha mbola vohitra nisaratsaraka fa tsy tanàna iray nitambatra no nisy tao amin' ny faritanin' i Tanagra, dia nonina tao amin' ny vohitra nantsoina hoe Stephon i Poemander, rain' i Ephippus. Nanao fahirano azy ny Grika satria tsy nety niara-niady tamin' izy ireo izy. Niala tao Stephon tamin' ny alina i Poemander ary nanorina vohitra voaro manda nantsoina hoe Poemandria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;/&gt;

Raha mbola teo am-panorenana ilay vohitra vaovao, dia tonga nizaha ny rafitra fiarovana ny mpanao mari-trano iray nantsoina hoe Polycrithus. Nitsikera ny asan' i Poemander izy, naneso ny fanorenana, ary nitsambikina nihoatra ny hady fiarovana ho fanehoam-panamavoana. Tezitra noho izany faniratsirana izany i Poemander ka nandray vato lehibe iray ary niezaka hitora an' i Polycrithus tamin' izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;/&gt;

Efa nafenina teo hatramin' ny andro fahiny anefa ilay vato, satria napetraka teo ambonin' ny zavatra masina nifandray tamin' ny fombafomba natao tamin' ny alina. Tsy nahafantatra ny maha-masina ilay vato i Poemander ka nanainga sy nanipy azy. Tsy nahavoa an' i Polycrithus izy, fa namono tsy nahy an' i Leucippus zanany lahy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;/&gt;

Noho io famonoana io, dia notakin' ny lalàna ny hialan' i Poemander tao Boeotia ka ho sesitany sy mpitalaho vonjy. Sarotra taminy anefa ny niala, satria mbola nanafika ny faritanin' i Tanagra ny Grika. Nitady fanampiana i Poemander ka naniraka an' i Ephippus zanany lahy hangataka ny fanampian' i Achille.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;/&gt;

Nanaiky hanampy azy i Achille ka tonga niaraka tamin' i Tlepolemus, zanakalahin' i [[Heraklesy|Heracles]], sy Peneleos, zanakalahin' i Hippalcimus. Nanampy an' i Poemander hiditra tao Chalcis ireo mahery fo ireo; tao no nanaovan' i Elephenor fanadiovana ara-pivavahana azy noho ilay famonoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;/&gt;

Taorian' ny fanadiovana azy, dia nanome voninahitra an' i Achille sy Tlepolemus ary Peneleos i Poemander noho ny fanampiana nomen' izy ireo, ary nanome faritra masina voatokana ho an' ny fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' ny tsirairay tamin' izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;/&gt;

== Ny fandraisana azy tamin' ny Andro Taloha ==

=== Ao amin' ny traikeodia grika ===
Jereo koa: ''Achilleis''.

Nanoratra tantara an-tsehatra telo mifampitohy momba an' i Achille i [[Aeschylus]], mpanoratra traikeodia grika, izany hoe tantara an-tsehatra momba ny fijaliana sy ny zava-mitranga mavesatra mahazo ny mpilalao. ''Achilleis'' no lohateny nomen' ny manam-pahaizana maoderina an' io fitambarana io. Mitantara ny nataon' i Achille nandritra ny adin' i Troasy ireo tantara ireo, anisan' izany ny nandreseny an' i Hector sy ny nahafatesany tatỳ aoriana. Natambatra ireo sombin' ny ''Achilleis'' mbola voatahiry sy sombin' ny asa hafa nosoratan' i Aeschylus mba hamoronana tantara an-tsehatra azo lalaovina amin' ny andro maoderina. Ny ampahany voalohany amin' ny ''Achilleis'', dia ny ''The Myrmidons'', dia nifantoka tamin' ny fifandraisan' i Achille tamin' ny antoko mpihira, izay misolo tena ny tafika grika sady miezaka mandresy lahatra azy hampitsahatra ny fifandirany amin' i Agamemnon; andalana vitsivitsy monja no mbola voatahiry.&lt;ref&gt;Pantelis Michelakis, ''Achilles in Greek Tragedy'', 2002, p. 22&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny ''Symposium'' nosoratan' i Plato, dia milaza i Phaedrus fa nasehon' i Aeschylus ho ilay tia i Achille ary ho ilay tiana i Patroclus. Araka ny hevitr' i Phaedrus anefa, dia diso izany: i Achille, izay zandriny sady tsara tarehy kokoa tamin' izy roa, no ilay tiana, ary lehibe tokoa ny fitiavany an' ilay tia azy ka nisafidy ny ho faty izy mba hamaly faty azy.&lt;ref&gt;Plato, ''Symposium'', translated Benjamin Jowett, Dover Thrift Editions, page 8&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny tantara farany, ''The Phrygians'', dia niangavy an' i Achille i Priam mba hamerina ny fatin' ny zanany lahy.&lt;ref&gt;Michelakis 2002, p. 54&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanoratra ny ''The Lovers of Achilles'' koa i [[Sophocles]], mpanoratra traikeodia; i Achille no mpilalao fototra ao amin' io tantara an-tsehatra io. Sombiny vitsivitsy monja no mbola voatahiry.&lt;ref&gt;S. Radt. ''Tragicorum Graecorum fragmenta'', vol. 4, (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 1977) frr. 149–157a.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tany amin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato fahadimy talohan' i Kristy, dia nanomboka niseho tao amin' ny tantara an-tsehatra grika ny fomba fijery nitsikera kokoa an' i Achille. Miresaka azy amin' ny fomba feno lolompo na fanesoana i [[Euripides]] ao amin' ny ''Hecuba'', ''Electra'' ary ''Iphigenia in Aulis''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Latacz 2010&quot;&gt;Latacz 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanoratra asa momba an' i Achille koa ireo mpanoratra traikeodia hafa niara-belona tamin' izy ireo, toa an' i Astydamas, saingy very manontolo ireo asa ireo.

=== Ao amin' ny filôzôfia grika ===

==== Zeno ====
Ny filôzôfa [[Zénon d'Élée|Zeno of Elea]] dia nandrafitra ny iray tamin' ny fanatsoahan-keviny toa mifanohitra amin' ny saina mahazatra (''paradoxes'') tamin' ny alalan' ny hazakazaka an-tongotra noforonina teo amin' i Achille, izay nantsoina hoe mailaka tongotra, sy ny sokatra iray. Niezaka nampiseho tamin' izany izy fa tsy hahatratra ny sokatra izay efa niainga talohany i Achille, ka noho izany dia tsy mety hisy ny fihetsehana sy ny fiovana. Mpianatr' i Parmenides, izay nihevitra fa fototra tokana ihany no iorenan' ny zava-drehetra, sady anisan' ny sekolin-kevitr' i Elea i Zeno; nihevitra izy fa fahatsapana mamitaka fotsiny ny fotoana sy ny fihetsehana.

==== Plato ====
Ao amin' ny ''Hippias Minor'', lahatsoratra lazaina fa nosoratan' i [[Platôna|Plato]] ary miendrika fifanakalozan-kevitra iresahan' i Socrates, dia miady hevitra amin' i [[Sôkraty|Socrates]] i Hippias, lehilahy aseho ho miavonavona. Ny filazana lainga no resahin' izy roa. Tonga amin' ny hevitra izy ireo fa tsara kokoa ny olona minia milaza zavatra tsy marina noho ny olona milaza izany tsy nahy, satria tsy maintsy mahatakatra ny zavatra resahiny ny olona minia mandainga.&lt;ref name=&quot;hm&quot;&gt;Jowett, Benjamin; Plato. [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1673/1673-h/1673-h.htm ''Lesser Hippias'']. Project Gutenberg, 15 January 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Mampiasa fampitahana isan-karazany i Socrates, ka miresaka ny fanatanjahan-tena sy ny siansa mba hanaporofoana ny heviny. Miresaka betsaka ny asa soratr' i Homer koa izy roa. Samy manaiky i Socrates sy i Hippias fa ninia nandainga i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]], izay namorona lainga maro tao amin' ny ''Odyssey'' sy ireo tantara hafa ao amin' ny fitambaran-tantara momba ny adin' i Troasy. Nilaza zavatra tsy marina imbetsaka koa i Achille, tahaka an' i Odysseus. Araka ny hevitr' i Hippias, dia olona nilaza ny marina tamin' ny ankapobeny i Achille, fa araka ny hevitr' i Socrates kosa dia nandainga mba hahazoany tombontsoa izy. Miady hevitra izy roa raha tsara kokoa ny minia mandainga na ny milaza zavatra tsy marina tsy nahy. Farany, avelan' i Socrates ny fanaporofoana miainga amin' ny asa soratr' i Homer, ary mampiasa fampitahana amin' ny fanatanjahan-tena izy mba hanamafisana ny heviny hoe tsara kokoa ny olona minia manao ratsy noho ny olona manao ratsy tsy nahy.

=== Ao amin' ny literatiora romana sy tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany ===
Tena ratsy ny fomba fijerin' ny Romanina an' i Achille; araka ny lovantsofiny dia avy any Troasy ny razambeny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Latacz 2010&quot; /&gt; Lazain' i [[Virgil]] ho olona masiaka sy mpamono olona tsy misy indrafo i Achille,&lt;ref&gt;''Aeneid'' 2.28, 1.30, 3.87.&lt;/ref&gt; fa i [[Horace]] kosa mampiseho azy mamono vehivavy sy ankizy tsy misy antra.&lt;ref&gt;''Odes'' 4.6.17–20.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fironana faharoa amin' ny fanaratsiana an' i Achille ao amin' ny asa soratr' ireo mpanoratra toa an' i Catullus, Propertius ary [[Ôvidio|Ovid]], izay mifantoka amin' ny fiainam-pitiavany sy ny firaisana ara-nofo nataony. Mitohy ao amin' ny fitantarana amin' ny teny latina ny adin' i Troasy nosoratan' ireo mpanoratra toa an' i Dictys Cretensis sy Dares Phrygius izany fironana izany, ary koa ao amin' ny ''Roman de Troie'' nosoratan' i Benoît de Sainte-Maure sy ny ''Historia destructionis Troiae'' nosoratan' i Guido delle Colonne. Ireo roa farany ireo no mbola dikan' ny fitambaran-tantara momba an' i Troasy be mpamaky sy be mpamerina mitantara indrindra hatramin' ny taonjato fahafito ambin' ny folo.

Tsy Grika fa [[Skitiana (vahoaka)|Skitiana]] no nilazan' i Leo the Deacon, mpanoratra tantara bizantina, an' i Achille. Araka ny filazan' i John Malalas, mpanoratra bizantina, kosa dia foko iray nantsoina hoe Myrmidons taloha ary nantsoina hoe Bulgars tatỳ aoriana no nandrafitra ny tafiny.&lt;ref&gt;Ekonomou, Andrew (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=zomZk6DbFTIC&amp;q=john+malalas+myrmidons+Achilles&amp;pg=PA123 ''Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes'']. UK: Lexington Books, p. 123. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7391-1977-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Access-date: 14 September 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Croke, Brian (1990). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p55mAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=john+malalas+myrmidons+Achilles ''Studies in John Malalas'']. Sydney: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, Department of Modern Greek, University of Sydney, p. 206. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-9593626-5-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Access-date: 14 September 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ao amin' ny literatiora sy zavakanto maoderina ==
[[File:Wenceslas Hollar - Briseis and Achilles.jpg|thumb|right|''Briseis and Achilles'', sary nataon' i Wenceslaus Hollar (1607–1677) tamin' ny teknika fanaovana sokitra.]]
[[File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Wrath of Achilles - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''The Wrath of Achilles'' (manodidina ny 1630–1635), sary hosodoko nataon' i [[Pierre Paul Rubens|Peter Paul Rubens]].]]
[[File:Peter Paul Rubens 003.jpg|thumb|''The death of Hector'', sary hosodoko tsy vita nataon' i [[Pierre Paul Rubens|Peter Paul Rubens]] tamin' ny loko misy menaka.]]
[[File:Gottlieb Schick Achille and Agamemnon 1801.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|''Achilles and Agamemnon'', sary nataon' i Gottlieb Schick (1801), mampiseho an' i Achille sy Agamemnon.]]
[[File:Leon Benouville The Wrath of Achilles.jpg|thumb|''The Wrath of Achilles'', sary nataon' i François-Léon Benouville (1847; ''Musée Fabre'', na Tranombakoka Fabre).]]

=== Literatiora ===
* Miseho ao amin' ny ''Inferno'' nosoratan' i Dante tamin' ny 1308–1320 i Achille. Ao amin' ny faribolana faharoan' ny [[Fiainan-tsy hita|helo]], natokana ho an' ny filan' ny nofo, no ahitana azy.
* Ao amin' ny ''Troilus and Cressida'' (1602) nosoratan' i [[William Shakespeare]], dia aseho ho mahery fo fahiny izay nanjary kamo sy variana amin' ny fitiavany an' i Patroclus i Achille. Asainy vonoin' ny Myrmidons i Hector izay tsy mitam-piadiana, ary avy eo asainy ambaran' izy ireo fa i Achille mihitsy no nahafaty an' i Hector, toy ny hoe tamin' ny ady nifanandrinan' izy roa ara-drariny no nitrangan' izany (fizarana faha-5, seho faha-9, andalana 5–14).
* Nanoratra ny tantara an-tsehatra mampalahelo ''La Mort d'Achille'' (1673) ilay mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra frantsay Thomas Corneille.
* I Achille no lohahevitry ny ''Achilleis'' (1799), tononkalo sombiny nosoratan' i [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]].
* Tamin' ny 1899, namoaka ny ''Achilles'' i Stanisław Wyspiański, mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra, mpanao hosodoko ary poeta pôlôney. Tantara an-tsehatra momba ny firenena, mifototra amin' ny tantara pôlôney, izy io.
* Tamin' ny 1921, namoaka ny ''The Island of Youth and Other Poems'' i Edward Shanks; anisan' ny lohahevitra resahiny i Achille.
* Miresaka ny fahafatesan' i Achille koa ny tantara foronina ''Kassandra'' (1983) nosoratan' i Christa Wolf.
* Mitana toerana lehibe ao amin' ny ''Helen in Egypt'' (1961), tononkalo lava nosoratan' i H.D., i Achille. Miteraka ratra lalina ara-tsaina ho an' i Helen ny fankahalany azy tsy voalanjalanja, ary ny ampahany lehibe amin' ny fizotry ny tononkalo dia mikasika ny fahasitranan' i Helen tamin' izany.
* Ao amin' ny ''The Firebrand'' (1987), tantara foronina nosoratan' i Marion Zimmer Bradley, dia matin' ny zana-tsipìka misy poizina an' ny ''Centaur'' (zavaboary antsasa-olona antsasa-tsoavaly) i Achille; i Cassandra no nitifitra izany.
* Anisan' ireo mpitantara maro ao amin' ny ''The Song of Troy'' (1998), tantara foronina nosoratan' i Colleen McCullough, i Achille.
* Ny ''The Death of Achilles'' (''Смерть Ахиллеса'', 1998) dia tantara foronina momba ny famotopotorana heloka bevava, napetraka amin' ny vanim-potoana ara-tantara, nosoratan' ilay mpanoratra rosiana Boris Akunin. Misy fanondroana olona sy lohahevitra samihafa avy ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' ao anatiny.
* Ilay olona antsoina hoe Achille ao amin' ny ''Ender's Shadow'' (1999), nosoratan' i Orson Scott Card, dia manana saina fetsy sy toetra tsy misy antra, sahala amin' ilay nitondrana ny anarany.
* Anisan' ny olona fototra ao amin' ny tantara foronina ''Ilium'' (2003) sy ''Olympos'' (2005) nosoratan' i Dan Simmons i Achille.
* I Achille dia olona tsy fototry ny tantara nefa mitana anjara toerana lehibe ao amin' ny andiam-boky ''Troy'' (2005–2007) nosoratan' i David Gemmell.
* I Achille no olona fototra ao amin' ny ''Ransom'' (2009), tantara foronina nosoratan' i David Malouf.
* Miseho ao amin' ny ''The Last Olympian'' (2009) nosoratan' i Rick Riordan ny [[Matoatoa|matoatoan' i Achille]]. Mampitandrina an' i Percy Jackson momba ny ozon' i Achille sy ireo voka-dratsiny izy.
* Anisan' ny olona fototra ao amin' ny ''The Rage of Achilles'', tantara foronina nosoratan' i Terence Hawkins tamin' ny 2009, i Achille.
* Mitana anjara toerana lehibe ao amin' ny tantara foronina voalohany nosoratan' i Madeline Miller, ''The Song of Achilles'' (2011), i Achille. Nahazo ny loka ''Orange Prize for Fiction'' (loka Orange ho an' ny tantara foronina) tamin' ny 2012 io boky io. Mandinika ny fifandraisan' i Patroclus sy Achille hatramin' ny fahazazan' izy ireo ka hatramin' ireo zava-nitranga nanapa-kevitra ny anjarany ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' ilay tantara.
* Miseho amin' ny anjara asan' ny ''Rider of Red'' (mpitaingina mena) i Achille ao amin' ny andian-tantara foronina ''Fate/Apocrypha'' (2012–2014), izay ao amin' ny karazana ''light novel'' (karazana tantara foronina japoney).
* Anisan' ny olona fototra ao amin' ny ''The Silence of the Girls'', tantara foronina nosoratan' i Pat Barker tamin' ny 2018, i Achille. I Briseis, andevovaviny, no mitantara ny ampahany lehibe amin' ilay boky.
* I Achille no olona fototra ao amin' ny ''Wrath Goddess Sing'', tantara foronina nosoratan' i Maya Deane tamin' ny 2022.&lt;ref&gt;Steele, Hannah (January 2026). ''[https://classicalstudies.org/annual-meeting/157/abstract/classical-studies-trans-joy-and-reparative-reading-wrath-goddess-sing Classical Studies, Trans Joy, and Reparative Reading in &quot;Wrath Goddess Sing&quot;]''. Society for Classical Studies Annual Meeting, volume 157.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zavakanto hita maso ===
* Anisan' ny lohahevitra nataon' ny mpanao hosodoko ny ''Achilles with the Daughters of Lycomedes'', izay mampiseho an' i Achille miaraka amin' ny zanakavavin' i Lycomedes. Anisan' ireo nanao izany i [[Antoine van Dyck|Anthony van Dyck]] (talohan' ny 1618; ao amin' ny ''Museo del Prado'' (Tranombakoka Prado), Madrid) sy i [[Nicolas Poussin]] (manodidina ny taona 1652; ao amin' ny ''Museum of Fine Arts, Boston'' (Tranombakoky ny kanto ao Boston)).
* Nanao andian-tsanganasa momba ny fiainan' i Achille i [[Pierre Paul Rubens|Peter Paul Rubens]]. Ireto ny lohatenin' ireo sanganasa ireo: ''Thetis dipping the infant Achilles into the river Styx'', ''Achilles educated by the centaur Chiron'', ''Achilles recognized among the daughters of Lycomedes'', ''The wrath of Achilles'', ''The death of Hector'', ''Thetis receiving the arms of Achilles from Vulcanus'', ''The death of Achilles'' (ao amin' ny ''Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen'' (Tranombakoka Boijmans Van Beuningen), Rotterdam), ary ''Briseis restored to Achilles'' (ao amin' ny ''Detroit Institute of Arts'' (Ivon-toeran' ny zavakanto ao Detroit)). Manodidina ny taona 1630–1635 avokoa no nanaovana azy ireo.
* Sanganasan' i Pieter van Lint ny ''Achilles Discovered among the Daughters of Lycomedes'' (1645), izay mampiseho ny nahafantarana an' i Achille teo anivon' ny zanakavavin' i Lycomedes. Ao amin' ny ''Israel Museum'' (Tranombakok' i Israely), Jerusalem, no misy azy.
* Ny ''Dying Achilles'', izay mampiseho an' i Achille eo am-pahafatesana, dia sary sokitra nataon' i Christophe Veyrier (manodidina ny taona 1683; ao amin' ny ''Victoria and Albert Museum'' (Tranombakoka Victoria sy Albert), London).
* Ny ''The Rage of Achilles'', izay mampiseho ny hatezeran' i Achille, dia sary hosodoko amin' ny lalotra mbola mando (''fresco'') nataon' i Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (1757; ao amin' ny Villa Valmarana Ai Nani, Vicenza).
* Nandoko dika iray amin' ny ''The Education of Achilles'', momba ny fanabeazana an' i Achille, i [[Eugène Delacroix]] ho an' ny valindrihan' ny Palais Bourbon ao Paris (1833–1847). Iray amin' ny toerana ipetrahan' ny Parlemantan' i Frantsa io lapa io.
* Namorona vondron-tsary sokitra mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Achilles and Penthesilea'', mampiseho an' i Achille sy Penthesilea, i Arthur Kaan (1895; Vienna).
* Ny ''Achilleus'' (1908) dia sary nataon' i Max Slevogt tamin' ny ''lithography'', teknika fanaovana pirinty mampiasa vato na takelaka metaly.

=== Mozika ===
Matetika i Achille no natao lohahevitry ny ''opera'', ''ballet'' ary karazana sanganasa mifandray amin' ireo.
* Samy namorona ''opera'' mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Deidamia'' i Francesco Cavalli (1644) sy i [[George Frideric Handel]] (1739).
* Ny ''Achille et Polyxène'' (Paris 1687) dia ''opera'' (tantara an-tsehatra hiraina miaraka amin' ny mozika) natombok' i Jean-Baptiste Lully ary novitain' i Pascal Collasse.
* Ny ''Achille et Déidamie'' (Paris 1735) dia ''opera'' noforonin' i André Campra.
* Ny ''Achilles'' (London 1733) dia karazana tantara an-tsehatra mampifandimby resaka tenenina sy hira (''ballad opera''), nosoratan' i John Gay. Nanao dika manahaka azy ho fampihomehezana i Thomas Arne tamin' ny 1773, mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Achilles in petticoats''.
* Ny ''Achille in Sciro'' dia lahatsoratra ho an' ny ''opera'' (''libretto'') nosoratan' i Metastasio. Namorona mozika ho an' io lahatsoratra io i Domenico Sarro ho an' ny fitokanana ny ''Teatro di San Carlo'' (Teatra San Carlo), tao Naples, 4 Novambra 1737. Efa nisy mozika noforonin' i Antonio Caldara ho an' io lahatsoratra io talohan' izany (Vienna 1736). Namorona ''opera'' nampiasa io lahatsoratra io ihany koa tatỳ aoriana i Leonardo Leo (Turin 1739), Niccolò Jommelli (Vienna 1749 sy Rome 1772), Giuseppe Sarti (Copenhagen 1759 sy Florence 1779), Johann Adolph Hasse (Naples 1759), Giovanni Paisiello (St. Petersburg 1772), Giuseppe Gazzaniga (Palermo 1781), ary olona maro hafa. Namoronana mozika tamin' ny lohateny hoe ''Il Trionfo della gloria'' koa io lahatsoratra io.
* Ny ''Achille'' (Vienna 1801) dia ''opera'' noforonin' i Ferdinando Paër, mampiasa lahatsoratra nosoratan' i Giovanni de Gamerra.
* Ny ''Achille à Scyros'' (Paris 1804) dia ''[[Ballet|ballet]]'' (sanganasa dihy an-tsehatra) nataon' i Pierre Gardel, ary i Luigi Cherubini no namorona ny mozikany.
* Ny ''Achilles, oder Das zerstörte Troja'' (''Achilles, or Troy Destroyed'', izany hoe « Achille, na Troasy rava », Bonn 1885) dia sanganasa mozika mitantara tantara amin' ny alalan' ny hira sy ny zavamaneno, fa tsy lalaovina an-tsehatra (''oratorio''), noforonin' ilay mpamoron-kira alemà Max Bruch.
* Ny ''Achilles auf Skyros'' (Stuttgart 1926) dia ''ballet'' noforonin' ilay mpamoron-kira sady mpikaroka momba ny mozika aotrisianina-britanika Egon Wellesz.
* Ny ''Achilles' Wrath'' dia sanganasa mozika natao hotendrena amin' ny fampisehoana, noforonin' i Sean O'Loughlin.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://musicalworld.com/artists/sean-oloughlin/ Entry]'' ao amin' ny ''Musical World''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170224050134/http://musicalworld.com/artists/sean-oloughlin/ Tahiry], 24 February 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny ''Temporary Like Achilles'' dia hira ao amin' ny ''Blonde on Blonde'', rakikira misy kapila roa navoakan' i [[Bob Dylan]] tamin' ny 1966.
* Ny ''Achilles Last Stand'' dia hira ao amin' ny ''Presence'', rakikira navoakan' ny [[Led Zeppelin]] tamin' ny 1976.
* Ny ''Achilles, Agony and Ecstasy in Eight Parts'' no hira voalohany ao amin' ny ''The Triumph of Steel'', rakikira navoakan' ny Manowar tamin' ny 1992.
* Ny ''Achilles Come Down'' dia hira ao amin' ny ''Go Farther in Lightness'', rakikira navoakan' ny Gang of Youths tamin' ny 2017.

=== Sarimihetsika sy fahitalavitra ===
Ireto avy ny sarimihetsika sy tantara mitohy amin' ny fahitalavitra nanehoana an' i Achille:
* Ao amin' ny sarimihetsika ''Helena'' (1924), i Carlo Aldini no nilalao an' i Achille.
* Ao amin' ny sarimihetsika ''Ulysses'' (1954), i Piero Lulli no nilalao an' i Achille.
* Ao amin' ny sarimihetsika ''Helen of Troy'' (1956), i Stanley Baker no nilalao an' i Achille.
* Ao amin' ny sarimihetsika ''The Trojan Horse'' (1961), i Arturo Dominici no nilalao an' i Achille.
* Ao amin' ny sarimihetsika ''The Fury of Achilles'' (1962), i Gordon Mitchell no nilalao an' i Achille.
* Ao amin' ny tantara mitohy fohy amin' ny fahitalavitra ''The Odyssey'' (1997), i Richard Trewett no nilalao an' i Achille.
* Ao amin' ny tantara mitohy fohy amin' ny fahitalavitra ''Helen of Troy'' (2003), i Joe Montana no nilalao an' i Achille.
* Ao amin' ny sarimihetsika ''Troy'' (2004), i [[Brad Pitt]] no nilalao an' i Achille.

=== Maritrano ===
[[File:Wellington Monument (Achilles) - geograph.org.uk - 2956596.jpg|thumb|150px|alt=Ny Wellington Monument, sarivongana maneho an' i Achille.|Ny tsangambato Wellington Monument.]]
[[File:Achillii 490 84, Greece - panoramio (16).jpg|thumb|150px|alt=Sarivongan' i Achille ao amin' ny Achilleion.|Sarivongan' i Achille ao amin' ny Achilleion.]]

* Tamin' ny 1890, i Elisabeth of Bavaria, emperatrisan' i Aotrisy, dia nampanangana lapa hipetrahana amin' ny fahavaratra tao Corfu. Nantsoina hoe Achilleion ilay trano, araka ny anaran' i Achille. Ny sary hosodoko sy ny sarivongana ao aminy dia mampiseho zava-nitranga tamin' ny Ady tao Troasy, ka i Achille no tena asongadiny.
* Ny Wellington Monument dia sarivongana maneho an' i Achille, naorina tamin' ny 1822 ho fahatsiarovana an' i [[Arthur Wellesley]], dioka voalohan' i Wellington, sy ireo fandreseny tamin' ny Adin' ny Saikinosy (''Peninsular War'') ary tamin' ny dingana farany tamin' ireo ady napôleôniana.

== Fampiasana ny anarany ==
* Nanomboka tamin' ny 1744, dia sambo mpiady sivy farafahakeliny tao amin' ny ''Royal Navy'' (tafika an-dranomasin' ny mpanjaka britanika) no nitondra ny anaran' i Achille, na tamin' ny endrika HMS (sambo an' ny mpanjaka) ''Achilles'', na tamin' ny tsipelina frantsay HMS ''Achille''. Sambo iray nitondra io anarana io sy nanana tafondro 60 no nandray anjara tamin' ny ady tao Belleisle tamin' ny 1761, ary sambo iray nanana tafondro 74 kosa no nandray anjara tamin' ny ady tao Trafalgar. Anisan' ny ady nahazoan' ny sambo nitondra io anarana io mari-boninahitra koa ny tao Walcheren tamin' ny 1809. Nisy sambo mpiady mifono vy nitondra io anarana io koa niasa tao amin' ny ''Royal Navy'' nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany. Karazana ''cruiser'' izy io, izany hoe sambo mpiady antonony habe afaka mandeha lavitra.
* Ny HMNZS (sambo an' ny mpanjaka avy any Zelandy Vaovao) ''Achilles'' (70) dia sambo mpiady karazana ''cruiser'' tao amin' ny sokajy ''Leander'', izay niasa tao amin' ny ''Royal New Zealand Navy'' (tafika an-dranomasin' ny mpanjaka ao Zelandy Vaovao) nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa. Nanjary nalaza izy noho ny fandraisany anjara tamin' ny ady tao River Plate, niaraka tamin' ny HMS ''Ajax'' (22) sy HMS ''Exeter'' (68). Ankoatra ny nahazoany ny mari-boninahitra « River Plate » noho ny fandraisana anjara tamin' izany ady izany, dia niasa tany Guadalcanal tamin' ny 1942–1943 sy tany Okinawa tamin' ny 1945 koa ny HMNZS ''Achilles''. Rehefa tafaverina tao amin' ny ''Royal Navy'' ilay sambo, dia namidy tamin' ny tafika an-dranomasin' i India tamin' ny 1948. Rehefa noravana anefa izy, dia nisy ampahany tamin' ilay sambo navotana sy notehirizina tany Zelandy Vaovao.
* Nomena anarana avy amin' i Achille ny karazana androngo ''Anolis Achilles'', izay manana takela-kirany mivelatra eo amin' ny voditongony.&lt;ref&gt;Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. (&quot;Achilles&quot;, p. 1).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tahirin-tsary ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Achilles departure Eretria Painter CdM Paris 851.jpg|Achille sy Cymothoe, iray amin' ireo ''Nereid'' (andriamanibavin-dranomasina), eo amin' ny kaopy misy tahony roa (''kantharos'') avy any Attica, misy sary mena, hita tany Volci (''Cabinet des Médailles'' (Tahirin-medaly), ao amin' ny ''Bibliothèque nationale'' (Tranombokim-pirenena), Paris).
File:Akhilleus embassy Staatliche Antikensammlungen 8770.jpg|Ireo iraka nankany amin' i Achille, eo amin' ny siny fitondrana rano (''hydria'') avy any Attica, misy sary mena, tokony ho tamin' ny 480 talohan' i Kristy (''Staatliche Antikensammlungen'' (Tahirim-panjakana momba ny zavakanto tamin' ny Andro Taloha), Munich).
File:AmbrosianIliadPict47Achilles.jpg|Achille manao sorona ho an' i [[Zeosy|Zeus]] mba hiverenan' i Patroclus soa aman-tsara,&lt;ref&gt;''Iliad'' 16.220–252.&lt;/ref&gt; avy ao amin' ny ''Ambrosian Iliad'', sora-tanana voaravaka sary tamin' ny taonjato faha-5.
File:Bell-krater Akhilleus Penthesileia MAN.jpg|Achille sy Penthesilea miady, eo amin' ny vilany fampifangaroana divay miendrika lakolosy (''bell-krater'') avy any Lucania, misy sary mena, tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-5 talohan' i Kristy.
File:Akhilleus Penthesileia Staatliche Antikensammlungen 2688.jpg|Achille mamono an' i Penthesilea, sary boribory (''tondo'') eo amin' ny kaopy fisotroana malalaka sy marivo (''kylix'') avy any Attica, misy sary mena, tokony ho tamin' ny 465 talohan' i Kristy, hita tany Vulci.
File:Mourning of Akhilleus Louvre E643.jpg|Thetis sy ireo ''Nereid'' (andriamanibavin-dranomasina) misaona an' i Achille, eo amin' ny siny fitondrana rano (''hydria'') avy any Corinth, misy sary mainty, tokony ho tamin' ny 555 talohan' i Kristy (Tranombakoka Louvre, Paris).
File:Aias Achilles game Musei Capitolini MC6.jpg|Achille sy Ajax manao ny lalao an-databatra ''petteia'', eo amin' ny siny fandrarahana divay (''oinochoe'') misy sary mainty, tokony ho tamin' ny 530 talohan' i Kristy (''Capitoline Museums'' (Mozea Capitoline), Rome).
File:Achilles-01.jpg|Ny lohan' i Achille aseho eo amin' ny vola madinika tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 talohan' i Kristy, avy any Kremaste, Phthia. Eo amin' ny ilany ambadika: Thetis, mitafy akanjo lava sady mihazona ny ampingan' i Achille misy ny marika AX, litera natambatra maneho ny anarany.
File:Getty Villa - Collection (3151231788).jpg|Achille eo amin' ny sary rômana vita amin' ny sombina akora madinika natambatra (''mosaic''), mampiseho ny fakana an' i Briseis, tamin' ny taonjato faha-2.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Sivilizasiôna Mikeniana]]
* Phthiotis
* [[Biôgrafia]]

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Vakiteny fanampiny ==
* Apollodorus, ''Apollodorus. The Library, Volume II: Book 3.10-end. Epitome'', nadikan' i James G. Frazer, Loeb Classical Library laharana 122, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1921. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-674-99136-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL122/1921/volume.xml Harvard University Press]. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.10.1 Perseus Digital Library].
* Ileana Chirassi Colombo (1977), ''Heroes Achilleus&amp;nbsp;– Theos Apollon''. Ao amin' ny ''Il Mito Greco'', nokarakarain' i Bruno Gentili sy Giuseppe Paione. Rome: Edizione dell'Ateneo e Bizzarri.
* Dräger, Paul, ''Medea'', ao amin' ny ''Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity, Volume 8'', Lyd &amp;ndash; Mine, nokarakarain' i Hubert Cancik sy Helmuth Schneider, Leiden, Brill, 2006. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9004122710&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Anthony Edwards (1985a), ''Achilles in the Underworld: Iliad, Odyssey, and Æthiopis''. ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies''. '''26''': p.&amp;nbsp;215–227.
* Anthony Edwards (1985b), ''Achilles in the Odyssey: Ideologies of Heroism in the Homeric Epic''. ''Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie''. '''171'''.
* Edwards, Anthony T. (1988), ''ΚΛΕΟΣ ΑΦΘΙΤΟΝ and Oral Theory''. ''The Classical Quarterly''. '''38''': p. 25–30. DOI: 10.1017/S0009838800031220. S2CID: 170947595.
* [[Robert Graves|Graves, Robert]], ''The Greek Myths'', Harmondsworth, London, England, Penguin Books, 1960. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0143106715&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Graves, Robert, ''The Greek Myths: The Complete and Definitive Edition.'' Penguin Books Limited. 2017. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-241-98338-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 024198338X&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Guy Hedreen (1991), ''The Cult of Achilles in the Euxine''. ''Hesperia''. '''60''' (3): p. 313–330. American School of Classical Studies at Athens. JSTOR: 148068. DOI: 10.2307/148068.
* Karl Kerényi (1959), ''The Heroes of the Greeks''. New York/London: Thames and Hudson.
* Jakob Escher-Bürkli: ''[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Achilleus_1 Achilleus 1]'' (amin' ny teny alemà). Ao amin' ny ''Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft'' (RE). Boky I,1, Stuttgart, 1893, tsanganana&amp;nbsp;221–245.
* Joachim Latacz (2010), ''Achilles''. Ao amin' ny ''The Classical Tradition'', nokarakarain' i Anthony Grafton, Glenn Most ary Salvatore Settis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 3–5. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Hélène Monsacré (1984), ''Les larmes d'Achille. Le héros, la femme et la souffrance dans la poésie d'Homère'', Paris: Albin Michel.
* Gregory Nagy (1984), ''The Name of Achilles: Questions of Etymology and 'Folk Etymology'', ''Illinois Classical Studies''. '''19'''.
* Gregory Nagy (1999), ''The Best of The Acheans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry''. Johns Hopkins University Press (fanontana nohavaozina, [http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5576 azo vakina an-tserasera]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20181224041719/https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5576 tahiry tamin' ny 24 December 2018]).
* Dorothea Sigel; Anne Ley; Bruno Bleckmann, ''Achilles''. Ao amin' ny ''Brill's New Pauly'', nokarakarain' i Hubert Cancik sy ny hafa. Brill Reference Online. DOI: 10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e102220.
* Dale S. Sinos (1991), ''The Entry of Achilles into Greek Epic'', lahatsoratra fikarohana hahazoana diplaoma dôktôra, Johns Hopkins University. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International.
* Jonathan S. Burgess (2009), ''The Death and Afterlife of Achilles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
* Abrantes, M.C. (2016), ''Themes of the Trojan Cycle: Contribution to the study of the greek mythological tradition'' (Coimbra). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1530337118&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Achilles ''Achilles''], lahatsoratra ao amin' ny ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' tamin' ny 1911, ao amin' ny Wikisource.
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Achilles Sary sy rakitra momba an' i Achille ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons].
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Achillean ''Achillean''], fidirana ao amin' ny Wiktionary amin' ny teny anglisy.
* [http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/troy.html ''Trojan War Resources''] — loharano momba ny adin' i Troasy.
* [http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/result.htm?alt=Achilles&amp;pnumber=20 ''Gallery of the Ancient Art: Achilles''] — fitambaran-tsary momba an' i Achille ao amin' ny zavakanto fahiny.
* [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Achilles_(Coates) ''Achilles''], tononkalo nosoratan' i Florence Earle Coates, ao amin' ny Wikisource.
* [https://www.freebase.com/m/0gy_ Freebase].

[[:sokajy:Biôgrafia]]
[[:Sokajy:Angano grika]]</text>
      <sha1>c2udqkpzy6e70m659w0vv13kt5dj468</sha1>
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      <text bytes="112502" sha1="papp1zv6ygkf2gnjqew5oerl644hdgn" xml:space="preserve">Ao amin' ny angano grika, i '''Akileosy''', antsoina koa hoe '''Achille''', '''Achilles''' na '''Achilleus''' (amin' ny teny grika taloha: Ἀχιλλεύς, soratana amin' ny abidy latina hoe Achilleús), dia mahery fo tamin' ny Ady tao Troasy, izay asehon' ireo angano ho ny mahery indrindra tamin' ny mpiady grika rehetra. Izy no mpandray anjara fototra ao amin' ny ''[[iliada|Iliada]]'' (''Iliad'' amin' ny teny anglisy) nosoratan' i [[Hômerôsy|Homer]]. Zanak' i Thetis, iray amin' ireo andriamanibavy an-dranomasina antsoina hoe ''Nereid'', sy i Peleus, mpanjakan' i Phthia sady nalaza tamin' ny naha-iray azy tamin' ireo [[Argonautes|Argonauts]], izy. Notezaina tany Phthia niaraka tamin' i Patroclus, namany hatramin' ny fahazazany, i Achille, ary i Chiron, zavaboary ao amin' ny angano manana vatana soavaly sy loha ary tratra olombelona (''centaur''), no nanabe azy. Ao amin' ny ''Iliada'', dia aseho ho mpitari-tafiky ny foko ao amin' ny angano antsoina hoe Myrmidons izy.

Ny namonoan' i Achille an' i Hector, andrianan' i Troasy, teo ivelan' ny vavahadin' i [[Troasy]], no asa nampahalaza azy indrindra nandritra ny Ady tao Troasy. Na dia tsy mitantara ny fahafatesany aza ny ''Iliada'', dia mifanaraka kosa ny loharano hafa fa i Paris no namono azy tamin' ny zana-tsipìka, rehefa nadiva hifarana ilay ady. Milaza ny angano nipoitra tatỳ aoriana fa tsy mety maratra ny faritra rehetra amin' ny vatan' i Achille afa-tsy ny voditongony iray. Manomboka amin' ny ''Achilleid'', tononkalo lava mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo izay nosoratan' i Statius tamin' ny taonjato voalohany taorian' i Kristy nefa tsy vitany, no ahitana izany fitantarana izany. Araka io angano io, fony mbola zazakely i Achille, dia nalentik' i Thetis reniny tao amin' ny renirano Styx izy. Nohazoniny tamin' ny voditongony iray izy, ka tsy nokasihin' ny rano io faritra io, ary izany no nahatonga azy ho hany faritra mety haratra tamin' ny vatany.

Avy amin' ireo angano ireo ny fitenenana hoe ''voditongotr' i Achille'' (''Achilles' heel'' amin' ny teny anglisy), izay ilazana fahalemena mety hitarika amin' ny faharavana, indrindra eo amin' ny olona na zavatra iray izay matanjaka amin' ny lafiny hafa. Avy amin' io angano io ihany koa no niantsoana ny tady ozatr' i Achille (tady ozatra mampitohy ny hozatry ny ranjo amin' ny taolan' ny voditongotra) amin' ny anarany.

== Fiavian' ny anarana ==
Voarakitra ao amin' ny takelaka misy soratra ''Linear B'' ny anaran' olona hoe Achilleus, amin' ny endrika ''a-ki-re-u'' sy ''a-ki-re-we''.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Pauly&quot;&gt;Dorothea Sigel; Anne Ley; Bruno Bleckmann. ''Achilles'', lahatsoratra « Achilles », ao amin' ny ''Brill's New Pauly'', Hubert Cancik sy ny hafa (mpamoaka lahatsoratra). Brill Reference Online. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e102220 10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e102220]. Retrieved 5 May 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Endrika ''dative'', izany hoe endrika ara-pitsipi-pitenenana entina manondro indrindra izay andefasana na omena zavatra, ny faharoa raha oharina amin' ny voalohany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beekes&quot; /&gt; Nihaniely ilay anarana ary nanjary fahita fotoana fohy taorian' ny taonjato faha-7 talohan' i Kristy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111126201849/http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/search?patt=*AXIL&amp;first=250 Epigraphical database] gives 476 matches for Ἀχιλ-.The earliest ones: [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=27810&amp;bookid=6&amp;region=2&amp;subregion=1 Corinth 7th c. BC], [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=238250&amp;bookid=118&amp;region=3&amp;subregion=7 Delphi 530 BC], Attica and Elis 5th c. BC.&lt;/ref&gt; Nisy koa endrika natao ho an' ny vehivavy, dia Achilleía, izay voarakitra tany Attica tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 talohan' i Kristy (IG, fanafohezana ny lohateny ''Inscriptiones Graecae'', na « soratra voasokitra grika », II² 1617). Ny endrika Achillia kosa dia hita eo amin' ny tsangambato misy soratra any Halicarnassus, ho anaran' ny vehivavy mpiady an-kianja iray izay miady amin' ny « Amazon ».

Azo anazavana ny anaran' i Achille ny fampiarahana ny teny hoe ''áchos'', izay midika hoe « fahoriana, fanaintainana, alahelo, fahoriam-po »,&lt;ref&gt;Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3D*)axilleu%2Fs ''An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon'']. Clarendon Press, 1889. Via: Perseus Digital Library.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Scholia to the ''Iliad'', 1.1.&lt;/ref&gt; sy ny teny hoe ''laós'', izay midika hoe « vahoaka, miaramila, firenena ».
Avy amin' izany ny endrika niandohana naroso hoe ''*Akhí-lāu̯os'', izay midika hoe « ilay mampahory ny vahoaka » na « ilay manana vahoaka ory ».&lt;ref&gt;Leonard Palmer. ''The Interpretation of Mycenaean Greek Texts''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963, p. 79.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nagy&quot;&gt;Gregory Nagy. [http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5442 ''The best of the Achaeans'']. CHS. The Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University. Access-date: 19 March 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115312/http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5442 Archive-url], archive-date: 2 April 2015. Url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Harper, Douglas. [https://www.etymonline.com/word/Achilles ''Achilles'']. ''Online Etymology Dictionary''.&lt;/ref&gt;
Lohahevitra averimberina ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' ny alahelo na ny fahorian' ny vahoaka, ary i Achille mihitsy matetika no miresaka izany.
Misy fifanoherana toa maneso eo amin' ny anjara asan' i Achille ho mahery fon' ny alahelo na ny fahoriana sy ny fomba fijery mahazatra azy ho mahery fon' ny ''kléos'', na voninahitra izay mazàna azo amin' ny ady.
Ankoatra izany, i Gregory Nagy, izay nanaraka an' i Leonard Palmer, dia nandika ny ''laós'' ho « vondron-tafika », izany hoe miaramila voavory.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nagy&quot; /&gt;
Raha io fanazavana ny fiavian' ilay anarana io no raisina, dia manana hevitra roa ilay anarana ao amin' ny tononkalo: rehefa manao araka ny tokony ho izy ilay mahery fo, dia mampahory ny fahavalo ny miaramilany; rehefa tsy manao izany kosa izy, dia ny miaramilany no iharan' ny fahorian' ny ady.
Anisan' ny resahin' ilay tononkalo ny hatezeran' ny mpitarika izay miantefa amin' ny tsy tokony hiantefany.

Misy mpikaroka mihevitra fa teny nindramina tamin' ny fiteny hafa ilay anarana, angamba tamin' ny fiteny iray efa nisy talohan' ny teny grika.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Pauly&quot; /&gt; Ny maha-taranak' i Thetis, iray amin' ireo ''Nereid'', an' i Achille sy ny fitovian' ny anarany amin' ny anaran' ny andriamanitry ny renirano toa an' i Acheron sy Achelous dia nahatonga ny fiheverana fa mety ho andriamanitry ny rano fahiny izy (jereo ny [[#Fanompoam-pivavahana sy fanomezam-boninahitra|Fanompoam-pivavahana sy fanomezam-boninahitra]] etsy ambany).&lt;ref&gt;Cf. the supportive position of Hildebrecht Hommel, ''Der Gott Achilleus'', ''Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften'', issue 1, 1980, pp. 38–44 – A critical point of view is taken by J. T. Hooker, ''The cults of Achilleus'', ''Rheinisches Museum für Philologie'', volume 131, issue 3, 1988, pp. 1–7.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanolotra ny hevitra i Robert S. P. Beekes fa avy amin' ny fiteny talohan' ny teny grika ilay anarana. Anisan' ny iorenan' izany ny fiarahan' ny endrika voasoratra hoe « -λλ- » sy « -λ- » hita amin' ny fitenin' ny tononkalo mitantara mahery fo; mety ho taratry ny singam-peo /l&lt;sup&gt;y&lt;/sup&gt;/, izay tononina miaraka amin' ny fanatonan' ny lela ny lanilany mafy, tao amin' ny fiteny niandohana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beekes&quot;&gt;Robert S. P. Beekes, ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, pp. 183ff.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Anarana hafa ===
Anisan' ny anarana iantsoana an' i Achille amin' ny ankapobeny ireto manaraka ireto:&lt;ref&gt;Ity lisitra ity dia ahitana votoaty avy amin' i John Murray. [https://archive.org/details/aclassicalmanua01unkngoog/page/n17 ''A Classical Manual: Being a Mythological, Historical and Geographical Commentary on Pope's Homer, and Dryden's Aeneid of Virgil, with a Copious Index'']. Albemarle Street, London, 1833, pp. 1–3.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Pyrisous''', izay midika hoe « voavonjy tamin' ny afo », no anarany voalohany. Toa manohana ilay lovantsofina milaza fa nodoran' i Thetis reniny ireo faritry ny vatany mety maty izany.
* '''Aeacides''', avy amin' ny anaran' i Aeacus raibeny.
* '''Aemonius''', avy amin' i Aemonia, faritra iray izay nantsoina hoe Thessaly tatỳ aoriana.
* '''Aspetos''', izay midika hoe « tsy azo tahafina » na « midadasika », no anarany tany Epirus.
* '''Larissaeus''', avy amin' i Larissa, izay antsoina koa hoe Cremaste, tanàna iray ao amin' i Achaia Phthiotis any Thessaly.
* '''Ligyron''', anarany tany am-boalohany.
* '''Nereius''', avy amin' i Thetis reniny, izay iray amin' ireo ''Nereid''.
* '''Pelides''', avy amin' ny anaran' i Peleus rainy.
* '''Phthius''', avy amin' i Phthia, toerana nahaterahany.
* '''Podarkes''', izay midika hoe « mailaka tongotra », satria napetaka tamin' ny tongony ny elatr' i Arke, izay midika hoe « mailaka » ny anarany; ''podes'' kosa no teny grika ilazana ny « tongotra ».&lt;ref&gt;Ptolemy Hephaestion, ''New History'', Book 6 (summary from Photius, ''Myriobiblon'' 190, trans. Pearse):

&quot;It is said ... that he [Akhilleus (Achilles)] was called Podarkes (Podarces, Swift-Footed) by the Poet [i.e. Homer], because, it is said, Thetis gave the newborn child the wings of Arke (Arce) and Podarkes means that his feet had the wings of Arke. And Arke was the daughter of Thaumas and her sister was Iris; both had wings, but, during the struggle of the gods against the Titanes (Titans), Arke flew out of the camp of the gods and joined the Titanes. After the victory Zeus removed her wings before throwing her into Tartaros and, when he came to the wedding of Peleus and Thetis, he brought these wings as a gift for Thetis.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fahaterahana sy fahazazana ==
[[File:Peter Paul Rubens 181.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|alt=Thetis mandentika an' i Achille zazakely ao amin' ny renirano Styx.|''Thetis Dipping the Infant Achilles into the River Styx'' (Thetis mandentika an' i Achille zazakely ao amin' ny renirano Styx), nataon' i [[Pierre Paul Rubens|Peter Paul Rubens]], tokony ho tamin' ny 1625; ao amin' ny ''Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen'' (Mozea Boijmans Van Beuningen), Rotterdam.]]

Zanakalahin' i Thetis, izay iray amin' ireo ''Nereid'' na andriamanibavin' ny ranomasina sady zanakavavin' ilay antsoina hoe Lehilahy antitry ny ranomasina, sy Peleus, mpanjakan' ny Myrmidons, i Achille. Nifaninana hahazo an' i Thetis ho vady i [[Zeosy|Zeus]] sy Poseidon, mandra-pampitandreman' i Prometheus, ilay mahatsinjo mialoha, an' i Zeus momba ny faminaniana iray. Nambaran' i Themis, andriamanibavin' ny lalàn' ny andriamanitra, tany am-boalohany io faminaniana io, izay nilaza fa hiteraka zazalahy ho lehibe noho ny rainy i Thetis. Noho izany dia samy nitsahatra nitady azy ho vady ireo andriamanitra roa ireo, ary nampanambady azy tamin' i Peleus.&lt;ref&gt;[[Aeschylus]], ''Prometheus Bound'' 755–768; Pindar, ''Nemean'' 5.34–37, ''Isthmian'' 8.26–47; Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'' 3.13.5; ''Poeticon astronomicon'' 2.15.&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fitantarana hafa momba ireo zava-nitranga ireo ao amin' ny ''Argonautica'' (4.760). Ao, i Hera, anabavin' i Zeus sady vadiny, dia miresaka ny fandavan' i Thetis ny fiezahan' i Zeus hitaona azy, noho ny fitandrovany ny fahadiovany. Araka ny tenin' i Hera, dia tena nanaja ny fatoram-panambadian' i Hera i Thetis ka nandà tamim-pahatoniana ilay rain' ny andriamanitra. Na dia zanakavavin' i Nereus, andriamanitry ny ranomasina, aza i Thetis, dia i Hera koa no nitaiza azy, ka izany no antony iray hafa nandavany ny fiezahan' i Zeus hitaona azy. Tezitra mafy i Zeus ary nandidy fa tsy hahazo hanambady olona tsy mety maty mihitsy i Thetis.&lt;ref&gt;Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'' 3.13.5.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The Education of Achilles 1862 Delacroix.jpg|thumb|alt=Fanabeazana an' i Achille, sary nataon' i Eugène Delacroix.|''The Education of Achilles'' (Ny fanabeazana an' i Achille), nataon' i [[Eugène Delacroix]], sary natao tamin' ny loko maina atao hoe ''pastel'' teo amin' ny taratasy, tokony ho tamin' ny 1862; ao amin' ny ''Getty Center'' (Foibe Getty), Los Angeles.]]

Araka ny ''Achilleid'', nosoratan' i Statius tamin' ny taonjato voalohany taorian' i Kristy, sy ny loharano taloha kokoa izay tsy voatahiry intsony, dia niezaka nanao an' i Achille ho tsy mety maty i Thetis raha vao teraka izy, tamin' ny fandentehana azy tao amin' ny renirano Styx. Mbola nety naratra anefa ilay faritra nitazonany azy, dia ny voditongony havia&lt;ref&gt;Statius, ''Achilleid'' 1.269; Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' 107.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan S. Burgess. ''The Death and Afterlife of Achilles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009, p. 9. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8018-9029-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_YAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA9 Rohy]; nojerena tamin' ny 5 February 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (jereo koa ny voditongotr' i Achille sy ny tendônan' i Achille, na tady mampitohy ny hozatry ny ranjo amin' ny taolan' ny voditongotra). Tsy mazava raha efa fantatra taloha kokoa io fitantarana io. Amin' ny fitantarana hafa indray, dia nanosotra ''ambrosia'' (menaka fanosotry ny andriamanitra ao amin' ny angano) tamin' ilay zazalahy i Thetis ary nametraka azy teo ambonin' ny afo mba handoroana sy hanesorana ireo faritra mety maty amin' ny vatany. Notapahin' i Peleus ny nataony, ka navelany teo ny ray sy ny zanaka ary lasa izy sady tezitra mafy.&lt;ref&gt;Apollonius of Rhodes, ''Argonautica'' 4.869–879.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The Education of Achilles, by James Barry.jpg|thumb|alt=Fanabeazana an' i Achille, sary nataon' i James Barry.|''The Education of Achilles'' (Ny fanabeazana an' i Achille), tokony ho tamin' ny 1772, nataon' i James Barry; ao amin' ny ''Yale Center for British Art'' (Foibe Yale momba ny zavakanto britanika).]]

Tsy misy loharano talohan' i Statius miresaka izany tsy fahafahany maratra amin' ny ankapobeny izany. Mifanohitra amin' izany aza, ao amin' ny ''Iliada'', dia milaza i Homer fa naratra i Achille. Ao amin' ny boky faha-21, i Asteropaios, mahery fo avy any Paeonia sady zanakalahin' i Pelagon, dia nihaika an' i Achille teo amoron' ny renirano Scamander. Nahay nampiasa ny tanany roa mitovy fahaizana izy, ka samy nanipazany lefona iray ny tanany tsirairay. Ny iray tamin' ireo dia nandalo nikasika ny kihon' i Achille, «ka nampiboiboika ra» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;Homer (Robert Fagles translation), ''The Iliad'', p. 525. Teny nalaina: “But the other (spear) grazed Achilles's strong right arm and dark blood gushed as the spear shot past his back”.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ireo tononkalo vitsy sisa tavela tapatapany avy amin' ny fitambaran-tononkalo atao hoe ''Epic Cycle'' izay mitantara ny nahafatesan' ilay mahery fo, dia tsy misy miresaka ny tsy fahafahany maratra amin' ny ankapobeny na ilay fahalemeny eo amin' ny voditongotra izay nanjary fantatra. Anisan' ireo tononkalo ireo ny ''Cypria'', ny ''Little Iliad'' nosoratan' i Lesches avy any Pyrrha, ary ny ''Aethiopis'' sy ny ''Iliupersis'' nosoratan' i Arctinus of Miletus. Amin' ireo sary hosodoko teo amin' ny vazy tatỳ aoriana izay mampiseho ny nahafatesan' i Achille, dia ny vatan-tenany no voan' ny zana-tsipìka iray, na zana-tsipìka maromaro amin' ny sary maro.

Natolotr' i Peleus ho taizain' i Chiron i Achille. Nonina teo amin' ny tendrombohitra Pelion i Chiron, ary nalaza ho marina indrindra tamin' ireo ''centaur'', zavaboary ao amin' ny angano izay manana vatana mitambatra olombelona sy soavaly.&lt;ref&gt;[[Hesiôdôsy|Hesiod]], ''Catalogue of Women'', fr. 204.87–89 MW; ''Iliad'' 11.830–832.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny fitantarana sasany, dia Ligyron no anaran' i Achille tany am-boalohany, ary i Chiron mpitaiza azy no nanome azy ny anarana hoe Achille tatỳ aoriana.&lt;ref&gt;Apollodorus, ''Library'', Book III [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.13&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022 3.13.6]&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny voalazan' i Homer, dia tao Phthia i Achille no nihalehibe niaraka tamin' i Patroclus, namany hatramin' ny fahazazany.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Pauly&quot; /&gt; Milaza koa i Homer fa nampianatra an' i Patroclus izay nianarany tamin' i Chiron i Achille, anisan' izany ny fahaizana mitsabo.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''The Iliad'' [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Iliad_(Murray)/Book_XI Book XI 822-836]&lt;/ref&gt; Naminany i Thetis fa iray amin' ireto no ho anjaran' ny zanany: na hahazo voninahitra izy nefa ho faty tanora, na ho ela velona saingy tsy hisy zava-nitranga miavaka eo amin' ny fiainany ary tsy ho fantatry ny olona izy. Nifidy ilay voalohany i Achille, ka nanapa-kevitra handray anjara tamin' ny Adin' i Troasy.&lt;ref&gt;''Iliad'' 9.410ff.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Achilleus Lyra.jpg|thumb|alt=Chiron mampianatra an' i Achille mitendry lyre.|Chiron mampianatra an' i Achille mitendry ''lyre'', zavamaneno misy tadiny; sary hosodoko rômanina teo amin' ny lalotra mbola mando, na ''fresco'', avy any Herculaneum, tamin' ny taonjato voalohany taorian' i Kristy.]]

Araka ny voalazan' i Photius, dia nitantara ny boky fahenina amin' ny ''New History'' nosoratan' i Ptolemy Hephaestion fa nodoran' i Thetis tany amin' ny toerana miafina ireo zanany tamin' i Peleus. Rehefa teraka i Achille, dia hitan' i Peleus ny nataony ka nosintoniny avy tao amin' ny lelafo ilay zaza, izay tongotra iray monja no may, ary natolony ho taizain' i Chiron ilay ''centaur''. Tatỳ aoriana dia nofongarin' i Chiron ny fatin' i Damysus, ilay haingam-pandeha indrindra tamin' ireo goavambe rehetra. Nalainy ny kitrokelin' i Damysus ary nampidiriny tao amin' ilay tongotr' i Achille may. Milaza koa i Photius fa nanana mpanoro hevitra avy any [[Carthage]] atao hoe Noemon i Achille.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_copyright/photius_05bibliotheca.htm Photius, ''Bibliotheca'', cod. 190]: &quot;Thetis burned in a secret place the children she had by Peleus; six were born; when she had Achilles, Peleus noticed and tore him from the flames with only a burnt foot and confided him to Chiron. The latter exhumed the body of the giant Damysos who was buried at Pallene—Damysos was the fastest of all the giants—removed the 'astragale' and incorporated it into Achilles's foot using 'ingredients'. This 'astragale' fell when Achilles was pursued by Apollo and it was thus that Achilles, fallen, was killed. It is said, on the other hand, that he was called Podarkes by the Poet, because, it is said, Thetis gave the newborn child the wings of Arce and Podarkes means that his feet had the wings of Arce.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Famaritana ny bika aman' endrika ===
Ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' nosoratan' i [[Hômerôsy|Homer]], dia aseho ho lehilahy lava sady miavaka bika i Achille, ary tsy misy mitovy aminy eo amin' ireo mpiady grika raha ny tanjaka sy ny hatsaran-tarehy no jerena.&lt;ref&gt;Barry Strauss. ''The Trojan War: A New History''. Simon and Schuster, 2007, p. 87. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7432-6442-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Amin' ny teny anglisy.&lt;/ref&gt;
Lazain' i Homer fa lava ny volony, na toy ny volon-tenda.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+23.141&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133 23.141] (in Greek)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=xai/th χαίτη]. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', Perseus Project.&lt;/ref&gt;
Toy ny an' ireo olona sasany hafa ao amin' ny tantara, dia faritana amin' ny teny hoe ''xanthḗ'' ny volony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Myres&quot;&gt;Myres, John Linton (1967). ''Who were the Greeks?'', pp. 192–199. University of California Press.&lt;/ref&gt;
Midika hoe mavo io teny io, ary nampiasaina hilazana volo mazava loko, anisan' izany ny volo mavo, volontany, volontany mazava ary volontany manopy mena.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=canqo/s ξανθός]. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', Perseus Project.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sidney Chawner Woodhouse. ''English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language''. London: Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul Limited, 1910, pp. 52,84,101.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nanoratra i Philostratus fa mavo manopy volontany, toy ny lokon' ny ditin-kazo atao hoe ''amber'', sady nitovy tamin' ny mason-diona ny masony.&lt;ref&gt;P. G Maxwell-Stuart. ''Studies in Greek colour terminology: Volume 2''. Brill, 1981, p. 19. [https://dokumen.pub/studies-in-greek-colour-terminology-2-2-9004064079-9789004064072.html Rohy].&lt;/ref&gt;

Nisy fitantarana latina tatỳ aoriana, angamba tamin' ny taonjato fahadimy taorian' i Kristy, izay [[Pseodepigrafa (literatiora)|nolazaina diso fa nosoratan' i]] Dares Phrygius, namaritra an' i Achille toy izao (dikan-teny malagasy): «… lehibe ny tratrany, tsara endrika ny vavany, ary natanjaka ny firafitry ny sandriny sy ny tongony. Rakotra volo lava miolanolana sady volontany manopy mena ny lohany (''capillo myrteo'', lokon' ny hodi-kazo ''myrtus'' na [[Miora|miora]]&lt;ref&gt;Fernando Navarro Antolín. ''Lygdamus: Corpus Tibullianum III. 1-6: Lygdami Elegiarum Liber : Edition and Commentary''. Belgium: E.J. Brill, 1996, p. 309.&lt;/ref&gt;). Na dia nalemy fanahy aza izy, dia tena masiaka tamin' ny ady. Ny endriny dia naneho ny hafalian' ny lehilahy nomena soa maro».&lt;ref&gt;Dares Phrygius, ''History of the Fall of Troy'' [https://www.theoi.com/Text/DaresPhrygius.html 13]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nafenina tao Skyros ===
Lohahevitra fototra: Achille tao Skyros.

[[File:Gaziantep Zeugma Museum Achilles mosaic in 2011 2098.jpg|thumb|alt=Môzaika mampiseho an' i Achille manao fitafiam-behivavy sy an' i Odysseus mamantatra azy amin' ny alalan' ny hafetsena.|Môzaika romana avy tao amin' ny vila Poseidon tao Zeugma, Commagene, izay ao amin' ny ''Zeugma Mosaic Museum'' (Tranombakoka momba ny môzaika ao Zeugma) ankehitriny. Mampiseho an' i Achille manao fitafiam-behivavy hanafenana ny maha izy azy sy an' i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]] mampiasa hafetsena mba hampiharihariana izany izy io.]]

Misy loharano taorian' i Homer&lt;ref&gt;[[Euripides]], ''Skyrioi'', surviving only in fragmentary form; Philostratus Junior, ''Imagines'' i; Scholiast on Homer's ''Iliad'', 9.326; [[Ôvidio|Ovid]], ''Metamorphoses'' 13.162–180; Ovid, ''Tristia'' 2.409–412 (mentioning a Roman tragedy on this subject); Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'' 3.13.8; Statius, ''Achilleid'' 1.689–880, 2.167ff.&lt;/ref&gt; milaza fa, mba hiarovana an' i Achille amin' ny ady, dia nafenin' i Thetis (na i Peleus, araka ny fitantarana sasany) tao amin' ny lapan' i Lycomedes, mpanjakan' i Skyros, ilay tovolahy. Nampanaovina fitafian' ny zanakavavin' ny mpanjaka izy, na farafaharatsiny fitafian-tovovavy.

Tao i Achille no nonina niaraka tamin' ireo zanakavavin' i Lycomedes, sady nanao fitafiana nanafenana ny maha izy azy. Angamba izy nantsoina hoe Pyrrha (ilay tovovavy mena volo), Cercysera na Aissa (izay midika hoe haingana&lt;ref&gt;[[Robert Graves|Graves, Robert]] (2017). ''The Greek Myths – The Complete and Definitive Edition''. Penguin Books Limited. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-241-98338-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Index s.v. Aissa.&lt;/ref&gt;).&lt;ref&gt;[[Robert Graves|Graves, Robert]] (2017). ''The Greek Myths – The Complete and Definitive Edition''. Penguin Books Limited. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-241-98338-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p. 642.&lt;/ref&gt; Tao no nananan' i Achille zazalahy roa tamin' i Deidamia, zanakavavin' i Lycomedes, izay efa nanomboka nifandray taminy: i Neoptolemus sy i Oneiros. Nantsoina koa hoe Pyrrhus i Neoptolemus, avy amin' ilay anarana mety ho nisaronan' ny rainy. Araka io fitantarana io, dia ren' i Odysseus tamin' i Calchas mpaminany fa tsy ho azon' ny Grika i Troasy raha tsy ampian' i Achille izy ireo. Nankany Skyros i Odysseus, nisandoka ho mpivarotra mandehandeha nivarotra fitafiana sy firavaky ny vehivavy, ary nametraka ampinga sy lefona teo amin' ny entany. Rehefa noraisin' i Achille avy hatrany ilay lefona, dia fantatr' i Odysseus hoe iza izy na dia nanao fitafiam-behivavy aza, ka noreseny lahatra mba handray anjara tamin' ny fanafihana nataon' ny Grika. Ao amin' ny fitantarana iray hafa, dia nasain' i Odysseus notsofina ny trompetra fanairana fony izy niaraka tamin' ireo vehivavy tao amin' ny lapan' i Lycomedes. Raha nandositra noho ny tahotra ireo vehivavy, dia niomana hiaro ny lapa kosa i Achille, ka nahafantarana ny maha izy azy izany.

== Tao amin' ny ady tao Troasy ==
[[File:Achilles by Lycomedes Louvre Ma2120.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Sary sokitra marbra mampiseho an' i Achille ao an-dapan' i Lycomedes.|Sary sokitra marbra mampiseho an' i Achille ao an-dapan' i Lycomedes mpanjaka, manodidina ny taona 240 taorian' i Kristy.]]

Araka ny filazan' i [[Hômerôsy|Homer]], ny ''Hellenes'' dia foko somary kely tany am-boalohany, nonina tao Phthia any Thessaly, ary nifantoka nanodidina an' i Alos, Alope, Trachis ary Argos an' ny Pelasgiana.&lt;ref&gt;Homer. ''Iliad'', [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.653-2.694 2.681–685].&lt;/ref&gt; Antsoina hoe « καλλιγύναικος », ''kalligýnaikos'', izany hoe « manana vehivavy tsara tarehy », io ''Hellas'' resahin' i Homer io. Teo ambany fifehezan' i Achille ny miaramilany, dia ny Hellenes, niaraka tamin' ny Myrmidons izay natahorana.

Araka ny ''Iliada'', dia tonga tao [[Troasy]] niaraka tamin' ny sambo 50 i Achille, ka Myrmidons 50 no tao amin' ny sambo tsirairay. Nanendry mpitarika dimy izy, ary Myrmidons 500 no nofehezin' ny tsirairay: Menesthius, Eudorus, Peisander, Phoenix ary Alcimedon.&lt;ref&gt;''Iliad'' 16.168–197.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Telephus ===
Araka ny angano, rehefa niainga ho any amin' ny ady tao Troasy ny Grika, dia nijanona tsy nahy tany Mysia, izay nofehezin' i Telephus mpanjaka. Tao amin' ny ady naterak' izany no nandratran' i Achille an' i Telephus, ary tsy nety sitrana ilay ratra. Araka ny fanamarihana manazava ny lahatsoratry ny ''Iliada'', dia tezitra tamin' i Telephus i [[Diônisôsy|Dionysus]] satria tsy nanompo azy araka ny tokony ho izy izy. Nampianjerainy tamin' ny tahom-boaloboka àry i Telephus mba hanampiana an' i Achille handratra azy.&lt;ref&gt;Platter, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PXnLrRQnufgC&amp;pg=PA148 p. 148]; Gantz, p. 579; Frazer's note to Pseudo-Apollodorus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+Epit.+E.3.17 ''Bibliotheca, Epitome 3.17''].&lt;/ref&gt; Nanatona mpaminany mampita ny valin' ny andriamanitra i Telephus, ary izao no valiny, amin' ny dikan-teny malagasy: « Izay nandratra no hanasitrana ». Nanaraka izany valiny izany izy ka tonga tany Argos. Tao no nanasitranan' i Achille azy mba hahafahany mitarika azy ireo amin' ny dia an-tsambo ho any Troasy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Epitome 3.20&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;69&quot;&gt;Pseudo-Apollodorus. [http://www.theoi.com/Text/ApollodorusE.html#69 ''Bibliotheca, Epitome 3.20'']. theoi.com.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Milaza i Philostratus fa, na dia i Achille aza no nandratra an' i Telephus, dia i Protesilaus no niady taminy voalohany sy naka ny ampingany. Koa rehefa nifanditra momba ny babo azo tamin' ny ady i Achille sy Protesilaus, dia nomena an' i Protesilaus ilay ampinga.&lt;ref&gt;Philostratus, ''On Heroes'' [https://chs.harvard.edu/primary-source/flavius-philostratus-on-heroes/#onheroestext 23.24–25]&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fitantarana hafa ao amin' ny tantara an-tsehatra nosoratan' i [[Euripides]] momba an' i Telephus, izay tsy voatahiry intsony, dia nankany Aulis i Telephus ka mody nanao mpangataka ary nangataka tamin' i Achille mba hanasitrana ny ratrany. Nandà i Achille ary nilaza fa tsy nahay fitsaboana. Amin' ny dikan-tantara iray hafa kosa, dia notazonin' i Telephus ho takalonaina i Orestes, ka ny fanampian' i Achille hanasitrana ilay ratra no notakiny ho takalon' ny famotsorana azy. Nanjohy hevitra i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]] fa ny lefona no nahatonga ilay ratra, ka tsy maintsy afaka nanasitrana azy koa ilay lefona. Nokikisana teo ambonin' ilay ratra ny lefona mba hilatsahan' ny potiny teo, ary sitrana i Telephus araka io angano io.&lt;ref name=&quot;Epitome 3.20&quot; /&gt;

=== Cycnus ===
Anisan' ny fahavalo voalohany natrehin' i Achille tamin' ny ady tao Troasy i Cycnus, zanak' i Poseidon izay tsy mety maratra. Efa namono an' i Protesilaus izy,&lt;ref&gt;Quintus Smyrnaeus, ''Posthomerica'' 4.529&lt;/ref&gt; sy olona arivo hafa tao Sigeion.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ôvidio|Ovid]], ''Metamorphoses'' 12.70&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny ''Metamorphoses'' nosoratan' i [[Ôvidio|Ovid]] indrindra no voatahiry ny fitantarana ny adin' izy roa. Tsy voatrobaky ny lefona na ny sabatra ny hoditr' i Cycnus ao amin' io fitantarana io. Araka ny filazan' i Pseudo-Apollodorus, dia maty izy rehefa nitorahan' i Achille vato ny lohany.&lt;ref&gt;Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'', [https://www.theoi.com/Text/ApollodorusE.html Epitome 3.31]&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny fitantaran' i Ovid kosa, dia nokendain' i Achille tamin' ny fehin' ny fiarovan-dohany i Cycnus.&lt;ref&gt;Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.139–145&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Troilus ===
[[File:Achilles slaying Troilus.PNG|thumb|left|I Achille namono an' i Troilus, eo amin' ny kaopy ''kylix'' voaravaka sary mena sy misy ny sonian' i Euphronios.]]

Araka ny ''Cypria'', izay ampahany amin' ireo tononkalo mitantara ny ady tany Troasy (''Epic Cycle'') ka milaza ny zava-nitranga talohan' ny fahatezeran' i Achille, dia nosakanan' i Achille ny Grika rehefa naniry hody. Avy eo dia nanafika ny ombin' i [[Énée|Aeneas]] izy, nandroba ireo tanàna manodidina, toa an' i Pedasus sy Lyrnessus, izay nisamboran' ny Grika an' i Briseis mpanjakavavy, ary namono an' i Tenes, zanakalahin' i [[Apôlôna (andriamanitra)|Apollo]], sy Troilus, zanakalahin' i Priam, tao amin' ny toerana masina nanompoana an' i Apollo Thymbraios. Ny tantaram-pitiavana momba an' i Troilus hita ao amin' ny ''Troilus and Criseyde'' nosoratan' i [[Geoffrey Chaucer]] sy ny ''Troilus and Cressida'' nosoratan' i [[William Shakespeare]] kosa dia noforonina tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany.&lt;ref name=&quot;stoa.org&quot;&gt;[http://www.stoa.org/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Stoa:text:2003.01.0004 ''Proclus' Summary of the Cypria'']. Stoa.org. access-date: 9 March 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091009120320/http://www.stoa.org/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Stoa:text:2003.01.0004 archive-url], archive-date: 9 October 2009; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;New Pauly&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Timiades_Painter_-_ABV_95_5_-_Achilleus_and_Hektor_fighting_over_the_body_of_Troilos_-_animal_friezes_-_München_AS_1426_-_07.jpg|thumb|I Achille niady tamin' i Hector teo amin' ny alitara, ary teo amin' ny lefony ny lohan' i Troilus. Sinibe ''amphora'' avy any Attica, voaravaka sary mainty, tamin' ny 570–560 talohan' i Kristy.]]

Ao amin' ny ''Account of the Destruction of Troy'' nosoratan' i Dares Phrygius,&lt;ref&gt;[http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/DaresTW.html ''Dares' account of the destruction of Troy, Greek Mythology Link'']. Homepage.mac.com. access-date: 9 March 2010&lt;!--Added by DASHBot--&gt;. [https://web.archive.org/web/20011130034104/http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/DaresTW.html archive-url], archive-date: 30 November 2001; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt; izay famintinana amin' ny teny latina nampita ny tantaran' i Achille tany Eorôpa tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany, ary koa ao amin' ireo fitantarana tranainy kokoa, dia printsy tanora avy any Troasy i Troilus.
Izy no faralahy tamin' ireo zanakalahy dimy ara-dalàna naterak' i Priam mpanjaka sy Hecuba; araka ny loharano hafa kosa dia zanakalahin' i Apollo koa izy.&lt;ref&gt;Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'' 3.151.&lt;/ref&gt;
Na dia mbola tanora aza izy, dia anisan' ireo mpitarika lehibe ny tafik' i Troasy, ary nolazain' i Homer ho «mpiady mitaingin-tsoavaly» na «mpiady mitaingina kalesy» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;''Iliad'' 24.257. Cf. Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 1.474–478.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nampifandray ny hoavin' i Troilus tamin' ny an' i Troasy ny faminaniana, ka nasiana otrika izy mba hisamborana azy.
Na izany aza, nanaitra an' i Achille ny hatsaran' i Troilus sy Polyxena anabaviny. Resin' ny filan' nofo izy ka nitady hanao firaisana ara-nofo tamin' ilay tovolahy. Tsy nanaiky anefa i Troilus, ka notapahin-doha teo amin' ny alitara misy vato masina antsoina hoe ''omphalos'', natokana ho an' i Apollo Thymbraios.&lt;ref&gt;Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca Epitome'' 3.32.&lt;/ref&gt;
Araka ny dikan-tantara tatỳ aoriana kosa dia tsy fanahy iniana no nahafaty an' i Troilus i Achille, rehefa namihina azy tamin' ny firehetam-pitiavana tafahoatra.&lt;ref&gt;Scholia to Lycophron 307; Servius, Scholia to the ''Aeneid'', Perseus Project [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Serv.+A.+1.474 A.1.474].&lt;/ref&gt;
Araka io dikan' ny angano io àry, dia sazy noho izany fanimbazimbana ny zava-masina izany ny fahafatesan' i Achille.&lt;ref&gt;Davidson, James (19 July 2007). [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n14/davi02_.html ''Zeus Be Nice Now'']. ''London Review of Books''. url-status: dead; [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011152019/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n14/davi02_.html archive-url], archive-date: 11 October 2007; access-date: 1 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nasehon' ireo mpanoratra fahiny ho ohatra maneho indrindra ny zaza maty isaonan' ny ray aman-dreniny i Troilus.
Raha nahatratra ny fahalehibeazana i Troilus, araka ilay mpanoratra fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe ''First Vatican Mythographer'' (mpanangona angano voalohany ao amin' ny Vatikana), dia tsy ho azo resena i Troasy; efa tranainy kokoa anefa io hevitra ao amin' ny tantara io, ary efa hita ao amin' ny ''Bacchides'' nosoratan' i Plautus.&lt;ref&gt;Plautus, ''Bacchides'' 953ff.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ao amin' ny Iliada ===
[[File:Achilles Agamemnon Pompei mosaic NAMNaples 10006.jpg|thumb|alt=Achille sy Agamemnon eo amin' ny môzaika.|Achille sy [[Agamemnon]], eo amin' ny môzaika avy any Pompeii, taonjato voalohany taor. J.K.]]

Ny ''Iliada'' nosoratan' i Homer no fitantarana malaza indrindra momba ny zava-bitan' i Achille nandritra ny adin' i Troasy. Ny fahatezeran' i Achille («μῆνις Ἀχιλλέως», ''mênis Achilléōs'') no lohahevitra fototry ny tononkalo. Toy izao ny andalana roa voalohany ao amin' ny ''Iliada'':
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Lahatsoratra grika tany am-boalohany
! Dikan-teny malagasy
|-
|Μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληιάδεω Ἀχιλῆος&lt;br /&gt;
οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί' Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκε, [...]
|Hirao, ry Andriamanibavy, ny fahatezeran' i Achille zanak' i Peleus,&lt;br /&gt;
ilay fahatezerana voaozona izay nitondra fijaliana lehibe ho an' ny Grika, [...]
|}

[[File:Wall painting - Briseis taken away from Achilles - Pompeii (VI 8 5) - Napoli MAN 9105 - 01.jpg|thumb|alt=Achille manolotra an' i Briseis ho an' i Agamemnon eo amin' ny hosodoko amin' ny rindrina.|Achille manolotra an' i Briseis ho an' i [[Agamemnon]]. Hosodoko amin' ny lalotra mbola mando avy ao amin' ny Tranon' ny Poeta Trajika any Pompeii, taonjato voalohany taor. J.K. (Mozeam-pirenena momba ny arkeôlôjia ao Naples).]]

Herinandro vitsivitsy monja tamin' ilay ady naharitra folo taona no tantarain' ity tononkalo lava mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo ity, ary tsy voatantara ao ny nahafatesan' i Achille. Manomboka amin' ny fisintahan' i Achille tsy hiady intsony izy io, rehefa avy nanala baraka azy i [[Agamemnon]], mpitari-tafiky ny Grika, izay antsoin' i Homer hoe ''Achaeans'' ao amin' ny tononkalo. Naka vehivavy iray atao hoe Chryseis ho andevony i Agamemnon. Niangavy azy hamerina an' io vehivavy io aminy i Chryses rainy, mpisoron' i [[Apôlôna (andriamanitra)|Apollo]]. Nandà i Agamemnon, ka nandefa valanaretina (na aretina miparitaka amin' ny olona maro) teo amin' ny Grika i Apollo. Nahafantatra marina ny anton' ireo loza i Calchas mpaminany, saingy tsy nety nilaza izany raha tsy nianiana hiaro azy i Achille. Nanao izany i Achille, ka nanambara i Calchas fa tsy maintsy averina amin' ny rainy i Chryseis. Nanaiky i Agamemnon, nefa nandidy kosa izy ny hitondrana any aminy an' i Briseis, zanakavavin' i Briseus sady andevon' i Achille, mba hisolo an' i Chryseis. Tezitra noho ny fanalam-baraka azy tamin' ny fakana ny babo azony sy ny voninahiny i Achille, ary, araka ny filazany tatỳ aoriana, noho izy tia an' i Briseis koa.&lt;ref&gt;''Iliad'' 9.334–343.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampirisihin' i Thetis reniny izy, ka tsy nanaiky hiady na hitarika ny miaramilany hiaraka amin' ny tafika grika hafa. Nandritra izany fotoana izany, dia mbola tezitra mafy noho ilay halatra nataon' i Agamemnon izy, ka nivavaka tamin' i Thetis mba handresy lahatra an' i Zeus hanampy ny mponin' i Troasy handroso amin' ny ady, hahafahany mahazo indray ny voninahiny.

Rehefa niharatsy ny toeran' ny Grika teo amin' ny ady noho ny fidiran' i Zeus an-tsehatra, dia nilaza i Nestor fa nandresy ny mponin' i Troasy satria nampahatezitra an' i Achille i Agamemnon. Nampirisika ny mpanjaka hampitony ilay mpiady izy. Nanaiky i Agamemnon, ka naniraka an' i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]] sy mpitarika roa hafa, dia i Ajax sy i Phoenix. Nampanantena izy ireo fa, raha miverina miady i Achille, dia hamerina an' i Briseis babo sy hanome fanomezana hafa i Agamemnon. Nolavin' i Achille avokoa ny natolotr' i Agamemnon azy, ary ny niverenan' ny Grika an-tsambo ho any an-taniny fotsiny no nampirisihiny, araka izay nokasainy hatao koa.

[[File:The Rage of Achilles by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo.jpeg|thumb|left|alt=Hosodoko maneho ny fahatezeran' i Achille.|''The Rage of Achilles'' (Ny fahatezeran' i Achille), hosodoko amin' ny lalotra mbola mando nataon' i Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (1757, Villa Valmarana ai Nani, Vicenza).]]

Avy eo dia nanosika ny tafika grika hihemotra ho eny amoron-dranomasina ny tafik' i Troasy notarihin' i Hector, ary nanafika ny sambo grika. Raha efa saika ho ringana tanteraka ny tafika grika, dia nitafy ny fiadian' i Achille i Patroclus ka nitarika ny Myrmidons ho any an' ady, fa i Achille kosa nijanona tao an-tobiny ihany. Nahavita nanosika ny tafik' i Troasy hiala teny amoron-dranomasina i Patroclus, saingy novonoin' i Hector izy talohan' ny nahafahany nitarika fanafihana tanteraka ny tanànan' i Troasy.

Rehefa nampandre azy ny nahafatesan' i Patroclus i Antilochus, zanak' i Nestor, dia nalahelo mafy ny nahafatesan' ilay sakaiza malalany i Achille. Tonga hampionona an' i Achille izay difotry ny alahelo i Thetis reniny. Nandresy lahatra an' i Hephaestus izy mba hanao fiadiana vaovao ho azy, hisolo ilay nanaovan' i Patroclus ka nalain' i Hector. Anisan' izany fiadiana vaovao izany ny ampingan' i Achille, izay voalazalaza amin' ny an-tsipiriany ao amin' ny tononkalo.

Tezitra mafy noho ny nahafatesan' i Patroclus i Achille, ka tsy nandà ny hiady intsony ary niverina teny an-tany fiadiana. Namono lehilahy maro tao anatin' ny fahatezerany izy, nefa tsy nitsahatra nitady an' i Hector. Niady tamin' i Scamander, andriamanitry ny renirano, mihitsy aza izy. Tezitra io andriamanitra io satria voasakan' ny fatin' ireo olona rehetra novonoin' i Achille ny fikorianan' ny ranony. Niezaka nandentika an' i Achille tao anaty rano izy, saingy nosakanan' i Hera sy i Hephaestus. Tsikaritr' i Zeus mihitsy ny fahatezeran' i Achille, ka nirahiny ny andriamanitra mba hisakana azy tsy handroba an' i Troasy alohan' ny fotoana voatendry handravana azy. Toa maneho izany fa afaka manohitra ny lahatra mihitsy ny fahatezeran' i Achille raha tsy misy misakana. Nahita an' i Hector izay nokendreny hovonoina ihany i Achille tamin' ny farany.

[[File:The Triumph of Achilles by Franz von Matsch.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|alt=Hosodoko maneho ny fandresen' i Achille.|''The Triumph of Achilles'' (Ny fandresen' i Achille), hosodoko amin' ny lalotra mbola mando nataon' i Franz von Matsch ao amin' ny Achilleion, any Grisia.]]

Nanenjika an' i Hector nanodidina ny mandan' i Troasy intelo i Achille, vao naka ny endrik' i Deiphobus, rahalahin' i Hector tiany indrindra sady akaiky indrindra azy, i [[Atena (andriamanibavy)|Athena]]. Nandresy lahatra an' i Hector izy mba tsy handositra intsony fa hifanandrina mivantana amin' i Achille. Rehefa fantatr' i Hector ilay fitaka, dia tsapany fa tsy azo ihodivirana ny ady. Naniry ny ho faty eo am-piadiana izy, ka niantoraka tamin' i Achille niaraka tamin' ny sabany, izay hany fiadiany, saingy tsy nahavoa. Nanaiky ny lahatra i Hector, ka tsy ny hitsimbinana ny ainy no niangaviany tamin' i Achille, fa ny hanajana ny fatiny rehefa avy mamono azy. Namaly azy i Achille fa tsy tokony hanantena izany aminy izy, ka nilaza hoe, araka izao dikan-teny malagasy izao: «Ny hatezerako sy ny havinirako dia mety hanosika ahy izao handrasarasa ny nofonao sy hihinana anao manta, fa mafy toy izany ny fijaliana naterakao tamiko».&lt;ref&gt;''The Iliad'', Fagles translation. Penguin Books, 1991: 22.346.&lt;/ref&gt; Novonoin' i Achille avy eo i Hector, ary notaritaritiny tamin' ny voditongony tao aorian' ny kalesiny ny fatiny. Rehefa avy nanonofy an' i Patroclus niangavy azy hanao ny fandevenana azy i Achille, dia nikarakara fifaninanana maromaro ho fanomezam-boninahitra ny sakaizany nandritra ny fombafomba fandevenana izy.&lt;ref&gt;Richmond Lattimore. ''[https://archive.org/details/iliad00home_5 The Illiad of Homer]''. Chicago: The University of Chicago, 2011. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-226-46937-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fidirana mila fisoratana anarana.&lt;/ref&gt;

Eo am-panombohan' ny ady ifanaovany amin' i Hector, dia ampitahaina amin' ny kintana mamirapiratra indrindra eny an-danitra i Achille: ny alikan' i Orion (Sirius), izay miseho amin' ny fararano sady famantarana loza. Mandritra ny fandoroana ny fatin' i Patroclus kosa, dia ampitahaina amin' i Hesperus izy, ilay kintana amin' ny hariva hita any andrefana ([[Venosy (planeta)|Venosy]]). Voatonona amin' ny filazalazana ny fandoroana ny faty koa i Phosphorus, ilay kintana amin' ny maraina hita any atsinanana, izay Venosy ihany koa.

Noho ny fanampian' i [[Hermesy (andriamanitra)|Hermes]] andriamanitra, antsoina koa hoe Argeiphontes, dia nankany amin' ny tranolain' i Achille i Priam, rain' i Hector, mba hiangavy azy hamerina ny fatin' i Hector ka hahafahana mandevina azy. Nanaiky ihany i Achille, ary nampanantena fampitsaharana ny ady mandritra ny fombafomba fandevenana, izay maharitra sivy andro, ary amin' ny andro fahafolo ny fandevenana, araka ny lovantsofina momba ny zanak' i Niobe. Mifarana amin' ny filazalazana ny fandevenana an' i Hector ny tononkalo, fa mbola ho avy kosa ny fandravana an' i Troasy sy ny fahafatesan' i Achille.

=== Penthesilea sy Memnon ===
[[File:Akhilleus Memnon Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1410.jpg|thumb|alt=I Achille sy Memnon miady eo anelanelan' i Thetis sy Eos, eo amin' ny siny voaravaka sary mainty.|I Achille sy Memnon miady eo anelanelan' i Thetis sy Eos; siny tahony roa (''amphora'') avy any Attica, voaravaka sary mainty, manodidina ny taona 510 talohan' i Kristy, hita tany Vulci.]]

Mitantara zava-nitranga hafa tamin' ny ady tao Troasy ny sanganasa tatỳ aoriana, anisan' izany ny ''Aethiopis'' tamin' ny taonjato fahafito talohan' i Kristy sy ny sanganasa mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Posthomerica'', nosoratan' i Quintus of Smyrna tamin' ny taonjato fahefatra taorian' i Kristy. Rehefa tonga tao Troasy i Penthesilea, mpanjakavavin' ny Amazons sady zanakavavin' i Ares, dia nanantena i Priam fa handresy an' i Achille izy. Taorian' ny fampitsaharana ady vonjimaika nifanaovany tamin' i Priam, dia niady tamin' ilay mpanjakavavy mpiady i Achille ka nahafaty azy, nefa nalahelo ny nahafatesany tatỳ aoriana.&lt;ref&gt;Propertius, 3.11.15; Quintus Smyrnaeus 1.&lt;/ref&gt; Naneso an' i Achille noho izany alahelony izany i Thersites, ka novonoin' i Achille ho faty. Nahatezitra an' i Diomedes, zanak' olo-mpiray tam-po amin' ny ray na renin' i Thersites, izany.&lt;ref&gt;Quintus Smyrnaeus, ''Posthomerica'' 1.765–770; Tzetzes ad Lycophron 999&lt;/ref&gt; Noho izany dia voatery nandeha sambo nankany Lesbos i Achille ary nanolotra sorona ho an' i [[Apôlôna (andriamanitra)|Apollo]], Artemis ary Leto, vao afaka nanadio azy ara-pivavahana noho ilay famonoana olona i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Prôklôsy|Proclus]], ''Chresthomathy'' 2.1&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian' ny nahafatesan' i Patroclus dia i Antilochus, zanak' i Nestor, no lasa namana akaiky indrindra an' i Achille. Efa tia an' i Antilochus i Achille, ka nihevitra i Menelaus fa i Antilochus no olona mety indrindra hampandre an' i Achille ny fahafatesan' i Patroclus.&lt;ref&gt;Philostratus, ''Imagines'', [https://topostext.org/work/225#2.7.1 2.7.1] ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0601%3Abook%3Dpos%3D2%3Achapter%3D7 Original Greek text])&lt;/ref&gt; Tatỳ aoriana dia i Memnon, mpanjakan' i Ethiopia ao amin' ny angano sady zanak' i Eos, andriamanibavin' ny mangiran-dratsy, no namono an' i Antilochus raha nanao sorona ny ainy hamonjena ny rainy ity farany. Araka ny ''Imagines'' nosoratan' i Philostratus, dia nitomany ny nahafatesan' i Antilochus teo an-tany fiadiana i Achille, sady nampanantena azy fandevenana manetriketrika sy valifaty. Namaly faty teo an-tany fiadiana indray i Achille ka namono an' i Memnon.&lt;ref&gt;Philostratus, ''Imagines'', [https://topostext.org/work/225#2.7.2 2.7.2] ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0601%3Abook%3Dpos%3D2%3Achapter%3D7 Original Greek text])&lt;/ref&gt; Vokatr' izany dia tsy navelan' i Eos hiposaka ny masoandro raha tsy efa nandresy lahatra azy i Zeus. Mitovy endrika amin' ny adin' i Achille sy Hector noho i Patroclus ny adin' i Achille sy Memnon noho i Antilochus, saingy zanak' andriamanibavy koa i Memnon, fa tsy toy izany kosa i Hector.

Manam-pahaizana maro momba ny sanganasan' i Homer no nilaza fa io tantara io no nanome aingam-panahy ho an' ny antsipiriany maro ao amin' ny fitantaran' ny ''Iliada'' ny fahafatesan' i Patroclus sy ny fihetsik' i Achille nanoloana izany. Io tantara io avy eo no fototry ny ''Aethiopis'', tononkalo lava mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo ao amin' ny fitambaran-tononkalo antsoina hoe ''Epic Cycle''. Nosoratana taorian' ny ''Iliada'' izy io, angamba tamin' ny taonjato fahafito talohan' i Kristy. Tsy voatahiry intsony ny ''Aethiopis'', afa-tsy sombiny miparitaka notononin' ny mpanoratra tatỳ aoriana.

=== Achille sy Patroclus ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Achille sy Patroclus.

[[File:Akhilleus Patroklos Antikensammlung Berlin F2278.jpg|thumb|alt=Achille mikarakara an' i Patroclus naratran' ny zana-tsipìka.|Achille mikarakara an' i Patroclus naratran' ny zana-tsipìka, eo amin' ny ''kylix'' (karazana kaopy fisotroana grika fahiny) avy any Attika misy sary mena eo amin' ny lafika maizina, manodidina ny taona 500 talohan' i Kristy (''Altes Museum'' na Mozea Taloha, Berlin).]]

Niadian-kevitra na tamin' ny vanim-potoana klasika na amin' ny andro maoderina ny tena toetry ny fifandraisan' i Achille sy Patroclus. Ao amin' ny ''Iliada'', dia toa ohatry ny fisakaizana lalina sy tsy mivadika izany. Tsy milaza an-kolaka i Homer fa nanao firaisana ara-nofo i Achille sy Patroclus, ilay namany akaiky.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fox 2011&quot;&gt;Robin Fox, ''The Tribal Imagination: Civilization and the Savage Mind'', Harvard University Press, 2011, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YCxy_4Bt1F0C&amp;pg=PA223 223]. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-674-06094-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Teny nalaina amin' ny teny anglisy: “There is certainly no evidence in the text of the Iliad that Achilles and Patroclus were lovers.”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Martin 2012&quot;&gt;Martin, Thomas R, ''Alexander the Great: The Story of an Ancient Life'', Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 100. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-14844-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Teny nalaina amin' ny teny anglisy: “The ancient sources do not report, however, what modern scholars have asserted: that Alexander and his very close friend Hephaestion were lovers. Achilles and his equally close friend Patroclus provided the legendary model for this friendship, but Homer in the ''Iliad'' never suggested that they had sex with each other. (That came from later authors.).”&lt;/ref&gt;
Na dia tsy misy porofo ao amin' ny lahatsoratry ny ''Iliada'' aza fa mpifankatia i Achille sy Patroclus, dia nisy mpanoratra tatỳ aoriana nilaza izany hevitra izany. Matetika ireo mpivaofy, hatramin' ny [[Andro Taloha Klasika|Andro Taloha klasika]] ka hatramin' izao, no nandika ny fifandraisan' izy roa araka ny kolontsainy manokana. Tao Athens tamin' ny taonjato fahadimy talohan' i Kristy, dia matetika no nampifandraisina tamin' ny fomba grika atao hoe ''paiderasteia'' ny fifamatorany lalina: fifandraisam-pitiavan' ny lehilahy zokiny sy ny zazalahy na tovolahy tanora kokoa, izay matetika mbola zatovo.
Ao amin' ny ''Symposium'' nosoratan' i Plato, dia mihevitra ho mpifankatia i Achille sy Patroclus ireo mpandray anjara amin' ny fifanakalozan-kevitra momba ny fitiavana; araka ny hevitr' i Phaedrus, dia i Achille no tanora kokoa sy tsara tarehy kokoa, ka izy no ilay notiavina ary i Patroclus no ilay tia.&lt;ref&gt;[[Platôna|Plato]], ''Symposium'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plat.+Sym.+180a 180a]; efa noresahina tao amin' ny ''Iliad'' 2.673–674 ny hatsaran' i Achille.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny ''Symposium'' nosoratan' i Xenophon kosa, dia milaza i Socrates fa tsy mpifankatia i Achille sy Patroclus, fa fifandraisana am-pisakaizana tsy misy faniriana ara-nofo no nisy teo aminy.
Araka ny hevitr' i Kenneth Dover, dia tsy nanana teny hanavahana ny olona maniry olona tsy mitovy fananahana aminy sy ny olona maniry olona mitovy fananahana aminy ny teny grika fahiny,&lt;ref name=&quot;Dover&quot;&gt;Kenneth Dover, ''Greek Homosexuality'', Harvard University Press, 1989 (fanontana voalohany 1978), p. 1 ''et passim''. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-674-36270-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ary noheverina fa afaka maniry tovolahy tsara tarehy sady manao firaisana ara-nofo amin' ny vehivavy ny lehilahy iray. Kanefa, nisy lahatsoratra grika fahiny nanaiky fa misy lehilahy izay, araka ny toetrany voajanahary, dia lehilahy hafa ihany no iriny, nefa manambady vehivavy sy miteraka noho ny fanerena na ny fomba amam-panao fotsiny, fa misy kosa maniry vehivavy mandrakariva.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dover&quot; /&gt; Maro ireo lehilahy niaraka tsiroaroa teo amin' ny tantara no nampitahaina tamin' i Achille sy Patroclus mba hilazana an-kolaka fa nisy fifandraisam-pitiavana na ara-nofo teo amin' izy ireo, izay samy lehilahy.&lt;ref&gt;Clarke, W. M., ''Achilles and Patroclus in Love'', ''Hermes'', 1978, boky 106, laharana 3, p. 381–396. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4476069?seq=1 JSTOR]. ISSN 0018-0777.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fandikan' i Bernard Knox, dia i Patroclus no nitazona an' i Achille hifamatotra tamin' ny maha-olombelona azy izay voageja tao anatiny. Noho ny fangorahany, dia nampifandray an' ilay mpiady nitokana sy sahala amin' ny andriamanitra tamin' ny tontolon' ny olombelona mety maty, izay ahitana fiaraha-miory sy fiaraha-monina, i Patroclus. Na dia manamafy aza i Knox fa fisakaizana lalina mampiavaka ny mahery fo (''philia''), fa tsy fifankatiavana misy faniriana ara-nofo, no nanehoan' i Homer ny fifamatorany tany am-boalohany, dia io no fifandraisana lalina indrindra ao amin' ilay tononkalo epika, araka ny fandikany. Ny fahafatesan' i Patroclus no nandrava ny fireharehan' i Achille izay nifantoka tamin' ny tenany ihany, nanery azy hiatrika ny vokatra mahatsiravina nateraky ny nataony ary nanomboka ny fiovana nampijaly azy ho amin' ny famerenana ny maha-olombelona azy. Ny fanaintainana noho ny fahaverezan' i Patroclus no nitarika an' i Achille hamindra fo tamin' i Priam tamin' ny farany, ka namela azy handevina ny fatin' i Hector zanany.&lt;ref&gt;Knox, Bernard, ''Achilles'', ''Grand Street'', 1990, boky 9, laharana 3, p. 129–150. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25007374 JSTOR] (famakiana mila famandrihana). DOI: 10.2307/25007374. ISSN 0734-5496.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fahafatesana ===
[[File:Closeup of Achilles thniskon in Corfu Achilleion autocorrected.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Sarivongan' i Achille efa ho faty ao amin' ny zaridainan' ny Achilleion.|''Dying Achilles'' (Achille efa ho faty; ''Achilleas thniskon'') ao amin' ny zaridainan' ny Achilleion.]]

Maro karazana sy sarotra ny fitantarana ny fahafatesan' i Achille, na dia ireo loharano tranainy indrindra ihany aza no dinihina.&lt;ref&gt;Abrantes 2016: c. 4.3.1&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny fitantarana tranainy indrindra, ao amin' ny boky faha-22 amin' ny ''Iliada'', dia maminany i Hector, eo am-pialana aina, fa i Paris sy i Apollo no hamono an' i Achille eo amin' ny Vavahady Scaean izay idirana ao Troasy. Araka an' i Statius dia zana-tsipìka mamely ny voditongony no hahafaty azy. Ao amin' ny boky faha-23, dia mamangy an' i Achille ny fanahin' i Patroclus efa maty, sady malahelo, raha iny vao resin-tory iny i Achille. Mangataka izy mba hapetraka miaraka amin' ny taolan' i Achille ny taolany, ao anatin' ilay vazy volamena nomen-drenin' i Achille azy.

[[File:Aias body Akhilleus Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1884.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Sarin' i Ajax mitondra ny fatin' i Achille, voaravaka amin' ny tavoara fahiny.|I Ajax mitondra ny fatin' i Achille, eo amin' ny karazana tavoara atao hoe ''lekythos'' avy any Attica, voaravaka araka ny teknikan' ny sary mainty. Avy any Sicily izy io ary natao tokony ho tamin' ny 510 talohan' i Kristy (''Staatliche Antikensammlungen'', na Fanangonam-panjakana momba ny zavakanto fahiny, Munich).]]

Ao amin' ny boky faha-11 amin' ny ''Odyssey'', dia mandeha an-tsambo any amin' ny tontolon' ny maty i Odysseus ary miresaka amin' ny fanahin' ireo maty. Anisan' izy ireo i Achille. Rehefa arahabaina hoe « sambatra fony fahavelony, sambatra rehefa maty » izy (dikan-teny malagasy), dia mamaly fa aleony ho andevon' ny tompo ratsy indrindra toy izay ho mpanjakan' ny maty rehetra. Avy eo anefa dia manontany an' i Odysseus momba ny zava-bitan' ny zanany tamin' ny ady tao Troasy i Achille, ka tantarain' i Odysseus aminy ny nataon' i Neoptolemus.&lt;ref&gt;''Odyssey'' 11.467–564.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny boky faha-24 amin' ny ''Odyssey'', dia mitantara ny fahafatesan' i Achille ny fanahin' i Agamemnon mpanjaka efa maty. Araka io fitantarana io, dia nafangaro tamin' ny taolan' i Patroclus ny taolan' i Achille izay efa fotsy taorian' ny nandoroana ny fatiny tamin' ny antontan-kitay, ary natao tao anatin' ilay vazy volamena an' ny reniny. Natokana tao anaty fitoerana hafa kosa ny taolan' i Antilochus, izay nanjary akaiky an' i Achille mihoatra noho ny olon-kafa rehetra taorian' ny fahafatesan' i Patroclus. Notanterahina ireo fifaninanana fanao amin' ny fandevenana mahery fo, ary naorina teo amoron' ny Hellespont ny fasana lehibe iray, na dongon-tany, mba hahafahan' ireo mpandeha an-dranomasina manatona manome voninahitra azy.&lt;ref&gt;Richmond Lattimore. ''The Odyssey of Homer''. Harper Perennial, 2007. New York, p. 347. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-06-124418-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny ''Aethiopis'', dia aseho ho mbola velona aorian' ny fahafatesany i Achille, ao amin' ny nosy Leuke eo am-bavan' ny renirano [[Danube]]. Araka ny fitantarana hafa momba ny fahafatesany, dia raiki-pitia mafy tamin' i Polyxena, iray tamin' ireo zanakavavin' ny mpanjakan' i Troasy, izy. Nangataka tamin' i Priam ny hanambady an' i Polyxena i Achille. Nanaiky i Priam satria hampitsahatra ny ady izany sady hampiray dina azy amin' ilay lazain' io fitantarana io ho mpiady mahery indrindra eran-tany. Kanefa, raha mbola niandraikitra ny fanambadian' i Polyxena sy i Achille natao tsy ampahibemaso i Priam, dia niafina tao anaty kirihitra i Paris. Tsy maintsy hamoy an' i Helen mantsy i Paris raha manambady ny anabaviny i Achille. Notifiriny tamin' ny zana-tsipìkan' andriamanitra i Achille ka maty. Araka an' i Apollodorus kosa, dia nanambady an' i [[Médée|Medea]] tany amin' ny Sahan' i Elysium izy taorian' ny fahafatesany.&lt;ref&gt;Dräger, paras. 1, 4; Apollodorus, [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.5.5 E.5.5].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ny niafaran' ny fiadiana fiarovan-tena ===
[[File:Odysseus Ajax Louvre F340.jpg|thumb|left|Siny ''oinochoe'', tokony ho tamin' ny 520 talohan' i Kristy, mampiseho an' i Ajax sy Odysseus miady noho ny fiadiana fiarovan-tenan' i Achille.]]

Nifanditra noho ny fiadiana fiarovan-tenan' i Achille i Odysseus sy Ajax. Samy nanao kabary teo anatrehan' ireo babo avy any Troasy izy ireo mba hanazavana ny antony tokony hiheverana azy ho ilay be herim-po indrindra manarakaraka an' i Achille. Rehefa nandinika ny kabarin' izy roa lahy ireo babo dia nanapa-kevitra fa i Odysseus no mendrika kokoa hahazo ilay fiadiana. Tezitra mafy i Ajax ka nanozona an' i Odysseus, ary nampahatezitra an' i Athena izany. Nampikorontana vetivety ny sain' i Ajax noho ny alahelo sy ny fahoriana i Athena, ka namono ondry izy satria noheveriny ho ireo namany izany. Rehefa naverin' i Athena tamin' ny laoniny ny sainy tatỳ aoriana, ka takatr' i Ajax fa ondry tokoa no novonoiny, dia nahatsiaro ho afa-baraka loatra izy ka namono tena. Nomen' i Odysseus an' i Neoptolemus, zanak' i Achille, ihany ilay fiadiana tamin' ny farany. Rehefa nihaona tamin' ny fanahin' i Ajax tao amin' ny fonenan' i Hades i Odysseus ela be taorian' izany (''Odyssey'' 11.543–566), dia mbola tezitra mafy noho ny valin' ilay fifaninanana i Ajax ka tsy nety niresaka taminy.

Namboarin' i Hephaestus ilay fiadiana nifandiran' izy ireo, ka mafy sy tsara tarehy lavitra noho izay fiadiana azon' ny olombelona mety maty namboarina. Nasain' i Thetis namboarina ho an' i Achille izany satria ny fiadiany voalohany dia nanaovan' i Patroclus rehefa nandeha niady, ary nalain' i Hector rehefa namono an' i Patroclus izy. Io andriamanitry ny afo io koa no nanao ny ampingan' i Achille. Ny lefona resahina ao amin' ny angano kosa dia nomen' i Chiron, mpanabe azy, an' i Achille talohan' ny nandraisany anjara tamin' ny adin' i Troasy. Nantsoina hoe lefona Pelian izany, ary voalaza fa tsy nisy lehilahy hafa afaka nampiasa azy.

Nisy zavatra nolazaina fa lefon' i Achille misy lohany vita amin' ny halimo, izay notehirizina nandritra ny taonjato maro tao amin' ny tempolin' i Athena teo amin' ny faritra avo amin' ny tanànan' i Phaselis, any Lycia, seranan-tsambo eo amin' ny Hoalan' i Pamphylia. Nitsidika an' io tanàna io tamin' ny 333 talohan' i Kristy i [[Aleksandra Lehibe|Alexander the Great]], izay nihevitra ny tenany ho Achille vaovao sady nitondra ny ''Iliada'' niaraka taminy. Tsy miresaka an' ilay lefona anefa ireo mpanoratra ny tantaram-piainany tao an-dapany; naseho kosa izany tamin' ny andron' i Pausanias, tamin' ny taonjato faharoa taorian' i Kristy.&lt;ref&gt;Robin Lane Fox (1973). ''Alexander the Great'', p. 144. Teny nalaina amin' ny teny anglisy: “Alexander came to rest at Phaselis, a coastal city which was later renowned for the possession of Achilles' original spear.”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, iii.3.6; jereo Christian Jacob; Anne Mullen-Hohl (1980). ''The Greek Traveler's Areas of Knowledge: Myths and Other Discourses in Pausanias' Description of Greece'', ao amin' ny ''Rethinking History: Time, Myth, and Writing'', ''Yale French Studies'', vol. 59, pp. 5–85, especially 81. JSTOR: 2929815.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== I Achille sy Ajax ary ny lalao ''petteia'' ===
Misy sary hosodoko maro amin' ny tanimanga izay toa manondro tantara iray tsy voalaza ao amin' ny lovantsofina ara-literatiora. Tamin' ny fotoana iray nandritra ny ady, dia nilalao lalao teo ambony solaitra, na ''petteia'', i Achille sy Ajax.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.personal.psu.edu/wxk116/roma/petteia.html “Petteia”.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20061209122834/http://www.personal.psu.edu/wxk116/roma/petteia.html Tahiry tamin' ny 9 December 2006].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/Archives/Austin/index.html “Greek Board Games”.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090408090534/http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/Archives/Austin/index.html Tahiry tamin' ny 8 April 2009].&lt;/ref&gt; Variana tanteraka tamin' ilay lalao izy ireo ka tsy nahatsikaritra ny ady nanodidina azy.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxk116/roma/latruncu.html “Latrunculi”.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20060915044905/http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxk116/roma/latruncu.html Tahiry tamin' ny 15 September 2006].&lt;/ref&gt; Nanafika ny miaramila avy any Troasy ka tonga hatreny amin' izy roa lahy mahery fo, ary ny fidiran' i Athena an-tsehatra ihany no nahavonjy azy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Ioannis Kakridis (1988). ''Ελληνική Μυθολογία'' [Greek mythology]. Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. Vol. 5, p. 92.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanompoam-pivavahana sy fanomezam-boninahitra ==
Jereo koa: toerana fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' ny mahery fo (''heroön'').

[[File:Tumulus of Achilles and sacrifice of Polyxena.jpg|thumb|Sary eo amin' ny vatam-paty vato misy sary momba an' i Polyxena, mampiseho ny fanaovana sorona azy sy ny fasan' i Achille miendrika dongon-tany, ary fitoeran-javatra misy tongotra telo eo anoloany, manodidina ny taona 500 talohan' i Kristy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBR79&quot;&gt;Rose, Charles Brian (2014). ''The Archaeology of Greek and Roman Troy''. Cambridge University Press. p. 79. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-76207-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9gaAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA79&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Achilles Troilus MAN Napoli Inv5999.jpg|thumb|Sarivongana rômanina mampiseho lehilahy iray mitondra fatin-jazalahy, izay heverina ho i Achille sy i Troilus, tamin' ny taonjato faharoa taorian' i Kristy (''Naples National Archaeological Museum'', na Tranombakokam-pirenena momba ny arkeôlôjia ao Naples).]]
[[File:05-Mosaico del Oecus. Aquiles en Skyros alta.jpg|thumb|right|220px|I Achille tao Skyros. Araka ny ''Achilleid'', dia hitan' i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]] tao izy, nitafy toy ny vehivavy sady niafina teo anivon' ireo zanakavavin' ny mpanjaka tao an-dapa. Môzaika avy ao La Olmeda, Espaina, tamin' ny faramparan' ny vanim-potoana rômanina, taonjato fahefatra–fahadimy taorian' i Kristy.]]
[[File:Achilles at Skyros, Mosaic, Villa La Olmeda, 4th century AD.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Ampahany amin' ilay môzaika mampiseho an' i Achille.]]

Ny fasan' i Achille,&lt;ref&gt;Cf. Homer, ''Iliad'' 24.80–84.&lt;/ref&gt; izay nisy tao [[Troasy|Troad]] nandritra ny Andro Taloha manontolo,&lt;ref name=&quot;Troad&quot;&gt;Herodotus, ''Histories'' 5.94; Pliny, ''Naturalis Historia'' 5.125; Strabo, ''Geographica'' 13.1.32 (C596); Diogenes Laërtius 1.74.&lt;/ref&gt; dia nomen' ny mponin' i Thessaly voninahitra ara-pivavahana, ary toy izany koa ireo tafika [[Persàna (vahoaka)|persiana]] nanao iraka tany ivelany, i [[Aleksandra Lehibe|Alexander the Great]] ary i Caracalla, emperora rômanina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedreen&quot;&gt;Guy Hedreen. ''The Cult of Achilles in the Euxine''. ''Hesperia'', volume 60, issue 3, July 1991, pp. 313–330. DOI: 10.2307/148068. JSTOR: 148068.&lt;/ref&gt; Nisy fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' i Achille koa tany amin' ny toerana hafa, ohatra, tany amin' ny nosy Astypalaea ao amin' ny vondronosy Sporades,&lt;ref&gt;Cicero, ''De Natura Deorum'' 3.45.&lt;/ref&gt; tany Sparta, izay nisy toerana masina ho azy,&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 3.20.8.&lt;/ref&gt; tany Elis sy tany Thessaly, tanindrazan' i Achille, ary tany amin' ireo tanànan' i [[Gresy Lehibe|Magna Graecia]], dia i [[Taranto|Tarentum]], i Locri ary i Croton.&lt;ref&gt;Lycophron 856.&lt;/ref&gt; Noho izany, dia saika nahenika ny tontolo grika ny fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' io mahery fo io.

Ahitana fanehoana ny fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' i Achille ilay vatam-paty vato misy sary momba an' i Polyxena (taona 500 talohan' i Kristy): aseho eo ny fanaovana sorona an' i Polyxena teo akaikin' ny dongon-tany fasan' i Achille.&lt;ref name=&quot;JB114&quot;&gt;Burgess, Jonathan S. (2009). ''The Death and Afterlife of Achilles''. JHU Press. p. 114. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4214-0361-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. https://books.google.com/books?id=YVnS1IcVWuYC&amp;pg=PA114 (en).&lt;/ref&gt; Nanondro koa i [[Estrabôna|Strabo]] (13.1.32) fa nisy fanompoam-pivavahana toy izany ho an' i Achille tany Troad:&lt;ref name=&quot;CBR79&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Burgess, Jonathan S. (2009). ''The Death and Afterlife of Achilles''. JHU Press. p. 116. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4214-0361-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. https://books.google.com/books?id=YVnS1IcVWuYC&amp;pg=PA116 (en).&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Eo akaikin' i Sigeium dia misy tempoly sy tsangambato ho an' i Achille, ary misy tsangambato ho an' i Patroclus sy i Anthlochus koa. Manao lanonana masina hanomezam-boninahitra azy rehetra ny mponin' i Ilium, ary na dia ho an' i Ajax aza. Tsy mivavaka amin' i Hercules kosa izy ireo, ka milaza ho anton' izany fa nandrava ny taniny izy.

— [[Estrabôna|Strabo]] (13.1.32), dikan-teny malagasy avy amin' ny fandikan-teny anglisy nataon' i W. Falconer.&lt;ref&gt;''Str. 13.1.32''. W. Falconer (translator). http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D32&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Toa nivelatra be sady mafy orina ny fanomezam-boninahitra ara-pivavahana an' io mahery fo io teo amin' ireo Grika nanorim-ponenana teo amin' ny morontsiraka avaratry ny Pontus Euxinus, izay antsoina ankehitriny hoe [[Ranomasina Mainty]]. Misy porofo fa efa nisy fanompoam-pivavahana ho azy tamin' ny vanim-potoana arkaika tao Olbia, zanatany naorin' ny mponin' i Miletus, ary tany amin' ny nosy iray eo afovoan' ny Ranomasina Mainty, izay ampitovina ankehitriny amin' ny Nosin' ny Menarana (''Snake Island'', na Zmiinyi amin' ny teny okrainiana), eo akaikin' i Kiliia, Okraina. Manaporofo ny fisian' ny fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' i Achille amin' ny maha-mahery fo azy, nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato fahenina talohan' i Kristy, ireo soratra tranainy milaza fanolorana ho azy hita tany amin' ireo zanatany grika manamorona ny Ranomasina Mainty. Anisan' izany ny soratra voakiky sy ny kapila tanimanga misy soratra, izay mety ho fanatitra, avy ao Olbia, ny faritr' i Berezan Island ary i Tauric Chersonese.&lt;ref&gt;Hildebrecht Hommel. ''Der Gott Achilleus''. ''Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften'', issue 1, 1980, pp. 38–44.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hooker, J. T. ''The cults of Achilleus''. ''Rheinisches Museum für Philologie'', volume 131, issue 3, 1988, pp. 1–7.&lt;/ref&gt; Mbola niroborobo izany fanompoam-pivavahana izany tamin' ny taonjato fahatelo taorian' i Kristy. Tamin' izany fotoana izany, dia nisy tsangam-bato fanolorana tao Olbia niantso azy hoe Achille ''Pontárchēs'', izay azo adika eo ho eo hoe «tompon' ny ranomasina» na «tompon' ny Pontus Euxinus». Nivavahana mba ho mpiaro ny tanànan' i Olbia izy, ary nomena voninahitra mitovy laharana amin' ireo andriamanitra olimpiana, toy ireo andriamanitra teo an-toerana, dia i [[Apôlôna (andriamanitra)|Apollo]] Prostates sy i [[Hermesy (andriamanitra)|Hermes]] Agoraeus,&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedreen&quot; /&gt; na i Poseidon.&lt;ref&gt;Quintus Smyrnaeus, 3.770–779.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny ''[[Tantara Voajanahary|Natural History]]'', i [[Plinio Zokiny|Pliny the Elder]] (23–79 taor. J.K.) dia miresaka momba ny «seranan-tsambon' ny Achæi» sy ny «nosin' i Achille», izay nalaza noho ny fasan' io «lehilahy» io (dikan-teny malagasy; amin' ny teny latina: ''portus Achaeorum, insula Achillis, tumulo eius viri clara''). Teo akaikin' i Olbia sy ny vinanin' i Dnieper-Bug no nametrahany izany. Ankoatra izany, teo amin' ny 125&amp;nbsp;maily romana miala amin' io nosy io no nametrahany saikinosy iray izay, araka ny teniny, «mivelatra mitovy endrika amin' ny sabatra», ary mitongilana. Nantsoina hoe ''Dromos Achilleos'' izy io (''Achilléōs drómos'', izany hoe «kianja fihazakazahan' i Achille», dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;Pliny, ''Naturalis Historia'' 4.12.83 ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D26#note-link10 chapter 4.26]).&lt;/ref&gt; Noheverina ho toerana nanaovan' ilay mahery fo fanazaran-tena na nanaovana lalao natsangany izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedreen&quot; /&gt; Io toerana farany ao amin' ny fitantaran' i Pliny io dia ampifandraisina amin' ilay lelavin-tany fasika fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe Tendra ankehitriny, na Kosa Tendra sy Kosa Djarilgatch, izay eo anelanelan' ny vavan' ny renirano [[Dniepr|Dnieper]] sy ny helodranon' i Karkinit. Zara raha 125&amp;nbsp;maily romana, izany hoe manodidina ny 185&amp;nbsp;km, anefa no elanelany amin' ny vinanin' i Dnieper-Bug, araka ny voalazan' i Pliny. Nomeny halavana 80&amp;nbsp;''miles'' (maily) ilay «kianja fihazakazahana», nefa manodidina ny 70&amp;nbsp;km ny halavan' ilay lelavin-tany ankehitriny.

Ao amin' ny toko manaraka amin' ny bokiny, i Pliny dia miantso io nosy io hoe Achillea ary manome anarana roa hafa ho azy: Leuce sy Macaron, izay avy amin' ny teny grika hoe «[νῆσος] μακαρῶν», midika hoe «nosin' ny sambatra» (dikan-teny malagasy).
Toa manohana ny fampitoviana an' i Achillea na Leuce amin' ilay antsoina ankehitriny hoe Snake Island ireo refy nomeny teo, izay lazainy fa refy «amin' izao fotoana izao» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;Pliny, ''Naturalis Historia'' 4.13.93 ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D27 chapter 4.27]): &quot;Researches which have been made at the present day place this island at a distance of 140 miles from the Borysthenes, of 120 from Tyras, and of fifty from the island of Peuce. It is about ten miles in circumference.&quot; Although afterwards he speaks again of &quot;the remaining islands in the Gulf of Carcinites&quot; which are &quot;Cephalonesos, Rhosphodusa [or Spodusa], and Macra&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
I Pomponius Mela, izay niara-belona tamin' i Pliny, dia nilaza, manodidina ny taona 43 taor. J.K., fa nalevina tao amin' ny nosy iray nantsoina hoe Achillea, teo anelanelan' i Borysthenes sy [[Danube|Ister]], i Achille.
Vao mainka mampisafotofoto ny famaritana ara-jeografia izany.&lt;ref&gt;Pomponius Mela, ''De situ orbis'' 2.7.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tamin' ny 1823, ny kapiteny Nikolay Kritsky dia nahita tao Snake Island ny sisan' ny tempoly iray miendrika efamira, mirefy 30&amp;nbsp;metatra ny lafiny tsirairay, izay mety ho ilay natokana ho an' i Achille.
Ny fikarohana faharoa tamin' ny 1840 dia nampiseho fa nandrava ny dian' io tempoly io manontolo ny fanorenana tilikambo fanilon-tsambo.
Nisy soratra tamin' ny ''lekythos'', karazana fitoeran-diloilo misy sosona mainty mamirapiratra, avy amin' ny taonjato faha-5 tal. J.K., hita tao amin' ilay nosy tamin' ny 1840.
Izao no voasoratra teo (dikan-teny malagasy): «I Glaukos, zanak' i Poseidon, no nanolotra ahy ho an' i Achille, tompon' i Leuke.»
Ao amin' ny soratra hafa iray avy amin' ny taonjato faha-5 na faha-4 tal. J.K., dia misy olom-pirenen' i Olbia manolotra sarivongana ho an' i Achille, tompon' i Leuke.
Ao amin' ny soratra fanolorana iray hafa kosa, ny tanànan' i Olbia dia manamafy fa nanohana hatrany ny fanompoam-pivavahana tao amin' ilay nosy izy.
Manondro indray izany fa toerana nanomezam-boninahitra mahery fo ilay nosy, ary nihoatra ny faritra iray ny halehiben' izany fanomezam-boninahitra izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedreen&quot; /&gt;

Toa avy amin' ny fitantarana tao amin' ilay tononkalo epika ''Aethiopis'', izay tsy voatahiry intsony, ny fanompoam-pivavahana nanomezam-boninahitra an' i Achille ho mahery fo tao Leuce.
Araka io fitantarana io, rehefa maty talohan' ny fotoana izy, dia nosintonin' i Thetis hiala teo amin' ny antontan-kitay handoroana ny fatiny ny zanany, ary nentiny tany amin' ny nosy ao amin' ny angano atao hoe Leúkē Nêsos, na «Nosy Fotsy» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;[[Prôklôsy|Proclus]], ''Chrestomathia'' 2.&lt;/ref&gt;
Efa tamin' ny taonjato faha-5 tal. J.K. i Pindar no niresaka momba ny fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' i Achille tao amin' ny «nosy mamirapiratra» iray (''phaenná nâsos''; dikan-teny malagasy) tao amin' ny Ranomasina Mainty.&lt;ref&gt;Pindar, ''Nemea'' 4.49ff.; Arrian, ''Periplus of the Euxine Sea'' 21.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tao amin' ny sanganasany hafa kosa, i Pindar dia nitantara an' i Achille, izay natao tsy mety maty, niaina tao amin' ny nosin' ny sambatra iray tsy voafaritra mazava ny toerana nisy azy, niaraka tamin' ny mahery fo hafa, anisan' izany i Peleus rainy sy i Cadmus.&lt;ref&gt;Pindar, ''Olympia'' 2.78ff.&lt;/ref&gt;
Mifandray amin' ny renirano Oceanus ireo nosin' ny sambatra ao amin' ny angano ireo (''makárôn nêsoi'') sy ilay Elysium ao amin' ny sanganasan' i Homer.
Araka ny angano grika, dia manodidina ny tany onenan' ny olombelona i Oceanus.
Io fifandraisana io no heverina ho nahatonga ny fampitoviana ny morontsiraka avaratr' i Euxine amin' io renirano io.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedreen&quot; /&gt;
Nahita porofo hafa momba io fifandraisan' i Achille amin' ny sisiny avaratry ny tany onenan' ny olombelona io i Guy Hedreen, tao amin' ny tononkalo iray nosoratan' i Alcaeus izay miantso azy hoe «Achille, tompon' i Scythia» (dikan-teny malagasy),&lt;ref&gt;D. Page, ''Lyrica Graeca Selecta'', Oxford 1968, p. 89, no. 166.&lt;/ref&gt; ary tao amin' ny fifanoheran' ny avaratra sy ny atsimo hita amin' ny adin' i Achille tamin' i Memnon, andriana avy any Aethiopia ao amin' ny angano.
Nentin' i Eos reniny niverina tany amin' ny tanindrazany koa i Memnon rehefa maty.

Manome izao antsipiriany manaraka izao ny ''Periplus of the Euxine Sea'', nosoratana manodidina ny taona 130 taor. J.K. (dikan-teny malagasy):

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Voalaza fa nampiakatra io nosy io avy tao amin' ny ranomasina ny andriamanibavy Thetis, ho an' i Achille zanany, izay monina ao.
Ao ny tempoliny sy ny sarivongany, izay sanganasa tranainy.
Tsy misy mponina io nosy io, ary misy osy vitsivitsy miraoka ahitra ao.
Ireo olona sendra tonga eo amin' ny sambony dia mamono azy ireny hatao sorona ho an' i Achille.
Voatahiry ao amin' io tempoly io koa ny fanomezana masina maro dia maro, siny lehibe fangaroana divay sy rano, peratra ary vatosoa, natolotra ho an' i Achille ho fisaorana azy.
Mbola azo vakina ireo soratra amin' ny teny grika sy latina izay midera sy mankalaza an' i Achille.
Ny sasany amin' ireo dia nosoratana ho fanomezam-boninahitra an' i Patroclus, satria ireo te hahazo ny fankasitrahan' i Achille dia manome voninahitra an' i Patroclus koa.
Ao amin' io nosy io koa ny voron-dranomasina tsy tambo isaina izay mikarakara ny tempolin' i Achille.
Isa-maraina izy ireo dia manidina any an-dranomasina, mandena ny elany amin' ny rano, ary miverina haingana any amin' ny tempoly ka mamafy rano ao.
Rehefa vita izany famafazana rano izany, dia dioviny amin' ny elany ny fatana ao amin' ny tempoly.
Mbola milaza zavatra hafa koa ny olona sasany: misy amin' ireo lehilahy tonga ao amin' io nosy io no minia mankany.
Mitondra biby ao amin' ny sambony izy ireo, izay kasainy hatao sorona.
Ny sasany amin' ireo biby ireo dia vonoiny, fa ny hafa kosa avelany handeha malalaka ao amin' ny nosy ho fanomezam-boninahitra an' i Achille.
Misy hafa anefa teren' ny tafio-drivotra eny an-dranomasina hankao amin' io nosy io.
Koa satria tsy manana biby hatao sorona izy ireo, nefa maniry hahazo izany avy amin' ilay andriamanitry ny nosy mihitsy, dia mangataka valiny avy amin' i Achille.
Mangataka alalana hamono ireo biby hatao sorona izy ireo, izay fidiny amin' ireo biby miraoka ahitra malalaka eo amin' ny nosy, ary hametraka ho takalony ny vidiny izay heveriny fa ara-drariny.
Raha tsy manaiky anefa ny valiny avy amin' ilay andriamanitra, satria misy toerana angatahana izany valiny izany eto, dia ampiany ny vola natolotra.
Raha mbola tsy manaiky indray ilay valiny, dia ampiany indray ny vola, mandra-panekena amin' ny farany fa ampy ny vidiny.
Amin' izay dia tsy mandositra intsony ilay biby hatao sorona, fa miandry an-tsitrapo ny hisamborana azy.
Noho izany, dia be dia be ny volafotsy ao, voatokana ho an' ilay mahery fo, ho vidin' ireo biby natao sorona.
Amin' ny sasany amin' ireo olona tonga ao amin' io nosy io dia miseho amin' ny nofy i Achille; amin' ny hafa kosa dia miseho izy na dia mbola eny am-pandehanana an-tsambo aza izy ireo, raha tsy lavitra loatra, ary manoro azy ireo ny faritra amin' ilay nosy tsara kokoa hampidirana vatofantsika ho an' ny sambony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Densuşianu&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

I Dionysius Periegetes, mpahay jeografia grika izay azo inoana fa niaina tamin' ny taonjato voalohany taor. J.K., dia nanoratra fa Leuce no niantsoana ilay nosy «satria fotsy ny bibidia miaina ao. Voalaza fa ao amin' ny nosy Leuce no itoeran' ny fanahin' i Achille sy ny mahery fo hafa, ary mivezivezy eny amin' ireo lohasaha tsy misy mponina ao amin' io nosy io izy ireo; izany no fomba namalian' i Jove soa an' ireo lehilahy niavaka noho ny toetra mendrika nananany, satria tamin' ny alalan' izany toetra mendrika izany no nahazoany voninahitra mandrakizay» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;Dionysius Periegetes, ''Orbis descriptio'' 5.541, quoted in Densuşianu 1913.&lt;/ref&gt; Toy izany koa, misy fitantarana hafa mampifandray ny anaran' ilay nosy amin' ny hantsam-batony fotsy, na amin' ny bibilava na ny vorona monina ao.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedreen&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Arrian, ''Periplus of the Euxine Sea'' 21; Scholion to Pindar, ''Nemea'' 4.79.&lt;/ref&gt; Nolazaina tamin' i Pausanias fa «rakotra ala ilay nosy ary feno biby, ka ny sasany dia dia ary ny sasany fiompy. Ao amin' io nosy io koa ny tempolin' i Achille sy ny sarivongany» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 3.19.11.&lt;/ref&gt; Nalaza ho toerana fanasitranana koa i Leuce. Mitantara i Pausanias fa nandefa andriana iray avy any Croton tany ny Pythia tao Delphi, mba hositranina tamin' ny ratra teo amin' ny tratrany.&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 3.19.13.&lt;/ref&gt; I [[Ammien Marcellin|Ammianus Marcellinus]] kosa dia nilaza fa ny rano (''aquae'') tao amin' ilay nosy no nahasitrana azy.&lt;ref&gt;Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Res Gestae'' 22.8.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nilaza i [[Estrabôna|Strabo]] fa masina ho an' i Achille ny lohatany teo amin' ny kianja fihazakazahan' i Achille, ary nantsoina hoe Alsos izy io na dia tsy nisy hazo aza.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:7.3.19 Strabo, ''Geography'', 7.3.19]&lt;/ref&gt; Midika hoe «ala kely» ny teny grika hoe ''alsos''.

Nisy tanàna seranan-tsambo manan-danja teo amin' ny varotra tany amin' ny ranomasina grika natokana ho an' i Achille. I [[Herôdôtôsy|Herodotus]], i [[Plinio Zokiny|Pliny the Elder]] ary i [[Estrabôna|Strabo]] dia samy niresaka ny fisian' ny tanàna iray nantsoina hoe Achílleion, izay naorin' ny mpifindra monina avy any [[Mitilena|Mytilene]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-6 tal. J.K., teo akaikin' ilay dongon-tany heverina ho fasan' ilay mahery fo tao [[Troasy|Troad]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Troad&quot; /&gt; Ny porofo tatỳ aoriana dia manondro ny fisian' ny Achílleion iray tao Messenia, araka an' i Stephanus Byzantinus, sy ny Achílleios iray tao Laconia.&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 3.25.4.&lt;/ref&gt; Nahita fifandraisana tamin' i Achille i Nicolae Densuşianu tao amin' ny anaran' i [[Akoileia|Aquileia]] sy ny sampana avaratr' i Danube eo amin' ny vinaniny mivelatra, izay antsoina hoe Chilia, angamba avy amin' ny anarana taloha hoe Achileii. Ny fanatsoahan-keviny anefa, izay milaza fa nanana zo maha-tompon' ny fahefana teo amin' ny Ranomasina Mainty i Leuce, dia mampahatsiahy kokoa ny lalàna an-dranomasina maoderina noho ny lalàna tamin' ny Andro Taloha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Densuşianu&quot;&gt;Nicolae Densuşianu: ''Dacia preistorică''. Bucharest: Carol Göbl, 1913.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nilaza ny mpanjaka avy amin' ny tarana-mpanjaka Aeacid teo amin' ny Molossians tao Epirus fa taranak' i Achille tamin' ny alalan' i Neoptolemus zanany izy ireo. Noho izany, dia afaka nilaza izany fiaviana izany koa i [[Aleksandra Lehibe|Alexander the Great]], zanak' i Olympias, andriambavy avy any Epirus. Tamin' ny fomba maro no niezahany hitovy tamin' io razambeny niavaka io. Voalaza fa nitsidika ny fasan' i Achille tao Achilleion izy rehefa nandalo tao Troasy.&lt;ref&gt;Arrian, ''Anabasis Alexandri'' 1.12.1, [[Cicero]], ''Pro Archia Poeta'' 24.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 216, raha teny an-dalana hiady tamin' i [[Partia|Parthia]] i Caracalla, emperora rômana, dia naka tahaka an' i Alexander ka nanao lalao nanodidina ny dongon-tany fasan' i Achille.&lt;ref&gt;Dio Cassius 78.16.7.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny fanamarihany manazava ny ''Alexandra'' nosoratan' i Lycophron, i Tzetzes dia miresaka lovantsofina iray momba ny toerana masina tao Croton. Tao, araka io lovantsofina io, no nanokanan' i Thetis zaridaina ho an' i Hera, izay nantsoina tamin' ny anarana grika hoe «Ὁπλοσμία», midika hoe «Hera an' ny fitehirizam-piadiana» (dikan-teny malagasy). Araka io lovantsofina io ihany, dia nivory tao ny vehivavin' i Croton, nitafy akanjo fisaonana, mba hanao fitomaniana ara-pivavahana ho an' i Achille.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/details/lycophronisalexa02lycouoft/page/278/mode/2up ''Lycophronis Alexandra'', 857]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://topostext.org/work/860#857 Tzetzes, ''Ad Lycophronem'', 857 in english]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ny Achilleum tao Tanagra ===

Nanoratra i [[Plotarkosy|Plutarch]] fa nisy faritra masina voatokana ho an' ny fanompoam-pivavahana (''temenos'') teo akaikin' i Tanagra, natokana ho an' i Achille ary nantsoina hoe Achilleum. Nitantara izao manaraka izao izy mba hanazavana ny niavian' izany. Nomarihiny fa nampametra-panontaniana ny fisian' io faritra masina io, satria nitahiry tantara momba ny fifankahalana teo amin' i Achille sy ny mponin' i Tanagra koa ny lovantsofina. Voalaza fa naka an-keriny an' i Stratonice, renin' i Poemander, i Achille indray mandeha, ary namono an' i Acestor, zanakalahin' i Ephippus. Na izany aza, nitondra ny anaran' i Achille ilay toerana teo akaikin' i Tanagra, ary izao tantara manaraka izao no nanazavan' ny lovantsofina teo an-toerana izany toa fifanoherana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;&gt;[https://sacred-texts.com/cla/plu/rgq/rgq18.htm Plutarch, Quaestiones Graecae, 37]&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny fotoana tany am-boalohany, raha mbola vohitra nisaratsaraka fa tsy tanàna iray nitambatra no nisy tao amin' ny faritanin' i Tanagra, dia nonina tao amin' ny vohitra nantsoina hoe Stephon i Poemander, rain' i Ephippus. Nanao fahirano azy ny Grika satria tsy nety niara-niady tamin' izy ireo izy. Niala tao Stephon tamin' ny alina i Poemander ary nanorina vohitra voaro manda nantsoina hoe Poemandria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;/&gt;

Raha mbola teo am-panorenana ilay vohitra vaovao, dia tonga nizaha ny rafitra fiarovana ny mpanao mari-trano iray nantsoina hoe Polycrithus. Nitsikera ny asan' i Poemander izy, naneso ny fanorenana, ary nitsambikina nihoatra ny hady fiarovana ho fanehoam-panamavoana. Tezitra noho izany faniratsirana izany i Poemander ka nandray vato lehibe iray ary niezaka hitora an' i Polycrithus tamin' izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;/&gt;

Efa nafenina teo hatramin' ny andro fahiny anefa ilay vato, satria napetraka teo ambonin' ny zavatra masina nifandray tamin' ny fombafomba natao tamin' ny alina. Tsy nahafantatra ny maha-masina ilay vato i Poemander ka nanainga sy nanipy azy. Tsy nahavoa an' i Polycrithus izy, fa namono tsy nahy an' i Leucippus zanany lahy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;/&gt;

Noho io famonoana io, dia notakin' ny lalàna ny hialan' i Poemander tao Boeotia ka ho sesitany sy mpitalaho vonjy. Sarotra taminy anefa ny niala, satria mbola nanafika ny faritanin' i Tanagra ny Grika. Nitady fanampiana i Poemander ka naniraka an' i Ephippus zanany lahy hangataka ny fanampian' i Achille.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;/&gt;

Nanaiky hanampy azy i Achille ka tonga niaraka tamin' i Tlepolemus, zanakalahin' i [[Heraklesy|Heracles]], sy Peneleos, zanakalahin' i Hippalcimus. Nanampy an' i Poemander hiditra tao Chalcis ireo mahery fo ireo; tao no nanaovan' i Elephenor fanadiovana ara-pivavahana azy noho ilay famonoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;/&gt;

Taorian' ny fanadiovana azy, dia nanome voninahitra an' i Achille sy Tlepolemus ary Peneleos i Poemander noho ny fanampiana nomen' izy ireo, ary nanome faritra masina voatokana ho an' ny fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' ny tsirairay tamin' izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;/&gt;

== Ny fandraisana azy tamin' ny Andro Taloha ==

=== Ao amin' ny traikeodia grika ===
Jereo koa: ''Achilleis''.

Nanoratra tantara an-tsehatra telo mifampitohy momba an' i Achille i [[Aeschylus]], mpanoratra traikeodia grika, izany hoe tantara an-tsehatra momba ny fijaliana sy ny zava-mitranga mavesatra mahazo ny mpilalao. ''Achilleis'' no lohateny nomen' ny manam-pahaizana maoderina an' io fitambarana io. Mitantara ny nataon' i Achille nandritra ny adin' i Troasy ireo tantara ireo, anisan' izany ny nandreseny an' i Hector sy ny nahafatesany tatỳ aoriana. Natambatra ireo sombin' ny ''Achilleis'' mbola voatahiry sy sombin' ny asa hafa nosoratan' i Aeschylus mba hamoronana tantara an-tsehatra azo lalaovina amin' ny andro maoderina. Ny ampahany voalohany amin' ny ''Achilleis'', dia ny ''The Myrmidons'', dia nifantoka tamin' ny fifandraisan' i Achille tamin' ny antoko mpihira, izay misolo tena ny tafika grika sady miezaka mandresy lahatra azy hampitsahatra ny fifandirany amin' i Agamemnon; andalana vitsivitsy monja no mbola voatahiry.&lt;ref&gt;Pantelis Michelakis, ''Achilles in Greek Tragedy'', 2002, p. 22&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny ''Symposium'' nosoratan' i Plato, dia milaza i Phaedrus fa nasehon' i Aeschylus ho ilay tia i Achille ary ho ilay tiana i Patroclus. Araka ny hevitr' i Phaedrus anefa, dia diso izany: i Achille, izay zandriny sady tsara tarehy kokoa tamin' izy roa, no ilay tiana, ary lehibe tokoa ny fitiavany an' ilay tia azy ka nisafidy ny ho faty izy mba hamaly faty azy.&lt;ref&gt;Plato, ''Symposium'', translated Benjamin Jowett, Dover Thrift Editions, page 8&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny tantara farany, ''The Phrygians'', dia niangavy an' i Achille i Priam mba hamerina ny fatin' ny zanany lahy.&lt;ref&gt;Michelakis 2002, p. 54&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanoratra ny ''The Lovers of Achilles'' koa i [[Sophocles]], mpanoratra traikeodia; i Achille no mpilalao fototra ao amin' io tantara an-tsehatra io. Sombiny vitsivitsy monja no mbola voatahiry.&lt;ref&gt;S. Radt. ''Tragicorum Graecorum fragmenta'', vol. 4, (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 1977) frr. 149–157a.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tany amin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato fahadimy talohan' i Kristy, dia nanomboka niseho tao amin' ny tantara an-tsehatra grika ny fomba fijery nitsikera kokoa an' i Achille. Miresaka azy amin' ny fomba feno lolompo na fanesoana i [[Euripides]] ao amin' ny ''Hecuba'', ''Electra'' ary ''Iphigenia in Aulis''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Latacz 2010&quot;&gt;Latacz 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanoratra asa momba an' i Achille koa ireo mpanoratra traikeodia hafa niara-belona tamin' izy ireo, toa an' i Astydamas, saingy very manontolo ireo asa ireo.

=== Ao amin' ny filôzôfia grika ===

==== Zeno ====
Ny filôzôfa [[Zénon d'Élée|Zeno of Elea]] dia nandrafitra ny iray tamin' ny fanatsoahan-keviny toa mifanohitra amin' ny saina mahazatra (''paradoxes'') tamin' ny alalan' ny hazakazaka an-tongotra noforonina teo amin' i Achille, izay nantsoina hoe mailaka tongotra, sy ny sokatra iray. Niezaka nampiseho tamin' izany izy fa tsy hahatratra ny sokatra izay efa niainga talohany i Achille, ka noho izany dia tsy mety hisy ny fihetsehana sy ny fiovana. Mpianatr' i Parmenides, izay nihevitra fa fototra tokana ihany no iorenan' ny zava-drehetra, sady anisan' ny sekolin-kevitr' i Elea i Zeno; nihevitra izy fa fahatsapana mamitaka fotsiny ny fotoana sy ny fihetsehana.

==== Plato ====
Ao amin' ny ''Hippias Minor'', lahatsoratra lazaina fa nosoratan' i [[Platôna|Plato]] ary miendrika fifanakalozan-kevitra iresahan' i Socrates, dia miady hevitra amin' i [[Sôkraty|Socrates]] i Hippias, lehilahy aseho ho miavonavona. Ny filazana lainga no resahin' izy roa. Tonga amin' ny hevitra izy ireo fa tsara kokoa ny olona minia milaza zavatra tsy marina noho ny olona milaza izany tsy nahy, satria tsy maintsy mahatakatra ny zavatra resahiny ny olona minia mandainga.&lt;ref name=&quot;hm&quot;&gt;Jowett, Benjamin; Plato. [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1673/1673-h/1673-h.htm ''Lesser Hippias'']. Project Gutenberg, 15 January 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Mampiasa fampitahana isan-karazany i Socrates, ka miresaka ny fanatanjahan-tena sy ny siansa mba hanaporofoana ny heviny. Miresaka betsaka ny asa soratr' i Homer koa izy roa. Samy manaiky i Socrates sy i Hippias fa ninia nandainga i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]], izay namorona lainga maro tao amin' ny ''Odyssey'' sy ireo tantara hafa ao amin' ny fitambaran-tantara momba ny adin' i Troasy. Nilaza zavatra tsy marina imbetsaka koa i Achille, tahaka an' i Odysseus. Araka ny hevitr' i Hippias, dia olona nilaza ny marina tamin' ny ankapobeny i Achille, fa araka ny hevitr' i Socrates kosa dia nandainga mba hahazoany tombontsoa izy. Miady hevitra izy roa raha tsara kokoa ny minia mandainga na ny milaza zavatra tsy marina tsy nahy. Farany, avelan' i Socrates ny fanaporofoana miainga amin' ny asa soratr' i Homer, ary mampiasa fampitahana amin' ny fanatanjahan-tena izy mba hanamafisana ny heviny hoe tsara kokoa ny olona minia manao ratsy noho ny olona manao ratsy tsy nahy.

=== Ao amin' ny literatiora romana sy tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany ===
Tena ratsy ny fomba fijerin' ny Romanina an' i Achille; araka ny lovantsofiny dia avy any Troasy ny razambeny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Latacz 2010&quot; /&gt; Lazain' i [[Virgil]] ho olona masiaka sy mpamono olona tsy misy indrafo i Achille,&lt;ref&gt;''Aeneid'' 2.28, 1.30, 3.87.&lt;/ref&gt; fa i [[Horace]] kosa mampiseho azy mamono vehivavy sy ankizy tsy misy antra.&lt;ref&gt;''Odes'' 4.6.17–20.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fironana faharoa amin' ny fanaratsiana an' i Achille ao amin' ny asa soratr' ireo mpanoratra toa an' i Catullus, Propertius ary [[Ôvidio|Ovid]], izay mifantoka amin' ny fiainam-pitiavany sy ny firaisana ara-nofo nataony. Mitohy ao amin' ny fitantarana amin' ny teny latina ny adin' i Troasy nosoratan' ireo mpanoratra toa an' i Dictys Cretensis sy Dares Phrygius izany fironana izany, ary koa ao amin' ny ''Roman de Troie'' nosoratan' i Benoît de Sainte-Maure sy ny ''Historia destructionis Troiae'' nosoratan' i Guido delle Colonne. Ireo roa farany ireo no mbola dikan' ny fitambaran-tantara momba an' i Troasy be mpamaky sy be mpamerina mitantara indrindra hatramin' ny taonjato fahafito ambin' ny folo.

Tsy Grika fa [[Skitiana (vahoaka)|Skitiana]] no nilazan' i Leo the Deacon, mpanoratra tantara bizantina, an' i Achille. Araka ny filazan' i John Malalas, mpanoratra bizantina, kosa dia foko iray nantsoina hoe Myrmidons taloha ary nantsoina hoe Bulgars tatỳ aoriana no nandrafitra ny tafiny.&lt;ref&gt;Ekonomou, Andrew (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=zomZk6DbFTIC&amp;q=john+malalas+myrmidons+Achilles&amp;pg=PA123 ''Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes'']. UK: Lexington Books, p. 123. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7391-1977-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Access-date: 14 September 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Croke, Brian (1990). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p55mAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=john+malalas+myrmidons+Achilles ''Studies in John Malalas'']. Sydney: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, Department of Modern Greek, University of Sydney, p. 206. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-9593626-5-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Access-date: 14 September 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ao amin' ny literatiora sy zavakanto maoderina ==
[[File:Wenceslas Hollar - Briseis and Achilles.jpg|thumb|right|''Briseis and Achilles'', sary nataon' i Wenceslaus Hollar (1607–1677) tamin' ny teknika fanaovana sokitra.]]
[[File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Wrath of Achilles - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''The Wrath of Achilles'' (manodidina ny 1630–1635), sary hosodoko nataon' i [[Pierre Paul Rubens|Peter Paul Rubens]].]]
[[File:Peter Paul Rubens 003.jpg|thumb|''The death of Hector'', sary hosodoko tsy vita nataon' i [[Pierre Paul Rubens|Peter Paul Rubens]] tamin' ny loko misy menaka.]]
[[File:Gottlieb Schick Achille and Agamemnon 1801.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|''Achilles and Agamemnon'', sary nataon' i Gottlieb Schick (1801), mampiseho an' i Achille sy Agamemnon.]]
[[File:Leon Benouville The Wrath of Achilles.jpg|thumb|''The Wrath of Achilles'', sary nataon' i François-Léon Benouville (1847; ''Musée Fabre'', na Tranombakoka Fabre).]]

=== Literatiora ===
* Miseho ao amin' ny ''Inferno'' nosoratan' i Dante tamin' ny 1308–1320 i Achille. Ao amin' ny faribolana faharoan' ny [[Fiainan-tsy hita|helo]], natokana ho an' ny filan' ny nofo, no ahitana azy.
* Ao amin' ny ''Troilus and Cressida'' (1602) nosoratan' i [[William Shakespeare]], dia aseho ho mahery fo fahiny izay nanjary kamo sy variana amin' ny fitiavany an' i Patroclus i Achille. Asainy vonoin' ny Myrmidons i Hector izay tsy mitam-piadiana, ary avy eo asainy ambaran' izy ireo fa i Achille mihitsy no nahafaty an' i Hector, toy ny hoe tamin' ny ady nifanandrinan' izy roa ara-drariny no nitrangan' izany (fizarana faha-5, seho faha-9, andalana 5–14).
* Nanoratra ny tantara an-tsehatra mampalahelo ''La Mort d'Achille'' (1673) ilay mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra frantsay Thomas Corneille.
* I Achille no lohahevitry ny ''Achilleis'' (1799), tononkalo sombiny nosoratan' i [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]].
* Tamin' ny 1899, namoaka ny ''Achilles'' i Stanisław Wyspiański, mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra, mpanao hosodoko ary poeta pôlôney. Tantara an-tsehatra momba ny firenena, mifototra amin' ny tantara pôlôney, izy io.
* Tamin' ny 1921, namoaka ny ''The Island of Youth and Other Poems'' i Edward Shanks; anisan' ny lohahevitra resahiny i Achille.
* Miresaka ny fahafatesan' i Achille koa ny tantara foronina ''Kassandra'' (1983) nosoratan' i Christa Wolf.
* Mitana toerana lehibe ao amin' ny ''Helen in Egypt'' (1961), tononkalo lava nosoratan' i H.D., i Achille. Miteraka ratra lalina ara-tsaina ho an' i Helen ny fankahalany azy tsy voalanjalanja, ary ny ampahany lehibe amin' ny fizotry ny tononkalo dia mikasika ny fahasitranan' i Helen tamin' izany.
* Ao amin' ny ''The Firebrand'' (1987), tantara foronina nosoratan' i Marion Zimmer Bradley, dia matin' ny zana-tsipìka misy poizina an' ny ''Centaur'' (zavaboary antsasa-olona antsasa-tsoavaly) i Achille; i Cassandra no nitifitra izany.
* Anisan' ireo mpitantara maro ao amin' ny ''The Song of Troy'' (1998), tantara foronina nosoratan' i Colleen McCullough, i Achille.
* Ny ''The Death of Achilles'' (''Смерть Ахиллеса'', 1998) dia tantara foronina momba ny famotopotorana heloka bevava, napetraka amin' ny vanim-potoana ara-tantara, nosoratan' ilay mpanoratra rosiana Boris Akunin. Misy fanondroana olona sy lohahevitra samihafa avy ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' ao anatiny.
* Ilay olona antsoina hoe Achille ao amin' ny ''Ender's Shadow'' (1999), nosoratan' i Orson Scott Card, dia manana saina fetsy sy toetra tsy misy antra, sahala amin' ilay nitondrana ny anarany.
* Anisan' ny olona fototra ao amin' ny tantara foronina ''Ilium'' (2003) sy ''Olympos'' (2005) nosoratan' i Dan Simmons i Achille.
* I Achille dia olona tsy fototry ny tantara nefa mitana anjara toerana lehibe ao amin' ny andiam-boky ''Troy'' (2005–2007) nosoratan' i David Gemmell.
* I Achille no olona fototra ao amin' ny ''Ransom'' (2009), tantara foronina nosoratan' i David Malouf.
* Miseho ao amin' ny ''The Last Olympian'' (2009) nosoratan' i Rick Riordan ny [[Matoatoa|matoatoan' i Achille]]. Mampitandrina an' i Percy Jackson momba ny ozon' i Achille sy ireo voka-dratsiny izy.
* Anisan' ny olona fototra ao amin' ny ''The Rage of Achilles'', tantara foronina nosoratan' i Terence Hawkins tamin' ny 2009, i Achille.
* Mitana anjara toerana lehibe ao amin' ny tantara foronina voalohany nosoratan' i Madeline Miller, ''The Song of Achilles'' (2011), i Achille. Nahazo ny loka ''Orange Prize for Fiction'' (loka Orange ho an' ny tantara foronina) tamin' ny 2012 io boky io. Mandinika ny fifandraisan' i Patroclus sy Achille hatramin' ny fahazazan' izy ireo ka hatramin' ireo zava-nitranga nanapa-kevitra ny anjarany ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' ilay tantara.
* Miseho amin' ny anjara asan' ny ''Rider of Red'' (mpitaingina mena) i Achille ao amin' ny andian-tantara foronina ''Fate/Apocrypha'' (2012–2014), izay ao amin' ny karazana ''light novel'' (karazana tantara foronina japoney).
* Anisan' ny olona fototra ao amin' ny ''The Silence of the Girls'', tantara foronina nosoratan' i Pat Barker tamin' ny 2018, i Achille. I Briseis, andevovaviny, no mitantara ny ampahany lehibe amin' ilay boky.
* I Achille no olona fototra ao amin' ny ''Wrath Goddess Sing'', tantara foronina nosoratan' i Maya Deane tamin' ny 2022.&lt;ref&gt;Steele, Hannah (January 2026). ''[https://classicalstudies.org/annual-meeting/157/abstract/classical-studies-trans-joy-and-reparative-reading-wrath-goddess-sing Classical Studies, Trans Joy, and Reparative Reading in &quot;Wrath Goddess Sing&quot;]''. Society for Classical Studies Annual Meeting, volume 157.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zavakanto hita maso ===
* Anisan' ny lohahevitra nataon' ny mpanao hosodoko ny ''Achilles with the Daughters of Lycomedes'', izay mampiseho an' i Achille miaraka amin' ny zanakavavin' i Lycomedes. Anisan' ireo nanao izany i [[Antoine van Dyck|Anthony van Dyck]] (talohan' ny 1618; ao amin' ny ''Museo del Prado'' (Tranombakoka Prado), Madrid) sy i [[Nicolas Poussin]] (manodidina ny taona 1652; ao amin' ny ''Museum of Fine Arts, Boston'' (Tranombakoky ny kanto ao Boston)).
* Nanao andian-tsanganasa momba ny fiainan' i Achille i [[Pierre Paul Rubens|Peter Paul Rubens]]. Ireto ny lohatenin' ireo sanganasa ireo: ''Thetis dipping the infant Achilles into the river Styx'', ''Achilles educated by the centaur Chiron'', ''Achilles recognized among the daughters of Lycomedes'', ''The wrath of Achilles'', ''The death of Hector'', ''Thetis receiving the arms of Achilles from Vulcanus'', ''The death of Achilles'' (ao amin' ny ''Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen'' (Tranombakoka Boijmans Van Beuningen), Rotterdam), ary ''Briseis restored to Achilles'' (ao amin' ny ''Detroit Institute of Arts'' (Ivon-toeran' ny zavakanto ao Detroit)). Manodidina ny taona 1630–1635 avokoa no nanaovana azy ireo.
* Sanganasan' i Pieter van Lint ny ''Achilles Discovered among the Daughters of Lycomedes'' (1645), izay mampiseho ny nahafantarana an' i Achille teo anivon' ny zanakavavin' i Lycomedes. Ao amin' ny ''Israel Museum'' (Tranombakok' i Israely), Jerusalem, no misy azy.
* Ny ''Dying Achilles'', izay mampiseho an' i Achille eo am-pahafatesana, dia sary sokitra nataon' i Christophe Veyrier (manodidina ny taona 1683; ao amin' ny ''Victoria and Albert Museum'' (Tranombakoka Victoria sy Albert), London).
* Ny ''The Rage of Achilles'', izay mampiseho ny hatezeran' i Achille, dia sary hosodoko amin' ny lalotra mbola mando (''fresco'') nataon' i Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (1757; ao amin' ny Villa Valmarana Ai Nani, Vicenza).
* Nandoko dika iray amin' ny ''The Education of Achilles'', momba ny fanabeazana an' i Achille, i [[Eugène Delacroix]] ho an' ny valindrihan' ny Palais Bourbon ao Paris (1833–1847). Iray amin' ny toerana ipetrahan' ny Parlemantan' i Frantsa io lapa io.
* Namorona vondron-tsary sokitra mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Achilles and Penthesilea'', mampiseho an' i Achille sy Penthesilea, i Arthur Kaan (1895; Vienna).
* Ny ''Achilleus'' (1908) dia sary nataon' i Max Slevogt tamin' ny ''lithography'', teknika fanaovana pirinty mampiasa vato na takelaka metaly.

=== Mozika ===
Matetika i Achille no natao lohahevitry ny ''opera'', ''ballet'' ary karazana sanganasa mifandray amin' ireo.
* Samy namorona ''opera'' mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Deidamia'' i Francesco Cavalli (1644) sy i [[George Frideric Handel]] (1739).
* Ny ''Achille et Polyxène'' (Paris 1687) dia ''opera'' (tantara an-tsehatra hiraina miaraka amin' ny mozika) natombok' i Jean-Baptiste Lully ary novitain' i Pascal Collasse.
* Ny ''Achille et Déidamie'' (Paris 1735) dia ''opera'' noforonin' i André Campra.
* Ny ''Achilles'' (London 1733) dia karazana tantara an-tsehatra mampifandimby resaka tenenina sy hira (''ballad opera''), nosoratan' i John Gay. Nanao dika manahaka azy ho fampihomehezana i Thomas Arne tamin' ny 1773, mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Achilles in petticoats''.
* Ny ''Achille in Sciro'' dia lahatsoratra ho an' ny ''opera'' (''libretto'') nosoratan' i Metastasio. Namorona mozika ho an' io lahatsoratra io i Domenico Sarro ho an' ny fitokanana ny ''Teatro di San Carlo'' (Teatra San Carlo), tao Naples, 4 Novambra 1737. Efa nisy mozika noforonin' i Antonio Caldara ho an' io lahatsoratra io talohan' izany (Vienna 1736). Namorona ''opera'' nampiasa io lahatsoratra io ihany koa tatỳ aoriana i Leonardo Leo (Turin 1739), Niccolò Jommelli (Vienna 1749 sy Rome 1772), Giuseppe Sarti (Copenhagen 1759 sy Florence 1779), Johann Adolph Hasse (Naples 1759), Giovanni Paisiello (St. Petersburg 1772), Giuseppe Gazzaniga (Palermo 1781), ary olona maro hafa. Namoronana mozika tamin' ny lohateny hoe ''Il Trionfo della gloria'' koa io lahatsoratra io.
* Ny ''Achille'' (Vienna 1801) dia ''opera'' noforonin' i Ferdinando Paër, mampiasa lahatsoratra nosoratan' i Giovanni de Gamerra.
* Ny ''Achille à Scyros'' (Paris 1804) dia ''[[Ballet|ballet]]'' (sanganasa dihy an-tsehatra) nataon' i Pierre Gardel, ary i Luigi Cherubini no namorona ny mozikany.
* Ny ''Achilles, oder Das zerstörte Troja'' (''Achilles, or Troy Destroyed'', izany hoe « Achille, na Troasy rava », Bonn 1885) dia sanganasa mozika mitantara tantara amin' ny alalan' ny hira sy ny zavamaneno, fa tsy lalaovina an-tsehatra (''oratorio''), noforonin' ilay mpamoron-kira alemà Max Bruch.
* Ny ''Achilles auf Skyros'' (Stuttgart 1926) dia ''ballet'' noforonin' ilay mpamoron-kira sady mpikaroka momba ny mozika aotrisianina-britanika Egon Wellesz.
* Ny ''Achilles' Wrath'' dia sanganasa mozika natao hotendrena amin' ny fampisehoana, noforonin' i Sean O'Loughlin.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://musicalworld.com/artists/sean-oloughlin/ Entry]'' ao amin' ny ''Musical World''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170224050134/http://musicalworld.com/artists/sean-oloughlin/ Tahiry], 24 February 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny ''Temporary Like Achilles'' dia hira ao amin' ny ''Blonde on Blonde'', rakikira misy kapila roa navoakan' i [[Bob Dylan]] tamin' ny 1966.
* Ny ''Achilles Last Stand'' dia hira ao amin' ny ''Presence'', rakikira navoakan' ny [[Led Zeppelin]] tamin' ny 1976.
* Ny ''Achilles, Agony and Ecstasy in Eight Parts'' no hira voalohany ao amin' ny ''The Triumph of Steel'', rakikira navoakan' ny Manowar tamin' ny 1992.
* Ny ''Achilles Come Down'' dia hira ao amin' ny ''Go Farther in Lightness'', rakikira navoakan' ny Gang of Youths tamin' ny 2017.

=== Sarimihetsika sy fahitalavitra ===
Ireto avy ny sarimihetsika sy tantara mitohy amin' ny fahitalavitra nanehoana an' i Achille:
* Ao amin' ny sarimihetsika ''Helena'' (1924), i Carlo Aldini no nilalao an' i Achille.
* Ao amin' ny sarimihetsika ''Ulysses'' (1954), i Piero Lulli no nilalao an' i Achille.
* Ao amin' ny sarimihetsika ''Helen of Troy'' (1956), i Stanley Baker no nilalao an' i Achille.
* Ao amin' ny sarimihetsika ''The Trojan Horse'' (1961), i Arturo Dominici no nilalao an' i Achille.
* Ao amin' ny sarimihetsika ''The Fury of Achilles'' (1962), i Gordon Mitchell no nilalao an' i Achille.
* Ao amin' ny tantara mitohy fohy amin' ny fahitalavitra ''The Odyssey'' (1997), i Richard Trewett no nilalao an' i Achille.
* Ao amin' ny tantara mitohy fohy amin' ny fahitalavitra ''Helen of Troy'' (2003), i Joe Montana no nilalao an' i Achille.
* Ao amin' ny sarimihetsika ''Troy'' (2004), i [[Brad Pitt]] no nilalao an' i Achille.

=== Maritrano ===
[[File:Wellington Monument (Achilles) - geograph.org.uk - 2956596.jpg|thumb|150px|alt=Ny Wellington Monument, sarivongana maneho an' i Achille.|Ny tsangambato Wellington Monument.]]
[[File:Achillii 490 84, Greece - panoramio (16).jpg|thumb|150px|alt=Sarivongan' i Achille ao amin' ny Achilleion.|Sarivongan' i Achille ao amin' ny Achilleion.]]

* Tamin' ny 1890, i Elisabeth of Bavaria, emperatrisan' i Aotrisy, dia nampanangana lapa hipetrahana amin' ny fahavaratra tao Corfu. Nantsoina hoe Achilleion ilay trano, araka ny anaran' i Achille. Ny sary hosodoko sy ny sarivongana ao aminy dia mampiseho zava-nitranga tamin' ny Ady tao Troasy, ka i Achille no tena asongadiny.
* Ny Wellington Monument dia sarivongana maneho an' i Achille, naorina tamin' ny 1822 ho fahatsiarovana an' i [[Arthur Wellesley]], dioka voalohan' i Wellington, sy ireo fandreseny tamin' ny Adin' ny Saikinosy (''Peninsular War'') ary tamin' ny dingana farany tamin' ireo ady napôleôniana.

== Fampiasana ny anarany ==
* Nanomboka tamin' ny 1744, dia sambo mpiady sivy farafahakeliny tao amin' ny ''Royal Navy'' (tafika an-dranomasin' ny mpanjaka britanika) no nitondra ny anaran' i Achille, na tamin' ny endrika HMS (sambo an' ny mpanjaka) ''Achilles'', na tamin' ny tsipelina frantsay HMS ''Achille''. Sambo iray nitondra io anarana io sy nanana tafondro 60 no nandray anjara tamin' ny ady tao Belleisle tamin' ny 1761, ary sambo iray nanana tafondro 74 kosa no nandray anjara tamin' ny ady tao Trafalgar. Anisan' ny ady nahazoan' ny sambo nitondra io anarana io mari-boninahitra koa ny tao Walcheren tamin' ny 1809. Nisy sambo mpiady mifono vy nitondra io anarana io koa niasa tao amin' ny ''Royal Navy'' nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany. Karazana ''cruiser'' izy io, izany hoe sambo mpiady antonony habe afaka mandeha lavitra.
* Ny HMNZS (sambo an' ny mpanjaka avy any Zelandy Vaovao) ''Achilles'' (70) dia sambo mpiady karazana ''cruiser'' tao amin' ny sokajy ''Leander'', izay niasa tao amin' ny ''Royal New Zealand Navy'' (tafika an-dranomasin' ny mpanjaka ao Zelandy Vaovao) nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa. Nanjary nalaza izy noho ny fandraisany anjara tamin' ny ady tao River Plate, niaraka tamin' ny HMS ''Ajax'' (22) sy HMS ''Exeter'' (68). Ankoatra ny nahazoany ny mari-boninahitra « River Plate » noho ny fandraisana anjara tamin' izany ady izany, dia niasa tany Guadalcanal tamin' ny 1942–1943 sy tany Okinawa tamin' ny 1945 koa ny HMNZS ''Achilles''. Rehefa tafaverina tao amin' ny ''Royal Navy'' ilay sambo, dia namidy tamin' ny tafika an-dranomasin' i India tamin' ny 1948. Rehefa noravana anefa izy, dia nisy ampahany tamin' ilay sambo navotana sy notehirizina tany Zelandy Vaovao.
* Nomena anarana avy amin' i Achille ny karazana androngo ''Anolis Achilles'', izay manana takela-kirany mivelatra eo amin' ny voditongony.&lt;ref&gt;Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. (&quot;Achilles&quot;, p. 1).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tahirin-tsary ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Achilles departure Eretria Painter CdM Paris 851.jpg|Achille sy Cymothoe, iray amin' ireo ''Nereid'' (andriamanibavin-dranomasina), eo amin' ny kaopy misy tahony roa (''kantharos'') avy any Attica, misy sary mena, hita tany Volci (''Cabinet des Médailles'' (Tahirin-medaly), ao amin' ny ''Bibliothèque nationale'' (Tranombokim-pirenena), Paris).
File:Akhilleus embassy Staatliche Antikensammlungen 8770.jpg|Ireo iraka nankany amin' i Achille, eo amin' ny siny fitondrana rano (''hydria'') avy any Attica, misy sary mena, tokony ho tamin' ny 480 talohan' i Kristy (''Staatliche Antikensammlungen'' (Tahirim-panjakana momba ny zavakanto tamin' ny Andro Taloha), Munich).
File:AmbrosianIliadPict47Achilles.jpg|Achille manao sorona ho an' i [[Zeosy|Zeus]] mba hiverenan' i Patroclus soa aman-tsara,&lt;ref&gt;''Iliad'' 16.220–252.&lt;/ref&gt; avy ao amin' ny ''Ambrosian Iliad'', sora-tanana voaravaka sary tamin' ny taonjato faha-5.
File:Bell-krater Akhilleus Penthesileia MAN.jpg|Achille sy Penthesilea miady, eo amin' ny vilany fampifangaroana divay miendrika lakolosy (''bell-krater'') avy any Lucania, misy sary mena, tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-5 talohan' i Kristy.
File:Akhilleus Penthesileia Staatliche Antikensammlungen 2688.jpg|Achille mamono an' i Penthesilea, sary boribory (''tondo'') eo amin' ny kaopy fisotroana malalaka sy marivo (''kylix'') avy any Attica, misy sary mena, tokony ho tamin' ny 465 talohan' i Kristy, hita tany Vulci.
File:Mourning of Akhilleus Louvre E643.jpg|Thetis sy ireo ''Nereid'' (andriamanibavin-dranomasina) misaona an' i Achille, eo amin' ny siny fitondrana rano (''hydria'') avy any Corinth, misy sary mainty, tokony ho tamin' ny 555 talohan' i Kristy (Tranombakoka Louvre, Paris).
File:Aias Achilles game Musei Capitolini MC6.jpg|Achille sy Ajax manao ny lalao an-databatra ''petteia'', eo amin' ny siny fandrarahana divay (''oinochoe'') misy sary mainty, tokony ho tamin' ny 530 talohan' i Kristy (''Capitoline Museums'' (Mozea Capitoline), Rome).
File:Achilles-01.jpg|Ny lohan' i Achille aseho eo amin' ny vola madinika tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 talohan' i Kristy, avy any Kremaste, Phthia. Eo amin' ny ilany ambadika: Thetis, mitafy akanjo lava sady mihazona ny ampingan' i Achille misy ny marika AX, litera natambatra maneho ny anarany.
File:Getty Villa - Collection (3151231788).jpg|Achille eo amin' ny sary rômana vita amin' ny sombina akora madinika natambatra (''mosaic''), mampiseho ny fakana an' i Briseis, tamin' ny taonjato faha-2.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Sivilizasiôna Mikeniana]]
* Phthiotis
* [[Biôgrafia]]

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Vakiteny fanampiny ==
* Apollodorus, ''Apollodorus. The Library, Volume II: Book 3.10-end. Epitome'', nadikan' i James G. Frazer, Loeb Classical Library laharana 122, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1921. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-674-99136-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL122/1921/volume.xml Harvard University Press]. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.10.1 Perseus Digital Library].
* Ileana Chirassi Colombo (1977), ''Heroes Achilleus&amp;nbsp;– Theos Apollon''. Ao amin' ny ''Il Mito Greco'', nokarakarain' i Bruno Gentili sy Giuseppe Paione. Rome: Edizione dell'Ateneo e Bizzarri.
* Dräger, Paul, ''Medea'', ao amin' ny ''Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity, Volume 8'', Lyd &amp;ndash; Mine, nokarakarain' i Hubert Cancik sy Helmuth Schneider, Leiden, Brill, 2006. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9004122710&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Anthony Edwards (1985a), ''Achilles in the Underworld: Iliad, Odyssey, and Æthiopis''. ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies''. '''26''': p.&amp;nbsp;215–227.
* Anthony Edwards (1985b), ''Achilles in the Odyssey: Ideologies of Heroism in the Homeric Epic''. ''Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie''. '''171'''.
* Edwards, Anthony T. (1988), ''ΚΛΕΟΣ ΑΦΘΙΤΟΝ and Oral Theory''. ''The Classical Quarterly''. '''38''': p. 25–30. DOI: 10.1017/S0009838800031220. S2CID: 170947595.
* [[Robert Graves|Graves, Robert]], ''The Greek Myths'', Harmondsworth, London, England, Penguin Books, 1960. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0143106715&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Graves, Robert, ''The Greek Myths: The Complete and Definitive Edition.'' Penguin Books Limited. 2017. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-241-98338-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 024198338X&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Guy Hedreen (1991), ''The Cult of Achilles in the Euxine''. ''Hesperia''. '''60''' (3): p. 313–330. American School of Classical Studies at Athens. JSTOR: 148068. DOI: 10.2307/148068.
* Karl Kerényi (1959), ''The Heroes of the Greeks''. New York/London: Thames and Hudson.
* Jakob Escher-Bürkli: ''[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Achilleus_1 Achilleus 1]'' (amin' ny teny alemà). Ao amin' ny ''Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft'' (RE). Boky I,1, Stuttgart, 1893, tsanganana&amp;nbsp;221–245.
* Joachim Latacz (2010), ''Achilles''. Ao amin' ny ''The Classical Tradition'', nokarakarain' i Anthony Grafton, Glenn Most ary Salvatore Settis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 3–5. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Hélène Monsacré (1984), ''Les larmes d'Achille. Le héros, la femme et la souffrance dans la poésie d'Homère'', Paris: Albin Michel.
* Gregory Nagy (1984), ''The Name of Achilles: Questions of Etymology and 'Folk Etymology'', ''Illinois Classical Studies''. '''19'''.
* Gregory Nagy (1999), ''The Best of The Acheans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry''. Johns Hopkins University Press (fanontana nohavaozina, [http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5576 azo vakina an-tserasera]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20181224041719/https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5576 tahiry tamin' ny 24 December 2018]).
* Dorothea Sigel; Anne Ley; Bruno Bleckmann, ''Achilles''. Ao amin' ny ''Brill's New Pauly'', nokarakarain' i Hubert Cancik sy ny hafa. Brill Reference Online. DOI: 10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e102220.
* Dale S. Sinos (1991), ''The Entry of Achilles into Greek Epic'', lahatsoratra fikarohana hahazoana diplaoma dôktôra, Johns Hopkins University. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International.
* Jonathan S. Burgess (2009), ''The Death and Afterlife of Achilles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
* Abrantes, M.C. (2016), ''Themes of the Trojan Cycle: Contribution to the study of the greek mythological tradition'' (Coimbra). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1530337118&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Achilles ''Achilles''], lahatsoratra ao amin' ny ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' tamin' ny 1911, ao amin' ny Wikisource.
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Achilles Sary sy rakitra momba an' i Achille ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons].
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Achillean ''Achillean''], fidirana ao amin' ny Wiktionary amin' ny teny anglisy.
* [http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/troy.html ''Trojan War Resources''] — loharano momba ny adin' i Troasy.
* [http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/result.htm?alt=Achilles&amp;pnumber=20 ''Gallery of the Ancient Art: Achilles''] — fitambaran-tsary momba an' i Achille ao amin' ny zavakanto fahiny.
* [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Achilles_(Coates) ''Achilles''], tononkalo nosoratan' i Florence Earle Coates, ao amin' ny Wikisource.
* [https://www.freebase.com/m/0gy_ Freebase].

[[:sokajy:Biôgrafia]]
[[:Sokajy:Angano grika]]</text>
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      <text bytes="112636" sha1="j0qptx5icnttf7hj0hr9nsivif22dpu" xml:space="preserve">Ao amin' ny angano grika, i '''Akileosy''', antsoina koa hoe '''Achille''', '''Achilles''' na '''Achilleus''' (amin' ny teny grika taloha: Ἀχιλλεύς, soratana amin' ny abidy latina hoe Achilleús), dia mahery fo tamin' ny Ady tao Troasy, izay asehon' ireo angano ho ny mahery indrindra tamin' ny mpiady grika rehetra. Izy no mpandray anjara fototra ao amin' ny ''[[iliada|Iliada]]'' (''Iliad'' amin' ny teny anglisy) nosoratan' i [[Hômerôsy|Homer]]. Zanak' i Thetis, iray amin' ireo andriamanibavy an-dranomasina antsoina hoe ''Nereid'', sy i Peleus, mpanjakan' i Phthia sady nalaza tamin' ny naha-iray azy tamin' ireo [[Argonautes|Argonauts]], izy. Notezaina tany Phthia niaraka tamin' i Patroclus, namany hatramin' ny fahazazany, i Akileosy, ary i Chiron, zavaboary ao amin' ny angano manana vatana soavaly sy loha ary tratra olombelona (''centaur''), no nanabe azy. Ao amin' ny ''Iliada'', dia aseho ho mpitari-tafiky ny foko ao amin' ny angano antsoina hoe Myrmidons izy.

Ny namonoan' i Akileosy an' i Hector, andrianan' i Troasy, teo ivelan' ny vavahadin' i [[Troasy]], no asa nampahalaza azy indrindra nandritra ny Ady tao Troasy. Na dia tsy mitantara ny fahafatesany aza ny ''Iliada'', dia mifanaraka kosa ny loharano hafa fa i Paris no namono azy tamin' ny zana-tsipìka, rehefa nadiva hifarana ilay ady. Milaza ny angano nipoitra tatỳ aoriana fa tsy mety maratra ny faritra rehetra amin' ny vatan' i Akileosy afa-tsy ny voditongony iray. Manomboka amin' ny ''Akileida'', tononkalo lava mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo izay nosoratan' i Statius tamin' ny taonjato voalohany taorian' i Kristy nefa tsy vitany, no ahitana izany fitantarana izany. Araka io angano io, fony mbola zazakely i Akileosy, dia nalentik' i Thetis reniny tao amin' ny renirano Styx izy. Nohazoniny tamin' ny voditongony iray izy, ka tsy nokasihin' ny rano io faritra io, ary izany no nahatonga azy ho hany faritra mety haratra tamin' ny vatany.

Avy amin' ireo angano ireo ny fitenenana hoe ''voditongotr' i Akileosy'' (''Achilles' heel'' amin' ny teny anglisy), izay ilazana fahalemena mety hitarika amin' ny faharavana, indrindra eo amin' ny olona na zavatra iray izay matanjaka amin' ny lafiny hafa. Avy amin' io angano io ihany koa no niantsoana ny tady ozatr' i Akileosy (tady ozatra mampitohy ny hozatry ny ranjo amin' ny taolan' ny voditongotra) amin' ny anarany.

== Fiavian' ny anarana ==
Voarakitra ao amin' ny takelaka misy soratra ''Linear B'' ny anaran' olona hoe Achilleus, amin' ny endrika ''a-ki-re-u'' sy ''a-ki-re-we''.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Pauly&quot;&gt;Dorothea Sigel; Anne Ley; Bruno Bleckmann. ''Achilles'', lahatsoratra « Achilles », ao amin' ny ''Brill's New Pauly'', Hubert Cancik sy ny hafa (mpamoaka lahatsoratra). Brill Reference Online. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e102220 10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e102220]. Retrieved 5 May 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Endrika ''dative'', izany hoe endrika ara-pitsipi-pitenenana entina manondro indrindra izay andefasana na omena zavatra, ny faharoa raha oharina amin' ny voalohany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beekes&quot; /&gt; Nihaniely ilay anarana ary nanjary fahita fotoana fohy taorian' ny taonjato faha-7 talohan' i Kristy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111126201849/http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/search?patt=*AXIL&amp;first=250 Epigraphical database] gives 476 matches for Ἀχιλ-.The earliest ones: [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=27810&amp;bookid=6&amp;region=2&amp;subregion=1 Corinth 7th c. BC], [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=238250&amp;bookid=118&amp;region=3&amp;subregion=7 Delphi 530 BC], Attica and Elis 5th c. BC.&lt;/ref&gt; Nisy koa endrika natao ho an' ny vehivavy, dia Achilleía, izay voarakitra tany Attica tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 talohan' i Kristy (IG, fanafohezana ny lohateny ''Inscriptiones Graecae'', na « soratra voasokitra grika », II² 1617). Ny endrika Achillia kosa dia hita eo amin' ny tsangambato misy soratra any Halicarnassus, ho anaran' ny vehivavy mpiady an-kianja iray izay miady amin' ny « Amazon ».

Azo anazavana ny anaran' i Akileosy ny fampiarahana ny teny hoe ''áchos'', izay midika hoe « fahoriana, fanaintainana, alahelo, fahoriam-po »,&lt;ref&gt;Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3D*)axilleu%2Fs ''An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon'']. Clarendon Press, 1889. Via: Perseus Digital Library.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Scholia to the ''Iliad'', 1.1.&lt;/ref&gt; sy ny teny hoe ''laós'', izay midika hoe « vahoaka, miaramila, firenena ».
Avy amin' izany ny endrika niandohana naroso hoe ''*Akhí-lāu̯os'', izay midika hoe « ilay mampahory ny vahoaka » na « ilay manana vahoaka ory ».&lt;ref&gt;Leonard Palmer. ''The Interpretation of Mycenaean Greek Texts''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963, p. 79.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nagy&quot;&gt;Gregory Nagy. [http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5442 ''The best of the Achaeans'']. CHS. The Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University. Access-date: 19 March 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115312/http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5442 Archive-url], archive-date: 2 April 2015. Url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Harper, Douglas. [https://www.etymonline.com/word/Achilles ''Achilles'']. ''Online Etymology Dictionary''.&lt;/ref&gt;
Lohahevitra averimberina ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' ny alahelo na ny fahorian' ny vahoaka, ary i Akileosy mihitsy matetika no miresaka izany.
Misy fifanoherana toa maneso eo amin' ny anjara asan' i Akileosy ho mahery fon' ny alahelo na ny fahoriana sy ny fomba fijery mahazatra azy ho mahery fon' ny ''kléos'', na voninahitra izay mazàna azo amin' ny ady.
Ankoatra izany, i Gregory Nagy, izay nanaraka an' i Leonard Palmer, dia nandika ny ''laós'' ho « vondron-tafika », izany hoe miaramila voavory.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nagy&quot; /&gt;
Raha io fanazavana ny fiavian' ilay anarana io no raisina, dia manana hevitra roa ilay anarana ao amin' ny tononkalo: rehefa manao araka ny tokony ho izy ilay mahery fo, dia mampahory ny fahavalo ny miaramilany; rehefa tsy manao izany kosa izy, dia ny miaramilany no iharan' ny fahorian' ny ady.
Anisan' ny resahin' ilay tononkalo ny hatezeran' ny mpitarika izay miantefa amin' ny tsy tokony hiantefany.

Misy mpikaroka mihevitra fa teny nindramina tamin' ny fiteny hafa ilay anarana, angamba tamin' ny fiteny iray efa nisy talohan' ny teny grika.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Pauly&quot; /&gt; Ny maha-taranak' i Thetis, iray amin' ireo ''Nereid'', an' i Akileosy sy ny fitovian' ny anarany amin' ny anaran' ny andriamanitry ny renirano toa an' i Acheron sy Achelous dia nahatonga ny fiheverana fa mety ho andriamanitry ny rano fahiny izy (jereo ny [[#Fanompoam-pivavahana sy fanomezam-boninahitra|Fanompoam-pivavahana sy fanomezam-boninahitra]] etsy ambany).&lt;ref&gt;Cf. the supportive position of Hildebrecht Hommel, ''Der Gott Achilleus'', ''Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften'', issue 1, 1980, pp. 38–44 – A critical point of view is taken by J. T. Hooker, ''The cults of Achilleus'', ''Rheinisches Museum für Philologie'', volume 131, issue 3, 1988, pp. 1–7.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanolotra ny hevitra i Robert S. P. Beekes fa avy amin' ny fiteny talohan' ny teny grika ilay anarana. Anisan' ny iorenan' izany ny fiarahan' ny endrika voasoratra hoe « -λλ- » sy « -λ- » hita amin' ny fitenin' ny tononkalo mitantara mahery fo; mety ho taratry ny singam-peo /l&lt;sup&gt;y&lt;/sup&gt;/, izay tononina miaraka amin' ny fanatonan' ny lela ny lanilany mafy, tao amin' ny fiteny niandohana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beekes&quot;&gt;Robert S. P. Beekes, ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, pp. 183ff.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Anarana hafa ===
Anisan' ny anarana iantsoana an' i Akileosy amin' ny ankapobeny ireto manaraka ireto:&lt;ref&gt;Ity lisitra ity dia ahitana votoaty avy amin' i John Murray. [https://archive.org/details/aclassicalmanua01unkngoog/page/n17 ''A Classical Manual: Being a Mythological, Historical and Geographical Commentary on Pope's Homer, and Dryden's Aeneid of Virgil, with a Copious Index'']. Albemarle Street, London, 1833, pp. 1–3.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Pyrisous''', izay midika hoe « voavonjy tamin' ny afo », no anarany voalohany. Toa manohana ilay lovantsofina milaza fa nodoran' i Thetis reniny ireo faritry ny vatany mety maty izany.
* '''Aeacides''', avy amin' ny anaran' i Aeacus raibeny.
* '''Aemonius''', avy amin' i Aemonia, faritra iray izay nantsoina hoe Thessaly tatỳ aoriana.
* '''Aspetos''', izay midika hoe « tsy azo tahafina » na « midadasika », no anarany tany Epirus.
* '''Larissaeus''', avy amin' i Larissa, izay antsoina koa hoe Cremaste, tanàna iray ao amin' i Achaia Phthiotis any Thessaly.
* '''Ligyron''', anarany tany am-boalohany.
* '''Nereius''', avy amin' i Thetis reniny, izay iray amin' ireo ''Nereid''.
* '''Pelides''', avy amin' ny anaran' i Peleus rainy.
* '''Phthius''', avy amin' i Phthia, toerana nahaterahany.
* '''Podarkes''', izay midika hoe « mailaka tongotra », satria napetaka tamin' ny tongony ny elatr' i Arke, izay midika hoe « mailaka » ny anarany; ''podes'' kosa no teny grika ilazana ny « tongotra ».&lt;ref&gt;Ptolemy Hephaestion, ''New History'', Book 6 (summary from Photius, ''Myriobiblon'' 190, trans. Pearse):

&quot;It is said ... that he [Akhilleus (Achilles)] was called Podarkes (Podarces, Swift-Footed) by the Poet [i.e. Homer], because, it is said, Thetis gave the newborn child the wings of Arke (Arce) and Podarkes means that his feet had the wings of Arke. And Arke was the daughter of Thaumas and her sister was Iris; both had wings, but, during the struggle of the gods against the Titanes (Titans), Arke flew out of the camp of the gods and joined the Titanes. After the victory Zeus removed her wings before throwing her into Tartaros and, when he came to the wedding of Peleus and Thetis, he brought these wings as a gift for Thetis.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fahaterahana sy fahazazana ==
[[File:Peter Paul Rubens 181.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|alt=Thetis mandentika an' i Akileosy zazakely ao amin' ny renirano Styx.|''Thetis Dipping the Infant Achilles into the River Styx'' (Thetis mandentika an' i Akileosy zazakely ao amin' ny renirano Styx), nataon' i [[Pierre Paul Rubens|Peter Paul Rubens]], tokony ho tamin' ny 1625; ao amin' ny ''Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen'' (Mozea Boijmans Van Beuningen), Rotterdam.]]

Zanakalahin' i Thetis, izay iray amin' ireo ''Nereid'' na andriamanibavin' ny ranomasina sady zanakavavin' ilay antsoina hoe Lehilahy antitry ny ranomasina, sy Peleus, mpanjakan' ny Myrmidons, i Akileosy. Nifaninana hahazo an' i Thetis ho vady i [[Zeosy|Zeus]] sy Poseidon, mandra-pampitandreman' i Prometheus, ilay mahatsinjo mialoha, an' i Zeus momba ny faminaniana iray. Nambaran' i Themis, andriamanibavin' ny lalàn' ny andriamanitra, tany am-boalohany io faminaniana io, izay nilaza fa hiteraka zazalahy ho lehibe noho ny rainy i Thetis. Noho izany dia samy nitsahatra nitady azy ho vady ireo andriamanitra roa ireo, ary nampanambady azy tamin' i Peleus.&lt;ref&gt;[[Aeschylus]], ''Prometheus Bound'' 755–768; Pindar, ''Nemean'' 5.34–37, ''Isthmian'' 8.26–47; Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'' 3.13.5; ''Poeticon astronomicon'' 2.15.&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fitantarana hafa momba ireo zava-nitranga ireo ao amin' ny ''Argonautica'' (4.760). Ao, i Hera, anabavin' i Zeus sady vadiny, dia miresaka ny fandavan' i Thetis ny fiezahan' i Zeus hitaona azy, noho ny fitandrovany ny fahadiovany. Araka ny tenin' i Hera, dia tena nanaja ny fatoram-panambadian' i Hera i Thetis ka nandà tamim-pahatoniana ilay rain' ny andriamanitra. Na dia zanakavavin' i Nereus, andriamanitry ny ranomasina, aza i Thetis, dia i Hera koa no nitaiza azy, ka izany no antony iray hafa nandavany ny fiezahan' i Zeus hitaona azy. Tezitra mafy i Zeus ary nandidy fa tsy hahazo hanambady olona tsy mety maty mihitsy i Thetis.&lt;ref&gt;Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'' 3.13.5.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The Education of Achilles 1862 Delacroix.jpg|thumb|alt=Fanabeazana an' i Akileosy, sary nataon' i Eugène Delacroix.|''The Education of Achilles'' (Ny fanabeazana an' i Akileosy), nataon' i [[Eugène Delacroix]], sary natao tamin' ny loko maina atao hoe ''pastel'' teo amin' ny taratasy, tokony ho tamin' ny 1862; ao amin' ny ''Getty Center'' (Foibe Getty), Los Angeles.]]

Araka ny ''Akileida'', nosoratan' i Statius tamin' ny taonjato voalohany taorian' i Kristy, sy ny loharano taloha kokoa izay tsy voatahiry intsony, dia niezaka nanao an' i Akileosy ho tsy mety maty i Thetis raha vao teraka izy, tamin' ny fandentehana azy tao amin' ny renirano Styx. Mbola nety naratra anefa ilay faritra nitazonany azy, dia ny voditongony havia&lt;ref&gt;Statius, ''Akileida'' 1.269; Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' 107.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan S. Burgess. ''The Death and Afterlife of Achilles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009, p. 9. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8018-9029-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_YAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA9 Rohy]; nojerena tamin' ny 5 February 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (jereo koa ny [[voditongotr' i Akileosy]], na tady mampitohy ny hozatry ny ranjo amin' ny taolan' ny voditongotra). Tsy mazava raha efa fantatra taloha kokoa io fitantarana io. Amin' ny fitantarana hafa indray, dia nanosotra ''ambrosia'' (menaka fanosotry ny andriamanitra ao amin' ny angano) tamin' ilay zazalahy i Thetis ary nametraka azy teo ambonin' ny afo mba handoroana sy hanesorana ireo faritra mety maty amin' ny vatany. Notapahin' i Peleus ny nataony, ka navelany teo ny ray sy ny zanaka ary lasa izy sady tezitra mafy.&lt;ref&gt;Apollonius of Rhodes, ''Argonautica'' 4.869–879.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The Education of Achilles, by James Barry.jpg|thumb|alt=Fanabeazana an' i Akileosy, sary nataon' i James Barry.|''The Education of Achilles'' (Ny fanabeazana an' i Akileosy), tokony ho tamin' ny 1772, nataon' i James Barry; ao amin' ny ''Yale Center for British Art'' (Foibe Yale momba ny zavakanto britanika).]]

Tsy misy loharano talohan' i Statius miresaka izany tsy fahafahany maratra amin' ny ankapobeny izany. Mifanohitra amin' izany aza, ao amin' ny ''Iliada'', dia milaza i Homer fa naratra i Akileosy. Ao amin' ny boky faha-21, i Asteropaios, mahery fo avy any Paeonia sady zanakalahin' i Pelagon, dia nihaika an' i Akileosy teo amoron' ny renirano Scamander. Nahay nampiasa ny tanany roa mitovy fahaizana izy, ka samy nanipazany lefona iray ny tanany tsirairay. Ny iray tamin' ireo dia nandalo nikasika ny kihon' i Akileosy, «ka nampiboiboika ra» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;Homer (Robert Fagles translation), ''The Iliad'', p. 525. Teny nalaina: “But the other (spear) grazed Achilles's strong right arm and dark blood gushed as the spear shot past his back”.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ireo tononkalo vitsy sisa tavela tapatapany avy amin' ny fitambaran-tononkalo atao hoe ''Epic Cycle'' izay mitantara ny nahafatesan' ilay mahery fo, dia tsy misy miresaka ny tsy fahafahany maratra amin' ny ankapobeny na ilay fahalemeny eo amin' ny voditongotra izay nanjary fantatra. Anisan' ireo tononkalo ireo ny ''Cypria'', ny ''Little Iliad'' nosoratan' i Lesches avy any Pyrrha, ary ny ''Aethiopis'' sy ny ''Iliupersis'' nosoratan' i Arctinus of Miletus. Amin' ireo sary hosodoko teo amin' ny vazy tatỳ aoriana izay mampiseho ny nahafatesan' i Akileosy, dia ny vatan-tenany no voan' ny zana-tsipìka iray, na zana-tsipìka maromaro amin' ny sary maro.

Natolotr' i Peleus ho taizain' i Chiron i Akileosy. Nonina teo amin' ny tendrombohitra Pelion i Chiron, ary nalaza ho marina indrindra tamin' ireo ''centaur'', zavaboary ao amin' ny angano izay manana vatana mitambatra olombelona sy soavaly.&lt;ref&gt;[[Hesiôdôsy|Hesiod]], ''Catalogue of Women'', fr. 204.87–89 MW; ''Iliad'' 11.830–832.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny fitantarana sasany, dia Ligyron no anaran' i Akileosy tany am-boalohany, ary i Chiron mpitaiza azy no nanome azy ny anarana hoe Achille tatỳ aoriana.&lt;ref&gt;Apollodorus, ''Library'', Book III [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.13&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022 3.13.6]&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny voalazan' i Homer, dia tao Phthia i Akileosy no nihalehibe niaraka tamin' i Patroclus, namany hatramin' ny fahazazany.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Pauly&quot; /&gt; Milaza koa i Homer fa nampianatra an' i Patroclus izay nianarany tamin' i Chiron i Akileosy, anisan' izany ny fahaizana mitsabo.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''The Iliad'' [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Iliad_(Murray)/Book_XI Book XI 822-836]&lt;/ref&gt; Naminany i Thetis fa iray amin' ireto no ho anjaran' ny zanany: na hahazo voninahitra izy nefa ho faty tanora, na ho ela velona saingy tsy hisy zava-nitranga miavaka eo amin' ny fiainany ary tsy ho fantatry ny olona izy. Nifidy ilay voalohany i Akileosy, ka nanapa-kevitra handray anjara tamin' ny Adin' i Troasy.&lt;ref&gt;''Iliad'' 9.410ff.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Achilleus Lyra.jpg|thumb|alt=Chiron mampianatra an' i Akileosy mitendry lyre.|Chiron mampianatra an' i Akileosy mitendry ''lyre'', zavamaneno misy tadiny; sary hosodoko rômanina teo amin' ny lalotra mbola mando, na ''fresco'', avy any Herculaneum, tamin' ny taonjato voalohany taorian' i Kristy.]]

Araka ny voalazan' i Photius, dia nitantara ny boky fahenina amin' ny ''New History'' nosoratan' i Ptolemy Hephaestion fa nodoran' i Thetis tany amin' ny toerana miafina ireo zanany tamin' i Peleus. Rehefa teraka i Akileosy, dia hitan' i Peleus ny nataony ka nosintoniny avy tao amin' ny lelafo ilay zaza, izay tongotra iray monja no may, ary natolony ho taizain' i Chiron ilay ''centaur''. Tatỳ aoriana dia nofongarin' i Chiron ny fatin' i Damysus, ilay haingam-pandeha indrindra tamin' ireo goavambe rehetra. Nalainy ny kitrokelin' i Damysus ary nampidiriny tao amin' ilay tongotr' i Akileosy may. Milaza koa i Photius fa nanana mpanoro hevitra avy any [[Carthage]] atao hoe Noemon i Akileosy.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_copyright/photius_05bibliotheca.htm Photius, ''Bibliotheca'', cod. 190]: &quot;Thetis burned in a secret place the children she had by Peleus; six were born; when she had Achilles, Peleus noticed and tore him from the flames with only a burnt foot and confided him to Chiron. The latter exhumed the body of the giant Damysos who was buried at Pallene—Damysos was the fastest of all the giants—removed the 'astragale' and incorporated it into Achilles's foot using 'ingredients'. This 'astragale' fell when Achilles was pursued by Apollo and it was thus that Achilles, fallen, was killed. It is said, on the other hand, that he was called Podarkes by the Poet, because, it is said, Thetis gave the newborn child the wings of Arce and Podarkes means that his feet had the wings of Arce.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Famaritana ny bika aman' endrika ===
Ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' nosoratan' i [[Hômerôsy|Homer]], dia aseho ho lehilahy lava sady miavaka bika i Akileosy, ary tsy misy mitovy aminy eo amin' ireo mpiady grika raha ny tanjaka sy ny hatsaran-tarehy no jerena.&lt;ref&gt;Barry Strauss. ''The Trojan War: A New History''. Simon and Schuster, 2007, p. 87. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7432-6442-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Amin' ny teny anglisy.&lt;/ref&gt;
Lazain' i Homer fa lava ny volony, na toy ny volon-tenda.&lt;ref&gt;Homer, ''Iliad'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+23.141&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133 23.141] (in Greek)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=xai/th χαίτη]. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', Perseus Project.&lt;/ref&gt;
Toy ny an' ireo olona sasany hafa ao amin' ny tantara, dia faritana amin' ny teny hoe ''xanthḗ'' ny volony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Myres&quot;&gt;Myres, John Linton (1967). ''Who were the Greeks?'', pp. 192–199. University of California Press.&lt;/ref&gt;
Midika hoe mavo io teny io, ary nampiasaina hilazana volo mazava loko, anisan' izany ny volo mavo, volontany, volontany mazava ary volontany manopy mena.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=canqo/s ξανθός]. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', Perseus Project.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sidney Chawner Woodhouse. ''English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language''. London: Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul Limited, 1910, pp. 52,84,101.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nanoratra i Philostratus fa mavo manopy volontany, toy ny lokon' ny ditin-kazo atao hoe ''amber'', sady nitovy tamin' ny mason-diona ny masony.&lt;ref&gt;P. G Maxwell-Stuart. ''Studies in Greek colour terminology: Volume 2''. Brill, 1981, p. 19. [https://dokumen.pub/studies-in-greek-colour-terminology-2-2-9004064079-9789004064072.html Rohy].&lt;/ref&gt;

Nisy fitantarana latina tatỳ aoriana, angamba tamin' ny taonjato fahadimy taorian' i Kristy, izay [[Pseodepigrafa (literatiora)|nolazaina diso fa nosoratan' i]] Dares Phrygius, namaritra an' i Akileosy toy izao (dikan-teny malagasy): «… lehibe ny tratrany, tsara endrika ny vavany, ary natanjaka ny firafitry ny sandriny sy ny tongony. Rakotra volo lava miolanolana sady volontany manopy mena ny lohany (''capillo myrteo'', lokon' ny hodi-kazo ''myrtus'' na [[Miora|miora]]&lt;ref&gt;Fernando Navarro Antolín. ''Lygdamus: Corpus Tibullianum III. 1-6: Lygdami Elegiarum Liber : Edition and Commentary''. Belgium: E.J. Brill, 1996, p. 309.&lt;/ref&gt;). Na dia nalemy fanahy aza izy, dia tena masiaka tamin' ny ady. Ny endriny dia naneho ny hafalian' ny lehilahy nomena soa maro».&lt;ref&gt;Dares Phrygius, ''History of the Fall of Troy'' [https://www.theoi.com/Text/DaresPhrygius.html 13]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nafenina tao Skyros ===
Lohahevitra fototra: Achille tao Skyros.

[[File:Gaziantep Zeugma Museum Achilles mosaic in 2011 2098.jpg|thumb|alt=Môzaika mampiseho an' i Akileosy manao fitafiam-behivavy sy an' i Odysseus mamantatra azy amin' ny alalan' ny hafetsena.|Môzaika romana avy tao amin' ny vila Poseidon tao Zeugma, Commagene, izay ao amin' ny ''Zeugma Mosaic Museum'' (Tranombakoka momba ny môzaika ao Zeugma) ankehitriny. Mampiseho an' i Akileosy manao fitafiam-behivavy hanafenana ny maha izy azy sy an' i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]] mampiasa hafetsena mba hampiharihariana izany izy io.]]

Misy loharano taorian' i Homer&lt;ref&gt;[[Euripides]], ''Skyrioi'', surviving only in fragmentary form; Philostratus Junior, ''Imagines'' i; Scholiast on Homer's ''Iliad'', 9.326; [[Ôvidio|Ovid]], ''Metamorphoses'' 13.162–180; Ovid, ''Tristia'' 2.409–412 (mentioning a Roman tragedy on this subject); Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'' 3.13.8; Statius, ''Achilleid'' 1.689–880, 2.167ff.&lt;/ref&gt; milaza fa, mba hiarovana an' i Akileosy amin' ny ady, dia nafenin' i Thetis (na i Peleus, araka ny fitantarana sasany) tao amin' ny lapan' i Lycomedes, mpanjakan' i Skyros, ilay tovolahy. Nampanaovina fitafian' ny zanakavavin' ny mpanjaka izy, na farafaharatsiny fitafian-tovovavy.

Tao i Akileosy no nonina niaraka tamin' ireo zanakavavin' i Lycomedes, sady nanao fitafiana nanafenana ny maha izy azy. Angamba izy nantsoina hoe Pyrrha (ilay tovovavy mena volo), Cercysera na Aissa (izay midika hoe haingana&lt;ref&gt;[[Robert Graves|Graves, Robert]] (2017). ''The Greek Myths – The Complete and Definitive Edition''. Penguin Books Limited. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-241-98338-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Index s.v. Aissa.&lt;/ref&gt;).&lt;ref&gt;[[Robert Graves|Graves, Robert]] (2017). ''The Greek Myths – The Complete and Definitive Edition''. Penguin Books Limited. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-241-98338-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p. 642.&lt;/ref&gt; Tao no nananan' i Akileosy zazalahy roa tamin' i Deidamia, zanakavavin' i Lycomedes, izay efa nanomboka nifandray taminy: i Neoptolemus sy i Oneiros. Nantsoina koa hoe Pyrrhus i Neoptolemus, avy amin' ilay anarana mety ho nisaronan' ny rainy. Araka io fitantarana io, dia ren' i Odysseus tamin' i Calchas mpaminany fa tsy ho azon' ny Grika i Troasy raha tsy ampian' i Akileosy izy ireo. Nankany Skyros i Odysseus, nisandoka ho mpivarotra mandehandeha nivarotra fitafiana sy firavaky ny vehivavy, ary nametraka ampinga sy lefona teo amin' ny entany. Rehefa noraisin' i Akileosy avy hatrany ilay lefona, dia fantatr' i Odysseus hoe iza izy na dia nanao fitafiam-behivavy aza, ka noreseny lahatra mba handray anjara tamin' ny fanafihana nataon' ny Grika. Ao amin' ny fitantarana iray hafa, dia nasain' i Odysseus notsofina ny trompetra fanairana fony izy niaraka tamin' ireo vehivavy tao amin' ny lapan' i Lycomedes. Raha nandositra noho ny tahotra ireo vehivavy, dia niomana hiaro ny lapa kosa i Akileosy, ka nahafantarana ny maha izy azy izany.

== Tao amin' ny ady tao Troasy ==
[[File:Achilles by Lycomedes Louvre Ma2120.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Sary sokitra marbra mampiseho an' i Akileosy ao an-dapan' i Lycomedes.|Sary sokitra marbra mampiseho an' i Akileosy ao an-dapan' i Lycomedes mpanjaka, manodidina ny taona 240 taorian' i Kristy.]]

Araka ny filazan' i [[Hômerôsy|Homer]], ny ''Hellenes'' dia foko somary kely tany am-boalohany, nonina tao Phthia any Thessaly, ary nifantoka nanodidina an' i Alos, Alope, Trachis ary Argos an' ny Pelasgiana.&lt;ref&gt;Homer. ''Iliad'', [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.653-2.694 2.681–685].&lt;/ref&gt; Antsoina hoe « καλλιγύναικος », ''kalligýnaikos'', izany hoe « manana vehivavy tsara tarehy », io ''Hellas'' resahin' i Homer io. Teo ambany fifehezan' i Akileosy ny miaramilany, dia ny Hellenes, niaraka tamin' ny Myrmidons izay natahorana.

Araka ny ''Iliada'', dia tonga tao [[Troasy]] niaraka tamin' ny sambo 50 i Akileosy, ka Myrmidons 50 no tao amin' ny sambo tsirairay. Nanendry mpitarika dimy izy, ary Myrmidons 500 no nofehezin' ny tsirairay: Menesthius, Eudorus, Peisander, Phoenix ary Alcimedon.&lt;ref&gt;''Iliad'' 16.168–197.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Telephus ===
Araka ny angano, rehefa niainga ho any amin' ny ady tao Troasy ny Grika, dia nijanona tsy nahy tany Mysia, izay nofehezin' i Telephus mpanjaka. Tao amin' ny ady naterak' izany no nandratran' i Akileosy an' i Telephus, ary tsy nety sitrana ilay ratra. Araka ny fanamarihana manazava ny lahatsoratry ny ''Iliada'', dia tezitra tamin' i Telephus i [[Diônisôsy|Dionysus]] satria tsy nanompo azy araka ny tokony ho izy izy. Nampianjerainy tamin' ny tahom-boaloboka àry i Telephus mba hanampiana an' i Akileosy handratra azy.&lt;ref&gt;Platter, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PXnLrRQnufgC&amp;pg=PA148 p. 148]; Gantz, p. 579; Frazer's note to Pseudo-Apollodorus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+Epit.+E.3.17 ''Bibliotheca, Epitome 3.17''].&lt;/ref&gt; Nanatona mpaminany mampita ny valin' ny andriamanitra i Telephus, ary izao no valiny, amin' ny dikan-teny malagasy: « Izay nandratra no hanasitrana ». Nanaraka izany valiny izany izy ka tonga tany Argos. Tao no nanasitranan' i Akileosy azy mba hahafahany mitarika azy ireo amin' ny dia an-tsambo ho any Troasy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Epitome 3.20&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;69&quot;&gt;Pseudo-Apollodorus. [http://www.theoi.com/Text/ApollodorusE.html#69 ''Bibliotheca, Epitome 3.20'']. theoi.com.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Milaza i Philostratus fa, na dia i Akileosy aza no nandratra an' i Telephus, dia i Protesilaus no niady taminy voalohany sy naka ny ampingany. Koa rehefa nifanditra momba ny babo azo tamin' ny ady i Akileosy sy Protesilaus, dia nomena an' i Protesilaus ilay ampinga.&lt;ref&gt;Philostratus, ''On Heroes'' [https://chs.harvard.edu/primary-source/flavius-philostratus-on-heroes/#onheroestext 23.24–25]&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fitantarana hafa ao amin' ny tantara an-tsehatra nosoratan' i [[Euripides]] momba an' i Telephus, izay tsy voatahiry intsony, dia nankany Aulis i Telephus ka mody nanao mpangataka ary nangataka tamin' i Akileosy mba hanasitrana ny ratrany. Nandà i Akileosy ary nilaza fa tsy nahay fitsaboana. Amin' ny dikan-tantara iray hafa kosa, dia notazonin' i Telephus ho takalonaina i Orestes, ka ny fanampian' i Akileosy hanasitrana ilay ratra no notakiny ho takalon' ny famotsorana azy. Nanjohy hevitra i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]] fa ny lefona no nahatonga ilay ratra, ka tsy maintsy afaka nanasitrana azy koa ilay lefona. Nokikisana teo ambonin' ilay ratra ny lefona mba hilatsahan' ny potiny teo, ary sitrana i Telephus araka io angano io.&lt;ref name=&quot;Epitome 3.20&quot; /&gt;

=== Cycnus ===
Anisan' ny fahavalo voalohany natrehin' i Akileosy tamin' ny ady tao Troasy i Cycnus, zanak' i Poseidon izay tsy mety maratra. Efa namono an' i Protesilaus izy,&lt;ref&gt;Quintus Smyrnaeus, ''Posthomerica'' 4.529&lt;/ref&gt; sy olona arivo hafa tao Sigeion.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ôvidio|Ovid]], ''Metamorphoses'' 12.70&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny ''Metamorphoses'' nosoratan' i [[Ôvidio|Ovid]] indrindra no voatahiry ny fitantarana ny adin' izy roa. Tsy voatrobaky ny lefona na ny sabatra ny hoditr' i Cycnus ao amin' io fitantarana io. Araka ny filazan' i Pseudo-Apollodorus, dia maty izy rehefa nitorahan' i Akileosy vato ny lohany.&lt;ref&gt;Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'', [https://www.theoi.com/Text/ApollodorusE.html Epitome 3.31]&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny fitantaran' i Ovid kosa, dia nokendain' i Akileosy tamin' ny fehin' ny fiarovan-dohany i Cycnus.&lt;ref&gt;Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.139–145&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Troilus ===
[[File:Achilles slaying Troilus.PNG|thumb|left|i Akileosy namono an' i Troilus, eo amin' ny kaopy ''kylix'' voaravaka sary mena sy misy ny sonian' i Euphronios.]]

Araka ny ''Cypria'', izay ampahany amin' ireo tononkalo mitantara ny ady tany Troasy (''Epic Cycle'') ka milaza ny zava-nitranga talohan' ny fahatezeran' i Akileosy, dia nosakanan' i Akileosy ny Grika rehefa naniry hody. Avy eo dia nanafika ny ombin' i [[Énée|Aeneas]] izy, nandroba ireo tanàna manodidina, toa an' i Pedasus sy Lyrnessus, izay nisamboran' ny Grika an' i Briseis mpanjakavavy, ary namono an' i Tenes, zanakalahin' i [[Apôlôna (andriamanitra)|Apollo]], sy Troilus, zanakalahin' i Priam, tao amin' ny toerana masina nanompoana an' i Apollo Thymbraios. Ny tantaram-pitiavana momba an' i Troilus hita ao amin' ny ''Troilus and Criseyde'' nosoratan' i [[Geoffrey Chaucer]] sy ny ''Troilus and Cressida'' nosoratan' i [[William Shakespeare]] kosa dia noforonina tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany.&lt;ref name=&quot;stoa.org&quot;&gt;[http://www.stoa.org/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Stoa:text:2003.01.0004 ''Proclus' Summary of the Cypria'']. Stoa.org. access-date: 9 March 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091009120320/http://www.stoa.org/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Stoa:text:2003.01.0004 archive-url], archive-date: 9 October 2009; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;New Pauly&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Timiades_Painter_-_ABV_95_5_-_Achilleus_and_Hektor_fighting_over_the_body_of_Troilos_-_animal_friezes_-_München_AS_1426_-_07.jpg|thumb|i Akileosy niady tamin' i Hector teo amin' ny alitara, ary teo amin' ny lefony ny lohan' i Troilus. Sinibe ''amphora'' avy any Attica, voaravaka sary mainty, tamin' ny 570–560 talohan' i Kristy.]]

Ao amin' ny ''Account of the Destruction of Troy'' nosoratan' i Dares Phrygius,&lt;ref&gt;[http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/DaresTW.html ''Dares' account of the destruction of Troy, Greek Mythology Link'']. Homepage.mac.com. access-date: 9 March 2010&lt;!--Added by DASHBot--&gt;. [https://web.archive.org/web/20011130034104/http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/DaresTW.html archive-url], archive-date: 30 November 2001; url-status: dead.&lt;/ref&gt; izay famintinana amin' ny teny latina nampita ny tantaran' i Akileosy tany Eorôpa tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany, ary koa ao amin' ireo fitantarana tranainy kokoa, dia printsy tanora avy any Troasy i Troilus.
Izy no faralahy tamin' ireo zanakalahy dimy ara-dalàna naterak' i Priam mpanjaka sy Hecuba; araka ny loharano hafa kosa dia zanakalahin' i Apollo koa izy.&lt;ref&gt;Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'' 3.151.&lt;/ref&gt;
Na dia mbola tanora aza izy, dia anisan' ireo mpitarika lehibe ny tafik' i Troasy, ary nolazain' i Homer ho «mpiady mitaingin-tsoavaly» na «mpiady mitaingina kalesy» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;''Iliad'' 24.257. Cf. Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 1.474–478.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nampifandray ny hoavin' i Troilus tamin' ny an' i Troasy ny faminaniana, ka nasiana otrika izy mba hisamborana azy.
Na izany aza, nanaitra an' i Akileosy ny hatsaran' i Troilus sy Polyxena anabaviny. Resin' ny filan' nofo izy ka nitady hanao firaisana ara-nofo tamin' ilay tovolahy. Tsy nanaiky anefa i Troilus, ka notapahin-doha teo amin' ny alitara misy vato masina antsoina hoe ''omphalos'', natokana ho an' i Apollo Thymbraios.&lt;ref&gt;Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca Epitome'' 3.32.&lt;/ref&gt;
Araka ny dikan-tantara tatỳ aoriana kosa dia tsy fanahy iniana no nahafaty an' i Troilus i Akileosy, rehefa namihina azy tamin' ny firehetam-pitiavana tafahoatra.&lt;ref&gt;Scholia to Lycophron 307; Servius, Scholia to the ''Aeneid'', Perseus Project [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Serv.+A.+1.474 A.1.474].&lt;/ref&gt;
Araka io dikan' ny angano io àry, dia sazy noho izany fanimbazimbana ny zava-masina izany ny fahafatesan' i Akileosy.&lt;ref&gt;Davidson, James (19 July 2007). [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n14/davi02_.html ''Zeus Be Nice Now'']. ''London Review of Books''. url-status: dead; [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011152019/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n14/davi02_.html archive-url], archive-date: 11 October 2007; access-date: 1 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;
Nasehon' ireo mpanoratra fahiny ho ohatra maneho indrindra ny zaza maty isaonan' ny ray aman-dreniny i Troilus.
Raha nahatratra ny fahalehibeazana i Troilus, araka ilay mpanoratra fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe ''First Vatican Mythographer'' (mpanangona angano voalohany ao amin' ny Vatikana), dia tsy ho azo resena i Troasy; efa tranainy kokoa anefa io hevitra ao amin' ny tantara io, ary efa hita ao amin' ny ''Bacchides'' nosoratan' i Plautus.&lt;ref&gt;Plautus, ''Bacchides'' 953ff.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ao amin' ny Iliada ===
[[File:Achilles Agamemnon Pompei mosaic NAMNaples 10006.jpg|thumb|alt=Akileosy sy Agamemnon eo amin' ny môzaika.|Akileosy sy [[Agamemnon]], eo amin' ny môzaika avy any Pompeii, taonjato voalohany taor. J.K.]]

Ny ''Iliada'' nosoratan' i Homer no fitantarana malaza indrindra momba ny zava-bitan' i Akileosy nandritra ny adin' i Troasy. Ny fahatezeran' i Akileosy («μῆνις Ἀχιλλέως», ''mênis Achilléōs'') no lohahevitra fototry ny tononkalo. Toy izao ny andalana roa voalohany ao amin' ny ''Iliada'':
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Lahatsoratra grika tany am-boalohany
! Dikan-teny malagasy
|-
|Μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληιάδεω Ἀχιλῆος&lt;br /&gt;
οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί' Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκε, [...]
|Hirao, ry Andriamanibavy, ny fahatezeran' i Akileosy zanak' i Peleus,&lt;br /&gt;
ilay fahatezerana voaozona izay nitondra fijaliana lehibe ho an' ny Grika, [...]
|}

[[File:Wall painting - Briseis taken away from Achilles - Pompeii (VI 8 5) - Napoli MAN 9105 - 01.jpg|thumb|alt=Achille manolotra an' i Briseis ho an' i Agamemnon eo amin' ny hosodoko amin' ny rindrina.|Achille manolotra an' i Briseis ho an' i [[Agamemnon]]. Hosodoko amin' ny lalotra mbola mando avy ao amin' ny Tranon' ny Poeta Trajika any Pompeii, taonjato voalohany taor. J.K. (Mozeam-pirenena momba ny arkeôlôjia ao Naples).]]

Herinandro vitsivitsy monja tamin' ilay ady naharitra folo taona no tantarain' ity tononkalo lava mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo ity, ary tsy voatantara ao ny nahafatesan' i Akileosy. Manomboka amin' ny fisintahan' i Akileosy tsy hiady intsony izy io, rehefa avy nanala baraka azy i [[Agamemnon]], mpitari-tafiky ny Grika, izay antsoin' i Homer hoe ''Achaeans'' ao amin' ny tononkalo. Naka vehivavy iray atao hoe Chryseis ho andevony i Agamemnon. Niangavy azy hamerina an' io vehivavy io aminy i Chryses rainy, mpisoron' i [[Apôlôna (andriamanitra)|Apollo]]. Nandà i Agamemnon, ka nandefa valanaretina (na aretina miparitaka amin' ny olona maro) teo amin' ny Grika i Apollo. Nahafantatra marina ny anton' ireo loza i Calchas mpaminany, saingy tsy nety nilaza izany raha tsy nianiana hiaro azy i Akileosy. Nanao izany i Akileosy, ka nanambara i Calchas fa tsy maintsy averina amin' ny rainy i Chryseis. Nanaiky i Agamemnon, nefa nandidy kosa izy ny hitondrana any aminy an' i Briseis, zanakavavin' i Briseus sady andevon' i Akileosy, mba hisolo an' i Chryseis. Tezitra noho ny fanalam-baraka azy tamin' ny fakana ny babo azony sy ny voninahiny i Akileosy, ary, araka ny filazany tatỳ aoriana, noho izy tia an' i Briseis koa.&lt;ref&gt;''Iliad'' 9.334–343.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampirisihin' i Thetis reniny izy, ka tsy nanaiky hiady na hitarika ny miaramilany hiaraka amin' ny tafika grika hafa. Nandritra izany fotoana izany, dia mbola tezitra mafy noho ilay halatra nataon' i Agamemnon izy, ka nivavaka tamin' i Thetis mba handresy lahatra an' i Zeus hanampy ny mponin' i Troasy handroso amin' ny ady, hahafahany mahazo indray ny voninahiny.

Rehefa niharatsy ny toeran' ny Grika teo amin' ny ady noho ny fidiran' i Zeus an-tsehatra, dia nilaza i Nestor fa nandresy ny mponin' i Troasy satria nampahatezitra an' i Akileosy i Agamemnon. Nampirisika ny mpanjaka hampitony ilay mpiady izy. Nanaiky i Agamemnon, ka naniraka an' i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]] sy mpitarika roa hafa, dia i Ajax sy i Phoenix. Nampanantena izy ireo fa, raha miverina miady i Akileosy, dia hamerina an' i Briseis babo sy hanome fanomezana hafa i Agamemnon. Nolavin' i Akileosy avokoa ny natolotr' i Agamemnon azy, ary ny niverenan' ny Grika an-tsambo ho any an-taniny fotsiny no nampirisihiny, araka izay nokasainy hatao koa.

[[File:The Rage of Achilles by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo.jpeg|thumb|left|alt=Hosodoko maneho ny fahatezeran' i Akileosy.|''The Rage of Achilles'' (Ny fahatezeran' i Akileosy), hosodoko amin' ny lalotra mbola mando nataon' i Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (1757, Villa Valmarana ai Nani, Vicenza).]]

Avy eo dia nanosika ny tafika grika hihemotra ho eny amoron-dranomasina ny tafik' i Troasy notarihin' i Hector, ary nanafika ny sambo grika. Raha efa saika ho ringana tanteraka ny tafika grika, dia nitafy ny fiadian' i Akileosy i Patroclus ka nitarika ny Myrmidons ho any an' ady, fa i Akileosy kosa nijanona tao an-tobiny ihany. Nahavita nanosika ny tafik' i Troasy hiala teny amoron-dranomasina i Patroclus, saingy novonoin' i Hector izy talohan' ny nahafahany nitarika fanafihana tanteraka ny tanànan' i Troasy.

Rehefa nampandre azy ny nahafatesan' i Patroclus i Antilochus, zanak' i Nestor, dia nalahelo mafy ny nahafatesan' ilay sakaiza malalany i Akileosy. Tonga hampionona an' i Akileosy izay difotry ny alahelo i Thetis reniny. Nandresy lahatra an' i Hephaestus izy mba hanao fiadiana vaovao ho azy, hisolo ilay nanaovan' i Patroclus ka nalain' i Hector. Anisan' izany fiadiana vaovao izany ny ampingan' i Akileosy, izay voalazalaza amin' ny an-tsipiriany ao amin' ny tononkalo.

Tezitra mafy noho ny nahafatesan' i Patroclus i Akileosy, ka tsy nandà ny hiady intsony ary niverina teny an-tany fiadiana. Namono lehilahy maro tao anatin' ny fahatezerany izy, nefa tsy nitsahatra nitady an' i Hector. Niady tamin' i Scamander, andriamanitry ny renirano, mihitsy aza izy. Tezitra io andriamanitra io satria voasakan' ny fatin' ireo olona rehetra novonoin' i Akileosy ny fikorianan' ny ranony. Niezaka nandentika an' i Akileosy tao anaty rano izy, saingy nosakanan' i Hera sy i Hephaestus. Tsikaritr' i Zeus mihitsy ny fahatezeran' i Akileosy, ka nirahiny ny andriamanitra mba hisakana azy tsy handroba an' i Troasy alohan' ny fotoana voatendry handravana azy. Toa maneho izany fa afaka manohitra ny lahatra mihitsy ny fahatezeran' i Akileosy raha tsy misy misakana. Nahita an' i Hector izay nokendreny hovonoina ihany i Akileosy tamin' ny farany.

[[File:The Triumph of Achilles by Franz von Matsch.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|alt=Hosodoko maneho ny fandresen' i Akileosy.|''The Triumph of Achilles'' (Ny fandresen' i Akileosy), hosodoko amin' ny lalotra mbola mando nataon' i Franz von Matsch ao amin' ny Achilleion, any Grisia.]]

Nanenjika an' i Hector nanodidina ny mandan' i Troasy intelo i Akileosy, vao naka ny endrik' i Deiphobus, rahalahin' i Hector tiany indrindra sady akaiky indrindra azy, i [[Atena (andriamanibavy)|Athena]]. Nandresy lahatra an' i Hector izy mba tsy handositra intsony fa hifanandrina mivantana amin' i Akileosy. Rehefa fantatr' i Hector ilay fitaka, dia tsapany fa tsy azo ihodivirana ny ady. Naniry ny ho faty eo am-piadiana izy, ka niantoraka tamin' i Akileosy niaraka tamin' ny sabany, izay hany fiadiany, saingy tsy nahavoa. Nanaiky ny lahatra i Hector, ka tsy ny hitsimbinana ny ainy no niangaviany tamin' i Akileosy, fa ny hanajana ny fatiny rehefa avy mamono azy. Namaly azy i Akileosy fa tsy tokony hanantena izany aminy izy, ka nilaza hoe, araka izao dikan-teny malagasy izao: «Ny hatezerako sy ny havinirako dia mety hanosika ahy izao handrasarasa ny nofonao sy hihinana anao manta, fa mafy toy izany ny fijaliana naterakao tamiko».&lt;ref&gt;''The Iliad'', Fagles translation. Penguin Books, 1991: 22.346.&lt;/ref&gt; Novonoin' i Akileosy avy eo i Hector, ary notaritaritiny tamin' ny voditongony tao aorian' ny kalesiny ny fatiny. Rehefa avy nanonofy an' i Patroclus niangavy azy hanao ny fandevenana azy i Akileosy, dia nikarakara fifaninanana maromaro ho fanomezam-boninahitra ny sakaizany nandritra ny fombafomba fandevenana izy.&lt;ref&gt;Richmond Lattimore. ''[https://archive.org/details/iliad00home_5 The Illiad of Homer]''. Chicago: The University of Chicago, 2011. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-226-46937-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fidirana mila fisoratana anarana.&lt;/ref&gt;

Eo am-panombohan' ny ady ifanaovany amin' i Hector, dia ampitahaina amin' ny kintana mamirapiratra indrindra eny an-danitra i Akileosy: ny alikan' i Orion (Sirius), izay miseho amin' ny fararano sady famantarana loza. Mandritra ny fandoroana ny fatin' i Patroclus kosa, dia ampitahaina amin' i Hesperus izy, ilay kintana amin' ny hariva hita any andrefana ([[Venosy (planeta)|Venosy]]). Voatonona amin' ny filazalazana ny fandoroana ny faty koa i Phosphorus, ilay kintana amin' ny maraina hita any atsinanana, izay Venosy ihany koa.

Noho ny fanampian' i [[Hermesy (andriamanitra)|Hermes]] andriamanitra, antsoina koa hoe Argeiphontes, dia nankany amin' ny tranolain' i Akileosy i Priam, rain' i Hector, mba hiangavy azy hamerina ny fatin' i Hector ka hahafahana mandevina azy. Nanaiky ihany i Akileosy, ary nampanantena fampitsaharana ny ady mandritra ny fombafomba fandevenana, izay maharitra sivy andro, ary amin' ny andro fahafolo ny fandevenana, araka ny lovantsofina momba ny zanak' i Niobe. Mifarana amin' ny filazalazana ny fandevenana an' i Hector ny tononkalo, fa mbola ho avy kosa ny fandravana an' i Troasy sy ny fahafatesan' i Akileosy.

=== Penthesilea sy Memnon ===
[[File:Akhilleus Memnon Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1410.jpg|thumb|alt=i Akileosy sy Memnon miady eo anelanelan' i Thetis sy Eos, eo amin' ny siny voaravaka sary mainty.|i Akileosy sy Memnon miady eo anelanelan' i Thetis sy Eos; siny tahony roa (''amphora'') avy any Attica, voaravaka sary mainty, manodidina ny taona 510 talohan' i Kristy, hita tany Vulci.]]

Mitantara zava-nitranga hafa tamin' ny ady tao Troasy ny sanganasa tatỳ aoriana, anisan' izany ny ''Aethiopis'' tamin' ny taonjato fahafito talohan' i Kristy sy ny sanganasa mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Posthomerica'', nosoratan' i Quintus of Smyrna tamin' ny taonjato fahefatra taorian' i Kristy. Rehefa tonga tao Troasy i Penthesilea, mpanjakavavin' ny Amazons sady zanakavavin' i Ares, dia nanantena i Priam fa handresy an' i Akileosy izy. Taorian' ny fampitsaharana ady vonjimaika nifanaovany tamin' i Priam, dia niady tamin' ilay mpanjakavavy mpiady i Akileosy ka nahafaty azy, nefa nalahelo ny nahafatesany tatỳ aoriana.&lt;ref&gt;Propertius, 3.11.15; Quintus Smyrnaeus 1.&lt;/ref&gt; Naneso an' i Akileosy noho izany alahelony izany i Thersites, ka novonoin' i Akileosy ho faty. Nahatezitra an' i Diomedes, zanak' olo-mpiray tam-po amin' ny ray na renin' i Thersites, izany.&lt;ref&gt;Quintus Smyrnaeus, ''Posthomerica'' 1.765–770; Tzetzes ad Lycophron 999&lt;/ref&gt; Noho izany dia voatery nandeha sambo nankany Lesbos i Akileosy ary nanolotra sorona ho an' i [[Apôlôna (andriamanitra)|Apollo]], Artemis ary Leto, vao afaka nanadio azy ara-pivavahana noho ilay famonoana olona i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Prôklôsy|Proclus]], ''Chresthomathy'' 2.1&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian' ny nahafatesan' i Patroclus dia i Antilochus, zanak' i Nestor, no lasa namana akaiky indrindra an' i Akileosy. Efa tia an' i Antilochus i Akileosy, ka nihevitra i Menelaus fa i Antilochus no olona mety indrindra hampandre an' i Akileosy ny fahafatesan' i Patroclus.&lt;ref&gt;Philostratus, ''Imagines'', [https://topostext.org/work/225#2.7.1 2.7.1] ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0601%3Abook%3Dpos%3D2%3Achapter%3D7 Original Greek text])&lt;/ref&gt; Tatỳ aoriana dia i Memnon, mpanjakan' i Ethiopia ao amin' ny angano sady zanak' i Eos, andriamanibavin' ny mangiran-dratsy, no namono an' i Antilochus raha nanao sorona ny ainy hamonjena ny rainy ity farany. Araka ny ''Imagines'' nosoratan' i Philostratus, dia nitomany ny nahafatesan' i Antilochus teo an-tany fiadiana i Akileosy, sady nampanantena azy fandevenana manetriketrika sy valifaty. Namaly faty teo an-tany fiadiana indray i Akileosy ka namono an' i Memnon.&lt;ref&gt;Philostratus, ''Imagines'', [https://topostext.org/work/225#2.7.2 2.7.2] ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0601%3Abook%3Dpos%3D2%3Achapter%3D7 Original Greek text])&lt;/ref&gt; Vokatr' izany dia tsy navelan' i Eos hiposaka ny masoandro raha tsy efa nandresy lahatra azy i Zeus. Mitovy endrika amin' ny adin' i Akileosy sy Hector noho i Patroclus ny adin' i Akileosy sy Memnon noho i Antilochus, saingy zanak' andriamanibavy koa i Memnon, fa tsy toy izany kosa i Hector.

Manam-pahaizana maro momba ny sanganasan' i Homer no nilaza fa io tantara io no nanome aingam-panahy ho an' ny antsipiriany maro ao amin' ny fitantaran' ny ''Iliada'' ny fahafatesan' i Patroclus sy ny fihetsik' i Akileosy nanoloana izany. Io tantara io avy eo no fototry ny ''Aethiopis'', tononkalo lava mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo ao amin' ny fitambaran-tononkalo antsoina hoe ''Epic Cycle''. Nosoratana taorian' ny ''Iliada'' izy io, angamba tamin' ny taonjato fahafito talohan' i Kristy. Tsy voatahiry intsony ny ''Aethiopis'', afa-tsy sombiny miparitaka notononin' ny mpanoratra tatỳ aoriana.

=== Akileosy sy Patroclus ===

[[File:Akhilleus Patroklos Antikensammlung Berlin F2278.jpg|thumb|alt=Achille mikarakara an' i Patroclus naratran' ny zana-tsipìka.|Achille mikarakara an' i Patroclus naratran' ny zana-tsipìka, eo amin' ny ''kylix'' (karazana kaopy fisotroana grika fahiny) avy any Attika misy sary mena eo amin' ny lafika maizina, manodidina ny taona 500 talohan' i Kristy (''Altes Museum'' na Mozea Taloha, Berlin).]]

Niadian-kevitra na tamin' ny vanim-potoana klasika na amin' ny andro maoderina ny tena toetry ny fifandraisan' i Akileosy sy Patroclus. Ao amin' ny ''Iliada'', dia toa ohatry ny fisakaizana lalina sy tsy mivadika izany. Tsy milaza an-kolaka i Homer fa nanao firaisana ara-nofo i Akileosy sy Patroclus, ilay namany akaiky.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fox 2011&quot;&gt;Robin Fox, ''The Tribal Imagination: Civilization and the Savage Mind'', Harvard University Press, 2011, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YCxy_4Bt1F0C&amp;pg=PA223 223]. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-674-06094-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Teny nalaina amin' ny teny anglisy: “There is certainly no evidence in the text of the Iliad that Achilles and Patroclus were lovers.”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Martin 2012&quot;&gt;Martin, Thomas R, ''Alexander the Great: The Story of an Ancient Life'', Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 100. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-14844-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Teny nalaina amin' ny teny anglisy: “The ancient sources do not report, however, what modern scholars have asserted: that Alexander and his very close friend Hephaestion were lovers. Achilles and his equally close friend Patroclus provided the legendary model for this friendship, but Homer in the ''Iliad'' never suggested that they had sex with each other. (That came from later authors.).”&lt;/ref&gt;
Na dia tsy misy porofo ao amin' ny lahatsoratry ny ''Iliada'' aza fa mpifankatia i Akileosy sy Patroclus, dia nisy mpanoratra tatỳ aoriana nilaza izany hevitra izany. Matetika ireo mpivaofy, hatramin' ny [[Andro Taloha Klasika|Andro Taloha klasika]] ka hatramin' izao, no nandika ny fifandraisan' izy roa araka ny kolontsainy manokana. Tao Athens tamin' ny taonjato fahadimy talohan' i Kristy, dia matetika no nampifandraisina tamin' ny fomba grika atao hoe ''paiderasteia'' ny fifamatorany lalina: fifandraisam-pitiavan' ny lehilahy zokiny sy ny zazalahy na tovolahy tanora kokoa, izay matetika mbola zatovo.
Ao amin' ny ''Symposium'' nosoratan' i Plato, dia mihevitra ho mpifankatia i Akileosy sy Patroclus ireo mpandray anjara amin' ny fifanakalozan-kevitra momba ny fitiavana; araka ny hevitr' i Phaedrus, dia i Akileosy no tanora kokoa sy tsara tarehy kokoa, ka izy no ilay notiavina ary i Patroclus no ilay tia.&lt;ref&gt;[[Platôna|Plato]], ''Symposium'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plat.+Sym.+180a 180a]; efa noresahina tao amin' ny ''Iliad'' 2.673–674 ny hatsaran' i Akileosy.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny ''Symposium'' nosoratan' i Xenophon kosa, dia milaza i Socrates fa tsy mpifankatia i Akileosy sy Patroclus, fa fifandraisana am-pisakaizana tsy misy faniriana ara-nofo no nisy teo aminy.
Araka ny hevitr' i Kenneth Dover, dia tsy nanana teny hanavahana ny olona maniry olona tsy mitovy fananahana aminy sy ny olona maniry olona mitovy fananahana aminy ny teny grika fahiny,&lt;ref name=&quot;Dover&quot;&gt;Kenneth Dover, ''Greek Homosexuality'', Harvard University Press, 1989 (fanontana voalohany 1978), p. 1 ''et passim''. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-674-36270-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ary noheverina fa afaka maniry tovolahy tsara tarehy sady manao firaisana ara-nofo amin' ny vehivavy ny lehilahy iray. Kanefa, nisy lahatsoratra grika fahiny nanaiky fa misy lehilahy izay, araka ny toetrany voajanahary, dia lehilahy hafa ihany no iriny, nefa manambady vehivavy sy miteraka noho ny fanerena na ny fomba amam-panao fotsiny, fa misy kosa maniry vehivavy mandrakariva.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dover&quot; /&gt; Maro ireo lehilahy niaraka tsiroaroa teo amin' ny tantara no nampitahaina tamin' i Akileosy sy Patroclus mba hilazana an-kolaka fa nisy fifandraisam-pitiavana na ara-nofo teo amin' izy ireo, izay samy lehilahy.&lt;ref&gt;Clarke, W. M., ''Achilles and Patroclus in Love'', ''Hermes'', 1978, boky 106, laharana 3, p. 381–396. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4476069?seq=1 JSTOR]. ISSN 0018-0777.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fandikan' i Bernard Knox, dia i Patroclus no nitazona an' i Akileosy hifamatotra tamin' ny maha-olombelona azy izay voageja tao anatiny. Noho ny fangorahany, dia nampifandray an' ilay mpiady nitokana sy sahala amin' ny andriamanitra tamin' ny tontolon' ny olombelona mety maty, izay ahitana fiaraha-miory sy fiaraha-monina, i Patroclus. Na dia manamafy aza i Knox fa fisakaizana lalina mampiavaka ny mahery fo (''philia''), fa tsy fifankatiavana misy faniriana ara-nofo, no nanehoan' i Homer ny fifamatorany tany am-boalohany, dia io no fifandraisana lalina indrindra ao amin' ilay tononkalo epika, araka ny fandikany. Ny fahafatesan' i Patroclus no nandrava ny fireharehan' i Akileosy izay nifantoka tamin' ny tenany ihany, nanery azy hiatrika ny vokatra mahatsiravina nateraky ny nataony ary nanomboka ny fiovana nampijaly azy ho amin' ny famerenana ny maha-olombelona azy. Ny fanaintainana noho ny fahaverezan' i Patroclus no nitarika an' i Akileosy hamindra fo tamin' i Priam tamin' ny farany, ka namela azy handevina ny fatin' i Hector zanany.&lt;ref&gt;Knox, Bernard, ''Achilles'', ''Grand Street'', 1990, boky 9, laharana 3, p. 129–150. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25007374 JSTOR] (famakiana mila famandrihana). DOI: 10.2307/25007374. ISSN 0734-5496.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fahafatesana ===
[[File:Closeup of Achilles thniskon in Corfu Achilleion autocorrected.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Sarivongan' i Akileosy efa ho faty ao amin' ny zaridainan' ny Achilleion.|''Dying Achilles'' (Achille efa ho faty; ''Achilleas thniskon'') ao amin' ny zaridainan' ny Achilleion.]]

Maro karazana sy sarotra ny fitantarana ny fahafatesan' i Akileosy, na dia ireo loharano tranainy indrindra ihany aza no dinihina.&lt;ref&gt;Abrantes 2016: c. 4.3.1&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny fitantarana tranainy indrindra, ao amin' ny boky faha-22 amin' ny ''Iliada'', dia maminany i Hector, eo am-pialana aina, fa i Paris sy i Apollo no hamono an' i Akileosy eo amin' ny Vavahady Scaean izay idirana ao Troasy. Araka an' i Statius dia zana-tsipìka mamely ny voditongony no hahafaty azy. Ao amin' ny boky faha-23, dia mamangy an' i Akileosy ny fanahin' i Patroclus efa maty, sady malahelo, raha iny vao resin-tory iny i Akileosy. Mangataka izy mba hapetraka miaraka amin' ny taolan' i Akileosy ny taolany, ao anatin' ilay vazy volamena nomen-drenin' i Akileosy azy.

[[File:Aias body Akhilleus Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1884.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Sarin' i Ajax mitondra ny fatin' i Akileosy, voaravaka amin' ny tavoara fahiny.|I Ajax mitondra ny fatin' i Akileosy, eo amin' ny karazana tavoara atao hoe ''lekythos'' avy any Attica, voaravaka araka ny teknikan' ny sary mainty. Avy any Sicily izy io ary natao tokony ho tamin' ny 510 talohan' i Kristy (''Staatliche Antikensammlungen'', na Fanangonam-panjakana momba ny zavakanto fahiny, Munich).]]

Ao amin' ny boky faha-11 amin' ny ''Odyssey'', dia mandeha an-tsambo any amin' ny tontolon' ny maty i Odysseus ary miresaka amin' ny fanahin' ireo maty. Anisan' izy ireo i Akileosy. Rehefa arahabaina hoe « sambatra fony fahavelony, sambatra rehefa maty » izy (dikan-teny malagasy), dia mamaly fa aleony ho andevon' ny tompo ratsy indrindra toy izay ho mpanjakan' ny maty rehetra. Avy eo anefa dia manontany an' i Odysseus momba ny zava-bitan' ny zanany tamin' ny ady tao Troasy i Akileosy, ka tantarain' i Odysseus aminy ny nataon' i Neoptolemus.&lt;ref&gt;''Odyssey'' 11.467–564.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny boky faha-24 amin' ny ''Odyssey'', dia mitantara ny fahafatesan' i Akileosy ny fanahin' i Agamemnon mpanjaka efa maty. Araka io fitantarana io, dia nafangaro tamin' ny taolan' i Patroclus ny taolan' i Akileosy izay efa fotsy taorian' ny nandoroana ny fatiny tamin' ny antontan-kitay, ary natao tao anatin' ilay vazy volamena an' ny reniny. Natokana tao anaty fitoerana hafa kosa ny taolan' i Antilochus, izay nanjary akaiky an' i Akileosy mihoatra noho ny olon-kafa rehetra taorian' ny fahafatesan' i Patroclus. Notanterahina ireo fifaninanana fanao amin' ny fandevenana mahery fo, ary naorina teo amoron' ny Hellespont ny fasana lehibe iray, na dongon-tany, mba hahafahan' ireo mpandeha an-dranomasina manatona manome voninahitra azy.&lt;ref&gt;Richmond Lattimore. ''The Odyssey of Homer''. Harper Perennial, 2007. New York, p. 347. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-06-124418-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny ''Aethiopis'', dia aseho ho mbola velona aorian' ny fahafatesany i Akileosy, ao amin' ny nosy Leuke eo am-bavan' ny renirano [[Danube]]. Araka ny fitantarana hafa momba ny fahafatesany, dia raiki-pitia mafy tamin' i Polyxena, iray tamin' ireo zanakavavin' ny mpanjakan' i Troasy, izy. Nangataka tamin' i Priam ny hanambady an' i Polyxena i Akileosy. Nanaiky i Priam satria hampitsahatra ny ady izany sady hampiray dina azy amin' ilay lazain' io fitantarana io ho mpiady mahery indrindra eran-tany. Kanefa, raha mbola niandraikitra ny fanambadian' i Polyxena sy i Akileosy natao tsy ampahibemaso i Priam, dia niafina tao anaty kirihitra i Paris. Tsy maintsy hamoy an' i Helen mantsy i Paris raha manambady ny anabaviny i Akileosy. Notifiriny tamin' ny zana-tsipìkan' andriamanitra i Akileosy ka maty. Araka an' i Apollodorus kosa, dia nanambady an' i [[Médée|Medea]] tany amin' ny Sahan' i Elysium izy taorian' ny fahafatesany.&lt;ref&gt;Dräger, paras. 1, 4; Apollodorus, [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.5.5 E.5.5].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ny niafaran' ny fiadiana fiarovan-tena ===
[[File:Odysseus Ajax Louvre F340.jpg|thumb|left|Siny ''oinochoe'', tokony ho tamin' ny 520 talohan' i Kristy, mampiseho an' i Ajax sy Odysseus miady noho ny fiadiana fiarovan-tenan' i Akileosy.]]

Nifanditra noho ny fiadiana fiarovan-tenan' i Akileosy i Odysseus sy Ajax. Samy nanao kabary teo anatrehan' ireo babo avy any Troasy izy ireo mba hanazavana ny antony tokony hiheverana azy ho ilay be herim-po indrindra manarakaraka an' i Akileosy. Rehefa nandinika ny kabarin' izy roa lahy ireo babo dia nanapa-kevitra fa i Odysseus no mendrika kokoa hahazo ilay fiadiana. Tezitra mafy i Ajax ka nanozona an' i Odysseus, ary nampahatezitra an' i Athena izany. Nampikorontana vetivety ny sain' i Ajax noho ny alahelo sy ny fahoriana i Athena, ka namono ondry izy satria noheveriny ho ireo namany izany. Rehefa naverin' i Athena tamin' ny laoniny ny sainy tatỳ aoriana, ka takatr' i Ajax fa ondry tokoa no novonoiny, dia nahatsiaro ho afa-baraka loatra izy ka namono tena. Nomen' i Odysseus an' i Neoptolemus, zanak' i Akileosy, ihany ilay fiadiana tamin' ny farany. Rehefa nihaona tamin' ny fanahin' i Ajax tao amin' ny fonenan' i Hades i Odysseus ela be taorian' izany (''Odyssey'' 11.543–566), dia mbola tezitra mafy noho ny valin' ilay fifaninanana i Ajax ka tsy nety niresaka taminy.

Namboarin' i Hephaestus ilay fiadiana nifandiran' izy ireo, ka mafy sy tsara tarehy lavitra noho izay fiadiana azon' ny olombelona mety maty namboarina. Nasain' i Thetis namboarina ho an' i Akileosy izany satria ny fiadiany voalohany dia nanaovan' i Patroclus rehefa nandeha niady, ary nalain' i Hector rehefa namono an' i Patroclus izy. Io andriamanitry ny afo io koa no nanao ny ampingan' i Akileosy. Ny lefona resahina ao amin' ny angano kosa dia nomen' i Chiron, mpanabe azy, an' i Akileosy talohan' ny nandraisany anjara tamin' ny adin' i Troasy. Nantsoina hoe lefona Pelian izany, ary voalaza fa tsy nisy lehilahy hafa afaka nampiasa azy.

Nisy zavatra nolazaina fa lefon' i Akileosy misy lohany vita amin' ny halimo, izay notehirizina nandritra ny taonjato maro tao amin' ny tempolin' i Athena teo amin' ny faritra avo amin' ny tanànan' i Phaselis, any Lycia, seranan-tsambo eo amin' ny Hoalan' i Pamphylia. Nitsidika an' io tanàna io tamin' ny 333 talohan' i Kristy i [[Aleksandra Lehibe|Alexander the Great]], izay nihevitra ny tenany ho Achille vaovao sady nitondra ny ''Iliada'' niaraka taminy. Tsy miresaka an' ilay lefona anefa ireo mpanoratra ny tantaram-piainany tao an-dapany; naseho kosa izany tamin' ny andron' i Pausanias, tamin' ny taonjato faharoa taorian' i Kristy.&lt;ref&gt;Robin Lane Fox (1973). ''Alexander the Great'', p. 144. Teny nalaina amin' ny teny anglisy: “Alexander came to rest at Phaselis, a coastal city which was later renowned for the possession of Achilles' original spear.”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, iii.3.6; jereo Christian Jacob; Anne Mullen-Hohl (1980). ''The Greek Traveler's Areas of Knowledge: Myths and Other Discourses in Pausanias' Description of Greece'', ao amin' ny ''Rethinking History: Time, Myth, and Writing'', ''Yale French Studies'', vol. 59, pp. 5–85, especially 81. JSTOR: 2929815.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== i Akileosy sy Ajax ary ny lalao ''petteia'' ===
Misy sary hosodoko maro amin' ny tanimanga izay toa manondro tantara iray tsy voalaza ao amin' ny lovantsofina ara-literatiora. Tamin' ny fotoana iray nandritra ny ady, dia nilalao lalao teo ambony solaitra, na ''petteia'', i Akileosy sy Ajax.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.personal.psu.edu/wxk116/roma/petteia.html “Petteia”.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20061209122834/http://www.personal.psu.edu/wxk116/roma/petteia.html Tahiry tamin' ny 9 December 2006].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/Archives/Austin/index.html “Greek Board Games”.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090408090534/http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/Archives/Austin/index.html Tahiry tamin' ny 8 April 2009].&lt;/ref&gt; Variana tanteraka tamin' ilay lalao izy ireo ka tsy nahatsikaritra ny ady nanodidina azy.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxk116/roma/latruncu.html “Latrunculi”.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20060915044905/http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxk116/roma/latruncu.html Tahiry tamin' ny 15 September 2006].&lt;/ref&gt; Nanafika ny miaramila avy any Troasy ka tonga hatreny amin' izy roa lahy mahery fo, ary ny fidiran' i Athena an-tsehatra ihany no nahavonjy azy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Ioannis Kakridis (1988). ''Ελληνική Μυθολογία'' [Greek mythology]. Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. Vol. 5, p. 92.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanompoam-pivavahana sy fanomezam-boninahitra ==

[[File:Tumulus of Achilles and sacrifice of Polyxena.jpg|thumb|Sary eo amin' ny vatam-paty vato misy sary momba an' i Polyxena, mampiseho ny fanaovana sorona azy sy ny fasan' i Akileosy miendrika dongon-tany, ary fitoeran-javatra misy tongotra telo eo anoloany, manodidina ny taona 500 talohan' i Kristy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBR79&quot;&gt;Rose, Charles Brian (2014). ''The Archaeology of Greek and Roman Troy''. Cambridge University Press. p. 79. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-76207-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9gaAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA79&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Achilles Troilus MAN Napoli Inv5999.jpg|thumb|Sarivongana rômanina mampiseho lehilahy iray mitondra fatin-jazalahy, izay heverina ho i Akileosy sy i Troilus, tamin' ny taonjato faharoa taorian' i Kristy (''Naples National Archaeological Museum'', na Tranombakokam-pirenena momba ny arkeôlôjia ao Naples).]]
[[File:05-Mosaico del Oecus. Aquiles en Skyros alta.jpg|thumb|right|220px|i Akileosy tao Skyros. Araka ny ''Achilleid'', dia hitan' i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]] tao izy, nitafy toy ny vehivavy sady niafina teo anivon' ireo zanakavavin' ny mpanjaka tao an-dapa. Môzaika avy ao La Olmeda, Espaina, tamin' ny faramparan' ny vanim-potoana rômanina, taonjato fahefatra–fahadimy taorian' i Kristy.]]
[[File:Achilles at Skyros, Mosaic, Villa La Olmeda, 4th century AD.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Ampahany amin' ilay môzaika mampiseho an' i Akileosy.]]

Ny fasan' i Akileosy,&lt;ref&gt;Cf. Homer, ''Iliad'' 24.80–84.&lt;/ref&gt; izay nisy tao [[Troasy|Troad]] nandritra ny Andro Taloha manontolo,&lt;ref name=&quot;Troad&quot;&gt;Herodotus, ''Histories'' 5.94; Pliny, ''Naturalis Historia'' 5.125; Strabo, ''Geographica'' 13.1.32 (C596); Diogenes Laërtius 1.74.&lt;/ref&gt; dia nomen' ny mponin' i Thessaly voninahitra ara-pivavahana, ary toy izany koa ireo tafika [[Persàna (vahoaka)|persiana]] nanao iraka tany ivelany, i [[Aleksandra Lehibe|Alexander the Great]] ary i Caracalla, emperora rômanina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedreen&quot;&gt;Guy Hedreen. ''The Cult of Achilles in the Euxine''. ''Hesperia'', volume 60, issue 3, July 1991, pp. 313–330. DOI: 10.2307/148068. JSTOR: 148068.&lt;/ref&gt; Nisy fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' i Akileosy koa tany amin' ny toerana hafa, ohatra, tany amin' ny nosy Astypalaea ao amin' ny vondronosy Sporades,&lt;ref&gt;Cicero, ''De Natura Deorum'' 3.45.&lt;/ref&gt; tany Sparta, izay nisy toerana masina ho azy,&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 3.20.8.&lt;/ref&gt; tany Elis sy tany Thessaly, tanindrazan' i Akileosy, ary tany amin' ireo tanànan' i [[Gresy Lehibe|Magna Graecia]], dia i [[Taranto|Tarentum]], i Locri ary i Croton.&lt;ref&gt;Lycophron 856.&lt;/ref&gt; Noho izany, dia saika nahenika ny tontolo grika ny fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' io mahery fo io.

Ahitana fanehoana ny fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' i Akileosy ilay vatam-paty vato misy sary momba an' i Polyxena (taona 500 talohan' i Kristy): aseho eo ny fanaovana sorona an' i Polyxena teo akaikin' ny dongon-tany fasan' i Akileosy.&lt;ref name=&quot;JB114&quot;&gt;Burgess, Jonathan S. (2009). ''The Death and Afterlife of Achilles''. JHU Press. p. 114. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4214-0361-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. https://books.google.com/books?id=YVnS1IcVWuYC&amp;pg=PA114 (en).&lt;/ref&gt; Nanondro koa i [[Estrabôna|Strabo]] (13.1.32) fa nisy fanompoam-pivavahana toy izany ho an' i Akileosy tany Troad:&lt;ref name=&quot;CBR79&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Burgess, Jonathan S. (2009). ''The Death and Afterlife of Achilles''. JHU Press. p. 116. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4214-0361-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. https://books.google.com/books?id=YVnS1IcVWuYC&amp;pg=PA116 (en).&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Eo akaikin' i Sigeium dia misy tempoly sy tsangambato ho an' i Akileosy, ary misy tsangambato ho an' i Patroclus sy i Anthlochus koa. Manao lanonana masina hanomezam-boninahitra azy rehetra ny mponin' i Ilium, ary na dia ho an' i Ajax aza. Tsy mivavaka amin' i Hercules kosa izy ireo, ka milaza ho anton' izany fa nandrava ny taniny izy.

— [[Estrabôna|Strabo]] (13.1.32), dikan-teny malagasy avy amin' ny fandikan-teny anglisy nataon' i W. Falconer.&lt;ref&gt;''Str. 13.1.32''. W. Falconer (translator). http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D32&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Toa nivelatra be sady mafy orina ny fanomezam-boninahitra ara-pivavahana an' io mahery fo io teo amin' ireo Grika nanorim-ponenana teo amin' ny morontsiraka avaratry ny Pontus Euxinus, izay antsoina ankehitriny hoe [[Ranomasina Mainty]]. Misy porofo fa efa nisy fanompoam-pivavahana ho azy tamin' ny vanim-potoana arkaika tao Olbia, zanatany naorin' ny mponin' i Miletus, ary tany amin' ny nosy iray eo afovoan' ny Ranomasina Mainty, izay ampitovina ankehitriny amin' ny Nosin' ny Menarana (''Snake Island'', na Zmiinyi amin' ny teny okrainiana), eo akaikin' i Kiliia, Okraina. Manaporofo ny fisian' ny fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' i Akileosy amin' ny maha-mahery fo azy, nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato fahenina talohan' i Kristy, ireo soratra tranainy milaza fanolorana ho azy hita tany amin' ireo zanatany grika manamorona ny Ranomasina Mainty. Anisan' izany ny soratra voakiky sy ny kapila tanimanga misy soratra, izay mety ho fanatitra, avy ao Olbia, ny faritr' i Berezan Island ary i Tauric Chersonese.&lt;ref&gt;Hildebrecht Hommel. ''Der Gott Achilleus''. ''Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften'', issue 1, 1980, pp. 38–44.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hooker, J. T. ''The cults of Achilleus''. ''Rheinisches Museum für Philologie'', volume 131, issue 3, 1988, pp. 1–7.&lt;/ref&gt; Mbola niroborobo izany fanompoam-pivavahana izany tamin' ny taonjato fahatelo taorian' i Kristy. Tamin' izany fotoana izany, dia nisy tsangam-bato fanolorana tao Olbia niantso azy hoe Achille ''Pontárchēs'', izay azo adika eo ho eo hoe «tompon' ny ranomasina» na «tompon' ny Pontus Euxinus». Nivavahana mba ho mpiaro ny tanànan' i Olbia izy, ary nomena voninahitra mitovy laharana amin' ireo andriamanitra olimpiana, toy ireo andriamanitra teo an-toerana, dia i [[Apôlôna (andriamanitra)|Apollo]] Prostates sy i [[Hermesy (andriamanitra)|Hermes]] Agoraeus,&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedreen&quot; /&gt; na i Poseidon.&lt;ref&gt;Quintus Smyrnaeus, 3.770–779.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny ''[[Tantara Voajanahary|Natural History]]'', i [[Plinio Zokiny|Pliny the Elder]] (23–79 taor. J.K.) dia miresaka momba ny «seranan-tsambon' ny Achæi» sy ny «nosin' i Akileosy», izay nalaza noho ny fasan' io «lehilahy» io (dikan-teny malagasy; amin' ny teny latina: ''portus Achaeorum, insula Achillis, tumulo eius viri clara''). Teo akaikin' i Olbia sy ny vinanin' i Dnieper-Bug no nametrahany izany. Ankoatra izany, teo amin' ny 125&amp;nbsp;maily romana miala amin' io nosy io no nametrahany saikinosy iray izay, araka ny teniny, «mivelatra mitovy endrika amin' ny sabatra», ary mitongilana. Nantsoina hoe ''Dromos Achilleos'' izy io (''Achilléōs drómos'', izany hoe «kianja fihazakazahan' i Akileosy», dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;Pliny, ''Naturalis Historia'' 4.12.83 ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D26#note-link10 chapter 4.26]).&lt;/ref&gt; Noheverina ho toerana nanaovan' ilay mahery fo fanazaran-tena na nanaovana lalao natsangany izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedreen&quot; /&gt; Io toerana farany ao amin' ny fitantaran' i Pliny io dia ampifandraisina amin' ilay lelavin-tany fasika fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe Tendra ankehitriny, na Kosa Tendra sy Kosa Djarilgatch, izay eo anelanelan' ny vavan' ny renirano [[Dniepr|Dnieper]] sy ny helodranon' i Karkinit. Zara raha 125&amp;nbsp;maily romana, izany hoe manodidina ny 185&amp;nbsp;km, anefa no elanelany amin' ny vinanin' i Dnieper-Bug, araka ny voalazan' i Pliny. Nomeny halavana 80&amp;nbsp;''miles'' (maily) ilay «kianja fihazakazahana», nefa manodidina ny 70&amp;nbsp;km ny halavan' ilay lelavin-tany ankehitriny.

Ao amin' ny toko manaraka amin' ny bokiny, i Pliny dia miantso io nosy io hoe Achillea ary manome anarana roa hafa ho azy: Leuce sy Macaron, izay avy amin' ny teny grika hoe «[νῆσος] μακαρῶν», midika hoe «nosin' ny sambatra» (dikan-teny malagasy).
Toa manohana ny fampitoviana an' i Akileosya na Leuce amin' ilay antsoina ankehitriny hoe Snake Island ireo refy nomeny teo, izay lazainy fa refy «amin' izao fotoana izao» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;Pliny, ''Naturalis Historia'' 4.13.93 ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D27 chapter 4.27]): &quot;Researches which have been made at the present day place this island at a distance of 140 miles from the Borysthenes, of 120 from Tyras, and of fifty from the island of Peuce. It is about ten miles in circumference.&quot; Although afterwards he speaks again of &quot;the remaining islands in the Gulf of Carcinites&quot; which are &quot;Cephalonesos, Rhosphodusa [or Spodusa], and Macra&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
I Pomponius Mela, izay niara-belona tamin' i Pliny, dia nilaza, manodidina ny taona 43 taor. J.K., fa nalevina tao amin' ny nosy iray nantsoina hoe Achillea, teo anelanelan' i Borysthenes sy [[Danube|Ister]], i Akileosy.
Vao mainka mampisafotofoto ny famaritana ara-jeografia izany.&lt;ref&gt;Pomponius Mela, ''De situ orbis'' 2.7.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tamin' ny 1823, ny kapiteny Nikolay Kritsky dia nahita tao Snake Island ny sisan' ny tempoly iray miendrika efamira, mirefy 30&amp;nbsp;metatra ny lafiny tsirairay, izay mety ho ilay natokana ho an' i Akileosy.
Ny fikarohana faharoa tamin' ny 1840 dia nampiseho fa nandrava ny dian' io tempoly io manontolo ny fanorenana tilikambo fanilon-tsambo.
Nisy soratra tamin' ny ''lekythos'', karazana fitoeran-diloilo misy sosona mainty mamirapiratra, avy amin' ny taonjato faha-5 tal. J.K., hita tao amin' ilay nosy tamin' ny 1840.
Izao no voasoratra teo (dikan-teny malagasy): «I Glaukos, zanak' i Poseidon, no nanolotra ahy ho an' i Akileosy, tompon' i Leuke.»
Ao amin' ny soratra hafa iray avy amin' ny taonjato faha-5 na faha-4 tal. J.K., dia misy olom-pirenen' i Olbia manolotra sarivongana ho an' i Akileosy, tompon' i Leuke.
Ao amin' ny soratra fanolorana iray hafa kosa, ny tanànan' i Olbia dia manamafy fa nanohana hatrany ny fanompoam-pivavahana tao amin' ilay nosy izy.
Manondro indray izany fa toerana nanomezam-boninahitra mahery fo ilay nosy, ary nihoatra ny faritra iray ny halehiben' izany fanomezam-boninahitra izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedreen&quot; /&gt;

Toa avy amin' ny fitantarana tao amin' ilay tononkalo epika ''Aethiopis'', izay tsy voatahiry intsony, ny fanompoam-pivavahana nanomezam-boninahitra an' i Akileosy ho mahery fo tao Leuce.
Araka io fitantarana io, rehefa maty talohan' ny fotoana izy, dia nosintonin' i Thetis hiala teo amin' ny antontan-kitay handoroana ny fatiny ny zanany, ary nentiny tany amin' ny nosy ao amin' ny angano atao hoe Leúkē Nêsos, na «Nosy Fotsy» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;[[Prôklôsy|Proclus]], ''Chrestomathia'' 2.&lt;/ref&gt;
Efa tamin' ny taonjato faha-5 tal. J.K. i Pindar no niresaka momba ny fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' i Akileosy tao amin' ny «nosy mamirapiratra» iray (''phaenná nâsos''; dikan-teny malagasy) tao amin' ny Ranomasina Mainty.&lt;ref&gt;Pindar, ''Nemea'' 4.49ff.; Arrian, ''Periplus of the Euxine Sea'' 21.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tao amin' ny sanganasany hafa kosa, i Pindar dia nitantara an' i Akileosy, izay natao tsy mety maty, niaina tao amin' ny nosin' ny sambatra iray tsy voafaritra mazava ny toerana nisy azy, niaraka tamin' ny mahery fo hafa, anisan' izany i Peleus rainy sy i Cadmus.&lt;ref&gt;Pindar, ''Olympia'' 2.78ff.&lt;/ref&gt;
Mifandray amin' ny renirano Oceanus ireo nosin' ny sambatra ao amin' ny angano ireo (''makárôn nêsoi'') sy ilay Elysium ao amin' ny sanganasan' i Homer.
Araka ny angano grika, dia manodidina ny tany onenan' ny olombelona i Oceanus.
Io fifandraisana io no heverina ho nahatonga ny fampitoviana ny morontsiraka avaratr' i Euxine amin' io renirano io.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedreen&quot; /&gt;
Nahita porofo hafa momba io fifandraisan' i Akileosy amin' ny sisiny avaratry ny tany onenan' ny olombelona io i Guy Hedreen, tao amin' ny tononkalo iray nosoratan' i Alcaeus izay miantso azy hoe «Achille, tompon' i Scythia» (dikan-teny malagasy),&lt;ref&gt;D. Page, ''Lyrica Graeca Selecta'', Oxford 1968, p. 89, no. 166.&lt;/ref&gt; ary tao amin' ny fifanoheran' ny avaratra sy ny atsimo hita amin' ny adin' i Akileosy tamin' i Memnon, andriana avy any Aethiopia ao amin' ny angano.
Nentin' i Eos reniny niverina tany amin' ny tanindrazany koa i Memnon rehefa maty.

Manome izao antsipiriany manaraka izao ny ''Periplus of the Euxine Sea'', nosoratana manodidina ny taona 130 taor. J.K. (dikan-teny malagasy):

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Voalaza fa nampiakatra io nosy io avy tao amin' ny ranomasina ny andriamanibavy Thetis, ho an' i Akileosy zanany, izay monina ao.
Ao ny tempoliny sy ny sarivongany, izay sanganasa tranainy.
Tsy misy mponina io nosy io, ary misy osy vitsivitsy miraoka ahitra ao.
Ireo olona sendra tonga eo amin' ny sambony dia mamono azy ireny hatao sorona ho an' i Akileosy.
Voatahiry ao amin' io tempoly io koa ny fanomezana masina maro dia maro, siny lehibe fangaroana divay sy rano, peratra ary vatosoa, natolotra ho an' i Akileosy ho fisaorana azy.
Mbola azo vakina ireo soratra amin' ny teny grika sy latina izay midera sy mankalaza an' i Akileosy.
Ny sasany amin' ireo dia nosoratana ho fanomezam-boninahitra an' i Patroclus, satria ireo te hahazo ny fankasitrahan' i Akileosy dia manome voninahitra an' i Patroclus koa.
Ao amin' io nosy io koa ny voron-dranomasina tsy tambo isaina izay mikarakara ny tempolin' i Akileosy.
Isa-maraina izy ireo dia manidina any an-dranomasina, mandena ny elany amin' ny rano, ary miverina haingana any amin' ny tempoly ka mamafy rano ao.
Rehefa vita izany famafazana rano izany, dia dioviny amin' ny elany ny fatana ao amin' ny tempoly.
Mbola milaza zavatra hafa koa ny olona sasany: misy amin' ireo lehilahy tonga ao amin' io nosy io no minia mankany.
Mitondra biby ao amin' ny sambony izy ireo, izay kasainy hatao sorona.
Ny sasany amin' ireo biby ireo dia vonoiny, fa ny hafa kosa avelany handeha malalaka ao amin' ny nosy ho fanomezam-boninahitra an' i Akileosy.
Misy hafa anefa teren' ny tafio-drivotra eny an-dranomasina hankao amin' io nosy io.
Koa satria tsy manana biby hatao sorona izy ireo, nefa maniry hahazo izany avy amin' ilay andriamanitry ny nosy mihitsy, dia mangataka valiny avy amin' i Akileosy.
Mangataka alalana hamono ireo biby hatao sorona izy ireo, izay fidiny amin' ireo biby miraoka ahitra malalaka eo amin' ny nosy, ary hametraka ho takalony ny vidiny izay heveriny fa ara-drariny.
Raha tsy manaiky anefa ny valiny avy amin' ilay andriamanitra, satria misy toerana angatahana izany valiny izany eto, dia ampiany ny vola natolotra.
Raha mbola tsy manaiky indray ilay valiny, dia ampiany indray ny vola, mandra-panekena amin' ny farany fa ampy ny vidiny.
Amin' izay dia tsy mandositra intsony ilay biby hatao sorona, fa miandry an-tsitrapo ny hisamborana azy.
Noho izany, dia be dia be ny volafotsy ao, voatokana ho an' ilay mahery fo, ho vidin' ireo biby natao sorona.
Amin' ny sasany amin' ireo olona tonga ao amin' io nosy io dia miseho amin' ny nofy i Akileosy; amin' ny hafa kosa dia miseho izy na dia mbola eny am-pandehanana an-tsambo aza izy ireo, raha tsy lavitra loatra, ary manoro azy ireo ny faritra amin' ilay nosy tsara kokoa hampidirana vatofantsika ho an' ny sambony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Densuşianu&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

I Dionysius Periegetes, mpahay jeografia grika izay azo inoana fa niaina tamin' ny taonjato voalohany taor. J.K., dia nanoratra fa Leuce no niantsoana ilay nosy «satria fotsy ny bibidia miaina ao. Voalaza fa ao amin' ny nosy Leuce no itoeran' ny fanahin' i Akileosy sy ny mahery fo hafa, ary mivezivezy eny amin' ireo lohasaha tsy misy mponina ao amin' io nosy io izy ireo; izany no fomba namalian' i Jove soa an' ireo lehilahy niavaka noho ny toetra mendrika nananany, satria tamin' ny alalan' izany toetra mendrika izany no nahazoany voninahitra mandrakizay» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;Dionysius Periegetes, ''Orbis descriptio'' 5.541, quoted in Densuşianu 1913.&lt;/ref&gt; Toy izany koa, misy fitantarana hafa mampifandray ny anaran' ilay nosy amin' ny hantsam-batony fotsy, na amin' ny bibilava na ny vorona monina ao.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedreen&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Arrian, ''Periplus of the Euxine Sea'' 21; Scholion to Pindar, ''Nemea'' 4.79.&lt;/ref&gt; Nolazaina tamin' i Pausanias fa «rakotra ala ilay nosy ary feno biby, ka ny sasany dia dia ary ny sasany fiompy. Ao amin' io nosy io koa ny tempolin' i Akileosy sy ny sarivongany» (dikan-teny malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 3.19.11.&lt;/ref&gt; Nalaza ho toerana fanasitranana koa i Leuce. Mitantara i Pausanias fa nandefa andriana iray avy any Croton tany ny Pythia tao Delphi, mba hositranina tamin' ny ratra teo amin' ny tratrany.&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 3.19.13.&lt;/ref&gt; I [[Ammien Marcellin|Ammianus Marcellinus]] kosa dia nilaza fa ny rano (''aquae'') tao amin' ilay nosy no nahasitrana azy.&lt;ref&gt;Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Res Gestae'' 22.8.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nilaza i [[Estrabôna|Strabo]] fa masina ho an' i Akileosy ny lohatany teo amin' ny kianja fihazakazahan' i Akileosy, ary nantsoina hoe Alsos izy io na dia tsy nisy hazo aza.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:7.3.19 Strabo, ''Geography'', 7.3.19]&lt;/ref&gt; Midika hoe «ala kely» ny teny grika hoe ''alsos''.

Nisy tanàna seranan-tsambo manan-danja teo amin' ny varotra tany amin' ny ranomasina grika natokana ho an' i Akileosy. I [[Herôdôtôsy|Herodotus]], i [[Plinio Zokiny|Pliny the Elder]] ary i [[Estrabôna|Strabo]] dia samy niresaka ny fisian' ny tanàna iray nantsoina hoe Achílleion, izay naorin' ny mpifindra monina avy any [[Mitilena|Mytilene]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-6 tal. J.K., teo akaikin' ilay dongon-tany heverina ho fasan' ilay mahery fo tao [[Troasy|Troad]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Troad&quot; /&gt; Ny porofo tatỳ aoriana dia manondro ny fisian' ny Achílleion iray tao Messenia, araka an' i Stephanus Byzantinus, sy ny Achílleios iray tao Laconia.&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 3.25.4.&lt;/ref&gt; Nahita fifandraisana tamin' i Akileosy i Nicolae Densuşianu tao amin' ny anaran' i [[Akoileia|Aquileia]] sy ny sampana avaratr' i Danube eo amin' ny vinaniny mivelatra, izay antsoina hoe Chilia, angamba avy amin' ny anarana taloha hoe Achileii. Ny fanatsoahan-keviny anefa, izay milaza fa nanana zo maha-tompon' ny fahefana teo amin' ny Ranomasina Mainty i Leuce, dia mampahatsiahy kokoa ny lalàna an-dranomasina maoderina noho ny lalàna tamin' ny Andro Taloha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Densuşianu&quot;&gt;Nicolae Densuşianu: ''Dacia preistorică''. Bucharest: Carol Göbl, 1913.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nilaza ny mpanjaka avy amin' ny tarana-mpanjaka Aeacid teo amin' ny Molossians tao Epirus fa taranak' i Akileosy tamin' ny alalan' i Neoptolemus zanany izy ireo. Noho izany, dia afaka nilaza izany fiaviana izany koa i [[Aleksandra Lehibe|Alexander the Great]], zanak' i Olympias, andriambavy avy any Epirus. Tamin' ny fomba maro no niezahany hitovy tamin' io razambeny niavaka io. Voalaza fa nitsidika ny fasan' i Akileosy tao Achilleion izy rehefa nandalo tao Troasy.&lt;ref&gt;Arrian, ''Anabasis Alexandri'' 1.12.1, [[Cicero]], ''Pro Archia Poeta'' 24.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 216, raha teny an-dalana hiady tamin' i [[Partia|Parthia]] i Caracalla, emperora rômana, dia naka tahaka an' i Alexander ka nanao lalao nanodidina ny dongon-tany fasan' i Akileosy.&lt;ref&gt;Dio Cassius 78.16.7.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' ny fanamarihany manazava ny ''Alexandra'' nosoratan' i Lycophron, i Tzetzes dia miresaka lovantsofina iray momba ny toerana masina tao Croton. Tao, araka io lovantsofina io, no nanokanan' i Thetis zaridaina ho an' i Hera, izay nantsoina tamin' ny anarana grika hoe «Ὁπλοσμία», midika hoe «Hera an' ny fitehirizam-piadiana» (dikan-teny malagasy). Araka io lovantsofina io ihany, dia nivory tao ny vehivavin' i Croton, nitafy akanjo fisaonana, mba hanao fitomaniana ara-pivavahana ho an' i Akileosy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/details/lycophronisalexa02lycouoft/page/278/mode/2up ''Lycophronis Alexandra'', 857]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://topostext.org/work/860#857 Tzetzes, ''Ad Lycophronem'', 857 in english]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ny Achilleum tao Tanagra ===

Nanoratra i [[Plotarkosy|Plutarch]] fa nisy faritra masina voatokana ho an' ny fanompoam-pivavahana (''temenos'') teo akaikin' i Tanagra, natokana ho an' i Akileosy ary nantsoina hoe Achilleum. Nitantara izao manaraka izao izy mba hanazavana ny niavian' izany. Nomarihiny fa nampametra-panontaniana ny fisian' io faritra masina io, satria nitahiry tantara momba ny fifankahalana teo amin' i Akileosy sy ny mponin' i Tanagra koa ny lovantsofina. Voalaza fa naka an-keriny an' i Stratonice, renin' i Poemander, i Akileosy indray mandeha, ary namono an' i Acestor, zanakalahin' i Ephippus. Na izany aza, nitondra ny anaran' i Akileosy ilay toerana teo akaikin' i Tanagra, ary izao tantara manaraka izao no nanazavan' ny lovantsofina teo an-toerana izany toa fifanoherana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;&gt;[https://sacred-texts.com/cla/plu/rgq/rgq18.htm Plutarch, Quaestiones Graecae, 37]&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny fotoana tany am-boalohany, raha mbola vohitra nisaratsaraka fa tsy tanàna iray nitambatra no nisy tao amin' ny faritanin' i Tanagra, dia nonina tao amin' ny vohitra nantsoina hoe Stephon i Poemander, rain' i Ephippus. Nanao fahirano azy ny Grika satria tsy nety niara-niady tamin' izy ireo izy. Niala tao Stephon tamin' ny alina i Poemander ary nanorina vohitra voaro manda nantsoina hoe Poemandria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;/&gt;

Raha mbola teo am-panorenana ilay vohitra vaovao, dia tonga nizaha ny rafitra fiarovana ny mpanao mari-trano iray nantsoina hoe Polycrithus. Nitsikera ny asan' i Poemander izy, naneso ny fanorenana, ary nitsambikina nihoatra ny hady fiarovana ho fanehoam-panamavoana. Tezitra noho izany faniratsirana izany i Poemander ka nandray vato lehibe iray ary niezaka hitora an' i Polycrithus tamin' izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;/&gt;

Efa nafenina teo hatramin' ny andro fahiny anefa ilay vato, satria napetraka teo ambonin' ny zavatra masina nifandray tamin' ny fombafomba natao tamin' ny alina. Tsy nahafantatra ny maha-masina ilay vato i Poemander ka nanainga sy nanipy azy. Tsy nahavoa an' i Polycrithus izy, fa namono tsy nahy an' i Leucippus zanany lahy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;/&gt;

Noho io famonoana io, dia notakin' ny lalàna ny hialan' i Poemander tao Boeotia ka ho sesitany sy mpitalaho vonjy. Sarotra taminy anefa ny niala, satria mbola nanafika ny faritanin' i Tanagra ny Grika. Nitady fanampiana i Poemander ka naniraka an' i Ephippus zanany lahy hangataka ny fanampian' i Akileosy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;/&gt;

Nanaiky hanampy azy i Akileosy ka tonga niaraka tamin' i Tlepolemus, zanakalahin' i [[Heraklesy|Heracles]], sy Peneleos, zanakalahin' i Hippalcimus. Nanampy an' i Poemander hiditra tao Chalcis ireo mahery fo ireo; tao no nanaovan' i Elephenor fanadiovana ara-pivavahana azy noho ilay famonoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;/&gt;

Taorian' ny fanadiovana azy, dia nanome voninahitra an' i Akileosy sy Tlepolemus ary Peneleos i Poemander noho ny fanampiana nomen' izy ireo, ary nanome faritra masina voatokana ho an' ny fanompoam-pivavahana ho an' ny tsirairay tamin' izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaestiones Graecae, 37&quot;/&gt;

== Ny fandraisana azy tamin' ny Andro Taloha ==

=== Ao amin' ny traikeodia grika ===
Jereo koa: ''Achilleis''.

Nanoratra tantara an-tsehatra telo mifampitohy momba an' i Akileosy i [[Aeschylus]], mpanoratra traikeodia grika, izany hoe tantara an-tsehatra momba ny fijaliana sy ny zava-mitranga mavesatra mahazo ny mpilalao. ''Achilleis'' no lohateny nomen' ny manam-pahaizana maoderina an' io fitambarana io. Mitantara ny nataon' i Akileosy nandritra ny adin' i Troasy ireo tantara ireo, anisan' izany ny nandreseny an' i Hector sy ny nahafatesany tatỳ aoriana. Natambatra ireo sombin' ny ''Achilleis'' mbola voatahiry sy sombin' ny asa hafa nosoratan' i Aeschylus mba hamoronana tantara an-tsehatra azo lalaovina amin' ny andro maoderina. Ny ampahany voalohany amin' ny ''Achilleis'', dia ny ''The Myrmidons'', dia nifantoka tamin' ny fifandraisan' i Akileosy tamin' ny antoko mpihira, izay misolo tena ny tafika grika sady miezaka mandresy lahatra azy hampitsahatra ny fifandirany amin' i Agamemnon; andalana vitsivitsy monja no mbola voatahiry.&lt;ref&gt;Pantelis Michelakis, ''Achilles in Greek Tragedy'', 2002, p. 22&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny ''Symposium'' nosoratan' i Plato, dia milaza i Phaedrus fa nasehon' i Aeschylus ho ilay tia i Akileosy ary ho ilay tiana i Patroclus. Araka ny hevitr' i Phaedrus anefa, dia diso izany: i Akileosy, izay zandriny sady tsara tarehy kokoa tamin' izy roa, no ilay tiana, ary lehibe tokoa ny fitiavany an' ilay tia azy ka nisafidy ny ho faty izy mba hamaly faty azy.&lt;ref&gt;Plato, ''Symposium'', translated Benjamin Jowett, Dover Thrift Editions, page 8&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny tantara farany, ''The Phrygians'', dia niangavy an' i Akileosy i Priam mba hamerina ny fatin' ny zanany lahy.&lt;ref&gt;Michelakis 2002, p. 54&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanoratra ny ''The Lovers of Achilles'' koa i [[Sophocles]], mpanoratra traikeodia; i Akileosy no mpilalao fototra ao amin' io tantara an-tsehatra io. Sombiny vitsivitsy monja no mbola voatahiry.&lt;ref&gt;S. Radt. ''Tragicorum Graecorum fragmenta'', vol. 4, (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 1977) frr. 149–157a.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tany amin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato fahadimy talohan' i Kristy, dia nanomboka niseho tao amin' ny tantara an-tsehatra grika ny fomba fijery nitsikera kokoa an' i Akileosy. Miresaka azy amin' ny fomba feno lolompo na fanesoana i [[Euripides]] ao amin' ny ''Hecuba'', ''Electra'' ary ''Iphigenia in Aulis''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Latacz 2010&quot;&gt;Latacz 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanoratra asa momba an' i Akileosy koa ireo mpanoratra traikeodia hafa niara-belona tamin' izy ireo, toa an' i Astydamas, saingy very manontolo ireo asa ireo.

=== Ao amin' ny filôzôfia grika ===

==== Zeno ====
Ny filôzôfa [[Zénon d'Élée|Zeno of Elea]] dia nandrafitra ny iray tamin' ny fanatsoahan-keviny toa mifanohitra amin' ny saina mahazatra (''paradoxes'') tamin' ny alalan' ny hazakazaka an-tongotra noforonina teo amin' i Akileosy, izay nantsoina hoe mailaka tongotra, sy ny sokatra iray. Niezaka nampiseho tamin' izany izy fa tsy hahatratra ny sokatra izay efa niainga talohany i Akileosy, ka noho izany dia tsy mety hisy ny fihetsehana sy ny fiovana. Mpianatr' i Parmenides, izay nihevitra fa fototra tokana ihany no iorenan' ny zava-drehetra, sady anisan' ny sekolin-kevitr' i Elea i Zeno; nihevitra izy fa fahatsapana mamitaka fotsiny ny fotoana sy ny fihetsehana.

==== Plato ====
Ao amin' ny ''Hippias Minor'', lahatsoratra lazaina fa nosoratan' i [[Platôna|Plato]] ary miendrika fifanakalozan-kevitra iresahan' i Socrates, dia miady hevitra amin' i [[Sôkraty|Socrates]] i Hippias, lehilahy aseho ho miavonavona. Ny filazana lainga no resahin' izy roa. Tonga amin' ny hevitra izy ireo fa tsara kokoa ny olona minia milaza zavatra tsy marina noho ny olona milaza izany tsy nahy, satria tsy maintsy mahatakatra ny zavatra resahiny ny olona minia mandainga.&lt;ref name=&quot;hm&quot;&gt;Jowett, Benjamin; Plato. [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1673/1673-h/1673-h.htm ''Lesser Hippias'']. Project Gutenberg, 15 January 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Mampiasa fampitahana isan-karazany i Socrates, ka miresaka ny fanatanjahan-tena sy ny siansa mba hanaporofoana ny heviny. Miresaka betsaka ny asa soratr' i Homer koa izy roa. Samy manaiky i Socrates sy i Hippias fa ninia nandainga i [[Ôdiseosy|Odysseus]], izay namorona lainga maro tao amin' ny ''Odyssey'' sy ireo tantara hafa ao amin' ny fitambaran-tantara momba ny adin' i Troasy. Nilaza zavatra tsy marina imbetsaka koa i Akileosy, tahaka an' i Odysseus. Araka ny hevitr' i Hippias, dia olona nilaza ny marina tamin' ny ankapobeny i Akileosy, fa araka ny hevitr' i Socrates kosa dia nandainga mba hahazoany tombontsoa izy. Miady hevitra izy roa raha tsara kokoa ny minia mandainga na ny milaza zavatra tsy marina tsy nahy. Farany, avelan' i Socrates ny fanaporofoana miainga amin' ny asa soratr' i Homer, ary mampiasa fampitahana amin' ny fanatanjahan-tena izy mba hanamafisana ny heviny hoe tsara kokoa ny olona minia manao ratsy noho ny olona manao ratsy tsy nahy.

=== Ao amin' ny literatiora romana sy tamin' ny Andro Antenatenany ===
Tena ratsy ny fomba fijerin' ny Romanina an' i Akileosy; araka ny lovantsofiny dia avy any Troasy ny razambeny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Latacz 2010&quot; /&gt; Lazain' i [[Virgil]] ho olona masiaka sy mpamono olona tsy misy indrafo i Akileosy,&lt;ref&gt;''Aeneid'' 2.28, 1.30, 3.87.&lt;/ref&gt; fa i [[Horace]] kosa mampiseho azy mamono vehivavy sy ankizy tsy misy antra.&lt;ref&gt;''Odes'' 4.6.17–20.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fironana faharoa amin' ny fanaratsiana an' i Akileosy ao amin' ny asa soratr' ireo mpanoratra toa an' i Catullus, Propertius ary [[Ôvidio|Ovid]], izay mifantoka amin' ny fiainam-pitiavany sy ny firaisana ara-nofo nataony. Mitohy ao amin' ny fitantarana amin' ny teny latina ny adin' i Troasy nosoratan' ireo mpanoratra toa an' i Dictys Cretensis sy Dares Phrygius izany fironana izany, ary koa ao amin' ny ''Roman de Troie'' nosoratan' i Benoît de Sainte-Maure sy ny ''Historia destructionis Troiae'' nosoratan' i Guido delle Colonne. Ireo roa farany ireo no mbola dikan' ny fitambaran-tantara momba an' i Troasy be mpamaky sy be mpamerina mitantara indrindra hatramin' ny taonjato fahafito ambin' ny folo.

Tsy Grika fa [[Skitiana (vahoaka)|Skitiana]] no nilazan' i Leo the Deacon, mpanoratra tantara bizantina, an' i Akileosy. Araka ny filazan' i John Malalas, mpanoratra bizantina, kosa dia foko iray nantsoina hoe Myrmidons taloha ary nantsoina hoe Bulgars tatỳ aoriana no nandrafitra ny tafiny.&lt;ref&gt;Ekonomou, Andrew (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=zomZk6DbFTIC&amp;q=john+malalas+myrmidons+Achilles&amp;pg=PA123 ''Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes'']. UK: Lexington Books, p. 123. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7391-1977-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Access-date: 14 September 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Croke, Brian (1990). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p55mAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=john+malalas+myrmidons+Achilles ''Studies in John Malalas'']. Sydney: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, Department of Modern Greek, University of Sydney, p. 206. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-9593626-5-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Access-date: 14 September 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ao amin' ny literatiora sy zavakanto maoderina ==
[[File:Wenceslas Hollar - Briseis and Achilles.jpg|thumb|right|''Briseis and Achilles'', sary nataon' i Wenceslaus Hollar (1607–1677) tamin' ny teknika fanaovana sokitra.]]
[[File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Wrath of Achilles - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''The Wrath of Achilles'' (manodidina ny 1630–1635), sary hosodoko nataon' i [[Pierre Paul Rubens|Peter Paul Rubens]].]]
[[File:Peter Paul Rubens 003.jpg|thumb|''The death of Hector'', sary hosodoko tsy vita nataon' i [[Pierre Paul Rubens|Peter Paul Rubens]] tamin' ny loko misy menaka.]]
[[File:Gottlieb Schick Achille and Agamemnon 1801.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|''Achilles and Agamemnon'', sary nataon' i Gottlieb Schick (1801), mampiseho an' i Akileosy sy Agamemnon.]]
[[File:Leon Benouville The Wrath of Achilles.jpg|thumb|''The Wrath of Achilles'', sary nataon' i François-Léon Benouville (1847; ''Musée Fabre'', na Tranombakoka Fabre).]]

=== Literatiora ===
* Miseho ao amin' ny ''Inferno'' nosoratan' i Dante tamin' ny 1308–1320 i Akileosy. Ao amin' ny faribolana faharoan' ny [[Fiainan-tsy hita|helo]], natokana ho an' ny filan' ny nofo, no ahitana azy.
* Ao amin' ny ''Troilus and Cressida'' (1602) nosoratan' i [[William Shakespeare]], dia aseho ho mahery fo fahiny izay nanjary kamo sy variana amin' ny fitiavany an' i Patroclus i Akileosy. Asainy vonoin' ny Myrmidons i Hector izay tsy mitam-piadiana, ary avy eo asainy ambaran' izy ireo fa i Akileosy mihitsy no nahafaty an' i Hector, toy ny hoe tamin' ny ady nifanandrinan' izy roa ara-drariny no nitrangan' izany (fizarana faha-5, seho faha-9, andalana 5–14).
* Nanoratra ny tantara an-tsehatra mampalahelo ''La Mort d'Achille'' (1673) ilay mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra frantsay Thomas Corneille.
* i Akileosy no lohahevitry ny ''Achilleis'' (1799), tononkalo sombiny nosoratan' i [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]].
* Tamin' ny 1899, namoaka ny ''Achilles'' i Stanisław Wyspiański, mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra, mpanao hosodoko ary poeta pôlôney. Tantara an-tsehatra momba ny firenena, mifototra amin' ny tantara pôlôney, izy io.
* Tamin' ny 1921, namoaka ny ''The Island of Youth and Other Poems'' i Edward Shanks; anisan' ny lohahevitra resahiny i Akileosy.
* Miresaka ny fahafatesan' i Akileosy koa ny tantara foronina ''Kassandra'' (1983) nosoratan' i Christa Wolf.
* Mitana toerana lehibe ao amin' ny ''Helen in Egypt'' (1961), tononkalo lava nosoratan' i H.D., i Akileosy. Miteraka ratra lalina ara-tsaina ho an' i Helen ny fankahalany azy tsy voalanjalanja, ary ny ampahany lehibe amin' ny fizotry ny tononkalo dia mikasika ny fahasitranan' i Helen tamin' izany.
* Ao amin' ny ''The Firebrand'' (1987), tantara foronina nosoratan' i Marion Zimmer Bradley, dia matin' ny zana-tsipìka misy poizina an' ny ''Centaur'' (zavaboary antsasa-olona antsasa-tsoavaly) i Akileosy; i Cassandra no nitifitra izany.
* Anisan' ireo mpitantara maro ao amin' ny ''The Song of Troy'' (1998), tantara foronina nosoratan' i Colleen McCullough, i Akileosy.
* Ny ''The Death of Achilles'' (''Смерть Ахиллеса'', 1998) dia tantara foronina momba ny famotopotorana heloka bevava, napetraka amin' ny vanim-potoana ara-tantara, nosoratan' ilay mpanoratra rosiana Boris Akunin. Misy fanondroana olona sy lohahevitra samihafa avy ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' ao anatiny.
* Ilay olona antsoina hoe Achille ao amin' ny ''Ender's Shadow'' (1999), nosoratan' i Orson Scott Card, dia manana saina fetsy sy toetra tsy misy antra, sahala amin' ilay nitondrana ny anarany.
* Anisan' ny olona fototra ao amin' ny tantara foronina ''Ilium'' (2003) sy ''Olympos'' (2005) nosoratan' i Dan Simmons i Akileosy.
* i Akileosy dia olona tsy fototry ny tantara nefa mitana anjara toerana lehibe ao amin' ny andiam-boky ''Troy'' (2005–2007) nosoratan' i David Gemmell.
* i Akileosy no olona fototra ao amin' ny ''Ransom'' (2009), tantara foronina nosoratan' i David Malouf.
* Miseho ao amin' ny ''The Last Olympian'' (2009) nosoratan' i Rick Riordan ny [[Matoatoa|matoatoan' i Akileosy]]. Mampitandrina an' i Percy Jackson momba ny ozon' i Akileosy sy ireo voka-dratsiny izy.
* Anisan' ny olona fototra ao amin' ny ''The Rage of Achilles'', tantara foronina nosoratan' i Terence Hawkins tamin' ny 2009, i Akileosy.
* Mitana anjara toerana lehibe ao amin' ny tantara foronina voalohany nosoratan' i Madeline Miller, ''The Song of Achilles'' (2011), i Akileosy. Nahazo ny loka ''Orange Prize for Fiction'' (loka Orange ho an' ny tantara foronina) tamin' ny 2012 io boky io. Mandinika ny fifandraisan' i Patroclus sy Achille hatramin' ny fahazazan' izy ireo ka hatramin' ireo zava-nitranga nanapa-kevitra ny anjarany ao amin' ny ''Iliada'' ilay tantara.
* Miseho amin' ny anjara asan' ny ''Rider of Red'' (mpitaingina mena) i Akileosy ao amin' ny andian-tantara foronina ''Fate/Apocrypha'' (2012–2014), izay ao amin' ny karazana ''light novel'' (karazana tantara foronina japoney).
* Anisan' ny olona fototra ao amin' ny ''The Silence of the Girls'', tantara foronina nosoratan' i Pat Barker tamin' ny 2018, i Akileosy. I Briseis, andevovaviny, no mitantara ny ampahany lehibe amin' ilay boky.
* i Akileosy no olona fototra ao amin' ny ''Wrath Goddess Sing'', tantara foronina nosoratan' i Maya Deane tamin' ny 2022.&lt;ref&gt;Steele, Hannah (January 2026). ''[https://classicalstudies.org/annual-meeting/157/abstract/classical-studies-trans-joy-and-reparative-reading-wrath-goddess-sing Classical Studies, Trans Joy, and Reparative Reading in &quot;Wrath Goddess Sing&quot;]''. Society for Classical Studies Annual Meeting, volume 157.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zavakanto hita maso ===
* Anisan' ny lohahevitra nataon' ny mpanao hosodoko ny ''Achilles with the Daughters of Lycomedes'', izay mampiseho an' i Akileosy miaraka amin' ny zanakavavin' i Lycomedes. Anisan' ireo nanao izany i [[Antoine van Dyck|Anthony van Dyck]] (talohan' ny 1618; ao amin' ny ''Museo del Prado'' (Tranombakoka Prado), Madrid) sy i [[Nicolas Poussin]] (manodidina ny taona 1652; ao amin' ny ''Museum of Fine Arts, Boston'' (Tranombakoky ny kanto ao Boston)).
* Nanao andian-tsanganasa momba ny fiainan' i Akileosy i [[Pierre Paul Rubens|Peter Paul Rubens]]. Ireto ny lohatenin' ireo sanganasa ireo: ''Thetis dipping the infant Achilles into the river Styx'', ''Achilles educated by the centaur Chiron'', ''Achilles recognized among the daughters of Lycomedes'', ''The wrath of Achilles'', ''The death of Hector'', ''Thetis receiving the arms of Achilles from Vulcanus'', ''The death of Achilles'' (ao amin' ny ''Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen'' (Tranombakoka Boijmans Van Beuningen), Rotterdam), ary ''Briseis restored to Achilles'' (ao amin' ny ''Detroit Institute of Arts'' (Ivon-toeran' ny zavakanto ao Detroit)). Manodidina ny taona 1630–1635 avokoa no nanaovana azy ireo.
* Sanganasan' i Pieter van Lint ny ''Achilles Discovered among the Daughters of Lycomedes'' (1645), izay mampiseho ny nahafantarana an' i Akileosy teo anivon' ny zanakavavin' i Lycomedes. Ao amin' ny ''Israel Museum'' (Tranombakok' i Israely), Jerusalem, no misy azy.
* Ny ''Dying Achilles'', izay mampiseho an' i Akileosy eo am-pahafatesana, dia sary sokitra nataon' i Christophe Veyrier (manodidina ny taona 1683; ao amin' ny ''Victoria and Albert Museum'' (Tranombakoka Victoria sy Albert), London).
* Ny ''The Rage of Achilles'', izay mampiseho ny hatezeran' i Akileosy, dia sary hosodoko amin' ny lalotra mbola mando (''fresco'') nataon' i Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (1757; ao amin' ny Villa Valmarana Ai Nani, Vicenza).
* Nandoko dika iray amin' ny ''The Education of Achilles'', momba ny fanabeazana an' i Akileosy, i [[Eugène Delacroix]] ho an' ny valindrihan' ny Palais Bourbon ao Paris (1833–1847). Iray amin' ny toerana ipetrahan' ny Parlemantan' i Frantsa io lapa io.
* Namorona vondron-tsary sokitra mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Achilles and Penthesilea'', mampiseho an' i Akileosy sy Penthesilea, i Arthur Kaan (1895; Vienna).
* Ny ''Achilleus'' (1908) dia sary nataon' i Max Slevogt tamin' ny ''lithography'', teknika fanaovana pirinty mampiasa vato na takelaka metaly.

=== Mozika ===
Matetika i Akileosy no natao lohahevitry ny ''opera'', ''ballet'' ary karazana sanganasa mifandray amin' ireo.
* Samy namorona ''opera'' mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Deidamia'' i Francesco Cavalli (1644) sy i [[George Frideric Handel]] (1739).
* Ny ''Achille et Polyxène'' (Paris 1687) dia ''opera'' (tantara an-tsehatra hiraina miaraka amin' ny mozika) natombok' i Jean-Baptiste Lully ary novitain' i Pascal Collasse.
* Ny ''Achille et Déidamie'' (Paris 1735) dia ''opera'' noforonin' i André Campra.
* Ny ''Achilles'' (London 1733) dia karazana tantara an-tsehatra mampifandimby resaka tenenina sy hira (''ballad opera''), nosoratan' i John Gay. Nanao dika manahaka azy ho fampihomehezana i Thomas Arne tamin' ny 1773, mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Achilles in petticoats''.
* Ny ''Achille in Sciro'' dia lahatsoratra ho an' ny ''opera'' (''libretto'') nosoratan' i Metastasio. Namorona mozika ho an' io lahatsoratra io i Domenico Sarro ho an' ny fitokanana ny ''Teatro di San Carlo'' (Teatra San Carlo), tao Naples, 4 Novambra 1737. Efa nisy mozika noforonin' i Antonio Caldara ho an' io lahatsoratra io talohan' izany (Vienna 1736). Namorona ''opera'' nampiasa io lahatsoratra io ihany koa tatỳ aoriana i Leonardo Leo (Turin 1739), Niccolò Jommelli (Vienna 1749 sy Rome 1772), Giuseppe Sarti (Copenhagen 1759 sy Florence 1779), Johann Adolph Hasse (Naples 1759), Giovanni Paisiello (St. Petersburg 1772), Giuseppe Gazzaniga (Palermo 1781), ary olona maro hafa. Namoronana mozika tamin' ny lohateny hoe ''Il Trionfo della gloria'' koa io lahatsoratra io.
* Ny ''Achille'' (Vienna 1801) dia ''opera'' noforonin' i Ferdinando Paër, mampiasa lahatsoratra nosoratan' i Giovanni de Gamerra.
* Ny ''Achille à Scyros'' (Paris 1804) dia ''[[Ballet|ballet]]'' (sanganasa dihy an-tsehatra) nataon' i Pierre Gardel, ary i Luigi Cherubini no namorona ny mozikany.
* Ny ''Achilles, oder Das zerstörte Troja'' (''Achilles, or Troy Destroyed'', izany hoe « Achille, na Troasy rava », Bonn 1885) dia sanganasa mozika mitantara tantara amin' ny alalan' ny hira sy ny zavamaneno, fa tsy lalaovina an-tsehatra (''oratorio''), noforonin' ilay mpamoron-kira alemà Max Bruch.
* Ny ''Achilles auf Skyros'' (Stuttgart 1926) dia ''ballet'' noforonin' ilay mpamoron-kira sady mpikaroka momba ny mozika aotrisianina-britanika Egon Wellesz.
* Ny ''Achilles' Wrath'' dia sanganasa mozika natao hotendrena amin' ny fampisehoana, noforonin' i Sean O'Loughlin.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://musicalworld.com/artists/sean-oloughlin/ Entry]'' ao amin' ny ''Musical World''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170224050134/http://musicalworld.com/artists/sean-oloughlin/ Tahiry], 24 February 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny ''Temporary Like Achilles'' dia hira ao amin' ny ''Blonde on Blonde'', rakikira misy kapila roa navoakan' i [[Bob Dylan]] tamin' ny 1966.
* Ny ''Achilles Last Stand'' dia hira ao amin' ny ''Presence'', rakikira navoakan' ny [[Led Zeppelin]] tamin' ny 1976.
* Ny ''Achilles, Agony and Ecstasy in Eight Parts'' no hira voalohany ao amin' ny ''The Triumph of Steel'', rakikira navoakan' ny Manowar tamin' ny 1992.
* Ny ''Achilles Come Down'' dia hira ao amin' ny ''Go Farther in Lightness'', rakikira navoakan' ny Gang of Youths tamin' ny 2017.

=== Sarimihetsika sy fahitalavitra ===
Ireto avy ny sarimihetsika sy tantara mitohy amin' ny fahitalavitra nanehoana an' i Akileosy:
* Ao amin' ny sarimihetsika ''Helena'' (1924), i Carlo Aldini no nilalao an' i Akileosy.
* Ao amin' ny sarimihetsika ''Ulysses'' (1954), i Piero Lulli no nilalao an' i Akileosy.
* Ao amin' ny sarimihetsika ''Helen of Troy'' (1956), i Stanley Baker no nilalao an' i Akileosy.
* Ao amin' ny sarimihetsika ''The Trojan Horse'' (1961), i Arturo Dominici no nilalao an' i Akileosy.
* Ao amin' ny sarimihetsika ''The Fury of Achilles'' (1962), i Gordon Mitchell no nilalao an' i Akileosy.
* Ao amin' ny tantara mitohy fohy amin' ny fahitalavitra ''The Odyssey'' (1997), i Richard Trewett no nilalao an' i Akileosy.
* Ao amin' ny tantara mitohy fohy amin' ny fahitalavitra ''Helen of Troy'' (2003), i Joe Montana no nilalao an' i Akileosy.
* Ao amin' ny sarimihetsika ''Troy'' (2004), i [[Brad Pitt]] no nilalao an' i Akileosy.

=== Maritrano ===
[[File:Wellington Monument (Achilles) - geograph.org.uk - 2956596.jpg|thumb|150px|alt=Ny Wellington Monument, sarivongana maneho an' i Akileosy.|Ny tsangambato Wellington Monument.]]
[[File:Achillii 490 84, Greece - panoramio (16).jpg|thumb|150px|alt=Sarivongan' i Akileosy ao amin' ny Achilleion.|Sarivongan' i Akileosy ao amin' ny Achilleion.]]

* Tamin' ny 1890, i Elisabeth of Bavaria, emperatrisan' i Aotrisy, dia nampanangana lapa hipetrahana amin' ny fahavaratra tao Corfu. Nantsoina hoe Achilleion ilay trano, araka ny anaran' i Akileosy. Ny sary hosodoko sy ny sarivongana ao aminy dia mampiseho zava-nitranga tamin' ny Ady tao Troasy, ka i Akileosy no tena asongadiny.
* Ny Wellington Monument dia sarivongana maneho an' i Akileosy, naorina tamin' ny 1822 ho fahatsiarovana an' i [[Arthur Wellesley]], dioka voalohan' i Wellington, sy ireo fandreseny tamin' ny Adin' ny Saikinosy (''Peninsular War'') ary tamin' ny dingana farany tamin' ireo ady napôleôniana.

== Fampiasana ny anarany ==
* Nanomboka tamin' ny 1744, dia sambo mpiady sivy farafahakeliny tao amin' ny ''Royal Navy'' (tafika an-dranomasin' ny mpanjaka britanika) no nitondra ny anaran' i Akileosy, na tamin' ny endrika HMS (sambo an' ny mpanjaka) ''Achilles'', na tamin' ny tsipelina frantsay HMS ''Achille''. Sambo iray nitondra io anarana io sy nanana tafondro 60 no nandray anjara tamin' ny ady tao Belleisle tamin' ny 1761, ary sambo iray nanana tafondro 74 kosa no nandray anjara tamin' ny ady tao Trafalgar. Anisan' ny ady nahazoan' ny sambo nitondra io anarana io mari-boninahitra koa ny tao Walcheren tamin' ny 1809. Nisy sambo mpiady mifono vy nitondra io anarana io koa niasa tao amin' ny ''Royal Navy'' nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany. Karazana ''cruiser'' izy io, izany hoe sambo mpiady antonony habe afaka mandeha lavitra.
* Ny HMNZS (sambo an' ny mpanjaka avy any Zelandy Vaovao) ''Achilles'' (70) dia sambo mpiady karazana ''cruiser'' tao amin' ny sokajy ''Leander'', izay niasa tao amin' ny ''Royal New Zealand Navy'' (tafika an-dranomasin' ny mpanjaka ao Zelandy Vaovao) nandritra ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa. Nanjary nalaza izy noho ny fandraisany anjara tamin' ny ady tao River Plate, niaraka tamin' ny HMS ''Ajax'' (22) sy HMS ''Exeter'' (68). Ankoatra ny nahazoany ny mari-boninahitra « River Plate » noho ny fandraisana anjara tamin' izany ady izany, dia niasa tany Guadalcanal tamin' ny 1942–1943 sy tany Okinawa tamin' ny 1945 koa ny HMNZS ''Achilles''. Rehefa tafaverina tao amin' ny ''Royal Navy'' ilay sambo, dia namidy tamin' ny tafika an-dranomasin' i India tamin' ny 1948. Rehefa noravana anefa izy, dia nisy ampahany tamin' ilay sambo navotana sy notehirizina tany Zelandy Vaovao.
* Nomena anarana avy amin' i Akileosy ny karazana androngo ''Anolis Achilles'', izay manana takela-kirany mivelatra eo amin' ny voditongony.&lt;ref&gt;Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. (&quot;Achilles&quot;, p. 1).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tahirin-tsary ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Achilles departure Eretria Painter CdM Paris 851.jpg|Akileosy sy Cymothoe, iray amin' ireo ''Nereid'' (andriamanibavin-dranomasina), eo amin' ny kaopy misy tahony roa (''kantharos'') avy any Attica, misy sary mena, hita tany Volci (''Cabinet des Médailles'' (Tahirin-medaly), ao amin' ny ''Bibliothèque nationale'' (Tranombokim-pirenena), Paris).
File:Akhilleus embassy Staatliche Antikensammlungen 8770.jpg|Ireo iraka nankany amin' i Akileosy, eo amin' ny siny fitondrana rano (''hydria'') avy any Attica, misy sary mena, tokony ho tamin' ny 480 talohan' i Kristy (''Staatliche Antikensammlungen'' (Tahirim-panjakana momba ny zavakanto tamin' ny Andro Taloha), Munich).
File:AmbrosianIliadPict47Achilles.jpg|Achille manao sorona ho an' i [[Zeosy|Zeus]] mba hiverenan' i Patroclus soa aman-tsara,&lt;ref&gt;''Iliad'' 16.220–252.&lt;/ref&gt; avy ao amin' ny ''Ambrosian Iliad'', sora-tanana voaravaka sary tamin' ny taonjato faha-5.
File:Bell-krater Akhilleus Penthesileia MAN.jpg|Akileosy sy Penthesilea miady, eo amin' ny vilany fampifangaroana divay miendrika lakolosy (''bell-krater'') avy any Lucania, misy sary mena, tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-5 talohan' i Kristy.
File:Akhilleus Penthesileia Staatliche Antikensammlungen 2688.jpg|Achille mamono an' i Penthesilea, sary boribory (''tondo'') eo amin' ny kaopy fisotroana malalaka sy marivo (''kylix'') avy any Attica, misy sary mena, tokony ho tamin' ny 465 talohan' i Kristy, hita tany Vulci.
File:Mourning of Akhilleus Louvre E643.jpg|Thetis sy ireo ''Nereid'' (andriamanibavin-dranomasina) misaona an' i Akileosy, eo amin' ny siny fitondrana rano (''hydria'') avy any Corinth, misy sary mainty, tokony ho tamin' ny 555 talohan' i Kristy (Tranombakoka Louvre, Paris).
File:Aias Achilles game Musei Capitolini MC6.jpg|Akileosy sy Ajax manao ny lalao an-databatra ''petteia'', eo amin' ny siny fandrarahana divay (''oinochoe'') misy sary mainty, tokony ho tamin' ny 530 talohan' i Kristy (''Capitoline Museums'' (Mozea Capitoline), Rome).
File:Achilles-01.jpg|Ny lohan' i Akileosy aseho eo amin' ny vola madinika tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 talohan' i Kristy, avy any Kremaste, Phthia. Eo amin' ny ilany ambadika: Thetis, mitafy akanjo lava sady mihazona ny ampingan' i Akileosy misy ny marika AX, litera natambatra maneho ny anarany.
File:Getty Villa - Collection (3151231788).jpg|Achille eo amin' ny sary rômana vita amin' ny sombina akora madinika natambatra (''mosaic''), mampiseho ny fakana an' i Briseis, tamin' ny taonjato faha-2.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Sivilizasiôna Mikeniana]]
* Phthiotis
* [[Biôgrafia]]

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Vakiteny fanampiny ==
* Apollodorus, ''Apollodorus. The Library, Volume II: Book 3.10-end. Epitome'', nadikan' i James G. Frazer, Loeb Classical Library laharana 122, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1921. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-674-99136-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL122/1921/volume.xml Harvard University Press]. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.10.1 Perseus Digital Library].
* Ileana Chirassi Colombo (1977), ''Heroes Achilleus&amp;nbsp;– Theos Apollon''. Ao amin' ny ''Il Mito Greco'', nokarakarain' i Bruno Gentili sy Giuseppe Paione. Rome: Edizione dell'Ateneo e Bizzarri.
* Dräger, Paul, ''Medea'', ao amin' ny ''Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity, Volume 8'', Lyd &amp;ndash; Mine, nokarakarain' i Hubert Cancik sy Helmuth Schneider, Leiden, Brill, 2006. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9004122710&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Anthony Edwards (1985a), ''Achilles in the Underworld: Iliad, Odyssey, and Æthiopis''. ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies''. '''26''': p.&amp;nbsp;215–227.
* Anthony Edwards (1985b), ''Achilles in the Odyssey: Ideologies of Heroism in the Homeric Epic''. ''Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie''. '''171'''.
* Edwards, Anthony T. (1988), ''ΚΛΕΟΣ ΑΦΘΙΤΟΝ and Oral Theory''. ''The Classical Quarterly''. '''38''': p. 25–30. DOI: 10.1017/S0009838800031220. S2CID: 170947595.
* [[Robert Graves|Graves, Robert]], ''The Greek Myths'', Harmondsworth, London, England, Penguin Books, 1960. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0143106715&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Graves, Robert, ''The Greek Myths: The Complete and Definitive Edition.'' Penguin Books Limited. 2017. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-241-98338-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;; &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 024198338X&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Guy Hedreen (1991), ''The Cult of Achilles in the Euxine''. ''Hesperia''. '''60''' (3): p. 313–330. American School of Classical Studies at Athens. JSTOR: 148068. DOI: 10.2307/148068.
* Karl Kerényi (1959), ''The Heroes of the Greeks''. New York/London: Thames and Hudson.
* Jakob Escher-Bürkli: ''[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Achilleus_1 Achilleus 1]'' (amin' ny teny alemà). Ao amin' ny ''Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft'' (RE). Boky I,1, Stuttgart, 1893, tsanganana&amp;nbsp;221–245.
* Joachim Latacz (2010), ''Achilles''. Ao amin' ny ''The Classical Tradition'', nokarakarain' i Anthony Grafton, Glenn Most ary Salvatore Settis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 3–5. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Hélène Monsacré (1984), ''Les larmes d'Achille. Le héros, la femme et la souffrance dans la poésie d'Homère'', Paris: Albin Michel.
* Gregory Nagy (1984), ''The Name of Achilles: Questions of Etymology and 'Folk Etymology'', ''Illinois Classical Studies''. '''19'''.
* Gregory Nagy (1999), ''The Best of The Acheans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry''. Johns Hopkins University Press (fanontana nohavaozina, [http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5576 azo vakina an-tserasera]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20181224041719/https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5576 tahiry tamin' ny 24 December 2018]).
* Dorothea Sigel; Anne Ley; Bruno Bleckmann, ''Achilles''. Ao amin' ny ''Brill's New Pauly'', nokarakarain' i Hubert Cancik sy ny hafa. Brill Reference Online. DOI: 10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e102220.
* Dale S. Sinos (1991), ''The Entry of Achilles into Greek Epic'', lahatsoratra fikarohana hahazoana diplaoma dôktôra, Johns Hopkins University. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International.
* Jonathan S. Burgess (2009), ''The Death and Afterlife of Achilles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
* Abrantes, M.C. (2016), ''Themes of the Trojan Cycle: Contribution to the study of the greek mythological tradition'' (Coimbra). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1530337118&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Achilles ''Achilles''], lahatsoratra ao amin' ny ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' tamin' ny 1911, ao amin' ny Wikisource.
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Achilles Sary sy rakitra momba an' i Akileosy ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons].
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Achillean ''Achillean''], fidirana ao amin' ny Wiktionary amin' ny teny anglisy.
* [http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/troy.html ''Trojan War Resources''] — loharano momba ny adin' i Troasy.
* [http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/result.htm?alt=Achilles&amp;pnumber=20 ''Gallery of the Ancient Art: Achilles''] — fitambaran-tsary momba an' i Akileosy ao amin' ny zavakanto fahiny.
* [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Achilles_(Coates) ''Achilles''], tononkalo nosoratan' i Florence Earle Coates, ao amin' ny Wikisource.
* [https://www.freebase.com/m/0gy_ Freebase].

[[:sokajy:Biôgrafia]]
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      <text bytes="126997" sha1="1tbwpgb1rgmxoj0f7u1xp55oafxy7se" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Krishna and Arjun on the chariot, Mahabharata, 18th-19th century, India.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|[[Krishna|Krishna]] sy Arjuna tao Kurukshetra, sary hosodoko tamin' ny taonjato faha-18–faha-19.]]
Ny '''''Mahābhārata''''' (fanononana amin' ny teny anglisy: /məˌhɑːˈbɑːrətə/, /ˌmɑːhə-/;&lt;ref&gt;''The Chambers Dictionary''. ''Mahabharata''. Chambers. 2003. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-550-10105-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 9th.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;''Collins English Dictionary''. ''Mahabharata''. HarperCollins. 2018. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-008-28437-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 13th.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120903041128/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Mahabharata &quot;Mahabharata&quot;]. ''Oxford Dictionaries Online''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Mahabharata &quot;Mahabharata&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130209/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Mahabharata tahiry tamin' ny 4 March 2016]. ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.&lt;/ref&gt; amin' ny teny sanskrita: ''Mahābhāratam'' (महाभारतम्), /mɐɦaːˈbʱaːrɐt̪ɐm/, midika hoe «Bharata lehibe») dia iray amin' ireo tononkalo roa lehibe mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo amin' ny literatiora sanskrita avy any India fahiny, izay hajaina ao amin' ny [[Hindoisma|hindoisma]]; ny iray hafa dia ny ''Ramayana''.&lt;ref name=encindlit&gt;Datta, Amaresh. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&amp;pg=PA1755 ''The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj to Jyoti)'']. Sahitya Akademi. 1 January 2006. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Samy sokajina ho ''smṛti'', sokajin-tsoratra ampitain' ny lovantsofina hindoa, sy ho ''itihasa'', fitantarana ny lasa araka ny lovantsofina, izy roa. Mitantara ny zava-nitranga manodidina ny ady tao Kurukshetra ny ''Mahābhārata'', sady mandinika hevitra ara-filôzôfia, toy ireo «tanjona efatra eo amin' ny fiainana», na ''puruṣārtha''. Anisan' ny singa fototra ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' ny ''Bhagavad Gita'', izay soratra masina manana toerana lehibe ao amin' ny lovantsofina hindoa.

Tantarain' ny ''Mahābhārata'' ny fifandroritana teo anivon' ny fianakavian' ny mpanjaka mba hahazoana ny seza fiandrianan' i Hastinapura, izay niafara tamin' ny ady tao Kurukshetra. Ady nifanaovana mba handovana ny fanjakana izany, teo amin' ireo zanak' andriana izay zanak' olona mpiray tam-po, dia ny Kaurava sy ny Pāṇḍava.
Anisan' ireo tantara maro ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' ny tantaran' i Damayanti, i Shakuntala, i Pururava sy i Urvashi, i Savitri sy Satyavan, i Kacha sy i Devayani, i Rishyasringa, ary ny dikan-teny nohafohezina amin' ny ''Rāmāyaṇa''.
Mamelabelatra ny foto-kevitry ny ''dharmayuddha'', na «ady ara-drariny», ilay tononkalo. Ny ''Bhagavad Gita'' kosa dia mandinika ny ''dharma'', hevitra avy amin' ny lovantsofina vedika momba ny adidy sy ny fanaovana izay rariny, amin' ny alalan' ny fifampiresahan' i Arjuna, zanak' andriana Pāṇḍava, sy i [[Krishna|Krishna]], mpitondra ny kalesiny sady mpitari-dalana azy.

Araka ny lovantsofina dia i [[Vyāsa]] no mpanoratra ny ''Mahābhārata''. Maro ny ezaka natao hamantarana ny fivoaran' ilay lahatsoratra teo amin' ny tantara sy ireo sosona samy hafa nandrafetana azy. Azo inoana fa teo anelanelan' ny taonjato faha-3 tal. J.K. sy ny taonjato faha-3 taor. J.K. no nangonina ny ampahany lehibe indrindra amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'', ary tsy ela lavitra talohan' ny taona 400 tal. J.K. tany ho any no niandohan' ny ampahany tranainy indrindra mbola voatahiry.&lt;ref&gt;Austin, Christopher R.. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4jCoDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA21 ''Pradyumna: Lover, Magician, and Son of the Avatara'']. Oxford University Press. 2019. p.: 21. fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-005411-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 11 January 2020. datin' ny tahiry: 7 September 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124231/https://books.google.com/books?id=4jCoDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA21 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BrockingtonA&quot;&gt;Brockington (1998, p. 26)&lt;/ref&gt; Azo inoana fa efa nahazo ny endriny farany ilay lahatsoratra tamin' ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana Gupta, izany hoe manodidina ny taonjato faha-4 taor. J.K.&lt;ref&gt;Pattanaik, Devdutt. [https://scroll.in/article/905466/how-did-the-ramayana-and-mahabharata-come-to-be-and-what-has-dharma-got-to-do-with-it ''How did the 'Ramayana' and 'Mahabharata' come to be (and what has 'dharma' got to do with it)?'']. 13 December 2018. daty nijerena voarakitra: 30 May 2020. datin' ny tahiry: 14 August 2020. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: Scroll.in. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200814160417/https://scroll.in/article/905466/how-did-the-ramayana-and-mahabharata-come-to-be-and-what-has-dharma-got-to-do-with-it/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Van Buitenen; ''The Mahabharata'' – 1; The Book of the Beginning. Introduction (Authorship and Date)&lt;/ref&gt;

Adika hoe «Bharat (India) lehibe», na «ny tantaran' ireo taranaka lehiben' i Bharata», na koa hoe «Ny tantara lehiben' i India» (''The Great Indian Tale'') ny lohateniny.&lt;ref&gt;Stuart, Tristram; Albinia, Alice. [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/16/fiction ''India's epic struggle'']. ''The Guardian''. 16 August 2007. daty nijerena voarakitra: 6 August 2023. datin' ny tahiry: 6 August 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230806170749/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/16/fiction rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://vedicwisdomandphilosophy.wordpress.com/mahabharata/ ''Mahabharata'']. 16 May 2021. daty nijerena voarakitra: 6 August 2023. datin' ny tahiry: 6 August 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230806170749/https://vedicwisdomandphilosophy.wordpress.com/mahabharata/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
Anisan' ny tononkalo fitantarana lava indrindra fantatra ny ''Mahābhārata''. Misy ''shloka'' (andininy) maherin' ny 100 000 ny dikan-teniny lava indrindra, izany hoe andalan-tononkalo maherin' ny 200 000, satria andalana roa no mandrafitra ny ''shloka'' tsirairay; misy ampahany lava amin' ny lahatsoratra tsy voarafitra ho tononkalo koa ao.
Manodidina ny 1,8 tapitrisa ny isan' ny teniny rehetra, ka eo amin' ny folo heny eo ho eo amin' ny halavan' ny ''Iliad'' sy ny ''Odyssey'' atambatra ny ''Mahābhārata'', na eo amin' ny efatra heny eo ho eo amin' ny halavan' ny ''Rāmāyaṇa''. Mihoatra ny 2,5 heny amin' ny halavany kosa ny ''Epic of Manas'', izay tononkalo lava indrindra eran-tany.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/67403-longest-poem-ever-published ''Longest poem ever published'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 7 June 2026. tranonkala: Guinness World Records.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spodek, Howard. Richard Mason. ''The World's History''. Pearson Education: 2006, New Jersey. 224, 0-13-177318-6&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amartya Sen, ''The Argumentative Indian. Writings on Indian Culture, History and Identity'', London: Penguin Books, 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;
Antsoina indraindray hoe Veda fahadimy izy ao amin' ny lovantsofina indiana.&lt;ref&gt;Fitzgerald, James. ''India's Fifth Veda: The Mahabharata's Presentation of Itself''. ''Journal of South Asian Literature''. 1985. boky: 20. laharana: 1. pp.: 125–140.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tantaran' ny lahatsoratra sy ny firafiny ==
[[File:Ganesa writing the Mahabharat.jpeg|thumb|Vyasa mitantara ny ''Mahābhārata'' amin' i [[Ganesh|Ganesha]], araka ny sary ao amin' ny sora-tanana avy any Mewar tamin' ny taonjato faha-17.]]

Araka ny lovantsofina, dia ilay olon-kendry [[Vyāsa|Vyasa]] no namorona ity tononkalo fitantarana ity; anisan' ny olona manana anjara toerana lehibe ao anatiny koa izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lochtefeld2002&quot;&gt;James G. Lochtefeld. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&amp;pg=PA399 ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M'']. The Rosen Publishing Group. 2002. p.: 399. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 15 November 2015. datin' ny tahiry: 7 September 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124232/https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&amp;pg=PA399 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Nolazain' i Vyasa fa ''itihasa'' (tantara) izy io. Resahiny koa ny lovantsofina mampifandray ny mpampianatra sy ny mpianatra, izay mitanisa ny fifandimbiasan' ireo mpampianatra lehibe rehetra sy ny mpianany tamin' ny vanim-potoana vedika.

Milaza ny fizarana voalohany amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' fa i [[Ganesh|Ganesha]] no nanoratra ny lahatsoratra araka izay notononin' i Vyasa. Heverin' ny manam-pahaizana ho fanampin-dahatsoratra nampidirina tatỳ aoriana anefa izany, ary tsy ahitana an' i Ganesha ny fanontana miorina amin' ny fandinihana sy fampitahana ireo sora-tanana (''Critical Edition'').&lt;ref&gt;''Mahābhārata'', Vol. 1, Part 2. Critical edition, p. 884.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mampiasa firafitra ahitana tantara ao anatin' ny tantara ilay tononkalo, izay antsoina koa hoe fitantarana anankiray mandrafitra ny manodidina ny fitantarana hafa. Fahita amin' ny sanganasa indiana maro, na ara-pivavahana na tsia, io firafitra io. Ao amin' ilay fitantarana dia notantarain' ilay olon-kendry Vaisampayana,&lt;ref&gt;Davis, Richard H.. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vQ3rAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA38 ''The &quot;Bhagavad Gita&quot;: A Biography'']. Princeton University Press. 2014. p.: 38. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4008-5197-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Krishnan, Bal. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_pUBAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Vaishampayana+related ''Kurukshetra: Political and Cultural History'']. B.R. Publishing Corporation. 1978. p.: 50. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9788170180333&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 6 November 2020. datin' ny tahiry: 7 September 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124233/https://books.google.com/books?id=_pUBAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Vaishampayana+related rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; mpianatr' i Vyasa, voalohany tao an-tanànan' i Taxila izy io. Notantarainy tamin' i Janamejaya mpanjaka, zafiafin' i Arjuna, andriana Pandava, izany. Taona maro tatỳ aoriana dia naverin' ny mpitantara matihanina iray antsoina hoe Ugrashrava Sauti notantaraina indray ilay tantara, teo anatrehan' ny fivorian' ny olon-kendry nanatanteraka sorona naharitra roa ambin' ny folo taona ho an' i Saunaka Kulapati mpanjaka, tao amin' ny alan' i Naimisha.
[[File:Sauti recites the slokas of the Mahabharata.jpg|thumb|Sauti mitanisa ireo andininy (''shloka'') ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata''.]]

Nolazain' ny mpandinika ny kolontsaina sy ny tantaran' i India sasany tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-20 fa tsy misy firafitra mazava sady mikorontana ilay lahatsoratra. Nihevitra i Hermann Oldenberg fa tsy maintsy ho nanana « hery mampihetsi-po noho ny loza mitranga » lehibe tokoa ilay tononkalo tany am-boalohany, nefa nolaviny ho « fikorontanana mahatsiravina » ny lahatsoratra manontolo (fandikana malagasy ireo teny nalaina).&lt;ref&gt;Oldenberg, Hermann. ''Das Mahabharata: seine Entstehung, sein Inhalt, seine Form''. Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht. Göttingen. 1922. fiteny: de. OCLC: 4878979. lccn: 24000855.&lt;/ref&gt; I Moritz Winternitz (''Geschichte der indischen Literatur'', 1909) kosa dia nihevitra fa « teôlôjiana tsy mahay tononkalo sy mpanao dika soratra tsy kinga ihany » no afaka nanambatra ireo ampahany samy hafa fiaviana ho fitambarana iray tsy misy filaminana (fandikana malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/07-06/features360.htm &quot;The Mahabharata&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20061106205614/http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/07-06/features360.htm tahiry tamin' ny 6 November 2006] at ''The Sampradaya Sun''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanitarana sy fanitsiana ny lahatsoratra ===
Ezaka lehibe no natao tamin' ny fikarohana momba ny ''Mahābhārata'' mba hamantarana ireo sosona niforona tamin' ny fandrafetana ilay lahatsoratra sy hamaritana ny datin' izy ireo.
Azo ampifandraisina amin' ny vanim-potoana vedika ny fiavian' ny singa sasany ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' ankehitriny.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=FYPOVdzZ2UIC&amp;dq=a+history+of+indian+literature+mahabharata+date&amp;pg=PA452 ''A History of Indian Literature''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230406115439/https://books.google.com/books?id=FYPOVdzZ2UIC&amp;dq=a+history+of+indian+literature+mahabharata+date&amp;pg=PA452 tahiry tamin' ny 6 April 2023], Volume 1 by Maurice Winternitz&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny toe-javatra niavian' ny ''Mahābhārata'' dia manondro fa nipoitra ilay tononkalo fitantarana, araka ireto teny nadika amin' ny teny malagasy ireto, «taorian' ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana vedika mihitsy» ary talohan' ny «nipoiran' ny “empira” indiana voalohany tamin' ny taonjato faha-3 tal. J.K.». Azo inoana fa «daty tsy dia mifanalavitra amin' ny taonjato faha-8 na faha-9 tal. J.K.» izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;BrockingtonA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vanB73&quot;&gt;van Buitenen (1973) pp. xxiv–xxv&lt;/ref&gt;
Tamin' ny voalohany dia tantara nampitain' ireo mpitantara sady mpanao tononkalo mpitondra kalesy am-bava ny ''Mahābhārata''.&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Ruchika. [http://scroll.in/article/806662/the-mahabharata-how-an-oral-narrative-of-the-bards-became-the-didactic-text-of-the-brahmins ''The Mahabharata: How an oral narrative of the bards became a text of the Brahmins'']. 16 January 2017. daty nijerena voarakitra: 16 January 2017. datin' ny tahiry: 17 January 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: Scroll.in. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170117134753/http://scroll.in/article/806662/the-mahabharata-how-an-oral-narrative-of-the-bards-became-the-didactic-text-of-the-brahmins rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
Ekena amin' ny ankapobeny izao fanazavana izao (dika malagasy): «Tsy tahaka ny Veda, izay tsy maintsy tehirizina tsy misy fiovana na dia litera iray aza, ilay tononkalo fitantarana dia sanganasa natao ho an' ny besinimaro, ka tsy maintsy nampifanarahan' ny mpitantara azy tamin' ny fiovan' ny fiteny sy ny fomba fanoratra».&lt;ref name=&quot;vanB73&quot; /&gt;
Noho izany, heverina fa tsy tranainy kokoa noho ireo firesahana azy tranainy indrindra hita any ivelan' ilay sanganasa ireo singa tranainy indrindra mbola voatahiry ao amin' io lahatsoratra niovaova io. Anisan' ireo firesahana ireo ny ao amin' ny ''Ashtadhyayi'' 4:2:56, bokin' ny fitsipi-pitenenana nosoratan' i [[Pāṇini|Panini]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 tal. J.K.&lt;ref name=&quot;BrockingtonA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vanB73&quot; /&gt;
Nanao izao fanamarihana izao i Vishnu Sukthankar, mpamoaka ny fanontana lehibe voalohany ny ''Mahābhārata'' nifototra tamin' ny fampitahana sy fanadihadiana ny sora-tanana (dika malagasy): «Tsy misy ilàna azy ny mieritreritra ny hamerina lahatsoratra niovaova ho amin' ny endriny tany am-boalohany, amin' ny alalan' ny sora-tanana fototra niavian' ny kopia sy ny ''stemma codicum'', na tetiaran' ireo sora-tanana. Inona àry no azo atao? Ny hany tanjontsika dia ny hamerina ''ny endrika tranainy indrindra amin' ilay lahatsoratra izay mbola azo tratrarina'', mifototra amin' ireo sora-tanana misy».&lt;ref&gt;Sukthankar (1933) &quot;Prolegomena&quot; p. lxxxvi. Ao amin' ny soratra niandohana ilay fanasongadinana.&lt;/ref&gt;
Somary tatỳ aoriana ny datin' ireo sora-tanana ireo, noho ny akora nanaovana azy sy ny toetrandro any India, nefa maro dia maro izy ireo.

Ny ''Mahābhārata'' mihitsy (1.1.61) dia manavaka ny ampahany fototra misy andininy 24 000, dia ny ''Bhārata'' amin' ny heviny hentitra, amin' ireo ampahany hafa fanampiny. Manao fanavahana mitovy amin' izany koa ny ''Ashvalayana Grihyasutra'' (3.4.4).
Mazàna dia ekena fa nisy endrika voarafitra telo fara fahakeliny ilay lahatsoratra: ny ''Jaya'' (Fandresena), misy andininy 8 800 ary lazaina fa nosoratan' i Vyasa; ny ''Bharata'', misy andininy 24 000 araka ny notantarain' i Vaisampayana; ary farany ny ''Mahābhārata'', araka ny notantarain' i Ugrashrava Sauti, misy andininy maherin' ny 100 000.&lt;ref&gt;Gupta &amp; Ramachandran (1976), citing ''Mahabharata'', Critical Edition, I, 56, 33&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;SP Gupta and KS Ramachandran (1976), p.3-4, citing Vaidya (1967), p.11&lt;/ref&gt;
Na izany aza, misy manam-pahaizana, toa an' i John Brockington, milaza fa lahatsoratra iray ihany no tondroin' ny ''Jaya'' sy ny ''Bharata'', ary avy amin' ny famakiana diso andininy iray ao amin' ny ''Adi Parva'' (1.1.81) ilay petra-kevitra momba ny ''Jaya'' misy andininy 8 800.&lt;ref&gt;Brockington, J. L.. [https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C&amp;pg=PA21 ''The Sanskrit epics, Part 2'']. BRILL. 1998. boky: 12. p.: 21. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-04-10260-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 30 May 2020. datin' ny tahiry: 7 September 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124733/https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C&amp;pg=PA21 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
Narahina fitsipika momba ny endrika tamin' ny fandrafetana sy fampiraisana io fitambaran-dahatsoratra lehibe io, ka nomena lanja manokana ny isa 18&lt;ref&gt;Boky 18, toko 18 avy ao amin' ny ''Bhagavadgita'' sy ny ''Narayaniya'', mifanandrify amin' ny andro 18 naharetan' ny ady sy ireo tafika 18 (Mbh. 5.152.23).&lt;/ref&gt; sy 12.
Mety ho azo faritana ny daty nanampiana ireo ampahany farany amin' ny fijerena ny tsy fisian' ny ''Anushasana Parva'' sy ny ''Virata Parva'' ao amin' ny sora-tanana Spitzer.&lt;ref&gt;''The Spitzer Manuscript (Beitrage zur Kultur- und Geistesgeschichte Asiens)'', Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2004. Anisan' ireo sora-tanana sanskrita tranainy indrindra hita teny amin' ny [[Lalan' ny Landy]] izy io, ary anisan' ny fananana navelan' i Dr. Moritz Spitzer.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny lisitra tranainy indrindra mbola voatahiry momba ireo fizarana ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' dia avy tamin' ny vanim-potoana Kushan (200 taor. J.K.).&lt;ref&gt;Schlingloff, Dieter. ''The Oldest Extant Parvan-List of the Mahābhārata''. ''Journal of the American Oriental Society''. 1969. boky: 89. laharana: 2. pp.: 334–338. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.2307/596517&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;JSTOR 596517&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny voalazan' ny olona iray ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' (1.1.50), dia nisy endrika telo ilay tononkalo fitantarana, izay samy nanomboka tamin' ny ''Manu'' (1.1.27), ''Astika'' (1.3, zana-''parva'' 5), na ''Vasu'' (1.57), arakaraka ny endrika.
Mety hifanandrify amin' ny fanampiana resaka ifanaovana iray atao ho tantara mandrafitra ny fitantarana hafa, ary avy eo resaka ifanaovana faharoa toy izany, ireo endrika ireo.
Tsy hahitana ireo tantara mandrafitra ireo ny endrika ''Vasu'', fa hanomboka amin' ny fitantarana ny nahaterahan' i Vyasa.
Ny endrika ''Astika'' kosa dia hanampy ireo ampahany momba ny ''sarpasattra'' (sorona bibilava) sy ny ''ashvamedha'' (sorona soavaly) avy amin' ny literatiora brahmanika, hampiditra ny anarana hoe ''Mahābhārata'', ary hanondro an' i Vyasa ho mpanoratra ilay sanganasa.
Azo inoana fa manam-pahaizana Pancharatrin no nandrafitra ireo fanampiny ireo; araka an' i Oberlies (1998), dia azo inoana fa notanan' izy ireo ny fahefana tamin' ilay lahatsoratra mandra-pahavitan' ny fandrafetana azy farany.
Ny firesahana ny Huna ao amin' ny ''Bhishma Parva'' anefa dia toa manondro fa mety ho tamin' ny manodidina ny taonjato faha-4 no nanitsiana io ''parva'' io.&lt;ref&gt;[https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/vyasa-can-you-hear-us-now/ ''Vyasa, can you hear us now?'']. 2015-11-21. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2020-06-07. datin' ny tahiry: 7 June 2020. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: The Indian Express. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200607164708/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/vyasa-can-you-hear-us-now/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Snakesacrifice.jpg|thumb|Ny sorona bibilava nataon' i Janamejaya]]
Ao amin' ny ''Adi Parva'' no ahitana ny sorona bibilava (''sarpasattra'') nataon' i Janamejaya. Hazavaina ao ny antony nanosika azy, ny antony nikendrena hamongorana ny bibilava rehetra nisy, ary ny antony mbola isian' ny bibilava na dia teo aza izany. Matetika no noheverina fa tantara mahaleo tena io ampahany momba ny ''sarpasattra'' io, ary nampidirina tao amin' ny endrika iray tamin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' noho ny «fifandraisan' ny lohahevitra» (dika malagasy; Minkowski 1991). Noheverina koa fa nifandray akaiky indrindra tamin' ny literatiora vedika (''Brahmana'') izy io. Tanisain' ny ''Panchavimsha Brahmana'' (25.15.3) ireo mpisorona mitarika ''sarpasattra'' iray. Ao amin' izany lisitra izany no ahitana ny anaran' i Dhritarashtra sy Janamejaya, olona roa mitana anjara toerana lehibe ao amin' ny tantaran' ny ''sarpasattra'' ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'', ary koa ny anaran' i Takshaka, bibilava iray ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata''.&lt;ref&gt;J.A.B. van Buitenen, ''Mahābhārata, Volume 1'', p.445, citing W. Caland, ''The Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa'', p.640-2&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny ''Suparnakhyana'', tononkalo avy amin' ny faramparan' ny vanim-potoana vedika, dia heverina ho anisan' ny «soritra tranainy indrindra amin' ny tononkalo mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo any India» (dika malagasy). Endrika tranainy kokoa sady fohy kokoa nialoha ilay angano nitarina momba an' i Garuda izy io; hita ao amin' ny ''Astika Parva'', ao anatin' ny ''Adi Parva'' ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'', io angano nitarina io.&lt;ref name=&quot;Winternitz1996&quot;&gt;Moriz Winternitz. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&amp;pg=PA292 ''A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1'']. Motilal Banarsidass. 1996. pp.: 291–292. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-208-0264-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 22 November 2018. datin' ny tahiry: 6 July 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230706210944/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&amp;pg=PA292 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vogel1995&quot;&gt;Jean Philippe Vogel. [https://books.google.com/books?id=caskYEbIQDoC&amp;pg=PA53 ''Indian Serpent-lore: Or, The Nāgas in Hindu Legend and Art'']. Asian Educational Services. 1995. pp.: 53–54. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-206-1071-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 22 November 2018. datin' ny tahiry: 6 July 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230706210945/https://books.google.com/books?id=caskYEbIQDoC&amp;pg=PA53 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanondroana ara-tantara ===
Jereo koa ny ''Bhagavad Gita: daty sy lahatsoratra''.

Ao amin' ny ''Ashtadhyayi'' (fitsipika fohy na ''sutra'' 6.2.38)&lt;ref&gt;''mahān vrīhyaparāhṇagṛṣṭīṣvāsajābālabhārabhāratahailihilarauravapravṛddheṣu'', [http://sanskritdictionary.com/panini/6-2-38 'Pāṇini Research Tool', Sanskrit Dictionary] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210930033631/http://sanskritdictionary.com/panini/6-2-38 tahiry tamin' ny 30 September 2021]&lt;/ref&gt; nosoratan' i [[Pāṇini|Panini]], izay niasa tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 tal. J.K., sy ao amin' ny ''Ashvalayana Grihyasutra'' (3.4.4) no ahitana ny fanononana tranainy indrindra fantatra momba ny ''bhārata'' sy ny teny mitambatra hoe ''mahābhārata''. Mety hidika izany fa efa voaforona tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 tal. J.K. na talohan' izany ireo andininy fototra 24 000 fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe ''Bhārata'', ary koa ny endrika voalohany tamin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' nitarina. Tsy azo antoka anefa raha ilay tononkalo fitantarana no noresahin' i Panini, satria nampiasaina hilazana zavatra hafa koa ny hoe ''bhārata''. Miresaka ny foko Bharatas ao amin' ny ''Rigveda'' i Albrecht Weber; mety ho nantsoina hoe ''Mahā-Bhārata'' ny olona ambony iray tao amin' io foko io. Koa satria manonona olona mandray anjara ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' koa anefa i Panini, dia mety ho efa nisy ampahany tamin' ilay tononkalo fantatra tamin' ny androny. Lafiny iray hafa koa ny namaritan' i Panini ny lantom-peo mifototra amin' ny haavon' ny feo amin' ny hoe ''mahā-bhārata''. Tsy tamin' ny lantom-peo vedika anefa no namakiana am-bava ny ''Mahābhārata''.&lt;ref&gt;Bronkhorst, J. (2016): ''How the Brahmins Won. From Alexander to the Guptas'', Brill, p. 78-80, 97&lt;/ref&gt;

Nilaza ilay mpanoratra grika Dio Chrysostom (tokony ho 40–120 taor. J.K.) fa nohiraina hatrany India aza ny tononkalon' i [[Hômerôsy|Homer]].&lt;ref&gt;Dio Chrysostom, 53.[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dio_Chrysostom/Discourses/53*.html#6 6]-7, trans. H. Lamar Crosby, Loeb Classical Library, 1946, vol. 4, p. 363.&lt;/ref&gt; Mpikaroka maro no nandray izany ho porofo fa efa nisy ny ''Mahābhārata'' tamin' io fotoana io, ka nampitovin' i Dio na ireo loharano nampiasainy tamin' ny tantaran' ny ''Iliad'' ireo tantara ao anatiny.&lt;ref&gt;Nihevitra i Christian Lassen, tao amin' ny ''Indische Alterthumskunde'', fa ny alahelon' i Dhritarashtra, ny fitomanian' i Gandhari sy Draupadi, ary ny herim-pon' i Arjuna sy Suyodhana na Karna no tena notondroin' ilay fanononana (notanisain' i Max Duncker sady nekeny tao amin' ny ''The History of Antiquity'' (trans. Evelyn Abbott, London 1880), vol. 4, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gIkBAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA81 p. 81]). Eken' ny boky fanovozan-kevitra toy ny ''History of Indian Literature'' nosoratan' i Albrecht Weber izany fandikana hevitra izany, saingy nisy fotoana namerenana azy ho zava-misy fa tsy ho fandikana hevitra.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ireo fizarana na boky 18 ===
Toy izao ny fizarana ho ''parva'', na boky, 18:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! ''Parva'' (fizarana)
! Lohateny
! Zana-pizarana
! Votoatiny
|-
|1
|''Adi Parva'' (Bokin' ny fiandohana)
|1–19
|Mitantara ny fomba nitantaran' i Sauti ny ''Mahābhārata'' tamin' ireo olon-kendry (''rishi'') nivory tao Naimisharanya, rehefa avy notononin' i Vaisampayana nandritra ny ''sarpasattra'', na sorona bibilava, nataon' i Janamejaya tao Takshashila izy io. Ampahatsiahivina ao ny tantara sy ny tetirazan' ny taranaka Bharata sy Bhrigu, ary koa ny fahaterahana sy ny fahazazan' ireo printsy tao amin' ny fanjakana Kuru (midika hoe voalohany ny ''adi''). Ny ''Adi Parva'' dia mitantara ny fahaterahana, ny fahazazana, ny fanabeazana ary ny fanambadian' ireo Pandava, ny tolona natrehiny noho ny teti-dratsy natao taminy, ary koa ny zava-bitany.
|-
|2
|''Sabha Parva'' (Bokin' ny efitrano fivoriana)
|20–28
|Manorina ny lapa sy ny toeram-pivorian' ny mpanjaka (''sabha'') ao Indraprastha i Maya Danava. Ny ''Sabha Parva'' dia mitantara ny sorona ''Rajasuya'' nataon' i Yudhishthira niaraka tamin' ny fanampian' ireo rahalahiny, sy ny fitondran' i Yudhishthira tao Shakraprastha/Indraprastha. Resahiny koa ny fanalam-baraka sy ny fitaka nihatra tamin' izy ireo noho ny teti-dratsy sy ny nataon' izy ireo ihany.
|-
|3
|''Vana Parva'', antsoina koa hoe ''Aranyaka Parva'' na ''Aranya Parva'' (Bokin' ny ala)
|29–44
|Mitantara ireo roa ambin' ny folo taona nanaovana sesitany azy ireo tany anaty ala (''aranya'') ity boky ity. Ny ''parva'' manontolo dia manoritsoritra ny tolona natrehiny sy ny fanamafisany ny heriny.
|-
|4
|''Virata Parva'' (Bokin' i Virata)
|45–48
|Mitantara ilay taona nonenan' izy ireo tao an-dapan' i Virata, ka nanafina ny tena maha izy azy. Mpiady tokana, dia i Arjuna, no nandresy ny tafika Kuru manontolo, anisan' izany i Karna, Bhishma, Drona, Ashwatthama sy ny hafa, ary namerina ny ombin' ny fanjakan' i Virata.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04026.htm SECTION XXVI (Go-harana Parva)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20211130220420/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04026.htm tahiry tamin' ny 30 November 2021] ''sacred-texts.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|5
|''Udyoga Parva'' (Bokin' ny ezaka)
|49–59
|Mitantara ny fiomanana ho amin' ny ady sy ny ezaka hampihavanana ny ankolafy Kaurava sy Pandava, izay tsy nahomby tamin' ny farany (midika hoe ezaka na asa ny ''udyoga'').
|-
|6
|''Bhishma Parva'' (Bokin' i Bhishma)
|60–64
|Mitantara ny tapany voalohany amin' ilay ady lehibe, izay i Bhishma no komandin' ny Kaurava, sy ny fianjerany teo amin' ny fandriana voaforon' ny zana-tsipìka. Ny ampahany manan-danja indrindra amin' ny ''Bhishma Parva'' dia ny ''Bhagavad Gita'', izay notantarain' i [[Krishna]] tamin' i Arjuna. (Ao amin' ny toko 25–42 no misy ny ''Bhagavad Gita''.)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06025.htm ''The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section XXV (Bhagavad Gita Chapter I)'']. Sacred-texts.com. daty nijerena voarakitra: 3 August 2012. datin' ny tahiry: 21 May 2012. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120521235153/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06025.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06042.htm ''The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section XLII (Bhagavad Gita, Chapter XVIII)'']. Sacred-texts.com. daty nijerena voarakitra: 3 August 2012. datin' ny tahiry: 21 May 2012. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120521231917/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06042.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|7
|''Drona Parva'' (Bokin' i Drona)
|65–72
|Mitohy ny ady, ka i Drona no komandà. Ity no boky fototra momba ny ady. Amin' ny faran' ity boky ity dia efa maty ny ankamaroan' ireo mpiady lehibe tamin' ny andaniny sy ny ankilany.
|-
|8
|''Karna Parva'' (Bokin' i Karna)
|73
|Mitohy ny ady, ka i Karna no komandin' ny tafika Kaurava.
|-
|9
|''Shalya Parva'' (Bokin' i Shalya)
|74–77
|Mitantara ny andro farany amin' ny ady, izay i Shalya no komandà. Tantaraina amin' ny an-tsipiriany koa ny fivahiniana masina nataon' i Balarama tany amin' ireo fiampitana marivo amin' ny renirano Saraswati, sy ny ady kobay nifanaovan' i Bhima sy Duryodhana izay namarana ny ady: novonoin' i Bhima i Duryodhana tamin' ny fikapohana kobay ny feny.
|-
|10
|''Sauptika Parva'' (Bokin' ny mpiady natory)
|78–80
|Novonoin' i Ashwatthama, Kripa ary Kritavarma tao anatin' ny torimasony ny tafika Pandava sisa tavela. Mpiady fito monja no sisa teo amin' ny ankolafy Pandava, ary telo teo amin' ny ankolafy Kaurava.
|-
|11
|''Stri Parva'' (Bokin' ny vehivavy)
|81–85
|Mitomany ireo maty i Gandhari sy ny vehivavy (''stri'') ao amin' ny Kaurava sy Pandava. Manozona an' i [[Krishna]] i Gandhari noho ny fandravana goavana sy ny fandringanana ny Kaurava.
|-
|12
|''Shanti Parva'' (Bokin' ny fandriampahalemana)
|86–88
|Mitantara ny fanomezana satroboninahitra an' i Yudhishthira ho mpanjakan' i Hastinapura, sy ny toromarika nomen' i Bhishma an' ilay mpanjaka vao nohosorana menaka, momba ny fiarahamonina, ny toekarena ary ny pôlitika. Ity no boky lava indrindra ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata''.
|-
|13
|''Anushasana Parva'' (Bokin' ny toromarika)
|89–90
|Mitantara ireo toromarika farany (''anushasana'') nomen' i Bhishma. Ao amin' ity ''parva'' ity ny andro farany niainan' i Bhishma, sy ny torohevitra ary ny fahendrena nampitainy tamin' i Yudhishthira, izay ho amperora.
|-
|14
|''Ashvamedhika Parva'' (Bokin' ny sorona soavaly)&lt;ref&gt;Voatahiry amin' ny dika hafa misaraka koa ny ''Ashvamedhika-parva'', dia ny ''Jaimini-Bharata'' (''Jaiminiya-Ashvamedha''). Ao amin' io dika io dia nosoloana ilay fifanakalozan-kevitra mandrafitra ny sehatra itantarana ny tantara, ka i Jaimini, mpianatr' i Vyasa iray hafa, no lazaina fa mitantara azy. Mitantara ny nandresen' i Arjuna irery an' izao tontolo izao indray izy io. Misy votoaty momba ny fanehoam-pitiavana sy fanompoana ara-pivavahana an' i Krishna betsaka lavitra ao amin' io dika io noho ny ao amin' ilay tononkalo fitantarana mahazatra, ary azo inoana fa tamin' ny taonjato faha-12 no nisiany. Misy dika isam-paritra vitsivitsy izy io; ny tena be mpankafy indrindra dia ilay amin' ny teny kanada nataon' i Devapurada Annama Lakshmisha (taonjato faha-16). [http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/07-06/features360.htm ''The Mahabharata''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20061106205614/http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/07-06/features360.htm tahiry tamin' ny 6 November 2006]&lt;/ref&gt;
|91–92
|Mitantara ny lanonan' ny mpanjaka nataon' i Yudhishthira, dia ny ''Ashvamedha'' (sorona soavaly), sy ny nandresen' i Arjuna an' izao tontolo izao. Notantarain' i Krishna tamin' i Arjuna ny ''Anugita''.
|-
|15
|''Ashramavasika Parva'' (Bokin' ny fonenan' ny mpitoka-monina)
|93–95
|Mitantara ny fahafatesan' i Dhritarashtra, Gandhari ary Kunti tamin' ny farany, tao anatin' ny doro ala, raha nonina tao amin' ny fonenan' ny mpitoka-monina tany Himalaya izy ireo. Maty talohan' izy ireo i Vidura, ary nankany amin' ny faritra avo kokoa tany Himalaya i Sanjaya mba honina tany, araka ny baikon' i Dhritarashtra.
|-
|16
|''Mausala Parva'' (Bokin' ny kobay)
|96
|Mitantara ny fahatanterahan' ny ozon' i Gandhari, izany hoe ny fifamonoan' ireo Yadava tamin' ny kobay (''mausala''), sy ny fandringanana ny Yadava tamin' ny farany.
|-
|17
|''Mahaprasthanika Parva'' (Bokin' ny dia lehibe)
|97
|Mitantara ny dia lehibe nataon' i Yudhishthira sy ireo rahalahiny ary Draupadi vadiny namakivaky ny firenena manontolo. Nianika ny tendrombohitra lehiben' i Himalaya izy ireo tamin' ny farany, ary nianjera tsirairay ny Pandava rehetra afa-tsy i Yudhishthira.
|-
|18
|''Svargarohana Parva'' (Bokin' ny fiakarana any an-danitra)
|98
|Mitantara ny fitsapana farany natrehin' i Yudhishthira sy ny fiverenan' ny Pandava any amin' ny tontolo ara-panahy (''svarga'').
|-
|''khila'' (fanampiny)
|''Harivamsa Parva'' (Bokin' ny tetirazan' i Hari)
|99–100
|Fanampiny amin' ireo boky 18 izy ity, ary mitantara ireo ampahany amin' ny fiainan' i Krishna izay tsy voaresaka ao amin' ireo ''parva'' 18 mandrafitra ny ''Mahābhārata''.
|}

== Toe-javatra ara-tantara ==
Tsy mazava raha tena nitranga ara-tantara ny Adin' i Kurukshetra. Mpahay tantara maro no manombana fa tamin' ny taonjato faha-10 tal. J.K., nandritra ny Vanim-potoan' ny Vy tao India, no nitrangan' izany ady izany.&lt;ref&gt;Raha niresaka ny famaritana ny daty ny mpahay tantara A. L. Basham dia nilaza izao (dikanteny malagasy): «Araka ny lovantsofina tatỳ aoriana izay miely indrindra, dia tamin' ny 3102 tal. J.K. no nitrangan' ny Adin' ny Mahabharata, nefa tsy azo ekena mihitsy izany raha jerena ny porofo rehetra. Azo ekena kokoa ny lovantsofina iray hafa izay mametraka azy tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 tal. J.K., saingy mbola aloha loatra an-jatony taona maro koa izany raha jerena ny fahalalantsika avy amin' ny arkeôlôjia. Azo inoana fa manodidina ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-9 tal. J.K. no nitrangan' ilay ady; toa mifanaraka tsara amin' ireo sisa tavela arkeôlôjika vitsy avy amin' izany vanim-potoana izany io daty io, ary misy porofo ao amin' ny literatiora Brahmana mihitsy mampiseho fa tsy nety ho taloha lavitra noho izany ilay ady.» Basham, p. 40, citing HC Raychaudhuri, ''Political History of Ancient India'', pp.27ff.&lt;/ref&gt;
Misy toe-javatra ara-tantara mifanandrify amin' ny tontolo isehoan' ilay tononkalo fitantarana ao India tamin' ny Vanim-potoan' ny Vy, na vanim-potoana vedika, fony ny fanjakan' i Kuru no foiben' ny fahefana ara-pôlitika teo anelanelan' ny taona 1200 sy 800 tal. J.K. teo ho eo.&lt;ref&gt;M Witzel, ''Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state'', EJVS vol.1 no.4 (1995); also in B. Kölver (ed.), ''Recht, Staat und Verwaltung im klassischen Indien. The state, the Law, and Administration in Classical India'', München, R. Oldenbourg, 1997, p.27-52&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho fifandonana teo amin' ny tarana-mpanjaka tamin' izany fotoana izany no nanome aingam-panahy ho an' ny ''Jaya'', izay fototra nanorenana ny fitambaran-tsoratra ''Mahābhārata''. Mety ho nisy ady lehibe nahatratra ny fara tampon' ilay fifandonana, izay nanjary noheverina ho zava-nitranga nanamarika vanim-potoana iray tatỳ aoriana.

Ahitana lisitry ny tetiarana mifandray amin' ny fitantarana ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' ny literatiora puranika. Misy karazany roa ny porofo ao amin' ny ''Purana''. Ny voalohany dia ny filazana mivantana fa nisy 1 015 taona (na 1 050 taona) teo anelanelan' ny nahaterahan' i Parikshit (zafikelin' i Arjuna) sy ny niakaran' i Mahapadma Nanda (400–329 tal. J.K.) teo amin' ny fitondrana. Raha izany no raisina, dia azo tombanana ho manodidina ny 1400 tal. J.K. ny datin' ny adin' ny Bharata.&lt;ref&gt;A.D. Pusalker, ''History and Culture of the Indian People'', Vol I, Chapter XIV, p.273&lt;/ref&gt; Midika anefa izany fa lava loatra ka sarotra inoana ny salanisan' ny faharetan' ny nanjakan' ireo mpanjaka voatanisa ao amin' ny tetiarana.&lt;ref&gt;FE Pargiter, ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', p.180. Asehony fa 47, 50, 31 ary 35 taona ny tomban' ny salanisa ao amin' ireo dikan-teny samihafa amin' ny lisitra.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny faharoa dia ny famakafakana ireo tetiarana mifanindran-dalana ao amin' ny ''Purana'', eo anelanelan' ny andron' i Adhisimakrishna (zafiafin' i Parikshit) sy ny andron' i Mahapadma Nanda. Araka izany, dia nanombana taranaka 26 i Pargiter rehefa naka ny salanisa tamin' ny lisitry ny tarana-mpanjaka 10 samihafa. Raha noraisiny ho 18 taona ny salanisan' ny faharetan' ny fanjakana tsirairay, dia nahazo tombana ho 850 tal. J.K. ho an' i Adhisimakrishna izy, ka tokony ho 950 tal. J.K. eo ho eo izany ho an' ny adin' ny Bharata.&lt;ref&gt;Pargiter, ''op.cit.'' p.180-182&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File: Painted Grey Ware Culture (1200-600 BCE).png|thumb|Sarintanin' ny toerana sasany nahitana zavatra vita amin' ny tanimanga volondavenona misy hosodoko, na PGW (fanafohezana ny teny anglisy hoe ''Painted Grey Ware'').]]
Nampiasa io fomba io ihany i B. B. Lal, saingy nandray tombana malina kokoa momba ny salanisan' ny faharetan' ny fanjakana, ka nahazo ny daty 836 tal. J.K. Nampifandraisiny tamin' ny porofo arkeôlôjika avy amin' ireo toerana nahitana zavatra vita amin' ny tanimanga volondavenona misy hosodoko, na PGW (fanafohezana ny teny anglisy hoe ''Painted Grey Ware''), izany, satria matanjaka ny fifandraisana teo amin' ireo zavatra PGW sy ireo toerana voatonona ao amin' ilay tononkalo fitantarana.&lt;ref&gt;B. B. Lal, ''Mahabharata and Archaeology'' in Gupta and Ramachandran (1976), p.57-58&lt;/ref&gt; Manoso-kevitra izao i John Keay (dikanteny malagasy): «Toa mifandray amin' ny zava-nitranga tamin' ny vanim-potoana talohan' ny asa soratra rehetra afa-tsy ny ''Rig Veda'' ny votoatin' ny fitantarana fototra ao amin' izy ireo.»&lt;ref&gt;Keay, John. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC ''India: A History'']. Grove Press. New York City. 2000. pp.: 42. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8021-3797-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 22 September 2024. datin' ny tahiry: 3 July 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230703190805/https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny ezaka hamaritana ny datin' ireo zava-nitranga tamin' ny alalan' ny fandalinana ny astrônômia fahiny dia nahazo tombana nanomboka tamin' ny faran' ny taonarivo faha-4 ka hatramin' ny antenatenan' ny taonarivo faha-2 tal. J.K., arakaraka ny andalan-tsoratra nofidina sy ny fomba nandikana azy.&lt;ref&gt;Gupta and Ramachandran (1976), p.246, izay mamintina toy izao (dikanteny malagasy): «Manohana ny taonjato faha-15 tal. J.K. ho datin' ilay ady ny kajy astrônômika, fa ny angon-kevitra puranika kosa mametraka azy amin' ny taonjato faha-10 na faha-9 tal. J.K. Ny porofo arkeôlôjika dia manohana ity farany.» (p.254)&lt;/ref&gt;
Efa nisy kajy teo aloha nametraka daty tamin' ny faran' ny taonarivo faha-4: ny kajin' i [[Âryabhata|Aryabhata]] (taonjato faha-6) momba ny fiandohan' ny ''Kali Yuga'', izay nifototra tamin' ny fotoana nifanojoan' ny planeta teny amin' ny lanitra. Niely tao amin' ny lovantsofina indiana ny daty 18 Febroary 3102 tal. J.K. napetrak' i Aryabhata ho an' ny adin' ny ''Mahābhārata''. Misy loharano milaza fa io no fotoana nanjavonan' i [[Krishna]] teto an-tany.&lt;ref&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lord-Krishna-lived-for-125-years/articleshow/844211.cms ''Lord Krishna lived for 125 years &amp;#124; India News – Times of India'']. 8 September 2004. daty nijerena voarakitra: 30 May 2020. datin' ny tahiry: 23 October 2020. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: The Times of India. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201023194614/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lord-Krishna-lived-for-125-years/articleshow/844211.cms rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
Milaza ny soratra tao Aihole tamin' ny andron' i Pulakeshin II, izay mitondra ny daty Saka 556 = 634 taor. J.K., fa efa lasa ny 3 735 taona hatramin' ny adin' ny Bhārata. Araka izany dia ho 3137 tal. J.K. ny datin' ny adin' ny ''Mahābhārata''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mid-day.com/articles/5151-years-of-gita/15033045 ''5151 years of Gita'']. 19 January 2014. daty nijerena voarakitra: 15 May 2015. datin' ny tahiry: 8 November 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171108190821/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/5151-years-of-gita/15033045 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gupta and Ramachandran (1976), p.55; AD Pusalker, HCIP, Vol I, p.272&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy sekoly nentim-paharazana hafa eo amin' ny astrônôma sy ny mpahay tantara, izay ahitana an' i Vrddha Garga sy Varāhamihira ary Kalhana, mametraka ny adin' ny Bharata ho 653 taona taorian' ny fiandohan' ny ''Kali Yuga'', izany hoe 2449 tal. J.K.&lt;ref&gt;AD Pusalker, ''op.cit.'' p.272&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny ''Bṛhat Saṃhitā'' nosoratan' i Varāhamihira (taonjato faha-6), dia niaina 2 526 taona talohan' ny fiandohan' ny fanisan-taona Shaka, izay manomboka amin' ny 78 taor. J.K., i Yudhishthira. Izany dia mametraka ny andron' i Yudhishthira (ary noho izany, ny adin' ny ''Mahābhārata'') ho manodidina ny 2448–2449 tal. J.K. (2526–78). Nisy manam-pahaizana nanandrana nampifandray ilay fanisan-taona «Shaka» notononin' i Varāhamihira tamin' ny fanisan-taona hafa. Mametraka an' i Varāhamihira ho niaina tamin' ny taonjato voalohany tal. J.K. anefa izany fampifandraisana izany, ka tsy azo ekena satria miresaka an' i [[Âryabhata|Aryabhata]], astrônôma tamin' ny taonjato faha-5, izy. Ny ''Rajatarangini'' nosoratan' i Kalhana (taonjato faha-11), izay toa miantehitra amin' i Varāhamihira, dia milaza koa fa tamin' ny 653 taona taorian' ny fiandohan' ny ''Kali Yuga'' no vanim-potoana niroboroboan' ny Pandava. Nilaza koa i Kalhana fa adala ireo olona mino fa tamin' ny faran' ny ''Dvapara Yuga'' no nitrangan' ny adin' ny Bharata.&lt;ref&gt;A.M. Shastri. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf0MAQAAMAAJ ''Varāhamihira and His Times'']. Kusumanjali. 1991. pp.: 31–33, 37. daty nijerena voarakitra: 22 March 2023. datin' ny tahiry: 3 July 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. OCLC: 28644897. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230703135614/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf0MAQAAMAAJ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Nilaza izao i Robert P. Goldman, manam-pahaizana momba ny teny sanskrita sy ny ''Mahābhārata'' (dikanteny malagasy):
&lt;blockquote&gt;Mitafy angano (ny ''Mahābhārata''), nefa tsy heveriko fa tokony hantsoina hoe angano ilay lahatsoratra mihitsy... ''itihasa'' izy, saingy araka ny fahazoan' ny lovantsofina ny atao hoe tantara. Mazava ho azy fa tononkalo (''kāvya'') izy, ary soratra fampianarana (''shastra'') koa, sady fomba fampianarana ny fomba iainana eto amin' izao tontolo izao: ny fomba fanajana ny zokiny, ny fomba fanajana ny brahmana, sy ny sisa. Koa ho valin' ny fanontaniana hoe «Tantara ve izy sa angano?», dia hilaza aho hoe eny, izy roa ireo izy, sady zavatra maro hafa koa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTdm0uoz3ws ''Mahābhārata - History or Mythology? I Prof. Robert P. Goldman'']. Argumentative Indians. November 12, 2022. fiteny: en. nampitaina tamin' ny: YouTube. format: video.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Famintinana ny tantara ==
[[File: Ganesha write Mahabharata.jpg|thumb|Manoratra ny ''Mahābhārata'' i Ganesha araka izay tononin' i Vyasa.]]
:Jereo koa: Lisitry ny mpandray anjara ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata''.

Ny fototry ny tantara ao amin' ilay sanganasa dia ny fifandirana eo anivon' ny tarana-mpanjaka momba ny seza fiandrianan' i Hastinapura, fanjakana entin' ny foko Kuru. Ny Kaurava sy ny Pandava no sampana roa samy avy amin' ny razambe iray ao amin' ilay fianakaviana izay mandray anjara amin' izany fifandirana izany. Na dia ny Kaurava aza no sampana zokiny amin' ilay fianakaviana, dia tanora kokoa noho i Yudhishthira, zokiny indrindra amin' ny Pandava, i Duryodhana, zokiny indrindra amin' ny Kaurava. Samy milaza i Duryodhana sy i Yudhishthira fa izy no manana zo voalohany handova ny seza fiandrianana.

Miafara amin' ny Adin' i Kurukshetra ilay fifandirana, ary ny Pandava no mandresy amin' ny farany. Miteraka fifanoherana saro-bahana mifandray amin' ny fihavanana sy ny fisakaizana ilay ady, satria mifandona matetika amin' izay rariny ny tsy fivadihana amin' ny fianakaviana sy ny adidy aminy: indraindray ireo no atao loha laharana noho izay rariny, ary indraindray kosa izay rariny no atao loha laharana.

Mifarana amin' ny fahafatesan' i [[Krishna|Krishna]], ny fiafaran' ny tarana-mpanjakany aorian' izany, ary ny fiakaran' ireo Pandava mirahalahy any an-danitra ny ''Mahābhārata''. Manamarika ny fiandohan' ny ''Kali Yuga'' koa izany, dia ny vanim-potoana fahefatra sady farany amin' ny tantaran' ny olombelona araka ny finoana hindoa. Amin' io vanim-potoana io dia mihamalemy tsikelikely ny foto-kevitra mendrika, ka mitarika ny fahasimban' ny fanaovana ny rariny sy ny fitsipi-pitondran-tena ary ny hatsaran-toetra.

=== Ireo taranaka taloha ===
[[File: Ravi Varma-Shantanu and Satyavati.jpg|thumb|Raiki-pitia amin' i Satyavati, ilay vehivavy mpanjono, i Shantanu ao amin' ny tantara. Hosodoko nataon' i [[Ravi Varmâ|Raja Ravi Varma]].]]

Araka ny fitantarana, i Shantanu, mpanjakan' i Hastinapura sady razamben' i Janamejaya mpanjaka, dia nanambady an' ilay andriamanibavy Ganga, saingy tsy naharitra izany fanambadiana izany. Nanan-janakalahy atao hoe Devavrata izy ireo. Lasa mpandova voatendry handimby ny mpanjaka teo amin' ny seza fiandrianana io zanany io, izay nantsoina hoe Bhishma tatỳ aoriana ary mpiady nahery. Taona maro tatỳ aoriana, rehefa nandeha nihaza i Shantanu mpanjaka, dia nahita an' i Satyavati, zanakavavin' ny lehiben' ny mpanjono, ka nangataka ny hanambady azy tamin' ny rainy. Tsy nanaiky izany fanambadiana izany ny rain' i Satyavati raha tsy nampanantena i Shantanu fa izay zanakalahy haterak' i Satyavati no hataony mpanjaka handimby azy rehefa maty izy. Mba hamahana izany fahasahiranan-drainy izany dia nanaiky hamoy ny zony handova ny seza fiandrianana i Devavrata. Mbola tsy nahazo antoka anefa ilay mpanjono fa hanaja izany fampanantenana izany ny zanak' ilay andriana. Noho izany dia nianiana koa i Devavrata fa tsy hanambady na hanao firaisana ara-nofo mandritra ny fiainany, mba hiantohana ny fampanantenan-drainy.

Nanan-janakalahy roa tamin' i Satyavati i Shantanu, dia i Chitrāngada sy i Vichitravirya. Rehefa maty i Shantanu dia lasa mpanjaka i Chitrangada. Fohy dia fohy ny fiainany, tsy nisy zava-nitranga niavaka, ary maty izy. I Vichitravirya, ilay zanakalahy zandriny, no nitondra an' i Hastinapura taoriany. Nandritra izany fotoana izany, ny mpanjakan' i Kāśī dia nikarakara ''swayamvara'', lanonana ifidianana vady, ho an' ny zanany telo vavy, nefa tsy nanasa ny fianakavian' ny mpanjakan' i Hastinapura. Mba hahazoana vady ho an' i Vichitravirya mbola tanora, dia nanatrika ny ''swayamvara'' ho an' ireo andriambavy telo, dia i Amba, i Ambika ary i Ambalika, i Bhishma, na dia tsy nasaina aza, ary naka an-keriny azy ireo. Nanaiky hanambady an' i Vichitravirya i Ambika sy i Ambalika.

I Amba, ilay andriambavy zokiny indrindra, kosa dia nilaza tamin' i Bhishma fa te hanambady ny mpanjakan' i Shalva, izay resin' i Bhishma nandritra ilay ''swayamvara'' ho azy telo mirahavavy. Navelan' i Bhishma handeha hanambady ny mpanjakan' i Shalva izy, saingy tsy nety nanambady azy i Shalva, satria mbola narary taminy ny fanalam-baraka nataon' i Bhishma azy. Niverina indray i Amba mba hanambady an' i Bhishma, saingy nolavin' i Bhishma izany noho ny fianianany tsy hanambady. Tezitra mafy i Amba ka lasa fahavalon' i Bhishma tsy nitsahatra nankahala azy, satria noheveriny ho tompon' andraikitra tamin' ny fahoriany izy. Nianiana i Amba fa hamono azy amin' ny fiainany manaraka. Ao amin' ny fitantarana, dia teraka indray ho zanak' i Drupada mpanjaka izy tatỳ aoriana, ka nantsoina hoe Shikhandi (na Shikhandini), ary nahatonga ny faharesen' i Bhishma tamin' ny ady tao Kurukshetra, niaraka tamin' ny fanampian' i Arjuna.

=== Ireo zanak' andriana Pandava sy Kaurava ===
[[File:Draupadi and Pandavas.jpg|thumb|Draupadi miaraka amin' ireo vadiny dimy lahy, dia ny Pandava. Yudhishthira no eo afovoany; Bhima sy Arjuna no eo amin' ny faritra ambany amin' ny sary. Mitsangana kosa ireo kambana Nakula sy Sahadeva. Hosodokon' i [[Ravi Varmâ|Raja Ravi Varma]], manodidina ny taona 1900.]]

Araka ny fitantarana, rehefa maty tanora tsy namela mpandova i Vichitravirya, dia nangataka tamin' i [[Vyāsa|Vyasa]] zanany lahimatoa i Satyavati mba hiteraka amin' ireo mpitondratena. Teraka tamin' ny fiarahan' i Satyavati taloha tamin' ilay olon-kendry Parashara i Vyasa. Olona niala tamin' ny fiainana araka izao tontolo izao i Vyasa; tsy voakarakara ny bika aman' endriny, nanao akanjo mavo manopy volontany izy ary lava volombava. Natahotra an' i Vyasa ilay printsesy zokiny, Ambika, ka nanakimpy ny masony raha vao nahita azy. Izany, araka ilay angano, no nahatonga an' i Dhritarashtra zanany ho teraka jamba. Hatsatra toy ny tsy misy ra kosa i Ambalika, ilay printsesy faharoa, raha vao nahita an' i Vyasa, ka izany no anazavan' ilay angano ny nahaterahan' i Pandu zanany ho hatsatra sy tsy salama. Mety hidika koa hoe voan' ny jôndisy (na fihamavoan' ny hoditra; ''jaundiced'' amin' ny teny anglisy) ny teny hoe Pandu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/ ''Sanskrit, Tamil and Pahlavi Dictionaries'']. 11 February 2003. fiteny: de. daty nijerena voarakitra: 9 February 2008. datin' ny tahiry: 26 January 2008. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. tranonkala: Webapps.uni-koeln.de. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080126035307/http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Noho ny fahasembanana sy ny olana ara-pahasalaman' ireo zaza roa voalohany, dia nangataka tamin' i Vyasa i Satyavati mba hanandrana indray. Ny mpanompovaviny anefa no nalefan' ireo printsesy Ambika sy Ambalika ho any amin' i Vyasa hisolo azy ireo. Tsy tahaka ireo printsesy ilay mpanompovavy fa nanaja ilay olon-kendry. Niteraka zazalahy fahatelo taminy i Vyasa, dia i Vidura, izay teraka salama ary nanjary iray tamin' ireo olona hendry indrindra ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata''. Praiminisitra (''Mahamantri'' na ''Mahatma'') teo amin' ny fitondran' i Pandu sy Dhritarashtra mpanjaka izy.

Rehefa lehibe ireo printsy, dia efa saika hosatrohin' i Bhishma ho mpanjaka i Dhritarashtra no niditra an-tsehatra i Vidura. Nampiasa ny fahalalany momba ny politika izy nilazana fa tsy afaka ho mpanjaka ny jamba, satria, araka ny heviny, tsy afaka mitondra sy miaro ny vahoakany. Ao amin' ny fitantarana, dia nomena an' i Pandu àry ny seza fiandrianana noho i Dhritarashtra jamba. Nanambady indroa i Pandu: an' i Kunti sy an' i Madri. Nanambady an' i Gandhari, printsesy avy any Gandhara, kosa i Dhritarashtra. Nanarona ny masony nandritra ny androm-piainany sisa i Gandhari mba hahatsapany ny fijaliana tsapan' ny vadiny. Tezitra noho izany i Shakuni anadahiny ka nivoady hamaly faty ny fianakaviana Kuru. Indray andro, raha niala sasatra tao anaty ala i Pandu, dia nandre feom-biby dia. Nitifitra zana-tsipìka tany amin' izay niavian' ilay feo izy. Ilay olon-kendry Kindama anefa no voan' ny zana-tsipìka, raha nanao firaisana ara-nofo naka endrika serfa. Nanozona an' i Pandu izy fa ho faty raha manao firaisana ara-nofo. Ketraka i Pandu ka nitantara izany ozona izany tamin' i Kunti, ilay vadiny zokiny.

Efa nahazo fanomezam-pahasoavana avy tamin' ilay olon-kendry Durvasa anefa i Kunti, ka afaka niantso izay andriamanitra tiany tamin' ny alalan' ny ''mantra'', na teny manokana tononina hiantsoana andriamanitra. Nampiasa izany fanomezam-pahasoavana izany i Kunti mba hangatahana zazalahy amin' i Dharma, andriamanitry ny rariny, sy amin' i Vayu, andriamanitry ny rivotra, ary amin' i Indra, tompon' ny lanitra. Tamin' ny alalan' ireo andriamanitra ireo no niterahany zazalahy telo, dia i Yudhishthira, Bhima ary Arjuna. Nampianarin' i Kunti an' i Madri, ilay vadin' i Pandu zandriny, ny ''mantra'' nampiasainy. Niteraka an' ireo kambana Nakula sy Sahadeva tamin' ny alalan' ireo kambana Ashwini i Madri. Nanao firaisana ara-nofo anefa i Pandu sy Madri, ka maty i Pandu. Namono tena noho ny nenina i Madri. I Kunti no nitaiza ireo dimy mirahalahy, izay nantsoina matetika hoe ireo Pandava mirahalahy nanomboka teo.

Taorian' ny nahafatesan' i Pandu, dia i Dhritarashtra rahalahiny no nitondra ny fanjakan' i Hastinapur, na dia jamba aza izy. Nanan-janaka lahy zato sy zanakavavy iray, dia i Duhsala, tamin' i Gandhari izy;&lt;ref&gt;Mani, Vettam. [https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft ''Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature'']. Motilal Banarsidass. Delhi. 1975. p.: 263. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8426-0822-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; teraka taorian' ny nahaterahan' i Yudhishthira avokoa ireo. Ireo zanany lahy ireo no Kaurava mirahalahy, ka i Duryodhana no zokiny indrindra ary i Dushasana no faharoa. Anisan' ireo Kaurava mirahalahy hafa i Vikarna sy Sukarna. Ny fifandrafiana sy ny fifankahalan' izy ireo tamin' ireo Pandava mirahalahy, nanomboka tamin' ny fahazazany ka hatramin' ny naha-lehilahy lehibe azy, no nitarika ny ady tao Kurukshetra.

=== Lakshagraha, ilay trano vita amin' ny ''lac'' ===
Taorian' ny nahafatesan' i Madri, renin' ireo kambana, sy i Pandu, rain' izy dimy mirahalahy, dia niverina tany amin' ny lapan' i Hastinapur ireo Pandava sy i Kunti reniny. Noho ny fanerena mafy nataon' ireo tandapany dia notendren' i Dhritarashtra ho mpandova ny seza fiandrianana i Yudhishthira.

Niray tetika hanafoana ireo Pandava i Shakuni sy i Duryodhana ary i Dushasana. Nantsoin' i Shakuni ilay mpanao mari-trano atao hoe Purochana mba hanorina lapa amin' ny akora mora mirehitra, toy ny akora madity vokarin' ny bibikely (''lac'') sy ny dibera voadio (''ghee''). Avy eo dia nalaminy ny hipetrahan' ireo Pandava sy i Kunti mpanjakavavy reny tao, ary nokasainy hodorana ilay lapa. Nampitandrina azy ireo anefa ilay dadatoany hendry, Vidura, izay nandefa mpitrandraka harena an-kibon' ny tany tany amin' izy ireo mba hihady lalana ambanin' ny tany. Afaka nandositra tsy naninona tamin' io lalana io izy ireo, ary niafina. Nandritra izany fotoana izany dia nanambady an' i Hidimbi, [[Demony|demony]] vavy, i Bhima, ary niteraka zazalahy atao hoe Ghatotkacha izy ireo. Tany Hastinapur kosa dia noheverina ho maty ireo Pandava sy i Kunti.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01144.htm ''Book 1: Adi Parva: Jatugriha Parva'']. Sacred-texts.com. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 September 2010. datin' ny tahiry: 25 March 2010. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100325214549/http://sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01144.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanambadiana an' i Draupadi ===
[[File:Swayamvara Draupadi Arjuna Archery.jpg|thumb|Arjuna mitifitra ka manindrona ny mason' ilay trondro, araka ny sary ao amin' ny tempolin' i Chennakeshava ao Belur, izay naorin' ny Empira Hoysala.]]

Raha mbola niafina izy ireo, dia ren' ny Pandava fa misy ''swayamvara'', na hetsika fifidianana vady, atao ho an' i Draupadi, zanakavavin' ny mpanjakan' i Pāñcāla. Mody miseho ho brahmana ny Pandava ka tonga hijery ilay hetsika. Mandritra izany, i Krishna, izay efa naman' i Draupadi, dia milaza aminy mba hitady an' i Arjuna amin' ireo tonga, na dia efa noheverina ho maty aza izy. Ny fitsapana dia ny fametahana tadiny amin' ny tsipìka vy matanjaka iray sy ny fitifirana lasibatra eo amin' ny valindrihana: ny mason' ny trondro namboarina iray izay mihetsika, ka ny taratr' izany ao amin' ny menaka eo ambany no jerena.

Ao amin' ireo dikan-tantara be mpahalala, rehefa tsy nahomby avokoa ireo zanak' andriana, ary maro tamin' izy ireo aza no tsy nahavita nanainga ilay tsipìka, dia niroso hanandrana i Karna. Nosakanan' i Draupadi anefa izy, satria tsy manaiky hanambady olona sokajiny ho ''suta'' i Draupadi. Nesorina tao amin' ny ''Critical Edition'' an' ny ''Mahābhārata'', na fanontana niorina tamin' ny fampitahana sy fandinihana ny sora-tanana, io ampahany io,&lt;ref name=&quot;archive.org&quot;&gt;Vishnu S. Sukthankar. [https://archive.org/details/mahabharatha015693mbp ''The Mahabharata'']. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona. 11 March 2018. nampitaina tamin' ny: Internet Archive.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bori.ac.in&quot;&gt;[http://www.bori.ac.in/mahabharata_project.html ''The Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute : Mahabharata Project'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 3 November 2019. datin' ny tahiry: 20 December 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. tranonkala: bori.ac.in. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171220032420/http://www.bori.ac.in/mahabharata_project.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; satria fanampin-tsoratra nampidirina tatỳ aoriana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;M. A. Mehendale. [https://archive.org/details/InterpolationsInTheMahabharata ''Interpolations in the Mahabharata'']. 1 January 2001. nampitaina tamin' ny: Internet Archive.&lt;/ref&gt; Taorian' izany, dia navela handray anjara tamin' ny ''swayamvara'' ny brahmana, ka nandresy tamin' ilay fifaninanana i Arjuna ary nanambady an' i Draupadi.

Nody ny Pandava ary nilaza tamin' ny reniny, izay nisaintsaina lalina tamin' izay, fa nandresy tamin' ny fifaninanana i Arjuna, sady niantso azy hijery izay nentin' izy ireo nody. Tsy nijery i Kunti fa niteny tamin' izy ireo mba hifampizara izay azon' i Arjuna, satria noheveriny ho fiantrana nomena azy izany. Izany no nahatonga an' i Draupadi ho vadin' izy dimy mirahalahy.

=== Indraprastha ===
Taorian' ny fampakaram-bady dia nasaina niverina tany Hastinapura ireo Pandava mirahalahy. Nifampiraharaha sy nanelanelana tamin' ny fizarana ny fanjakana ireo zokiolona sy havana tao amin' ny fianakaviana Kuru. Ala voajanahary nonenan' i Takshaka, mpanjakan' ny bibilava, sy ny fianakaviany ihany no notakin' ny Pandava sy azony. Tamin' ny alalan' ny asa mafy no nanorenan' ny Pandava renivohitra vaovao sady kanto ho an' io faritany io tao Indraprastha.

Fotoana fohy taorian' izany dia nandositra niaraka tamin' i Subhadra, anabavin' i Krishna, i Arjuna, ary nanambady azy avy eo. Naniry ny hanamafy ny toerany amin' ny maha mpanjaka azy i Yudhishthira, ka nangataka torohevitra tamin' i Krishna. Nanoro hevitra azy i Krishna, ary rehefa vita ny fiomanana nilaina sy ny fanafoanana ny fanoherana sasany dia nanatanteraka ny lanonana ''rājasūya yagna'' i Yudhishthira; tamin' izany no nanekena azy ho ambony noho ireo mpanjaka hafa.

Nampanamboatra lapa vaovao ny Pandava, ka i Maya, ilay Danava, no nanorina izany ho azy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02001.htm ''Book 2: Sabha Parva: Sabhakriya Parva'']. Sacred-texts.com. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 September 2010. datin' ny tahiry: 27 May 2010. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100527203909/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02001.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Nasain' izy ireo ho any Indraprastha ireo Kaurava zanak' olo-mpiray tam-po aminy. Nitsangantsangana tao amin' ny lapa i Duryodhana, ka noheveriny ho rano ny gorodona mamirapiratra ary tsy nety nanitsaka izany izy. Rehefa nolazaina taminy ny fahadisoany, dia nahita dobo indray izy ka nihevitra fa tsy rano izany, ary nianjera tao. Nihomehy azy i Bhima, i Arjuna, izy mirahalahy kambana ary ireo mpanompo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Laughter at Duryodhana&quot;&gt;[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02046.htm ''Sabha parva'']. Sacred-texts.com. daty nijerena voarakitra: 13 July 2015. datin' ny tahiry: 24 September 2015. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133159/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02046.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ireo dikan-tantara namboarina indray izay be mpahalala dia i Draupadi no lazaina, amin' ny fomba diso, ho nanao izany faniratsirana izany, nefa ao amin' ilay tononkalo fitantarana amin' ny teny sanskrita dia ny Pandava (afa-tsy i Yudhishthira) no naniratsira an' i Duryodhana. Tezitra noho ilay faniratsirana sady nialona rehefa nahita ny haren' ny Pandava i Duryodhana, ka nanapa-kevitra ny hampiantrano lalao fanipazana goba (zavatra kely misy marika atsipy mba hahazoana vokatra kisendrasendra) araka ny soso-kevitr' i Shakuni. Nanaiky izany soso-kevitra izany i Yudhishthira, na dia nanoro hevitra azy tsy hilalao aza ireo Pandava hafa.

=== Ilay lalao filokana ===
[[File: Disrobing of Draupadi.jpg|thumb|Draupadi afa-baraka]]
Mandamina lalao fanipazana goba kely misy marika i Shakuni, dadatoan' i Duryodhana. Misolo tena an' i Duryodhana izy ka mifaninana amin' i Yudhishthira, ary mampiasa goba efa novaina mba hampitongilana ny vokatra. Amin' ilay lalao dia verin' i Yudhishthira avokoa ny hareny, ary avy eo ny fanjakany. Avy eo dia ataon' i Yudhishthira antoka amin' ny filokana ny rahalahiny, ny tenany ary farany ny vadiny, ka lasa mpanompo avokoa izy ireo. Faly dia faly ny Kaurava ka manevateva ny Pandava izay tsy afa-manoatra, ary mitady hanala ny akanjon' i Draupadi eo anatrehan' ny rehetra ao an-dapa mihitsy. Sakanan' i Krishna anefa izany, satria ataony tsy manam-pahataperana amin' ny fomba mahagaga ny akanjon' i Draupadi.

Mihorohoro noho izany toe-javatra izany i Dhritarashtra sy i Bhishma ary ireo zokiolona hafa, nefa miziriziry i Duryodhana fa tsy misy toerana ho an' ny andriana mpandova ny seza fiandrianana roa ao Hastinapura. Na dia tsy sitrany aza izany, dia miantso lalao fanipazana goba indray i Dhritarashtra, ary resy indray ny Pandava. Tsy maintsy mandeha an-tsesitany mandritra ny 12 taona ny Pandava, ary amin' ny taona faha-13 dia takina ny tsy hahafantarana ny tena maha izy azy (''Agyaata Vaasa''). Raha fantatry ny Kaurava ny tena maha izy azy amin' ny taona faha-13 amin' ny sesitany, dia tsy maintsy hatao sesitany mandritra ny 12 taona fanampiny indray.

=== Sesitany sy fiverenana ===
Mandany telo ambin' ny folo taona any an-tsesitany ny Pandava, ary maro ny zava-mitranga iainany mandritra izany. Mahazo fitaovam-piadiana maro avy amin' ny andriamanitra izy ireo amin' io fotoana io. Manomana fifanekena hiara-dia koa izy ireo, ho fiatrehana ady mety hitranga any aoriana. Mandany ny taona farany ao an-dapan' ny mpanjaka Virata izy ireo, sady manafina ny maha-izy azy; vao tapitra anefa io taona io dia fantatra izy ireo.

Rehefa tapitra ny sesitany, dia miezaka mifampiraharaha mba hiverenana any Indraprastha izy ireo, ka i Krishna no irak' izy ireo. Tsy mahomby anefa ny fifampiraharahana, satria manohitra izany i Duryodhana ka milaza fa tamin' ny taona faha-13 nanaovana sesitany azy ireo no nahafantarana azy ireo, ary tsy nifanarahana ny hamerenana ny fanjakany. Miady amin' ny Kaurava àry ny Pandava avy eo, mitaky ny zony amin' i Indraprastha.[[File: The center of battle of Kurukshetra.jpg|thumb|Seho iray amin' ny ady ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'', ao Angkor Wat: sary sokitra mivohitra amin' ny vato mainty, mampiseho lehilahy maromaro manao satroboninahitra sy ''dhoti'' (lamba afatotra eo amin' ny andilana), miady amin' ny lefona sy sabatra ary tsipìka. Eo afovoany no ahitana kalesy iray, ka ny antsasaky ny soavaly misintona azy dia tsy hita satria any ivelan' ny faritry ny sary.|alt=Sary sokitra mivohitra amin' ny vato mainty, mampiseho lehilahy maromaro manao satroboninahitra sy dhoti (lamba afatotra eo amin' ny andilana), miady amin' ny lefona sy sabatra ary tsipìka. Eo afovoany no ahitana kalesy iray, ka ny antsasaky ny soavaly misintona azy dia tsy hita satria any ivelan' ny faritry ny sary.]]

=== Ny ady tao Kurukshetra ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Adin' i Kurukshetra.

[[File:Mahabharata BharatVarsh.jpg|thumb|Sarintanin' i India maneho ireo faritra samihafa tamin' ny vanim-potoana resahin' ny ''Mahābhārata''.]]

Araka ny fitantarana, samy miantso tafika goavana hanampy azy ny andaniny sy ny ankilany, ary milahatra ao Kurukshetra hiady.
Niray dina tamin' ny Pandava ny fanjakan' i Panchala, Dwaraka, Kasi, Kekaya, Magadha, Matsya, Chedi, ny fanjakan' ny Pandya, ny an' i Telinga, ny Yadu avy ao Mathura, ary ny vondrom-pirazanana hafa sasany toa ny Parama Kambojas.
Anisan' ny mpiara-dia tamin' ny Kaurava ny mpanjakan' i Pragjyotisha, Anga, Kekaya, Sindhudesa (anisan' izany ny Sindhu, ny Sauvira ary ny Sivi), Mahishmati, Avanti ao Madhyadesa, Madra, Gandhara, ny an' ny vahoaka Bahlika, ny an' ny Kambojas, ary ny maro hafa.
Alohan' ny hanambarana ny ady, dia maneho ny tsy hafaliany noho ilay fifandonana mihamafy i Balarama, ka lasa manao [[Fivahiniana masina|fivahiniana masina]]; tsy mandray anjara amin' ny ady izy.
Tsy mpiady i Krishna ao amin' io ady io, fa mpamily ny kalesin' i Arjuna (''Sarathy''). Omeny ny Kaurava kosa ny Narayani Sena, tafika voaforona amin' ny mpiandry omby Abhira, mba hiady ho azy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Nath Soni, Lok. ''The Cattle and the Stick An Ethnographic Profile of the Raut of Chhattisgarh''. Anthropological Survey of India. 2000. p.: 16. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9788185579573&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Shome, Alo. ''Krishna Charitra: The Essence of Bankim Chandra''. Pustak Mahal. 2000. p.: 104. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 8122310354&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Alohan' ny ady, rehefa hitan' i Arjuna fa anisan' ny tafika fahavalo ireo zanak' olo-mpiray tam-po aminy sy ny havany, anisan' izany i Bhishma raibeny sy i Drona mpampianatra azy, dia misalasala mafy ny amin' ny hiadiana izy. Kivy tanteraka izy ary mandà tsy hiady. Amin' izay fotoana izay no ampahatsiahivin' i Krishna azy ny adidiny amin' ny maha-''Kshatriya'' azy (mpikambana ao amin' ny sokajin' ny mpiady), dia ny hiady ho an' ny rariny, ao amin' ilay fizarana malaza amin' ilay tononkalo fitantarana, ny ''Bhagavad Gita''.

Na dia samy manaraka ny fitsipi-pahamendrehana amin' ny ady aza ny andaniny sy ny ankilany amin' ny voalohany, dia samy mampiasa tetika tsy mendrika izy ireo tsy ela avy eo. Rehefa tapitra ilay ady naharitra 18 andro, dia ny Pandava, i Satyaki, i Kripa, i Ashwatthama, i Kritavarma, i Yuyutsu ary i Krishna ihany no velona. Lasa mpanjakan' i Hastinapur i Yudhishthira. Araka ilay tantara, ny mpiady rehetra maty tamin' ny adin' i Kurukshetra dia mankany amin' ny ''swarga'', na lanitra.

=== Ny fiafaran' ny Pandava ===
[[File:Totheforest.jpg|thumb|left|I Gandhari, voatampi-maso, manohana an' i Dhrtarashtra sy manaraka an' i Kunti, rehefa antitra sy osa i Dhritarashtra ka nisintaka nankany anaty ala. Sary hosodoko madinika avy amin' ny sora-tanana tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 mirakitra ampahany amin' ny ''Razmnama'', dikan' ny ''Mahābhārata'' amin' ny [[Fiteny persana|teny persana]].]]

Araka ny fitantarana, rehefa avy « nahita » ny fandripahana i Gandhari, izay namoy ny zanany lahy rehetra, dia nanozona an' i [[Krishna]] mba hahita ny fianakaviany ho ripaka toy izany koa. Na dia andriamanitra sady afaka nampitsahatra ny ady aza mantsy i Krishna, dia tsy nanao izany. Nanaiky ilay ozona i Krishna, ary tanteraka izany 36 taona tatỳ aoriana.

Nanapa-kevitra ny handao ny zava-drehetra ny Pandava, izay nitondra ny fanjakany nandritra izany fotoana izany. Nanao akanjo hoditra sy vorodamba izy ireo, nisintaka nankany Himalaya ary niakatra ho any an-danitra niaraka tamin' ny vatany. Nisy alika mirenireny niaraka taminy. Nianjera teny an-dalana, nifandimby, ireo rahalahy sy i Draupadi. Isaky ny nisy lavo dia nohazavain' i Yudhishthira tamin' ireo sisa ny antony nahalavoany: i Draupadi dia niangatra tamin' i Arjuna; i Nakula sy i Sahadeva dia nirehareha sy niavonavona noho ny hatsaran-tarehiny; i Bhima kosa nirehareha noho ny heriny, ary i Arjuna noho ny fahaizany mitifitra tsipìka. I Yudhishthira tsara fitondran-tena, izay nanao izay rehetra azony natao mba hisorohana ny fandripahana, sy ilay alika ihany no tavela. Nanambara ilay alika fa izy no andriamanitra Yama, fantatra koa amin' ny anarana hoe Yama Dharmaraja, ary nitondra azy tany amin' ny tontolo ambanin' ny tany, izay nahitany ny rahalahiny sy ny vadiny. Rehefa avy nanazava ny tena hevitr' ilay fitsapana i Yama dia nitondra an' i Yudhishthira niverina tany an-danitra. Nohazavainy fa tsy maintsy nampandalovina tany amin' ny tontolo ambanin' ny tany izy, satria tsy maintsy mitsidika izany, fara fahakeliny indray mandeha, ny mpitondra fanjakana rehetra (''Rajyante narakam dhruvam''). Nanome toky azy avy eo i Yama fa hiaraka aminy any an-danitra ny rahalahiny sy ny vadiny, rehefa avy nijanona tany amin' ny tontolo ambanin' ny tany nandritra ny fe-potoana mifanaraka amin' ny toetra ratsiny avy.

I Parikshit, zafikelin' i Arjuna, no nitondra ny fanjakana taorian' izy ireo, ary maty noho ny kaikitry ny bibilava. Tezitra mafy i Janamejaya zanany ka nanapa-kevitra ny hanao sorona bibilava (''sarpasattra'') mba handringanana ny bibilava. Nandritra io sorona io no nitantarana taminy ny tantaran' ny razambeny.

=== Fihaonana indray ===
Voalaza ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' fa niakatra tany amin' ny ''svarga'' (lanitra) tamin' ny farany i Karna, ireo Pandava, i Draupadi ary ireo zanakalahin' i Dhritarashtra, ka «nahatratra ny toetry ny andriamanitra», ary tafaraka indray izy ireo, «tony sady tsy nanana hatezerana» (dikanteny malagasy ireo teny nalaina).&lt;ref&gt;Rajagopalachari, Chakravarti. ''Mahabharata''. ''Yudhishthira's final trial''. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. Mumbai. 2005. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-7276-368-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 45th. [https://archive.org/details/mahabharata0000raja rohy mankany amin' ny toko]. chapter-url-access: registration.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lohahevitra ==
[[File:M 134 Short.png|thumb|I Krishna andriamanitra no mitondra ny kalesin' i Arjuna mandritra ny ady ao amin' ny ''Bhagavad Gita'', fizarana iray ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata''. Sary nalaina avy amin' ny sora-tanana miendrika horonana misy sary, tamin' ny 1795 taor. J.K., izay tehirizina ao amin' ny tahirin-kevitry ny Oniversiten' i Edinburgh, any Scotland.]]

=== Ady ara-drariny ===
Anisan' ny ohatra voalohany amin' ny fandrafetana teôria momba ny ''dharmayuddha'', na « ady ara-drariny », ny ''Mahābhārata''. Ahitana ohatra amin' ny maro amin' ireo fitsipika izay hiadian-kevitra maneran-tany tatỳ aoriana ao. Ao amin' ilay tantara, ny iray amin' ireo dimy mirahalahy dia manontany raha misy toe-javatra ahafahana manamarina ho ara-drariny ny fijaliana ateraky ny ady. Nifampidinika ela izy dimy mirahalahy, ka nametraka fepetra toy ny fifandanjana eo amin' ny hery ampiasaina (tsy mahazo manafika tafika mpitaingin-tsoavaly ny kalesin' ady, fa kalesin' ady hafa ihany; tsy azo tafihina ny olona ao anatin' ny fahoriana), ny fampiasana fomba fiady ara-drariny (tsy azo ampiasaina ny zana-tsipìka misy poizina na misy farango), ny fananana antony ara-drariny iadian' ady (tsy azo atao ny manafika noho ny hatezerana), ary ny fitondrana ara-drariny ny babo sy ny maratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;Robinson, P.F.. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UwjC1peqwx0C&amp;pg=PA117 ''Just War in Comparative Perspective'']. Ashgate. 2003. p.: 117. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7546-3587-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2 October 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dikan-teny, endrika samihafa ary sanganasa nipoitra avy aminy ==
=== Fandikan-teny ===
Ny fandikana ny ''Mahābhārata'' amin' ny [[Fiteny tamily|teny tamily]] tranainy indrindra voarakitra dia ny ''Bharata Venba'', nosoratan' i Perundevanar tamin' ny taonjato faha-9, izay ampahany ihany no mbola voatahiry. Ny ''Mahābhārata'' feno voalohany mbola voatahiry kosa dia asan' ny poety roa: i Villiputturar, tamin' ny taonjato faha-14, izay ninia nandrafitra ''parva'' 10 tamin' ny 18 ho sanganasa nantsoina hoe ''Villi Bharatam'', sy i Nallapillai, tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-18, izay nandrafitra ireo ''parva'' 8 ambiny sy nanambatra azy ireo. Fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe ''Nallapillai Bharatam'' io sanganasa io ankehitriny.&lt;ref&gt;Srinivas, Smriti. ''Landscapes of Urban Memory''. Orient Longman. 2004. p.: 23. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-250-2254-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 46353272. orig-year: 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pillai, Sundaranatha. [https://archive.org/details/acc.-no.-33-sri-maha-bharatham-2-1911 ''Sri Maha Bharatham: Nallapillaiyavarghal Iatriyathu'']. 1911.&lt;/ref&gt;

Valo amin' ireo ''parva'' valo ambin' ny folo ao amin' ny ''Kawi Mahabharata'', fandikan-teny amin' ny teny javaney tranainy tsy natao tononkalo, no mbola voatahiry. Tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-10 izy io no noforonin' ny tandapan' i Dharmawangsa mpanjaka tao amin' ny fanjakan' i Mataram, ary dika manana ny mampiavaka azy raha oharina amin' ireo dika indiana.&lt;ref&gt;[http://press.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html ''The Javanization of the Mahābhārata, Chapter 15. Indic Transformation: The Sanskritization of Jawa and the Javanization of the Bharata'']. ANU Press. 2006. mpamoaka faharoa (anarana): Fox. mpamoaka faharoa (fanampin' anarana): James J.. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780731521326&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.22459/A.09.2006&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 6 October 2014. datin' ny tahiry: 11 November 2014. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. fidirana DOI voarakitra: free. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141111122107/http://press.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html rohy tahiry voarakitra]. editor-last1: Bellwood. editor-last3: Tryon. editor-first1: Peter. editor-first3: Darrell.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny teny [[Fiteny kanada|kanada]], i Adi Kavi Pampa dia namorona ny ''Vikramarjuna Vijaya'', antsoina koa hoe ''Pampa Bharata'', tamin' ny taonjato faha-10 taor. J.K. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 kosa, i Kumaravyasa dia ninia nandrafitra ''parva'' 10 ihany koa tao amin' ny ''Karnata Bharata Kathamanjari'', antsoina koa hoe ''Gadugina Bharata''. Tatỳ aoriana, tamin' ny taonjato faha-16, dia nandrafitra ireo ''parva'' 8 ambiny i Nandi Thimmanna. Samy notohanan' ny Empira Vijayanagara i Kumaravyasa sy Nandi Thimmanna.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=AE_LIg9G5CgC&amp;pg=PA78 ''Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5'']. Popular Prakashan. 2000. p.: 78. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-85229-760-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kumara Vyasa. [https://archive.org/details/KumaraVyasaKarnatnatakaMahabharata ''Kumara vyasa Karnatnataka Mahabharata''].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vyasaonline.com/kannada-kumaravyasa-bharata/ ''Kannada Kumaravyasa Bharata – Vyasa Mahabharata'']. fiteny: en-US. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-06-05.&lt;/ref&gt;

Niara-nandrafitra ny ''Andhra Mahabharatam'', nifandimby teo anelanelan' ny taonjato faha-11 sy faha-14, ireo poety telo tamin' ny [[Fiteny telogo|teny telogo]]: i Nannaya Bhattaraka teo ambany fitondran' ny Chalukya Atsinanana, i Tikkanna Somyaji teo ambany fitondran' ny Kakatiya, ary i Erra Pragada teo ambany fitondran' ny Reddi. Ny ''Sarala Mahabharata'' kosa dia sanganasa amin' ny [[Fiteny ôdià|teny ôdià]] noforonin' i Sarala Das tamin' ny taonjato faha-15, teo ambany fanohanan' ny Empira Gajapati.&lt;ref&gt;Vibes, Maati: Indian Culture. [https://suchitragdas.substack.com/p/introducing-sarala-mahabharata ''Introducing Sarala Mahabharata'']. 2025-02-12. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-08-19. tranonkala: Maati: Indian Culture Vibes by Suchitra.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://telugubasha.net/en/literatture-telugu ''Telugu Literature &amp;#124; Telugu Basha'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2014-03-27. datin' ny tahiry: 2014-03-28. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140328010809/https://telugubasha.net/en/literatture-telugu rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Noforonin' i Rama Saraswati, poety tao amin' ny tandapan' ny Fanjakana Kamata, tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-16 ny fandikan-teny amin' ny [[Fiteny asamey|teny asamey]] antsoina hoe ''Ashtadasa Mahabharata''. I Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan, izay malaza, no nanoratra ny dika nohafohezina amin' ny teny [[Fiteny malaialama|malaialama]], ''Mahabharatham Kilipattu''.

Tamin' ny teny [[Fiteny maraty|maraty]], ny fandikan-teny feno voalohany, nantsoina hoe ''Vishnudasi Mahabharat'', dia noforonin' i Vishnudas Nama. I Mukteshwar, zafikelin' i Eknath, kosa no namorona ny ''Mukteshwari Mahabharat'', izay tononkalo mbola voatahiry amin' ny ampahany ary ahitana ''parva'' dimy amin' ny valo ambin' ny folo. Samy niasa tsy niankina tamin' ny iray hafa izy roa, tao amin' ny Soltanatan' i Ahmednagar, tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-16 sy ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-17. Ny fandikan-teny ara-literatiora feno amin' ny teny maraty fantatra indrindra anefa dia avy amin' ny Empira Maratha, tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-18: ny ''Aryabharat'', noforonin' i Moropant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://vishwakosh.marathi.gov.in/32860/ ''विष्णुदासनामा'']. 2019-07-04. fiteny: mr-IN. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-06-05. tranonkala: मराठी विश्वकोश प्रथमावृत्ती.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fandikana voalohany ny ''Mahābhārata'' tamin' ny [[Fiteny persana|teny persana]] dia nataon' i Mullah Ahmad, poety tao amin' ny tandapan' ny Soltanatan' i Kashmir, araka ny baikon' i Zayn al-Abidin soltana, tamin' ny taonjato faha-15. Ny fandikan-teny goavana nantsoina hoe ''Razmnameh'', izay nasain' i [[Akbar|Akbar emperora]] tao amin' ny [[Empira Môgôly]] natao, dia novokarin' i Faizi sy ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni tamin' ny taonjato faha-16, ka nampifangaro lahatsoratra tsotra sy tononkalo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://testbook.com/question-answer/the-translation-of-the-mahabharata-into-persian-is--62bad1aed723f12ee5c6560c ''[Solved] The translation of the Mahabharata into Persian is known as:'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-08-19. tranonkala: Testbook.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://prepp.in/question/who-among-the-following-sultans-of-kashmir-commiss-642ab931608c092a4cac77e6 ''Who among the following Sultans of Kashmir commissioned Mullah Ahmad to translate the Mahabharata into Persian ?'']. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-08-19. tranonkala: prepp.in.&lt;/ref&gt;

Samy lazaina ho nanao ireo fandikan-teny voalohany tamin' ny [[Fiteny bengaly|teny bengaly]], tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-15, i Kavi Sanjay avy any Chittagong sy i Kavindra Parameshwar. Ny fandikan-tenin' i Kavindra, antsoina koa hoe ''Paragali Mahabharata'', dia natao indrindra teo ambany fanohanan' ny tandapan' i Paragal Khan, governoran' i Chittagong tao amin' ny Soltanatan' i Bengal. I Kashiram Das kosa dia nanomboka ny ''Bharata Panchali'', izay fantatra ankehitriny amin' ny anarana hoe ''Kashidasi Mahabharat'', tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-17, nandritra ny fitondran' i Jahangir emperora. ''Parva'' efatra monja no vitany talohan' ny nahafatesany. Tamin' ireo taona nanaraka dia ny fianakaviany sy ny mpianany no namita ireo ''parva'' ambiny, ka nanaraka ny fomba fanorany sady nitahiry ilay andalana misy ny anaran' ny mpanoratra hoe «Kashiram Das» any amin' ny faran' ny ''parva'' tsirairay.&lt;ref&gt;Husam, Shamshad. [https://thikana.us/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F/ ''বাংলা সাহিত্যে সিলেট'']. ''Thikana''. fiteny: bn. daty nijerena voarakitra: 31 October 2022. datin' ny tahiry: 26 October 2022. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221026220509/https://thikana.us/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mohanta, Sambaru Chandra (2012). [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mahabharata ''Mahabharata'']. Ao amin' ny Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (mpamoaka). ''Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh'' (fanontana an-tserasera). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 984-32-0576-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;OCLC 52727562&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;OL 30677644M&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ireo poety tao amin' ny tandapan' i [[Gurū Gobind Singh|Guru Gobind Singh]], sikh, tany Anandpur Sahib, no nanao ny fandikan-teny feno voalohany ho tononkalo amin' ny [[Fiteny penjaby|teny ponjaby]], tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-17, na dia ampahany ihany aza no mbola voatahiry. Tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-19 dia niezaka namorona sy namerina indray io ''Sikh Mahabharata'' tany am-boalohany io ny tandapan' i Narinder Singh maharaja, tao amin' ny Fanjakan' i Patiala. Antsoina ankehitriny hoe dikan' ny Fanjakan' i Patiala ilay vokatra.&lt;ref&gt;Singh, Satnam. ''The Road to Empire: The Political Education of Khalsa Sikhs in the Late 1600s''. ''The Sikh Raj of Anandpur - The Evacuation of Anandpur and the Loss of the Vidiya Sagar''. University of California Press. 15 October 2024. pp.: 200–205. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780520399389&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gaṅgā Rām, Garg. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0U2QRpDv2KMC&amp;pg=PR12 ''Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world, Volume 1'']. Concept Publishing Company. 1992. p.: 129. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-7022-376-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fandikan-teny feno voalohany amin' ny teny [[Fiteny hindỳ|hindỳ]] kosa dia ny ''Bhasha Mahabharat'', amin' ny teny awadhi fampiasa andavanandro, nataon' i Sabal Singh Chauhan tamin' ny taonjato faha-17 noho ny fanohanan' i Raja Mitrasen, tandapan' i [[Aurangzeb|Aurangzeb emperora]]. Ny ''Mahabharat Darpan'', amin' ny teny braj bhasha ara-literatiora, dia nataon' i Gokulnath Kavi tao amin' ny tandapan' ny Fanjakan' i Benares, teo ambany fitondran' i Udit Narayan Singh maharaja, tamin' ny taonjato faha-18. Ny fandikan-teny feno voalohany ho tononkalo amin' ny [[Fiteny nepaley|teny nepaley]], mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Mahabharat Shloka'', dia nataon' i Pundit Raghunath Pokhryal tamin' ny taonjato faha-19.&lt;ref&gt;[https://epustakalay.com/book/52235-mahabharat-darpan-bhag-4-by-unknown/ ''महाभारत दर्पण भाग - 4 &amp;#124; Hindi Book &amp;#124; Mahabharat Darpan Bhag - 4 - ePustakalay'']. fiteny: hi-IN. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-06-05. tranonkala: epustakalay.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://archive.org/details/mahabharat-sampoorna-18-parva-nepali ''महाभारत नेपालीमा - Mahabharat in Nepali''].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sabal Singh Chauhan. [http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.482003 ''Mahabharat Bhasha Sabalsinghchauhanvirchit'']. 1927.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fandikan-teny feno voalohany amin' ny teny anglisy dia ireo dika tsy natao tononkalo tamin' ny vanim-potoana viktoriana: ny an' i Kisari Mohan Ganguli, navoaka teo anelanelan' ny 1883 sy 1896 (''Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers'', trano fanontana Munshiram Manoharlal), sy ny an' i Manmatha Nath Dutt (''Motilal Banarsidass Publishers'', trano fanontana Motilal Banarsidass). Heverin' ny ankamaroan' ny mpitsikera ho mahatoky amin' ny lahatsoratra tany am-boalohany ny fandikan-tenin' i Ganguli. Tsy voafehin' ny zon' ny mpamorona ny lahatsoratra fenon' io fandikan-teny io ary azo jerena an-tserasera. Anisan' ny fandikan-teny ho tononkalo voalohany ny nataon' i Romesh Chunder Dutt, navoaka tamin' ny 1898, izay namintina ny lohahevitra fototry ny ''Mahābhārata'' ho tononkalo amin' ny teny anglisy.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19630 The ''Mahabharata of Krishna''-Dwaipayana Vyasa translated by Romesh Chunder Dutt] [https://web.archive.org/web/20111010000053/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19630 tahiry tamin' ny 10 October 2011] ao amin' ny ''Online Library of Liberty'' (Tranomboky An-tserasera momba ny Fahafahana).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Misy fanontana maro amin' ny fandikan' i Kisari Mohan Ganguli ny ''Mahabharata'' izay milaza diso fa ilay mpamoaka boky, Pratap Chandra Roy, no mpandika azy. Niely tany amin' ireo fitanisana tamin' ny loharano faharoa io fahadisoana io. Misy fanazavana izany ao amin' ny sasin-tenin' ny mpamoaka boky amin' ny fanontana Munshiram Manoharlal.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa'' translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080511230051/http://sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm tahiry tamin' ny 11 May 2008] ao amin' ny ''Internet Sacred Text Archive'' (Tahiry An-tserasera momba ny Lahatsoratra Masina).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;P. Lal. [http://mahabharata-resources.org/ganguli-roy.html ''Kisari Mohan Ganguli and Pratap Chandra Roy'']. ''An Annotated Mahabharata Bibliography''. Calcutta. daty nijerena voarakitra: 9 September 2013. datin' ny tahiry: 5 June 2014. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140605081003/http://mahabharata-resources.org/ganguli-roy.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Navoakan' ny ''Writers Workshop'' (Atrikasan' ny Mpanoratra), any Calcutta, ny fandikana ilay tononkalo fitantarana manontolo ho tononkalo amin' ny teny anglisy nataon' ilay poety P. Lal ary novitain' ny mpianany taorian' ny nahafatesany.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20240122-mahabharata-in-english-verse-the-art-of-translation-2487859-2024-01-12 ''Mahabharata in English verse : The art of translation'']. 12 January 2024. fiteny: en. tranonkala: India Today.&lt;/ref&gt; Manaraka ny andininy tsirairay sady tsy mampiasa rima ny fandikan-tenin' i P. Lal, ary io no hany fanontana, amin' izay fiteny misy azy, mampiditra ny ''shloka'' rehetra avy amin' ny dika samihafa rehetra amin' ilay sanganasa, fa tsy ireo ao amin' ny ''Critical Edition'' (fanontana araka ny fampitahana sora-tanana) ihany. Hoy i Dr. Pradip Bhattacharya momba ny dikan' i P. Lal, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «fantatra eo amin' ny sehatry ny fikarohana ho ny “''vulgate''”», izany hoe ilay dika iombonana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhattacharya&quot;&gt;[https://pradipbhattacharya.com/2017/05/27/review-bibek-debroy-the-mahabharata-volume-7/ ''Review : Bibek DebRoy: The Mahabharata, volume 7'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2021-05-31. datin' ny tahiry: 2 June 2021. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: pradipbhattacharya.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215243/https://pradipbhattacharya.com/2017/05/27/review-bibek-debroy-the-mahabharata-volume-7/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Fandikana misy famoronana indray, na ''transcreation'', ilay lahatsoratra,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.writersworkshopindia.com/books/the-mahabharata-of-vyasa-all-volumes/ ''The Mahabharata of Vyasa – WritersWorkshopIndia.com'']. tranonkala: Writersworkshopindia.com.&lt;/ref&gt; fa tsy fandikan-teny araka ny fomba mahazatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;AgarwalVol10&quot;&gt;Agarwal, Abhinav. [https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review-book-review-the-mahabharata-volume-10-translated-by-bibek-debroy-2076809 ''Book review: 'The Mahabharata' Volume 10 translated by Bibek Debroy'']. 2015-04-12. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2021-05-31. datin' ny tahiry: 2 June 2021. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: DNA India. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210602221604/https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review-book-review-the-mahabharata-volume-10-translated-by-bibek-debroy-2076809 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanomboka nivoaka tamin' ny 2005 tao amin' ny ''Clay Sanskrit Library'' (andiana boky Clay momba ny soratra sanskrita), navoakan' ny ''New York University Press'' (trano fanontan' ny Oniversiten' i New York), ny tetikasa fandikana ilay tononkalo fitantarana manontolo ho lahatsoratra tsotra amin' ny teny anglisy, izay iarahan' ny mpandika teny maromaro miasa. Tsy ny ''Critical Edition'' no iorenan' io fandikan-teny io, fa ilay dika fantatr' ilay mpanao fanazavana Nīlakaṇṭha. Boky 15 amin' ireo 32 kasaina havoaka no efa misy.

Nandika ny ''Critical Edition'' an' ny ''Mahābhārata'' tamin' ny teny hindỳ ilay Indiana manam-pahaizana momba ny Veda, Shripad Damodar Satwalekar,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/complete-mahabharata-translated-by-padma-bhushan-shripad-damodar-satwalekar-set-of-16-volumes-NAI945/%7Caccess-date=2021-06-27 ''Indian Artwork – Buddha Statues &amp; Hindu Books – Exotic India Art'']. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2021-06-27. datin' ny tahiry: 7 September 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: Exoticindiaart.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124735/https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/complete-mahabharata-translated-by-padma-bhushan-shripad-damodar-satwalekar-set-of-16-volumes-nai945/%7caccess-date=2021-06-27 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; araka ny asa nankinin' ny Governemantan' i India taminy. Taorian' ny nahafatesany dia nandray an-tanana ny asa i Shrutisheel Sharma.&lt;ref&gt;S R, Ramaswamy (1972). ''ಮಹಾಭಾರತದ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆ''. Mysore: Kavyalaya Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Veda Vyasa, S. D. Satwalekar. [http://archive.org/details/Mahabharata_with_Hindi_Translation_-_SD_Satwalekar ''Mahabharata with Hindi Translation – SD Satwalekar'']. Sanskrit eBooks. fiteny: Sanskrit.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Manana fandikan-teny roa amin' ny teny hindỳ i Sadwalekar. Raha ny CE (fanontana araka ny fampitahana sora-tanana) avy amin' ny BORI (''Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute'', na Ivontoerana Bhandarkar momba ny Fikarohana ny Tatsinanana) no tiana hovakina amin' ny teny hindỳ, dia ireo fandikan-teny navoakany nanomboka tamin' ny 1968 no mifanaraka amin' izany; tamin' ny 1966 no navoakan' ny BORI ilay fanontana.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanoratra fandikan-teny anglisy tsy nohafohezina, misy boky folo, koa ilay Indiana mpahay toekarena Bibek Debroy. Nivoaka tamin' ny Martsa 2010 ny boky voalohany, ''Adi Parva'', ary tamin' ny Desambra 2014 ireo boky roa farany. Hoy i Abhinav Agarwal momba ny fandikan-tenin' i Debroy, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «mahafinaritra tanteraka ny mamaky azy ary mahavariana ny halalin' ny fahalalana asehony».&lt;ref name=AgarwalVol10/&gt; Tao amin' ny tsikera momba ny boky fahafito, nilaza i Bhattacharya fa nofenoin' ilay mpandika teny ireo banga teo amin' ny fitantarana ao amin' ny ''Critical Edition'', nefa nilaza koa izy fa nisy fahadisoana tamin' ny fandikan-teny.&lt;ref name=Bhattacharya/&gt; Nanoratra i Gautam Chikermane ao amin' ny ''Hindustan Times'' fa, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy, «samy manasatra i Debroy sy Ganguli amin' ny fampiasana mpamaritra anarana rehefa manoritsoritra ireo mpilalao fototra».&lt;ref&gt;Chikermane, Gautam. [https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-mahabharata-volume-5/story-4N0tAg3jNLWFeWkxfCbHEP.html ''Review: The Mahabharata: Volume 5'']. 2012-07-20. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2021-05-31. datin' ny tahiry: 2 June 2021. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: Hindustan Times. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215505/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-mahabharata-volume-5/story-4N0tAg3jNLWFeWkxfCbHEP.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Mbola eo am-panaovana fandikan-teny anglisy hafa, tsy atao tononkalo, ho an' ilay tononkalo fitantarana manontolo, miorina amin' ny ''Critical Edition'', ka ny ''University of Chicago Press'' (trano fanontan' ny Oniversiten' i Chicago) no mamoaka azy. Ilay manam-pahaizana momba an' i India J. A. B. van Buitenen no nanomboka izany tamin' ny boky 1–5. Rehefa niato nandritra ny 20 taona noho ny nahafatesan' i van Buitenen ilay asa, dia notohizin' ny manam-pahaizana maromaro. Ny boky faha-11 sy faha-12 no anisan' ny noraisin' i James L. Fitzgerald an-tanana. I David Gitomer no mandika ny boky faha-6, i Gary Tubb ny boky faha-7, i Christopher Minkowski ny boky faha-8, i Alf Hiltebeitel ny boky faha-9 sy faha-10, i Fitzgerald ny tapany faharoa amin' ny boky faha-12, i Patrick Olivelle ny boky faha-13, ary i Fred Smith ny boky faha-14 hatramin' ny faha-18.&lt;ref&gt;Fitzgerald, James. [https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Sanskrit_in_Classics_at_Brown/Mahabharata/MBh2Biblio ''Reading Suggestions for Getting Started'']. 2009. datin' ny tahiry: 4 February 2021. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: Brown. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210204021051/https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Sanskrit_in_Classics_at_Brown/Mahabharata/MBh2Biblio rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://clas.uiowa.edu/religion/people/frederick-m-smith ''Frederick M. Smith'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 12 October 2021. datin' ny tahiry: 24 October 2021. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: University of Iowa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211024172737/https://clas.uiowa.edu/religion/people/frederick-m-smith rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Maro ny dika nofintinina, dika nohafohezina ary famerenana mitantara ilay tononkalo fitantarana manontolo amin' ny endrika tantara foronina tsy atao tononkalo, izay navoaka tamin' ny teny anglisy. Anisan' izany ny sanganasan' i Ramesh Menon, William Buck, R. K. Narayan, C. Rajagopalachari, Kamala Subramaniam, K. M. Munshi, Krishna Dharma Dasa, Purnaprajna Dasa, Romesh C. Dutt, Bharadvaja Sarma, John D. Smith, Sharon Maas ary [[Paramahansa Yogananda]].&lt;ref&gt;Pradhan, Dr Tapan Kumar. ''Hinduism, Christianity &amp; Islam - A Comparative Study of World Religions''. Kohinoor Books. New Delhi. 2022. p.: 267-68. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-952546-1-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanontana nampitahana sy nodinihina ===
Teo anelanelan' ny 1919 sy 1966, ny manam-pahaizana tao amin' ny ''Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute'' (Ivontoerana Bhandarkar misahana ny fikarohana momba ny Atsinanana), any [[Pune|Pune]], dia nampitaha ireo sora-tanana samihafa mirakitra ilay tononkalo fitantarana, avy any India sy tany ivelany. Tao anatin' ny 47 taona no namokarany ny fanontana ny ''Mahābhārata'' natsangana tamin' ny fampitahana sy fandinihana ireo sora-tanana ireo, antsoina hoe ''Critical Edition'', izay misy pejy 13 000 nozaraina ho boky 19. Narahin' ny ''Harivamsha'' tao anaty boky roa hafa izany, ary boky enina misy fanondroana hanamorana ny fitadiavana ny votoaty. Io no lahatsoratra ampiasaina matetika ho fanovozan-kevitra amin' ny fikarohana momba ny ''Mahābhārata''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.virtualpune.com/html/channel/edu/institutes/html/bhandark.shtml Bhandarkar Institute, Pune] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181019070605/http://www.virtualpune.com/html/channel/edu/institutes/html/bhandark.shtml tahiry tamin' ny 19 October 2018]—Virtual Pune&lt;/ref&gt; Indraindray io fanontana ny ''Mahābhārata'' io dia antsoina hoe fanontana «Pune» na «Poona».

=== Literatiora nipoitra avy aminy ===
[[File: Wayang Wong Bharata Pandawa.jpg|thumb|Ireo Pandava sy [[Krishna|Krishna]] ao amin' ny ampahany iray amin' ny fampisehoana javanezy ''wayang wong'']]
Nanoratra tantara an-tsehatra roa mifototra amin' ny fizaran-tantara ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' i Bhasa, mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra amin' ny teny sanskrita tamin' ny taonjato faha-2 na faha-3 taor. J.K. Ny ''Urubhanga'' (''Broken Thigh'', izany hoe « Fe tapaka ») dia momba ny ady nifanaovan' i Duryodhana sy Bhima, fa ny ''Madhyamavyayoga'' (''The Middle One'', izany hoe « Ilay eo afovoany ») kosa dia mifantoka amin' i Bhima sy i Ghatotkacha zanany lahy. Ny ''Kakawin Bharatayuddha'' dia fampifanarahana amin' ny endrika tononkalo avy amin' ny lovantsofina javanezy momba ny ''Kawi Mahabharata''.

Anisan' ireo tantara an-tsehatra tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 nipoitra avy amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' ny ''Andha Yug'' (''The Blind Epoch'', izany hoe « Ny vanim-potoana jamba »), nosoratan' i Dharamvir Bharati ary nivoaka tamin' ny 1955. Tao amin' ny ''Mahabharat'' no nahitan' io sanganasa io sady loharano nifanaraka tsara taminy no fomba hanehoana ny toe-javatra sarotra sy ny tsy fahafaham-po amin' ny vanim-potoana môderina. Maro ny mpampaka an-tsehatra nampiseho azy, nanomboka tamin' i Ebrahim Alkazi. Ny ''Yayati'' (1960), tantara foronina amin' ny teny maraty nosoratan' i V. S. Khandekar, sy ny ''Yayati'' (1961), tantara an-tsehatra voalohany nosoratan' i Girish Karnad, dia samy mifototra amin' ny tantaran' i Yayati mpanjaka ao amin' ny ''Mahabharat''.&lt;ref&gt;Don Rubin. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-MUiXjMUl34C&amp;pg=PA219 ''The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia'']. Taylor &amp; Francis. 1998. p.: 195. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-05933-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 30 May 2020. datin' ny tahiry: 7 September 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124734/https://books.google.com/books?id=-MUiXjMUl34C&amp;pg=PA219 rohy tahiry voarakitra]. ref: Ru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanoratra tantara an-tsehatra telo izay ao amin' ny tontolon' ny ''Mahabharat'' no isehoan' ny tantarany i Buddhadeva Bose, mpanoratra bengaly sady mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra: ny ''Anamni Angana'', ny ''Pratham Partha'' ary ny ''Kalsandhya''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.boloji.com/hinduism/084.htm The Mahabharata as Theatre] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100114220734/http://boloji.com/hinduism/084.htm tahiry tamin' ny 14 January 2010] by Pradip Bhattacharya, 13 June 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 1984, nanoratra ny tantara foronina ''Yajnaseni'', izay nahazo ny loka Moortidevi, i Pratibha Ray, ka tamin' ny fomba fijerin' i Draupadi no nitantarany azy. Tatỳ aoriana, tamin' ny 2008, nanoratra tantara foronina mitovy fomba amin' izany i Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, izay mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''The Palace of Illusions: A Novel''. Nanoratra ny ''Bahuk'', tononkalo fitantarana lava mifototra amin' i Bahuka, ilay mpilalao ao amin' ny tantara, i Chinu Modi, pôeta gojaraty.&lt;ref name=&quot;bk&quot;&gt;Topiwala, Chandrakant. ''Bahuk''. Gujarati Sahitya Parishad. Ahmedabad. 1990. boky: 2. pp.: 394. fiteny: gu. encyclopedia: Gujarati Sahityakosh (Encyclopedia of Gujarati Literature).&lt;/ref&gt;
Nanoratra tantara foronina maromaro izay mitantara indray ilay tononkalo fitantarana amin' ny fomba môderina i Krishna Udayasankar, mpanoratra indiana monina any Singaporo, ka anisan' izany indrindra ny andian-tantara ''Aryavarta Chronicles Series''. Nanoratra tantara an-tsehatra ho an' ny mpilalao tokana mifototra amin' ny tantara foronin' i Ray i [[Suman Pokhrel|Suman Pokhrel]], ka nampifantoka ny tantara tamin' i Draupadi sy nametraka azy irery teo an-tsehatra.

Namoaka dikan' ny ''Mahabharata'' amin' ny endrika tantara an-tsary mirefy 1 260 pejy ny ''Amar Chitra Katha'' (orinasa mpamoaka boky).&lt;ref name=&quot;Amar Chitra Katha Mahabharata&quot;&gt;Pai, Anant. ''Amar Chitra Katha Mahabharata''. Amar Chitra Katha. Mumbai. 1998. p.: 1200. mpamoaka: Pai, Anant. fanampim-baovao: Kadam, Dilip (illus.). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-905990-4-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sarimihetsika sy fahitalavitra ===
[[File:FullPagadeYakshagana.jpg|right|thumb|Krishna araka ny fampisehoana azy ao amin' ny ''Yakshagana'' avy any [[Karnataka]], izay mifototra indrindra amin' ny tantara ao amin' ny ''Mahabharata'']]

Ao amin' ny sinema indiana, dia efa nisy dika maromaro natao sarimihetsika avy amin' ilay tononkalo fitantarana, nanomboka tamin' ny 1920. Nomen' i [[Shyam Benegal]] fandikana vaovao koa ny ''Mahābhārata'' tao amin' ny ''Kalyug''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011700990100.htm ''What makes Shyam special'']. Hinduonnet.com. 17 January 2003. datin' ny tahiry: 12 January 2011. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: usurped. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110112210119/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011700990100.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Nahazo aingam-panahy ampahany avy amin' ny ''Mahabharata'' ny sarimihetsika ''Raajneeti'' tamin' ny 2010, izay notarihin' i Prakash Jha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Raajneeti Controversy&quot;&gt;Kumar, Anuj. [http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article439799.ece ''Fact of the matter'']. ''The Hindu''. 27 May 2010. daty nijerena voarakitra: 11 August 2013. datin' ny tahiry: 30 March 2014. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140330142142/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article439799.ece rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Ny dika natao sarimiaina tamin' ny 2013 no sarimiaina nahitana ny fandaniana be indrindra tamin' ny famokarana azy tao India.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mahabharat-theatrical-trailer-animated-film-112591.html ''Mahabharat: Theatrical Trailer (Animated Film)'']. 19 November 2013. daty nijerena voarakitra: 16 December 2013. datin' ny tahiry: 17 December 2013. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131217000203/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mahabharat-theatrical-trailer-animated-film-112591.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny 1988, dia namorona andian-tantara ho an' ny fahitalavitra mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Mahabharat'' i B. R. Chopra. I Ravi Chopra no nitarika azy,&lt;ref name=&quot;TV&quot;&gt;[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0158417/ ''Mahabharat''], IMDb (tahiry an-tserasera momba ny sarimihetsika). (1988–1990 TV series)&lt;/ref&gt; ary nalefa tao amin' ny fahitalavi-pirenena indiana (Doordarshan) izany. Tamin' ilay taona nandefasana ny ''Mahabharat'' tao amin' ny Doordarshan ihany, dia nampiseho famintinana ny ''Mahabharata'' tamin' ny fizarana roa ny ''Bharat Ek Khoj'', fandaharana iray hafa an' io orinasa io, izay notarihin' i Shyam Benegal koa. Nifototra tamin' ny fandikana samihafa an' ilay sanganasa izy io, na tamin' ny alalan' ny hira, na dihy, na fampisehoana an-tsehatra. Any amin' ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]], dia anisan' ny fampisehoana fantatra momba ilay tononkalo fitantarana ny tantara an-tsehatra maharitra sivy ora nataon' i [[Peter Brook]], izay naseho voalohany tany Avignon tamin' ny 1985, sy ny dikany natao sarimihetsika maharitra dimy ora, ''The Mahābhārata''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0097810/ ''The Mahabharata''], IMDb (tahiry an-tserasera momba ny sarimihetsika). (1989 mini-series).&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny faramparan' ny 2013, dia nalefa tao amin' ny fantsona STAR Plus ny ''Mahabharat''. Ny ''Swastik Productions Pvt.'' (orinasa mpamokatra) no namokatra azy.

Nisy andian-tantara tao amin' ny Zee TV (fahitalavitra Zee) nalefa nanomboka ny 26 Ôktôbra 2001 ka hatramin' ny 26 Jolay 2002, ka i Siraj Mustafa Khan no nilalao an' i [[Krishna]], ary i Suneel Mattoo no nilalao an' i Yudhishthira.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.exchange4media.com/international-news/zee-tv-to-launch-two-mythological-serials-4627.html ''Zee TV to launch two mythological serials'']. 2001-12-25. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2022-06-24. tranonkala: Exchange4Media Dot Com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020113/spectrum/tv.htm ''Good Lord!'']. 2002-01-13. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2022-07-02. tranonkala: Tribune India Dot Com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanjay-khan-excited-about-maha-kavya-mahabharat/articleshow/1632627753.cms ''Sanjay Khan excited about Maha Kavya Mahabharat'']. 2001-10-21. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2022-07-02. tranonkala: Times Of India Dot Com.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ny tetikasa momba ny ''Mahābhārata'' tsy vita ny iray nataon' i Rajkumar Santoshi,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2003/feb/24/news1 ''In brief: Mahabharat will be most expensive Indian movie ever'']. ''The Guardian''. 24 February 2003. daty nijerena voarakitra: 12 December 2016. datin' ny tahiry: 26 March 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170326140711/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2003/feb/24/news1 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; sy ny fampifanarahana nokasain' i [[Satyajit Ray]].&lt;ref&gt;C. J. Wallia. [http://www.indiastar.com/satyajitray.html ''IndiaStar book review: Satyajit Ray by Surabhi Banerjee'']. 1996. daty nijerena voarakitra: 31 May 2009. datin' ny tahiry: 14 May 2008. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080514050120/http://www.indiastar.com/satyajitray.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fampifanarahana hafa ===
Nampifanarahan' ny BBC (Orinasa Britanika misahana ny Fampielezam-peo sy Fahitalavitra) ho tantara an-tsehatra amin' ny onjam-peo mizara sivy ny ''Mahābhārata'', ka nomena ny lohateny hoe ''Mahabharata Now''. Natao hitranga ao India amin' ny vanim-potoana ankehitriny ny tantara. Noho izany, mifantoka kokoa amin' ny hoavin' ny orinasa goavana mampivondrona orinasa maro misahana sehatra samihafa ny fizotry ny tantara, fa tsy dia amin' ny hoavin' ny fanjakana iray manontolo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0014fxp ''BBC Radio 4 - Mahabharata Now, Episode 1: Dance of Dice'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 7 June 2026. tranonkala: BBC.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ao amin' ny kolontsain' ny vahoaka ===
Isan-taona, ao amin' ny faritr' i Garhwal any [[Uttarakhand]], dia manao ny ''Pandav Lila'' ny mponina an-tanàna. Famerenana an-tsehatra ireo ampahan-tantara ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' atao ho fombafomba izany, amin' ny alalan' ny dihy, hira ary fitanisana am-bava. Anisan' ny fotoana lehibe eo amin' ny fiainana ara-kolontsaina mandritra ny taona io ''lila'' io, ary matetika atao eo anelanelan' ny volana Novambra sy Febroary. Ny zavamaneno nentin-drazana ao amin' ilay faritra, dia ny ''dhol'', ny ''damau'' ary trompetra lava roa antsoina hoe ''bhankore'', no manaraka ny fampisehoana. Matetika ireo mpilalao tsy matihanina no mandihy tampoka, tsy nomanina, rehefa heverina, araka ny finoana ao amin' io fombafomba io, fa itoeran' ny fanahin' ireo olona ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' izy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Sax, William Sturman. ''Dancing the Self: Personhood and Performance in the Pāṇḍava Līlā of Garhwal''. Oxford University Press. 2002. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780195139150&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dikan-teny jaina ===
Fanazavana fanampiny: ''Salakapurusa''.

[[File: Neminath Wedding.JPG|thumb|Sary maneho ny filaharam-panambadian' i Neminatha. Ao amin' ilay vala ireo biby hovonoina mba hatao sakafo amin' ny fampakaram-bady. Araka ny fitantarana jaina, dia nangoraka mafy ireo biby i Neminatha ka nandà ny hanambady ary nahafoy ny fanjakany mba ho tonga ''Shramana'', olona miala amin' ny fiainana an' izao tontolo izao ka manokan-tena amin' ny fiainana ara-panahy.]]

Ankoatra ny ''Vikramarjuna Vijaya'', izay hany sanganasa jaina amin' ny teny kanada mampifanaraka ny ''Mahābhārata'' manontolo amin' ny tontolo eo an-toerana, dia hita ao amin' ireo lahatsoratra jaina samihafa amin' ny teny sanskrita ireo dika [[Jainisma|jaina]] be mpahalala amin' ny ''Mahābhārata''. Anisan' izany ny ''Harivamsapurana'' (ny tantaran' ny ''Harivamsa''), ny ''Trisastisalakapurusa Caritra'' (tantaram-piainana ara-pivavahan' ny olona miavaka 63), ny ''Pandavacharitra'' (ny fiainan' ireo Pandava) ary ny ''Pandavapurana'' (ny tantaran' ireo Pandava).&lt;ref&gt;Jaini, Padmanabh. ''Collected Papers on Jaina Studies''. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. Delhi. 2000. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-208-1691-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p. 351-52&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ireo soratra tranainy kokoa eken' ny fivavahana ho anisan' ny boky masina, ny ''Antakrddaaśāh'' (ny boky fahavalo ao amin' izany fitambaran-tsoratra izany) sy ny ''Vrisnidasa'' (''upangagama'', na fitambaran-tsoratra masina fanampiny) dia mirakitra ny tantaran' i Neminatha, ilay [[Tirthankara|''Tirthankara'']] faha-22, izany hoe mpampianatra ara-panahy jaina, sy ny an' i Krishna ary Balarama.&lt;ref&gt;Shah, Natubhai. ''Jainism: The World of Conquerors''. Sussex Academy Press. Sussex. 1998. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-898723-30-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. series: Volume I and II.  vol 1 pp. 14–15&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fanamarihan' ny profesora Padmanabh Jaini, dia tsy voatokana ho an' i Balarama sy Krishna ny anarana hoe ''Baladeva'' sy ''Vasudeva'' ao amin' ireo ''Purana'' jaina, fa tsy toy izany ny ao amin' ireo ''Purana'' hindoa. Anarana iantsoana sokajy roa samy hafa amin' ireo mpirahalahy mahery kosa ireo. Araka ny fampianarana jaina momba ny firafitra sy ny tsingerin' izao rehetra izao, dia miseho insivy ireo mpirahalahy ireo isaky ny antsasaky ny tsingerin' ny fotoana, ary manjaka amin' ny antsasaky ny tany amin' ny maha-''half-chakravartin'' azy, izany hoe mpanjaka manjaka amin' ny antsasaky ny tany. Araka ny voalazan' i Jaini, dia avy amin' ny ''Jinacharitra'' nosoratan' i Bhadrabahu ''swami'' (taonjato faha-4–faha-3 tal. J.K.) no niandohan' io lisitry ny mpirahalahy io; anaram-boninahitra ara-pivavahana ny hoe ''swami''.&lt;ref&gt;Jaini, Padmanabh. ''Collected Papers on Jaina Studies''. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. Delhi. 2000. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-208-1691-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p. 377&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny fampianarana jaina momba izao rehetra izao, i Balarama sy Krishna ary Jarasandha no vondrona fahasivy sady farany: i Balarama no ''Baladeva'', i Krishna no ''Vasudeva'', ary i Jarasandha no ''Prativasudeva'', ilay mpifanandrina amin' ny ''Vasudeva''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaini 1998&quot;&gt;Jaini, Padmanabh. ''The Jaina Path of Purification''. Motilal Banarsidass. New Delhi. 1998. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-208-1578-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p.305&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' io dika jaina io, tsy ny ady ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' no ady lehibe indrindra, fa ny fifandonan' i Krishna sy Jarasandha. I Krishna no mamono an' i Jarasandha, satria ao amin' ireo fitantarana ireo dia ny ''Vasudeva'' no mamono ny ''Prativasudeva''. Amin' ny farany, ireo Pandava sy Balarama dia mahafoy ny fiainana an' izao tontolo izao ka lasa moanina jaina, ary voalazan' ny fitantarana fa ateraka indray any amin' ireo lanitra izy ireo, fa i Krishna sy Jarasandha kosa ateraka indray any amin' ny helo.&lt;ref&gt;Jaini, Padmanabh. ''Collected Papers on Jaina Studies''. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. Delhi. 2000. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-208-1691-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p. 351&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny lalàn' ny ''karma'' ao amin' ny finoana jaina, na ny lalàn' ny vokatry ny asa atao, dia noho ny nataony teo amin' ny firaisana ara-nofo sy ny herisetra no ilazan' io fitantarana io fa ateraka indray any amin' ny helo i Krishna; noho ny fitondran-tenany ratsy kosa no ilazany izany momba an' i Jarasandha. Ny profesora Jaini dia manolotra ny mety ho fanazavana fa naniry hanatsara indray ny endrika anehoany an' i Krishna ireo mpanoratra jaina, angamba noho ny lazany. Maminany ireo lahatsoratra jaina fa rehefa tapitra ny fe-potoana hijanonany any amin' ny helo noho ny ''karma'', amin' ny fotoana iray mandritra ny antsasaky ny tsingerina manaraka, dia hateraka indray ho [[Tirthankara|''Tirthankara'']] jaina i Krishna ary hahazo ny fanafahana amin' ny tsingerin' ny fahaterahana indray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaini 1998&quot;/&gt;

Asehon' ireo fitantarana ho niara-belona tamin' i Neminatha, ilay ''Tirthankara'' faha-22, sady zanak' olo-mpiray tam-po aminy i Krishna sy Balarama.&lt;ref&gt;Roy, Ashim Kumar. ''A history of the Jainas''. Gitanjali Pub. House. New Delhi. 1984. p.: 20. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8364-1136-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 11604851.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka io tantara io, i Krishna no nandamina ny fanambadian' i Neminath tanora tamin' i Rajemati, zanakavavin' i Ugrasena. Nangoraka ireo biby hovonoina hanaovana ny sakafon' ny fampakaram-bady anefa i Neminatha, ka nandao tampoka ny filaharana ary nahafoy ny fiainana an' izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref&gt;Helen, Johnson. ''Trisastiśalākāpurusacaritra of Hemacandra: The Jain Saga''. Oriental Institute. Baroda. 2009. boky: Part II. mpamoaka: Muni Samvegayashvijay Maharaj. fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-908157-0-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. orig-year: 1931. refer story of Neminatha&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Devdutt 2017&quot;&gt;Devdutt Pattanaik. [http://devdutt.com/articles/indian-mythology/mahabharata/differentnarrations.html ''How different are the Jain Ramayana and Jain Mahabharata from Hindu narrations?'']. 2 March 2017. daty nijerena voarakitra: 22 March 2017. datin' ny tahiry: 7 March 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: Devdutt. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170307111548/http://devdutt.com/articles/indian-mythology/mahabharata/differentnarrations.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tetiaran' ny fianakaviana Kuru ==

Ity tetiaran' ny fianakaviana Kuru ity dia mampiseho ny fifandimbiasana eo amin' ny fanjakana sy ny fianakaviana ao amin' ny fitantarana, fa tsy voatery manondro izay ray aman-dreny niteraka ny olona tsirairay. Hazavain' ireo fanamarihana etsy ambany ny antsipiriany.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Ny tsipika fifandimbiasana hatramin' i Shāntanu
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Filaharana
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Anarana
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Lahy na vavy
|-
| 1
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Kuru&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-a|a]]&lt;/sup&gt;
| Lehilahy
|-
| 2
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Anasawan&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-a|a]]&lt;/sup&gt;
| Lehilahy
|-
| 3
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Bheemasena(1)&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-a|a]]&lt;/sup&gt;
| Lehilahy
|-
| 4
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Pratisravas&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-a|a]]&lt;/sup&gt;
| Lehilahy
|-
| 5
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Pratipa&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-a|a]]&lt;/sup&gt;
| Lehilahy
|-
| 6
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Shāntanu&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-a|a]]&lt;/sup&gt;
| Lehilahy
|}

Tsy midika ho fifandraisana mivantana eo amin' ny ray sy ny zanaka ny fifanarakarahan' ireo anarana ao amin' io tsipika io.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Fanambadiana, taranaka ary fifandraisana ao amin' ny fianakaviana
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Olona mifandray
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Fifandraisana sy taranaka aseho
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Shāntanu sy Gangā (vehivavy)
| Nivady izy ireo ary niteraka an' i Bhishma (lehilahy). Bhishma no eo amin' io sampana io.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Shāntanu sy Satyavati (vehivavy)
| Nivady izy ireo ary niteraka an' i Chitrāngada sy Vichitravirya (samy lehilahy).
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Satyavati sy Pārāshara (lehilahy)
| Niaraka izy ireo ary niteraka an' i [[Vyāsa|Vyasa]] (lehilahy).
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Vichitravirya sy Ambikā ary Ambālikā (samy vehivavy)
| Vadin' i Vichitravirya izy mirahavavy. Mifandray amin' i Dhritarāshtra sy Pāndu (samy lehilahy)&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-b|b]]&lt;/sup&gt; ny sampan' i Vichitravirya ao amin' ny tetiarana, saingy i Vyasa no niteraka azy ireo: i Ambikā no renin' i Dhritarāshtra, ary i Ambālikā no renin' i Pāndu.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Dhritarāshtra sy Gāndhāri (vehivavy)
| Nivady izy ireo. Ny zanany aseho ao amin' ny tetiarana dia i Duryodhana (lehilahy)&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-e|e]]&lt;/sup&gt;, i Dussalā (vehivavy), i Dushāsana (lehilahy), ary zanakalahy 98 hafa. Anisan' ny Kaurava izy ireo.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Gāndhāri sy Shakuni (lehilahy)
| Anadahin' i Gāndhāri i Shakuni.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Surya]] (lehilahy; ''Deva'', na andriamanitra) sy Kunti (vehivavy)
| Teraka tamin' i Kunti i Karna (lehilahy)&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-c|c]]&lt;/sup&gt; rehefa niantso an' i Surya izy. Tsy fanambadiana no asehon' io fifandraisana io.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Pāndu sy Kunti
| Nivady izy ireo. I Yudhishthira&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-d|d]]&lt;/sup&gt;, i Bhima&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-d|d]]&lt;/sup&gt; ary i Arjuna&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-d|d]]&lt;/sup&gt; (samy lehilahy) no zanaka ekena ho an' i Pāndu ao amin' io sampana io; teraka tamin' ny fiantsoan' i Kunti andriamanitra izy ireo. Anisan' ny Pandava izy ireo.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Pāndu sy Mādri (vehivavy)
| Nivady izy ireo. I Nakula&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-d|d]]&lt;/sup&gt; sy Sahadeva&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-d|d]]&lt;/sup&gt; (samy lehilahy) no zanaka ekena ho an' i Pāndu ao amin' io sampana io; teraka tamin' ny fiantsoan' i Mādri andriamanitra izy ireo. Anisan' ny Pandava izy ireo.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Arjuna sy Subhadrā (vehivavy)
| Nivady izy ireo ary niteraka an' i Abhimanyu (lehilahy)&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-f|f]]&lt;/sup&gt;.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Abhimanyu sy Uttarā (vehivavy)
| Nivady izy ireo ary niteraka an' i Parikshit (lehilahy).
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Parikshit sy Madravti (vehivavy)
| Nivady izy ireo ary niteraka an' i Janamejaya (lehilahy).
|}

=== Fanamarihana momba ny tetiarana ===

* &lt;span id=&quot;Kuru-note-a&quot;&gt;'''a'''.&lt;/span&gt; Mpanjakan' ny tarana-mpanjaka na ny fanjakana Kuru i Shantanu. Taranaka maromaro no nanasaraka azy tamin' izay razambe nantsoina hoe Kuru. Ny fanambadiany tamin' i Ganga dia nialoha ny fanambadiany tamin' i Satyavati.
* &lt;span id=&quot;Kuru-note-b&quot;&gt;'''b'''.&lt;/span&gt; I [[Vyāsa|Vyasa]] no niteraka an' i Pandu sy Dhritarashtra araka ny fomba ''niyoga'' (eto, fomba hahazoan' ny vadin' ny lehilahy maty taranaka avy amin' ny lehilahy hafa), taorian' ny nahafatesan' i Vichitravirya. Zanakalahin' i Vyasa sy Ambika i Dhritarashtra; zanakalahin' i Vyasa sy Ambalika i Pandu; ary zanakalahin' i Vyasa sy mpanompovavy iray i Vidura.
* &lt;span id=&quot;Kuru-note-c&quot;&gt;'''c'''.&lt;/span&gt; Teraka tamin' i Kunti i Karna rehefa niantso an' i [[Surya]] izy, talohan' ny nanambadiany an' i Pandu.
* &lt;span id=&quot;Kuru-note-d&quot;&gt;'''d'''.&lt;/span&gt; Nekena ho zanakalahin' i Pandu i Yudhishthira sy Bhima sy Arjuna sy Nakula ary Sahadeva, saingy teraka tamin' ny fiantsoan' i Kunti sy Madri andriamanitra samy hafa izy ireo. Samy nanambady an' i Draupadi izy dimy lahy; tsy aseho ao amin' ny tetiarana i Draupadi.
* &lt;span id=&quot;Kuru-note-e&quot;&gt;'''e'''.&lt;/span&gt; Niara-teraka i Duryodhana sy ireo iray tam-po aminy, ary iray taranaka tamin' ireo Pandava izay zanak' olo-mpiray tam-po aminy izy ireo.
* &lt;span id=&quot;Kuru-note-f&quot;&gt;'''f'''.&lt;/span&gt; Na dia tamin' ny alalan' ny taranak' i Arjuna sy Subhadra aza no nitohizan' ny fifandimbiasana taorian' ny Pandava, dia i Yudhishthira sy Draupadi no nipetraka teo amin' ny seza fiandrianan' i Hastinapura taorian' ilay ady lehibe.

Ny filaharan' ny iray tam-po ao amin' ity tetiarana ity dia manaraka ny filaharan' ny nahaterahany, afa-tsy amin' i [[Vyāsa|Vyasa]] sy Bhishma, izay tsy voalaza hoe iza no teraka taloha. Teraka taorian' izy roa lahy kosa i Vichitravirya sy Chitrangada. Tsy naseho tao amin' ilay tetiarana fa mpirahavavy i Ambika sy Ambalika. Teraka taorian' i Karna sy Yudhishthira i Duryodhana, saingy talohan' ireo rahalahy Pandava sisa.

Mba hampazava ny tetiarana dia tsy naseho tao ny sasany amin' ny iray tam-po amin' ireo olona voatanisa. Anisan' izany i Vidura, izay iray ray amin' i Dhritarashtra sy Pandu nefa hafa reny.

== Fiantraikany ara-kolontsaina ==
Ao amin' ny ''Bhagavad Gita'', i [[Krishna]] dia manazava amin' i Arjuna ny adidiny amin' ny maha-mpiady sy zanak' andriana azy, ary mamelabelatra ireo filôzôfia samihafa mifandray amin' ny ''yoga''&lt;ref&gt;[http://yoga.about.com/od/bhagavadgita/a/thegita.htm ''Introduction to the Bhagavad Gita'']. Yoga.about.com. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 September 2010. datin' ny tahiry: 3 December 2010. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101203185714/http://yoga.about.com/od/bhagavadgita/a/thegita.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; sy ny ''Vedanta'', amin' ny alalan' ny ohatra sy fampitahana. Noho izany, dia matetika ny ''Gita'' no lazaina ho torolalana fohy momba ny filôzôfia hindoa, sady torolalana azo ampiharina eo amin' ny fiainana izay ahitana samirery ny fanazavana ilaina.&lt;ref&gt;Maharishi Mahesh Yogi; ''On the Bhagavad Gita: A New Translation and Commentary with Sanskrit Text'', chapters 1 to 6, Preface p. 9&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny vanim-potoana tatỳ aoriana, i [[Vivekananda|Swami Vivekananda]], i Subhas Chandra Bose, izay nantsoina tamin' ny anaram-boninahitra hoe ''Netaji'', i Bal Gangadhar Tilak, i [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]] ary olona maro hafa dia nampiasa ilay lahatsoratra mba hanampiana hanome aingam-panahy ny hetsika ho an' ny fahaleovantenan' i India.&lt;ref&gt;Stevenson, Robert W., &quot;Tilak and the Bhagavadgita's Doctrine of Karmayoga&quot;, in Minor, p. 44.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jordens, J. T. F., &quot;Gandhi and the Bhagavadgita&quot;, in Minor, p. 88.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanome aingam-panahy ny sanganasa maro amin' ny literatiora maoderina amin' ny [[Fiteny hindỳ|teny hindỳ]] koa izy io, toy ny ''Rashmirathi'' nosoratan' i Ramdhari Singh Dinkar. Fitantarana indray ny ''Mahābhārata'' io sanganasa io, ka i Karna sy ireo fifandirana atrehiny no ifantohany. Nosoratana tamin' ny 1952 izy io.

== Dikan-teny maoderina ==
Efa imbetsaka no nadika tamin' ny teny anglisy ny ''Mahābhārata''. Tsy feno ny dikan-teny sasany.

=== Dikan-teny anaty boky tokana ===

*Narasimhan, Chakravarthi V.. ''The Mahabharata''. Columbia University Press. 1997.
*Narayan, R.K.. ''The Mahabharata: A Shortened Modern Prose Version of the Indian Epic''. University of Chicago Press. 2016.
**Anisan' ny dikan-teny fohy indrindra amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' misy io.
*Sattar, Arshia. ''Mahabharata for Children''. Juggernaut Books. 2020.
**Misy sary natao ho an' ny ankizy io dikan-teny io.
*Satyamurti, Carole. ''Mahabharata: A Modern Retelling''. Norton. 2016.
**Fitantarana indray amin' ny endrika tononkalo io.
*Smith, John D.. ''The Mahabharata (Penguin Classics)''. Penguin. 2009.
**Nadika mivantana avy amin' ny teny sanskrita io dikan-teny io.

=== Dikan-teny anaty boky maromaro ===

*van Buitenen, J. A. B.; Fitzgerald, James. ''The Mahabharata''. University of Chicago Press. Chicago. 1973–2026.
**Ahitana fizarana maro amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' io dikan-teny io. Mbola tsy feno izy io.
* Clay Sanskrit Library (2009), ''[https://claysanskritlibrary.org/volumes/about-mahabharata/ Mahabharata]''. New York University Press.
**Ahitana boky 15 nosoratan' ny mpandika teny samy hafa io dikan-teny io ary tsy feno.

=== Dikan-tenin' ny fizarana manokana ===
*Doniger, Wendy. [https://speakingtigerbooks.com/product/after-the-war-the-last-books-of-the-mahabharata ''After the War: The Last Books of the Mahabharata'']. Speaking Tiger. 2022.
*Johnson, W.J.. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0192823612 ''The Sauptikaparvan of the Mahabharata: The Massacre at Night (Oxford World's Classics)'']. Oxford University Press. 1999.

== Fanamarihana manazava ==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot; /&gt;

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Loharano ankapobeny ==
* Badrinath, Chaturvedi. ''The Mahābhārata: An Inquiry in the Human Condition'', New Delhi, Orient Longman (2006).
* Bandyopadhyaya, Jayantanuja (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=gwUF11NRyT4C Class and Religion in Ancient India]''. Anthem Press.
* Basham, A. L. (1954). ''The Wonder That Was India: A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before The Coming of the Muslims''. New York: Grove Press.
* Bhasin, R. V. ''Mahabharata'', navoakan' ny National Publications, India, 2007.
* J. Brockington. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C The Sanskrit Epics]'', Leiden (1998).
* van Buitenen, Johannes Adrianus Bernardus (1978). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wFtXBGNn0aUC The Mahābhārata]''. Boky miisa 3 (tsy vita manontolo ny fandikana sy ny famoahana azy noho ny nahafatesany). University of Chicago Press.
* Chaitanya, Krishna (K.K. Nair). ''The Mahabharata, A Literary Study'', Clarion Books, New Delhi 1985.
* Gupta, S. P. sy Ramachandran, K. S. (ed.). ''Mahabharata: myth and reality''. Agam Prakashan, New Delhi 1976.
* Hiltebeitel, Alf. ''The Ritual of Battle, Krishna in the Mahabharata'', SUNY Press, New York 1990.
* Hopkins, E. W. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hC1d-xN6nzoC The Great Epic of India]'', New York (1901).
* Jyotirmayananda, Swami. ''Mysticism of the Mahabharata'', Yoga Research Foundation, Miami 1993.
* Katz, Ruth Cecily ''Arjuna in the Mahabharata'', University of South Carolina Press, Columbia 1989.
* Keay, John (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Tarbo7OzEO8C India: A History]''. Grove Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8021-3797-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Majumdar, R. C. (1951). ''The History and Culture of the Indian People: (Volume 1) The Vedic Age''. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin Ltd.
* Lerner, Paule. ''Astrological Key in Mahabharata'', nadikan' i David White. Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi 1988.
* Mallory, J. P (2005). ''In Search of the Indo-Europeans''. Thames &amp; Hudson. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-500-27616-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Mehta, M. ''The problem of the double introduction to the Mahabharata'', JAOS 93 (1973), 547–550.
* Minkowski, C. Z. ''Janamehayas Sattra and Ritual Structure'', JAOS 109 (1989), 410–420.
* Minkowski, C. Z. ''Snakes, Sattras and the Mahabharata'', ao amin' ny ''Essays on the Mahabharata'', ed. A. Sharma, Leiden (1991), 384–400.
* Oldenberg, Hermann. ''Zur Geschichte der Altindischen Prosa'', Berlin (1917)
* Oberlies, Th. ''The Counsels of the Seer Narada: Ritual on and under the surface of the Mahabharata'', ao amin' ny ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-0tcQr3WzqsC New methods in the research of epic]'' (ed. H. L. C. Tristram), Freiburg (1998).
* Oldenberg, H. ''Das Mahabharata'', Göttingen (1922).
* [[Pāṇini]]. ''Ashtādhyāyī''. [http://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/chandravasu/book4.pdf Boky 4]. Nadikan' i Chandra Vasu. Benares, 1896. (amin' ny teny sanskrita sy anglisy)
* Pargiter, F. E. ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', London 1922. Naverin' ny Motilal Banarsidass navoaka tamin' ny 1997.
* Sattar, Arshia (transl.) (1996). ''The Rāmāyaṇa by Vālmīki''. Viking. p. 696. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-14-029866-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Sukthankar, Vishnu S. sy Shrimant Balasaheb Pant Pratinidhi (1933). ''The Mahabharata: for the first time critically edited''. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute.
* Sullivan, Bruce M. ''Seer of the Fifth Veda, Krsna Dvaipayana Vyasa in the Mahabharata'', Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi 1999.
* Sutton, Nicholas. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rFyUHC-ORp4C Religious Doctrines in the Mahabharata]'', Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi 2000.
* Utgikar, N. B. ''The mention of the Mahābhārata in the Ashvalayana Grhya Sutra'', ''Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference'', Poona (1919), vol. 2, Poona (1922), 46–61.
* Vaidya, R. V. ''A Study of Mahabharat; A Research'', Poona, A.V.G. Prakashan, 1967
* Witzel, Michael, ''Epics, Khilas and Puranas: Continuities and Ruptures'', ''Proceedings of the Third Dubrovnik International Conference on the Sanskrit Epics and Puranas'', ed. P. Koskiallio, Zagreb (2005), 21–80.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/महाभारतम् ''Mahabharata''] – Lahatsoratra tany am-boalohany mifandray amin' ity lahatsoratra ity, ao amin' ny Wikisource amin' ny teny sanskrita.
* [https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mahabharata Teny nalaina mifandray amin' ny ''Mahabharata''] ao amin' ny Wikiquote amin' ny teny anglisy.
* [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Mahabharat ''The Mahabharat''] – Lahatsoratra tany am-boalohany mifandray amin' ity lahatsoratra ity, ao amin' ny Wikisource amin' ny teny anglisy.
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mahabharata Rakitra haino aman-jery mifandray amin' ny ''Mahabharata''] ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons.
* [https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm Sacred-Texts: hindoisma] – Fandikana amin' ny teny anglisy ireo fizarana 18 (''parva'') amin' ny ''Mahabharata''.
* [http://mahabharata-resources.org/harivamsa/harivamsa-cs-index.html ''harivamsham – mahaabhaarat khila parva''] – Fandikana amin' ny teny anglisy ny fizarana ''Harivamsa'' amin' ny ''Mahabharata''.
* [https://bombay.indology.info/mahabharata/statement.html Lahatsoratra elektrônika amin' ny teny sanskrita an' ny ''Mahābhārata'', azo vakina an-tserasera] (nahazo alalana sy fankatoavana avy amin' ny BORI (Ivontoerana Bhandarkar momba ny fikarohana ny Tatsinanana)).
* [http://www.holybooks.com/mahabharata-all-volumes-in-12-pdf-files/ Ireo boky rehetra ao anatin' ny rakitra 12 amin' ny endrika PDF (endrika rakitra mitahiry ny fisehon' ny antontan-taratasy)] (Holybooks.com, 181&amp;nbsp;MB ny fitambarany).
* [https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Sanskrit_in_Classics_at_Brown/Mahabharata/MBh2Biblio.html#Poona Soso-kevitra momba izay hovakina, nataon' i J. L. Fitzgerald, mpampianatra sanskrita mitana ny toeran' ny profesora Das, ao amin' ny Departemantan' ny fianarana ny sivilizasiôna grika sy rômanina fahiny, ao amin' ny ''Brown University'' (Oniversite Brown)].
* [https://sanskritdocuments.org/mirrors/mahabharata/mahabharata-bori.html Fanontana voakajy tamin' ny fandinihana sy fampitahana ireo dika, nomanin' ny manam-pahaizana ao amin' ny ''Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute'' (Ivontoerana Bhandarkar momba ny fikarohana ny Tatsinanana; BORI)].
* [https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Mahabharata+by+Vyasa:+The+epic+of+ancient+India+condensed+into+English+verse&amp;author=Dutt&amp;reader=&amp;keywords=&amp;genre_id=0&amp;status=all&amp;project_type=either&amp;recorded_language=&amp;sort_order=catalog_date&amp;search_page=1&amp;search_form=advanced ''The Mahabharata by Vyasa: The epic of ancient India condensed into English verse''] – Boky noraketina ho feo izay tsy voafehin' ny zon' ny mpamorona, ao amin' ny LibriVox.

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      <text bytes="126997" sha1="1tbwpgb1rgmxoj0f7u1xp55oafxy7se" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Krishna and Arjun on the chariot, Mahabharata, 18th-19th century, India.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|[[Krishna|Krishna]] sy Arjuna tao Kurukshetra, sary hosodoko tamin' ny taonjato faha-18–faha-19.]]
Ny '''''Mahābhārata''''' (fanononana amin' ny teny anglisy: /məˌhɑːˈbɑːrətə/, /ˌmɑːhə-/;&lt;ref&gt;''The Chambers Dictionary''. ''Mahabharata''. Chambers. 2003. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-550-10105-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 9th.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;''Collins English Dictionary''. ''Mahabharata''. HarperCollins. 2018. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-008-28437-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 13th.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120903041128/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Mahabharata &quot;Mahabharata&quot;]. ''Oxford Dictionaries Online''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Mahabharata &quot;Mahabharata&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130209/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Mahabharata tahiry tamin' ny 4 March 2016]. ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.&lt;/ref&gt; amin' ny teny sanskrita: ''Mahābhāratam'' (महाभारतम्), /mɐɦaːˈbʱaːrɐt̪ɐm/, midika hoe «Bharata lehibe») dia iray amin' ireo tononkalo roa lehibe mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo amin' ny literatiora sanskrita avy any India fahiny, izay hajaina ao amin' ny [[Hindoisma|hindoisma]]; ny iray hafa dia ny ''Ramayana''.&lt;ref name=encindlit&gt;Datta, Amaresh. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&amp;pg=PA1755 ''The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj to Jyoti)'']. Sahitya Akademi. 1 January 2006. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Samy sokajina ho ''smṛti'', sokajin-tsoratra ampitain' ny lovantsofina hindoa, sy ho ''itihasa'', fitantarana ny lasa araka ny lovantsofina, izy roa. Mitantara ny zava-nitranga manodidina ny ady tao Kurukshetra ny ''Mahābhārata'', sady mandinika hevitra ara-filôzôfia, toy ireo «tanjona efatra eo amin' ny fiainana», na ''puruṣārtha''. Anisan' ny singa fototra ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' ny ''Bhagavad Gita'', izay soratra masina manana toerana lehibe ao amin' ny lovantsofina hindoa.

Tantarain' ny ''Mahābhārata'' ny fifandroritana teo anivon' ny fianakavian' ny mpanjaka mba hahazoana ny seza fiandrianan' i Hastinapura, izay niafara tamin' ny ady tao Kurukshetra. Ady nifanaovana mba handovana ny fanjakana izany, teo amin' ireo zanak' andriana izay zanak' olona mpiray tam-po, dia ny Kaurava sy ny Pāṇḍava.
Anisan' ireo tantara maro ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' ny tantaran' i Damayanti, i Shakuntala, i Pururava sy i Urvashi, i Savitri sy Satyavan, i Kacha sy i Devayani, i Rishyasringa, ary ny dikan-teny nohafohezina amin' ny ''Rāmāyaṇa''.
Mamelabelatra ny foto-kevitry ny ''dharmayuddha'', na «ady ara-drariny», ilay tononkalo. Ny ''Bhagavad Gita'' kosa dia mandinika ny ''dharma'', hevitra avy amin' ny lovantsofina vedika momba ny adidy sy ny fanaovana izay rariny, amin' ny alalan' ny fifampiresahan' i Arjuna, zanak' andriana Pāṇḍava, sy i [[Krishna|Krishna]], mpitondra ny kalesiny sady mpitari-dalana azy.

Araka ny lovantsofina dia i [[Vyāsa]] no mpanoratra ny ''Mahābhārata''. Maro ny ezaka natao hamantarana ny fivoaran' ilay lahatsoratra teo amin' ny tantara sy ireo sosona samy hafa nandrafetana azy. Azo inoana fa teo anelanelan' ny taonjato faha-3 tal. J.K. sy ny taonjato faha-3 taor. J.K. no nangonina ny ampahany lehibe indrindra amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'', ary tsy ela lavitra talohan' ny taona 400 tal. J.K. tany ho any no niandohan' ny ampahany tranainy indrindra mbola voatahiry.&lt;ref&gt;Austin, Christopher R.. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4jCoDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA21 ''Pradyumna: Lover, Magician, and Son of the Avatara'']. Oxford University Press. 2019. p.: 21. fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-005411-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 11 January 2020. datin' ny tahiry: 7 September 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124231/https://books.google.com/books?id=4jCoDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA21 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BrockingtonA&quot;&gt;Brockington (1998, p. 26)&lt;/ref&gt; Azo inoana fa efa nahazo ny endriny farany ilay lahatsoratra tamin' ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana Gupta, izany hoe manodidina ny taonjato faha-4 taor. J.K.&lt;ref&gt;Pattanaik, Devdutt. [https://scroll.in/article/905466/how-did-the-ramayana-and-mahabharata-come-to-be-and-what-has-dharma-got-to-do-with-it ''How did the 'Ramayana' and 'Mahabharata' come to be (and what has 'dharma' got to do with it)?'']. 13 December 2018. daty nijerena voarakitra: 30 May 2020. datin' ny tahiry: 14 August 2020. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: Scroll.in. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200814160417/https://scroll.in/article/905466/how-did-the-ramayana-and-mahabharata-come-to-be-and-what-has-dharma-got-to-do-with-it/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Van Buitenen; ''The Mahabharata'' – 1; The Book of the Beginning. Introduction (Authorship and Date)&lt;/ref&gt;

Adika hoe «Bharat (India) lehibe», na «ny tantaran' ireo taranaka lehiben' i Bharata», na koa hoe «Ny tantara lehiben' i India» (''The Great Indian Tale'') ny lohateniny.&lt;ref&gt;Stuart, Tristram; Albinia, Alice. [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/16/fiction ''India's epic struggle'']. ''The Guardian''. 16 August 2007. daty nijerena voarakitra: 6 August 2023. datin' ny tahiry: 6 August 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230806170749/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/16/fiction rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://vedicwisdomandphilosophy.wordpress.com/mahabharata/ ''Mahabharata'']. 16 May 2021. daty nijerena voarakitra: 6 August 2023. datin' ny tahiry: 6 August 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230806170749/https://vedicwisdomandphilosophy.wordpress.com/mahabharata/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
Anisan' ny tononkalo fitantarana lava indrindra fantatra ny ''Mahābhārata''. Misy ''shloka'' (andininy) maherin' ny 100 000 ny dikan-teniny lava indrindra, izany hoe andalan-tononkalo maherin' ny 200 000, satria andalana roa no mandrafitra ny ''shloka'' tsirairay; misy ampahany lava amin' ny lahatsoratra tsy voarafitra ho tononkalo koa ao.
Manodidina ny 1,8 tapitrisa ny isan' ny teniny rehetra, ka eo amin' ny folo heny eo ho eo amin' ny halavan' ny ''Iliad'' sy ny ''Odyssey'' atambatra ny ''Mahābhārata'', na eo amin' ny efatra heny eo ho eo amin' ny halavan' ny ''Rāmāyaṇa''. Mihoatra ny 2,5 heny amin' ny halavany kosa ny ''Epic of Manas'', izay tononkalo lava indrindra eran-tany.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/67403-longest-poem-ever-published ''Longest poem ever published'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 7 June 2026. tranonkala: Guinness World Records.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spodek, Howard. Richard Mason. ''The World's History''. Pearson Education: 2006, New Jersey. 224, 0-13-177318-6&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amartya Sen, ''The Argumentative Indian. Writings on Indian Culture, History and Identity'', London: Penguin Books, 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;
Antsoina indraindray hoe Veda fahadimy izy ao amin' ny lovantsofina indiana.&lt;ref&gt;Fitzgerald, James. ''India's Fifth Veda: The Mahabharata's Presentation of Itself''. ''Journal of South Asian Literature''. 1985. boky: 20. laharana: 1. pp.: 125–140.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tantaran' ny lahatsoratra sy ny firafiny ==
[[File:Ganesa writing the Mahabharat.jpeg|thumb|Vyasa mitantara ny ''Mahābhārata'' amin' i [[Ganesh|Ganesha]], araka ny sary ao amin' ny sora-tanana avy any Mewar tamin' ny taonjato faha-17.]]

Araka ny lovantsofina, dia ilay olon-kendry [[Vyāsa|Vyasa]] no namorona ity tononkalo fitantarana ity; anisan' ny olona manana anjara toerana lehibe ao anatiny koa izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lochtefeld2002&quot;&gt;James G. Lochtefeld. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&amp;pg=PA399 ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M'']. The Rosen Publishing Group. 2002. p.: 399. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 15 November 2015. datin' ny tahiry: 7 September 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124232/https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&amp;pg=PA399 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Nolazain' i Vyasa fa ''itihasa'' (tantara) izy io. Resahiny koa ny lovantsofina mampifandray ny mpampianatra sy ny mpianatra, izay mitanisa ny fifandimbiasan' ireo mpampianatra lehibe rehetra sy ny mpianany tamin' ny vanim-potoana vedika.

Milaza ny fizarana voalohany amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' fa i [[Ganesh|Ganesha]] no nanoratra ny lahatsoratra araka izay notononin' i Vyasa. Heverin' ny manam-pahaizana ho fanampin-dahatsoratra nampidirina tatỳ aoriana anefa izany, ary tsy ahitana an' i Ganesha ny fanontana miorina amin' ny fandinihana sy fampitahana ireo sora-tanana (''Critical Edition'').&lt;ref&gt;''Mahābhārata'', Vol. 1, Part 2. Critical edition, p. 884.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mampiasa firafitra ahitana tantara ao anatin' ny tantara ilay tononkalo, izay antsoina koa hoe fitantarana anankiray mandrafitra ny manodidina ny fitantarana hafa. Fahita amin' ny sanganasa indiana maro, na ara-pivavahana na tsia, io firafitra io. Ao amin' ilay fitantarana dia notantarain' ilay olon-kendry Vaisampayana,&lt;ref&gt;Davis, Richard H.. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vQ3rAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA38 ''The &quot;Bhagavad Gita&quot;: A Biography'']. Princeton University Press. 2014. p.: 38. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4008-5197-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Krishnan, Bal. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_pUBAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Vaishampayana+related ''Kurukshetra: Political and Cultural History'']. B.R. Publishing Corporation. 1978. p.: 50. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9788170180333&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 6 November 2020. datin' ny tahiry: 7 September 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124233/https://books.google.com/books?id=_pUBAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Vaishampayana+related rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; mpianatr' i Vyasa, voalohany tao an-tanànan' i Taxila izy io. Notantarainy tamin' i Janamejaya mpanjaka, zafiafin' i Arjuna, andriana Pandava, izany. Taona maro tatỳ aoriana dia naverin' ny mpitantara matihanina iray antsoina hoe Ugrashrava Sauti notantaraina indray ilay tantara, teo anatrehan' ny fivorian' ny olon-kendry nanatanteraka sorona naharitra roa ambin' ny folo taona ho an' i Saunaka Kulapati mpanjaka, tao amin' ny alan' i Naimisha.
[[File:Sauti recites the slokas of the Mahabharata.jpg|thumb|Sauti mitanisa ireo andininy (''shloka'') ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata''.]]

Nolazain' ny mpandinika ny kolontsaina sy ny tantaran' i India sasany tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-20 fa tsy misy firafitra mazava sady mikorontana ilay lahatsoratra. Nihevitra i Hermann Oldenberg fa tsy maintsy ho nanana « hery mampihetsi-po noho ny loza mitranga » lehibe tokoa ilay tononkalo tany am-boalohany, nefa nolaviny ho « fikorontanana mahatsiravina » ny lahatsoratra manontolo (fandikana malagasy ireo teny nalaina).&lt;ref&gt;Oldenberg, Hermann. ''Das Mahabharata: seine Entstehung, sein Inhalt, seine Form''. Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht. Göttingen. 1922. fiteny: de. OCLC: 4878979. lccn: 24000855.&lt;/ref&gt; I Moritz Winternitz (''Geschichte der indischen Literatur'', 1909) kosa dia nihevitra fa « teôlôjiana tsy mahay tononkalo sy mpanao dika soratra tsy kinga ihany » no afaka nanambatra ireo ampahany samy hafa fiaviana ho fitambarana iray tsy misy filaminana (fandikana malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/07-06/features360.htm &quot;The Mahabharata&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20061106205614/http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/07-06/features360.htm tahiry tamin' ny 6 November 2006] at ''The Sampradaya Sun''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanitarana sy fanitsiana ny lahatsoratra ===
Ezaka lehibe no natao tamin' ny fikarohana momba ny ''Mahābhārata'' mba hamantarana ireo sosona niforona tamin' ny fandrafetana ilay lahatsoratra sy hamaritana ny datin' izy ireo.
Azo ampifandraisina amin' ny vanim-potoana vedika ny fiavian' ny singa sasany ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' ankehitriny.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=FYPOVdzZ2UIC&amp;dq=a+history+of+indian+literature+mahabharata+date&amp;pg=PA452 ''A History of Indian Literature''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230406115439/https://books.google.com/books?id=FYPOVdzZ2UIC&amp;dq=a+history+of+indian+literature+mahabharata+date&amp;pg=PA452 tahiry tamin' ny 6 April 2023], Volume 1 by Maurice Winternitz&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny toe-javatra niavian' ny ''Mahābhārata'' dia manondro fa nipoitra ilay tononkalo fitantarana, araka ireto teny nadika amin' ny teny malagasy ireto, «taorian' ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana vedika mihitsy» ary talohan' ny «nipoiran' ny “empira” indiana voalohany tamin' ny taonjato faha-3 tal. J.K.». Azo inoana fa «daty tsy dia mifanalavitra amin' ny taonjato faha-8 na faha-9 tal. J.K.» izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;BrockingtonA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vanB73&quot;&gt;van Buitenen (1973) pp. xxiv–xxv&lt;/ref&gt;
Tamin' ny voalohany dia tantara nampitain' ireo mpitantara sady mpanao tononkalo mpitondra kalesy am-bava ny ''Mahābhārata''.&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Ruchika. [http://scroll.in/article/806662/the-mahabharata-how-an-oral-narrative-of-the-bards-became-the-didactic-text-of-the-brahmins ''The Mahabharata: How an oral narrative of the bards became a text of the Brahmins'']. 16 January 2017. daty nijerena voarakitra: 16 January 2017. datin' ny tahiry: 17 January 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: Scroll.in. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170117134753/http://scroll.in/article/806662/the-mahabharata-how-an-oral-narrative-of-the-bards-became-the-didactic-text-of-the-brahmins rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
Ekena amin' ny ankapobeny izao fanazavana izao (dika malagasy): «Tsy tahaka ny Veda, izay tsy maintsy tehirizina tsy misy fiovana na dia litera iray aza, ilay tononkalo fitantarana dia sanganasa natao ho an' ny besinimaro, ka tsy maintsy nampifanarahan' ny mpitantara azy tamin' ny fiovan' ny fiteny sy ny fomba fanoratra».&lt;ref name=&quot;vanB73&quot; /&gt;
Noho izany, heverina fa tsy tranainy kokoa noho ireo firesahana azy tranainy indrindra hita any ivelan' ilay sanganasa ireo singa tranainy indrindra mbola voatahiry ao amin' io lahatsoratra niovaova io. Anisan' ireo firesahana ireo ny ao amin' ny ''Ashtadhyayi'' 4:2:56, bokin' ny fitsipi-pitenenana nosoratan' i [[Pāṇini|Panini]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 tal. J.K.&lt;ref name=&quot;BrockingtonA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vanB73&quot; /&gt;
Nanao izao fanamarihana izao i Vishnu Sukthankar, mpamoaka ny fanontana lehibe voalohany ny ''Mahābhārata'' nifototra tamin' ny fampitahana sy fanadihadiana ny sora-tanana (dika malagasy): «Tsy misy ilàna azy ny mieritreritra ny hamerina lahatsoratra niovaova ho amin' ny endriny tany am-boalohany, amin' ny alalan' ny sora-tanana fototra niavian' ny kopia sy ny ''stemma codicum'', na tetiaran' ireo sora-tanana. Inona àry no azo atao? Ny hany tanjontsika dia ny hamerina ''ny endrika tranainy indrindra amin' ilay lahatsoratra izay mbola azo tratrarina'', mifototra amin' ireo sora-tanana misy».&lt;ref&gt;Sukthankar (1933) &quot;Prolegomena&quot; p. lxxxvi. Ao amin' ny soratra niandohana ilay fanasongadinana.&lt;/ref&gt;
Somary tatỳ aoriana ny datin' ireo sora-tanana ireo, noho ny akora nanaovana azy sy ny toetrandro any India, nefa maro dia maro izy ireo.

Ny ''Mahābhārata'' mihitsy (1.1.61) dia manavaka ny ampahany fototra misy andininy 24 000, dia ny ''Bhārata'' amin' ny heviny hentitra, amin' ireo ampahany hafa fanampiny. Manao fanavahana mitovy amin' izany koa ny ''Ashvalayana Grihyasutra'' (3.4.4).
Mazàna dia ekena fa nisy endrika voarafitra telo fara fahakeliny ilay lahatsoratra: ny ''Jaya'' (Fandresena), misy andininy 8 800 ary lazaina fa nosoratan' i Vyasa; ny ''Bharata'', misy andininy 24 000 araka ny notantarain' i Vaisampayana; ary farany ny ''Mahābhārata'', araka ny notantarain' i Ugrashrava Sauti, misy andininy maherin' ny 100 000.&lt;ref&gt;Gupta &amp; Ramachandran (1976), citing ''Mahabharata'', Critical Edition, I, 56, 33&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;SP Gupta and KS Ramachandran (1976), p.3-4, citing Vaidya (1967), p.11&lt;/ref&gt;
Na izany aza, misy manam-pahaizana, toa an' i John Brockington, milaza fa lahatsoratra iray ihany no tondroin' ny ''Jaya'' sy ny ''Bharata'', ary avy amin' ny famakiana diso andininy iray ao amin' ny ''Adi Parva'' (1.1.81) ilay petra-kevitra momba ny ''Jaya'' misy andininy 8 800.&lt;ref&gt;Brockington, J. L.. [https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C&amp;pg=PA21 ''The Sanskrit epics, Part 2'']. BRILL. 1998. boky: 12. p.: 21. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-04-10260-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 30 May 2020. datin' ny tahiry: 7 September 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124733/https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C&amp;pg=PA21 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
Narahina fitsipika momba ny endrika tamin' ny fandrafetana sy fampiraisana io fitambaran-dahatsoratra lehibe io, ka nomena lanja manokana ny isa 18&lt;ref&gt;Boky 18, toko 18 avy ao amin' ny ''Bhagavadgita'' sy ny ''Narayaniya'', mifanandrify amin' ny andro 18 naharetan' ny ady sy ireo tafika 18 (Mbh. 5.152.23).&lt;/ref&gt; sy 12.
Mety ho azo faritana ny daty nanampiana ireo ampahany farany amin' ny fijerena ny tsy fisian' ny ''Anushasana Parva'' sy ny ''Virata Parva'' ao amin' ny sora-tanana Spitzer.&lt;ref&gt;''The Spitzer Manuscript (Beitrage zur Kultur- und Geistesgeschichte Asiens)'', Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2004. Anisan' ireo sora-tanana sanskrita tranainy indrindra hita teny amin' ny [[Lalan' ny Landy]] izy io, ary anisan' ny fananana navelan' i Dr. Moritz Spitzer.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny lisitra tranainy indrindra mbola voatahiry momba ireo fizarana ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' dia avy tamin' ny vanim-potoana Kushan (200 taor. J.K.).&lt;ref&gt;Schlingloff, Dieter. ''The Oldest Extant Parvan-List of the Mahābhārata''. ''Journal of the American Oriental Society''. 1969. boky: 89. laharana: 2. pp.: 334–338. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.2307/596517&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;JSTOR 596517&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny voalazan' ny olona iray ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' (1.1.50), dia nisy endrika telo ilay tononkalo fitantarana, izay samy nanomboka tamin' ny ''Manu'' (1.1.27), ''Astika'' (1.3, zana-''parva'' 5), na ''Vasu'' (1.57), arakaraka ny endrika.
Mety hifanandrify amin' ny fanampiana resaka ifanaovana iray atao ho tantara mandrafitra ny fitantarana hafa, ary avy eo resaka ifanaovana faharoa toy izany, ireo endrika ireo.
Tsy hahitana ireo tantara mandrafitra ireo ny endrika ''Vasu'', fa hanomboka amin' ny fitantarana ny nahaterahan' i Vyasa.
Ny endrika ''Astika'' kosa dia hanampy ireo ampahany momba ny ''sarpasattra'' (sorona bibilava) sy ny ''ashvamedha'' (sorona soavaly) avy amin' ny literatiora brahmanika, hampiditra ny anarana hoe ''Mahābhārata'', ary hanondro an' i Vyasa ho mpanoratra ilay sanganasa.
Azo inoana fa manam-pahaizana Pancharatrin no nandrafitra ireo fanampiny ireo; araka an' i Oberlies (1998), dia azo inoana fa notanan' izy ireo ny fahefana tamin' ilay lahatsoratra mandra-pahavitan' ny fandrafetana azy farany.
Ny firesahana ny Huna ao amin' ny ''Bhishma Parva'' anefa dia toa manondro fa mety ho tamin' ny manodidina ny taonjato faha-4 no nanitsiana io ''parva'' io.&lt;ref&gt;[https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/vyasa-can-you-hear-us-now/ ''Vyasa, can you hear us now?'']. 2015-11-21. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2020-06-07. datin' ny tahiry: 7 June 2020. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: The Indian Express. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200607164708/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/vyasa-can-you-hear-us-now/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Snakesacrifice.jpg|thumb|Ny sorona bibilava nataon' i Janamejaya]]
Ao amin' ny ''Adi Parva'' no ahitana ny sorona bibilava (''sarpasattra'') nataon' i Janamejaya. Hazavaina ao ny antony nanosika azy, ny antony nikendrena hamongorana ny bibilava rehetra nisy, ary ny antony mbola isian' ny bibilava na dia teo aza izany. Matetika no noheverina fa tantara mahaleo tena io ampahany momba ny ''sarpasattra'' io, ary nampidirina tao amin' ny endrika iray tamin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' noho ny «fifandraisan' ny lohahevitra» (dika malagasy; Minkowski 1991). Noheverina koa fa nifandray akaiky indrindra tamin' ny literatiora vedika (''Brahmana'') izy io. Tanisain' ny ''Panchavimsha Brahmana'' (25.15.3) ireo mpisorona mitarika ''sarpasattra'' iray. Ao amin' izany lisitra izany no ahitana ny anaran' i Dhritarashtra sy Janamejaya, olona roa mitana anjara toerana lehibe ao amin' ny tantaran' ny ''sarpasattra'' ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'', ary koa ny anaran' i Takshaka, bibilava iray ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata''.&lt;ref&gt;J.A.B. van Buitenen, ''Mahābhārata, Volume 1'', p.445, citing W. Caland, ''The Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa'', p.640-2&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny ''Suparnakhyana'', tononkalo avy amin' ny faramparan' ny vanim-potoana vedika, dia heverina ho anisan' ny «soritra tranainy indrindra amin' ny tononkalo mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo any India» (dika malagasy). Endrika tranainy kokoa sady fohy kokoa nialoha ilay angano nitarina momba an' i Garuda izy io; hita ao amin' ny ''Astika Parva'', ao anatin' ny ''Adi Parva'' ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'', io angano nitarina io.&lt;ref name=&quot;Winternitz1996&quot;&gt;Moriz Winternitz. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&amp;pg=PA292 ''A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1'']. Motilal Banarsidass. 1996. pp.: 291–292. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-208-0264-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 22 November 2018. datin' ny tahiry: 6 July 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230706210944/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&amp;pg=PA292 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vogel1995&quot;&gt;Jean Philippe Vogel. [https://books.google.com/books?id=caskYEbIQDoC&amp;pg=PA53 ''Indian Serpent-lore: Or, The Nāgas in Hindu Legend and Art'']. Asian Educational Services. 1995. pp.: 53–54. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-206-1071-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 22 November 2018. datin' ny tahiry: 6 July 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230706210945/https://books.google.com/books?id=caskYEbIQDoC&amp;pg=PA53 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanondroana ara-tantara ===
Jereo koa ny ''Bhagavad Gita: daty sy lahatsoratra''.

Ao amin' ny ''Ashtadhyayi'' (fitsipika fohy na ''sutra'' 6.2.38)&lt;ref&gt;''mahān vrīhyaparāhṇagṛṣṭīṣvāsajābālabhārabhāratahailihilarauravapravṛddheṣu'', [http://sanskritdictionary.com/panini/6-2-38 'Pāṇini Research Tool', Sanskrit Dictionary] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210930033631/http://sanskritdictionary.com/panini/6-2-38 tahiry tamin' ny 30 September 2021]&lt;/ref&gt; nosoratan' i [[Pāṇini|Panini]], izay niasa tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 tal. J.K., sy ao amin' ny ''Ashvalayana Grihyasutra'' (3.4.4) no ahitana ny fanononana tranainy indrindra fantatra momba ny ''bhārata'' sy ny teny mitambatra hoe ''mahābhārata''. Mety hidika izany fa efa voaforona tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 tal. J.K. na talohan' izany ireo andininy fototra 24 000 fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe ''Bhārata'', ary koa ny endrika voalohany tamin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' nitarina. Tsy azo antoka anefa raha ilay tononkalo fitantarana no noresahin' i Panini, satria nampiasaina hilazana zavatra hafa koa ny hoe ''bhārata''. Miresaka ny foko Bharatas ao amin' ny ''Rigveda'' i Albrecht Weber; mety ho nantsoina hoe ''Mahā-Bhārata'' ny olona ambony iray tao amin' io foko io. Koa satria manonona olona mandray anjara ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' koa anefa i Panini, dia mety ho efa nisy ampahany tamin' ilay tononkalo fantatra tamin' ny androny. Lafiny iray hafa koa ny namaritan' i Panini ny lantom-peo mifototra amin' ny haavon' ny feo amin' ny hoe ''mahā-bhārata''. Tsy tamin' ny lantom-peo vedika anefa no namakiana am-bava ny ''Mahābhārata''.&lt;ref&gt;Bronkhorst, J. (2016): ''How the Brahmins Won. From Alexander to the Guptas'', Brill, p. 78-80, 97&lt;/ref&gt;

Nilaza ilay mpanoratra grika Dio Chrysostom (tokony ho 40–120 taor. J.K.) fa nohiraina hatrany India aza ny tononkalon' i [[Hômerôsy|Homer]].&lt;ref&gt;Dio Chrysostom, 53.[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dio_Chrysostom/Discourses/53*.html#6 6]-7, trans. H. Lamar Crosby, Loeb Classical Library, 1946, vol. 4, p. 363.&lt;/ref&gt; Mpikaroka maro no nandray izany ho porofo fa efa nisy ny ''Mahābhārata'' tamin' io fotoana io, ka nampitovin' i Dio na ireo loharano nampiasainy tamin' ny tantaran' ny ''Iliad'' ireo tantara ao anatiny.&lt;ref&gt;Nihevitra i Christian Lassen, tao amin' ny ''Indische Alterthumskunde'', fa ny alahelon' i Dhritarashtra, ny fitomanian' i Gandhari sy Draupadi, ary ny herim-pon' i Arjuna sy Suyodhana na Karna no tena notondroin' ilay fanononana (notanisain' i Max Duncker sady nekeny tao amin' ny ''The History of Antiquity'' (trans. Evelyn Abbott, London 1880), vol. 4, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gIkBAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA81 p. 81]). Eken' ny boky fanovozan-kevitra toy ny ''History of Indian Literature'' nosoratan' i Albrecht Weber izany fandikana hevitra izany, saingy nisy fotoana namerenana azy ho zava-misy fa tsy ho fandikana hevitra.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ireo fizarana na boky 18 ===
Toy izao ny fizarana ho ''parva'', na boky, 18:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! ''Parva'' (fizarana)
! Lohateny
! Zana-pizarana
! Votoatiny
|-
|1
|''Adi Parva'' (Bokin' ny fiandohana)
|1–19
|Mitantara ny fomba nitantaran' i Sauti ny ''Mahābhārata'' tamin' ireo olon-kendry (''rishi'') nivory tao Naimisharanya, rehefa avy notononin' i Vaisampayana nandritra ny ''sarpasattra'', na sorona bibilava, nataon' i Janamejaya tao Takshashila izy io. Ampahatsiahivina ao ny tantara sy ny tetirazan' ny taranaka Bharata sy Bhrigu, ary koa ny fahaterahana sy ny fahazazan' ireo printsy tao amin' ny fanjakana Kuru (midika hoe voalohany ny ''adi''). Ny ''Adi Parva'' dia mitantara ny fahaterahana, ny fahazazana, ny fanabeazana ary ny fanambadian' ireo Pandava, ny tolona natrehiny noho ny teti-dratsy natao taminy, ary koa ny zava-bitany.
|-
|2
|''Sabha Parva'' (Bokin' ny efitrano fivoriana)
|20–28
|Manorina ny lapa sy ny toeram-pivorian' ny mpanjaka (''sabha'') ao Indraprastha i Maya Danava. Ny ''Sabha Parva'' dia mitantara ny sorona ''Rajasuya'' nataon' i Yudhishthira niaraka tamin' ny fanampian' ireo rahalahiny, sy ny fitondran' i Yudhishthira tao Shakraprastha/Indraprastha. Resahiny koa ny fanalam-baraka sy ny fitaka nihatra tamin' izy ireo noho ny teti-dratsy sy ny nataon' izy ireo ihany.
|-
|3
|''Vana Parva'', antsoina koa hoe ''Aranyaka Parva'' na ''Aranya Parva'' (Bokin' ny ala)
|29–44
|Mitantara ireo roa ambin' ny folo taona nanaovana sesitany azy ireo tany anaty ala (''aranya'') ity boky ity. Ny ''parva'' manontolo dia manoritsoritra ny tolona natrehiny sy ny fanamafisany ny heriny.
|-
|4
|''Virata Parva'' (Bokin' i Virata)
|45–48
|Mitantara ilay taona nonenan' izy ireo tao an-dapan' i Virata, ka nanafina ny tena maha izy azy. Mpiady tokana, dia i Arjuna, no nandresy ny tafika Kuru manontolo, anisan' izany i Karna, Bhishma, Drona, Ashwatthama sy ny hafa, ary namerina ny ombin' ny fanjakan' i Virata.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04026.htm SECTION XXVI (Go-harana Parva)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20211130220420/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04026.htm tahiry tamin' ny 30 November 2021] ''sacred-texts.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|5
|''Udyoga Parva'' (Bokin' ny ezaka)
|49–59
|Mitantara ny fiomanana ho amin' ny ady sy ny ezaka hampihavanana ny ankolafy Kaurava sy Pandava, izay tsy nahomby tamin' ny farany (midika hoe ezaka na asa ny ''udyoga'').
|-
|6
|''Bhishma Parva'' (Bokin' i Bhishma)
|60–64
|Mitantara ny tapany voalohany amin' ilay ady lehibe, izay i Bhishma no komandin' ny Kaurava, sy ny fianjerany teo amin' ny fandriana voaforon' ny zana-tsipìka. Ny ampahany manan-danja indrindra amin' ny ''Bhishma Parva'' dia ny ''Bhagavad Gita'', izay notantarain' i [[Krishna]] tamin' i Arjuna. (Ao amin' ny toko 25–42 no misy ny ''Bhagavad Gita''.)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06025.htm ''The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section XXV (Bhagavad Gita Chapter I)'']. Sacred-texts.com. daty nijerena voarakitra: 3 August 2012. datin' ny tahiry: 21 May 2012. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120521235153/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06025.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06042.htm ''The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section XLII (Bhagavad Gita, Chapter XVIII)'']. Sacred-texts.com. daty nijerena voarakitra: 3 August 2012. datin' ny tahiry: 21 May 2012. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120521231917/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06042.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|7
|''Drona Parva'' (Bokin' i Drona)
|65–72
|Mitohy ny ady, ka i Drona no komandà. Ity no boky fototra momba ny ady. Amin' ny faran' ity boky ity dia efa maty ny ankamaroan' ireo mpiady lehibe tamin' ny andaniny sy ny ankilany.
|-
|8
|''Karna Parva'' (Bokin' i Karna)
|73
|Mitohy ny ady, ka i Karna no komandin' ny tafika Kaurava.
|-
|9
|''Shalya Parva'' (Bokin' i Shalya)
|74–77
|Mitantara ny andro farany amin' ny ady, izay i Shalya no komandà. Tantaraina amin' ny an-tsipiriany koa ny fivahiniana masina nataon' i Balarama tany amin' ireo fiampitana marivo amin' ny renirano Saraswati, sy ny ady kobay nifanaovan' i Bhima sy Duryodhana izay namarana ny ady: novonoin' i Bhima i Duryodhana tamin' ny fikapohana kobay ny feny.
|-
|10
|''Sauptika Parva'' (Bokin' ny mpiady natory)
|78–80
|Novonoin' i Ashwatthama, Kripa ary Kritavarma tao anatin' ny torimasony ny tafika Pandava sisa tavela. Mpiady fito monja no sisa teo amin' ny ankolafy Pandava, ary telo teo amin' ny ankolafy Kaurava.
|-
|11
|''Stri Parva'' (Bokin' ny vehivavy)
|81–85
|Mitomany ireo maty i Gandhari sy ny vehivavy (''stri'') ao amin' ny Kaurava sy Pandava. Manozona an' i [[Krishna]] i Gandhari noho ny fandravana goavana sy ny fandringanana ny Kaurava.
|-
|12
|''Shanti Parva'' (Bokin' ny fandriampahalemana)
|86–88
|Mitantara ny fanomezana satroboninahitra an' i Yudhishthira ho mpanjakan' i Hastinapura, sy ny toromarika nomen' i Bhishma an' ilay mpanjaka vao nohosorana menaka, momba ny fiarahamonina, ny toekarena ary ny pôlitika. Ity no boky lava indrindra ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata''.
|-
|13
|''Anushasana Parva'' (Bokin' ny toromarika)
|89–90
|Mitantara ireo toromarika farany (''anushasana'') nomen' i Bhishma. Ao amin' ity ''parva'' ity ny andro farany niainan' i Bhishma, sy ny torohevitra ary ny fahendrena nampitainy tamin' i Yudhishthira, izay ho amperora.
|-
|14
|''Ashvamedhika Parva'' (Bokin' ny sorona soavaly)&lt;ref&gt;Voatahiry amin' ny dika hafa misaraka koa ny ''Ashvamedhika-parva'', dia ny ''Jaimini-Bharata'' (''Jaiminiya-Ashvamedha''). Ao amin' io dika io dia nosoloana ilay fifanakalozan-kevitra mandrafitra ny sehatra itantarana ny tantara, ka i Jaimini, mpianatr' i Vyasa iray hafa, no lazaina fa mitantara azy. Mitantara ny nandresen' i Arjuna irery an' izao tontolo izao indray izy io. Misy votoaty momba ny fanehoam-pitiavana sy fanompoana ara-pivavahana an' i Krishna betsaka lavitra ao amin' io dika io noho ny ao amin' ilay tononkalo fitantarana mahazatra, ary azo inoana fa tamin' ny taonjato faha-12 no nisiany. Misy dika isam-paritra vitsivitsy izy io; ny tena be mpankafy indrindra dia ilay amin' ny teny kanada nataon' i Devapurada Annama Lakshmisha (taonjato faha-16). [http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/07-06/features360.htm ''The Mahabharata''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20061106205614/http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/07-06/features360.htm tahiry tamin' ny 6 November 2006]&lt;/ref&gt;
|91–92
|Mitantara ny lanonan' ny mpanjaka nataon' i Yudhishthira, dia ny ''Ashvamedha'' (sorona soavaly), sy ny nandresen' i Arjuna an' izao tontolo izao. Notantarain' i Krishna tamin' i Arjuna ny ''Anugita''.
|-
|15
|''Ashramavasika Parva'' (Bokin' ny fonenan' ny mpitoka-monina)
|93–95
|Mitantara ny fahafatesan' i Dhritarashtra, Gandhari ary Kunti tamin' ny farany, tao anatin' ny doro ala, raha nonina tao amin' ny fonenan' ny mpitoka-monina tany Himalaya izy ireo. Maty talohan' izy ireo i Vidura, ary nankany amin' ny faritra avo kokoa tany Himalaya i Sanjaya mba honina tany, araka ny baikon' i Dhritarashtra.
|-
|16
|''Mausala Parva'' (Bokin' ny kobay)
|96
|Mitantara ny fahatanterahan' ny ozon' i Gandhari, izany hoe ny fifamonoan' ireo Yadava tamin' ny kobay (''mausala''), sy ny fandringanana ny Yadava tamin' ny farany.
|-
|17
|''Mahaprasthanika Parva'' (Bokin' ny dia lehibe)
|97
|Mitantara ny dia lehibe nataon' i Yudhishthira sy ireo rahalahiny ary Draupadi vadiny namakivaky ny firenena manontolo. Nianika ny tendrombohitra lehiben' i Himalaya izy ireo tamin' ny farany, ary nianjera tsirairay ny Pandava rehetra afa-tsy i Yudhishthira.
|-
|18
|''Svargarohana Parva'' (Bokin' ny fiakarana any an-danitra)
|98
|Mitantara ny fitsapana farany natrehin' i Yudhishthira sy ny fiverenan' ny Pandava any amin' ny tontolo ara-panahy (''svarga'').
|-
|''khila'' (fanampiny)
|''Harivamsa Parva'' (Bokin' ny tetirazan' i Hari)
|99–100
|Fanampiny amin' ireo boky 18 izy ity, ary mitantara ireo ampahany amin' ny fiainan' i Krishna izay tsy voaresaka ao amin' ireo ''parva'' 18 mandrafitra ny ''Mahābhārata''.
|}

== Toe-javatra ara-tantara ==
Tsy mazava raha tena nitranga ara-tantara ny Adin' i Kurukshetra. Mpahay tantara maro no manombana fa tamin' ny taonjato faha-10 tal. J.K., nandritra ny Vanim-potoan' ny Vy tao India, no nitrangan' izany ady izany.&lt;ref&gt;Raha niresaka ny famaritana ny daty ny mpahay tantara A. L. Basham dia nilaza izao (dikanteny malagasy): «Araka ny lovantsofina tatỳ aoriana izay miely indrindra, dia tamin' ny 3102 tal. J.K. no nitrangan' ny Adin' ny Mahabharata, nefa tsy azo ekena mihitsy izany raha jerena ny porofo rehetra. Azo ekena kokoa ny lovantsofina iray hafa izay mametraka azy tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 tal. J.K., saingy mbola aloha loatra an-jatony taona maro koa izany raha jerena ny fahalalantsika avy amin' ny arkeôlôjia. Azo inoana fa manodidina ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-9 tal. J.K. no nitrangan' ilay ady; toa mifanaraka tsara amin' ireo sisa tavela arkeôlôjika vitsy avy amin' izany vanim-potoana izany io daty io, ary misy porofo ao amin' ny literatiora Brahmana mihitsy mampiseho fa tsy nety ho taloha lavitra noho izany ilay ady.» Basham, p. 40, citing HC Raychaudhuri, ''Political History of Ancient India'', pp.27ff.&lt;/ref&gt;
Misy toe-javatra ara-tantara mifanandrify amin' ny tontolo isehoan' ilay tononkalo fitantarana ao India tamin' ny Vanim-potoan' ny Vy, na vanim-potoana vedika, fony ny fanjakan' i Kuru no foiben' ny fahefana ara-pôlitika teo anelanelan' ny taona 1200 sy 800 tal. J.K. teo ho eo.&lt;ref&gt;M Witzel, ''Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state'', EJVS vol.1 no.4 (1995); also in B. Kölver (ed.), ''Recht, Staat und Verwaltung im klassischen Indien. The state, the Law, and Administration in Classical India'', München, R. Oldenbourg, 1997, p.27-52&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho fifandonana teo amin' ny tarana-mpanjaka tamin' izany fotoana izany no nanome aingam-panahy ho an' ny ''Jaya'', izay fototra nanorenana ny fitambaran-tsoratra ''Mahābhārata''. Mety ho nisy ady lehibe nahatratra ny fara tampon' ilay fifandonana, izay nanjary noheverina ho zava-nitranga nanamarika vanim-potoana iray tatỳ aoriana.

Ahitana lisitry ny tetiarana mifandray amin' ny fitantarana ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' ny literatiora puranika. Misy karazany roa ny porofo ao amin' ny ''Purana''. Ny voalohany dia ny filazana mivantana fa nisy 1 015 taona (na 1 050 taona) teo anelanelan' ny nahaterahan' i Parikshit (zafikelin' i Arjuna) sy ny niakaran' i Mahapadma Nanda (400–329 tal. J.K.) teo amin' ny fitondrana. Raha izany no raisina, dia azo tombanana ho manodidina ny 1400 tal. J.K. ny datin' ny adin' ny Bharata.&lt;ref&gt;A.D. Pusalker, ''History and Culture of the Indian People'', Vol I, Chapter XIV, p.273&lt;/ref&gt; Midika anefa izany fa lava loatra ka sarotra inoana ny salanisan' ny faharetan' ny nanjakan' ireo mpanjaka voatanisa ao amin' ny tetiarana.&lt;ref&gt;FE Pargiter, ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', p.180. Asehony fa 47, 50, 31 ary 35 taona ny tomban' ny salanisa ao amin' ireo dikan-teny samihafa amin' ny lisitra.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny faharoa dia ny famakafakana ireo tetiarana mifanindran-dalana ao amin' ny ''Purana'', eo anelanelan' ny andron' i Adhisimakrishna (zafiafin' i Parikshit) sy ny andron' i Mahapadma Nanda. Araka izany, dia nanombana taranaka 26 i Pargiter rehefa naka ny salanisa tamin' ny lisitry ny tarana-mpanjaka 10 samihafa. Raha noraisiny ho 18 taona ny salanisan' ny faharetan' ny fanjakana tsirairay, dia nahazo tombana ho 850 tal. J.K. ho an' i Adhisimakrishna izy, ka tokony ho 950 tal. J.K. eo ho eo izany ho an' ny adin' ny Bharata.&lt;ref&gt;Pargiter, ''op.cit.'' p.180-182&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File: Painted Grey Ware Culture (1200-600 BCE).png|thumb|Sarintanin' ny toerana sasany nahitana zavatra vita amin' ny tanimanga volondavenona misy hosodoko, na PGW (fanafohezana ny teny anglisy hoe ''Painted Grey Ware'').]]
Nampiasa io fomba io ihany i B. B. Lal, saingy nandray tombana malina kokoa momba ny salanisan' ny faharetan' ny fanjakana, ka nahazo ny daty 836 tal. J.K. Nampifandraisiny tamin' ny porofo arkeôlôjika avy amin' ireo toerana nahitana zavatra vita amin' ny tanimanga volondavenona misy hosodoko, na PGW (fanafohezana ny teny anglisy hoe ''Painted Grey Ware''), izany, satria matanjaka ny fifandraisana teo amin' ireo zavatra PGW sy ireo toerana voatonona ao amin' ilay tononkalo fitantarana.&lt;ref&gt;B. B. Lal, ''Mahabharata and Archaeology'' in Gupta and Ramachandran (1976), p.57-58&lt;/ref&gt; Manoso-kevitra izao i John Keay (dikanteny malagasy): «Toa mifandray amin' ny zava-nitranga tamin' ny vanim-potoana talohan' ny asa soratra rehetra afa-tsy ny ''Rig Veda'' ny votoatin' ny fitantarana fototra ao amin' izy ireo.»&lt;ref&gt;Keay, John. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC ''India: A History'']. Grove Press. New York City. 2000. pp.: 42. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8021-3797-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 22 September 2024. datin' ny tahiry: 3 July 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230703190805/https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny ezaka hamaritana ny datin' ireo zava-nitranga tamin' ny alalan' ny fandalinana ny astrônômia fahiny dia nahazo tombana nanomboka tamin' ny faran' ny taonarivo faha-4 ka hatramin' ny antenatenan' ny taonarivo faha-2 tal. J.K., arakaraka ny andalan-tsoratra nofidina sy ny fomba nandikana azy.&lt;ref&gt;Gupta and Ramachandran (1976), p.246, izay mamintina toy izao (dikanteny malagasy): «Manohana ny taonjato faha-15 tal. J.K. ho datin' ilay ady ny kajy astrônômika, fa ny angon-kevitra puranika kosa mametraka azy amin' ny taonjato faha-10 na faha-9 tal. J.K. Ny porofo arkeôlôjika dia manohana ity farany.» (p.254)&lt;/ref&gt;
Efa nisy kajy teo aloha nametraka daty tamin' ny faran' ny taonarivo faha-4: ny kajin' i [[Âryabhata|Aryabhata]] (taonjato faha-6) momba ny fiandohan' ny ''Kali Yuga'', izay nifototra tamin' ny fotoana nifanojoan' ny planeta teny amin' ny lanitra. Niely tao amin' ny lovantsofina indiana ny daty 18 Febroary 3102 tal. J.K. napetrak' i Aryabhata ho an' ny adin' ny ''Mahābhārata''. Misy loharano milaza fa io no fotoana nanjavonan' i [[Krishna]] teto an-tany.&lt;ref&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lord-Krishna-lived-for-125-years/articleshow/844211.cms ''Lord Krishna lived for 125 years &amp;#124; India News – Times of India'']. 8 September 2004. daty nijerena voarakitra: 30 May 2020. datin' ny tahiry: 23 October 2020. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: The Times of India. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201023194614/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lord-Krishna-lived-for-125-years/articleshow/844211.cms rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
Milaza ny soratra tao Aihole tamin' ny andron' i Pulakeshin II, izay mitondra ny daty Saka 556 = 634 taor. J.K., fa efa lasa ny 3 735 taona hatramin' ny adin' ny Bhārata. Araka izany dia ho 3137 tal. J.K. ny datin' ny adin' ny ''Mahābhārata''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mid-day.com/articles/5151-years-of-gita/15033045 ''5151 years of Gita'']. 19 January 2014. daty nijerena voarakitra: 15 May 2015. datin' ny tahiry: 8 November 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171108190821/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/5151-years-of-gita/15033045 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gupta and Ramachandran (1976), p.55; AD Pusalker, HCIP, Vol I, p.272&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy sekoly nentim-paharazana hafa eo amin' ny astrônôma sy ny mpahay tantara, izay ahitana an' i Vrddha Garga sy Varāhamihira ary Kalhana, mametraka ny adin' ny Bharata ho 653 taona taorian' ny fiandohan' ny ''Kali Yuga'', izany hoe 2449 tal. J.K.&lt;ref&gt;AD Pusalker, ''op.cit.'' p.272&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny ''Bṛhat Saṃhitā'' nosoratan' i Varāhamihira (taonjato faha-6), dia niaina 2 526 taona talohan' ny fiandohan' ny fanisan-taona Shaka, izay manomboka amin' ny 78 taor. J.K., i Yudhishthira. Izany dia mametraka ny andron' i Yudhishthira (ary noho izany, ny adin' ny ''Mahābhārata'') ho manodidina ny 2448–2449 tal. J.K. (2526–78). Nisy manam-pahaizana nanandrana nampifandray ilay fanisan-taona «Shaka» notononin' i Varāhamihira tamin' ny fanisan-taona hafa. Mametraka an' i Varāhamihira ho niaina tamin' ny taonjato voalohany tal. J.K. anefa izany fampifandraisana izany, ka tsy azo ekena satria miresaka an' i [[Âryabhata|Aryabhata]], astrônôma tamin' ny taonjato faha-5, izy. Ny ''Rajatarangini'' nosoratan' i Kalhana (taonjato faha-11), izay toa miantehitra amin' i Varāhamihira, dia milaza koa fa tamin' ny 653 taona taorian' ny fiandohan' ny ''Kali Yuga'' no vanim-potoana niroboroboan' ny Pandava. Nilaza koa i Kalhana fa adala ireo olona mino fa tamin' ny faran' ny ''Dvapara Yuga'' no nitrangan' ny adin' ny Bharata.&lt;ref&gt;A.M. Shastri. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf0MAQAAMAAJ ''Varāhamihira and His Times'']. Kusumanjali. 1991. pp.: 31–33, 37. daty nijerena voarakitra: 22 March 2023. datin' ny tahiry: 3 July 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. OCLC: 28644897. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230703135614/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf0MAQAAMAAJ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Nilaza izao i Robert P. Goldman, manam-pahaizana momba ny teny sanskrita sy ny ''Mahābhārata'' (dikanteny malagasy):
&lt;blockquote&gt;Mitafy angano (ny ''Mahābhārata''), nefa tsy heveriko fa tokony hantsoina hoe angano ilay lahatsoratra mihitsy... ''itihasa'' izy, saingy araka ny fahazoan' ny lovantsofina ny atao hoe tantara. Mazava ho azy fa tononkalo (''kāvya'') izy, ary soratra fampianarana (''shastra'') koa, sady fomba fampianarana ny fomba iainana eto amin' izao tontolo izao: ny fomba fanajana ny zokiny, ny fomba fanajana ny brahmana, sy ny sisa. Koa ho valin' ny fanontaniana hoe «Tantara ve izy sa angano?», dia hilaza aho hoe eny, izy roa ireo izy, sady zavatra maro hafa koa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTdm0uoz3ws ''Mahābhārata - History or Mythology? I Prof. Robert P. Goldman'']. Argumentative Indians. November 12, 2022. fiteny: en. nampitaina tamin' ny: YouTube. format: video.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Famintinana ny tantara ==
[[File: Ganesha write Mahabharata.jpg|thumb|Manoratra ny ''Mahābhārata'' i Ganesha araka izay tononin' i Vyasa.]]
:Jereo koa: Lisitry ny mpandray anjara ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata''.

Ny fototry ny tantara ao amin' ilay sanganasa dia ny fifandirana eo anivon' ny tarana-mpanjaka momba ny seza fiandrianan' i Hastinapura, fanjakana entin' ny foko Kuru. Ny Kaurava sy ny Pandava no sampana roa samy avy amin' ny razambe iray ao amin' ilay fianakaviana izay mandray anjara amin' izany fifandirana izany. Na dia ny Kaurava aza no sampana zokiny amin' ilay fianakaviana, dia tanora kokoa noho i Yudhishthira, zokiny indrindra amin' ny Pandava, i Duryodhana, zokiny indrindra amin' ny Kaurava. Samy milaza i Duryodhana sy i Yudhishthira fa izy no manana zo voalohany handova ny seza fiandrianana.

Miafara amin' ny Adin' i Kurukshetra ilay fifandirana, ary ny Pandava no mandresy amin' ny farany. Miteraka fifanoherana saro-bahana mifandray amin' ny fihavanana sy ny fisakaizana ilay ady, satria mifandona matetika amin' izay rariny ny tsy fivadihana amin' ny fianakaviana sy ny adidy aminy: indraindray ireo no atao loha laharana noho izay rariny, ary indraindray kosa izay rariny no atao loha laharana.

Mifarana amin' ny fahafatesan' i [[Krishna|Krishna]], ny fiafaran' ny tarana-mpanjakany aorian' izany, ary ny fiakaran' ireo Pandava mirahalahy any an-danitra ny ''Mahābhārata''. Manamarika ny fiandohan' ny ''Kali Yuga'' koa izany, dia ny vanim-potoana fahefatra sady farany amin' ny tantaran' ny olombelona araka ny finoana hindoa. Amin' io vanim-potoana io dia mihamalemy tsikelikely ny foto-kevitra mendrika, ka mitarika ny fahasimban' ny fanaovana ny rariny sy ny fitsipi-pitondran-tena ary ny hatsaran-toetra.

=== Ireo taranaka taloha ===
[[File: Ravi Varma-Shantanu and Satyavati.jpg|thumb|Raiki-pitia amin' i Satyavati, ilay vehivavy mpanjono, i Shantanu ao amin' ny tantara. Hosodoko nataon' i [[Ravi Varmâ|Raja Ravi Varma]].]]

Araka ny fitantarana, i Shantanu, mpanjakan' i Hastinapura sady razamben' i Janamejaya mpanjaka, dia nanambady an' ilay andriamanibavy Ganga, saingy tsy naharitra izany fanambadiana izany. Nanan-janakalahy atao hoe Devavrata izy ireo. Lasa mpandova voatendry handimby ny mpanjaka teo amin' ny seza fiandrianana io zanany io, izay nantsoina hoe Bhishma tatỳ aoriana ary mpiady nahery. Taona maro tatỳ aoriana, rehefa nandeha nihaza i Shantanu mpanjaka, dia nahita an' i Satyavati, zanakavavin' ny lehiben' ny mpanjono, ka nangataka ny hanambady azy tamin' ny rainy. Tsy nanaiky izany fanambadiana izany ny rain' i Satyavati raha tsy nampanantena i Shantanu fa izay zanakalahy haterak' i Satyavati no hataony mpanjaka handimby azy rehefa maty izy. Mba hamahana izany fahasahiranan-drainy izany dia nanaiky hamoy ny zony handova ny seza fiandrianana i Devavrata. Mbola tsy nahazo antoka anefa ilay mpanjono fa hanaja izany fampanantenana izany ny zanak' ilay andriana. Noho izany dia nianiana koa i Devavrata fa tsy hanambady na hanao firaisana ara-nofo mandritra ny fiainany, mba hiantohana ny fampanantenan-drainy.

Nanan-janakalahy roa tamin' i Satyavati i Shantanu, dia i Chitrāngada sy i Vichitravirya. Rehefa maty i Shantanu dia lasa mpanjaka i Chitrangada. Fohy dia fohy ny fiainany, tsy nisy zava-nitranga niavaka, ary maty izy. I Vichitravirya, ilay zanakalahy zandriny, no nitondra an' i Hastinapura taoriany. Nandritra izany fotoana izany, ny mpanjakan' i Kāśī dia nikarakara ''swayamvara'', lanonana ifidianana vady, ho an' ny zanany telo vavy, nefa tsy nanasa ny fianakavian' ny mpanjakan' i Hastinapura. Mba hahazoana vady ho an' i Vichitravirya mbola tanora, dia nanatrika ny ''swayamvara'' ho an' ireo andriambavy telo, dia i Amba, i Ambika ary i Ambalika, i Bhishma, na dia tsy nasaina aza, ary naka an-keriny azy ireo. Nanaiky hanambady an' i Vichitravirya i Ambika sy i Ambalika.

I Amba, ilay andriambavy zokiny indrindra, kosa dia nilaza tamin' i Bhishma fa te hanambady ny mpanjakan' i Shalva, izay resin' i Bhishma nandritra ilay ''swayamvara'' ho azy telo mirahavavy. Navelan' i Bhishma handeha hanambady ny mpanjakan' i Shalva izy, saingy tsy nety nanambady azy i Shalva, satria mbola narary taminy ny fanalam-baraka nataon' i Bhishma azy. Niverina indray i Amba mba hanambady an' i Bhishma, saingy nolavin' i Bhishma izany noho ny fianianany tsy hanambady. Tezitra mafy i Amba ka lasa fahavalon' i Bhishma tsy nitsahatra nankahala azy, satria noheveriny ho tompon' andraikitra tamin' ny fahoriany izy. Nianiana i Amba fa hamono azy amin' ny fiainany manaraka. Ao amin' ny fitantarana, dia teraka indray ho zanak' i Drupada mpanjaka izy tatỳ aoriana, ka nantsoina hoe Shikhandi (na Shikhandini), ary nahatonga ny faharesen' i Bhishma tamin' ny ady tao Kurukshetra, niaraka tamin' ny fanampian' i Arjuna.

=== Ireo zanak' andriana Pandava sy Kaurava ===
[[File:Draupadi and Pandavas.jpg|thumb|Draupadi miaraka amin' ireo vadiny dimy lahy, dia ny Pandava. Yudhishthira no eo afovoany; Bhima sy Arjuna no eo amin' ny faritra ambany amin' ny sary. Mitsangana kosa ireo kambana Nakula sy Sahadeva. Hosodokon' i [[Ravi Varmâ|Raja Ravi Varma]], manodidina ny taona 1900.]]

Araka ny fitantarana, rehefa maty tanora tsy namela mpandova i Vichitravirya, dia nangataka tamin' i [[Vyāsa|Vyasa]] zanany lahimatoa i Satyavati mba hiteraka amin' ireo mpitondratena. Teraka tamin' ny fiarahan' i Satyavati taloha tamin' ilay olon-kendry Parashara i Vyasa. Olona niala tamin' ny fiainana araka izao tontolo izao i Vyasa; tsy voakarakara ny bika aman' endriny, nanao akanjo mavo manopy volontany izy ary lava volombava. Natahotra an' i Vyasa ilay printsesy zokiny, Ambika, ka nanakimpy ny masony raha vao nahita azy. Izany, araka ilay angano, no nahatonga an' i Dhritarashtra zanany ho teraka jamba. Hatsatra toy ny tsy misy ra kosa i Ambalika, ilay printsesy faharoa, raha vao nahita an' i Vyasa, ka izany no anazavan' ilay angano ny nahaterahan' i Pandu zanany ho hatsatra sy tsy salama. Mety hidika koa hoe voan' ny jôndisy (na fihamavoan' ny hoditra; ''jaundiced'' amin' ny teny anglisy) ny teny hoe Pandu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/ ''Sanskrit, Tamil and Pahlavi Dictionaries'']. 11 February 2003. fiteny: de. daty nijerena voarakitra: 9 February 2008. datin' ny tahiry: 26 January 2008. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. tranonkala: Webapps.uni-koeln.de. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080126035307/http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Noho ny fahasembanana sy ny olana ara-pahasalaman' ireo zaza roa voalohany, dia nangataka tamin' i Vyasa i Satyavati mba hanandrana indray. Ny mpanompovaviny anefa no nalefan' ireo printsesy Ambika sy Ambalika ho any amin' i Vyasa hisolo azy ireo. Tsy tahaka ireo printsesy ilay mpanompovavy fa nanaja ilay olon-kendry. Niteraka zazalahy fahatelo taminy i Vyasa, dia i Vidura, izay teraka salama ary nanjary iray tamin' ireo olona hendry indrindra ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata''. Praiminisitra (''Mahamantri'' na ''Mahatma'') teo amin' ny fitondran' i Pandu sy Dhritarashtra mpanjaka izy.

Rehefa lehibe ireo printsy, dia efa saika hosatrohin' i Bhishma ho mpanjaka i Dhritarashtra no niditra an-tsehatra i Vidura. Nampiasa ny fahalalany momba ny politika izy nilazana fa tsy afaka ho mpanjaka ny jamba, satria, araka ny heviny, tsy afaka mitondra sy miaro ny vahoakany. Ao amin' ny fitantarana, dia nomena an' i Pandu àry ny seza fiandrianana noho i Dhritarashtra jamba. Nanambady indroa i Pandu: an' i Kunti sy an' i Madri. Nanambady an' i Gandhari, printsesy avy any Gandhara, kosa i Dhritarashtra. Nanarona ny masony nandritra ny androm-piainany sisa i Gandhari mba hahatsapany ny fijaliana tsapan' ny vadiny. Tezitra noho izany i Shakuni anadahiny ka nivoady hamaly faty ny fianakaviana Kuru. Indray andro, raha niala sasatra tao anaty ala i Pandu, dia nandre feom-biby dia. Nitifitra zana-tsipìka tany amin' izay niavian' ilay feo izy. Ilay olon-kendry Kindama anefa no voan' ny zana-tsipìka, raha nanao firaisana ara-nofo naka endrika serfa. Nanozona an' i Pandu izy fa ho faty raha manao firaisana ara-nofo. Ketraka i Pandu ka nitantara izany ozona izany tamin' i Kunti, ilay vadiny zokiny.

Efa nahazo fanomezam-pahasoavana avy tamin' ilay olon-kendry Durvasa anefa i Kunti, ka afaka niantso izay andriamanitra tiany tamin' ny alalan' ny ''mantra'', na teny manokana tononina hiantsoana andriamanitra. Nampiasa izany fanomezam-pahasoavana izany i Kunti mba hangatahana zazalahy amin' i Dharma, andriamanitry ny rariny, sy amin' i Vayu, andriamanitry ny rivotra, ary amin' i Indra, tompon' ny lanitra. Tamin' ny alalan' ireo andriamanitra ireo no niterahany zazalahy telo, dia i Yudhishthira, Bhima ary Arjuna. Nampianarin' i Kunti an' i Madri, ilay vadin' i Pandu zandriny, ny ''mantra'' nampiasainy. Niteraka an' ireo kambana Nakula sy Sahadeva tamin' ny alalan' ireo kambana Ashwini i Madri. Nanao firaisana ara-nofo anefa i Pandu sy Madri, ka maty i Pandu. Namono tena noho ny nenina i Madri. I Kunti no nitaiza ireo dimy mirahalahy, izay nantsoina matetika hoe ireo Pandava mirahalahy nanomboka teo.

Taorian' ny nahafatesan' i Pandu, dia i Dhritarashtra rahalahiny no nitondra ny fanjakan' i Hastinapur, na dia jamba aza izy. Nanan-janaka lahy zato sy zanakavavy iray, dia i Duhsala, tamin' i Gandhari izy;&lt;ref&gt;Mani, Vettam. [https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft ''Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature'']. Motilal Banarsidass. Delhi. 1975. p.: 263. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8426-0822-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; teraka taorian' ny nahaterahan' i Yudhishthira avokoa ireo. Ireo zanany lahy ireo no Kaurava mirahalahy, ka i Duryodhana no zokiny indrindra ary i Dushasana no faharoa. Anisan' ireo Kaurava mirahalahy hafa i Vikarna sy Sukarna. Ny fifandrafiana sy ny fifankahalan' izy ireo tamin' ireo Pandava mirahalahy, nanomboka tamin' ny fahazazany ka hatramin' ny naha-lehilahy lehibe azy, no nitarika ny ady tao Kurukshetra.

=== Lakshagraha, ilay trano vita amin' ny ''lac'' ===
Taorian' ny nahafatesan' i Madri, renin' ireo kambana, sy i Pandu, rain' izy dimy mirahalahy, dia niverina tany amin' ny lapan' i Hastinapur ireo Pandava sy i Kunti reniny. Noho ny fanerena mafy nataon' ireo tandapany dia notendren' i Dhritarashtra ho mpandova ny seza fiandrianana i Yudhishthira.

Niray tetika hanafoana ireo Pandava i Shakuni sy i Duryodhana ary i Dushasana. Nantsoin' i Shakuni ilay mpanao mari-trano atao hoe Purochana mba hanorina lapa amin' ny akora mora mirehitra, toy ny akora madity vokarin' ny bibikely (''lac'') sy ny dibera voadio (''ghee''). Avy eo dia nalaminy ny hipetrahan' ireo Pandava sy i Kunti mpanjakavavy reny tao, ary nokasainy hodorana ilay lapa. Nampitandrina azy ireo anefa ilay dadatoany hendry, Vidura, izay nandefa mpitrandraka harena an-kibon' ny tany tany amin' izy ireo mba hihady lalana ambanin' ny tany. Afaka nandositra tsy naninona tamin' io lalana io izy ireo, ary niafina. Nandritra izany fotoana izany dia nanambady an' i Hidimbi, [[Demony|demony]] vavy, i Bhima, ary niteraka zazalahy atao hoe Ghatotkacha izy ireo. Tany Hastinapur kosa dia noheverina ho maty ireo Pandava sy i Kunti.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01144.htm ''Book 1: Adi Parva: Jatugriha Parva'']. Sacred-texts.com. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 September 2010. datin' ny tahiry: 25 March 2010. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100325214549/http://sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01144.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanambadiana an' i Draupadi ===
[[File:Swayamvara Draupadi Arjuna Archery.jpg|thumb|Arjuna mitifitra ka manindrona ny mason' ilay trondro, araka ny sary ao amin' ny tempolin' i Chennakeshava ao Belur, izay naorin' ny Empira Hoysala.]]

Raha mbola niafina izy ireo, dia ren' ny Pandava fa misy ''swayamvara'', na hetsika fifidianana vady, atao ho an' i Draupadi, zanakavavin' ny mpanjakan' i Pāñcāla. Mody miseho ho brahmana ny Pandava ka tonga hijery ilay hetsika. Mandritra izany, i Krishna, izay efa naman' i Draupadi, dia milaza aminy mba hitady an' i Arjuna amin' ireo tonga, na dia efa noheverina ho maty aza izy. Ny fitsapana dia ny fametahana tadiny amin' ny tsipìka vy matanjaka iray sy ny fitifirana lasibatra eo amin' ny valindrihana: ny mason' ny trondro namboarina iray izay mihetsika, ka ny taratr' izany ao amin' ny menaka eo ambany no jerena.

Ao amin' ireo dikan-tantara be mpahalala, rehefa tsy nahomby avokoa ireo zanak' andriana, ary maro tamin' izy ireo aza no tsy nahavita nanainga ilay tsipìka, dia niroso hanandrana i Karna. Nosakanan' i Draupadi anefa izy, satria tsy manaiky hanambady olona sokajiny ho ''suta'' i Draupadi. Nesorina tao amin' ny ''Critical Edition'' an' ny ''Mahābhārata'', na fanontana niorina tamin' ny fampitahana sy fandinihana ny sora-tanana, io ampahany io,&lt;ref name=&quot;archive.org&quot;&gt;Vishnu S. Sukthankar. [https://archive.org/details/mahabharatha015693mbp ''The Mahabharata'']. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona. 11 March 2018. nampitaina tamin' ny: Internet Archive.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bori.ac.in&quot;&gt;[http://www.bori.ac.in/mahabharata_project.html ''The Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute : Mahabharata Project'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 3 November 2019. datin' ny tahiry: 20 December 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. tranonkala: bori.ac.in. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171220032420/http://www.bori.ac.in/mahabharata_project.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; satria fanampin-tsoratra nampidirina tatỳ aoriana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;M. A. Mehendale. [https://archive.org/details/InterpolationsInTheMahabharata ''Interpolations in the Mahabharata'']. 1 January 2001. nampitaina tamin' ny: Internet Archive.&lt;/ref&gt; Taorian' izany, dia navela handray anjara tamin' ny ''swayamvara'' ny brahmana, ka nandresy tamin' ilay fifaninanana i Arjuna ary nanambady an' i Draupadi.

Nody ny Pandava ary nilaza tamin' ny reniny, izay nisaintsaina lalina tamin' izay, fa nandresy tamin' ny fifaninanana i Arjuna, sady niantso azy hijery izay nentin' izy ireo nody. Tsy nijery i Kunti fa niteny tamin' izy ireo mba hifampizara izay azon' i Arjuna, satria noheveriny ho fiantrana nomena azy izany. Izany no nahatonga an' i Draupadi ho vadin' izy dimy mirahalahy.

=== Indraprastha ===
Taorian' ny fampakaram-bady dia nasaina niverina tany Hastinapura ireo Pandava mirahalahy. Nifampiraharaha sy nanelanelana tamin' ny fizarana ny fanjakana ireo zokiolona sy havana tao amin' ny fianakaviana Kuru. Ala voajanahary nonenan' i Takshaka, mpanjakan' ny bibilava, sy ny fianakaviany ihany no notakin' ny Pandava sy azony. Tamin' ny alalan' ny asa mafy no nanorenan' ny Pandava renivohitra vaovao sady kanto ho an' io faritany io tao Indraprastha.

Fotoana fohy taorian' izany dia nandositra niaraka tamin' i Subhadra, anabavin' i Krishna, i Arjuna, ary nanambady azy avy eo. Naniry ny hanamafy ny toerany amin' ny maha mpanjaka azy i Yudhishthira, ka nangataka torohevitra tamin' i Krishna. Nanoro hevitra azy i Krishna, ary rehefa vita ny fiomanana nilaina sy ny fanafoanana ny fanoherana sasany dia nanatanteraka ny lanonana ''rājasūya yagna'' i Yudhishthira; tamin' izany no nanekena azy ho ambony noho ireo mpanjaka hafa.

Nampanamboatra lapa vaovao ny Pandava, ka i Maya, ilay Danava, no nanorina izany ho azy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02001.htm ''Book 2: Sabha Parva: Sabhakriya Parva'']. Sacred-texts.com. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 September 2010. datin' ny tahiry: 27 May 2010. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100527203909/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02001.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Nasain' izy ireo ho any Indraprastha ireo Kaurava zanak' olo-mpiray tam-po aminy. Nitsangantsangana tao amin' ny lapa i Duryodhana, ka noheveriny ho rano ny gorodona mamirapiratra ary tsy nety nanitsaka izany izy. Rehefa nolazaina taminy ny fahadisoany, dia nahita dobo indray izy ka nihevitra fa tsy rano izany, ary nianjera tao. Nihomehy azy i Bhima, i Arjuna, izy mirahalahy kambana ary ireo mpanompo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Laughter at Duryodhana&quot;&gt;[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02046.htm ''Sabha parva'']. Sacred-texts.com. daty nijerena voarakitra: 13 July 2015. datin' ny tahiry: 24 September 2015. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133159/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02046.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ireo dikan-tantara namboarina indray izay be mpahalala dia i Draupadi no lazaina, amin' ny fomba diso, ho nanao izany faniratsirana izany, nefa ao amin' ilay tononkalo fitantarana amin' ny teny sanskrita dia ny Pandava (afa-tsy i Yudhishthira) no naniratsira an' i Duryodhana. Tezitra noho ilay faniratsirana sady nialona rehefa nahita ny haren' ny Pandava i Duryodhana, ka nanapa-kevitra ny hampiantrano lalao fanipazana goba (zavatra kely misy marika atsipy mba hahazoana vokatra kisendrasendra) araka ny soso-kevitr' i Shakuni. Nanaiky izany soso-kevitra izany i Yudhishthira, na dia nanoro hevitra azy tsy hilalao aza ireo Pandava hafa.

=== Ilay lalao filokana ===
[[File: Disrobing of Draupadi.jpg|thumb|Draupadi afa-baraka]]
Mandamina lalao fanipazana goba kely misy marika i Shakuni, dadatoan' i Duryodhana. Misolo tena an' i Duryodhana izy ka mifaninana amin' i Yudhishthira, ary mampiasa goba efa novaina mba hampitongilana ny vokatra. Amin' ilay lalao dia verin' i Yudhishthira avokoa ny hareny, ary avy eo ny fanjakany. Avy eo dia ataon' i Yudhishthira antoka amin' ny filokana ny rahalahiny, ny tenany ary farany ny vadiny, ka lasa mpanompo avokoa izy ireo. Faly dia faly ny Kaurava ka manevateva ny Pandava izay tsy afa-manoatra, ary mitady hanala ny akanjon' i Draupadi eo anatrehan' ny rehetra ao an-dapa mihitsy. Sakanan' i Krishna anefa izany, satria ataony tsy manam-pahataperana amin' ny fomba mahagaga ny akanjon' i Draupadi.

Mihorohoro noho izany toe-javatra izany i Dhritarashtra sy i Bhishma ary ireo zokiolona hafa, nefa miziriziry i Duryodhana fa tsy misy toerana ho an' ny andriana mpandova ny seza fiandrianana roa ao Hastinapura. Na dia tsy sitrany aza izany, dia miantso lalao fanipazana goba indray i Dhritarashtra, ary resy indray ny Pandava. Tsy maintsy mandeha an-tsesitany mandritra ny 12 taona ny Pandava, ary amin' ny taona faha-13 dia takina ny tsy hahafantarana ny tena maha izy azy (''Agyaata Vaasa''). Raha fantatry ny Kaurava ny tena maha izy azy amin' ny taona faha-13 amin' ny sesitany, dia tsy maintsy hatao sesitany mandritra ny 12 taona fanampiny indray.

=== Sesitany sy fiverenana ===
Mandany telo ambin' ny folo taona any an-tsesitany ny Pandava, ary maro ny zava-mitranga iainany mandritra izany. Mahazo fitaovam-piadiana maro avy amin' ny andriamanitra izy ireo amin' io fotoana io. Manomana fifanekena hiara-dia koa izy ireo, ho fiatrehana ady mety hitranga any aoriana. Mandany ny taona farany ao an-dapan' ny mpanjaka Virata izy ireo, sady manafina ny maha-izy azy; vao tapitra anefa io taona io dia fantatra izy ireo.

Rehefa tapitra ny sesitany, dia miezaka mifampiraharaha mba hiverenana any Indraprastha izy ireo, ka i Krishna no irak' izy ireo. Tsy mahomby anefa ny fifampiraharahana, satria manohitra izany i Duryodhana ka milaza fa tamin' ny taona faha-13 nanaovana sesitany azy ireo no nahafantarana azy ireo, ary tsy nifanarahana ny hamerenana ny fanjakany. Miady amin' ny Kaurava àry ny Pandava avy eo, mitaky ny zony amin' i Indraprastha.[[File: The center of battle of Kurukshetra.jpg|thumb|Seho iray amin' ny ady ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'', ao Angkor Wat: sary sokitra mivohitra amin' ny vato mainty, mampiseho lehilahy maromaro manao satroboninahitra sy ''dhoti'' (lamba afatotra eo amin' ny andilana), miady amin' ny lefona sy sabatra ary tsipìka. Eo afovoany no ahitana kalesy iray, ka ny antsasaky ny soavaly misintona azy dia tsy hita satria any ivelan' ny faritry ny sary.|alt=Sary sokitra mivohitra amin' ny vato mainty, mampiseho lehilahy maromaro manao satroboninahitra sy dhoti (lamba afatotra eo amin' ny andilana), miady amin' ny lefona sy sabatra ary tsipìka. Eo afovoany no ahitana kalesy iray, ka ny antsasaky ny soavaly misintona azy dia tsy hita satria any ivelan' ny faritry ny sary.]]

=== Ny ady tao Kurukshetra ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Adin' i Kurukshetra.

[[File:Mahabharata BharatVarsh.jpg|thumb|Sarintanin' i India maneho ireo faritra samihafa tamin' ny vanim-potoana resahin' ny ''Mahābhārata''.]]

Araka ny fitantarana, samy miantso tafika goavana hanampy azy ny andaniny sy ny ankilany, ary milahatra ao Kurukshetra hiady.
Niray dina tamin' ny Pandava ny fanjakan' i Panchala, Dwaraka, Kasi, Kekaya, Magadha, Matsya, Chedi, ny fanjakan' ny Pandya, ny an' i Telinga, ny Yadu avy ao Mathura, ary ny vondrom-pirazanana hafa sasany toa ny Parama Kambojas.
Anisan' ny mpiara-dia tamin' ny Kaurava ny mpanjakan' i Pragjyotisha, Anga, Kekaya, Sindhudesa (anisan' izany ny Sindhu, ny Sauvira ary ny Sivi), Mahishmati, Avanti ao Madhyadesa, Madra, Gandhara, ny an' ny vahoaka Bahlika, ny an' ny Kambojas, ary ny maro hafa.
Alohan' ny hanambarana ny ady, dia maneho ny tsy hafaliany noho ilay fifandonana mihamafy i Balarama, ka lasa manao [[Fivahiniana masina|fivahiniana masina]]; tsy mandray anjara amin' ny ady izy.
Tsy mpiady i Krishna ao amin' io ady io, fa mpamily ny kalesin' i Arjuna (''Sarathy''). Omeny ny Kaurava kosa ny Narayani Sena, tafika voaforona amin' ny mpiandry omby Abhira, mba hiady ho azy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Nath Soni, Lok. ''The Cattle and the Stick An Ethnographic Profile of the Raut of Chhattisgarh''. Anthropological Survey of India. 2000. p.: 16. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9788185579573&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Shome, Alo. ''Krishna Charitra: The Essence of Bankim Chandra''. Pustak Mahal. 2000. p.: 104. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 8122310354&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Alohan' ny ady, rehefa hitan' i Arjuna fa anisan' ny tafika fahavalo ireo zanak' olo-mpiray tam-po aminy sy ny havany, anisan' izany i Bhishma raibeny sy i Drona mpampianatra azy, dia misalasala mafy ny amin' ny hiadiana izy. Kivy tanteraka izy ary mandà tsy hiady. Amin' izay fotoana izay no ampahatsiahivin' i Krishna azy ny adidiny amin' ny maha-''Kshatriya'' azy (mpikambana ao amin' ny sokajin' ny mpiady), dia ny hiady ho an' ny rariny, ao amin' ilay fizarana malaza amin' ilay tononkalo fitantarana, ny ''Bhagavad Gita''.

Na dia samy manaraka ny fitsipi-pahamendrehana amin' ny ady aza ny andaniny sy ny ankilany amin' ny voalohany, dia samy mampiasa tetika tsy mendrika izy ireo tsy ela avy eo. Rehefa tapitra ilay ady naharitra 18 andro, dia ny Pandava, i Satyaki, i Kripa, i Ashwatthama, i Kritavarma, i Yuyutsu ary i Krishna ihany no velona. Lasa mpanjakan' i Hastinapur i Yudhishthira. Araka ilay tantara, ny mpiady rehetra maty tamin' ny adin' i Kurukshetra dia mankany amin' ny ''swarga'', na lanitra.

=== Ny fiafaran' ny Pandava ===
[[File:Totheforest.jpg|thumb|left|I Gandhari, voatampi-maso, manohana an' i Dhrtarashtra sy manaraka an' i Kunti, rehefa antitra sy osa i Dhritarashtra ka nisintaka nankany anaty ala. Sary hosodoko madinika avy amin' ny sora-tanana tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 mirakitra ampahany amin' ny ''Razmnama'', dikan' ny ''Mahābhārata'' amin' ny [[Fiteny persana|teny persana]].]]

Araka ny fitantarana, rehefa avy « nahita » ny fandripahana i Gandhari, izay namoy ny zanany lahy rehetra, dia nanozona an' i [[Krishna]] mba hahita ny fianakaviany ho ripaka toy izany koa. Na dia andriamanitra sady afaka nampitsahatra ny ady aza mantsy i Krishna, dia tsy nanao izany. Nanaiky ilay ozona i Krishna, ary tanteraka izany 36 taona tatỳ aoriana.

Nanapa-kevitra ny handao ny zava-drehetra ny Pandava, izay nitondra ny fanjakany nandritra izany fotoana izany. Nanao akanjo hoditra sy vorodamba izy ireo, nisintaka nankany Himalaya ary niakatra ho any an-danitra niaraka tamin' ny vatany. Nisy alika mirenireny niaraka taminy. Nianjera teny an-dalana, nifandimby, ireo rahalahy sy i Draupadi. Isaky ny nisy lavo dia nohazavain' i Yudhishthira tamin' ireo sisa ny antony nahalavoany: i Draupadi dia niangatra tamin' i Arjuna; i Nakula sy i Sahadeva dia nirehareha sy niavonavona noho ny hatsaran-tarehiny; i Bhima kosa nirehareha noho ny heriny, ary i Arjuna noho ny fahaizany mitifitra tsipìka. I Yudhishthira tsara fitondran-tena, izay nanao izay rehetra azony natao mba hisorohana ny fandripahana, sy ilay alika ihany no tavela. Nanambara ilay alika fa izy no andriamanitra Yama, fantatra koa amin' ny anarana hoe Yama Dharmaraja, ary nitondra azy tany amin' ny tontolo ambanin' ny tany, izay nahitany ny rahalahiny sy ny vadiny. Rehefa avy nanazava ny tena hevitr' ilay fitsapana i Yama dia nitondra an' i Yudhishthira niverina tany an-danitra. Nohazavainy fa tsy maintsy nampandalovina tany amin' ny tontolo ambanin' ny tany izy, satria tsy maintsy mitsidika izany, fara fahakeliny indray mandeha, ny mpitondra fanjakana rehetra (''Rajyante narakam dhruvam''). Nanome toky azy avy eo i Yama fa hiaraka aminy any an-danitra ny rahalahiny sy ny vadiny, rehefa avy nijanona tany amin' ny tontolo ambanin' ny tany nandritra ny fe-potoana mifanaraka amin' ny toetra ratsiny avy.

I Parikshit, zafikelin' i Arjuna, no nitondra ny fanjakana taorian' izy ireo, ary maty noho ny kaikitry ny bibilava. Tezitra mafy i Janamejaya zanany ka nanapa-kevitra ny hanao sorona bibilava (''sarpasattra'') mba handringanana ny bibilava. Nandritra io sorona io no nitantarana taminy ny tantaran' ny razambeny.

=== Fihaonana indray ===
Voalaza ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' fa niakatra tany amin' ny ''svarga'' (lanitra) tamin' ny farany i Karna, ireo Pandava, i Draupadi ary ireo zanakalahin' i Dhritarashtra, ka «nahatratra ny toetry ny andriamanitra», ary tafaraka indray izy ireo, «tony sady tsy nanana hatezerana» (dikanteny malagasy ireo teny nalaina).&lt;ref&gt;Rajagopalachari, Chakravarti. ''Mahabharata''. ''Yudhishthira's final trial''. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. Mumbai. 2005. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-7276-368-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 45th. [https://archive.org/details/mahabharata0000raja rohy mankany amin' ny toko]. chapter-url-access: registration.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lohahevitra ==
[[File:M 134 Short.png|thumb|I Krishna andriamanitra no mitondra ny kalesin' i Arjuna mandritra ny ady ao amin' ny ''Bhagavad Gita'', fizarana iray ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata''. Sary nalaina avy amin' ny sora-tanana miendrika horonana misy sary, tamin' ny 1795 taor. J.K., izay tehirizina ao amin' ny tahirin-kevitry ny Oniversiten' i Edinburgh, any Scotland.]]

=== Ady ara-drariny ===
Anisan' ny ohatra voalohany amin' ny fandrafetana teôria momba ny ''dharmayuddha'', na « ady ara-drariny », ny ''Mahābhārata''. Ahitana ohatra amin' ny maro amin' ireo fitsipika izay hiadian-kevitra maneran-tany tatỳ aoriana ao. Ao amin' ilay tantara, ny iray amin' ireo dimy mirahalahy dia manontany raha misy toe-javatra ahafahana manamarina ho ara-drariny ny fijaliana ateraky ny ady. Nifampidinika ela izy dimy mirahalahy, ka nametraka fepetra toy ny fifandanjana eo amin' ny hery ampiasaina (tsy mahazo manafika tafika mpitaingin-tsoavaly ny kalesin' ady, fa kalesin' ady hafa ihany; tsy azo tafihina ny olona ao anatin' ny fahoriana), ny fampiasana fomba fiady ara-drariny (tsy azo ampiasaina ny zana-tsipìka misy poizina na misy farango), ny fananana antony ara-drariny iadian' ady (tsy azo atao ny manafika noho ny hatezerana), ary ny fitondrana ara-drariny ny babo sy ny maratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;Robinson, P.F.. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UwjC1peqwx0C&amp;pg=PA117 ''Just War in Comparative Perspective'']. Ashgate. 2003. p.: 117. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7546-3587-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2 October 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dikan-teny, endrika samihafa ary sanganasa nipoitra avy aminy ==
=== Fandikan-teny ===
Ny fandikana ny ''Mahābhārata'' amin' ny [[Fiteny tamily|teny tamily]] tranainy indrindra voarakitra dia ny ''Bharata Venba'', nosoratan' i Perundevanar tamin' ny taonjato faha-9, izay ampahany ihany no mbola voatahiry. Ny ''Mahābhārata'' feno voalohany mbola voatahiry kosa dia asan' ny poety roa: i Villiputturar, tamin' ny taonjato faha-14, izay ninia nandrafitra ''parva'' 10 tamin' ny 18 ho sanganasa nantsoina hoe ''Villi Bharatam'', sy i Nallapillai, tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-18, izay nandrafitra ireo ''parva'' 8 ambiny sy nanambatra azy ireo. Fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe ''Nallapillai Bharatam'' io sanganasa io ankehitriny.&lt;ref&gt;Srinivas, Smriti. ''Landscapes of Urban Memory''. Orient Longman. 2004. p.: 23. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-250-2254-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 46353272. orig-year: 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pillai, Sundaranatha. [https://archive.org/details/acc.-no.-33-sri-maha-bharatham-2-1911 ''Sri Maha Bharatham: Nallapillaiyavarghal Iatriyathu'']. 1911.&lt;/ref&gt;

Valo amin' ireo ''parva'' valo ambin' ny folo ao amin' ny ''Kawi Mahabharata'', fandikan-teny amin' ny teny javaney tranainy tsy natao tononkalo, no mbola voatahiry. Tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-10 izy io no noforonin' ny tandapan' i Dharmawangsa mpanjaka tao amin' ny fanjakan' i Mataram, ary dika manana ny mampiavaka azy raha oharina amin' ireo dika indiana.&lt;ref&gt;[http://press.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html ''The Javanization of the Mahābhārata, Chapter 15. Indic Transformation: The Sanskritization of Jawa and the Javanization of the Bharata'']. ANU Press. 2006. mpamoaka faharoa (anarana): Fox. mpamoaka faharoa (fanampin' anarana): James J.. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780731521326&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.22459/A.09.2006&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 6 October 2014. datin' ny tahiry: 11 November 2014. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. fidirana DOI voarakitra: free. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141111122107/http://press.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html rohy tahiry voarakitra]. editor-last1: Bellwood. editor-last3: Tryon. editor-first1: Peter. editor-first3: Darrell.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny teny [[Fiteny kanada|kanada]], i Adi Kavi Pampa dia namorona ny ''Vikramarjuna Vijaya'', antsoina koa hoe ''Pampa Bharata'', tamin' ny taonjato faha-10 taor. J.K. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 kosa, i Kumaravyasa dia ninia nandrafitra ''parva'' 10 ihany koa tao amin' ny ''Karnata Bharata Kathamanjari'', antsoina koa hoe ''Gadugina Bharata''. Tatỳ aoriana, tamin' ny taonjato faha-16, dia nandrafitra ireo ''parva'' 8 ambiny i Nandi Thimmanna. Samy notohanan' ny Empira Vijayanagara i Kumaravyasa sy Nandi Thimmanna.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=AE_LIg9G5CgC&amp;pg=PA78 ''Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5'']. Popular Prakashan. 2000. p.: 78. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-85229-760-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kumara Vyasa. [https://archive.org/details/KumaraVyasaKarnatnatakaMahabharata ''Kumara vyasa Karnatnataka Mahabharata''].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vyasaonline.com/kannada-kumaravyasa-bharata/ ''Kannada Kumaravyasa Bharata – Vyasa Mahabharata'']. fiteny: en-US. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-06-05.&lt;/ref&gt;

Niara-nandrafitra ny ''Andhra Mahabharatam'', nifandimby teo anelanelan' ny taonjato faha-11 sy faha-14, ireo poety telo tamin' ny [[Fiteny telogo|teny telogo]]: i Nannaya Bhattaraka teo ambany fitondran' ny Chalukya Atsinanana, i Tikkanna Somyaji teo ambany fitondran' ny Kakatiya, ary i Erra Pragada teo ambany fitondran' ny Reddi. Ny ''Sarala Mahabharata'' kosa dia sanganasa amin' ny [[Fiteny ôdià|teny ôdià]] noforonin' i Sarala Das tamin' ny taonjato faha-15, teo ambany fanohanan' ny Empira Gajapati.&lt;ref&gt;Vibes, Maati: Indian Culture. [https://suchitragdas.substack.com/p/introducing-sarala-mahabharata ''Introducing Sarala Mahabharata'']. 2025-02-12. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-08-19. tranonkala: Maati: Indian Culture Vibes by Suchitra.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://telugubasha.net/en/literatture-telugu ''Telugu Literature &amp;#124; Telugu Basha'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2014-03-27. datin' ny tahiry: 2014-03-28. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140328010809/https://telugubasha.net/en/literatture-telugu rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Noforonin' i Rama Saraswati, poety tao amin' ny tandapan' ny Fanjakana Kamata, tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-16 ny fandikan-teny amin' ny [[Fiteny asamey|teny asamey]] antsoina hoe ''Ashtadasa Mahabharata''. I Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan, izay malaza, no nanoratra ny dika nohafohezina amin' ny teny [[Fiteny malaialama|malaialama]], ''Mahabharatham Kilipattu''.

Tamin' ny teny [[Fiteny maraty|maraty]], ny fandikan-teny feno voalohany, nantsoina hoe ''Vishnudasi Mahabharat'', dia noforonin' i Vishnudas Nama. I Mukteshwar, zafikelin' i Eknath, kosa no namorona ny ''Mukteshwari Mahabharat'', izay tononkalo mbola voatahiry amin' ny ampahany ary ahitana ''parva'' dimy amin' ny valo ambin' ny folo. Samy niasa tsy niankina tamin' ny iray hafa izy roa, tao amin' ny Soltanatan' i Ahmednagar, tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-16 sy ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-17. Ny fandikan-teny ara-literatiora feno amin' ny teny maraty fantatra indrindra anefa dia avy amin' ny Empira Maratha, tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-18: ny ''Aryabharat'', noforonin' i Moropant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://vishwakosh.marathi.gov.in/32860/ ''विष्णुदासनामा'']. 2019-07-04. fiteny: mr-IN. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-06-05. tranonkala: मराठी विश्वकोश प्रथमावृत्ती.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fandikana voalohany ny ''Mahābhārata'' tamin' ny [[Fiteny persana|teny persana]] dia nataon' i Mullah Ahmad, poety tao amin' ny tandapan' ny Soltanatan' i Kashmir, araka ny baikon' i Zayn al-Abidin soltana, tamin' ny taonjato faha-15. Ny fandikan-teny goavana nantsoina hoe ''Razmnameh'', izay nasain' i [[Akbar|Akbar emperora]] tao amin' ny [[Empira Môgôly]] natao, dia novokarin' i Faizi sy ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni tamin' ny taonjato faha-16, ka nampifangaro lahatsoratra tsotra sy tononkalo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://testbook.com/question-answer/the-translation-of-the-mahabharata-into-persian-is--62bad1aed723f12ee5c6560c ''[Solved] The translation of the Mahabharata into Persian is known as:'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-08-19. tranonkala: Testbook.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://prepp.in/question/who-among-the-following-sultans-of-kashmir-commiss-642ab931608c092a4cac77e6 ''Who among the following Sultans of Kashmir commissioned Mullah Ahmad to translate the Mahabharata into Persian ?'']. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-08-19. tranonkala: prepp.in.&lt;/ref&gt;

Samy lazaina ho nanao ireo fandikan-teny voalohany tamin' ny [[Fiteny bengaly|teny bengaly]], tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-15, i Kavi Sanjay avy any Chittagong sy i Kavindra Parameshwar. Ny fandikan-tenin' i Kavindra, antsoina koa hoe ''Paragali Mahabharata'', dia natao indrindra teo ambany fanohanan' ny tandapan' i Paragal Khan, governoran' i Chittagong tao amin' ny Soltanatan' i Bengal. I Kashiram Das kosa dia nanomboka ny ''Bharata Panchali'', izay fantatra ankehitriny amin' ny anarana hoe ''Kashidasi Mahabharat'', tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-17, nandritra ny fitondran' i Jahangir emperora. ''Parva'' efatra monja no vitany talohan' ny nahafatesany. Tamin' ireo taona nanaraka dia ny fianakaviany sy ny mpianany no namita ireo ''parva'' ambiny, ka nanaraka ny fomba fanorany sady nitahiry ilay andalana misy ny anaran' ny mpanoratra hoe «Kashiram Das» any amin' ny faran' ny ''parva'' tsirairay.&lt;ref&gt;Husam, Shamshad. [https://thikana.us/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F/ ''বাংলা সাহিত্যে সিলেট'']. ''Thikana''. fiteny: bn. daty nijerena voarakitra: 31 October 2022. datin' ny tahiry: 26 October 2022. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221026220509/https://thikana.us/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mohanta, Sambaru Chandra (2012). [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mahabharata ''Mahabharata'']. Ao amin' ny Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (mpamoaka). ''Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh'' (fanontana an-tserasera). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 984-32-0576-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;OCLC 52727562&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;OL 30677644M&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ireo poety tao amin' ny tandapan' i [[Gurū Gobind Singh|Guru Gobind Singh]], sikh, tany Anandpur Sahib, no nanao ny fandikan-teny feno voalohany ho tononkalo amin' ny [[Fiteny penjaby|teny ponjaby]], tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-17, na dia ampahany ihany aza no mbola voatahiry. Tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-19 dia niezaka namorona sy namerina indray io ''Sikh Mahabharata'' tany am-boalohany io ny tandapan' i Narinder Singh maharaja, tao amin' ny Fanjakan' i Patiala. Antsoina ankehitriny hoe dikan' ny Fanjakan' i Patiala ilay vokatra.&lt;ref&gt;Singh, Satnam. ''The Road to Empire: The Political Education of Khalsa Sikhs in the Late 1600s''. ''The Sikh Raj of Anandpur - The Evacuation of Anandpur and the Loss of the Vidiya Sagar''. University of California Press. 15 October 2024. pp.: 200–205. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780520399389&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gaṅgā Rām, Garg. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0U2QRpDv2KMC&amp;pg=PR12 ''Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world, Volume 1'']. Concept Publishing Company. 1992. p.: 129. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-7022-376-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fandikan-teny feno voalohany amin' ny teny [[Fiteny hindỳ|hindỳ]] kosa dia ny ''Bhasha Mahabharat'', amin' ny teny awadhi fampiasa andavanandro, nataon' i Sabal Singh Chauhan tamin' ny taonjato faha-17 noho ny fanohanan' i Raja Mitrasen, tandapan' i [[Aurangzeb|Aurangzeb emperora]]. Ny ''Mahabharat Darpan'', amin' ny teny braj bhasha ara-literatiora, dia nataon' i Gokulnath Kavi tao amin' ny tandapan' ny Fanjakan' i Benares, teo ambany fitondran' i Udit Narayan Singh maharaja, tamin' ny taonjato faha-18. Ny fandikan-teny feno voalohany ho tononkalo amin' ny [[Fiteny nepaley|teny nepaley]], mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Mahabharat Shloka'', dia nataon' i Pundit Raghunath Pokhryal tamin' ny taonjato faha-19.&lt;ref&gt;[https://epustakalay.com/book/52235-mahabharat-darpan-bhag-4-by-unknown/ ''महाभारत दर्पण भाग - 4 &amp;#124; Hindi Book &amp;#124; Mahabharat Darpan Bhag - 4 - ePustakalay'']. fiteny: hi-IN. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-06-05. tranonkala: epustakalay.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://archive.org/details/mahabharat-sampoorna-18-parva-nepali ''महाभारत नेपालीमा - Mahabharat in Nepali''].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sabal Singh Chauhan. [http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.482003 ''Mahabharat Bhasha Sabalsinghchauhanvirchit'']. 1927.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fandikan-teny feno voalohany amin' ny teny anglisy dia ireo dika tsy natao tononkalo tamin' ny vanim-potoana viktoriana: ny an' i Kisari Mohan Ganguli, navoaka teo anelanelan' ny 1883 sy 1896 (''Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers'', trano fanontana Munshiram Manoharlal), sy ny an' i Manmatha Nath Dutt (''Motilal Banarsidass Publishers'', trano fanontana Motilal Banarsidass). Heverin' ny ankamaroan' ny mpitsikera ho mahatoky amin' ny lahatsoratra tany am-boalohany ny fandikan-tenin' i Ganguli. Tsy voafehin' ny zon' ny mpamorona ny lahatsoratra fenon' io fandikan-teny io ary azo jerena an-tserasera. Anisan' ny fandikan-teny ho tononkalo voalohany ny nataon' i Romesh Chunder Dutt, navoaka tamin' ny 1898, izay namintina ny lohahevitra fototry ny ''Mahābhārata'' ho tononkalo amin' ny teny anglisy.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19630 The ''Mahabharata of Krishna''-Dwaipayana Vyasa translated by Romesh Chunder Dutt] [https://web.archive.org/web/20111010000053/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19630 tahiry tamin' ny 10 October 2011] ao amin' ny ''Online Library of Liberty'' (Tranomboky An-tserasera momba ny Fahafahana).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Misy fanontana maro amin' ny fandikan' i Kisari Mohan Ganguli ny ''Mahabharata'' izay milaza diso fa ilay mpamoaka boky, Pratap Chandra Roy, no mpandika azy. Niely tany amin' ireo fitanisana tamin' ny loharano faharoa io fahadisoana io. Misy fanazavana izany ao amin' ny sasin-tenin' ny mpamoaka boky amin' ny fanontana Munshiram Manoharlal.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa'' translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080511230051/http://sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm tahiry tamin' ny 11 May 2008] ao amin' ny ''Internet Sacred Text Archive'' (Tahiry An-tserasera momba ny Lahatsoratra Masina).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;P. Lal. [http://mahabharata-resources.org/ganguli-roy.html ''Kisari Mohan Ganguli and Pratap Chandra Roy'']. ''An Annotated Mahabharata Bibliography''. Calcutta. daty nijerena voarakitra: 9 September 2013. datin' ny tahiry: 5 June 2014. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140605081003/http://mahabharata-resources.org/ganguli-roy.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Navoakan' ny ''Writers Workshop'' (Atrikasan' ny Mpanoratra), any Calcutta, ny fandikana ilay tononkalo fitantarana manontolo ho tononkalo amin' ny teny anglisy nataon' ilay poety P. Lal ary novitain' ny mpianany taorian' ny nahafatesany.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20240122-mahabharata-in-english-verse-the-art-of-translation-2487859-2024-01-12 ''Mahabharata in English verse : The art of translation'']. 12 January 2024. fiteny: en. tranonkala: India Today.&lt;/ref&gt; Manaraka ny andininy tsirairay sady tsy mampiasa rima ny fandikan-tenin' i P. Lal, ary io no hany fanontana, amin' izay fiteny misy azy, mampiditra ny ''shloka'' rehetra avy amin' ny dika samihafa rehetra amin' ilay sanganasa, fa tsy ireo ao amin' ny ''Critical Edition'' (fanontana araka ny fampitahana sora-tanana) ihany. Hoy i Dr. Pradip Bhattacharya momba ny dikan' i P. Lal, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «fantatra eo amin' ny sehatry ny fikarohana ho ny “''vulgate''”», izany hoe ilay dika iombonana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhattacharya&quot;&gt;[https://pradipbhattacharya.com/2017/05/27/review-bibek-debroy-the-mahabharata-volume-7/ ''Review : Bibek DebRoy: The Mahabharata, volume 7'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2021-05-31. datin' ny tahiry: 2 June 2021. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: pradipbhattacharya.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215243/https://pradipbhattacharya.com/2017/05/27/review-bibek-debroy-the-mahabharata-volume-7/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Fandikana misy famoronana indray, na ''transcreation'', ilay lahatsoratra,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.writersworkshopindia.com/books/the-mahabharata-of-vyasa-all-volumes/ ''The Mahabharata of Vyasa – WritersWorkshopIndia.com'']. tranonkala: Writersworkshopindia.com.&lt;/ref&gt; fa tsy fandikan-teny araka ny fomba mahazatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;AgarwalVol10&quot;&gt;Agarwal, Abhinav. [https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review-book-review-the-mahabharata-volume-10-translated-by-bibek-debroy-2076809 ''Book review: 'The Mahabharata' Volume 10 translated by Bibek Debroy'']. 2015-04-12. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2021-05-31. datin' ny tahiry: 2 June 2021. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: DNA India. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210602221604/https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review-book-review-the-mahabharata-volume-10-translated-by-bibek-debroy-2076809 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanomboka nivoaka tamin' ny 2005 tao amin' ny ''Clay Sanskrit Library'' (andiana boky Clay momba ny soratra sanskrita), navoakan' ny ''New York University Press'' (trano fanontan' ny Oniversiten' i New York), ny tetikasa fandikana ilay tononkalo fitantarana manontolo ho lahatsoratra tsotra amin' ny teny anglisy, izay iarahan' ny mpandika teny maromaro miasa. Tsy ny ''Critical Edition'' no iorenan' io fandikan-teny io, fa ilay dika fantatr' ilay mpanao fanazavana Nīlakaṇṭha. Boky 15 amin' ireo 32 kasaina havoaka no efa misy.

Nandika ny ''Critical Edition'' an' ny ''Mahābhārata'' tamin' ny teny hindỳ ilay Indiana manam-pahaizana momba ny Veda, Shripad Damodar Satwalekar,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/complete-mahabharata-translated-by-padma-bhushan-shripad-damodar-satwalekar-set-of-16-volumes-NAI945/%7Caccess-date=2021-06-27 ''Indian Artwork – Buddha Statues &amp; Hindu Books – Exotic India Art'']. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2021-06-27. datin' ny tahiry: 7 September 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: Exoticindiaart.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124735/https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/complete-mahabharata-translated-by-padma-bhushan-shripad-damodar-satwalekar-set-of-16-volumes-nai945/%7caccess-date=2021-06-27 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; araka ny asa nankinin' ny Governemantan' i India taminy. Taorian' ny nahafatesany dia nandray an-tanana ny asa i Shrutisheel Sharma.&lt;ref&gt;S R, Ramaswamy (1972). ''ಮಹಾಭಾರತದ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆ''. Mysore: Kavyalaya Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Veda Vyasa, S. D. Satwalekar. [http://archive.org/details/Mahabharata_with_Hindi_Translation_-_SD_Satwalekar ''Mahabharata with Hindi Translation – SD Satwalekar'']. Sanskrit eBooks. fiteny: Sanskrit.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Manana fandikan-teny roa amin' ny teny hindỳ i Sadwalekar. Raha ny CE (fanontana araka ny fampitahana sora-tanana) avy amin' ny BORI (''Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute'', na Ivontoerana Bhandarkar momba ny Fikarohana ny Tatsinanana) no tiana hovakina amin' ny teny hindỳ, dia ireo fandikan-teny navoakany nanomboka tamin' ny 1968 no mifanaraka amin' izany; tamin' ny 1966 no navoakan' ny BORI ilay fanontana.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanoratra fandikan-teny anglisy tsy nohafohezina, misy boky folo, koa ilay Indiana mpahay toekarena Bibek Debroy. Nivoaka tamin' ny Martsa 2010 ny boky voalohany, ''Adi Parva'', ary tamin' ny Desambra 2014 ireo boky roa farany. Hoy i Abhinav Agarwal momba ny fandikan-tenin' i Debroy, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «mahafinaritra tanteraka ny mamaky azy ary mahavariana ny halalin' ny fahalalana asehony».&lt;ref name=AgarwalVol10/&gt; Tao amin' ny tsikera momba ny boky fahafito, nilaza i Bhattacharya fa nofenoin' ilay mpandika teny ireo banga teo amin' ny fitantarana ao amin' ny ''Critical Edition'', nefa nilaza koa izy fa nisy fahadisoana tamin' ny fandikan-teny.&lt;ref name=Bhattacharya/&gt; Nanoratra i Gautam Chikermane ao amin' ny ''Hindustan Times'' fa, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy, «samy manasatra i Debroy sy Ganguli amin' ny fampiasana mpamaritra anarana rehefa manoritsoritra ireo mpilalao fototra».&lt;ref&gt;Chikermane, Gautam. [https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-mahabharata-volume-5/story-4N0tAg3jNLWFeWkxfCbHEP.html ''Review: The Mahabharata: Volume 5'']. 2012-07-20. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2021-05-31. datin' ny tahiry: 2 June 2021. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: Hindustan Times. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215505/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-mahabharata-volume-5/story-4N0tAg3jNLWFeWkxfCbHEP.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Mbola eo am-panaovana fandikan-teny anglisy hafa, tsy atao tononkalo, ho an' ilay tononkalo fitantarana manontolo, miorina amin' ny ''Critical Edition'', ka ny ''University of Chicago Press'' (trano fanontan' ny Oniversiten' i Chicago) no mamoaka azy. Ilay manam-pahaizana momba an' i India J. A. B. van Buitenen no nanomboka izany tamin' ny boky 1–5. Rehefa niato nandritra ny 20 taona noho ny nahafatesan' i van Buitenen ilay asa, dia notohizin' ny manam-pahaizana maromaro. Ny boky faha-11 sy faha-12 no anisan' ny noraisin' i James L. Fitzgerald an-tanana. I David Gitomer no mandika ny boky faha-6, i Gary Tubb ny boky faha-7, i Christopher Minkowski ny boky faha-8, i Alf Hiltebeitel ny boky faha-9 sy faha-10, i Fitzgerald ny tapany faharoa amin' ny boky faha-12, i Patrick Olivelle ny boky faha-13, ary i Fred Smith ny boky faha-14 hatramin' ny faha-18.&lt;ref&gt;Fitzgerald, James. [https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Sanskrit_in_Classics_at_Brown/Mahabharata/MBh2Biblio ''Reading Suggestions for Getting Started'']. 2009. datin' ny tahiry: 4 February 2021. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: Brown. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210204021051/https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Sanskrit_in_Classics_at_Brown/Mahabharata/MBh2Biblio rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://clas.uiowa.edu/religion/people/frederick-m-smith ''Frederick M. Smith'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 12 October 2021. datin' ny tahiry: 24 October 2021. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: University of Iowa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211024172737/https://clas.uiowa.edu/religion/people/frederick-m-smith rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Maro ny dika nofintinina, dika nohafohezina ary famerenana mitantara ilay tononkalo fitantarana manontolo amin' ny endrika tantara foronina tsy atao tononkalo, izay navoaka tamin' ny teny anglisy. Anisan' izany ny sanganasan' i Ramesh Menon, William Buck, R. K. Narayan, C. Rajagopalachari, Kamala Subramaniam, K. M. Munshi, Krishna Dharma Dasa, Purnaprajna Dasa, Romesh C. Dutt, Bharadvaja Sarma, John D. Smith, Sharon Maas ary [[Paramahansa Yogananda]].&lt;ref&gt;Pradhan, Dr Tapan Kumar. ''Hinduism, Christianity &amp; Islam - A Comparative Study of World Religions''. Kohinoor Books. New Delhi. 2022. p.: 267-68. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-952546-1-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanontana nampitahana sy nodinihina ===
Teo anelanelan' ny 1919 sy 1966, ny manam-pahaizana tao amin' ny ''Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute'' (Ivontoerana Bhandarkar misahana ny fikarohana momba ny Atsinanana), any [[Pune|Pune]], dia nampitaha ireo sora-tanana samihafa mirakitra ilay tononkalo fitantarana, avy any India sy tany ivelany. Tao anatin' ny 47 taona no namokarany ny fanontana ny ''Mahābhārata'' natsangana tamin' ny fampitahana sy fandinihana ireo sora-tanana ireo, antsoina hoe ''Critical Edition'', izay misy pejy 13 000 nozaraina ho boky 19. Narahin' ny ''Harivamsha'' tao anaty boky roa hafa izany, ary boky enina misy fanondroana hanamorana ny fitadiavana ny votoaty. Io no lahatsoratra ampiasaina matetika ho fanovozan-kevitra amin' ny fikarohana momba ny ''Mahābhārata''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.virtualpune.com/html/channel/edu/institutes/html/bhandark.shtml Bhandarkar Institute, Pune] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181019070605/http://www.virtualpune.com/html/channel/edu/institutes/html/bhandark.shtml tahiry tamin' ny 19 October 2018]—Virtual Pune&lt;/ref&gt; Indraindray io fanontana ny ''Mahābhārata'' io dia antsoina hoe fanontana «Pune» na «Poona».

=== Literatiora nipoitra avy aminy ===
[[File: Wayang Wong Bharata Pandawa.jpg|thumb|Ireo Pandava sy [[Krishna|Krishna]] ao amin' ny ampahany iray amin' ny fampisehoana javanezy ''wayang wong'']]
Nanoratra tantara an-tsehatra roa mifototra amin' ny fizaran-tantara ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' i Bhasa, mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra amin' ny teny sanskrita tamin' ny taonjato faha-2 na faha-3 taor. J.K. Ny ''Urubhanga'' (''Broken Thigh'', izany hoe « Fe tapaka ») dia momba ny ady nifanaovan' i Duryodhana sy Bhima, fa ny ''Madhyamavyayoga'' (''The Middle One'', izany hoe « Ilay eo afovoany ») kosa dia mifantoka amin' i Bhima sy i Ghatotkacha zanany lahy. Ny ''Kakawin Bharatayuddha'' dia fampifanarahana amin' ny endrika tononkalo avy amin' ny lovantsofina javanezy momba ny ''Kawi Mahabharata''.

Anisan' ireo tantara an-tsehatra tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 nipoitra avy amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' ny ''Andha Yug'' (''The Blind Epoch'', izany hoe « Ny vanim-potoana jamba »), nosoratan' i Dharamvir Bharati ary nivoaka tamin' ny 1955. Tao amin' ny ''Mahabharat'' no nahitan' io sanganasa io sady loharano nifanaraka tsara taminy no fomba hanehoana ny toe-javatra sarotra sy ny tsy fahafaham-po amin' ny vanim-potoana môderina. Maro ny mpampaka an-tsehatra nampiseho azy, nanomboka tamin' i Ebrahim Alkazi. Ny ''Yayati'' (1960), tantara foronina amin' ny teny maraty nosoratan' i V. S. Khandekar, sy ny ''Yayati'' (1961), tantara an-tsehatra voalohany nosoratan' i Girish Karnad, dia samy mifototra amin' ny tantaran' i Yayati mpanjaka ao amin' ny ''Mahabharat''.&lt;ref&gt;Don Rubin. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-MUiXjMUl34C&amp;pg=PA219 ''The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia'']. Taylor &amp; Francis. 1998. p.: 195. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-05933-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 30 May 2020. datin' ny tahiry: 7 September 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124734/https://books.google.com/books?id=-MUiXjMUl34C&amp;pg=PA219 rohy tahiry voarakitra]. ref: Ru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanoratra tantara an-tsehatra telo izay ao amin' ny tontolon' ny ''Mahabharat'' no isehoan' ny tantarany i Buddhadeva Bose, mpanoratra bengaly sady mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra: ny ''Anamni Angana'', ny ''Pratham Partha'' ary ny ''Kalsandhya''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.boloji.com/hinduism/084.htm The Mahabharata as Theatre] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100114220734/http://boloji.com/hinduism/084.htm tahiry tamin' ny 14 January 2010] by Pradip Bhattacharya, 13 June 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 1984, nanoratra ny tantara foronina ''Yajnaseni'', izay nahazo ny loka Moortidevi, i Pratibha Ray, ka tamin' ny fomba fijerin' i Draupadi no nitantarany azy. Tatỳ aoriana, tamin' ny 2008, nanoratra tantara foronina mitovy fomba amin' izany i Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, izay mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''The Palace of Illusions: A Novel''. Nanoratra ny ''Bahuk'', tononkalo fitantarana lava mifototra amin' i Bahuka, ilay mpilalao ao amin' ny tantara, i Chinu Modi, pôeta gojaraty.&lt;ref name=&quot;bk&quot;&gt;Topiwala, Chandrakant. ''Bahuk''. Gujarati Sahitya Parishad. Ahmedabad. 1990. boky: 2. pp.: 394. fiteny: gu. encyclopedia: Gujarati Sahityakosh (Encyclopedia of Gujarati Literature).&lt;/ref&gt;
Nanoratra tantara foronina maromaro izay mitantara indray ilay tononkalo fitantarana amin' ny fomba môderina i Krishna Udayasankar, mpanoratra indiana monina any Singaporo, ka anisan' izany indrindra ny andian-tantara ''Aryavarta Chronicles Series''. Nanoratra tantara an-tsehatra ho an' ny mpilalao tokana mifototra amin' ny tantara foronin' i Ray i [[Suman Pokhrel|Suman Pokhrel]], ka nampifantoka ny tantara tamin' i Draupadi sy nametraka azy irery teo an-tsehatra.

Namoaka dikan' ny ''Mahabharata'' amin' ny endrika tantara an-tsary mirefy 1 260 pejy ny ''Amar Chitra Katha'' (orinasa mpamoaka boky).&lt;ref name=&quot;Amar Chitra Katha Mahabharata&quot;&gt;Pai, Anant. ''Amar Chitra Katha Mahabharata''. Amar Chitra Katha. Mumbai. 1998. p.: 1200. mpamoaka: Pai, Anant. fanampim-baovao: Kadam, Dilip (illus.). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-905990-4-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sarimihetsika sy fahitalavitra ===
[[File:FullPagadeYakshagana.jpg|right|thumb|Krishna araka ny fampisehoana azy ao amin' ny ''Yakshagana'' avy any [[Karnataka]], izay mifototra indrindra amin' ny tantara ao amin' ny ''Mahabharata'']]

Ao amin' ny sinema indiana, dia efa nisy dika maromaro natao sarimihetsika avy amin' ilay tononkalo fitantarana, nanomboka tamin' ny 1920. Nomen' i [[Shyam Benegal]] fandikana vaovao koa ny ''Mahābhārata'' tao amin' ny ''Kalyug''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011700990100.htm ''What makes Shyam special'']. Hinduonnet.com. 17 January 2003. datin' ny tahiry: 12 January 2011. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: usurped. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110112210119/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011700990100.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Nahazo aingam-panahy ampahany avy amin' ny ''Mahabharata'' ny sarimihetsika ''Raajneeti'' tamin' ny 2010, izay notarihin' i Prakash Jha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Raajneeti Controversy&quot;&gt;Kumar, Anuj. [http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article439799.ece ''Fact of the matter'']. ''The Hindu''. 27 May 2010. daty nijerena voarakitra: 11 August 2013. datin' ny tahiry: 30 March 2014. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140330142142/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article439799.ece rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Ny dika natao sarimiaina tamin' ny 2013 no sarimiaina nahitana ny fandaniana be indrindra tamin' ny famokarana azy tao India.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mahabharat-theatrical-trailer-animated-film-112591.html ''Mahabharat: Theatrical Trailer (Animated Film)'']. 19 November 2013. daty nijerena voarakitra: 16 December 2013. datin' ny tahiry: 17 December 2013. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131217000203/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mahabharat-theatrical-trailer-animated-film-112591.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny 1988, dia namorona andian-tantara ho an' ny fahitalavitra mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Mahabharat'' i B. R. Chopra. I Ravi Chopra no nitarika azy,&lt;ref name=&quot;TV&quot;&gt;[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0158417/ ''Mahabharat''], IMDb (tahiry an-tserasera momba ny sarimihetsika). (1988–1990 TV series)&lt;/ref&gt; ary nalefa tao amin' ny fahitalavi-pirenena indiana (Doordarshan) izany. Tamin' ilay taona nandefasana ny ''Mahabharat'' tao amin' ny Doordarshan ihany, dia nampiseho famintinana ny ''Mahabharata'' tamin' ny fizarana roa ny ''Bharat Ek Khoj'', fandaharana iray hafa an' io orinasa io, izay notarihin' i Shyam Benegal koa. Nifototra tamin' ny fandikana samihafa an' ilay sanganasa izy io, na tamin' ny alalan' ny hira, na dihy, na fampisehoana an-tsehatra. Any amin' ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]], dia anisan' ny fampisehoana fantatra momba ilay tononkalo fitantarana ny tantara an-tsehatra maharitra sivy ora nataon' i [[Peter Brook]], izay naseho voalohany tany Avignon tamin' ny 1985, sy ny dikany natao sarimihetsika maharitra dimy ora, ''The Mahābhārata''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0097810/ ''The Mahabharata''], IMDb (tahiry an-tserasera momba ny sarimihetsika). (1989 mini-series).&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny faramparan' ny 2013, dia nalefa tao amin' ny fantsona STAR Plus ny ''Mahabharat''. Ny ''Swastik Productions Pvt.'' (orinasa mpamokatra) no namokatra azy.

Nisy andian-tantara tao amin' ny Zee TV (fahitalavitra Zee) nalefa nanomboka ny 26 Ôktôbra 2001 ka hatramin' ny 26 Jolay 2002, ka i Siraj Mustafa Khan no nilalao an' i [[Krishna]], ary i Suneel Mattoo no nilalao an' i Yudhishthira.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.exchange4media.com/international-news/zee-tv-to-launch-two-mythological-serials-4627.html ''Zee TV to launch two mythological serials'']. 2001-12-25. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2022-06-24. tranonkala: Exchange4Media Dot Com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020113/spectrum/tv.htm ''Good Lord!'']. 2002-01-13. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2022-07-02. tranonkala: Tribune India Dot Com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanjay-khan-excited-about-maha-kavya-mahabharat/articleshow/1632627753.cms ''Sanjay Khan excited about Maha Kavya Mahabharat'']. 2001-10-21. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2022-07-02. tranonkala: Times Of India Dot Com.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ny tetikasa momba ny ''Mahābhārata'' tsy vita ny iray nataon' i Rajkumar Santoshi,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2003/feb/24/news1 ''In brief: Mahabharat will be most expensive Indian movie ever'']. ''The Guardian''. 24 February 2003. daty nijerena voarakitra: 12 December 2016. datin' ny tahiry: 26 March 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170326140711/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2003/feb/24/news1 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; sy ny fampifanarahana nokasain' i [[Satyajit Ray]].&lt;ref&gt;C. J. Wallia. [http://www.indiastar.com/satyajitray.html ''IndiaStar book review: Satyajit Ray by Surabhi Banerjee'']. 1996. daty nijerena voarakitra: 31 May 2009. datin' ny tahiry: 14 May 2008. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080514050120/http://www.indiastar.com/satyajitray.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fampifanarahana hafa ===
Nampifanarahan' ny BBC (Orinasa Britanika misahana ny Fampielezam-peo sy Fahitalavitra) ho tantara an-tsehatra amin' ny onjam-peo mizara sivy ny ''Mahābhārata'', ka nomena ny lohateny hoe ''Mahabharata Now''. Natao hitranga ao India amin' ny vanim-potoana ankehitriny ny tantara. Noho izany, mifantoka kokoa amin' ny hoavin' ny orinasa goavana mampivondrona orinasa maro misahana sehatra samihafa ny fizotry ny tantara, fa tsy dia amin' ny hoavin' ny fanjakana iray manontolo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0014fxp ''BBC Radio 4 - Mahabharata Now, Episode 1: Dance of Dice'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 7 June 2026. tranonkala: BBC.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ao amin' ny kolontsain' ny vahoaka ===
Isan-taona, ao amin' ny faritr' i Garhwal any [[Uttarakhand]], dia manao ny ''Pandav Lila'' ny mponina an-tanàna. Famerenana an-tsehatra ireo ampahan-tantara ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' atao ho fombafomba izany, amin' ny alalan' ny dihy, hira ary fitanisana am-bava. Anisan' ny fotoana lehibe eo amin' ny fiainana ara-kolontsaina mandritra ny taona io ''lila'' io, ary matetika atao eo anelanelan' ny volana Novambra sy Febroary. Ny zavamaneno nentin-drazana ao amin' ilay faritra, dia ny ''dhol'', ny ''damau'' ary trompetra lava roa antsoina hoe ''bhankore'', no manaraka ny fampisehoana. Matetika ireo mpilalao tsy matihanina no mandihy tampoka, tsy nomanina, rehefa heverina, araka ny finoana ao amin' io fombafomba io, fa itoeran' ny fanahin' ireo olona ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' izy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Sax, William Sturman. ''Dancing the Self: Personhood and Performance in the Pāṇḍava Līlā of Garhwal''. Oxford University Press. 2002. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780195139150&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dikan-teny jaina ===
Fanazavana fanampiny: ''Salakapurusa''.

[[File: Neminath Wedding.JPG|thumb|Sary maneho ny filaharam-panambadian' i Neminatha. Ao amin' ilay vala ireo biby hovonoina mba hatao sakafo amin' ny fampakaram-bady. Araka ny fitantarana jaina, dia nangoraka mafy ireo biby i Neminatha ka nandà ny hanambady ary nahafoy ny fanjakany mba ho tonga ''Shramana'', olona miala amin' ny fiainana an' izao tontolo izao ka manokan-tena amin' ny fiainana ara-panahy.]]

Ankoatra ny ''Vikramarjuna Vijaya'', izay hany sanganasa jaina amin' ny teny kanada mampifanaraka ny ''Mahābhārata'' manontolo amin' ny tontolo eo an-toerana, dia hita ao amin' ireo lahatsoratra jaina samihafa amin' ny teny sanskrita ireo dika [[Jainisma|jaina]] be mpahalala amin' ny ''Mahābhārata''. Anisan' izany ny ''Harivamsapurana'' (ny tantaran' ny ''Harivamsa''), ny ''Trisastisalakapurusa Caritra'' (tantaram-piainana ara-pivavahan' ny olona miavaka 63), ny ''Pandavacharitra'' (ny fiainan' ireo Pandava) ary ny ''Pandavapurana'' (ny tantaran' ireo Pandava).&lt;ref&gt;Jaini, Padmanabh. ''Collected Papers on Jaina Studies''. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. Delhi. 2000. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-208-1691-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p. 351-52&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ireo soratra tranainy kokoa eken' ny fivavahana ho anisan' ny boky masina, ny ''Antakrddaaśāh'' (ny boky fahavalo ao amin' izany fitambaran-tsoratra izany) sy ny ''Vrisnidasa'' (''upangagama'', na fitambaran-tsoratra masina fanampiny) dia mirakitra ny tantaran' i Neminatha, ilay [[Tirthankara|''Tirthankara'']] faha-22, izany hoe mpampianatra ara-panahy jaina, sy ny an' i Krishna ary Balarama.&lt;ref&gt;Shah, Natubhai. ''Jainism: The World of Conquerors''. Sussex Academy Press. Sussex. 1998. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-898723-30-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. series: Volume I and II.  vol 1 pp. 14–15&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fanamarihan' ny profesora Padmanabh Jaini, dia tsy voatokana ho an' i Balarama sy Krishna ny anarana hoe ''Baladeva'' sy ''Vasudeva'' ao amin' ireo ''Purana'' jaina, fa tsy toy izany ny ao amin' ireo ''Purana'' hindoa. Anarana iantsoana sokajy roa samy hafa amin' ireo mpirahalahy mahery kosa ireo. Araka ny fampianarana jaina momba ny firafitra sy ny tsingerin' izao rehetra izao, dia miseho insivy ireo mpirahalahy ireo isaky ny antsasaky ny tsingerin' ny fotoana, ary manjaka amin' ny antsasaky ny tany amin' ny maha-''half-chakravartin'' azy, izany hoe mpanjaka manjaka amin' ny antsasaky ny tany. Araka ny voalazan' i Jaini, dia avy amin' ny ''Jinacharitra'' nosoratan' i Bhadrabahu ''swami'' (taonjato faha-4–faha-3 tal. J.K.) no niandohan' io lisitry ny mpirahalahy io; anaram-boninahitra ara-pivavahana ny hoe ''swami''.&lt;ref&gt;Jaini, Padmanabh. ''Collected Papers on Jaina Studies''. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. Delhi. 2000. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-208-1691-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p. 377&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny fampianarana jaina momba izao rehetra izao, i Balarama sy Krishna ary Jarasandha no vondrona fahasivy sady farany: i Balarama no ''Baladeva'', i Krishna no ''Vasudeva'', ary i Jarasandha no ''Prativasudeva'', ilay mpifanandrina amin' ny ''Vasudeva''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaini 1998&quot;&gt;Jaini, Padmanabh. ''The Jaina Path of Purification''. Motilal Banarsidass. New Delhi. 1998. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-208-1578-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p.305&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' io dika jaina io, tsy ny ady ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' no ady lehibe indrindra, fa ny fifandonan' i Krishna sy Jarasandha. I Krishna no mamono an' i Jarasandha, satria ao amin' ireo fitantarana ireo dia ny ''Vasudeva'' no mamono ny ''Prativasudeva''. Amin' ny farany, ireo Pandava sy Balarama dia mahafoy ny fiainana an' izao tontolo izao ka lasa moanina jaina, ary voalazan' ny fitantarana fa ateraka indray any amin' ireo lanitra izy ireo, fa i Krishna sy Jarasandha kosa ateraka indray any amin' ny helo.&lt;ref&gt;Jaini, Padmanabh. ''Collected Papers on Jaina Studies''. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. Delhi. 2000. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-208-1691-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p. 351&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny lalàn' ny ''karma'' ao amin' ny finoana jaina, na ny lalàn' ny vokatry ny asa atao, dia noho ny nataony teo amin' ny firaisana ara-nofo sy ny herisetra no ilazan' io fitantarana io fa ateraka indray any amin' ny helo i Krishna; noho ny fitondran-tenany ratsy kosa no ilazany izany momba an' i Jarasandha. Ny profesora Jaini dia manolotra ny mety ho fanazavana fa naniry hanatsara indray ny endrika anehoany an' i Krishna ireo mpanoratra jaina, angamba noho ny lazany. Maminany ireo lahatsoratra jaina fa rehefa tapitra ny fe-potoana hijanonany any amin' ny helo noho ny ''karma'', amin' ny fotoana iray mandritra ny antsasaky ny tsingerina manaraka, dia hateraka indray ho [[Tirthankara|''Tirthankara'']] jaina i Krishna ary hahazo ny fanafahana amin' ny tsingerin' ny fahaterahana indray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaini 1998&quot;/&gt;

Asehon' ireo fitantarana ho niara-belona tamin' i Neminatha, ilay ''Tirthankara'' faha-22, sady zanak' olo-mpiray tam-po aminy i Krishna sy Balarama.&lt;ref&gt;Roy, Ashim Kumar. ''A history of the Jainas''. Gitanjali Pub. House. New Delhi. 1984. p.: 20. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8364-1136-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 11604851.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka io tantara io, i Krishna no nandamina ny fanambadian' i Neminath tanora tamin' i Rajemati, zanakavavin' i Ugrasena. Nangoraka ireo biby hovonoina hanaovana ny sakafon' ny fampakaram-bady anefa i Neminatha, ka nandao tampoka ny filaharana ary nahafoy ny fiainana an' izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref&gt;Helen, Johnson. ''Trisastiśalākāpurusacaritra of Hemacandra: The Jain Saga''. Oriental Institute. Baroda. 2009. boky: Part II. mpamoaka: Muni Samvegayashvijay Maharaj. fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-908157-0-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. orig-year: 1931. refer story of Neminatha&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Devdutt 2017&quot;&gt;Devdutt Pattanaik. [http://devdutt.com/articles/indian-mythology/mahabharata/differentnarrations.html ''How different are the Jain Ramayana and Jain Mahabharata from Hindu narrations?'']. 2 March 2017. daty nijerena voarakitra: 22 March 2017. datin' ny tahiry: 7 March 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: Devdutt. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170307111548/http://devdutt.com/articles/indian-mythology/mahabharata/differentnarrations.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tetiaran' ny fianakaviana Kuru ==

Ity tetiaran' ny fianakaviana Kuru ity dia mampiseho ny fifandimbiasana eo amin' ny fanjakana sy ny fianakaviana ao amin' ny fitantarana, fa tsy voatery manondro izay ray aman-dreny niteraka ny olona tsirairay. Hazavain' ireo fanamarihana etsy ambany ny antsipiriany.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Ny tsipika fifandimbiasana hatramin' i Shāntanu
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Filaharana
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Anarana
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Lahy na vavy
|-
| 1
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Kuru&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-a|a]]&lt;/sup&gt;
| Lehilahy
|-
| 2
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Anasawan&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-a|a]]&lt;/sup&gt;
| Lehilahy
|-
| 3
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Bheemasena(1)&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-a|a]]&lt;/sup&gt;
| Lehilahy
|-
| 4
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Pratisravas&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-a|a]]&lt;/sup&gt;
| Lehilahy
|-
| 5
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Pratipa&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-a|a]]&lt;/sup&gt;
| Lehilahy
|-
| 6
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Shāntanu&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-a|a]]&lt;/sup&gt;
| Lehilahy
|}

Tsy midika ho fifandraisana mivantana eo amin' ny ray sy ny zanaka ny fifanarakarahan' ireo anarana ao amin' io tsipika io.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Fanambadiana, taranaka ary fifandraisana ao amin' ny fianakaviana
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Olona mifandray
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Fifandraisana sy taranaka aseho
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Shāntanu sy Gangā (vehivavy)
| Nivady izy ireo ary niteraka an' i Bhishma (lehilahy). Bhishma no eo amin' io sampana io.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Shāntanu sy Satyavati (vehivavy)
| Nivady izy ireo ary niteraka an' i Chitrāngada sy Vichitravirya (samy lehilahy).
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Satyavati sy Pārāshara (lehilahy)
| Niaraka izy ireo ary niteraka an' i [[Vyāsa|Vyasa]] (lehilahy).
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Vichitravirya sy Ambikā ary Ambālikā (samy vehivavy)
| Vadin' i Vichitravirya izy mirahavavy. Mifandray amin' i Dhritarāshtra sy Pāndu (samy lehilahy)&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-b|b]]&lt;/sup&gt; ny sampan' i Vichitravirya ao amin' ny tetiarana, saingy i Vyasa no niteraka azy ireo: i Ambikā no renin' i Dhritarāshtra, ary i Ambālikā no renin' i Pāndu.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Dhritarāshtra sy Gāndhāri (vehivavy)
| Nivady izy ireo. Ny zanany aseho ao amin' ny tetiarana dia i Duryodhana (lehilahy)&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-e|e]]&lt;/sup&gt;, i Dussalā (vehivavy), i Dushāsana (lehilahy), ary zanakalahy 98 hafa. Anisan' ny Kaurava izy ireo.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Gāndhāri sy Shakuni (lehilahy)
| Anadahin' i Gāndhāri i Shakuni.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Surya]] (lehilahy; ''Deva'', na andriamanitra) sy Kunti (vehivavy)
| Teraka tamin' i Kunti i Karna (lehilahy)&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-c|c]]&lt;/sup&gt; rehefa niantso an' i Surya izy. Tsy fanambadiana no asehon' io fifandraisana io.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Pāndu sy Kunti
| Nivady izy ireo. I Yudhishthira&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-d|d]]&lt;/sup&gt;, i Bhima&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-d|d]]&lt;/sup&gt; ary i Arjuna&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-d|d]]&lt;/sup&gt; (samy lehilahy) no zanaka ekena ho an' i Pāndu ao amin' io sampana io; teraka tamin' ny fiantsoan' i Kunti andriamanitra izy ireo. Anisan' ny Pandava izy ireo.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Pāndu sy Mādri (vehivavy)
| Nivady izy ireo. I Nakula&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-d|d]]&lt;/sup&gt; sy Sahadeva&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-d|d]]&lt;/sup&gt; (samy lehilahy) no zanaka ekena ho an' i Pāndu ao amin' io sampana io; teraka tamin' ny fiantsoan' i Mādri andriamanitra izy ireo. Anisan' ny Pandava izy ireo.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Arjuna sy Subhadrā (vehivavy)
| Nivady izy ireo ary niteraka an' i Abhimanyu (lehilahy)&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-f|f]]&lt;/sup&gt;.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Abhimanyu sy Uttarā (vehivavy)
| Nivady izy ireo ary niteraka an' i Parikshit (lehilahy).
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Parikshit sy Madravti (vehivavy)
| Nivady izy ireo ary niteraka an' i Janamejaya (lehilahy).
|}

=== Fanamarihana momba ny tetiarana ===

* &lt;span id=&quot;Kuru-note-a&quot;&gt;'''a'''.&lt;/span&gt; Mpanjakan' ny tarana-mpanjaka na ny fanjakana Kuru i Shantanu. Taranaka maromaro no nanasaraka azy tamin' izay razambe nantsoina hoe Kuru. Ny fanambadiany tamin' i Ganga dia nialoha ny fanambadiany tamin' i Satyavati.
* &lt;span id=&quot;Kuru-note-b&quot;&gt;'''b'''.&lt;/span&gt; I [[Vyāsa|Vyasa]] no niteraka an' i Pandu sy Dhritarashtra araka ny fomba ''niyoga'' (eto, fomba hahazoan' ny vadin' ny lehilahy maty taranaka avy amin' ny lehilahy hafa), taorian' ny nahafatesan' i Vichitravirya. Zanakalahin' i Vyasa sy Ambika i Dhritarashtra; zanakalahin' i Vyasa sy Ambalika i Pandu; ary zanakalahin' i Vyasa sy mpanompovavy iray i Vidura.
* &lt;span id=&quot;Kuru-note-c&quot;&gt;'''c'''.&lt;/span&gt; Teraka tamin' i Kunti i Karna rehefa niantso an' i [[Surya]] izy, talohan' ny nanambadiany an' i Pandu.
* &lt;span id=&quot;Kuru-note-d&quot;&gt;'''d'''.&lt;/span&gt; Nekena ho zanakalahin' i Pandu i Yudhishthira sy Bhima sy Arjuna sy Nakula ary Sahadeva, saingy teraka tamin' ny fiantsoan' i Kunti sy Madri andriamanitra samy hafa izy ireo. Samy nanambady an' i Draupadi izy dimy lahy; tsy aseho ao amin' ny tetiarana i Draupadi.
* &lt;span id=&quot;Kuru-note-e&quot;&gt;'''e'''.&lt;/span&gt; Niara-teraka i Duryodhana sy ireo iray tam-po aminy, ary iray taranaka tamin' ireo Pandava izay zanak' olo-mpiray tam-po aminy izy ireo.
* &lt;span id=&quot;Kuru-note-f&quot;&gt;'''f'''.&lt;/span&gt; Na dia tamin' ny alalan' ny taranak' i Arjuna sy Subhadra aza no nitohizan' ny fifandimbiasana taorian' ny Pandava, dia i Yudhishthira sy Draupadi no nipetraka teo amin' ny seza fiandrianan' i Hastinapura taorian' ilay ady lehibe.

Ny filaharan' ny iray tam-po ao amin' ity tetiarana ity dia manaraka ny filaharan' ny nahaterahany, afa-tsy amin' i [[Vyāsa|Vyasa]] sy Bhishma, izay tsy voalaza hoe iza no teraka taloha. Teraka taorian' izy roa lahy kosa i Vichitravirya sy Chitrangada. Tsy naseho tao amin' ilay tetiarana fa mpirahavavy i Ambika sy Ambalika. Teraka taorian' i Karna sy Yudhishthira i Duryodhana, saingy talohan' ireo rahalahy Pandava sisa.

Mba hampazava ny tetiarana dia tsy naseho tao ny sasany amin' ny iray tam-po amin' ireo olona voatanisa. Anisan' izany i Vidura, izay iray ray amin' i Dhritarashtra sy Pandu nefa hafa reny.

== Fiantraikany ara-kolontsaina ==
Ao amin' ny ''Bhagavad Gita'', i [[Krishna]] dia manazava amin' i Arjuna ny adidiny amin' ny maha-mpiady sy zanak' andriana azy, ary mamelabelatra ireo filôzôfia samihafa mifandray amin' ny ''yoga''&lt;ref&gt;[http://yoga.about.com/od/bhagavadgita/a/thegita.htm ''Introduction to the Bhagavad Gita'']. Yoga.about.com. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 September 2010. datin' ny tahiry: 3 December 2010. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101203185714/http://yoga.about.com/od/bhagavadgita/a/thegita.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; sy ny ''Vedanta'', amin' ny alalan' ny ohatra sy fampitahana. Noho izany, dia matetika ny ''Gita'' no lazaina ho torolalana fohy momba ny filôzôfia hindoa, sady torolalana azo ampiharina eo amin' ny fiainana izay ahitana samirery ny fanazavana ilaina.&lt;ref&gt;Maharishi Mahesh Yogi; ''On the Bhagavad Gita: A New Translation and Commentary with Sanskrit Text'', chapters 1 to 6, Preface p. 9&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny vanim-potoana tatỳ aoriana, i [[Vivekananda|Swami Vivekananda]], i Subhas Chandra Bose, izay nantsoina tamin' ny anaram-boninahitra hoe ''Netaji'', i Bal Gangadhar Tilak, i [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]] ary olona maro hafa dia nampiasa ilay lahatsoratra mba hanampiana hanome aingam-panahy ny hetsika ho an' ny fahaleovantenan' i India.&lt;ref&gt;Stevenson, Robert W., &quot;Tilak and the Bhagavadgita's Doctrine of Karmayoga&quot;, in Minor, p. 44.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jordens, J. T. F., &quot;Gandhi and the Bhagavadgita&quot;, in Minor, p. 88.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanome aingam-panahy ny sanganasa maro amin' ny literatiora maoderina amin' ny [[Fiteny hindỳ|teny hindỳ]] koa izy io, toy ny ''Rashmirathi'' nosoratan' i Ramdhari Singh Dinkar. Fitantarana indray ny ''Mahābhārata'' io sanganasa io, ka i Karna sy ireo fifandirana atrehiny no ifantohany. Nosoratana tamin' ny 1952 izy io.

== Dikan-teny maoderina ==
Efa imbetsaka no nadika tamin' ny teny anglisy ny ''Mahābhārata''. Tsy feno ny dikan-teny sasany.

=== Dikan-teny anaty boky tokana ===

*Narasimhan, Chakravarthi V.. ''The Mahabharata''. Columbia University Press. 1997.
*Narayan, R.K.. ''The Mahabharata: A Shortened Modern Prose Version of the Indian Epic''. University of Chicago Press. 2016.
**Anisan' ny dikan-teny fohy indrindra amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' misy io.
*Sattar, Arshia. ''Mahabharata for Children''. Juggernaut Books. 2020.
**Misy sary natao ho an' ny ankizy io dikan-teny io.
*Satyamurti, Carole. ''Mahabharata: A Modern Retelling''. Norton. 2016.
**Fitantarana indray amin' ny endrika tononkalo io.
*Smith, John D.. ''The Mahabharata (Penguin Classics)''. Penguin. 2009.
**Nadika mivantana avy amin' ny teny sanskrita io dikan-teny io.

=== Dikan-teny anaty boky maromaro ===

*van Buitenen, J. A. B.; Fitzgerald, James. ''The Mahabharata''. University of Chicago Press. Chicago. 1973–2026.
**Ahitana fizarana maro amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' io dikan-teny io. Mbola tsy feno izy io.
* Clay Sanskrit Library (2009), ''[https://claysanskritlibrary.org/volumes/about-mahabharata/ Mahabharata]''. New York University Press.
**Ahitana boky 15 nosoratan' ny mpandika teny samy hafa io dikan-teny io ary tsy feno.

=== Dikan-tenin' ny fizarana manokana ===
*Doniger, Wendy. [https://speakingtigerbooks.com/product/after-the-war-the-last-books-of-the-mahabharata ''After the War: The Last Books of the Mahabharata'']. Speaking Tiger. 2022.
*Johnson, W.J.. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0192823612 ''The Sauptikaparvan of the Mahabharata: The Massacre at Night (Oxford World's Classics)'']. Oxford University Press. 1999.

== Fanamarihana manazava ==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot; /&gt;

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Loharano ankapobeny ==
* Badrinath, Chaturvedi. ''The Mahābhārata: An Inquiry in the Human Condition'', New Delhi, Orient Longman (2006).
* Bandyopadhyaya, Jayantanuja (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=gwUF11NRyT4C Class and Religion in Ancient India]''. Anthem Press.
* Basham, A. L. (1954). ''The Wonder That Was India: A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before The Coming of the Muslims''. New York: Grove Press.
* Bhasin, R. V. ''Mahabharata'', navoakan' ny National Publications, India, 2007.
* J. Brockington. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C The Sanskrit Epics]'', Leiden (1998).
* van Buitenen, Johannes Adrianus Bernardus (1978). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wFtXBGNn0aUC The Mahābhārata]''. Boky miisa 3 (tsy vita manontolo ny fandikana sy ny famoahana azy noho ny nahafatesany). University of Chicago Press.
* Chaitanya, Krishna (K.K. Nair). ''The Mahabharata, A Literary Study'', Clarion Books, New Delhi 1985.
* Gupta, S. P. sy Ramachandran, K. S. (ed.). ''Mahabharata: myth and reality''. Agam Prakashan, New Delhi 1976.
* Hiltebeitel, Alf. ''The Ritual of Battle, Krishna in the Mahabharata'', SUNY Press, New York 1990.
* Hopkins, E. W. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hC1d-xN6nzoC The Great Epic of India]'', New York (1901).
* Jyotirmayananda, Swami. ''Mysticism of the Mahabharata'', Yoga Research Foundation, Miami 1993.
* Katz, Ruth Cecily ''Arjuna in the Mahabharata'', University of South Carolina Press, Columbia 1989.
* Keay, John (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Tarbo7OzEO8C India: A History]''. Grove Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8021-3797-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Majumdar, R. C. (1951). ''The History and Culture of the Indian People: (Volume 1) The Vedic Age''. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin Ltd.
* Lerner, Paule. ''Astrological Key in Mahabharata'', nadikan' i David White. Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi 1988.
* Mallory, J. P (2005). ''In Search of the Indo-Europeans''. Thames &amp; Hudson. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-500-27616-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Mehta, M. ''The problem of the double introduction to the Mahabharata'', JAOS 93 (1973), 547–550.
* Minkowski, C. Z. ''Janamehayas Sattra and Ritual Structure'', JAOS 109 (1989), 410–420.
* Minkowski, C. Z. ''Snakes, Sattras and the Mahabharata'', ao amin' ny ''Essays on the Mahabharata'', ed. A. Sharma, Leiden (1991), 384–400.
* Oldenberg, Hermann. ''Zur Geschichte der Altindischen Prosa'', Berlin (1917)
* Oberlies, Th. ''The Counsels of the Seer Narada: Ritual on and under the surface of the Mahabharata'', ao amin' ny ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-0tcQr3WzqsC New methods in the research of epic]'' (ed. H. L. C. Tristram), Freiburg (1998).
* Oldenberg, H. ''Das Mahabharata'', Göttingen (1922).
* [[Pāṇini]]. ''Ashtādhyāyī''. [http://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/chandravasu/book4.pdf Boky 4]. Nadikan' i Chandra Vasu. Benares, 1896. (amin' ny teny sanskrita sy anglisy)
* Pargiter, F. E. ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', London 1922. Naverin' ny Motilal Banarsidass navoaka tamin' ny 1997.
* Sattar, Arshia (transl.) (1996). ''The Rāmāyaṇa by Vālmīki''. Viking. p. 696. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-14-029866-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Sukthankar, Vishnu S. sy Shrimant Balasaheb Pant Pratinidhi (1933). ''The Mahabharata: for the first time critically edited''. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute.
* Sullivan, Bruce M. ''Seer of the Fifth Veda, Krsna Dvaipayana Vyasa in the Mahabharata'', Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi 1999.
* Sutton, Nicholas. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rFyUHC-ORp4C Religious Doctrines in the Mahabharata]'', Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi 2000.
* Utgikar, N. B. ''The mention of the Mahābhārata in the Ashvalayana Grhya Sutra'', ''Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference'', Poona (1919), vol. 2, Poona (1922), 46–61.
* Vaidya, R. V. ''A Study of Mahabharat; A Research'', Poona, A.V.G. Prakashan, 1967
* Witzel, Michael, ''Epics, Khilas and Puranas: Continuities and Ruptures'', ''Proceedings of the Third Dubrovnik International Conference on the Sanskrit Epics and Puranas'', ed. P. Koskiallio, Zagreb (2005), 21–80.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/महाभारतम् ''Mahabharata''] – Lahatsoratra tany am-boalohany mifandray amin' ity lahatsoratra ity, ao amin' ny Wikisource amin' ny teny sanskrita.
* [https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mahabharata Teny nalaina mifandray amin' ny ''Mahabharata''] ao amin' ny Wikiquote amin' ny teny anglisy.
* [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Mahabharat ''The Mahabharat''] – Lahatsoratra tany am-boalohany mifandray amin' ity lahatsoratra ity, ao amin' ny Wikisource amin' ny teny anglisy.
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mahabharata Rakitra haino aman-jery mifandray amin' ny ''Mahabharata''] ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons.
* [https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm Sacred-Texts: hindoisma] – Fandikana amin' ny teny anglisy ireo fizarana 18 (''parva'') amin' ny ''Mahabharata''.
* [http://mahabharata-resources.org/harivamsa/harivamsa-cs-index.html ''harivamsham – mahaabhaarat khila parva''] – Fandikana amin' ny teny anglisy ny fizarana ''Harivamsa'' amin' ny ''Mahabharata''.
* [https://bombay.indology.info/mahabharata/statement.html Lahatsoratra elektrônika amin' ny teny sanskrita an' ny ''Mahābhārata'', azo vakina an-tserasera] (nahazo alalana sy fankatoavana avy amin' ny BORI (Ivontoerana Bhandarkar momba ny fikarohana ny Tatsinanana)).
* [http://www.holybooks.com/mahabharata-all-volumes-in-12-pdf-files/ Ireo boky rehetra ao anatin' ny rakitra 12 amin' ny endrika PDF (endrika rakitra mitahiry ny fisehon' ny antontan-taratasy)] (Holybooks.com, 181&amp;nbsp;MB ny fitambarany).
* [https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Sanskrit_in_Classics_at_Brown/Mahabharata/MBh2Biblio.html#Poona Soso-kevitra momba izay hovakina, nataon' i J. L. Fitzgerald, mpampianatra sanskrita mitana ny toeran' ny profesora Das, ao amin' ny Departemantan' ny fianarana ny sivilizasiôna grika sy rômanina fahiny, ao amin' ny ''Brown University'' (Oniversite Brown)].
* [https://sanskritdocuments.org/mirrors/mahabharata/mahabharata-bori.html Fanontana voakajy tamin' ny fandinihana sy fampitahana ireo dika, nomanin' ny manam-pahaizana ao amin' ny ''Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute'' (Ivontoerana Bhandarkar momba ny fikarohana ny Tatsinanana; BORI)].
* [https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Mahabharata+by+Vyasa:+The+epic+of+ancient+India+condensed+into+English+verse&amp;author=Dutt&amp;reader=&amp;keywords=&amp;genre_id=0&amp;status=all&amp;project_type=either&amp;recorded_language=&amp;sort_order=catalog_date&amp;search_page=1&amp;search_form=advanced ''The Mahabharata by Vyasa: The epic of ancient India condensed into English verse''] – Boky noraketina ho feo izay tsy voafehin' ny zon' ny mpamorona, ao amin' ny LibriVox.

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      <text bytes="127174" sha1="10h4m9cm4ufh1c2eh9c1tvbm7hx8cga" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Krishna and Arjun on the chariot, Mahabharata, 18th-19th century, India.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|[[Krishna|Krishna]] sy Arjuna tao Kurukshetra, sary hosodoko tamin' ny taonjato faha-18–faha-19.]]
Ny '''''Mahābhārata''''' (fanononana amin' ny teny anglisy: /məˌhɑːˈbɑːrətə/, /ˌmɑːhə-/;&lt;ref&gt;''The Chambers Dictionary''. ''Mahabharata''. Chambers. 2003. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-550-10105-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 9th.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;''Collins English Dictionary''. ''Mahabharata''. HarperCollins. 2018. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-008-28437-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 13th.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120903041128/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Mahabharata &quot;Mahabharata&quot;]. ''Oxford Dictionaries Online''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Mahabharata &quot;Mahabharata&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130209/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Mahabharata tahiry tamin' ny 4 March 2016]. ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.&lt;/ref&gt; amin' ny teny sanskrita: ''Mahābhāratam'' (महाभारतम्), /mɐɦaːˈbʱaːrɐt̪ɐm/, midika hoe «Bharata lehibe») dia iray amin' ireo tononkalo roa lehibe mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo amin' ny literatiora sanskrita avy any India fahiny, izay hajaina ao amin' ny [[Hindoisma|hindoisma]]; ny iray hafa dia ny ''Ramayana''.&lt;ref name=encindlit&gt;Datta, Amaresh. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&amp;pg=PA1755 ''The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj to Jyoti)'']. Sahitya Akademi. 1 January 2006. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Samy sokajina ho ''smṛti'', sokajin-tsoratra ampitain' ny lovantsofina hindoa, sy ho ''itihasa'', fitantarana ny lasa araka ny lovantsofina, izy roa. Mitantara ny zava-nitranga manodidina ny ady tao Kurukshetra ny ''Mahābhārata'', sady mandinika hevitra ara-filôzôfia, toy ireo «tanjona efatra eo amin' ny fiainana», na ''puruṣārtha''. Anisan' ny singa fototra ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' ny ''Bhagavad Gita'', izay soratra masina manana toerana lehibe ao amin' ny lovantsofina hindoa.

Tantarain' ny ''Mahābhārata'' ny fifandroritana teo anivon' ny fianakavian' ny mpanjaka mba hahazoana ny seza fiandrianan' i Hastinapura, izay niafara tamin' ny ady tao Kurukshetra. Ady nifanaovana mba handovana ny fanjakana izany, teo amin' ireo zanak' andriana izay zanak' olona mpiray tam-po, dia ny Kaurava sy ny Pāṇḍava.
Anisan' ireo tantara maro ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' ny tantaran' i Damayanti, i Shakuntala, i Pururava sy i Urvashi, i Savitri sy Satyavan, i Kacha sy i Devayani, i Rishyasringa, ary ny dikan-teny nohafohezina amin' ny ''Rāmāyaṇa''.
Mamelabelatra ny foto-kevitry ny ''dharmayuddha'', na «ady ara-drariny», ilay tononkalo. Ny ''Bhagavad Gita'' kosa dia mandinika ny ''dharma'', hevitra avy amin' ny lovantsofina vedika momba ny adidy sy ny fanaovana izay rariny, amin' ny alalan' ny fifampiresahan' i Arjuna, zanak' andriana Pāṇḍava, sy i [[Krishna|Krishna]], mpitondra ny kalesiny sady mpitari-dalana azy.

Araka ny lovantsofina dia i [[Vyāsa]] no mpanoratra ny ''Mahābhārata''. Maro ny ezaka natao hamantarana ny fivoaran' ilay lahatsoratra teo amin' ny tantara sy ireo sosona samy hafa nandrafetana azy. Azo inoana fa teo anelanelan' ny taonjato faha-3 tal. J.K. sy ny taonjato faha-3 taor. J.K. no nangonina ny ampahany lehibe indrindra amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'', ary tsy ela lavitra talohan' ny taona 400 tal. J.K. tany ho any no niandohan' ny ampahany tranainy indrindra mbola voatahiry.&lt;ref&gt;Austin, Christopher R.. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4jCoDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA21 ''Pradyumna: Lover, Magician, and Son of the Avatara'']. Oxford University Press. 2019. p.: 21. fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-005411-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 11 January 2020. datin' ny tahiry: 7 September 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124231/https://books.google.com/books?id=4jCoDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA21 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BrockingtonA&quot;&gt;Brockington (1998, p. 26)&lt;/ref&gt; Azo inoana fa efa nahazo ny endriny farany ilay lahatsoratra tamin' ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana Gupta, izany hoe manodidina ny taonjato faha-4 taor. J.K.&lt;ref&gt;Pattanaik, Devdutt. [https://scroll.in/article/905466/how-did-the-ramayana-and-mahabharata-come-to-be-and-what-has-dharma-got-to-do-with-it ''How did the 'Ramayana' and 'Mahabharata' come to be (and what has 'dharma' got to do with it)?'']. 13 December 2018. daty nijerena voarakitra: 30 May 2020. datin' ny tahiry: 14 August 2020. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: Scroll.in. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200814160417/https://scroll.in/article/905466/how-did-the-ramayana-and-mahabharata-come-to-be-and-what-has-dharma-got-to-do-with-it/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Van Buitenen; ''The Mahabharata'' – 1; The Book of the Beginning. Introduction (Authorship and Date)&lt;/ref&gt;

Adika hoe «Bharat (India) lehibe», na «ny tantaran' ireo taranaka lehiben' i Bharata», na koa hoe «Ny tantara lehiben' i India» (''The Great Indian Tale'') ny lohateniny.&lt;ref&gt;Stuart, Tristram; Albinia, Alice. [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/16/fiction ''India's epic struggle'']. ''The Guardian''. 16 August 2007. daty nijerena voarakitra: 6 August 2023. datin' ny tahiry: 6 August 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230806170749/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/16/fiction rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://vedicwisdomandphilosophy.wordpress.com/mahabharata/ ''Mahabharata'']. 16 May 2021. daty nijerena voarakitra: 6 August 2023. datin' ny tahiry: 6 August 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230806170749/https://vedicwisdomandphilosophy.wordpress.com/mahabharata/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
Anisan' ny tononkalo fitantarana lava indrindra fantatra ny ''Mahābhārata''. Misy ''shloka'' (andininy) maherin' ny 100 000 ny dikan-teniny lava indrindra, izany hoe andalan-tononkalo maherin' ny 200 000, satria andalana roa no mandrafitra ny ''shloka'' tsirairay; misy ampahany lava amin' ny lahatsoratra tsy voarafitra ho tononkalo koa ao.
Manodidina ny 1,8 tapitrisa ny isan' ny teniny rehetra, ka eo amin' ny folo heny eo ho eo amin' ny halavan' ny ''Iliad'' sy ny ''Odyssey'' atambatra ny ''Mahābhārata'', na eo amin' ny efatra heny eo ho eo amin' ny halavan' ny ''Rāmāyaṇa''. Mihoatra ny 2,5 heny amin' ny halavany kosa ny ''Epic of Manas'', izay tononkalo lava indrindra eran-tany.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/67403-longest-poem-ever-published ''Longest poem ever published'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 7 June 2026. tranonkala: Guinness World Records.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spodek, Howard. Richard Mason. ''The World's History''. Pearson Education: 2006, New Jersey. 224, 0-13-177318-6&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amartya Sen, ''The Argumentative Indian. Writings on Indian Culture, History and Identity'', London: Penguin Books, 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;
Antsoina indraindray hoe Veda fahadimy izy ao amin' ny lovantsofina indiana.&lt;ref&gt;Fitzgerald, James. ''India's Fifth Veda: The Mahabharata's Presentation of Itself''. ''Journal of South Asian Literature''. 1985. boky: 20. laharana: 1. pp.: 125–140.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tantaran' ny lahatsoratra sy ny firafiny ==
[[File:Ganesa writing the Mahabharat.jpeg|thumb|Vyasa mitantara ny ''Mahābhārata'' amin' i [[Ganesh|Ganesha]], araka ny sary ao amin' ny sora-tanana avy any Mewar tamin' ny taonjato faha-17.]]

Araka ny lovantsofina, dia ilay olon-kendry [[Vyāsa|Vyasa]] no namorona ity tononkalo fitantarana ity; anisan' ny olona manana anjara toerana lehibe ao anatiny koa izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lochtefeld2002&quot;&gt;James G. Lochtefeld. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&amp;pg=PA399 ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M'']. The Rosen Publishing Group. 2002. p.: 399. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 15 November 2015. datin' ny tahiry: 7 September 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124232/https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&amp;pg=PA399 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Nolazain' i Vyasa fa ''itihasa'' (tantara) izy io. Resahiny koa ny lovantsofina mampifandray ny mpampianatra sy ny mpianatra, izay mitanisa ny fifandimbiasan' ireo mpampianatra lehibe rehetra sy ny mpianany tamin' ny vanim-potoana vedika.

Milaza ny fizarana voalohany amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' fa i [[Ganesh|Ganesha]] no nanoratra ny lahatsoratra araka izay notononin' i Vyasa. Heverin' ny manam-pahaizana ho fanampin-dahatsoratra nampidirina tatỳ aoriana anefa izany, ary tsy ahitana an' i Ganesha ny fanontana miorina amin' ny fandinihana sy fampitahana ireo sora-tanana (''Critical Edition'').&lt;ref&gt;''Mahābhārata'', Vol. 1, Part 2. Critical edition, p. 884.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mampiasa firafitra ahitana tantara ao anatin' ny tantara ilay tononkalo, izay antsoina koa hoe fitantarana anankiray mandrafitra ny manodidina ny fitantarana hafa. Fahita amin' ny sanganasa indiana maro, na ara-pivavahana na tsia, io firafitra io. Ao amin' ilay fitantarana dia notantarain' ilay olon-kendry Vaisampayana,&lt;ref&gt;Davis, Richard H.. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vQ3rAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA38 ''The &quot;Bhagavad Gita&quot;: A Biography'']. Princeton University Press. 2014. p.: 38. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4008-5197-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Krishnan, Bal. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_pUBAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Vaishampayana+related ''Kurukshetra: Political and Cultural History'']. B.R. Publishing Corporation. 1978. p.: 50. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9788170180333&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 6 November 2020. datin' ny tahiry: 7 September 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124233/https://books.google.com/books?id=_pUBAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Vaishampayana+related rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; mpianatr' i Vyasa, voalohany tao an-tanànan' i Taxila izy io. Notantarainy tamin' i Janamejaya mpanjaka, zafiafin' i Arjuna, andriana Pandava, izany. Taona maro tatỳ aoriana dia naverin' ny mpitantara matihanina iray antsoina hoe Ugrashrava Sauti notantaraina indray ilay tantara, teo anatrehan' ny fivorian' ny olon-kendry nanatanteraka sorona naharitra roa ambin' ny folo taona ho an' i Saunaka Kulapati mpanjaka, tao amin' ny alan' i Naimisha.
[[File:Sauti recites the slokas of the Mahabharata.jpg|thumb|Sauti mitanisa ireo andininy (''shloka'') ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata''.]]

Nolazain' ny mpandinika ny kolontsaina sy ny tantaran' i India sasany tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-20 fa tsy misy firafitra mazava sady mikorontana ilay lahatsoratra. Nihevitra i Hermann Oldenberg fa tsy maintsy ho nanana « hery mampihetsi-po noho ny loza mitranga » lehibe tokoa ilay tononkalo tany am-boalohany, nefa nolaviny ho « fikorontanana mahatsiravina » ny lahatsoratra manontolo (fandikana malagasy ireo teny nalaina).&lt;ref&gt;Oldenberg, Hermann. ''Das Mahabharata: seine Entstehung, sein Inhalt, seine Form''. Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht. Göttingen. 1922. fiteny: de. OCLC: 4878979. lccn: 24000855.&lt;/ref&gt; I Moritz Winternitz (''Geschichte der indischen Literatur'', 1909) kosa dia nihevitra fa « teôlôjiana tsy mahay tononkalo sy mpanao dika soratra tsy kinga ihany » no afaka nanambatra ireo ampahany samy hafa fiaviana ho fitambarana iray tsy misy filaminana (fandikana malagasy).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/07-06/features360.htm &quot;The Mahabharata&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20061106205614/http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/07-06/features360.htm tahiry tamin' ny 6 November 2006] at ''The Sampradaya Sun''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanitarana sy fanitsiana ny lahatsoratra ===
Ezaka lehibe no natao tamin' ny fikarohana momba ny ''Mahābhārata'' mba hamantarana ireo sosona niforona tamin' ny fandrafetana ilay lahatsoratra sy hamaritana ny datin' izy ireo.
Azo ampifandraisina amin' ny vanim-potoana vedika ny fiavian' ny singa sasany ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' ankehitriny.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=FYPOVdzZ2UIC&amp;dq=a+history+of+indian+literature+mahabharata+date&amp;pg=PA452 ''A History of Indian Literature''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230406115439/https://books.google.com/books?id=FYPOVdzZ2UIC&amp;dq=a+history+of+indian+literature+mahabharata+date&amp;pg=PA452 tahiry tamin' ny 6 April 2023], Volume 1 by Maurice Winternitz&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny toe-javatra niavian' ny ''Mahābhārata'' dia manondro fa nipoitra ilay tononkalo fitantarana, araka ireto teny nadika amin' ny teny malagasy ireto, «taorian' ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana vedika mihitsy» ary talohan' ny «nipoiran' ny “empira” indiana voalohany tamin' ny taonjato faha-3 tal. J.K.». Azo inoana fa «daty tsy dia mifanalavitra amin' ny taonjato faha-8 na faha-9 tal. J.K.» izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;BrockingtonA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vanB73&quot;&gt;van Buitenen (1973) pp. xxiv–xxv&lt;/ref&gt;
Tamin' ny voalohany dia tantara nampitain' ireo mpitantara sady mpanao tononkalo mpitondra kalesy am-bava ny ''Mahābhārata''.&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Ruchika. [http://scroll.in/article/806662/the-mahabharata-how-an-oral-narrative-of-the-bards-became-the-didactic-text-of-the-brahmins ''The Mahabharata: How an oral narrative of the bards became a text of the Brahmins'']. 16 January 2017. daty nijerena voarakitra: 16 January 2017. datin' ny tahiry: 17 January 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: Scroll.in. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170117134753/http://scroll.in/article/806662/the-mahabharata-how-an-oral-narrative-of-the-bards-became-the-didactic-text-of-the-brahmins rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
Ekena amin' ny ankapobeny izao fanazavana izao (dika malagasy): «Tsy tahaka ny Veda, izay tsy maintsy tehirizina tsy misy fiovana na dia litera iray aza, ilay tononkalo fitantarana dia sanganasa natao ho an' ny besinimaro, ka tsy maintsy nampifanarahan' ny mpitantara azy tamin' ny fiovan' ny fiteny sy ny fomba fanoratra».&lt;ref name=&quot;vanB73&quot; /&gt;
Noho izany, heverina fa tsy tranainy kokoa noho ireo firesahana azy tranainy indrindra hita any ivelan' ilay sanganasa ireo singa tranainy indrindra mbola voatahiry ao amin' io lahatsoratra niovaova io. Anisan' ireo firesahana ireo ny ao amin' ny ''Ashtadhyayi'' 4:2:56, bokin' ny fitsipi-pitenenana nosoratan' i [[Pāṇini|Panini]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 tal. J.K.&lt;ref name=&quot;BrockingtonA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vanB73&quot; /&gt;
Nanao izao fanamarihana izao i Vishnu Sukthankar, mpamoaka ny fanontana lehibe voalohany ny ''Mahābhārata'' nifototra tamin' ny fampitahana sy fanadihadiana ny sora-tanana (dika malagasy): «Tsy misy ilàna azy ny mieritreritra ny hamerina lahatsoratra niovaova ho amin' ny endriny tany am-boalohany, amin' ny alalan' ny sora-tanana fototra niavian' ny kopia sy ny ''stemma codicum'', na tetiaran' ireo sora-tanana. Inona àry no azo atao? Ny hany tanjontsika dia ny hamerina ''ny endrika tranainy indrindra amin' ilay lahatsoratra izay mbola azo tratrarina'', mifototra amin' ireo sora-tanana misy».&lt;ref&gt;Sukthankar (1933) &quot;Prolegomena&quot; p. lxxxvi. Ao amin' ny soratra niandohana ilay fanasongadinana.&lt;/ref&gt;
Somary tatỳ aoriana ny datin' ireo sora-tanana ireo, noho ny akora nanaovana azy sy ny toetrandro any India, nefa maro dia maro izy ireo.

Ny ''Mahābhārata'' mihitsy (1.1.61) dia manavaka ny ampahany fototra misy andininy 24 000, dia ny ''Bhārata'' amin' ny heviny hentitra, amin' ireo ampahany hafa fanampiny. Manao fanavahana mitovy amin' izany koa ny ''Ashvalayana Grihyasutra'' (3.4.4).
Mazàna dia ekena fa nisy endrika voarafitra telo fara fahakeliny ilay lahatsoratra: ny ''Jaya'' (Fandresena), misy andininy 8 800 ary lazaina fa nosoratan' i Vyasa; ny ''Bharata'', misy andininy 24 000 araka ny notantarain' i Vaisampayana; ary farany ny ''Mahābhārata'', araka ny notantarain' i Ugrashrava Sauti, misy andininy maherin' ny 100 000.&lt;ref&gt;Gupta &amp; Ramachandran (1976), citing ''Mahabharata'', Critical Edition, I, 56, 33&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;SP Gupta and KS Ramachandran (1976), p.3-4, citing Vaidya (1967), p.11&lt;/ref&gt;
Na izany aza, misy manam-pahaizana, toa an' i John Brockington, milaza fa lahatsoratra iray ihany no tondroin' ny ''Jaya'' sy ny ''Bharata'', ary avy amin' ny famakiana diso andininy iray ao amin' ny ''Adi Parva'' (1.1.81) ilay petra-kevitra momba ny ''Jaya'' misy andininy 8 800.&lt;ref&gt;Brockington, J. L.. [https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C&amp;pg=PA21 ''The Sanskrit epics, Part 2'']. BRILL. 1998. boky: 12. p.: 21. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-90-04-10260-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 30 May 2020. datin' ny tahiry: 7 September 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124733/https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C&amp;pg=PA21 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
Narahina fitsipika momba ny endrika tamin' ny fandrafetana sy fampiraisana io fitambaran-dahatsoratra lehibe io, ka nomena lanja manokana ny isa 18&lt;ref&gt;Boky 18, toko 18 avy ao amin' ny ''Bhagavadgita'' sy ny ''Narayaniya'', mifanandrify amin' ny andro 18 naharetan' ny ady sy ireo tafika 18 (Mbh. 5.152.23).&lt;/ref&gt; sy 12.
Mety ho azo faritana ny daty nanampiana ireo ampahany farany amin' ny fijerena ny tsy fisian' ny ''Anushasana Parva'' sy ny ''Virata Parva'' ao amin' ny sora-tanana Spitzer.&lt;ref&gt;''The Spitzer Manuscript (Beitrage zur Kultur- und Geistesgeschichte Asiens)'', Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2004. Anisan' ireo sora-tanana sanskrita tranainy indrindra hita teny amin' ny [[Lalan' ny Landy]] izy io, ary anisan' ny fananana navelan' i Dr. Moritz Spitzer.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ny lisitra tranainy indrindra mbola voatahiry momba ireo fizarana ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' dia avy tamin' ny vanim-potoana Kushan (200 taor. J.K.).&lt;ref&gt;Schlingloff, Dieter. ''The Oldest Extant Parvan-List of the Mahābhārata''. ''Journal of the American Oriental Society''. 1969. boky: 89. laharana: 2. pp.: 334–338. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.2307/596517&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;JSTOR 596517&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny voalazan' ny olona iray ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' (1.1.50), dia nisy endrika telo ilay tononkalo fitantarana, izay samy nanomboka tamin' ny ''Manu'' (1.1.27), ''Astika'' (1.3, zana-''parva'' 5), na ''Vasu'' (1.57), arakaraka ny endrika.
Mety hifanandrify amin' ny fanampiana resaka ifanaovana iray atao ho tantara mandrafitra ny fitantarana hafa, ary avy eo resaka ifanaovana faharoa toy izany, ireo endrika ireo.
Tsy hahitana ireo tantara mandrafitra ireo ny endrika ''Vasu'', fa hanomboka amin' ny fitantarana ny nahaterahan' i Vyasa.
Ny endrika ''Astika'' kosa dia hanampy ireo ampahany momba ny ''sarpasattra'' (sorona bibilava) sy ny ''ashvamedha'' (sorona soavaly) avy amin' ny literatiora brahmanika, hampiditra ny anarana hoe ''Mahābhārata'', ary hanondro an' i Vyasa ho mpanoratra ilay sanganasa.
Azo inoana fa manam-pahaizana Pancharatrin no nandrafitra ireo fanampiny ireo; araka an' i Oberlies (1998), dia azo inoana fa notanan' izy ireo ny fahefana tamin' ilay lahatsoratra mandra-pahavitan' ny fandrafetana azy farany.
Ny firesahana ny Huna ao amin' ny ''Bhishma Parva'' anefa dia toa manondro fa mety ho tamin' ny manodidina ny taonjato faha-4 no nanitsiana io ''parva'' io.&lt;ref&gt;[https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/vyasa-can-you-hear-us-now/ ''Vyasa, can you hear us now?'']. 2015-11-21. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2020-06-07. datin' ny tahiry: 7 June 2020. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: The Indian Express. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200607164708/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/vyasa-can-you-hear-us-now/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Snakesacrifice.jpg|thumb|Ny sorona bibilava nataon' i Janamejaya]]
Ao amin' ny ''Adi Parva'' no ahitana ny sorona bibilava (''sarpasattra'') nataon' i Janamejaya. Hazavaina ao ny antony nanosika azy, ny antony nikendrena hamongorana ny bibilava rehetra nisy, ary ny antony mbola isian' ny bibilava na dia teo aza izany. Matetika no noheverina fa tantara mahaleo tena io ampahany momba ny ''sarpasattra'' io, ary nampidirina tao amin' ny endrika iray tamin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' noho ny «fifandraisan' ny lohahevitra» (dika malagasy; Minkowski 1991). Noheverina koa fa nifandray akaiky indrindra tamin' ny literatiora vedika (''Brahmana'') izy io. Tanisain' ny ''Panchavimsha Brahmana'' (25.15.3) ireo mpisorona mitarika ''sarpasattra'' iray. Ao amin' izany lisitra izany no ahitana ny anaran' i Dhritarashtra sy Janamejaya, olona roa mitana anjara toerana lehibe ao amin' ny tantaran' ny ''sarpasattra'' ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'', ary koa ny anaran' i Takshaka, bibilava iray ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata''.&lt;ref&gt;J.A.B. van Buitenen, ''Mahābhārata, Volume 1'', p.445, citing W. Caland, ''The Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa'', p.640-2&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny ''Suparnakhyana'', tononkalo avy amin' ny faramparan' ny vanim-potoana vedika, dia heverina ho anisan' ny «soritra tranainy indrindra amin' ny tononkalo mitantara ny asan' ny mahery fo any India» (dika malagasy). Endrika tranainy kokoa sady fohy kokoa nialoha ilay angano nitarina momba an' i Garuda izy io; hita ao amin' ny ''Astika Parva'', ao anatin' ny ''Adi Parva'' ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'', io angano nitarina io.&lt;ref name=&quot;Winternitz1996&quot;&gt;Moriz Winternitz. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&amp;pg=PA292 ''A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1'']. Motilal Banarsidass. 1996. pp.: 291–292. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-208-0264-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 22 November 2018. datin' ny tahiry: 6 July 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230706210944/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&amp;pg=PA292 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vogel1995&quot;&gt;Jean Philippe Vogel. [https://books.google.com/books?id=caskYEbIQDoC&amp;pg=PA53 ''Indian Serpent-lore: Or, The Nāgas in Hindu Legend and Art'']. Asian Educational Services. 1995. pp.: 53–54. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-206-1071-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 22 November 2018. datin' ny tahiry: 6 July 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230706210945/https://books.google.com/books?id=caskYEbIQDoC&amp;pg=PA53 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanondroana ara-tantara ===
Jereo koa ny ''Bhagavad Gita: daty sy lahatsoratra''.

Ao amin' ny ''Ashtadhyayi'' (fitsipika fohy na ''sutra'' 6.2.38)&lt;ref&gt;''mahān vrīhyaparāhṇagṛṣṭīṣvāsajābālabhārabhāratahailihilarauravapravṛddheṣu'', [http://sanskritdictionary.com/panini/6-2-38 'Pāṇini Research Tool', Sanskrit Dictionary] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210930033631/http://sanskritdictionary.com/panini/6-2-38 tahiry tamin' ny 30 September 2021]&lt;/ref&gt; nosoratan' i [[Pāṇini|Panini]], izay niasa tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 tal. J.K., sy ao amin' ny ''Ashvalayana Grihyasutra'' (3.4.4) no ahitana ny fanononana tranainy indrindra fantatra momba ny ''bhārata'' sy ny teny mitambatra hoe ''mahābhārata''. Mety hidika izany fa efa voaforona tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 tal. J.K. na talohan' izany ireo andininy fototra 24 000 fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe ''Bhārata'', ary koa ny endrika voalohany tamin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' nitarina. Tsy azo antoka anefa raha ilay tononkalo fitantarana no noresahin' i Panini, satria nampiasaina hilazana zavatra hafa koa ny hoe ''bhārata''. Miresaka ny foko Bharatas ao amin' ny ''Rigveda'' i Albrecht Weber; mety ho nantsoina hoe ''Mahā-Bhārata'' ny olona ambony iray tao amin' io foko io. Koa satria manonona olona mandray anjara ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' koa anefa i Panini, dia mety ho efa nisy ampahany tamin' ilay tononkalo fantatra tamin' ny androny. Lafiny iray hafa koa ny namaritan' i Panini ny lantom-peo mifototra amin' ny haavon' ny feo amin' ny hoe ''mahā-bhārata''. Tsy tamin' ny lantom-peo vedika anefa no namakiana am-bava ny ''Mahābhārata''.&lt;ref&gt;Bronkhorst, J. (2016): ''How the Brahmins Won. From Alexander to the Guptas'', Brill, p. 78-80, 97&lt;/ref&gt;

Nilaza ilay mpanoratra grika Dio Chrysostom (tokony ho 40–120 taor. J.K.) fa nohiraina hatrany India aza ny tononkalon' i [[Hômerôsy|Homer]].&lt;ref&gt;Dio Chrysostom, 53.[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dio_Chrysostom/Discourses/53*.html#6 6]-7, trans. H. Lamar Crosby, Loeb Classical Library, 1946, vol. 4, p. 363.&lt;/ref&gt; Mpikaroka maro no nandray izany ho porofo fa efa nisy ny ''Mahābhārata'' tamin' io fotoana io, ka nampitovin' i Dio na ireo loharano nampiasainy tamin' ny tantaran' ny ''Iliad'' ireo tantara ao anatiny.&lt;ref&gt;Nihevitra i Christian Lassen, tao amin' ny ''Indische Alterthumskunde'', fa ny alahelon' i Dhritarashtra, ny fitomanian' i Gandhari sy Draupadi, ary ny herim-pon' i Arjuna sy Suyodhana na Karna no tena notondroin' ilay fanononana (notanisain' i Max Duncker sady nekeny tao amin' ny ''The History of Antiquity'' (trans. Evelyn Abbott, London 1880), vol. 4, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gIkBAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA81 p. 81]). Eken' ny boky fanovozan-kevitra toy ny ''History of Indian Literature'' nosoratan' i Albrecht Weber izany fandikana hevitra izany, saingy nisy fotoana namerenana azy ho zava-misy fa tsy ho fandikana hevitra.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ireo fizarana na boky 18 ===
Toy izao ny fizarana ho ''parva'', na boky, 18:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! ''Parva'' (fizarana)
! Lohateny
! Zana-pizarana
! Votoatiny
|-
|1
|''Adi Parva'' (Bokin' ny fiandohana)
|1–19
|Mitantara ny fomba nitantaran' i Sauti ny ''Mahābhārata'' tamin' ireo olon-kendry (''rishi'') nivory tao Naimisharanya, rehefa avy notononin' i Vaisampayana nandritra ny ''sarpasattra'', na sorona bibilava, nataon' i Janamejaya tao Takshashila izy io. Ampahatsiahivina ao ny tantara sy ny tetirazan' ny taranaka Bharata sy Bhrigu, ary koa ny fahaterahana sy ny fahazazan' ireo printsy tao amin' ny fanjakana Kuru (midika hoe voalohany ny ''adi''). Ny ''Adi Parva'' dia mitantara ny fahaterahana, ny fahazazana, ny fanabeazana ary ny fanambadian' ireo Pandava, ny tolona natrehiny noho ny teti-dratsy natao taminy, ary koa ny zava-bitany.
|-
|2
|''Sabha Parva'' (Bokin' ny efitrano fivoriana)
|20–28
|Manorina ny lapa sy ny toeram-pivorian' ny mpanjaka (''sabha'') ao Indraprastha i Maya Danava. Ny ''Sabha Parva'' dia mitantara ny sorona ''Rajasuya'' nataon' i Yudhishthira niaraka tamin' ny fanampian' ireo rahalahiny, sy ny fitondran' i Yudhishthira tao Shakraprastha/Indraprastha. Resahiny koa ny fanalam-baraka sy ny fitaka nihatra tamin' izy ireo noho ny teti-dratsy sy ny nataon' izy ireo ihany.
|-
|3
|''Vana Parva'', antsoina koa hoe ''Aranyaka Parva'' na ''Aranya Parva'' (Bokin' ny ala)
|29–44
|Mitantara ireo roa ambin' ny folo taona nanaovana sesitany azy ireo tany anaty ala (''aranya'') ity boky ity. Ny ''parva'' manontolo dia manoritsoritra ny tolona natrehiny sy ny fanamafisany ny heriny.
|-
|4
|''Virata Parva'' (Bokin' i Virata)
|45–48
|Mitantara ilay taona nonenan' izy ireo tao an-dapan' i Virata, ka nanafina ny tena maha izy azy. Mpiady tokana, dia i Arjuna, no nandresy ny tafika Kuru manontolo, anisan' izany i Karna, Bhishma, Drona, Ashwatthama sy ny hafa, ary namerina ny ombin' ny fanjakan' i Virata.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04026.htm SECTION XXVI (Go-harana Parva)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20211130220420/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04026.htm tahiry tamin' ny 30 November 2021] ''sacred-texts.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|5
|''Udyoga Parva'' (Bokin' ny ezaka)
|49–59
|Mitantara ny fiomanana ho amin' ny ady sy ny ezaka hampihavanana ny ankolafy Kaurava sy Pandava, izay tsy nahomby tamin' ny farany (midika hoe ezaka na asa ny ''udyoga'').
|-
|6
|''Bhishma Parva'' (Bokin' i Bhishma)
|60–64
|Mitantara ny tapany voalohany amin' ilay ady lehibe, izay i Bhishma no komandin' ny Kaurava, sy ny fianjerany teo amin' ny fandriana voaforon' ny zana-tsipìka. Ny ampahany manan-danja indrindra amin' ny ''Bhishma Parva'' dia ny ''Bhagavad Gita'', izay notantarain' i [[Krishna]] tamin' i Arjuna. (Ao amin' ny toko 25–42 no misy ny ''Bhagavad Gita''.)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06025.htm ''The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section XXV (Bhagavad Gita Chapter I)'']. Sacred-texts.com. daty nijerena voarakitra: 3 August 2012. datin' ny tahiry: 21 May 2012. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120521235153/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06025.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06042.htm ''The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section XLII (Bhagavad Gita, Chapter XVIII)'']. Sacred-texts.com. daty nijerena voarakitra: 3 August 2012. datin' ny tahiry: 21 May 2012. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120521231917/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06042.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|7
|''Drona Parva'' (Bokin' i Drona)
|65–72
|Mitohy ny ady, ka i Drona no komandà. Ity no boky fototra momba ny ady. Amin' ny faran' ity boky ity dia efa maty ny ankamaroan' ireo mpiady lehibe tamin' ny andaniny sy ny ankilany.
|-
|8
|''Karna Parva'' (Bokin' i Karna)
|73
|Mitohy ny ady, ka i Karna no komandin' ny tafika Kaurava.
|-
|9
|''Shalya Parva'' (Bokin' i Shalya)
|74–77
|Mitantara ny andro farany amin' ny ady, izay i Shalya no komandà. Tantaraina amin' ny an-tsipiriany koa ny fivahiniana masina nataon' i Balarama tany amin' ireo fiampitana marivo amin' ny renirano Saraswati, sy ny ady kobay nifanaovan' i Bhima sy Duryodhana izay namarana ny ady: novonoin' i Bhima i Duryodhana tamin' ny fikapohana kobay ny feny.
|-
|10
|''Sauptika Parva'' (Bokin' ny mpiady natory)
|78–80
|Novonoin' i Ashwatthama, Kripa ary Kritavarma tao anatin' ny torimasony ny tafika Pandava sisa tavela. Mpiady fito monja no sisa teo amin' ny ankolafy Pandava, ary telo teo amin' ny ankolafy Kaurava.
|-
|11
|''Stri Parva'' (Bokin' ny vehivavy)
|81–85
|Mitomany ireo maty i Gandhari sy ny vehivavy (''stri'') ao amin' ny Kaurava sy Pandava. Manozona an' i [[Krishna]] i Gandhari noho ny fandravana goavana sy ny fandringanana ny Kaurava.
|-
|12
|''Shanti Parva'' (Bokin' ny fandriampahalemana)
|86–88
|Mitantara ny fanomezana satroboninahitra an' i Yudhishthira ho mpanjakan' i Hastinapura, sy ny toromarika nomen' i Bhishma an' ilay mpanjaka vao nohosorana menaka, momba ny fiarahamonina, ny toekarena ary ny pôlitika. Ity no boky lava indrindra ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata''.
|-
|13
|''Anushasana Parva'' (Bokin' ny toromarika)
|89–90
|Mitantara ireo toromarika farany (''anushasana'') nomen' i Bhishma. Ao amin' ity ''parva'' ity ny andro farany niainan' i Bhishma, sy ny torohevitra ary ny fahendrena nampitainy tamin' i Yudhishthira, izay ho amperora.
|-
|14
|''Ashvamedhika Parva'' (Bokin' ny sorona soavaly)&lt;ref&gt;Voatahiry amin' ny dika hafa misaraka koa ny ''Ashvamedhika-parva'', dia ny ''Jaimini-Bharata'' (''Jaiminiya-Ashvamedha''). Ao amin' io dika io dia nosoloana ilay fifanakalozan-kevitra mandrafitra ny sehatra itantarana ny tantara, ka i Jaimini, mpianatr' i Vyasa iray hafa, no lazaina fa mitantara azy. Mitantara ny nandresen' i Arjuna irery an' izao tontolo izao indray izy io. Misy votoaty momba ny fanehoam-pitiavana sy fanompoana ara-pivavahana an' i Krishna betsaka lavitra ao amin' io dika io noho ny ao amin' ilay tononkalo fitantarana mahazatra, ary azo inoana fa tamin' ny taonjato faha-12 no nisiany. Misy dika isam-paritra vitsivitsy izy io; ny tena be mpankafy indrindra dia ilay amin' ny teny kanada nataon' i Devapurada Annama Lakshmisha (taonjato faha-16). [http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/07-06/features360.htm ''The Mahabharata''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20061106205614/http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/07-06/features360.htm tahiry tamin' ny 6 November 2006]&lt;/ref&gt;
|91–92
|Mitantara ny lanonan' ny mpanjaka nataon' i Yudhishthira, dia ny ''Ashvamedha'' (sorona soavaly), sy ny nandresen' i Arjuna an' izao tontolo izao. Notantarain' i Krishna tamin' i Arjuna ny ''Anugita''.
|-
|15
|''Ashramavasika Parva'' (Bokin' ny fonenan' ny mpitoka-monina)
|93–95
|Mitantara ny fahafatesan' i Dhritarashtra, Gandhari ary Kunti tamin' ny farany, tao anatin' ny doro ala, raha nonina tao amin' ny fonenan' ny mpitoka-monina tany Himalaya izy ireo. Maty talohan' izy ireo i Vidura, ary nankany amin' ny faritra avo kokoa tany Himalaya i Sanjaya mba honina tany, araka ny baikon' i Dhritarashtra.
|-
|16
|''Mausala Parva'' (Bokin' ny kobay)
|96
|Mitantara ny fahatanterahan' ny ozon' i Gandhari, izany hoe ny fifamonoan' ireo Yadava tamin' ny kobay (''mausala''), sy ny fandringanana ny Yadava tamin' ny farany.
|-
|17
|''Mahaprasthanika Parva'' (Bokin' ny dia lehibe)
|97
|Mitantara ny dia lehibe nataon' i Yudhishthira sy ireo rahalahiny ary Draupadi vadiny namakivaky ny firenena manontolo. Nianika ny tendrombohitra lehiben' i Himalaya izy ireo tamin' ny farany, ary nianjera tsirairay ny Pandava rehetra afa-tsy i Yudhishthira.
|-
|18
|''Svargarohana Parva'' (Bokin' ny fiakarana any an-danitra)
|98
|Mitantara ny fitsapana farany natrehin' i Yudhishthira sy ny fiverenan' ny Pandava any amin' ny tontolo ara-panahy (''svarga'').
|-
|''khila'' (fanampiny)
|''Harivamsa Parva'' (Bokin' ny tetirazan' i Hari)
|99–100
|Fanampiny amin' ireo boky 18 izy ity, ary mitantara ireo ampahany amin' ny fiainan' i Krishna izay tsy voaresaka ao amin' ireo ''parva'' 18 mandrafitra ny ''Mahābhārata''.
|}

== Toe-javatra ara-tantara ==
Tsy mazava raha tena nitranga ara-tantara ny Adin' i Kurukshetra. Mpahay tantara maro no manombana fa tamin' ny taonjato faha-10 tal. J.K., nandritra ny Vanim-potoan' ny Vy tao India, no nitrangan' izany ady izany.&lt;ref&gt;Raha niresaka ny famaritana ny daty ny mpahay tantara A. L. Basham dia nilaza izao (dikanteny malagasy): «Araka ny lovantsofina tatỳ aoriana izay miely indrindra, dia tamin' ny 3102 tal. J.K. no nitrangan' ny Adin' ny Mahabharata, nefa tsy azo ekena mihitsy izany raha jerena ny porofo rehetra. Azo ekena kokoa ny lovantsofina iray hafa izay mametraka azy tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 tal. J.K., saingy mbola aloha loatra an-jatony taona maro koa izany raha jerena ny fahalalantsika avy amin' ny arkeôlôjia. Azo inoana fa manodidina ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-9 tal. J.K. no nitrangan' ilay ady; toa mifanaraka tsara amin' ireo sisa tavela arkeôlôjika vitsy avy amin' izany vanim-potoana izany io daty io, ary misy porofo ao amin' ny literatiora Brahmana mihitsy mampiseho fa tsy nety ho taloha lavitra noho izany ilay ady.» Basham, p. 40, citing HC Raychaudhuri, ''Political History of Ancient India'', pp.27ff.&lt;/ref&gt;
Misy toe-javatra ara-tantara mifanandrify amin' ny tontolo isehoan' ilay tononkalo fitantarana ao India tamin' ny Vanim-potoan' ny Vy, na vanim-potoana vedika, fony ny fanjakan' i Kuru no foiben' ny fahefana ara-pôlitika teo anelanelan' ny taona 1200 sy 800 tal. J.K. teo ho eo.&lt;ref&gt;M Witzel, ''Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state'', EJVS vol.1 no.4 (1995); also in B. Kölver (ed.), ''Recht, Staat und Verwaltung im klassischen Indien. The state, the Law, and Administration in Classical India'', München, R. Oldenbourg, 1997, p.27-52&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho fifandonana teo amin' ny tarana-mpanjaka tamin' izany fotoana izany no nanome aingam-panahy ho an' ny ''Jaya'', izay fototra nanorenana ny fitambaran-tsoratra ''Mahābhārata''. Mety ho nisy ady lehibe nahatratra ny fara tampon' ilay fifandonana, izay nanjary noheverina ho zava-nitranga nanamarika vanim-potoana iray tatỳ aoriana.

Ahitana lisitry ny tetiarana mifandray amin' ny fitantarana ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' ny literatiora puranika. Misy karazany roa ny porofo ao amin' ny ''Purana''. Ny voalohany dia ny filazana mivantana fa nisy 1 015 taona (na 1 050 taona) teo anelanelan' ny nahaterahan' i Parikshit (zafikelin' i Arjuna) sy ny niakaran' i Mahapadma Nanda (400–329 tal. J.K.) teo amin' ny fitondrana. Raha izany no raisina, dia azo tombanana ho manodidina ny 1400 tal. J.K. ny datin' ny adin' ny Bharata.&lt;ref&gt;A.D. Pusalker, ''History and Culture of the Indian People'', Vol I, Chapter XIV, p.273&lt;/ref&gt; Midika anefa izany fa lava loatra ka sarotra inoana ny salanisan' ny faharetan' ny nanjakan' ireo mpanjaka voatanisa ao amin' ny tetiarana.&lt;ref&gt;FE Pargiter, ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', p.180. Asehony fa 47, 50, 31 ary 35 taona ny tomban' ny salanisa ao amin' ireo dikan-teny samihafa amin' ny lisitra.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny faharoa dia ny famakafakana ireo tetiarana mifanindran-dalana ao amin' ny ''Purana'', eo anelanelan' ny andron' i Adhisimakrishna (zafiafin' i Parikshit) sy ny andron' i Mahapadma Nanda. Araka izany, dia nanombana taranaka 26 i Pargiter rehefa naka ny salanisa tamin' ny lisitry ny tarana-mpanjaka 10 samihafa. Raha noraisiny ho 18 taona ny salanisan' ny faharetan' ny fanjakana tsirairay, dia nahazo tombana ho 850 tal. J.K. ho an' i Adhisimakrishna izy, ka tokony ho 950 tal. J.K. eo ho eo izany ho an' ny adin' ny Bharata.&lt;ref&gt;Pargiter, ''op.cit.'' p.180-182&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File: Painted Grey Ware Culture (1200-600 BCE).png|thumb|Sarintanin' ny toerana sasany nahitana zavatra vita amin' ny tanimanga volondavenona misy hosodoko, na PGW (fanafohezana ny teny anglisy hoe ''Painted Grey Ware'').]]
Nampiasa io fomba io ihany i B. B. Lal, saingy nandray tombana malina kokoa momba ny salanisan' ny faharetan' ny fanjakana, ka nahazo ny daty 836 tal. J.K. Nampifandraisiny tamin' ny porofo arkeôlôjika avy amin' ireo toerana nahitana zavatra vita amin' ny tanimanga volondavenona misy hosodoko, na PGW (fanafohezana ny teny anglisy hoe ''Painted Grey Ware''), izany, satria matanjaka ny fifandraisana teo amin' ireo zavatra PGW sy ireo toerana voatonona ao amin' ilay tononkalo fitantarana.&lt;ref&gt;B. B. Lal, ''Mahabharata and Archaeology'' in Gupta and Ramachandran (1976), p.57-58&lt;/ref&gt; Manoso-kevitra izao i John Keay (dikanteny malagasy): «Toa mifandray amin' ny zava-nitranga tamin' ny vanim-potoana talohan' ny asa soratra rehetra afa-tsy ny ''Rig Veda'' ny votoatin' ny fitantarana fototra ao amin' izy ireo.»&lt;ref&gt;Keay, John. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC ''India: A History'']. Grove Press. New York City. 2000. pp.: 42. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8021-3797-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 22 September 2024. datin' ny tahiry: 3 July 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230703190805/https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny ezaka hamaritana ny datin' ireo zava-nitranga tamin' ny alalan' ny fandalinana ny astrônômia fahiny dia nahazo tombana nanomboka tamin' ny faran' ny taonarivo faha-4 ka hatramin' ny antenatenan' ny taonarivo faha-2 tal. J.K., arakaraka ny andalan-tsoratra nofidina sy ny fomba nandikana azy.&lt;ref&gt;Gupta and Ramachandran (1976), p.246, izay mamintina toy izao (dikanteny malagasy): «Manohana ny taonjato faha-15 tal. J.K. ho datin' ilay ady ny kajy astrônômika, fa ny angon-kevitra puranika kosa mametraka azy amin' ny taonjato faha-10 na faha-9 tal. J.K. Ny porofo arkeôlôjika dia manohana ity farany.» (p.254)&lt;/ref&gt;
Efa nisy kajy teo aloha nametraka daty tamin' ny faran' ny taonarivo faha-4: ny kajin' i [[Âryabhata|Aryabhata]] (taonjato faha-6) momba ny fiandohan' ny ''Kali Yuga'', izay nifototra tamin' ny fotoana nifanojoan' ny planeta teny amin' ny lanitra. Niely tao amin' ny lovantsofina indiana ny daty 18 Febroary 3102 tal. J.K. napetrak' i Aryabhata ho an' ny adin' ny ''Mahābhārata''. Misy loharano milaza fa io no fotoana nanjavonan' i [[Krishna]] teto an-tany.&lt;ref&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lord-Krishna-lived-for-125-years/articleshow/844211.cms ''Lord Krishna lived for 125 years &amp;#124; India News – Times of India'']. 8 September 2004. daty nijerena voarakitra: 30 May 2020. datin' ny tahiry: 23 October 2020. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: The Times of India. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201023194614/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lord-Krishna-lived-for-125-years/articleshow/844211.cms rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
Milaza ny soratra tao Aihole tamin' ny andron' i Pulakeshin II, izay mitondra ny daty Saka 556 = 634 taor. J.K., fa efa lasa ny 3 735 taona hatramin' ny adin' ny Bhārata. Araka izany dia ho 3137 tal. J.K. ny datin' ny adin' ny ''Mahābhārata''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mid-day.com/articles/5151-years-of-gita/15033045 ''5151 years of Gita'']. 19 January 2014. daty nijerena voarakitra: 15 May 2015. datin' ny tahiry: 8 November 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171108190821/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/5151-years-of-gita/15033045 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gupta and Ramachandran (1976), p.55; AD Pusalker, HCIP, Vol I, p.272&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy sekoly nentim-paharazana hafa eo amin' ny astrônôma sy ny mpahay tantara, izay ahitana an' i Vrddha Garga sy Varāhamihira ary Kalhana, mametraka ny adin' ny Bharata ho 653 taona taorian' ny fiandohan' ny ''Kali Yuga'', izany hoe 2449 tal. J.K.&lt;ref&gt;AD Pusalker, ''op.cit.'' p.272&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny ''Bṛhat Saṃhitā'' nosoratan' i Varāhamihira (taonjato faha-6), dia niaina 2 526 taona talohan' ny fiandohan' ny fanisan-taona Shaka, izay manomboka amin' ny 78 taor. J.K., i Yudhishthira. Izany dia mametraka ny andron' i Yudhishthira (ary noho izany, ny adin' ny ''Mahābhārata'') ho manodidina ny 2448–2449 tal. J.K. (2526–78). Nisy manam-pahaizana nanandrana nampifandray ilay fanisan-taona «Shaka» notononin' i Varāhamihira tamin' ny fanisan-taona hafa. Mametraka an' i Varāhamihira ho niaina tamin' ny taonjato voalohany tal. J.K. anefa izany fampifandraisana izany, ka tsy azo ekena satria miresaka an' i [[Âryabhata|Aryabhata]], astrônôma tamin' ny taonjato faha-5, izy. Ny ''Rajatarangini'' nosoratan' i Kalhana (taonjato faha-11), izay toa miantehitra amin' i Varāhamihira, dia milaza koa fa tamin' ny 653 taona taorian' ny fiandohan' ny ''Kali Yuga'' no vanim-potoana niroboroboan' ny Pandava. Nilaza koa i Kalhana fa adala ireo olona mino fa tamin' ny faran' ny ''Dvapara Yuga'' no nitrangan' ny adin' ny Bharata.&lt;ref&gt;A.M. Shastri. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf0MAQAAMAAJ ''Varāhamihira and His Times'']. Kusumanjali. 1991. pp.: 31–33, 37. daty nijerena voarakitra: 22 March 2023. datin' ny tahiry: 3 July 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. OCLC: 28644897. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230703135614/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf0MAQAAMAAJ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Nilaza izao i Robert P. Goldman, manam-pahaizana momba ny teny sanskrita sy ny ''Mahābhārata'' (dikanteny malagasy):
&lt;blockquote&gt;Mitafy angano (ny ''Mahābhārata''), nefa tsy heveriko fa tokony hantsoina hoe angano ilay lahatsoratra mihitsy... ''itihasa'' izy, saingy araka ny fahazoan' ny lovantsofina ny atao hoe tantara. Mazava ho azy fa tononkalo (''kāvya'') izy, ary soratra fampianarana (''shastra'') koa, sady fomba fampianarana ny fomba iainana eto amin' izao tontolo izao: ny fomba fanajana ny zokiny, ny fomba fanajana ny brahmana, sy ny sisa. Koa ho valin' ny fanontaniana hoe «Tantara ve izy sa angano?», dia hilaza aho hoe eny, izy roa ireo izy, sady zavatra maro hafa koa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTdm0uoz3ws ''Mahābhārata - History or Mythology? I Prof. Robert P. Goldman'']. Argumentative Indians. November 12, 2022. fiteny: en. nampitaina tamin' ny: YouTube. format: video.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Famintinana ny tantara ==
[[File: Ganesha write Mahabharata.jpg|thumb|Manoratra ny ''Mahābhārata'' i Ganesha araka izay tononin' i Vyasa.]]
:Jereo koa: Lisitry ny mpandray anjara ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata''.

Ny fototry ny tantara ao amin' ilay sanganasa dia ny fifandirana eo anivon' ny tarana-mpanjaka momba ny seza fiandrianan' i Hastinapura, fanjakana entin' ny foko Kuru. Ny Kaurava sy ny Pandava no sampana roa samy avy amin' ny razambe iray ao amin' ilay fianakaviana izay mandray anjara amin' izany fifandirana izany. Na dia ny Kaurava aza no sampana zokiny amin' ilay fianakaviana, dia tanora kokoa noho i Yudhishthira, zokiny indrindra amin' ny Pandava, i Duryodhana, zokiny indrindra amin' ny Kaurava. Samy milaza i Duryodhana sy i Yudhishthira fa izy no manana zo voalohany handova ny seza fiandrianana.

Miafara amin' ny Adin' i Kurukshetra ilay fifandirana, ary ny Pandava no mandresy amin' ny farany. Miteraka fifanoherana saro-bahana mifandray amin' ny fihavanana sy ny fisakaizana ilay ady, satria mifandona matetika amin' izay rariny ny tsy fivadihana amin' ny fianakaviana sy ny adidy aminy: indraindray ireo no atao loha laharana noho izay rariny, ary indraindray kosa izay rariny no atao loha laharana.

Mifarana amin' ny fahafatesan' i [[Krishna|Krishna]], ny fiafaran' ny tarana-mpanjakany aorian' izany, ary ny fiakaran' ireo Pandava mirahalahy any an-danitra ny ''Mahābhārata''. Manamarika ny fiandohan' ny ''Kali Yuga'' koa izany, dia ny vanim-potoana fahefatra sady farany amin' ny tantaran' ny olombelona araka ny finoana hindoa. Amin' io vanim-potoana io dia mihamalemy tsikelikely ny foto-kevitra mendrika, ka mitarika ny fahasimban' ny fanaovana ny rariny sy ny fitsipi-pitondran-tena ary ny hatsaran-toetra.

=== Ireo taranaka taloha ===
[[File: Ravi Varma-Shantanu and Satyavati.jpg|thumb|Raiki-pitia amin' i Satyavati, ilay vehivavy mpanjono, i Shantanu ao amin' ny tantara. Hosodoko nataon' i [[Ravi Varmâ|Raja Ravi Varma]].]]

Araka ny fitantarana, i Shantanu, mpanjakan' i Hastinapura sady razamben' i Janamejaya mpanjaka, dia nanambady an' ilay andriamanibavy Ganga, saingy tsy naharitra izany fanambadiana izany. Nanan-janakalahy atao hoe Devavrata izy ireo. Lasa mpandova voatendry handimby ny mpanjaka teo amin' ny seza fiandrianana io zanany io, izay nantsoina hoe Bhishma tatỳ aoriana ary mpiady nahery. Taona maro tatỳ aoriana, rehefa nandeha nihaza i Shantanu mpanjaka, dia nahita an' i Satyavati, zanakavavin' ny lehiben' ny mpanjono, ka nangataka ny hanambady azy tamin' ny rainy. Tsy nanaiky izany fanambadiana izany ny rain' i Satyavati raha tsy nampanantena i Shantanu fa izay zanakalahy haterak' i Satyavati no hataony mpanjaka handimby azy rehefa maty izy. Mba hamahana izany fahasahiranan-drainy izany dia nanaiky hamoy ny zony handova ny seza fiandrianana i Devavrata. Mbola tsy nahazo antoka anefa ilay mpanjono fa hanaja izany fampanantenana izany ny zanak' ilay andriana. Noho izany dia nianiana koa i Devavrata fa tsy hanambady na hanao firaisana ara-nofo mandritra ny fiainany, mba hiantohana ny fampanantenan-drainy.

Nanan-janakalahy roa tamin' i Satyavati i Shantanu, dia i Chitrāngada sy i Vichitravirya. Rehefa maty i Shantanu dia lasa mpanjaka i Chitrangada. Fohy dia fohy ny fiainany, tsy nisy zava-nitranga niavaka, ary maty izy. I Vichitravirya, ilay zanakalahy zandriny, no nitondra an' i Hastinapura taoriany. Nandritra izany fotoana izany, ny mpanjakan' i Kāśī dia nikarakara ''swayamvara'', lanonana ifidianana vady, ho an' ny zanany telo vavy, nefa tsy nanasa ny fianakavian' ny mpanjakan' i Hastinapura. Mba hahazoana vady ho an' i Vichitravirya mbola tanora, dia nanatrika ny ''swayamvara'' ho an' ireo andriambavy telo, dia i Amba, i Ambika ary i Ambalika, i Bhishma, na dia tsy nasaina aza, ary naka an-keriny azy ireo. Nanaiky hanambady an' i Vichitravirya i Ambika sy i Ambalika.

I Amba, ilay andriambavy zokiny indrindra, kosa dia nilaza tamin' i Bhishma fa te hanambady ny mpanjakan' i Shalva, izay resin' i Bhishma nandritra ilay ''swayamvara'' ho azy telo mirahavavy. Navelan' i Bhishma handeha hanambady ny mpanjakan' i Shalva izy, saingy tsy nety nanambady azy i Shalva, satria mbola narary taminy ny fanalam-baraka nataon' i Bhishma azy. Niverina indray i Amba mba hanambady an' i Bhishma, saingy nolavin' i Bhishma izany noho ny fianianany tsy hanambady. Tezitra mafy i Amba ka lasa fahavalon' i Bhishma tsy nitsahatra nankahala azy, satria noheveriny ho tompon' andraikitra tamin' ny fahoriany izy. Nianiana i Amba fa hamono azy amin' ny fiainany manaraka. Ao amin' ny fitantarana, dia teraka indray ho zanak' i Drupada mpanjaka izy tatỳ aoriana, ka nantsoina hoe Shikhandi (na Shikhandini), ary nahatonga ny faharesen' i Bhishma tamin' ny ady tao Kurukshetra, niaraka tamin' ny fanampian' i Arjuna.

=== Ireo zanak' andriana Pandava sy Kaurava ===
[[File:Draupadi and Pandavas.jpg|thumb|Draupadi miaraka amin' ireo vadiny dimy lahy, dia ny Pandava. Yudhishthira no eo afovoany; Bhima sy Arjuna no eo amin' ny faritra ambany amin' ny sary. Mitsangana kosa ireo kambana Nakula sy Sahadeva. Hosodokon' i [[Ravi Varmâ|Raja Ravi Varma]], manodidina ny taona 1900.]]

Araka ny fitantarana, rehefa maty tanora tsy namela mpandova i Vichitravirya, dia nangataka tamin' i [[Vyāsa|Vyasa]] zanany lahimatoa i Satyavati mba hiteraka amin' ireo mpitondratena. Teraka tamin' ny fiarahan' i Satyavati taloha tamin' ilay olon-kendry Parashara i Vyasa. Olona niala tamin' ny fiainana araka izao tontolo izao i Vyasa; tsy voakarakara ny bika aman' endriny, nanao akanjo mavo manopy volontany izy ary lava volombava. Natahotra an' i Vyasa ilay printsesy zokiny, Ambika, ka nanakimpy ny masony raha vao nahita azy. Izany, araka ilay angano, no nahatonga an' i Dhritarashtra zanany ho teraka jamba. Hatsatra toy ny tsy misy ra kosa i Ambalika, ilay printsesy faharoa, raha vao nahita an' i Vyasa, ka izany no anazavan' ilay angano ny nahaterahan' i Pandu zanany ho hatsatra sy tsy salama. Mety hidika koa hoe voan' ny jôndisy (na fihamavoan' ny hoditra; ''jaundiced'' amin' ny teny anglisy) ny teny hoe Pandu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/ ''Sanskrit, Tamil and Pahlavi Dictionaries'']. 11 February 2003. fiteny: de. daty nijerena voarakitra: 9 February 2008. datin' ny tahiry: 26 January 2008. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. tranonkala: Webapps.uni-koeln.de. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080126035307/http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Noho ny fahasembanana sy ny olana ara-pahasalaman' ireo zaza roa voalohany, dia nangataka tamin' i Vyasa i Satyavati mba hanandrana indray. Ny mpanompovaviny anefa no nalefan' ireo printsesy Ambika sy Ambalika ho any amin' i Vyasa hisolo azy ireo. Tsy tahaka ireo printsesy ilay mpanompovavy fa nanaja ilay olon-kendry. Niteraka zazalahy fahatelo taminy i Vyasa, dia i Vidura, izay teraka salama ary nanjary iray tamin' ireo olona hendry indrindra ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata''. Praiminisitra (''Mahamantri'' na ''Mahatma'') teo amin' ny fitondran' i Pandu sy Dhritarashtra mpanjaka izy.

Rehefa lehibe ireo printsy, dia efa saika hosatrohin' i Bhishma ho mpanjaka i Dhritarashtra no niditra an-tsehatra i Vidura. Nampiasa ny fahalalany momba ny politika izy nilazana fa tsy afaka ho mpanjaka ny jamba, satria, araka ny heviny, tsy afaka mitondra sy miaro ny vahoakany. Ao amin' ny fitantarana, dia nomena an' i Pandu àry ny seza fiandrianana noho i Dhritarashtra jamba. Nanambady indroa i Pandu: an' i Kunti sy an' i Madri. Nanambady an' i Gandhari, printsesy avy any Gandhara, kosa i Dhritarashtra. Nanarona ny masony nandritra ny androm-piainany sisa i Gandhari mba hahatsapany ny fijaliana tsapan' ny vadiny. Tezitra noho izany i Shakuni anadahiny ka nivoady hamaly faty ny fianakaviana Kuru. Indray andro, raha niala sasatra tao anaty ala i Pandu, dia nandre feom-biby dia. Nitifitra zana-tsipìka tany amin' izay niavian' ilay feo izy. Ilay olon-kendry Kindama anefa no voan' ny zana-tsipìka, raha nanao firaisana ara-nofo naka endrika serfa. Nanozona an' i Pandu izy fa ho faty raha manao firaisana ara-nofo. Ketraka i Pandu ka nitantara izany ozona izany tamin' i Kunti, ilay vadiny zokiny.

Efa nahazo fanomezam-pahasoavana avy tamin' ilay olon-kendry Durvasa anefa i Kunti, ka afaka niantso izay andriamanitra tiany tamin' ny alalan' ny ''mantra'', na teny manokana tononina hiantsoana andriamanitra. Nampiasa izany fanomezam-pahasoavana izany i Kunti mba hangatahana zazalahy amin' i Dharma, andriamanitry ny rariny, sy amin' i Vayu, andriamanitry ny rivotra, ary amin' i Indra, tompon' ny lanitra. Tamin' ny alalan' ireo andriamanitra ireo no niterahany zazalahy telo, dia i Yudhishthira, Bhima ary Arjuna. Nampianarin' i Kunti an' i Madri, ilay vadin' i Pandu zandriny, ny ''mantra'' nampiasainy. Niteraka an' ireo kambana Nakula sy Sahadeva tamin' ny alalan' ireo kambana Ashwini i Madri. Nanao firaisana ara-nofo anefa i Pandu sy Madri, ka maty i Pandu. Namono tena noho ny nenina i Madri. I Kunti no nitaiza ireo dimy mirahalahy, izay nantsoina matetika hoe ireo Pandava mirahalahy nanomboka teo.

Taorian' ny nahafatesan' i Pandu, dia i Dhritarashtra rahalahiny no nitondra ny fanjakan' i Hastinapur, na dia jamba aza izy. Nanan-janaka lahy zato sy zanakavavy iray, dia i Duhsala, tamin' i Gandhari izy;&lt;ref&gt;Mani, Vettam. [https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft ''Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature'']. Motilal Banarsidass. Delhi. 1975. p.: 263. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8426-0822-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; teraka taorian' ny nahaterahan' i Yudhishthira avokoa ireo. Ireo zanany lahy ireo no Kaurava mirahalahy, ka i Duryodhana no zokiny indrindra ary i Dushasana no faharoa. Anisan' ireo Kaurava mirahalahy hafa i Vikarna sy Sukarna. Ny fifandrafiana sy ny fifankahalan' izy ireo tamin' ireo Pandava mirahalahy, nanomboka tamin' ny fahazazany ka hatramin' ny naha-lehilahy lehibe azy, no nitarika ny ady tao Kurukshetra.

=== Lakshagraha, ilay trano vita amin' ny ''lac'' ===
Taorian' ny nahafatesan' i Madri, renin' ireo kambana, sy i Pandu, rain' izy dimy mirahalahy, dia niverina tany amin' ny lapan' i Hastinapur ireo Pandava sy i Kunti reniny. Noho ny fanerena mafy nataon' ireo tandapany dia notendren' i Dhritarashtra ho mpandova ny seza fiandrianana i Yudhishthira.

Niray tetika hanafoana ireo Pandava i Shakuni sy i Duryodhana ary i Dushasana. Nantsoin' i Shakuni ilay mpanao mari-trano atao hoe Purochana mba hanorina lapa amin' ny akora mora mirehitra, toy ny akora madity vokarin' ny bibikely (''lac'') sy ny dibera voadio (''ghee''). Avy eo dia nalaminy ny hipetrahan' ireo Pandava sy i Kunti mpanjakavavy reny tao, ary nokasainy hodorana ilay lapa. Nampitandrina azy ireo anefa ilay dadatoany hendry, Vidura, izay nandefa mpitrandraka harena an-kibon' ny tany tany amin' izy ireo mba hihady lalana ambanin' ny tany. Afaka nandositra tsy naninona tamin' io lalana io izy ireo, ary niafina. Nandritra izany fotoana izany dia nanambady an' i Hidimbi, [[Demony|demony]] vavy, i Bhima, ary niteraka zazalahy atao hoe Ghatotkacha izy ireo. Tany Hastinapur kosa dia noheverina ho maty ireo Pandava sy i Kunti.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01144.htm ''Book 1: Adi Parva: Jatugriha Parva'']. Sacred-texts.com. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 September 2010. datin' ny tahiry: 25 March 2010. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100325214549/http://sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01144.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanambadiana an' i Draupadi ===
[[File:Swayamvara Draupadi Arjuna Archery.jpg|thumb|Arjuna mitifitra ka manindrona ny mason' ilay trondro, araka ny sary ao amin' ny tempolin' i Chennakeshava ao Belur, izay naorin' ny Empira Hoysala.]]

Raha mbola niafina izy ireo, dia ren' ny Pandava fa misy ''swayamvara'', na hetsika fifidianana vady, atao ho an' i Draupadi, zanakavavin' ny mpanjakan' i Pāñcāla. Mody miseho ho brahmana ny Pandava ka tonga hijery ilay hetsika. Mandritra izany, i Krishna, izay efa naman' i Draupadi, dia milaza aminy mba hitady an' i Arjuna amin' ireo tonga, na dia efa noheverina ho maty aza izy. Ny fitsapana dia ny fametahana tadiny amin' ny tsipìka vy matanjaka iray sy ny fitifirana lasibatra eo amin' ny valindrihana: ny mason' ny trondro namboarina iray izay mihetsika, ka ny taratr' izany ao amin' ny menaka eo ambany no jerena.

Ao amin' ireo dikan-tantara be mpahalala, rehefa tsy nahomby avokoa ireo zanak' andriana, ary maro tamin' izy ireo aza no tsy nahavita nanainga ilay tsipìka, dia niroso hanandrana i Karna. Nosakanan' i Draupadi anefa izy, satria tsy manaiky hanambady olona sokajiny ho ''suta'' i Draupadi. Nesorina tao amin' ny ''Critical Edition'' an' ny ''Mahābhārata'', na fanontana niorina tamin' ny fampitahana sy fandinihana ny sora-tanana, io ampahany io,&lt;ref name=&quot;archive.org&quot;&gt;Vishnu S. Sukthankar. [https://archive.org/details/mahabharatha015693mbp ''The Mahabharata'']. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona. 11 March 2018. nampitaina tamin' ny: Internet Archive.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bori.ac.in&quot;&gt;[http://www.bori.ac.in/mahabharata_project.html ''The Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute : Mahabharata Project'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 3 November 2019. datin' ny tahiry: 20 December 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. tranonkala: bori.ac.in. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171220032420/http://www.bori.ac.in/mahabharata_project.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; satria fanampin-tsoratra nampidirina tatỳ aoriana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;M. A. Mehendale. [https://archive.org/details/InterpolationsInTheMahabharata ''Interpolations in the Mahabharata'']. 1 January 2001. nampitaina tamin' ny: Internet Archive.&lt;/ref&gt; Taorian' izany, dia navela handray anjara tamin' ny ''swayamvara'' ny brahmana, ka nandresy tamin' ilay fifaninanana i Arjuna ary nanambady an' i Draupadi.

Nody ny Pandava ary nilaza tamin' ny reniny, izay nisaintsaina lalina tamin' izay, fa nandresy tamin' ny fifaninanana i Arjuna, sady niantso azy hijery izay nentin' izy ireo nody. Tsy nijery i Kunti fa niteny tamin' izy ireo mba hifampizara izay azon' i Arjuna, satria noheveriny ho fiantrana nomena azy izany. Izany no nahatonga an' i Draupadi ho vadin' izy dimy mirahalahy.

=== Indraprastha ===
Taorian' ny fampakaram-bady dia nasaina niverina tany Hastinapura ireo Pandava mirahalahy. Nifampiraharaha sy nanelanelana tamin' ny fizarana ny fanjakana ireo zokiolona sy havana tao amin' ny fianakaviana Kuru. Ala voajanahary nonenan' i Takshaka, mpanjakan' ny bibilava, sy ny fianakaviany ihany no notakin' ny Pandava sy azony. Tamin' ny alalan' ny asa mafy no nanorenan' ny Pandava renivohitra vaovao sady kanto ho an' io faritany io tao Indraprastha.

Fotoana fohy taorian' izany dia nandositra niaraka tamin' i Subhadra, anabavin' i Krishna, i Arjuna, ary nanambady azy avy eo. Naniry ny hanamafy ny toerany amin' ny maha mpanjaka azy i Yudhishthira, ka nangataka torohevitra tamin' i Krishna. Nanoro hevitra azy i Krishna, ary rehefa vita ny fiomanana nilaina sy ny fanafoanana ny fanoherana sasany dia nanatanteraka ny lanonana ''rājasūya yagna'' i Yudhishthira; tamin' izany no nanekena azy ho ambony noho ireo mpanjaka hafa.

Nampanamboatra lapa vaovao ny Pandava, ka i Maya, ilay Danava, no nanorina izany ho azy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02001.htm ''Book 2: Sabha Parva: Sabhakriya Parva'']. Sacred-texts.com. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 September 2010. datin' ny tahiry: 27 May 2010. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100527203909/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02001.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Nasain' izy ireo ho any Indraprastha ireo Kaurava zanak' olo-mpiray tam-po aminy. Nitsangantsangana tao amin' ny lapa i Duryodhana, ka noheveriny ho rano ny gorodona mamirapiratra ary tsy nety nanitsaka izany izy. Rehefa nolazaina taminy ny fahadisoany, dia nahita dobo indray izy ka nihevitra fa tsy rano izany, ary nianjera tao. Nihomehy azy i Bhima, i Arjuna, izy mirahalahy kambana ary ireo mpanompo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Laughter at Duryodhana&quot;&gt;[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02046.htm ''Sabha parva'']. Sacred-texts.com. daty nijerena voarakitra: 13 July 2015. datin' ny tahiry: 24 September 2015. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133159/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02046.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ireo dikan-tantara namboarina indray izay be mpahalala dia i Draupadi no lazaina, amin' ny fomba diso, ho nanao izany faniratsirana izany, nefa ao amin' ilay tononkalo fitantarana amin' ny teny sanskrita dia ny Pandava (afa-tsy i Yudhishthira) no naniratsira an' i Duryodhana. Tezitra noho ilay faniratsirana sady nialona rehefa nahita ny haren' ny Pandava i Duryodhana, ka nanapa-kevitra ny hampiantrano lalao fanipazana goba (zavatra kely misy marika atsipy mba hahazoana vokatra kisendrasendra) araka ny soso-kevitr' i Shakuni. Nanaiky izany soso-kevitra izany i Yudhishthira, na dia nanoro hevitra azy tsy hilalao aza ireo Pandava hafa.

=== Ilay lalao filokana ===
[[File: Disrobing of Draupadi.jpg|thumb|Draupadi afa-baraka]]
Mandamina lalao fanipazana goba kely misy marika i Shakuni, dadatoan' i Duryodhana. Misolo tena an' i Duryodhana izy ka mifaninana amin' i Yudhishthira, ary mampiasa goba efa novaina mba hampitongilana ny vokatra. Amin' ilay lalao dia verin' i Yudhishthira avokoa ny hareny, ary avy eo ny fanjakany. Avy eo dia ataon' i Yudhishthira antoka amin' ny filokana ny rahalahiny, ny tenany ary farany ny vadiny, ka lasa mpanompo avokoa izy ireo. Faly dia faly ny Kaurava ka manevateva ny Pandava izay tsy afa-manoatra, ary mitady hanala ny akanjon' i Draupadi eo anatrehan' ny rehetra ao an-dapa mihitsy. Sakanan' i Krishna anefa izany, satria ataony tsy manam-pahataperana amin' ny fomba mahagaga ny akanjon' i Draupadi.

Mihorohoro noho izany toe-javatra izany i Dhritarashtra sy i Bhishma ary ireo zokiolona hafa, nefa miziriziry i Duryodhana fa tsy misy toerana ho an' ny andriana mpandova ny seza fiandrianana roa ao Hastinapura. Na dia tsy sitrany aza izany, dia miantso lalao fanipazana goba indray i Dhritarashtra, ary resy indray ny Pandava. Tsy maintsy mandeha an-tsesitany mandritra ny 12 taona ny Pandava, ary amin' ny taona faha-13 dia takina ny tsy hahafantarana ny tena maha izy azy (''Agyaata Vaasa''). Raha fantatry ny Kaurava ny tena maha izy azy amin' ny taona faha-13 amin' ny sesitany, dia tsy maintsy hatao sesitany mandritra ny 12 taona fanampiny indray.

=== Sesitany sy fiverenana ===
Mandany telo ambin' ny folo taona any an-tsesitany ny Pandava, ary maro ny zava-mitranga iainany mandritra izany. Mahazo fitaovam-piadiana maro avy amin' ny andriamanitra izy ireo amin' io fotoana io. Manomana fifanekena hiara-dia koa izy ireo, ho fiatrehana ady mety hitranga any aoriana. Mandany ny taona farany ao an-dapan' ny mpanjaka Virata izy ireo, sady manafina ny maha-izy azy; vao tapitra anefa io taona io dia fantatra izy ireo.

Rehefa tapitra ny sesitany, dia miezaka mifampiraharaha mba hiverenana any Indraprastha izy ireo, ka i Krishna no irak' izy ireo. Tsy mahomby anefa ny fifampiraharahana, satria manohitra izany i Duryodhana ka milaza fa tamin' ny taona faha-13 nanaovana sesitany azy ireo no nahafantarana azy ireo, ary tsy nifanarahana ny hamerenana ny fanjakany. Miady amin' ny Kaurava àry ny Pandava avy eo, mitaky ny zony amin' i Indraprastha.[[File: The center of battle of Kurukshetra.jpg|thumb|Seho iray amin' ny ady ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'', ao Angkor Wat: sary sokitra mivohitra amin' ny vato mainty, mampiseho lehilahy maromaro manao satroboninahitra sy ''dhoti'' (lamba afatotra eo amin' ny andilana), miady amin' ny lefona sy sabatra ary tsipìka. Eo afovoany no ahitana kalesy iray, ka ny antsasaky ny soavaly misintona azy dia tsy hita satria any ivelan' ny faritry ny sary.|alt=Sary sokitra mivohitra amin' ny vato mainty, mampiseho lehilahy maromaro manao satroboninahitra sy dhoti (lamba afatotra eo amin' ny andilana), miady amin' ny lefona sy sabatra ary tsipìka. Eo afovoany no ahitana kalesy iray, ka ny antsasaky ny soavaly misintona azy dia tsy hita satria any ivelan' ny faritry ny sary.]]

=== Ny ady tao Kurukshetra ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Adin' i Kurukshetra.

[[File:Mahabharata BharatVarsh.jpg|thumb|Sarintanin' i India maneho ireo faritra samihafa tamin' ny vanim-potoana resahin' ny ''Mahābhārata''.]]

Araka ny fitantarana, samy miantso tafika goavana hanampy azy ny andaniny sy ny ankilany, ary milahatra ao Kurukshetra hiady.
Niray dina tamin' ny Pandava ny fanjakan' i Panchala, Dwaraka, Kasi, Kekaya, Magadha, Matsya, Chedi, ny fanjakan' ny Pandya, ny an' i Telinga, ny Yadu avy ao Mathura, ary ny vondrom-pirazanana hafa sasany toa ny Parama Kambojas.
Anisan' ny mpiara-dia tamin' ny Kaurava ny mpanjakan' i Pragjyotisha, Anga, Kekaya, Sindhudesa (anisan' izany ny Sindhu, ny Sauvira ary ny Sivi), Mahishmati, Avanti ao Madhyadesa, Madra, Gandhara, ny an' ny vahoaka Bahlika, ny an' ny Kambojas, ary ny maro hafa.
Alohan' ny hanambarana ny ady, dia maneho ny tsy hafaliany noho ilay fifandonana mihamafy i Balarama, ka lasa manao [[Fivahiniana masina|fivahiniana masina]]; tsy mandray anjara amin' ny ady izy.
Tsy mpiady i Krishna ao amin' io ady io, fa mpamily ny kalesin' i Arjuna (''Sarathy''). Omeny ny Kaurava kosa ny Narayani Sena, tafika voaforona amin' ny mpiandry omby Abhira, mba hiady ho azy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Nath Soni, Lok. ''The Cattle and the Stick An Ethnographic Profile of the Raut of Chhattisgarh''. Anthropological Survey of India. 2000. p.: 16. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9788185579573&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Shome, Alo. ''Krishna Charitra: The Essence of Bankim Chandra''. Pustak Mahal. 2000. p.: 104. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 8122310354&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Alohan' ny ady, rehefa hitan' i Arjuna fa anisan' ny tafika fahavalo ireo zanak' olo-mpiray tam-po aminy sy ny havany, anisan' izany i Bhishma raibeny sy i Drona mpampianatra azy, dia misalasala mafy ny amin' ny hiadiana izy. Kivy tanteraka izy ary mandà tsy hiady. Amin' izay fotoana izay no ampahatsiahivin' i Krishna azy ny adidiny amin' ny maha-''Kshatriya'' azy (mpikambana ao amin' ny sokajin' ny mpiady), dia ny hiady ho an' ny rariny, ao amin' ilay fizarana malaza amin' ilay tononkalo fitantarana, ny ''Bhagavad Gita''.

Na dia samy manaraka ny fitsipi-pahamendrehana amin' ny ady aza ny andaniny sy ny ankilany amin' ny voalohany, dia samy mampiasa tetika tsy mendrika izy ireo tsy ela avy eo. Rehefa tapitra ilay ady naharitra 18 andro, dia ny Pandava, i Satyaki, i Kripa, i Ashwatthama, i Kritavarma, i Yuyutsu ary i Krishna ihany no velona. Lasa mpanjakan' i Hastinapur i Yudhishthira. Araka ilay tantara, ny mpiady rehetra maty tamin' ny adin' i Kurukshetra dia mankany amin' ny ''swarga'', na lanitra.

=== Ny fiafaran' ny Pandava ===
[[File:Totheforest.jpg|thumb|left|I Gandhari, voatampi-maso, manohana an' i Dhrtarashtra sy manaraka an' i Kunti, rehefa antitra sy osa i Dhritarashtra ka nisintaka nankany anaty ala. Sary hosodoko madinika avy amin' ny sora-tanana tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 mirakitra ampahany amin' ny ''Razmnama'', dikan' ny ''Mahābhārata'' amin' ny [[Fiteny persana|teny persana]].]]

Araka ny fitantarana, rehefa avy « nahita » ny fandripahana i Gandhari, izay namoy ny zanany lahy rehetra, dia nanozona an' i [[Krishna]] mba hahita ny fianakaviany ho ripaka toy izany koa. Na dia andriamanitra sady afaka nampitsahatra ny ady aza mantsy i Krishna, dia tsy nanao izany. Nanaiky ilay ozona i Krishna, ary tanteraka izany 36 taona tatỳ aoriana.

Nanapa-kevitra ny handao ny zava-drehetra ny Pandava, izay nitondra ny fanjakany nandritra izany fotoana izany. Nanao akanjo hoditra sy vorodamba izy ireo, nisintaka nankany Himalaya ary niakatra ho any an-danitra niaraka tamin' ny vatany. Nisy alika mirenireny niaraka taminy. Nianjera teny an-dalana, nifandimby, ireo rahalahy sy i Draupadi. Isaky ny nisy lavo dia nohazavain' i Yudhishthira tamin' ireo sisa ny antony nahalavoany: i Draupadi dia niangatra tamin' i Arjuna; i Nakula sy i Sahadeva dia nirehareha sy niavonavona noho ny hatsaran-tarehiny; i Bhima kosa nirehareha noho ny heriny, ary i Arjuna noho ny fahaizany mitifitra tsipìka. I Yudhishthira tsara fitondran-tena, izay nanao izay rehetra azony natao mba hisorohana ny fandripahana, sy ilay alika ihany no tavela. Nanambara ilay alika fa izy no andriamanitra Yama, fantatra koa amin' ny anarana hoe Yama Dharmaraja, ary nitondra azy tany amin' ny tontolo ambanin' ny tany, izay nahitany ny rahalahiny sy ny vadiny. Rehefa avy nanazava ny tena hevitr' ilay fitsapana i Yama dia nitondra an' i Yudhishthira niverina tany an-danitra. Nohazavainy fa tsy maintsy nampandalovina tany amin' ny tontolo ambanin' ny tany izy, satria tsy maintsy mitsidika izany, fara fahakeliny indray mandeha, ny mpitondra fanjakana rehetra (''Rajyante narakam dhruvam''). Nanome toky azy avy eo i Yama fa hiaraka aminy any an-danitra ny rahalahiny sy ny vadiny, rehefa avy nijanona tany amin' ny tontolo ambanin' ny tany nandritra ny fe-potoana mifanaraka amin' ny toetra ratsiny avy.

I Parikshit, zafikelin' i Arjuna, no nitondra ny fanjakana taorian' izy ireo, ary maty noho ny kaikitry ny bibilava. Tezitra mafy i Janamejaya zanany ka nanapa-kevitra ny hanao sorona bibilava (''sarpasattra'') mba handringanana ny bibilava. Nandritra io sorona io no nitantarana taminy ny tantaran' ny razambeny.

=== Fihaonana indray ===
Voalaza ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' fa niakatra tany amin' ny ''svarga'' (lanitra) tamin' ny farany i Karna, ireo Pandava, i Draupadi ary ireo zanakalahin' i Dhritarashtra, ka «nahatratra ny toetry ny andriamanitra», ary tafaraka indray izy ireo, «tony sady tsy nanana hatezerana» (dikanteny malagasy ireo teny nalaina).&lt;ref&gt;Rajagopalachari, Chakravarti. ''Mahabharata''. ''Yudhishthira's final trial''. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. Mumbai. 2005. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-7276-368-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 45th. [https://archive.org/details/mahabharata0000raja rohy mankany amin' ny toko]. chapter-url-access: registration.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lohahevitra ==
[[File:M 134 Short.png|thumb|I Krishna andriamanitra no mitondra ny kalesin' i Arjuna mandritra ny ady ao amin' ny ''Bhagavad Gita'', fizarana iray ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata''. Sary nalaina avy amin' ny sora-tanana miendrika horonana misy sary, tamin' ny 1795 taor. J.K., izay tehirizina ao amin' ny tahirin-kevitry ny Oniversiten' i Edinburgh, any Scotland.]]

=== Ady ara-drariny ===
Anisan' ny ohatra voalohany amin' ny fandrafetana teôria momba ny ''dharmayuddha'', na « ady ara-drariny », ny ''Mahābhārata''. Ahitana ohatra amin' ny maro amin' ireo fitsipika izay hiadian-kevitra maneran-tany tatỳ aoriana ao. Ao amin' ilay tantara, ny iray amin' ireo dimy mirahalahy dia manontany raha misy toe-javatra ahafahana manamarina ho ara-drariny ny fijaliana ateraky ny ady. Nifampidinika ela izy dimy mirahalahy, ka nametraka fepetra toy ny fifandanjana eo amin' ny hery ampiasaina (tsy mahazo manafika tafika mpitaingin-tsoavaly ny kalesin' ady, fa kalesin' ady hafa ihany; tsy azo tafihina ny olona ao anatin' ny fahoriana), ny fampiasana fomba fiady ara-drariny (tsy azo ampiasaina ny zana-tsipìka misy poizina na misy farango), ny fananana antony ara-drariny iadian' ady (tsy azo atao ny manafika noho ny hatezerana), ary ny fitondrana ara-drariny ny babo sy ny maratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;Robinson, P.F.. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UwjC1peqwx0C&amp;pg=PA117 ''Just War in Comparative Perspective'']. Ashgate. 2003. p.: 117. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7546-3587-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2 October 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dikan-teny, endrika samihafa ary sanganasa nipoitra avy aminy ==
=== Fandikan-teny ===
Ny fandikana ny ''Mahābhārata'' amin' ny [[Fiteny tamily|teny tamily]] tranainy indrindra voarakitra dia ny ''Bharata Venba'', nosoratan' i Perundevanar tamin' ny taonjato faha-9, izay ampahany ihany no mbola voatahiry. Ny ''Mahābhārata'' feno voalohany mbola voatahiry kosa dia asan' ny poety roa: i Villiputturar, tamin' ny taonjato faha-14, izay ninia nandrafitra ''parva'' 10 tamin' ny 18 ho sanganasa nantsoina hoe ''Villi Bharatam'', sy i Nallapillai, tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-18, izay nandrafitra ireo ''parva'' 8 ambiny sy nanambatra azy ireo. Fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe ''Nallapillai Bharatam'' io sanganasa io ankehitriny.&lt;ref&gt;Srinivas, Smriti. ''Landscapes of Urban Memory''. Orient Longman. 2004. p.: 23. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-250-2254-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 46353272. orig-year: 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pillai, Sundaranatha. [https://archive.org/details/acc.-no.-33-sri-maha-bharatham-2-1911 ''Sri Maha Bharatham: Nallapillaiyavarghal Iatriyathu'']. 1911.&lt;/ref&gt;

Valo amin' ireo ''parva'' valo ambin' ny folo ao amin' ny ''Kawi Mahabharata'', fandikan-teny amin' ny teny javaney tranainy tsy natao tononkalo, no mbola voatahiry. Tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-10 izy io no noforonin' ny tandapan' i Dharmawangsa mpanjaka tao amin' ny fanjakan' i Mataram, ary dika manana ny mampiavaka azy raha oharina amin' ireo dika indiana.&lt;ref&gt;[http://press.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html ''The Javanization of the Mahābhārata, Chapter 15. Indic Transformation: The Sanskritization of Jawa and the Javanization of the Bharata'']. ANU Press. 2006. mpamoaka faharoa (anarana): Fox. mpamoaka faharoa (fanampin' anarana): James J.. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780731521326&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.22459/A.09.2006&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 6 October 2014. datin' ny tahiry: 11 November 2014. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. fidirana DOI voarakitra: free. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141111122107/http://press.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html rohy tahiry voarakitra]. editor-last1: Bellwood. editor-last3: Tryon. editor-first1: Peter. editor-first3: Darrell.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny teny [[Fiteny kanada|kanada]], i Adi Kavi Pampa dia namorona ny ''Vikramarjuna Vijaya'', antsoina koa hoe ''Pampa Bharata'', tamin' ny taonjato faha-10 taor. J.K. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 kosa, i Kumaravyasa dia ninia nandrafitra ''parva'' 10 ihany koa tao amin' ny ''Karnata Bharata Kathamanjari'', antsoina koa hoe ''Gadugina Bharata''. Tatỳ aoriana, tamin' ny taonjato faha-16, dia nandrafitra ireo ''parva'' 8 ambiny i Nandi Thimmanna. Samy notohanan' ny Empira Vijayanagara i Kumaravyasa sy Nandi Thimmanna.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=AE_LIg9G5CgC&amp;pg=PA78 ''Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5'']. Popular Prakashan. 2000. p.: 78. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-85229-760-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kumara Vyasa. [https://archive.org/details/KumaraVyasaKarnatnatakaMahabharata ''Kumara vyasa Karnatnataka Mahabharata''].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vyasaonline.com/kannada-kumaravyasa-bharata/ ''Kannada Kumaravyasa Bharata – Vyasa Mahabharata'']. fiteny: en-US. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-06-05.&lt;/ref&gt;

Niara-nandrafitra ny ''Andhra Mahabharatam'', nifandimby teo anelanelan' ny taonjato faha-11 sy faha-14, ireo poety telo tamin' ny [[Fiteny telogo|teny telogo]]: i Nannaya Bhattaraka teo ambany fitondran' ny Chalukya Atsinanana, i Tikkanna Somyaji teo ambany fitondran' ny Kakatiya, ary i Erra Pragada teo ambany fitondran' ny Reddi. Ny ''Sarala Mahabharata'' kosa dia sanganasa amin' ny [[Fiteny ôdià|teny ôdià]] noforonin' i Sarala Das tamin' ny taonjato faha-15, teo ambany fanohanan' ny Empira Gajapati.&lt;ref&gt;Vibes, Maati: Indian Culture. [https://suchitragdas.substack.com/p/introducing-sarala-mahabharata ''Introducing Sarala Mahabharata'']. 2025-02-12. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-08-19. tranonkala: Maati: Indian Culture Vibes by Suchitra.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://telugubasha.net/en/literatture-telugu ''Telugu Literature &amp;#124; Telugu Basha'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2014-03-27. datin' ny tahiry: 2014-03-28. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140328010809/https://telugubasha.net/en/literatture-telugu rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Noforonin' i Rama Saraswati, poety tao amin' ny tandapan' ny Fanjakana Kamata, tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-16 ny fandikan-teny amin' ny [[Fiteny asamey|teny asamey]] antsoina hoe ''Ashtadasa Mahabharata''. I Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan, izay malaza, no nanoratra ny dika nohafohezina amin' ny teny [[Fiteny malaialama|malaialama]], ''Mahabharatham Kilipattu''.

Tamin' ny teny [[Fiteny maraty|maraty]], ny fandikan-teny feno voalohany, nantsoina hoe ''Vishnudasi Mahabharat'', dia noforonin' i Vishnudas Nama. I Mukteshwar, zafikelin' i Eknath, kosa no namorona ny ''Mukteshwari Mahabharat'', izay tononkalo mbola voatahiry amin' ny ampahany ary ahitana ''parva'' dimy amin' ny valo ambin' ny folo. Samy niasa tsy niankina tamin' ny iray hafa izy roa, tao amin' ny Soltanatan' i Ahmednagar, tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-16 sy ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-17. Ny fandikan-teny ara-literatiora feno amin' ny teny maraty fantatra indrindra anefa dia avy amin' ny Empira Maratha, tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-18: ny ''Aryabharat'', noforonin' i Moropant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://vishwakosh.marathi.gov.in/32860/ ''विष्णुदासनामा'']. 2019-07-04. fiteny: mr-IN. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-06-05. tranonkala: मराठी विश्वकोश प्रथमावृत्ती.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fandikana voalohany ny ''Mahābhārata'' tamin' ny [[Fiteny persana|teny persana]] dia nataon' i Mullah Ahmad, poety tao amin' ny tandapan' ny Soltanatan' i Kashmir, araka ny baikon' i Zayn al-Abidin soltana, tamin' ny taonjato faha-15. Ny fandikan-teny goavana nantsoina hoe ''Razmnameh'', izay nasain' i [[Akbar|Akbar emperora]] tao amin' ny [[Empira Môgôly]] natao, dia novokarin' i Faizi sy ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni tamin' ny taonjato faha-16, ka nampifangaro lahatsoratra tsotra sy tononkalo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://testbook.com/question-answer/the-translation-of-the-mahabharata-into-persian-is--62bad1aed723f12ee5c6560c ''[Solved] The translation of the Mahabharata into Persian is known as:'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-08-19. tranonkala: Testbook.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://prepp.in/question/who-among-the-following-sultans-of-kashmir-commiss-642ab931608c092a4cac77e6 ''Who among the following Sultans of Kashmir commissioned Mullah Ahmad to translate the Mahabharata into Persian ?'']. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-08-19. tranonkala: prepp.in.&lt;/ref&gt;

Samy lazaina ho nanao ireo fandikan-teny voalohany tamin' ny [[Fiteny bengaly|teny bengaly]], tany am-piandohan' ny taonjato faha-15, i Kavi Sanjay avy any Chittagong sy i Kavindra Parameshwar. Ny fandikan-tenin' i Kavindra, antsoina koa hoe ''Paragali Mahabharata'', dia natao indrindra teo ambany fanohanan' ny tandapan' i Paragal Khan, governoran' i Chittagong tao amin' ny Soltanatan' i Bengal. I Kashiram Das kosa dia nanomboka ny ''Bharata Panchali'', izay fantatra ankehitriny amin' ny anarana hoe ''Kashidasi Mahabharat'', tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-17, nandritra ny fitondran' i Jahangir emperora. ''Parva'' efatra monja no vitany talohan' ny nahafatesany. Tamin' ireo taona nanaraka dia ny fianakaviany sy ny mpianany no namita ireo ''parva'' ambiny, ka nanaraka ny fomba fanorany sady nitahiry ilay andalana misy ny anaran' ny mpanoratra hoe «Kashiram Das» any amin' ny faran' ny ''parva'' tsirairay.&lt;ref&gt;Husam, Shamshad. [https://thikana.us/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F/ ''বাংলা সাহিত্যে সিলেট'']. ''Thikana''. fiteny: bn. daty nijerena voarakitra: 31 October 2022. datin' ny tahiry: 26 October 2022. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221026220509/https://thikana.us/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mohanta, Sambaru Chandra (2012). [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mahabharata ''Mahabharata''] {{Wayback|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mahabharata |date=20171201040601 }}. Ao amin' ny Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (mpamoaka). ''Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh'' (fanontana an-tserasera). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 984-32-0576-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;OCLC 52727562&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;OL 30677644M&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ireo poety tao amin' ny tandapan' i [[Gurū Gobind Singh|Guru Gobind Singh]], sikh, tany Anandpur Sahib, no nanao ny fandikan-teny feno voalohany ho tononkalo amin' ny [[Fiteny penjaby|teny ponjaby]], tamin' ny faramparan' ny taonjato faha-17, na dia ampahany ihany aza no mbola voatahiry. Tamin' ny tapaky ny taonjato faha-19 dia niezaka namorona sy namerina indray io ''Sikh Mahabharata'' tany am-boalohany io ny tandapan' i Narinder Singh maharaja, tao amin' ny Fanjakan' i Patiala. Antsoina ankehitriny hoe dikan' ny Fanjakan' i Patiala ilay vokatra.&lt;ref&gt;Singh, Satnam. ''The Road to Empire: The Political Education of Khalsa Sikhs in the Late 1600s''. ''The Sikh Raj of Anandpur - The Evacuation of Anandpur and the Loss of the Vidiya Sagar''. University of California Press. 15 October 2024. pp.: 200–205. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780520399389&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gaṅgā Rām, Garg. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0U2QRpDv2KMC&amp;pg=PR12 ''Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world, Volume 1'']. Concept Publishing Company. 1992. p.: 129. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-7022-376-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fandikan-teny feno voalohany amin' ny teny [[Fiteny hindỳ|hindỳ]] kosa dia ny ''Bhasha Mahabharat'', amin' ny teny awadhi fampiasa andavanandro, nataon' i Sabal Singh Chauhan tamin' ny taonjato faha-17 noho ny fanohanan' i Raja Mitrasen, tandapan' i [[Aurangzeb|Aurangzeb emperora]]. Ny ''Mahabharat Darpan'', amin' ny teny braj bhasha ara-literatiora, dia nataon' i Gokulnath Kavi tao amin' ny tandapan' ny Fanjakan' i Benares, teo ambany fitondran' i Udit Narayan Singh maharaja, tamin' ny taonjato faha-18. Ny fandikan-teny feno voalohany ho tononkalo amin' ny [[Fiteny nepaley|teny nepaley]], mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Mahabharat Shloka'', dia nataon' i Pundit Raghunath Pokhryal tamin' ny taonjato faha-19.&lt;ref&gt;[https://epustakalay.com/book/52235-mahabharat-darpan-bhag-4-by-unknown/ ''महाभारत दर्पण भाग - 4 &amp;#124; Hindi Book &amp;#124; Mahabharat Darpan Bhag - 4 - ePustakalay'']. fiteny: hi-IN. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-06-05. tranonkala: epustakalay.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://archive.org/details/mahabharat-sampoorna-18-parva-nepali ''महाभारत नेपालीमा - Mahabharat in Nepali''].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sabal Singh Chauhan. [http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.482003 ''Mahabharat Bhasha Sabalsinghchauhanvirchit'']. 1927.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fandikan-teny feno voalohany amin' ny teny anglisy dia ireo dika tsy natao tononkalo tamin' ny vanim-potoana viktoriana: ny an' i Kisari Mohan Ganguli, navoaka teo anelanelan' ny 1883 sy 1896 (''Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers'', trano fanontana Munshiram Manoharlal), sy ny an' i Manmatha Nath Dutt (''Motilal Banarsidass Publishers'', trano fanontana Motilal Banarsidass). Heverin' ny ankamaroan' ny mpitsikera ho mahatoky amin' ny lahatsoratra tany am-boalohany ny fandikan-tenin' i Ganguli. Tsy voafehin' ny zon' ny mpamorona ny lahatsoratra fenon' io fandikan-teny io ary azo jerena an-tserasera. Anisan' ny fandikan-teny ho tononkalo voalohany ny nataon' i Romesh Chunder Dutt, navoaka tamin' ny 1898, izay namintina ny lohahevitra fototry ny ''Mahābhārata'' ho tononkalo amin' ny teny anglisy.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19630 The ''Mahabharata of Krishna''-Dwaipayana Vyasa translated by Romesh Chunder Dutt] [https://web.archive.org/web/20111010000053/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19630 tahiry tamin' ny 10 October 2011] ao amin' ny ''Online Library of Liberty'' (Tranomboky An-tserasera momba ny Fahafahana).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Misy fanontana maro amin' ny fandikan' i Kisari Mohan Ganguli ny ''Mahabharata'' izay milaza diso fa ilay mpamoaka boky, Pratap Chandra Roy, no mpandika azy. Niely tany amin' ireo fitanisana tamin' ny loharano faharoa io fahadisoana io. Misy fanazavana izany ao amin' ny sasin-tenin' ny mpamoaka boky amin' ny fanontana Munshiram Manoharlal.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa'' translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080511230051/http://sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm tahiry tamin' ny 11 May 2008] ao amin' ny ''Internet Sacred Text Archive'' (Tahiry An-tserasera momba ny Lahatsoratra Masina).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;P. Lal. [http://mahabharata-resources.org/ganguli-roy.html ''Kisari Mohan Ganguli and Pratap Chandra Roy'']. ''An Annotated Mahabharata Bibliography''. Calcutta. daty nijerena voarakitra: 9 September 2013. datin' ny tahiry: 5 June 2014. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140605081003/http://mahabharata-resources.org/ganguli-roy.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Navoakan' ny ''Writers Workshop'' (Atrikasan' ny Mpanoratra), any Calcutta, ny fandikana ilay tononkalo fitantarana manontolo ho tononkalo amin' ny teny anglisy nataon' ilay poety P. Lal ary novitain' ny mpianany taorian' ny nahafatesany.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20240122-mahabharata-in-english-verse-the-art-of-translation-2487859-2024-01-12 ''Mahabharata in English verse : The art of translation'']. 12 January 2024. fiteny: en. tranonkala: India Today.&lt;/ref&gt; Manaraka ny andininy tsirairay sady tsy mampiasa rima ny fandikan-tenin' i P. Lal, ary io no hany fanontana, amin' izay fiteny misy azy, mampiditra ny ''shloka'' rehetra avy amin' ny dika samihafa rehetra amin' ilay sanganasa, fa tsy ireo ao amin' ny ''Critical Edition'' (fanontana araka ny fampitahana sora-tanana) ihany. Hoy i Dr. Pradip Bhattacharya momba ny dikan' i P. Lal, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «fantatra eo amin' ny sehatry ny fikarohana ho ny “''vulgate''”», izany hoe ilay dika iombonana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhattacharya&quot;&gt;[https://pradipbhattacharya.com/2017/05/27/review-bibek-debroy-the-mahabharata-volume-7/ ''Review : Bibek DebRoy: The Mahabharata, volume 7'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2021-05-31. datin' ny tahiry: 2 June 2021. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: pradipbhattacharya.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215243/https://pradipbhattacharya.com/2017/05/27/review-bibek-debroy-the-mahabharata-volume-7/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Fandikana misy famoronana indray, na ''transcreation'', ilay lahatsoratra,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.writersworkshopindia.com/books/the-mahabharata-of-vyasa-all-volumes/ ''The Mahabharata of Vyasa – WritersWorkshopIndia.com'']. tranonkala: Writersworkshopindia.com.&lt;/ref&gt; fa tsy fandikan-teny araka ny fomba mahazatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;AgarwalVol10&quot;&gt;Agarwal, Abhinav. [https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review-book-review-the-mahabharata-volume-10-translated-by-bibek-debroy-2076809 ''Book review: 'The Mahabharata' Volume 10 translated by Bibek Debroy'']. 2015-04-12. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2021-05-31. datin' ny tahiry: 2 June 2021. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: DNA India. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210602221604/https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review-book-review-the-mahabharata-volume-10-translated-by-bibek-debroy-2076809 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanomboka nivoaka tamin' ny 2005 tao amin' ny ''Clay Sanskrit Library'' (andiana boky Clay momba ny soratra sanskrita), navoakan' ny ''New York University Press'' (trano fanontan' ny Oniversiten' i New York), ny tetikasa fandikana ilay tononkalo fitantarana manontolo ho lahatsoratra tsotra amin' ny teny anglisy, izay iarahan' ny mpandika teny maromaro miasa. Tsy ny ''Critical Edition'' no iorenan' io fandikan-teny io, fa ilay dika fantatr' ilay mpanao fanazavana Nīlakaṇṭha. Boky 15 amin' ireo 32 kasaina havoaka no efa misy.

Nandika ny ''Critical Edition'' an' ny ''Mahābhārata'' tamin' ny teny hindỳ ilay Indiana manam-pahaizana momba ny Veda, Shripad Damodar Satwalekar,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/complete-mahabharata-translated-by-padma-bhushan-shripad-damodar-satwalekar-set-of-16-volumes-NAI945/%7Caccess-date=2021-06-27 ''Indian Artwork – Buddha Statues &amp; Hindu Books – Exotic India Art'']. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2021-06-27. datin' ny tahiry: 7 September 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: Exoticindiaart.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124735/https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/complete-mahabharata-translated-by-padma-bhushan-shripad-damodar-satwalekar-set-of-16-volumes-nai945/%7caccess-date=2021-06-27 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; araka ny asa nankinin' ny Governemantan' i India taminy. Taorian' ny nahafatesany dia nandray an-tanana ny asa i Shrutisheel Sharma.&lt;ref&gt;S R, Ramaswamy (1972). ''ಮಹಾಭಾರತದ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆ''. Mysore: Kavyalaya Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Veda Vyasa, S. D. Satwalekar. [http://archive.org/details/Mahabharata_with_Hindi_Translation_-_SD_Satwalekar ''Mahabharata with Hindi Translation – SD Satwalekar'']. Sanskrit eBooks. fiteny: Sanskrit.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Manana fandikan-teny roa amin' ny teny hindỳ i Sadwalekar. Raha ny CE (fanontana araka ny fampitahana sora-tanana) avy amin' ny BORI (''Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute'', na Ivontoerana Bhandarkar momba ny Fikarohana ny Tatsinanana) no tiana hovakina amin' ny teny hindỳ, dia ireo fandikan-teny navoakany nanomboka tamin' ny 1968 no mifanaraka amin' izany; tamin' ny 1966 no navoakan' ny BORI ilay fanontana.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanoratra fandikan-teny anglisy tsy nohafohezina, misy boky folo, koa ilay Indiana mpahay toekarena Bibek Debroy. Nivoaka tamin' ny Martsa 2010 ny boky voalohany, ''Adi Parva'', ary tamin' ny Desambra 2014 ireo boky roa farany. Hoy i Abhinav Agarwal momba ny fandikan-tenin' i Debroy, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: «mahafinaritra tanteraka ny mamaky azy ary mahavariana ny halalin' ny fahalalana asehony».&lt;ref name=AgarwalVol10/&gt; Tao amin' ny tsikera momba ny boky fahafito, nilaza i Bhattacharya fa nofenoin' ilay mpandika teny ireo banga teo amin' ny fitantarana ao amin' ny ''Critical Edition'', nefa nilaza koa izy fa nisy fahadisoana tamin' ny fandikan-teny.&lt;ref name=Bhattacharya/&gt; Nanoratra i Gautam Chikermane ao amin' ny ''Hindustan Times'' fa, amin' ny fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy, «samy manasatra i Debroy sy Ganguli amin' ny fampiasana mpamaritra anarana rehefa manoritsoritra ireo mpilalao fototra».&lt;ref&gt;Chikermane, Gautam. [https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-mahabharata-volume-5/story-4N0tAg3jNLWFeWkxfCbHEP.html ''Review: The Mahabharata: Volume 5'']. 2012-07-20. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2021-05-31. datin' ny tahiry: 2 June 2021. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: Hindustan Times. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215505/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-mahabharata-volume-5/story-4N0tAg3jNLWFeWkxfCbHEP.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Mbola eo am-panaovana fandikan-teny anglisy hafa, tsy atao tononkalo, ho an' ilay tononkalo fitantarana manontolo, miorina amin' ny ''Critical Edition'', ka ny ''University of Chicago Press'' (trano fanontan' ny Oniversiten' i Chicago) no mamoaka azy. Ilay manam-pahaizana momba an' i India J. A. B. van Buitenen no nanomboka izany tamin' ny boky 1–5. Rehefa niato nandritra ny 20 taona noho ny nahafatesan' i van Buitenen ilay asa, dia notohizin' ny manam-pahaizana maromaro. Ny boky faha-11 sy faha-12 no anisan' ny noraisin' i James L. Fitzgerald an-tanana. I David Gitomer no mandika ny boky faha-6, i Gary Tubb ny boky faha-7, i Christopher Minkowski ny boky faha-8, i Alf Hiltebeitel ny boky faha-9 sy faha-10, i Fitzgerald ny tapany faharoa amin' ny boky faha-12, i Patrick Olivelle ny boky faha-13, ary i Fred Smith ny boky faha-14 hatramin' ny faha-18.&lt;ref&gt;Fitzgerald, James. [https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Sanskrit_in_Classics_at_Brown/Mahabharata/MBh2Biblio ''Reading Suggestions for Getting Started'']. 2009. datin' ny tahiry: 4 February 2021. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: Brown. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210204021051/https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Sanskrit_in_Classics_at_Brown/Mahabharata/MBh2Biblio rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://clas.uiowa.edu/religion/people/frederick-m-smith ''Frederick M. Smith'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 12 October 2021. datin' ny tahiry: 24 October 2021. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: University of Iowa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211024172737/https://clas.uiowa.edu/religion/people/frederick-m-smith rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Maro ny dika nofintinina, dika nohafohezina ary famerenana mitantara ilay tononkalo fitantarana manontolo amin' ny endrika tantara foronina tsy atao tononkalo, izay navoaka tamin' ny teny anglisy. Anisan' izany ny sanganasan' i Ramesh Menon, William Buck, R. K. Narayan, C. Rajagopalachari, Kamala Subramaniam, K. M. Munshi, Krishna Dharma Dasa, Purnaprajna Dasa, Romesh C. Dutt, Bharadvaja Sarma, John D. Smith, Sharon Maas ary [[Paramahansa Yogananda]].&lt;ref&gt;Pradhan, Dr Tapan Kumar. ''Hinduism, Christianity &amp; Islam - A Comparative Study of World Religions''. Kohinoor Books. New Delhi. 2022. p.: 267-68. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-952546-1-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanontana nampitahana sy nodinihina ===
Teo anelanelan' ny 1919 sy 1966, ny manam-pahaizana tao amin' ny ''Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute'' (Ivontoerana Bhandarkar misahana ny fikarohana momba ny Atsinanana), any [[Pune|Pune]], dia nampitaha ireo sora-tanana samihafa mirakitra ilay tononkalo fitantarana, avy any India sy tany ivelany. Tao anatin' ny 47 taona no namokarany ny fanontana ny ''Mahābhārata'' natsangana tamin' ny fampitahana sy fandinihana ireo sora-tanana ireo, antsoina hoe ''Critical Edition'', izay misy pejy 13 000 nozaraina ho boky 19. Narahin' ny ''Harivamsha'' tao anaty boky roa hafa izany, ary boky enina misy fanondroana hanamorana ny fitadiavana ny votoaty. Io no lahatsoratra ampiasaina matetika ho fanovozan-kevitra amin' ny fikarohana momba ny ''Mahābhārata''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.virtualpune.com/html/channel/edu/institutes/html/bhandark.shtml Bhandarkar Institute, Pune] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181019070605/http://www.virtualpune.com/html/channel/edu/institutes/html/bhandark.shtml tahiry tamin' ny 19 October 2018]—Virtual Pune&lt;/ref&gt; Indraindray io fanontana ny ''Mahābhārata'' io dia antsoina hoe fanontana «Pune» na «Poona».

=== Literatiora nipoitra avy aminy ===
[[File: Wayang Wong Bharata Pandawa.jpg|thumb|Ireo Pandava sy [[Krishna|Krishna]] ao amin' ny ampahany iray amin' ny fampisehoana javanezy ''wayang wong'']]
Nanoratra tantara an-tsehatra roa mifototra amin' ny fizaran-tantara ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' i Bhasa, mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra amin' ny teny sanskrita tamin' ny taonjato faha-2 na faha-3 taor. J.K. Ny ''Urubhanga'' (''Broken Thigh'', izany hoe « Fe tapaka ») dia momba ny ady nifanaovan' i Duryodhana sy Bhima, fa ny ''Madhyamavyayoga'' (''The Middle One'', izany hoe « Ilay eo afovoany ») kosa dia mifantoka amin' i Bhima sy i Ghatotkacha zanany lahy. Ny ''Kakawin Bharatayuddha'' dia fampifanarahana amin' ny endrika tononkalo avy amin' ny lovantsofina javanezy momba ny ''Kawi Mahabharata''.

Anisan' ireo tantara an-tsehatra tamin' ny taonjato faha-20 nipoitra avy amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' ny ''Andha Yug'' (''The Blind Epoch'', izany hoe « Ny vanim-potoana jamba »), nosoratan' i Dharamvir Bharati ary nivoaka tamin' ny 1955. Tao amin' ny ''Mahabharat'' no nahitan' io sanganasa io sady loharano nifanaraka tsara taminy no fomba hanehoana ny toe-javatra sarotra sy ny tsy fahafaham-po amin' ny vanim-potoana môderina. Maro ny mpampaka an-tsehatra nampiseho azy, nanomboka tamin' i Ebrahim Alkazi. Ny ''Yayati'' (1960), tantara foronina amin' ny teny maraty nosoratan' i V. S. Khandekar, sy ny ''Yayati'' (1961), tantara an-tsehatra voalohany nosoratan' i Girish Karnad, dia samy mifototra amin' ny tantaran' i Yayati mpanjaka ao amin' ny ''Mahabharat''.&lt;ref&gt;Don Rubin. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-MUiXjMUl34C&amp;pg=PA219 ''The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia'']. Taylor &amp; Francis. 1998. p.: 195. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-05933-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 30 May 2020. datin' ny tahiry: 7 September 2023. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124734/https://books.google.com/books?id=-MUiXjMUl34C&amp;pg=PA219 rohy tahiry voarakitra]. ref: Ru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanoratra tantara an-tsehatra telo izay ao amin' ny tontolon' ny ''Mahabharat'' no isehoan' ny tantarany i Buddhadeva Bose, mpanoratra bengaly sady mpanoratra tantara an-tsehatra: ny ''Anamni Angana'', ny ''Pratham Partha'' ary ny ''Kalsandhya''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.boloji.com/hinduism/084.htm The Mahabharata as Theatre] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100114220734/http://boloji.com/hinduism/084.htm tahiry tamin' ny 14 January 2010] by Pradip Bhattacharya, 13 June 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 1984, nanoratra ny tantara foronina ''Yajnaseni'', izay nahazo ny loka Moortidevi, i Pratibha Ray, ka tamin' ny fomba fijerin' i Draupadi no nitantarany azy. Tatỳ aoriana, tamin' ny 2008, nanoratra tantara foronina mitovy fomba amin' izany i Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, izay mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''The Palace of Illusions: A Novel''. Nanoratra ny ''Bahuk'', tononkalo fitantarana lava mifototra amin' i Bahuka, ilay mpilalao ao amin' ny tantara, i Chinu Modi, pôeta gojaraty.&lt;ref name=&quot;bk&quot;&gt;Topiwala, Chandrakant. ''Bahuk''. Gujarati Sahitya Parishad. Ahmedabad. 1990. boky: 2. pp.: 394. fiteny: gu. encyclopedia: Gujarati Sahityakosh (Encyclopedia of Gujarati Literature).&lt;/ref&gt;
Nanoratra tantara foronina maromaro izay mitantara indray ilay tononkalo fitantarana amin' ny fomba môderina i Krishna Udayasankar, mpanoratra indiana monina any Singaporo, ka anisan' izany indrindra ny andian-tantara ''Aryavarta Chronicles Series''. Nanoratra tantara an-tsehatra ho an' ny mpilalao tokana mifototra amin' ny tantara foronin' i Ray i [[Suman Pokhrel|Suman Pokhrel]], ka nampifantoka ny tantara tamin' i Draupadi sy nametraka azy irery teo an-tsehatra.

Namoaka dikan' ny ''Mahabharata'' amin' ny endrika tantara an-tsary mirefy 1 260 pejy ny ''Amar Chitra Katha'' (orinasa mpamoaka boky).&lt;ref name=&quot;Amar Chitra Katha Mahabharata&quot;&gt;Pai, Anant. ''Amar Chitra Katha Mahabharata''. Amar Chitra Katha. Mumbai. 1998. p.: 1200. mpamoaka: Pai, Anant. fanampim-baovao: Kadam, Dilip (illus.). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-905990-4-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sarimihetsika sy fahitalavitra ===
[[File:FullPagadeYakshagana.jpg|right|thumb|Krishna araka ny fampisehoana azy ao amin' ny ''Yakshagana'' avy any [[Karnataka]], izay mifototra indrindra amin' ny tantara ao amin' ny ''Mahabharata'']]

Ao amin' ny sinema indiana, dia efa nisy dika maromaro natao sarimihetsika avy amin' ilay tononkalo fitantarana, nanomboka tamin' ny 1920. Nomen' i [[Shyam Benegal]] fandikana vaovao koa ny ''Mahābhārata'' tao amin' ny ''Kalyug''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011700990100.htm ''What makes Shyam special'']. Hinduonnet.com. 17 January 2003. datin' ny tahiry: 12 January 2011. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: usurped. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110112210119/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011700990100.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Nahazo aingam-panahy ampahany avy amin' ny ''Mahabharata'' ny sarimihetsika ''Raajneeti'' tamin' ny 2010, izay notarihin' i Prakash Jha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Raajneeti Controversy&quot;&gt;Kumar, Anuj. [http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article439799.ece ''Fact of the matter'']. ''The Hindu''. 27 May 2010. daty nijerena voarakitra: 11 August 2013. datin' ny tahiry: 30 March 2014. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140330142142/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article439799.ece rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Ny dika natao sarimiaina tamin' ny 2013 no sarimiaina nahitana ny fandaniana be indrindra tamin' ny famokarana azy tao India.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mahabharat-theatrical-trailer-animated-film-112591.html ''Mahabharat: Theatrical Trailer (Animated Film)'']. 19 November 2013. daty nijerena voarakitra: 16 December 2013. datin' ny tahiry: 17 December 2013. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131217000203/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mahabharat-theatrical-trailer-animated-film-112591.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny 1988, dia namorona andian-tantara ho an' ny fahitalavitra mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Mahabharat'' i B. R. Chopra. I Ravi Chopra no nitarika azy,&lt;ref name=&quot;TV&quot;&gt;[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0158417/ ''Mahabharat''], IMDb (tahiry an-tserasera momba ny sarimihetsika). (1988–1990 TV series)&lt;/ref&gt; ary nalefa tao amin' ny fahitalavi-pirenena indiana (Doordarshan) izany. Tamin' ilay taona nandefasana ny ''Mahabharat'' tao amin' ny Doordarshan ihany, dia nampiseho famintinana ny ''Mahabharata'' tamin' ny fizarana roa ny ''Bharat Ek Khoj'', fandaharana iray hafa an' io orinasa io, izay notarihin' i Shyam Benegal koa. Nifototra tamin' ny fandikana samihafa an' ilay sanganasa izy io, na tamin' ny alalan' ny hira, na dihy, na fampisehoana an-tsehatra. Any amin' ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]], dia anisan' ny fampisehoana fantatra momba ilay tononkalo fitantarana ny tantara an-tsehatra maharitra sivy ora nataon' i [[Peter Brook]], izay naseho voalohany tany Avignon tamin' ny 1985, sy ny dikany natao sarimihetsika maharitra dimy ora, ''The Mahābhārata''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0097810/ ''The Mahabharata''], IMDb (tahiry an-tserasera momba ny sarimihetsika). (1989 mini-series).&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny faramparan' ny 2013, dia nalefa tao amin' ny fantsona STAR Plus ny ''Mahabharat''. Ny ''Swastik Productions Pvt.'' (orinasa mpamokatra) no namokatra azy.

Nisy andian-tantara tao amin' ny Zee TV (fahitalavitra Zee) nalefa nanomboka ny 26 Ôktôbra 2001 ka hatramin' ny 26 Jolay 2002, ka i Siraj Mustafa Khan no nilalao an' i [[Krishna]], ary i Suneel Mattoo no nilalao an' i Yudhishthira.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.exchange4media.com/international-news/zee-tv-to-launch-two-mythological-serials-4627.html ''Zee TV to launch two mythological serials'']. 2001-12-25. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2022-06-24. tranonkala: Exchange4Media Dot Com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020113/spectrum/tv.htm ''Good Lord!'']. 2002-01-13. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2022-07-02. tranonkala: Tribune India Dot Com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanjay-khan-excited-about-maha-kavya-mahabharat/articleshow/1632627753.cms ''Sanjay Khan excited about Maha Kavya Mahabharat'']. 2001-10-21. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2022-07-02. tranonkala: Times Of India Dot Com.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan' ny tetikasa momba ny ''Mahābhārata'' tsy vita ny iray nataon' i Rajkumar Santoshi,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2003/feb/24/news1 ''In brief: Mahabharat will be most expensive Indian movie ever'']. ''The Guardian''. 24 February 2003. daty nijerena voarakitra: 12 December 2016. datin' ny tahiry: 26 March 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170326140711/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2003/feb/24/news1 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; sy ny fampifanarahana nokasain' i [[Satyajit Ray]].&lt;ref&gt;C. J. Wallia. [http://www.indiastar.com/satyajitray.html ''IndiaStar book review: Satyajit Ray by Surabhi Banerjee'']. 1996. daty nijerena voarakitra: 31 May 2009. datin' ny tahiry: 14 May 2008. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080514050120/http://www.indiastar.com/satyajitray.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fampifanarahana hafa ===
Nampifanarahan' ny BBC (Orinasa Britanika misahana ny Fampielezam-peo sy Fahitalavitra) ho tantara an-tsehatra amin' ny onjam-peo mizara sivy ny ''Mahābhārata'', ka nomena ny lohateny hoe ''Mahabharata Now''. Natao hitranga ao India amin' ny vanim-potoana ankehitriny ny tantara. Noho izany, mifantoka kokoa amin' ny hoavin' ny orinasa goavana mampivondrona orinasa maro misahana sehatra samihafa ny fizotry ny tantara, fa tsy dia amin' ny hoavin' ny fanjakana iray manontolo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0014fxp ''BBC Radio 4 - Mahabharata Now, Episode 1: Dance of Dice'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 7 June 2026. tranonkala: BBC.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ao amin' ny kolontsain' ny vahoaka ===
Isan-taona, ao amin' ny faritr' i Garhwal any [[Uttarakhand]], dia manao ny ''Pandav Lila'' ny mponina an-tanàna. Famerenana an-tsehatra ireo ampahan-tantara ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' atao ho fombafomba izany, amin' ny alalan' ny dihy, hira ary fitanisana am-bava. Anisan' ny fotoana lehibe eo amin' ny fiainana ara-kolontsaina mandritra ny taona io ''lila'' io, ary matetika atao eo anelanelan' ny volana Novambra sy Febroary. Ny zavamaneno nentin-drazana ao amin' ilay faritra, dia ny ''dhol'', ny ''damau'' ary trompetra lava roa antsoina hoe ''bhankore'', no manaraka ny fampisehoana. Matetika ireo mpilalao tsy matihanina no mandihy tampoka, tsy nomanina, rehefa heverina, araka ny finoana ao amin' io fombafomba io, fa itoeran' ny fanahin' ireo olona ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' izy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Sax, William Sturman. ''Dancing the Self: Personhood and Performance in the Pāṇḍava Līlā of Garhwal''. Oxford University Press. 2002. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780195139150&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dikan-teny jaina ===
Fanazavana fanampiny: ''Salakapurusa''.

[[File: Neminath Wedding.JPG|thumb|Sary maneho ny filaharam-panambadian' i Neminatha. Ao amin' ilay vala ireo biby hovonoina mba hatao sakafo amin' ny fampakaram-bady. Araka ny fitantarana jaina, dia nangoraka mafy ireo biby i Neminatha ka nandà ny hanambady ary nahafoy ny fanjakany mba ho tonga ''Shramana'', olona miala amin' ny fiainana an' izao tontolo izao ka manokan-tena amin' ny fiainana ara-panahy.]]

Ankoatra ny ''Vikramarjuna Vijaya'', izay hany sanganasa jaina amin' ny teny kanada mampifanaraka ny ''Mahābhārata'' manontolo amin' ny tontolo eo an-toerana, dia hita ao amin' ireo lahatsoratra jaina samihafa amin' ny teny sanskrita ireo dika [[Jainisma|jaina]] be mpahalala amin' ny ''Mahābhārata''. Anisan' izany ny ''Harivamsapurana'' (ny tantaran' ny ''Harivamsa''), ny ''Trisastisalakapurusa Caritra'' (tantaram-piainana ara-pivavahan' ny olona miavaka 63), ny ''Pandavacharitra'' (ny fiainan' ireo Pandava) ary ny ''Pandavapurana'' (ny tantaran' ireo Pandava).&lt;ref&gt;Jaini, Padmanabh. ''Collected Papers on Jaina Studies''. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. Delhi. 2000. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-208-1691-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p. 351-52&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ireo soratra tranainy kokoa eken' ny fivavahana ho anisan' ny boky masina, ny ''Antakrddaaśāh'' (ny boky fahavalo ao amin' izany fitambaran-tsoratra izany) sy ny ''Vrisnidasa'' (''upangagama'', na fitambaran-tsoratra masina fanampiny) dia mirakitra ny tantaran' i Neminatha, ilay [[Tirthankara|''Tirthankara'']] faha-22, izany hoe mpampianatra ara-panahy jaina, sy ny an' i Krishna ary Balarama.&lt;ref&gt;Shah, Natubhai. ''Jainism: The World of Conquerors''. Sussex Academy Press. Sussex. 1998. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-898723-30-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. series: Volume I and II.  vol 1 pp. 14–15&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny fanamarihan' ny profesora Padmanabh Jaini, dia tsy voatokana ho an' i Balarama sy Krishna ny anarana hoe ''Baladeva'' sy ''Vasudeva'' ao amin' ireo ''Purana'' jaina, fa tsy toy izany ny ao amin' ireo ''Purana'' hindoa. Anarana iantsoana sokajy roa samy hafa amin' ireo mpirahalahy mahery kosa ireo. Araka ny fampianarana jaina momba ny firafitra sy ny tsingerin' izao rehetra izao, dia miseho insivy ireo mpirahalahy ireo isaky ny antsasaky ny tsingerin' ny fotoana, ary manjaka amin' ny antsasaky ny tany amin' ny maha-''half-chakravartin'' azy, izany hoe mpanjaka manjaka amin' ny antsasaky ny tany. Araka ny voalazan' i Jaini, dia avy amin' ny ''Jinacharitra'' nosoratan' i Bhadrabahu ''swami'' (taonjato faha-4–faha-3 tal. J.K.) no niandohan' io lisitry ny mpirahalahy io; anaram-boninahitra ara-pivavahana ny hoe ''swami''.&lt;ref&gt;Jaini, Padmanabh. ''Collected Papers on Jaina Studies''. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. Delhi. 2000. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-208-1691-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p. 377&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny fampianarana jaina momba izao rehetra izao, i Balarama sy Krishna ary Jarasandha no vondrona fahasivy sady farany: i Balarama no ''Baladeva'', i Krishna no ''Vasudeva'', ary i Jarasandha no ''Prativasudeva'', ilay mpifanandrina amin' ny ''Vasudeva''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaini 1998&quot;&gt;Jaini, Padmanabh. ''The Jaina Path of Purification''. Motilal Banarsidass. New Delhi. 1998. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-208-1578-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p.305&lt;/ref&gt;

Ao amin' io dika jaina io, tsy ny ady ao amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' no ady lehibe indrindra, fa ny fifandonan' i Krishna sy Jarasandha. I Krishna no mamono an' i Jarasandha, satria ao amin' ireo fitantarana ireo dia ny ''Vasudeva'' no mamono ny ''Prativasudeva''. Amin' ny farany, ireo Pandava sy Balarama dia mahafoy ny fiainana an' izao tontolo izao ka lasa moanina jaina, ary voalazan' ny fitantarana fa ateraka indray any amin' ireo lanitra izy ireo, fa i Krishna sy Jarasandha kosa ateraka indray any amin' ny helo.&lt;ref&gt;Jaini, Padmanabh. ''Collected Papers on Jaina Studies''. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. Delhi. 2000. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-208-1691-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. p. 351&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny lalàn' ny ''karma'' ao amin' ny finoana jaina, na ny lalàn' ny vokatry ny asa atao, dia noho ny nataony teo amin' ny firaisana ara-nofo sy ny herisetra no ilazan' io fitantarana io fa ateraka indray any amin' ny helo i Krishna; noho ny fitondran-tenany ratsy kosa no ilazany izany momba an' i Jarasandha. Ny profesora Jaini dia manolotra ny mety ho fanazavana fa naniry hanatsara indray ny endrika anehoany an' i Krishna ireo mpanoratra jaina, angamba noho ny lazany. Maminany ireo lahatsoratra jaina fa rehefa tapitra ny fe-potoana hijanonany any amin' ny helo noho ny ''karma'', amin' ny fotoana iray mandritra ny antsasaky ny tsingerina manaraka, dia hateraka indray ho [[Tirthankara|''Tirthankara'']] jaina i Krishna ary hahazo ny fanafahana amin' ny tsingerin' ny fahaterahana indray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaini 1998&quot;/&gt;

Asehon' ireo fitantarana ho niara-belona tamin' i Neminatha, ilay ''Tirthankara'' faha-22, sady zanak' olo-mpiray tam-po aminy i Krishna sy Balarama.&lt;ref&gt;Roy, Ashim Kumar. ''A history of the Jainas''. Gitanjali Pub. House. New Delhi. 1984. p.: 20. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8364-1136-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC: 11604851.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka io tantara io, i Krishna no nandamina ny fanambadian' i Neminath tanora tamin' i Rajemati, zanakavavin' i Ugrasena. Nangoraka ireo biby hovonoina hanaovana ny sakafon' ny fampakaram-bady anefa i Neminatha, ka nandao tampoka ny filaharana ary nahafoy ny fiainana an' izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref&gt;Helen, Johnson. ''Trisastiśalākāpurusacaritra of Hemacandra: The Jain Saga''. Oriental Institute. Baroda. 2009. boky: Part II. mpamoaka: Muni Samvegayashvijay Maharaj. fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-81-908157-0-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. orig-year: 1931. refer story of Neminatha&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Devdutt 2017&quot;&gt;Devdutt Pattanaik. [http://devdutt.com/articles/indian-mythology/mahabharata/differentnarrations.html ''How different are the Jain Ramayana and Jain Mahabharata from Hindu narrations?'']. 2 March 2017. daty nijerena voarakitra: 22 March 2017. datin' ny tahiry: 7 March 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: Devdutt. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170307111548/http://devdutt.com/articles/indian-mythology/mahabharata/differentnarrations.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tetiaran' ny fianakaviana Kuru ==

Ity tetiaran' ny fianakaviana Kuru ity dia mampiseho ny fifandimbiasana eo amin' ny fanjakana sy ny fianakaviana ao amin' ny fitantarana, fa tsy voatery manondro izay ray aman-dreny niteraka ny olona tsirairay. Hazavain' ireo fanamarihana etsy ambany ny antsipiriany.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Ny tsipika fifandimbiasana hatramin' i Shāntanu
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Filaharana
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Anarana
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Lahy na vavy
|-
| 1
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Kuru&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-a|a]]&lt;/sup&gt;
| Lehilahy
|-
| 2
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Anasawan&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-a|a]]&lt;/sup&gt;
| Lehilahy
|-
| 3
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Bheemasena(1)&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-a|a]]&lt;/sup&gt;
| Lehilahy
|-
| 4
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Pratisravas&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-a|a]]&lt;/sup&gt;
| Lehilahy
|-
| 5
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Pratipa&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-a|a]]&lt;/sup&gt;
| Lehilahy
|-
| 6
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Shāntanu&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-a|a]]&lt;/sup&gt;
| Lehilahy
|}

Tsy midika ho fifandraisana mivantana eo amin' ny ray sy ny zanaka ny fifanarakarahan' ireo anarana ao amin' io tsipika io.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Fanambadiana, taranaka ary fifandraisana ao amin' ny fianakaviana
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Olona mifandray
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Fifandraisana sy taranaka aseho
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Shāntanu sy Gangā (vehivavy)
| Nivady izy ireo ary niteraka an' i Bhishma (lehilahy). Bhishma no eo amin' io sampana io.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Shāntanu sy Satyavati (vehivavy)
| Nivady izy ireo ary niteraka an' i Chitrāngada sy Vichitravirya (samy lehilahy).
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Satyavati sy Pārāshara (lehilahy)
| Niaraka izy ireo ary niteraka an' i [[Vyāsa|Vyasa]] (lehilahy).
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Vichitravirya sy Ambikā ary Ambālikā (samy vehivavy)
| Vadin' i Vichitravirya izy mirahavavy. Mifandray amin' i Dhritarāshtra sy Pāndu (samy lehilahy)&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-b|b]]&lt;/sup&gt; ny sampan' i Vichitravirya ao amin' ny tetiarana, saingy i Vyasa no niteraka azy ireo: i Ambikā no renin' i Dhritarāshtra, ary i Ambālikā no renin' i Pāndu.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Dhritarāshtra sy Gāndhāri (vehivavy)
| Nivady izy ireo. Ny zanany aseho ao amin' ny tetiarana dia i Duryodhana (lehilahy)&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-e|e]]&lt;/sup&gt;, i Dussalā (vehivavy), i Dushāsana (lehilahy), ary zanakalahy 98 hafa. Anisan' ny Kaurava izy ireo.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Gāndhāri sy Shakuni (lehilahy)
| Anadahin' i Gāndhāri i Shakuni.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Surya]] (lehilahy; ''Deva'', na andriamanitra) sy Kunti (vehivavy)
| Teraka tamin' i Kunti i Karna (lehilahy)&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-c|c]]&lt;/sup&gt; rehefa niantso an' i Surya izy. Tsy fanambadiana no asehon' io fifandraisana io.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Pāndu sy Kunti
| Nivady izy ireo. I Yudhishthira&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-d|d]]&lt;/sup&gt;, i Bhima&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-d|d]]&lt;/sup&gt; ary i Arjuna&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-d|d]]&lt;/sup&gt; (samy lehilahy) no zanaka ekena ho an' i Pāndu ao amin' io sampana io; teraka tamin' ny fiantsoan' i Kunti andriamanitra izy ireo. Anisan' ny Pandava izy ireo.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Pāndu sy Mādri (vehivavy)
| Nivady izy ireo. I Nakula&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-d|d]]&lt;/sup&gt; sy Sahadeva&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-d|d]]&lt;/sup&gt; (samy lehilahy) no zanaka ekena ho an' i Pāndu ao amin' io sampana io; teraka tamin' ny fiantsoan' i Mādri andriamanitra izy ireo. Anisan' ny Pandava izy ireo.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Arjuna sy Subhadrā (vehivavy)
| Nivady izy ireo ary niteraka an' i Abhimanyu (lehilahy)&lt;sup&gt;[[#Kuru-note-f|f]]&lt;/sup&gt;.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Abhimanyu sy Uttarā (vehivavy)
| Nivady izy ireo ary niteraka an' i Parikshit (lehilahy).
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Parikshit sy Madravti (vehivavy)
| Nivady izy ireo ary niteraka an' i Janamejaya (lehilahy).
|}

=== Fanamarihana momba ny tetiarana ===

* &lt;span id=&quot;Kuru-note-a&quot;&gt;'''a'''.&lt;/span&gt; Mpanjakan' ny tarana-mpanjaka na ny fanjakana Kuru i Shantanu. Taranaka maromaro no nanasaraka azy tamin' izay razambe nantsoina hoe Kuru. Ny fanambadiany tamin' i Ganga dia nialoha ny fanambadiany tamin' i Satyavati.
* &lt;span id=&quot;Kuru-note-b&quot;&gt;'''b'''.&lt;/span&gt; I [[Vyāsa|Vyasa]] no niteraka an' i Pandu sy Dhritarashtra araka ny fomba ''niyoga'' (eto, fomba hahazoan' ny vadin' ny lehilahy maty taranaka avy amin' ny lehilahy hafa), taorian' ny nahafatesan' i Vichitravirya. Zanakalahin' i Vyasa sy Ambika i Dhritarashtra; zanakalahin' i Vyasa sy Ambalika i Pandu; ary zanakalahin' i Vyasa sy mpanompovavy iray i Vidura.
* &lt;span id=&quot;Kuru-note-c&quot;&gt;'''c'''.&lt;/span&gt; Teraka tamin' i Kunti i Karna rehefa niantso an' i [[Surya]] izy, talohan' ny nanambadiany an' i Pandu.
* &lt;span id=&quot;Kuru-note-d&quot;&gt;'''d'''.&lt;/span&gt; Nekena ho zanakalahin' i Pandu i Yudhishthira sy Bhima sy Arjuna sy Nakula ary Sahadeva, saingy teraka tamin' ny fiantsoan' i Kunti sy Madri andriamanitra samy hafa izy ireo. Samy nanambady an' i Draupadi izy dimy lahy; tsy aseho ao amin' ny tetiarana i Draupadi.
* &lt;span id=&quot;Kuru-note-e&quot;&gt;'''e'''.&lt;/span&gt; Niara-teraka i Duryodhana sy ireo iray tam-po aminy, ary iray taranaka tamin' ireo Pandava izay zanak' olo-mpiray tam-po aminy izy ireo.
* &lt;span id=&quot;Kuru-note-f&quot;&gt;'''f'''.&lt;/span&gt; Na dia tamin' ny alalan' ny taranak' i Arjuna sy Subhadra aza no nitohizan' ny fifandimbiasana taorian' ny Pandava, dia i Yudhishthira sy Draupadi no nipetraka teo amin' ny seza fiandrianan' i Hastinapura taorian' ilay ady lehibe.

Ny filaharan' ny iray tam-po ao amin' ity tetiarana ity dia manaraka ny filaharan' ny nahaterahany, afa-tsy amin' i [[Vyāsa|Vyasa]] sy Bhishma, izay tsy voalaza hoe iza no teraka taloha. Teraka taorian' izy roa lahy kosa i Vichitravirya sy Chitrangada. Tsy naseho tao amin' ilay tetiarana fa mpirahavavy i Ambika sy Ambalika. Teraka taorian' i Karna sy Yudhishthira i Duryodhana, saingy talohan' ireo rahalahy Pandava sisa.

Mba hampazava ny tetiarana dia tsy naseho tao ny sasany amin' ny iray tam-po amin' ireo olona voatanisa. Anisan' izany i Vidura, izay iray ray amin' i Dhritarashtra sy Pandu nefa hafa reny.

== Fiantraikany ara-kolontsaina ==
Ao amin' ny ''Bhagavad Gita'', i [[Krishna]] dia manazava amin' i Arjuna ny adidiny amin' ny maha-mpiady sy zanak' andriana azy, ary mamelabelatra ireo filôzôfia samihafa mifandray amin' ny ''yoga''&lt;ref&gt;[http://yoga.about.com/od/bhagavadgita/a/thegita.htm ''Introduction to the Bhagavad Gita'']. Yoga.about.com. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 September 2010. datin' ny tahiry: 3 December 2010. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101203185714/http://yoga.about.com/od/bhagavadgita/a/thegita.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; sy ny ''Vedanta'', amin' ny alalan' ny ohatra sy fampitahana. Noho izany, dia matetika ny ''Gita'' no lazaina ho torolalana fohy momba ny filôzôfia hindoa, sady torolalana azo ampiharina eo amin' ny fiainana izay ahitana samirery ny fanazavana ilaina.&lt;ref&gt;Maharishi Mahesh Yogi; ''On the Bhagavad Gita: A New Translation and Commentary with Sanskrit Text'', chapters 1 to 6, Preface p. 9&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny vanim-potoana tatỳ aoriana, i [[Vivekananda|Swami Vivekananda]], i Subhas Chandra Bose, izay nantsoina tamin' ny anaram-boninahitra hoe ''Netaji'', i Bal Gangadhar Tilak, i [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]] ary olona maro hafa dia nampiasa ilay lahatsoratra mba hanampiana hanome aingam-panahy ny hetsika ho an' ny fahaleovantenan' i India.&lt;ref&gt;Stevenson, Robert W., &quot;Tilak and the Bhagavadgita's Doctrine of Karmayoga&quot;, in Minor, p. 44.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jordens, J. T. F., &quot;Gandhi and the Bhagavadgita&quot;, in Minor, p. 88.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanome aingam-panahy ny sanganasa maro amin' ny literatiora maoderina amin' ny [[Fiteny hindỳ|teny hindỳ]] koa izy io, toy ny ''Rashmirathi'' nosoratan' i Ramdhari Singh Dinkar. Fitantarana indray ny ''Mahābhārata'' io sanganasa io, ka i Karna sy ireo fifandirana atrehiny no ifantohany. Nosoratana tamin' ny 1952 izy io.

== Dikan-teny maoderina ==
Efa imbetsaka no nadika tamin' ny teny anglisy ny ''Mahābhārata''. Tsy feno ny dikan-teny sasany.

=== Dikan-teny anaty boky tokana ===

*Narasimhan, Chakravarthi V.. ''The Mahabharata''. Columbia University Press. 1997.
*Narayan, R.K.. ''The Mahabharata: A Shortened Modern Prose Version of the Indian Epic''. University of Chicago Press. 2016.
**Anisan' ny dikan-teny fohy indrindra amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' misy io.
*Sattar, Arshia. ''Mahabharata for Children''. Juggernaut Books. 2020.
**Misy sary natao ho an' ny ankizy io dikan-teny io.
*Satyamurti, Carole. ''Mahabharata: A Modern Retelling''. Norton. 2016.
**Fitantarana indray amin' ny endrika tononkalo io.
*Smith, John D.. ''The Mahabharata (Penguin Classics)''. Penguin. 2009.
**Nadika mivantana avy amin' ny teny sanskrita io dikan-teny io.

=== Dikan-teny anaty boky maromaro ===

*van Buitenen, J. A. B.; Fitzgerald, James. ''The Mahabharata''. University of Chicago Press. Chicago. 1973–2026.
**Ahitana fizarana maro amin' ny ''Mahābhārata'' io dikan-teny io. Mbola tsy feno izy io.
* Clay Sanskrit Library (2009), ''[https://claysanskritlibrary.org/volumes/about-mahabharata/ Mahabharata]''. New York University Press.
**Ahitana boky 15 nosoratan' ny mpandika teny samy hafa io dikan-teny io ary tsy feno.

=== Dikan-tenin' ny fizarana manokana ===
*Doniger, Wendy. [https://speakingtigerbooks.com/product/after-the-war-the-last-books-of-the-mahabharata ''After the War: The Last Books of the Mahabharata'']. Speaking Tiger. 2022.
*Johnson, W.J.. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0192823612 ''The Sauptikaparvan of the Mahabharata: The Massacre at Night (Oxford World's Classics)'']. Oxford University Press. 1999.

== Fanamarihana manazava ==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot; /&gt;

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Loharano ankapobeny ==
* Badrinath, Chaturvedi. ''The Mahābhārata: An Inquiry in the Human Condition'', New Delhi, Orient Longman (2006).
* Bandyopadhyaya, Jayantanuja (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=gwUF11NRyT4C Class and Religion in Ancient India]''. Anthem Press.
* Basham, A. L. (1954). ''The Wonder That Was India: A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before The Coming of the Muslims''. New York: Grove Press.
* Bhasin, R. V. ''Mahabharata'', navoakan' ny National Publications, India, 2007.
* J. Brockington. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C The Sanskrit Epics]'', Leiden (1998).
* van Buitenen, Johannes Adrianus Bernardus (1978). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wFtXBGNn0aUC The Mahābhārata]''. Boky miisa 3 (tsy vita manontolo ny fandikana sy ny famoahana azy noho ny nahafatesany). University of Chicago Press.
* Chaitanya, Krishna (K.K. Nair). ''The Mahabharata, A Literary Study'', Clarion Books, New Delhi 1985.
* Gupta, S. P. sy Ramachandran, K. S. (ed.). ''Mahabharata: myth and reality''. Agam Prakashan, New Delhi 1976.
* Hiltebeitel, Alf. ''The Ritual of Battle, Krishna in the Mahabharata'', SUNY Press, New York 1990.
* Hopkins, E. W. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hC1d-xN6nzoC The Great Epic of India]'', New York (1901).
* Jyotirmayananda, Swami. ''Mysticism of the Mahabharata'', Yoga Research Foundation, Miami 1993.
* Katz, Ruth Cecily ''Arjuna in the Mahabharata'', University of South Carolina Press, Columbia 1989.
* Keay, John (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Tarbo7OzEO8C India: A History]''. Grove Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8021-3797-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Majumdar, R. C. (1951). ''The History and Culture of the Indian People: (Volume 1) The Vedic Age''. London: George Allen &amp; Unwin Ltd.
* Lerner, Paule. ''Astrological Key in Mahabharata'', nadikan' i David White. Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi 1988.
* Mallory, J. P (2005). ''In Search of the Indo-Europeans''. Thames &amp; Hudson. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-500-27616-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Mehta, M. ''The problem of the double introduction to the Mahabharata'', JAOS 93 (1973), 547–550.
* Minkowski, C. Z. ''Janamehayas Sattra and Ritual Structure'', JAOS 109 (1989), 410–420.
* Minkowski, C. Z. ''Snakes, Sattras and the Mahabharata'', ao amin' ny ''Essays on the Mahabharata'', ed. A. Sharma, Leiden (1991), 384–400.
* Oldenberg, Hermann. ''Zur Geschichte der Altindischen Prosa'', Berlin (1917)
* Oberlies, Th. ''The Counsels of the Seer Narada: Ritual on and under the surface of the Mahabharata'', ao amin' ny ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-0tcQr3WzqsC New methods in the research of epic]'' (ed. H. L. C. Tristram), Freiburg (1998).
* Oldenberg, H. ''Das Mahabharata'', Göttingen (1922).
* [[Pāṇini]]. ''Ashtādhyāyī''. [http://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/chandravasu/book4.pdf Boky 4]. Nadikan' i Chandra Vasu. Benares, 1896. (amin' ny teny sanskrita sy anglisy)
* Pargiter, F. E. ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', London 1922. Naverin' ny Motilal Banarsidass navoaka tamin' ny 1997.
* Sattar, Arshia (transl.) (1996). ''The Rāmāyaṇa by Vālmīki''. Viking. p. 696. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-14-029866-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Sukthankar, Vishnu S. sy Shrimant Balasaheb Pant Pratinidhi (1933). ''The Mahabharata: for the first time critically edited''. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute.
* Sullivan, Bruce M. ''Seer of the Fifth Veda, Krsna Dvaipayana Vyasa in the Mahabharata'', Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi 1999.
* Sutton, Nicholas. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rFyUHC-ORp4C Religious Doctrines in the Mahabharata]'', Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi 2000.
* Utgikar, N. B. ''The mention of the Mahābhārata in the Ashvalayana Grhya Sutra'', ''Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference'', Poona (1919), vol. 2, Poona (1922), 46–61.
* Vaidya, R. V. ''A Study of Mahabharat; A Research'', Poona, A.V.G. Prakashan, 1967
* Witzel, Michael, ''Epics, Khilas and Puranas: Continuities and Ruptures'', ''Proceedings of the Third Dubrovnik International Conference on the Sanskrit Epics and Puranas'', ed. P. Koskiallio, Zagreb (2005), 21–80.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/महाभारतम् ''Mahabharata''] – Lahatsoratra tany am-boalohany mifandray amin' ity lahatsoratra ity, ao amin' ny Wikisource amin' ny teny sanskrita.
* [https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mahabharata Teny nalaina mifandray amin' ny ''Mahabharata''] ao amin' ny Wikiquote amin' ny teny anglisy.
* [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Mahabharat ''The Mahabharat''] – Lahatsoratra tany am-boalohany mifandray amin' ity lahatsoratra ity, ao amin' ny Wikisource amin' ny teny anglisy.
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mahabharata Rakitra haino aman-jery mifandray amin' ny ''Mahabharata''] ao amin' ny Wikimedia Commons.
* [https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm Sacred-Texts: hindoisma] – Fandikana amin' ny teny anglisy ireo fizarana 18 (''parva'') amin' ny ''Mahabharata''.
* [http://mahabharata-resources.org/harivamsa/harivamsa-cs-index.html ''harivamsham – mahaabhaarat khila parva''] – Fandikana amin' ny teny anglisy ny fizarana ''Harivamsa'' amin' ny ''Mahabharata''.
* [https://bombay.indology.info/mahabharata/statement.html Lahatsoratra elektrônika amin' ny teny sanskrita an' ny ''Mahābhārata'', azo vakina an-tserasera] (nahazo alalana sy fankatoavana avy amin' ny BORI (Ivontoerana Bhandarkar momba ny fikarohana ny Tatsinanana)).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210302075556/http://www.holybooks.com/mahabharata-all-volumes-in-12-pdf-files/ Ireo boky rehetra ao anatin' ny rakitra 12 amin' ny endrika PDF (endrika rakitra mitahiry ny fisehon' ny antontan-taratasy)] (Holybooks.com, 181&amp;nbsp;MB ny fitambarany).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210302075559/http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Sanskrit_in_Classics_at_Brown/Mahabharata/MBh2Biblio.html#Poona Soso-kevitra momba izay hovakina, nataon' i J. L. Fitzgerald, mpampianatra sanskrita mitana ny toeran' ny profesora Das, ao amin' ny Departemantan' ny fianarana ny sivilizasiôna grika sy rômanina fahiny, ao amin' ny ''Brown University'' (Oniversite Brown)].
* [https://sanskritdocuments.org/mirrors/mahabharata/mahabharata-bori.html Fanontana voakajy tamin' ny fandinihana sy fampitahana ireo dika, nomanin' ny manam-pahaizana ao amin' ny ''Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute'' (Ivontoerana Bhandarkar momba ny fikarohana ny Tatsinanana; BORI)].
* [https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Mahabharata+by+Vyasa:+The+epic+of+ancient+India+condensed+into+English+verse&amp;author=Dutt&amp;reader=&amp;keywords=&amp;genre_id=0&amp;status=all&amp;project_type=either&amp;recorded_language=&amp;sort_order=catalog_date&amp;search_page=1&amp;search_form=advanced ''The Mahabharata by Vyasa: The epic of ancient India condensed into English verse''] – Boky noraketina ho feo izay tsy voafehin' ny zon' ny mpamorona, ao amin' ny LibriVox.

[[:Sokajy:Boky]]</text>
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    <title>Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Dôlara amerikana</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>302624</id>
    <redirect title="Dôlara amerikana" />
    <revision>
      <id>1153355</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-08T14:56:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jagwar</username>
        <id>523</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nanova ny anaran'i [[Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Dôlara amerikana]] ho [[Dôlara amerikana]] i Jagwar</comment>
      <origin>1153355</origin>
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      <text bytes="33" sha1="90pza48iugoc71dm18ndfcqgrw31j67" xml:space="preserve">#FIHODINANA [[Dôlara amerikana]]</text>
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    <title>Iliady</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-08T14:58:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jagwar</username>
        <id>523</id>
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      <comment>Pejy fihodinana mankany [[Iliada]]</comment>
      <origin>1153358</origin>
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      <text bytes="22" sha1="95cm64ionzkiqx28gvfi53jzxx76vep" xml:space="preserve">#FIHODINANA [[iliada]]</text>
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    <title>Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Akileosy</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>1153363</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-08T15:08:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jagwar</username>
        <id>523</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nanova ny anaran'i [[Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Akileosy]] ho [[Akileosy]] i Jagwar</comment>
      <origin>1153363</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="24" sha1="0s8uwj7ytpeen4nw82438szkbz0sanp" xml:space="preserve">#FIHODINANA [[Akileosy]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fotsivony</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-08T18:46:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
      <origin>1153373</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="984" sha1="stzl63cfyfqeh85d7kuwljt65986hd4" xml:space="preserve">ny '''fotsivony''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Amaranthaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Caryophyllales]]), ''[[Asteraceae]]'' (filaharana [[Asterales]]), ''[[Lamiaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Lamiales]]) ary ''[[Salicaceae]]'' (filaharana  [[Malpighiales]]):

* ''[[Aerva javanica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Burn.f.) Juss.&lt;/small&gt; (''Amaranthaceae'') --  fotivolo, fotsivony, makosy, volompotsy
* ''[[Ageratum conyzoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''Asteraceae'') -- ahimaimbo, ahimembo, alonimpantsaka, anajazavavy, andranompatsaka, bemaimbo, fotsivony, hanitrimpantsaka, hanitrombalahy, timimbo, tinimbo, tsiafakanakandriana, tsiafakanandriana, tsifariparimaso 
* ''[[Clerodendrum hiulcum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Moldenke&lt;/small&gt; (''Lamiaceae'') --  antamba, fotsivony
* ''[[Homalium microphyllum]]'' var. ''delphinense'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; (''Salicaceae'') -- fotsivony, hazofotsy, nifinjaza, voanjoala

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Aerva]]''
* ''[[Ageratum]]''
* ''[[Clerodendrum]]''
* ''[[Homalium]]''</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Volafotsy (zavamaniry)</title>
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        <username>Thelezifor</username>
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      <comment>Zavamaniry samihafa mitovy anarana</comment>
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      <text bytes="1012" sha1="sstpjdmh7lbohbqzehznfo84ori57hs" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''volafotsy''' dia zavamaniry samihafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Amaranthaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Caryophyllales]]) sy ''[[Euphorbiaceae]]'' (filaharana [[Malpighiales]]):

* ''[[Aerva lanata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Juss. ex Schult.&lt;/small&gt; (''Amaranthaceae''); --  voalafotsy, volafotsy
* ''[[Croton argyrodaphne]]'' var. ''occidentalis'' &lt;small&gt;Leandri&lt;/small&gt;; (''Euphorbiaceae'') --  andriambolafotsy, jala, lazalaza
* ''[[Croton elaeagni]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;.; (''Euphorbiaceae'') -- andriambolafotsy, ndriambolamena, tifotifo, voalafotsy, volafotsikely, volafotsy
* ''[[Croton jennyanus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Gris ex Baill.&lt;/small&gt;; (''Euphorbiaceae'') -- kelibilo, silifotsy, somorokely, voalafotsy, volafotsy, vondrozanamadinidravina
* ''[[Croton lepidotus]]'' &lt;small&gt;A. DC.&lt;/small&gt;; (''Euphorbiaceae'') -- sily, sondafatra, talafoty, voalafotsy, volafotsy
* ''[[Croton salviformis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;. (''Euphorbiaceae'') -- aolilolo, voalafotsy, volafotsy

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Aerva]]''
* ''[[Croton]]''</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aerva javanica</title>
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        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
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      <comment>karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana Amaranthaceae</comment>
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      <text bytes="4039" sha1="g8u4vgruzjwubzyrzswfqzihen2y3j1" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Aerva tomentosa.JPG|vignette|369x369px|''Aerva javanica'']]
Ny '''''Aerva javanica''''' dia karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry]] [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Amaranthaceae]]''. Ny faritra niaviany dia ahitana ny ampahany be amin' i [[Afrika]] (anisan' izany i [[Madagasikara]]) ary ny faritra atsimo sy atsimo-andrefana amin' i [[Azia]]; lasa toy ny teratany sy maniry hoazy koa izy any amin' ny faritra avaratra amin' i [[Aostralia]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;''[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=101480 Aerva javanica]''&quot;, ''[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]''. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Notsiihina tamin' ny 10 Janoary 2018.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://florabase.dbca.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/2646 ''Aerva javanica'' (Burm.f.) Schult. Kapok Bush]&quot;. ''FloraBase''. Western Australian Herbarium. 14 August 2007. Notsidihina tamin' ny 27 Janoary 2017.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''fotivolo''', '''fotsivony''', '''makosy''' na '''volompotsy'''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;''[https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=aerva Aerva]''&quot;, ''tenymalagasy.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ''Aerva javanica'' &lt;small&gt;(Burm.f.) Schult.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiansa feno.

== Anarana hafa ==
Indreto koa ny anarana ara-tsiansa hafa nahafantarana ny ''Aerva javanica'':

* ''Achyranthes javanica'' &lt;small&gt;Pers.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Aerva tomentosa'' &lt;small&gt;Forssk&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Aerva persica'' &lt;small&gt;(Burm. f.) Merr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Aerva wallichii'' &lt;small&gt;Moq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Celosia lanata'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Iresine javanica'' &lt;small&gt;Burm.f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Iresine persica'' &lt;small&gt;Burm.f.&lt;/small&gt;

== Fampiasana ==
[[Sary:Aerva javanica Pilbara.jpg|vignette|''Aerva javanica'' any Pilbara ([[Aostralia]])]]
Manana faka lalina ity zavamaniry ity ka ampiasaina mba hihazonana ny nofon-tany any amin' ny faritra misy tany efitra rehefa ezahina haverina ho lonaka indray ny tany&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;L R Burdak (1982): ''Recent advances in desert afforestation'', Dehradun, p.&amp;#x20;66&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Azo ampiasaina ho kitay fandrehitra izy, sady sakafo ho an' ny [[osy]]. Ao anatin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana dia inoana fa afaka manasitrana aretina an-doha ny vihim-boany. Azo atao fanafody fanakotsanam-bava koa ilay zavamaniry mba hitsaboana ny fanaintainan' ny nify&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Muhammad Qasim Samejo; Shahabuddin Memon; Muhammad Iqbal Bhanger; Khalid Mohammed Khan (2011). &quot;Chemical Compositions of the Essential oil of ''Aerva javanica'' Leaves and Stems&quot;. Pak. J. Anal. Environ. Chem. 13 (1): 48–52. ISSN 1996-918X.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nanjary tafapetraka ho toa zavamaniry teratany any amin' ny faritra avaratra amin' i Aostralia ity zavamaniry ity, na dia avy any an-kafa aza tany am-boalohany. Ambolena sy ampiasain' ny mponina teratany any amin' ny firenena sasany ihany koa izy. Any [[Saikanosin' i Arabia|Arabia]], efa hatry ny ela no nanangonana ny felam-boniny matevina sy fotsy mba hatao tsentsin' ondana sy lafika malemy apetraka eo ambanin' ny lasely&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;M.A. Zahran &amp; A.J. Willis, The Vegetation of Egypt, Hong Kong 1992, pp. 187–188 ISBN 978-0-412-31510-7&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;James P. Mandaville, ''Bedouin Ethnobotany - Plant Concepts and Uses in a Desert Pastoral World'', University of Arizona Press 2011, p. 154, (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8165-2900-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin' izao fotoana izao dia mbola ampiasaina toy ny an' ny pamba (''[[Ceiba pentandra]]'') ny tsiraka malefaka ao aminy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Burndud (1990). ''Wanggalili; Yinjibarndi and Ngarluma Plants''. Juluwarlu Aboriginal Corporation. p. 17.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Celosia]]''
* ''[[Iresine]]''
* [[Fotsivony]]: ''[[Aerva javanica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Burn.f.) Juss.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Amaranthaceae]]''); ''[[Ageratum conyzoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Asteraceae]]''); ''[[Clerodendrum hiulcum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Moldenke&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Lamiaceae]]''); ''[[Homalium microphyllum]]'' var. ''delphinense'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Salicaceae]]'')

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>g8u4vgruzjwubzyrzswfqzihen2y3j1</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1153377</id>
      <parentid>1153375</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-08T19:24:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
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      <minor />
      <origin>1153377</origin>
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      <text bytes="4035" sha1="kl1oqdoj25vlogzvuglon9i7yiihr0y" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Aerva tomentosa.JPG|vignette|369x369px|''Aerva javanica'']]
Ny '''''Aerva javanica''''' dia karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry]] [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Amaranthaceae]]''. Ny faritra niaviany dia ahitana ny ampahany be amin' i [[Afrika]] (anisan' izany i [[Madagasikara]]) ary ny faritra atsimo sy atsimo-andrefana amin' i [[Azia]]; lasa toy ny teratany sy maniry hoazy koa izy any amin' ny faritra avaratra amin' i [[Aostralia]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;''[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=101480 Aerva javanica]''&quot;, ''[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]''. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Notsiihina tamin' ny 10 Janoary 2018.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://florabase.dbca.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/2646 ''Aerva javanica'' (Burm.f.) Schult. Kapok Bush]&quot;. ''FloraBase''. Western Australian Herbarium. 14 August 2007. Notsidihina tamin' ny 27 Janoary 2017.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''fotivolo''', '''fotsivony''', '''makosy''' na '''volompotsy'''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;''[https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=aerva Aerva]''&quot;, ''tenymalagasy.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ''Aerva javanica'' &lt;small&gt;(Burm.f.) Schult.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiansa feno.

== Anarana hafa ==
Indreto koa ny anarana ara-tsiansa hafa nahafantarana ny ''Aerva javanica'':

* ''Achyranthes javanica'' &lt;small&gt;Pers.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Aerva tomentosa'' &lt;small&gt;Forssk&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Aerva persica'' &lt;small&gt;(Burm. f.) Merr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Aerva wallichii'' &lt;small&gt;Moq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Celosia lanata'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Iresine javanica'' &lt;small&gt;Burm.f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Iresine persica'' &lt;small&gt;Burm.f.&lt;/small&gt;

== Fampiasana ==
[[Sary:Aerva javanica Pilbara.jpg|vignette|''Aerva javanica'' any Pilbara ([[Aostralia]])]]
Manana faka lalina ity zavamaniry ity ka ampiasaina mba hihazonana ny nofon-tany any amin' ny faritra misy tany efitra rehefa ezahina haverina ho lonaka indray ny tany&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;L R Burdak (1982): ''Recent advances in desert afforestation'', Dehradun, p.&amp;#x20;66&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Azo ampiasaina ho kitay fandrehitra izy, sady sakafo ho an' ny [[osy]]. Ao anatin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana dia inoana fa afaka manasitrana aretina an-doha ny vihim-boany. Azo atao fanafody fanakotsanam-bava koa ilay zavamaniry mba hitsaboana ny fanaintainan' ny nify&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Muhammad Qasim Samejo; Shahabuddin Memon; Muhammad Iqbal Bhanger; Khalid Mohammed Khan (2011). &quot;Chemical Compositions of the Essential oil of ''Aerva javanica'' Leaves and Stems&quot;. Pak. J. Anal. Environ. Chem. 13 (1): 48–52. ISSN 1996-918X.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nanjary tafapetraka ho toa zavamaniry teratany any amin' ny faritra avaratra amin' i Aostralia ity zavamaniry ity, na dia avy any an-kafa aza tany am-boalohany. Ambolena sy ampiasain' ny mponina teratany any amin' ny firenena sasany ihany koa izy. Any [[Saikanosin' i Arabia|Arabia]], efa hatry ny ela no nanangonana ny felam-boniny matevina sy fotsy mba hatao tsentsin' ondana sy lafika malemy apetraka eo ambanin' ny lasely&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;M.A. Zahran &amp; A.J. Willis, The Vegetation of Egypt, Hong Kong 1992, pp. 187–188 ISBN 978-0-412-31510-7&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;James P. Mandaville, ''Bedouin Ethnobotany - Plant Concepts and Uses in a Desert Pastoral World'', University of Arizona Press 2011, p. 154, (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8165-2900-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin' izao fotoana izao dia mbola ampiasaina toy ny an' ny pamba (''[[Ceiba pentandra]]'') ny tsiraka malefaka ao aminy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Burndud (1990). ''Wanggalili; Yinjibarndi and Ngarluma Plants''. Juluwarlu Aboriginal Corporation. p. 17.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Celosia]]''
* ''[[Iresine]]''
* [[Fotsivony]]: ''Aerva javanica'' &lt;small&gt;(Burn.f.) Juss.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Amaranthaceae]]''); ''[[Ageratum conyzoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Asteraceae]]''); ''[[Clerodendrum hiulcum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Moldenke&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Lamiaceae]]''); ''[[Homalium microphyllum]]'' var. ''delphinense'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Salicaceae]]'')

== Loharano ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153378</id>
      <parentid>1153377</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-08T19:26:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153378</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4067" sha1="m1n2a2tah3w9glpdfblphgv4f1soahm" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Aerva tomentosa.JPG|vignette|369x369px|''Aerva javanica'']]
Ny '''''Aerva javanica''''' dia karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry]] [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Amaranthaceae]]''. Ny faritra niaviany dia ahitana ny ampahany be amin' i [[Afrika]] (anisan' izany i [[Madagasikara]]) ary ny faritra atsimo sy atsimo-andrefana amin' i [[Azia]]; lasa toy ny teratany sy maniry hoazy koa izy any amin' ny faritra avaratra amin' i [[Aostralia]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;''[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=101480 Aerva javanica]''&quot;, ''[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]''. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Notsiihina tamin' ny 10 Janoary 2018.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://florabase.dbca.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/2646 ''Aerva javanica'' (Burm.f.) Schult. Kapok Bush]&quot;. ''FloraBase''. Western Australian Herbarium. 14 August 2007. Notsidihina tamin' ny 27 Janoary 2017.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''fotivolo''', '''fotsivony''', '''makosy''' na '''volompotsy'''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;''[https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=aerva Aerva]''&quot;, ''tenymalagasy.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ''Aerva javanica'' &lt;small&gt;(Burm.f.) Schult.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiansa feno.

== Anarana hafa ==
Indreto koa ny anarana ara-tsiansa hafa nahafantarana ny ''Aerva javanica'':

* ''Achyranthes javanica'' &lt;small&gt;Pers.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Aerva tomentosa'' &lt;small&gt;Forssk&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Aerva persica'' &lt;small&gt;(Burm. f.) Merr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Aerva wallichii'' &lt;small&gt;Moq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Celosia lanata'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Iresine javanica'' &lt;small&gt;Burm.f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Iresine persica'' &lt;small&gt;Burm.f.&lt;/small&gt;

== Fampiasana ==
[[Sary:Aerva javanica Pilbara.jpg|vignette|''Aerva javanica'' any Pilbara ([[Aostralia]])]]
Manana faka lalina ity zavamaniry ity ka ampiasaina mba hihazonana ny nofon-tany any amin' ny faritra misy tany efitra rehefa ezahina haverina ho lonaka indray ny tany&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;L R Burdak (1982): ''Recent advances in desert afforestation'', Dehradun, p.&amp;#x20;66&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Azo ampiasaina ho kitay fandrehitra izy, sady sakafo ho an' ny [[osy]]. Ao anatin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana dia inoana fa afaka manasitrana aretina an-doha ny vihim-boany. Azo atao fanafody fanakotsanam-bava koa ilay zavamaniry mba hitsaboana ny fanaintainan' ny nify&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Muhammad Qasim Samejo; Shahabuddin Memon; Muhammad Iqbal Bhanger; Khalid Mohammed Khan (2011). &quot;Chemical Compositions of the Essential oil of ''Aerva javanica'' Leaves and Stems&quot;. Pak. J. Anal. Environ. Chem. 13 (1): 48–52. ISSN 1996-918X.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nanjary tafapetraka ho toa zavamaniry teratany any amin' ny faritra avaratra amin' i Aostralia ity zavamaniry ity, na dia avy any an-kafa aza tany am-boalohany. Ambolena sy ampiasain' ny mponina teratany any amin' ny firenena sasany ihany koa izy. Any [[Saikanosin' i Arabia|Arabia]], efa hatry ny ela no nanangonana ny felam-boniny matevina sy fotsy mba hatao tsentsin' ondana sy lafika malemy apetraka eo ambanin' ny lasely&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;M.A. Zahran &amp; A.J. Willis, The Vegetation of Egypt, Hong Kong 1992, pp. 187–188&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-412-31510-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;James P. Mandaville, ''Bedouin Ethnobotany - Plant Concepts and Uses in a Desert Pastoral World'', University of Arizona Press 2011, p. 154, (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8165-2900-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin' izao fotoana izao dia mbola ampiasaina toy ny an' ny pamba (''[[Ceiba pentandra]]'') ny tsiraka malefaka ao aminy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Burndud (1990). ''Wanggalili; Yinjibarndi and Ngarluma Plants''. Juluwarlu Aboriginal Corporation. p. 17.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Celosia]]''
* ''[[Iresine]]''
* [[Fotsivony]]: ''Aerva javanica'' &lt;small&gt;(Burn.f.) Juss.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Amaranthaceae]]''); ''[[Ageratum conyzoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Asteraceae]]''); ''[[Clerodendrum hiulcum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Moldenke&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Lamiaceae]]''); ''[[Homalium microphyllum]]'' var. ''delphinense'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Salicaceae]]'')

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>m1n2a2tah3w9glpdfblphgv4f1soahm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153379</id>
      <parentid>1153378</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-08T19:32:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Famariparitana</comment>
      <origin>1153379</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4477" sha1="l0r6yuofuyq6vgores85mr7kipqs36j" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Aerva tomentosa.JPG|vignette|369x369px|''Aerva javanica'']]
Ny '''''Aerva javanica''''' dia karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry]] [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Amaranthaceae]]''. Ny faritra niaviany dia ahitana ny ampahany be amin' i [[Afrika]] (anisan' izany i [[Madagasikara]]) ary ny faritra atsimo sy atsimo-andrefana amin' i [[Azia]]; lasa toy ny teratany sy maniry hoazy koa izy any amin' ny faritra avaratra amin' i [[Aostralia]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;''[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=101480 Aerva javanica]''&quot;, ''[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]''. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Notsiihina tamin' ny 10 Janoary 2018.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://florabase.dbca.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/2646 ''Aerva javanica'' (Burm.f.) Schult. Kapok Bush]&quot;. ''FloraBase''. Western Australian Herbarium. 14 August 2007. Notsidihina tamin' ny 27 Janoary 2017.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''fotivolo''', '''fotsivony''', '''makosy''' na '''volompotsy'''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;''[https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=aerva Aerva]''&quot;, ''tenymalagasy.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ''Aerva javanica'' &lt;small&gt;(Burm.f.) Schult.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiansa feno.

== Anarana hafa ==
Indreto koa ny anarana ara-tsiansa hafa nahafantarana ny ''Aerva javanica'':

* ''Achyranthes javanica'' &lt;small&gt;Pers.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Aerva tomentosa'' &lt;small&gt;Forssk&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Aerva persica'' &lt;small&gt;(Burm. f.) Merr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Aerva wallichii'' &lt;small&gt;Moq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Celosia lanata'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Iresine javanica'' &lt;small&gt;Burm.f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Iresine persica'' &lt;small&gt;Burm.f.&lt;/small&gt;

== Famariparitana ==
[[Sary:Aerva javanica Pilbara.jpg|vignette|''Aerva javanica'' any Pilbara ([[Aostralia]])]]Ahitra ity zavamaniry ity, izay misy tahony maro ary minofon-kazo malefaka ny tahony ary manana ravina malalaka; matetika izy io dia mahitsy ary mitombo hatramin' ny 1,6 m eo ho eo. Any Aostralia Andrefana dia maniry amin' ny tany fasika indrindra eo amin' ny lalan-drano izy io. Mamony izy eo anelanelan' ny Janoary sy Oktobra. Entin' ny zavamaniry samy hafa ny vony lahy sy ny vony vavy.
== Fampiasana ==
Manana faka lalina ity zavamaniry ity ka ampiasaina mba hihazonana ny nofon-tany any amin' ny faritra misy tany efitra rehefa ezahina haverina ho lonaka indray ny tany&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;L R Burdak (1982): ''Recent advances in desert afforestation'', Dehradun, p.&amp;#x20;66&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Azo ampiasaina ho kitay fandrehitra izy, sady sakafo ho an' ny [[osy]]. Ao anatin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana dia inoana fa afaka manasitrana aretina an-doha ny vihim-boany. Azo atao fanafody fanakotsanam-bava koa ilay zavamaniry mba hitsaboana ny fanaintainan' ny nify&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Muhammad Qasim Samejo; Shahabuddin Memon; Muhammad Iqbal Bhanger; Khalid Mohammed Khan (2011). &quot;Chemical Compositions of the Essential oil of ''Aerva javanica'' Leaves and Stems&quot;. Pak. J. Anal. Environ. Chem. 13 (1): 48–52. ISSN 1996-918X.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nanjary tafapetraka ho toa zavamaniry teratany any amin' ny faritra avaratra amin' i Aostralia ity zavamaniry ity, na dia avy any an-kafa aza tany am-boalohany. Ambolena sy ampiasain' ny mponina teratany any amin' ny firenena sasany ihany koa izy. Any [[Saikanosin' i Arabia|Arabia]], efa hatry ny ela no nanangonana ny felam-boniny matevina sy fotsy mba hatao tsentsin' ondana sy lafika malemy apetraka eo ambanin' ny lasely&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;M.A. Zahran &amp; A.J. Willis, The Vegetation of Egypt, Hong Kong 1992, pp. 187–188&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-412-31510-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;James P. Mandaville, ''Bedouin Ethnobotany - Plant Concepts and Uses in a Desert Pastoral World'', University of Arizona Press 2011, p. 154, (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8165-2900-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin' izao fotoana izao dia mbola ampiasaina toy ny an' ny pamba (''[[Ceiba pentandra]]'') ny tsiraka malefaka ao aminy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Burndud (1990). ''Wanggalili; Yinjibarndi and Ngarluma Plants''. Juluwarlu Aboriginal Corporation. p. 17.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Celosia]]''
* ''[[Iresine]]''
* [[Fotsivony]]: ''Aerva javanica'' &lt;small&gt;(Burn.f.) Juss.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Amaranthaceae]]''); ''[[Ageratum conyzoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Asteraceae]]''); ''[[Clerodendrum hiulcum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Moldenke&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Lamiaceae]]''); ''[[Homalium microphyllum]]'' var. ''delphinense'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Salicaceae]]'')

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>l0r6yuofuyq6vgores85mr7kipqs36j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153388</id>
      <parentid>1153379</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-08T21:13:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153388</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4499" sha1="no96jaz8zpq96hx96atodzh0xd0oslu" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Aerva tomentosa.JPG|vignette|369x369px|''Aerva javanica'']]
Ny '''''Aerva javanica''''' dia karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry]] [[Angiospermae|mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Amaranthaceae]]''. Ny faritra niaviany dia ahitana ny ampahany be amin' i [[Afrika]] (anisan' izany i [[Madagasikara]]) ary ny faritra atsimo sy atsimo-andrefana amin' i [[Azia]]; lasa toy ny teratany sy maniry hoazy koa izy any amin' ny faritra avaratra amin' i [[Aostralia]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;''[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=101480 Aerva javanica]''&quot;, ''[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]''. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Notsiihina tamin' ny 10 Janoary 2018.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://florabase.dbca.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/2646 ''Aerva javanica'' (Burm.f.) Schult. Kapok Bush]&quot;. ''FloraBase''. Western Australian Herbarium. 14 August 2007. Notsidihina tamin' ny 27 Janoary 2017.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''fotivolo''', '''fotsivony''', '''makosy''' na '''volompotsy'''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;''[https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=aerva Aerva]''&quot;, ''tenymalagasy.org''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ''Aerva javanica'' &lt;small&gt;(Burm.f.) Schult.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiansa feno.

== Anarana hafa ==
Indreto koa ny anarana ara-tsiansa hafa nahafantarana ny ''Aerva javanica'':

* ''Achyranthes javanica'' &lt;small&gt;Pers.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Aerva tomentosa'' &lt;small&gt;Forssk&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Aerva persica'' &lt;small&gt;(Burm. f.) Merr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Aerva wallichii'' &lt;small&gt;Moq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Celosia lanata'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Iresine javanica'' &lt;small&gt;Burm.f.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Iresine persica'' &lt;small&gt;Burm.f.&lt;/small&gt;

== Famariparitana ==
[[Sary:Aerva javanica Pilbara.jpg|vignette|''Aerva javanica'' any Pilbara ([[Aostralia]])]]Ahitra ity zavamaniry ity, izay misy tahony maro ary minofon-kazo malefaka ny tahony ary manana ravina malalaka; matetika izy io dia mahitsy ary mitombo hatramin' ny 1,6 m eo ho eo. Any Aostralia Andrefana dia maniry amin' ny tany fasika indrindra eo amin' ny lalan-drano izy io. Mamony izy eo anelanelan' ny Janoary sy Oktobra. Entin' ny zavamaniry samy hafa ny vony lahy sy ny vony vavy.
== Fampiasana ==
Manana faka lalina ity zavamaniry ity ka ampiasaina mba hihazonana ny nofon-tany any amin' ny faritra misy tany efitra rehefa ezahina haverina ho lonaka indray ny tany&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;L R Burdak (1982): ''Recent advances in desert afforestation'', Dehradun, p.&amp;#x20;66&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Azo ampiasaina ho kitay fandrehitra izy, sady sakafo ho an' ny [[osy]]. Ao anatin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana dia inoana fa afaka manasitrana aretina an-doha ny vihim-boany. Azo atao fanafody fanakotsanam-bava koa ilay zavamaniry mba hitsaboana ny fanaintainan' ny nify&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Muhammad Qasim Samejo; Shahabuddin Memon; Muhammad Iqbal Bhanger; Khalid Mohammed Khan (2011). &quot;Chemical Compositions of the Essential oil of ''Aerva javanica'' Leaves and Stems&quot;. Pak. J. Anal. Environ. Chem. 13 (1): 48–52. ISSN 1996-918X.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nanjary tafapetraka ho toa zavamaniry teratany any amin' ny faritra avaratra amin' i Aostralia ity zavamaniry ity, na dia avy any an-kafa aza tany am-boalohany. Ambolena sy ampiasain' ny mponina teratany any amin' ny firenena sasany ihany koa izy. Any [[Saikanosin' i Arabia|Arabia]], efa hatry ny ela no nanangonana ny felam-boniny matevina sy fotsy mba hatao tsentsin' ondana sy lafika malemy apetraka eo ambanin' ny lasely&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;M.A. Zahran &amp; A.J. Willis, The Vegetation of Egypt, Hong Kong 1992, pp. 187–188&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-412-31510-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;James P. Mandaville, ''Bedouin Ethnobotany - Plant Concepts and Uses in a Desert Pastoral World'', University of Arizona Press 2011, p. 154, (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8165-2900-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin' izao fotoana izao dia mbola ampiasaina toy ny an' ny pamba (''[[Ceiba pentandra]]'') ny tsiraka malefaka ao aminy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Burndud (1990). ''Wanggalili; Yinjibarndi and Ngarluma Plants''. Juluwarlu Aboriginal Corporation. p. 17.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Achyranthes]]''
* ''[[Celosia]]''
* ''[[Iresine]]''
* [[Fotsivony]]: ''Aerva javanica'' &lt;small&gt;(Burn.f.) Juss.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Amaranthaceae]]''); ''[[Ageratum conyzoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Asteraceae]]''); ''[[Clerodendrum hiulcum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Moldenke&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Lamiaceae]]''); ''[[Homalium microphyllum]]'' var. ''delphinense'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Salicaceae]]'')

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>no96jaz8zpq96hx96atodzh0xd0oslu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Albizia polyphylla</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302630</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153382</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-08T20:23:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karazan-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana Fabaceae</comment>
      <origin>1153382</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="525" sha1="5cte4izn6whdlp28lt83d2cjq19adt1" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Bonara mantsigny.jpg|vignette|''Albizia polyphylla'']]
Ny '''''Albizia polyphylla''''' dia karazan[[Angiospermae|-javamaniry mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', izay tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. ''Albizia polyphylla'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Anarana nahafantarana azy koa ny hoe ''Albizia suaresensis'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt; Anisan' ny anarana amin' ny teny malagasy ahafantarana azy ny hoe '''alomboro''' sy '''halomboro'''.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Albizia]]''</text>
      <sha1>5cte4izn6whdlp28lt83d2cjq19adt1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153384</id>
      <parentid>1153382</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-08T20:44:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy</comment>
      <origin>1153384</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1563" sha1="6tsb6xxtsxak5m3nv9du8mxtgdlit5q" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Bonara mantsigny.jpg|vignette|''Albizia polyphylla'']]
Ny '''''Albizia polyphylla''''' dia karazan[[Angiospermae|-javamaniry mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', izay tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. ''Albizia polyphylla'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Anarana nahafantarana azy koa ny hoe ''Albizia suaresensis'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt; Anisan' ny anarana amin' ny teny malagasy ahafantarana azy ny hoe '''alomboro''' sy '''halomboro'''.

== Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy ==
Indreto ny anaran' ny ''Albizia polyphylla''  amin' ny teny malagasy:

* alimboro
* alomboro
* fanaponga
* fandrianakanga
* halamboro
* halimbora
* halomboro
* halomborona
* hazomborona
* tsitohimbadimalay
* tsitohizambadimalaina
* tsitohizambadimalay
* tsitoizambadimalaina
* volomboro
* volomborona

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Albizia]]''

* [[Alomboro]]: ''[[Albizia bernieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;E. Fourn. ex Villiers&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia boinensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R. Vig.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia perrieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) R. Vig.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia tulearensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R. Vig.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]'')
* [[Halomboro]]: ''[[Albizia tulearensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt; ; ''[[Albizia bernieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn. ex Villiers&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]'').
* [[Volomboroña (zavamaniry)]]: ''[[Albizia adianthifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Schumann) W.Wight&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Albizia fastigiata'' &lt;small&gt;(E. Mey.) Oliv.&lt;/small&gt;; ''Albizia sassa'' &lt;small&gt;(Willd.) Chiov.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Albizia gummifera]]'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F. Gmel.) C.A. Sm.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]'').</text>
      <sha1>6tsb6xxtsxak5m3nv9du8mxtgdlit5q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153386</id>
      <parentid>1153384</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-08T20:52:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1153386</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1714" sha1="d03npql1w1cepe3ftoqccnciu8nbp1w" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Bonara mantsigny.jpg|vignette|''Albizia polyphylla'']]
Ny '''''Albizia polyphylla''''' dia karazan[[Angiospermae|-javamaniry mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Fabaceae]]'', izay tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. ''Albizia polyphylla'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn.&lt;/small&gt; no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Anarana nahafantarana azy koa ny hoe ''Albizia suaresensis'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt; Anisan' ny anarana amin' ny teny malagasy ahafantarana azy ny hoe '''alomboro''' sy '''halomboro'''.

== Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy ==
Indreto ny anaran' ny ''Albizia polyphylla''  amin' ny teny malagasy:

* alimboro
* alomboro
* fanaponga
* fandrianakanga
* halamboro
* halimbora
* halomboro
* halomborona
* hazomborona
* tsitohimbadimalay
* tsitohizambadimalaina
* tsitohizambadimalay
* tsitoizambadimalaina
* volomboro
* volomborona

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Albizia]]''
* [[Alomboro]]: ''[[Albizia bernieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;E. Fourn. ex Villiers&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia boinensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R. Vig.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia perrieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) R. Vig.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia polyphylla]]'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia tulearensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R. Vig.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]'')
* [[Halomboro]]: ''[[Albizia tulearensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;R.Vig.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia bernieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn. ex Villiers&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Albizia polyphylla]]'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]'')

* [[Volomborona (zavamaniry)]]: ''[[Albizia adianthifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Schumann) W.Wight&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Albizia fastigiata'' &lt;small&gt;(E. Mey.) Oliv.&lt;/small&gt;; ''Albizia sassa'' &lt;small&gt;(Willd.) Chiov.&lt;/small&gt;); ''[[Albizia gummifera]]'' &lt;small&gt;(J.F. Gmel.) C.A. Sm.&lt;/small&gt;;  ''[[Albizia polyphylla]]'' &lt;small&gt;E.Fourn&lt;/small&gt;. (''[[Fabaceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>d03npql1w1cepe3ftoqccnciu8nbp1w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Bot-Jagwar/Horohoron-tany</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>302631</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153390</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-08T23:15:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1379800890</comment>
      <origin>1153390</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="104343" sha1="4uth2y6139m21ke1as48d8b1boziwtt" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Quake epicenters 1963-98.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Eny amin' ny sisin' ny takelaka tektônika no misy ny ankamaroan' ireo teboka eny ambonin' ny tany mifanandrify mitsangana amin' ny foiben' ny horohoron-tany, indrindra fa ao amin' ny fehikibon' afo manodidina an' i Pasifika.]]

Ny '''horohoron-tany''' dia fihovitrovitry ny velaran' ny [[Tany]] vokatry ny famoahana angovo tampoka ao amin' ny litôsfera (sosona mafy ivelany amin' ny Tany), izay miteraka onja ateraky ny horohoron-tany. Antsoina hoe ''earthquake'', ''quake'', ''tremor'' na ''temblor'' izy amin' ny teny anglisy. Samy hafa ny hamafin' ny fihovitrovitra tsapa ateraky ny horohoron-tany: misy malemy loatra ka tsy tsapa, ary misy kosa mampihetsika ny tany amin-kery sy tampoka ka mahavita manipy zavatra sy olona eny amin' ny rivotra, manimba fotodrafitrasa tena ilaina, ary mandrava tanàn-dehibe manontolo. Ny fisehoan' ny horohoron-tany ao amin' ny faritra iray dia faritana amin' ny hatetiky ny horohoron-tany mitranga ao, ny karazany ary ny habeny mandritra ny fe-potoana iray. Ny taham-pamoahana angovo ateraky ny horohoron-tany eo amin' ny toerana iray ao amin' ny Tany kosa dia ny taham-pamoahana izany angovo izany amin' ny antsalany, isaky ny ventin-kadiry ao amin' io toerana io.

Amin' ny heviny ankapobeny indrindra, ny teny hoe horohoron-tany dia ilazana izay zava-mitranga rehetra miteraka onja ateraky ny horohoron-tany. Mety hitranga ho azy eo amin' ny natiora ny horohoron-tany, na mety hateraky ny asan' ny olombelona, toy ny fitrandrahana harena an-kibon' ny tany, ny famakiana vatolampy amin' ny tsiranoka atosika amin' ny tsindry avo ary ny fanandramana fitaovam-piadiana niokleary. Ny teboka iandohan' ny fahavakisana dia antsoina hoe foiben' ny fiandohan' ny vaky any anaty tany (''hypocenter'' na ''focus''), fa ny teboka eo ambonin' ny tany mifanandrify mitsangana aminy kosa no atao hoe ''epicenter''. Ny vaky misy fifindran' ny vatolampy amin' ny andaniny roa no tena mahatonga ny horohoron-tany, nefa mety hateraky ny asan' ny volkano, ny fihotsahan' ny tany ary ny zava-mitranga hafa miteraka onja toy izany koa izy.

Anisan' ny horohoron-tany lehibe teo amin' ny tantara ny horohoron-tany tao Tangshan tamin' ny 1976, tao amin' ny Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina, izay nahafaty olona 240 000–655 000, ary ny horohoron-tany tao Valdivia tamin' ny 1960, tao Silia, izay lehibe indrindra tamin' izay voarakitra hatramin' izay ka nahatratra 9,5 ny magnitiodany (refin' ny haben' ny horohoron-tany any amin' ny niandohany). Amin' ny toe-javatra sasany dia mety hiteraka vokatra isan-karazany ny horohoron-tany, toy ny fihovitrovitry ny tany sy ny fahaverezan' ny hamafin' ny tany vonton-drano ka itondrany tena toy ny ranoka, izay mety hiteraka fahasimbana lehibe sy fahafatesana indraindray. Rehefa any an-dranomasina ilay teboka eo ambonin' ny tany mifanandrify mitsangana amin' ny foiben' ny horohoron-tany lehibe iray, dia mety hifindra ampy hampisy tsonamy ny fanambanin' ny ranomasina. Mety hampisy fihotsahan' ny tany koa ny horohoron-tany. Misy fiantraikany amin' ny fitrangan' ny horohoron-tany ny fihetsehana tektônika manaraka ireo vaky, anisan' izany ny vaky idinan' ny vato eo ambonin' ny velaran' ny vaky, ny vaky iakaran' izany vato izany, ary ny vaky ifampisosa mitsivalana ny andaniny roa. Ny teôrian' ny fiverenan' ny vatolampy amin' ny endriny aorian' ny fitsotsorana tampoka no mamaritra ny fomba famoahana angovo sy ny fizotran' ny fahavakisana.

Ny ezaka hitantanana ny loza mety hateraky ny horohoron-tany dia ahitana ny fiezahana hamantatra mialoha ny fotoana sy ny toerana ary ny haben' izay hitranga, ny fanombanana ny mety hitrangany, ary ny fiomanana hiatrika azy. Tafiditra amin' izany ny fanamafisana ny rafitra efa misy mba hahatohitra horohoron-tany sy ny injenieria momba ny fiarovana amin' ny horohoron-tany, izay ampiasaina hamolavolana rafitra mahazaka fihovitrovitra. Hita amin' ny angano, ny finoana ara-pivavahana ary ny haino aman-jery maoderina ny akon' ny horohoron-tany eo amin' ny kolontsaina, ka maneho ny fiantraikany lalina eo amin' ny fiaraha-monin' ny olombelona izany. Efa nisy koa ny fandinihana zava-mitranga mitovy amin' izany, dia ny horohoron' ny tany ao amin' i Marsa sy ny horohoron' ny tany eny amin' ny Volana.

== Voambolana ==
Ny horohoron-tany dia fihovitrovitry ny velaran' ny [[Tany]] vokatry ny famotsorana angovo tampoka ao amin' ny litôsfera (sosona mafy ivelany amin' ny Tany), izay miteraka onja ateraky ny horohoron-tany. Amin' ny teny anglisy, dia azo antsoina koa hoe ''quakes'', ''tremors'', na ''temblors'' ny horohoron-tany. Ampiasaina koa anefa ny teny anglisy hoe ''tremor'' ilazana ny firohondrohon' ny tany izay tsy horohoron-tany.

Amin' ny heviny ankapobeny indrindra, ny hoe horohoron-tany dia izay rehetra mitranga ka miteraka onja mampihovitrovitra ny tany, na avy amin' ny zava-miseho voajanahary izany na vokatry ny asan' ny olombelona. Ny fahatapahan' ny vatolampy manaraka ny vaky misy fifindran' ny vatolampy amin' ny andaniny roa no tena mahatonga ny horohoron-tany, nefa mety ho vokatry ny zava-miseho hafa koa izany, toy ny asan' ny volkano, ny fihotsahan' ny tany, ny fanapoahana any amin' ny toeram-pitrandrahana, ny famakiana vatolampy amin' ny tsiranoka atsofoka amin' ny tsindry avo, ary ny fitsapana nokleary. Ny teboka iandohan' ny fahatapahana no antsoina hoe foiben' ny fiandohan' ny vaky any anaty tany (''hypocenter'' na ''focus'' amin' ny teny anglisy). Ny teboka eo ambonin' ny tany mifanandrify mitsangana amin' io foibe io kosa no atao hoe ''epicenter'' amin' ny teny anglisy.

Ny fisehoan' ny horohoron-tany ao amin' ny faritra iray dia faritana amin' ny hatetika sy ny karazana ary ny haben' ireo horohoron-tany mitranga ao anatin' ny fe-potoana iray. Ny refin' ny fihetsehan' ny tany (''seismicity'') amin' ny toerana iray ao amin' ny Tany dia ny salanisan' ny tahan' ny famoahana angovo ateraky ny fihetsehan' ny tany isaky ny ventin-kadiry.

== Ohatra lehibe ==
Jereo ny lisitry ny horohoron-tany.

[[File:Map of earthquakes 1900-.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Horohoron-tany manana magnitioda 6,0 na mihoatra, nanomboka tamin' ny 1900 ka hatramin' ny 2017.]]
[[File:USGS magnitude 8 earthquakes since 1900.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Horohoron-tany manana magnitioda 8,0 na mihoatra, nanomboka tamin' ny 1900 ka hatramin' ny 2018. Ny hadirin' ireo bola araka ny endriny aseho amin' ny refy telo dia mifandanja mivantana amin' ny isan' ny olona matin' ny horohoron-tany tsirairay.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-001&quot; /&gt;]]

Anisan' ny horohoron-tany nandrava indrindra teo amin' ny tantara voarakitra ny horohoron-tany tany Shaanxi tamin' ny 1556, izay nitranga tamin' ny 23 Janoary 1556 tany [[Shaanxi]], any Sina. Olona maherin' ny 100 000 no maty, ary nihena olona hatramin' ny 730 000 ny isan' ny mponina tao amin' ilay faritra taorian' izany noho ny fifindra-monina niala tao, ny pesta (na areti-mifindra mahery vaika, ''plague'' amin' ny teny anglisy), ary ny mosary.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-002&quot; /&gt; ''Yaodong'' ny ankamaroan' ny trano tao amin' ilay faritra, izany hoe fonenana nolavahana tao amin' ny tehezan-kavoana misy ''loess'', na antsanga madinika nentin' ny rivotra niavosa. Maro ny olona maty rehefa nirodana ireny fonenana ireny. Ny horohoron-tany tany Tangshan tamin' ny 1976, izay nahafatesana olona teo anelanelan' ny 240 000 sy 655 000, no horohoron-tany nahafaty olona betsaka indrindra tamin' ny taonjato faha-20.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-003&quot; /&gt;

Ny horohoron-tany tany Silia tamin' ny 1960 no lehibe indrindra tamin' ny horohoron-tany norefesina tamin' ny fitaovana fandraketana ny fihovitrovitry ny tany: nahatratra magnitioda 9,5 izy io tamin' ny 22 Mey 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;usgsfacts&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wp100414&quot; /&gt;&lt;!-- Tsy ahitana ny antontan' isa ao amin' ny efajoro amin' ny fanontana an-taratasy ilay URL; natao ho fampahafantarana ihany izy io. --&gt; Teo akaikin' i Cañete, any Silia, ny teboka teo ambonin' ny tany nifanandrify mitsangana tamin' ny foiben' ilay horohoron-tany. Tokony ho avo roa heny noho ny angovo navoakan' ny horohoron-tany faharoa mahery indrindra ny angovo navoakany. Izany faharoa izany dia ny horohoron-tany tamin' ny Zoma Masina (27 Martsa 1964), izay tany Prince William Sound, any Alaska, ny foibeny.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-004&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-005&quot; /&gt; Horohoron-tany amin' ny vaky lehibe iakaran' ny takelaka iray eo ambonin' ny iray hafa avokoa ireo horohoron-tany folo lehibe indrindra voarakitra. Amin' ireo folo ireo anefa, ny horohoron-tany tany amin' ny Ranomasimbe Indiana tamin' ny 2004 ihany no anisan' ny horohoron-tany nahafaty olona betsaka indrindra teo amin' ny tantara koa.

Na dia mahery aza ireo horohoron-tany nahafaty olona betsaka indrindra, dia ny toerana nisehoany teo akaikin' ny faritra be mponina na ny ranomasina no nahatonga azy ireo hahafaty olona maro. Matetika ny horohoron-tany any an-dranomasina no miteraka tsonamy izay afaka mandrava ny tanàna sy ny fonenan' ny mponina any amin' ny toerana an' arivony kilaometatra miala eo. Anisan' ny faritra tena atahorana hahafatesana olona maro ireo izay tsy dia ahitana horohoron-tany matetika nefa mahery ny horohoron-tany mitranga ao. Anisan' izany koa ny faritra mahantra izay malemy ny fitsipika momba ny fanorenana mahatohitra horohoron-tany, na tsy ampiharina, na tsy misy mihitsy.

[[File:significant earthquakes, World, 2024 (cropped).svg|thumb|upright=1.6|right|Horohoron-tany lehibe.]]

== Fisehoany ==
[[File:Fault types.svg|thumb|Karazana vaky telo:&lt;br /&gt;
A. Vaky ifampisosa mitsivalana ny andaniny roa&lt;br /&gt;
B. Vaky idinan' ny vato eo ambonin' ny velaran' ny vaky&lt;br /&gt;
C. Vaky iakaran' ny vato eo ambonin' ny velaran' ny vaky
]]

Mety hitranga amin' ny toerana rehetra eto an-tany ny horohoron-tany vokatry ny fihetsehana tektônika, raha ampy ny angovo voatahiry noho ny fiovan' endriky ny vatolampy izay mbola afaka miverina amin' ny endriny teo aloha, ka afaka mampiely ny fahavakisana manaraka ny velaran' ny vaky. Tsy afaka mifampisosa milamina sy tsy miteraka horohoron-tany ny andaniny roa amin' ny vaky raha tsy hoe tsy misy faritra tsy mitovy tantana na dongona manaraka ny velarany izay mampitombo ny fanoherana ateraky ny fikikisana. Misy dongona toy izany anefa ny ankamaroan' ny velaran' ny vaky, ka mifandimby ny fihazonana tsy hihetsika sy ny fifampisosana. Rehefa voasakana tsy hifampisosa ilay vaky, dia mampitombo ny fihenjanana, izany hoe ny hery isaky ny velarana, ny fitohizan' ny fifindran' ny takelaka raha oharina amin' ny iray hafa. Mitombo noho izany koa ny angovo voatahiry vokatry ny fiovan' endrika ao amin' ny vatolampy manodidina ny velaran' ny vaky. Mitohy izany mandra-pahatonga ny fihenjanana ho ampy handresena ny sakana aterak' ilay dongona. Afaka mifampisosa tampoka amin' izay ny ampahan' ny vaky izay voasakana teo, ka mivoaka ny [[Angovon-toerana|angovo voatahiry]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ohnaka&quot; /&gt; Mivoaka amin' ny endrika maro miaraka io angovo io: onja ateraky ny horohoron-tany izay mampiely fiovan' endrika afaka miverina amin' ny laoniny,&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-007&quot; /&gt; hafanana ateraky ny fikikisana eo amin' ny velaran' ny vaky, ary fahavakisan' ny vatolampy. Izany no miteraka ny horohoron-tany.

Antsoina hoe teôrian' ny fiverenan' ny vatolampy amin' ny endriny aorian' ny fifampisosana tampoka (''elastic-rebound theory'') io fizotran' ny fitomboana miandalana amin' ny fiovan' endrika sy ny fihenjanana io, izay tapahin' ny fahavakisana tampoka miteraka horohoron-tany indraindray. Tombanana ho 10 isan-jato na latsaka amin' ny angovo manontolo ananan' ny horohoron-tany ihany no miparitaka ho angovon' ny onja aterak' izany. Ny ankamaroan' ny angovon' ny horohoron-tany dia ampiasaina hampitomboana ny fahavakisana, na miova ho hafanana ateraky ny fikikisana. Noho izany, mampihena ny angovo pôtensialy azon' ny Tany ampiasaina, izay voatahiry noho ny fiovan' endrika afaka miverina amin' ny laoniny, ny horohoron-tany sady mampiakatra ny mari-panan' ny Tany. Tsy dia misy lanjany anefa ireo fiovana ireo raha oharina amin' ny hafanana mivoaka avy any amin' ny faritra lalina ao anatin' ny Tany amin' ny alalan' ny fifindrana mivantana sy ny fivezivezen' ny akora mitondra hafanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS1&quot; /&gt;

=== Karazana vaky ===
Fanazavana fanampiny: vaky ara-jeôlôjia; fizotra sy fitongilanan' ny sosona na ny velaran' ny vaky.

Misy karazana vaky telo lehibe, izay samy mety hiteraka horohoron-tany eo anelanelan' ny takelaka: ny vaky idinan' ny vato eo ambonin' ny velaran' ny vaky (''normal fault''), ny vaky iakaran' ny vato eo ambonin' ny velaran' ny vaky (''reverse fault'' na ''thrust fault''), ary ny vaky ifampisosa mitsivalana ny andaniny roa (''strike-slip fault''). Ohatra amin' ny fifampisosana manaraka ny fitongilanan' ny velaran' ny vaky (''dip-slip'') ny vaky mampidina sy ny vaky mampiakatra ny vato: manaraka ny fitongilanana ny fifindrana, ka misy ampahany mitsangana amin' ny fihetsehana. Maro ny horohoron-tany vokatry ny fihetsehana amin' ny vaky izay sady ahitana fifampisosana manaraka ny fitongilanana no ahitana fifampisosana mitsivalana. Antsoina hoe fifampisosana mitongilana (''oblique slip'') izany.

Ny tapany ambony indrindra amin' ny hoditry ny Tany, izay mora vaky, sy ny ampahany mbola mangatsiaka amin' ny takelaka tektônika izay milentika ao amin' ny mantô mafana ihany no faritra eto amin' ny planeta afaka mitahiry angovo noho ny fiovan' endrika afaka miverina amin' ny laoniny, ary mamoaka izany rehefa mitriatra ny vaky. Mikoriana ny vatolampy mafana mihoatra ny 300 °C eo ho eo rehefa iharan' ny fihenjanana; tsy vaky ka miteraka horohoron-tany izy ireny.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-010&quot; /&gt; Manodidina ny 1 000 km ny halavana lehibe indrindra hita amin' ny fahavakisana sy amin' ny vaky efa voasoritra an-tsarintany, izay mety hivaky amin' ny fisehoan-javatra tokana. Ohatra amin' izany ny horohoron-tany tany Alaska tamin' ny 1957, tany Silia tamin' ny 1960, ary tany Sumatra tamin' ny 2004; samy tany amin' ny faritra ilentehan' ny takelaka iray ao ambanin' ny iray hafa ireo. Ny fahavakisana lava indrindra ateraky ny horohoron-tany amin' ny vaky ifampisosa mitsivalana, toy ny vaky San Andreas tamin' ny 1857 sy 1906, ny vaky Anatolia Avaratra any Tiorkia tamin' ny 1939, ary ny vaky Denali any Alaska tamin' ny 2002, dia manana halavana eo anelanelan' ny antsasany sy ny ampahatelon' ny halavan' ireo eny amin' ny sisin' ny takelaka milentika. Mbola fohy kokoa noho izany kosa ny fahavakisana manaraka ny vaky mampidina ny vato.

==== Vaky idinan' ny vato ====
Any amin' ny faritra itarina ny hoditry ny Tany no tena isehoan' ny vaky idinan' ny vato eo ambonin' ny velaran' ny vaky, toy ny eny amin' ny sisintany isarahan' ny takelaka. Latsaky ny magnitioda 7 amin' ny ankapobeny ny horohoron-tany mifandray amin' ireny vaky ireny. Mbola voafetra kokoa ny magnitioda ambony indrindra eny amin' ny vaky mampidina ny vato maro, satria eny amin' ny faritra iforonan' ny hoditry ny Tany sy iparitahany no misy ny maro amin' izy ireny. Toy izany ny any Islandy, izay enina kilaometatra eo ho eo monja ny hatevin' ny sosona mora vaky.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-012&quot; /&gt;

==== Vaky iakaran' ny vato ====
Any amin' ny faritra afohezina ny hoditry ny Tany no isehoan' ny vaky iakaran' ny vato eo ambonin' ny velaran' ny vaky, toy ny eny amin' ny sisintany ifanatonan' ny takelaka. Mifandray amin' ny horohoron-tany mahery indrindra ny vaky mampiakatra ny vato, indrindra ireo manaraka ny sisintany ifanatonan' ny takelaka. Antsoina hoe horohoron-tany amin' ny vaky fifanosiham-be (''megathrust earthquake'') ireo, ary tafiditra ao ny saika horohoron-tany rehetra manana magnitioda 8 na mihoatra. Avy amin' ireny horohoron-tany amin' ny vaky fifanosiham-be ireny ny 90% eo ho eo amin' ny fitambaran' ny môman' ny horohoron-tany avoaka maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-013&quot; /&gt; Ny môman' ny horohoron-tany dia refy miankina amin' ny velaran' ny vaky sy ny halavitry ny fifampisosana ary ny hamafin' ny vatolampy manohitra ny fiovan' endrika.

==== Vaky ifampisosa mitsivalana ====
Vaky manana velarana mitongilana be, izay mifampisosa mitsivalana ny andaniny roa, ny vaky ifampisosa mitsivalana. Karazana manokana amin' izany ny sisintany ifampisosan' ny takelaka (''transform boundary''). Afaka miteraka horohoron-tany lehibe mahatratra magnitioda 8 eo ho eo ireny vaky ireny, indrindra ny vaky ifampisosan' ny takelaka eny amin' ny kôntinenta. Saika mitsangana mazàna ny velaran' ireny vaky ireny, ka 10 km eo ho eo ny sakany ao anatin' ny hoditry ny Tany mora vaky.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-014&quot; /&gt; Araka io fanazavana mifototra amin' ny endrika sy ny refin' ny vaky io, dia tsy afaka miteraka horohoron-tany manana magnitioda lehibe lavitra noho ny 8 ireo vaky ifampisosa mitsivalana voalaza ireo.

[[File:Kluft-photo-Carrizo-Plain-Nov-2007-Img 0327.jpg|thumb|left|Sarin' ny vaky San Andreas nalaina avy eny amin' ny habakabaka, eo amin' ny lemak' i Carrizo, any avaratra andrefan' i Los Angeles]]

Misy koa ambaratonga samihafa amin' ny fihenjanana ho an' ireo karazana vaky telo ireo. Ny fihenjanana avo indrindra no miteraka ny vaky mampiakatra ny vato, ny antonony no miteraka ny vaky ifampisosa mitsivalana, ary ny ambany indrindra no miteraka ny vaky mampidina ny vato.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-015&quot; /&gt; Io fahasamihafan' ny firafitry ny fihenjanana eo amin' ireo tontolo telo isehoan' ny vaky io dia mety handray anjara amin' ny fahasamihafan' ny fihenan' ny fihenjanana rehefa mihetsika ny vaky. Izany indray dia mandray anjara amin' ny fahasamihafan' ny angovo miparitaka, na inona na inona refin' ny vaky.

=== Angovo avoaka ===
Isaky ny mitombo iray ny magnitiodan' ny horohoron-tany, dia mitombo manodidina ny 30 heny ny angovo avoaka. Ohatra, ny horohoron-tany manana magnitioda 6,0 dia mamoaka angovo manodidina ny 32 heny noho ny an' ny horohoron-tany manana magnitioda 5,0, ary ny horohoron-tany manana magnitioda 7,0 dia mamoaka angovo manodidina ny 1 000 heny noho ny an' ny horohoron-tany manana magnitioda 5,0. Araka ny ''The magnitude and intensity of the earthquake'' (2018), ny horohoron-tany manana magnitioda 8,0 kosa dia mamoaka angovo mitovy amin' ny avoakan' ny baomba atômika 5 600 mitovy tanjaka amin' ireo nampiasaina tamin' ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-016&quot; /&gt;

Mifandanja mivantana amin' ny velaran' ny vaky tapaka&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-017&quot; /&gt; sy ny fihenan' ny fihenjanana ny angovo avoaka mandritra ny horohoron-tany; mifandray amin' io angovo io kosa ny magnitioda. Arakaraka ny itomboan' ny halavana sy ny sakan' ny faritra tapaka àry no itomboan' ny magnitiodan' ny horohoron-tany aterany. Na izany aza, ny masontsivana manan-danja indrindra mamaritra ny magnitioda ambony indrindra mety ho tratran' ny horohoron-tany eo amin' ny vaky iray dia tsy ny halavana farany ambony mety ho tapaka, fa ny sakany mety ho tapaka, satria mety hiova ho avo 20 heny io sakany io. Eo amin' ny sisin' ny takelaka mifanatona, dia kely dia kely ny zoro itongilanan' ny velaran' ny vaky, izay matetika manodidina ny 10 degre.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-018&quot; /&gt; Noho izany, mety hahatratra 50–100&amp;nbsp;km ny sakan' io velarana io ao anatin' ny sosona ambony mora vaky amin' ny hoditry ny Tany, toy ny tamin' ny horohoron-tany tany Japàna tamin' ny 2011 na tany Alaska tamin' ny 1964, ka ahafahan' ny horohoron-tany mahery indrindra mitranga.

=== Foiben' ny fiandohan' ny vaky any anaty tany ===
Jereo koa: Halalin' ny foiben' ny fiandohan' ny vaky any anaty tany.

[[File:HotelSanSalvador.jpg|thumb|Ny tranoben' ny Gran Hotel nirodana tao amin' ny faritra an-tanàn-dehiben' i [[San Salvador]], taorian' ny horohoron-tany nanana foibe marivo tany San Salvador tamin' ny 1986.]]

Ny ankamaroan' ny horohoron-tany vokatry ny fihetsiky ny takelaka tektônika dia miainga ao amin' ny fehikibon' afo manodidina ny Ranomasimbe Pasifika, amin' ny halalina tsy mihoatra ny am-polony kilaometatra. Ireo horohoron-tany izay latsaky ny 70&amp;nbsp;km ny halalin' ny foibeny dia sokajina ho horohoron-tany manana foibe marivo, fa ireo eo anelanelan' ny 70 sy 300&amp;nbsp;km ny halalin' ny foibeny kosa dia matetika antsoina hoe horohoron-tany amin' ny halalina antonony na horohoron-tany manana foibe amin' ny halalina antonony.

Ao amin' ireo faritra ilentehan' ny takelaka iray ao ambanin' ny iray hafa, dia milentika ao ambanin' ny takelaka tektônika iray hafa ny hoditry ny Tany eo ambanin' ny ranomasina izay tranainy kokoa sy mangatsiaka kokoa. Any amin' ireo faritra ireo dia mety hisy horohoron-tany manana foibe lalina amin' ny halalina lehibe lavitra, eo anelanelan' ny 300 sy 700&amp;nbsp;km.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-019&quot; /&gt; Antsoina hoe faritra Wadati–Benioff ireo faritra ilentehan' ny takelaka ireo izay isehoan' ny horohoron-tany. Noho ny hafanana sy ny tsindry avo, dia tsy tokony ho mora vaky intsony ny litôsfera (sosona mafy ivelany amin' ny Tany) efa nilentika amin' ny halalina isehoan' ireo horohoron-tany manana foibe lalina ireo. Fomba iray mety hiteraka azy ireo ny fivakisana sy ny fifindran' ny vatolampy amin' ny andaniny roa amin' ny vaky, vokatry ny fiovan' ny firafitra kristalin' ny mineraly ''olivine'' ho lasa firafitra kristalin' ny ''spinel''.&lt;ref name=&quot;olivine&quot; /&gt;

=== Fiasan' ny volkano ===
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Horohoron-tany tektônika mifandray amin' ny volkano.

Matetika no misy horohoron-tany any amin' ny faritra misy volkano. Vokatry ny vaky tektônika sy ny fihetsehan' ny [[Magma|magma]], na vatolampy mitsonika ao anatin' ny [[Volkano|volkano]], ny horohoron-tany any amin' ireny faritra ireny. Afaka mampitandrina mialoha ny amin' ny fipoahan' ny volkano ny horohoron-tany toy izany, tahaka ny tamin' ny fipoahan' ny tendrombohitra St. Helens tamin' ny 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-021&quot; /&gt; Ny andiana horohoron-tany tsy ahitana iray lehibe miavaka (''earthquake swarm'') dia afaka manondro ny toerana ikorianan' ny magma ao anatin' ny volkano. Azo raketina amin' ny fitaovana fandrefesana ny fihovitrovitry ny tany sy ny fitaovana fandrefesana ny fitongilanan' ny tany (''tiltmeter'') ireo andiana horohoron-tany ireo, ka azo ampiasaina ho famantarana amin' ny faminavinana ny fipoahana efa antomotra na mbola ho avy.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-022&quot; /&gt;

=== Fizotry ny fiparitahan' ny vaky ===
Ny horohoron-tany tektônika dia manomboka amin' ny fitsotsoran' ny faritra iray eo amin' ny velaran' ny vaky; io faritra io no foiben' ny fiandohan' ny vaky. Rehefa manomboka ny vaky dia miparitaka miala amin' io foibe io ka miitatra manaraka ny velaran' ny vaky. Mitohy ny fiparitahany manaraka an' io velarana io mandra-pahatongany eo amin' ny sakana iray, toy ny faran' ny ampahan' ny vaky, na eo amin' ny faritra iray amin' ny vaky izay tsy ampy fihenjanana hampitohy ny fiparitahany. Ho an' ny horohoron-tany lehibe kokoa, ny faritra fifindrana eo amin' ny vatolampy mora vaky sy ny vatolampy miova endrika tsy vaky no mametra ny fiparitahan' ny vaky any amin' ny lalina, ary ny velaran' ny tany no mametra azy any ambony. Mbola tsy dia takatra tsara ny fomba fiasan' izany, satria sarotra ny mamerina fihetsehana haingana toy izany ao amin' ny laboratoara; sarotra koa ny mirakitra ny onja ateraky ny horohoron-tany eo akaikin' ny faritra anombohan' ny vaky, noho ny fihovitrovitra mafy eo amin' ny tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NRS&quot; /&gt;

Amin' ny ankamaroan' ny tranga, ny hafainganam-piparitahan' ny vaky dia manakaiky ny hafainganam-pandehan' ny onja S, na onja mampihetsika ny vatolampy miampita ny zotra iparitahan' ny onja, ao amin' ny vatolampy manodidina, saingy tsy mihoatra izany. Misy tranga vitsivitsy tsy manaraka izany.

==== Horohoron-tany misy vaky miely haingana noho ny onja S ====
[[File:Kahramanmaraş after 7.8 magnitude earthquake in Türkiye 5.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Niparitaka nanaraka ny ampahan' ny vaky ao atsinanan' i Anatolia ny vaky tamin' ny horohoron-tany tany Tiorkia sy Siria tamin' ny 2023, ary nihoatra ny hafainganam-pandehan' ny onja S ny hafainganam-piparitahany; olona maherin' ny 50 000 no maty tany amin' ireo firenena roa ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MelgarEtAl23&quot; /&gt;]]
Fantatra fa nisy vaky niparitaka haingana noho ny onja S, tamin' ireo horohoron-tany antsoina hoe ''supershear''. Hatreto, nandritra ny horohoron-tany lehibe nateraky ny vaky ifampisosa mitsivalana ihany no nahitana izany rehetra izany. Nolazaina fa vokatry ny dona ateraky ny fihoarana ny hafainganam-pandehan' ny feo (''sonic boom''), izay miforona amin' ny horohoron-tany toy izany, ny fivelaran' ny faritra simba tamin' ny horohoron-tany tao Kunlun tamin' ny 2001, izay nihoatra ny mahazatra.

==== Horohoron-tany miadana fiparitahana ====
Ny vaky amin' ny horohoron-tany miadana dia miparitaka amin' ny hafainganam-pandeha ambany tsy mahazatra. Anisan' ny endriny tena mampidi-doza ny horohoron-tany miteraka tsonamy: amin' ny horohoron-tany sasany tena lehibe, dia mahatonga ny fihovitrovitra tsapa ho malemy ihany ny fiparitahan' ny vaky miadana, ka tsy mampitandrina ny mponina eny amin' ny morontsiraka akaiky ny loza mety hitranga izany. Toy izany no nitranga tamin' ny horohoron-tany tao Sanriku tamin' ny 1896.&lt;ref name=&quot;NRS&quot; /&gt;

==== Fiakaran' ny tsindry mandritra ny horohoron-tany sy ny vokatry ny tsindry ao amin' ny mason-kelin' ny vatolampy ====
Mandritra ilay horohoron-tany, dia mety hisy vokany lehibe eo amin' ny fizotry ny fitsotsorana sy ny hafainganam-pandehany ny fiakaran' ny tsindrin' ny tsiranoka ao amin' ny mason-kelin' ny vatolampy. Rehefa tapitra kosa ilay horohoron-tany, dia mety hifehy ny fifandimbiasan' ny horohoron-tany manaraka ny lehibe izany, satria miparitaka miadana mankany amin' ny tambajotran' ny triatra manodidina ny fiakaran' ny tsindrin' ny tsiranoka ao amin' ny mason-kelin' ny vatolampy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nur&quot; /&gt;

Araka ny teôrian' i Mohr sy Coulomb momba ny tanjaky ny akora, ny fiakaran' ny tsindrin' ny tsiranoka dia mampihena ny fihenjanana manindry mahitsy zoro amin' ny velaran' ny vaky, izay mihazona azy tsy hihetsika; mety hanamora ny fifampisosana koa ny tsiranoka. Mety hiteraka fifamafisana miverimberina eo amin' ny fitsotsorana sy ny fihenan' ny fanoherana ny fitsotsorana eo amin' ny velaran' ny vaky ny fiakaran' ny tsindry vokatry ny hafanana: mitombo ny fitsotsorana rehefa mihena ny fanoherana azy, ary vao mainka mampihena izany fanoherana izany ny fitsotsorana mitombo. Noho izany, dia hevitra fahita ny hoe mety hampitombo ny tsy fahamarinan-toeran' ny fizotry ny vaky izany. Aorian' ny horohoron-tany lehibe, ny fahasamihafan' ny tsindry eo amin' ny velaran' ny vaky sy ny vatolampy manodidina dia mampikoriana ny tsiranoka, ka mampiakatra ny tsindrin' ny tsiranoka ao anatin' ny tambajotran' ny triatra manodidina. Mety hampihetsika indray ny vaky mifanila aminy izany fiakaran' ny tsindry izany, ka hanomboka fizotry ny vaky vaovao sy hiteraka horohoron-tany manaraka ny lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nur&quot; /&gt; Toy izany koa, ny fampiakarana artifisialy ny tsindry ao amin' ny mason-kelin' ny vatolampy, amin' ny alalan' ny fampidirana tsiranoka ao amin' ny hoditry ny Tany, dia mety hiteraka horohoron-tany.

=== Hery mahatonga ny fiakaran' ny ranomasina sy ny fidinany ===
Lahatsoratra fototra: Fipoiran' ny horohoron-tany noho ny fiakaran' ny ranomasina sy ny fidinany.

Mety hampipoitra horohoron-tany sasany ny [[Famonta sy aka|fiakaran' ny ranomasina sy ny fidinany]].&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-028&quot; /&gt;

=== Andiana horohoron-tany ===
Anisan' ny andiana horohoron-tany mifandray eo amin' ny toerana sy ny fotoana nitrangany ny ankamaroan' ny horohoron-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAAFEC&quot; /&gt; Fihovitrovitra madinika tsy miteraka fahasimbana, na kely ihany no aterany, no mandrafitra ny ankamaroan' ireo andiany ireo. Misy anefa teôria milaza fa afaka miverimberina araka ny lamina ara-potoana tsy miova ny horohoron-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-030&quot; /&gt; Nahitana horohoron-tany mitambatra ho andiany, ohatra, tany Parkfield, any California, izay anaovana fikarohana maharitra momba ny andiana horohoron-tany ao Parkfield.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-031&quot; /&gt;
Ny famakafakana ireo andiany ireo amin' ny alalan' ny isa sy ny antontanisa no tena ifantohan' ny fandinihana ara-statistika ny horohoron-tany (''statistical seismology'').

==== Horohoron-tany manaraka ny lehibe ====
[[File:2016 Central Italy earthquake wide.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|Ny magnitiodan' ny horohoron-tany tany Italia afovoany tamin' ny Aogositra sy Ôktôbra 2016 ary Janoary 2017, sy ny an' ireo horohoron-tany nanaraka azy ireo, izay mbola nitohy taorian' ny fe-potoana aseho eto.]]
Ny horohoron-tany manaraka ny lehibe (''aftershock'') dia horohoron-tany mitranga aorian' ny horohoron-tany iray teo aloha, izay antsoina hoe horohoron-tany lehibe (''mainshock''). Ny fiovana haingana eo amin' ny fihenjanana eo amin' ny vatolampy sy ny fihenjanana vokatry ny horohoron-tany voalohany no tena mahatonga ireny horohoron-tany manaraka ireny,&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt; miaraka amin' ny fiovan' ny hoditry ny Tany manodidina ny velaran' ny vaky nitrangan' ilay fahatapahana, ho setrin' ny vokatry ny horohoron-tany lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAAFEC&quot; /&gt; Ao amin' ny faritra nitrangan' ny horohoron-tany lehibe ihany no misy ny horohoron-tany manaraka azy, saingy ambany kokoa hatrany ny magnitiodany. Mbola mety ho ampy hery anefa izy ireny ka hampitombo ny fahasimban' ireo trano efa nosimban' ny horohoron-tany lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt; Raha lehibe kokoa noho ilay horohoron-tany noheverina ho lehibe ny horohoron-tany manaraka azy, dia io farany indray no sokajina ho horohoron-tany lehibe, ary ilay teo aloha kosa sokajina ho horohoron-tany mialoha ny lehibe (''foreshock''). Mitranga ny horohoron-tany manaraka ny lehibe rehefa miova ho setrin' ny vokatry ny horohoron-tany lehibe ny hoditry ny Tany manodidina ny velaran' ny vaky izay nisy fifindran' ny vatolampy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAAFEC&quot; /&gt;

==== Andiana horohoron-tany tsy ahitana iray lehibe miavaka ====
Ny andiana horohoron-tany tsy ahitana iray lehibe miavaka (''earthquake swarm'') dia horohoron-tany mifanesy ao amin' ny faritra iray voafaritra ao anatin' ny fotoana fohy. Tsy mitovy amin' ny horohoron-tany arahin' ny andiana horohoron-tany manaraka azy izy ireny, satria tsy misy horohoron-tany iray sokajina ho lehibe ao amin' ilay andiany, izany hoe tsy misy iray manana magnitioda miavaka noho ny hafa. Ohatra amin' izany ireo horohoron-tany nitranga tamin' ny 2004 tao amin' ny [[Valan-javaboarin'i Yellowstone|valan-javaboarin' i Yellowstone]].&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-033&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny Aogositra 2012, dia nisy andiana horohoron-tany toy izany nanozongozona an' i Imperial Valley any amin' ny faritra atsimon' i California. Io no vanim-potoana nahitana horohoron-tany betsaka indrindra voarakitra tao amin' ilay faritra hatramin' ny taompolo 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-034&quot; /&gt;

Indraindray dia misy horohoron-tany mifanesy izay antsoina hoe ''earthquake storm'', na andiana horohoron-tany mifampiteraka mandritra ny taona maromaro. Amin' izany dia misy horohoron-tany mitambatra ho andiany eo amin' ny vaky iray, ka ny fihovitrovitra na ny fiovan' ny fitsinjaran' ny fihenjanana vokatry ny horohoron-tany teo aloha no mampipoitra ny tsirairay aminy. Mitovy amin' ny horohoron-tany manaraka ny lehibe izy ireny, saingy any amin' ny ampahan' ny vaky mifanila no miseho, ary maharitra taona maromaro ilay andiany. Ny sasany amin' ny horohoron-tany miseho any aoriana dia miteraka fahasimbana mitovy amin' ny an' ireo tany am-boalohany. Nahitana lamina toy izany ny andiana horohoron-tany tokony ho roa ambin' ny folo nitranga teo amin' ny vaky North Anatolian Fault any Tiorkia tamin' ny taonjato faha-20. Noheverina koa fa lamina toy izany no nisy tamin' ireo andiana horohoron-tany lehibe tsy mahazatra tany Afovoany Atsinanana tamin' ny fotoana tranainy kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-035&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-036&quot; /&gt;

=== Fahamaroan' ny horohoron-tany ===
[[File:Comerio, Luca (1878-1940) - Vittime del terremoto di Messina (dicembre 1908).jpg|thumb|Nahafaty olona 80 000 teo ho eo tany [[Sicilia]] sy Calabria ny horohoron-tany tao Messina sy ny tsonamy tamin' ny 28 Desambra 1908.&lt;ref name=&quot;CFTI5&quot; /&gt;]]

Tombanana ho 500 000 eo ho eo isan-taona ny horohoron-tany mitranga ka azon' ny fitaovana fandrefesana ampiasaina fantarina. Ny 100 000 eo ho eo amin' ireo no azon' ny olona tsapaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;usgsfacts&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wp100414&quot; /&gt; Matetika dia matetika no misy horohoron-tany madinika maneran-tany, ohatra any California sy Alaska any Etazonia, ary koa any El Salvador, Meksika, Goatemala, Silia, Però, Indônezia, Filipina, Iràna, Pakistàna, any [[Açores]] any Pôrtogaly, ary any Tiorkia, Zelandy Vaovao, Grisia, Italia, India, Nepaly ary Japàna.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-040&quot; /&gt; Mihavitsy ny horohoron-tany arakaraka ny itomboan' ny magnitiodany: mitovy ny tahan' ny fihenan' ny isany isaky ny fiakarana mitovy amin' ny magnitioda, araka ny fifandraisana eksponansialy (''exponential''). Ohatra, avo folo heny eo ho eo ny isan' ny horohoron-tany manana magnitioda mihoatra ny 4 raha oharina amin' ireo manana magnitioda mihoatra ny 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-041&quot; /&gt; Any amin' ny Fanjakana Mitambatra, izay vitsy horohoron-tany, ohatra, dia toy izao ny salanisan' ny elanelam-potoana isehoany araka ny kajy: horohoron-tany manana magnitioda 3,7–4,6 iray isan-taona, manana magnitioda 4,7–5,5 iray isaky ny 10 taona, ary manana magnitioda 5,6 na mihoatra iray isaky ny 100 taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-042&quot; /&gt; Ohatra iray amin' ny lalànan' i Gutenberg–Richter izany.

Nitombo ho an' arivony maro ny isan' ny tobim-pandrefesana horohoron-tany, raha 350 teo ho eo izany tamin' ny 1931. Noho izany, betsaka lavitra noho ny taloha ny horohoron-tany voatatitra; ny fandrosoana lehibe teo amin' ny fitaovana fandrefesana anefa no anton' izany, fa tsy ny fitomboan' ny isan' ny horohoron-tany. Araka ny tomban' ny ''United States Geological Survey'' na USGS (Sampan-draharaha amerikana momba ny jeôlôjia), dia 18 isan-taona ny salanisan' ny horohoron-tany lehibe, manana magnitioda 7,0–7,9, ary iray isan-taona ny an' ireo tena lehibe, manana magnitioda 8,0 na mihoatra, nanomboka tamin' ny 1900. Tsy niova firy io salanisa io.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-043&quot; /&gt; Araka ny fanazavan' ny USGS notondroina tamin' ny 2014, dia nihena ny isan' ny horohoron-tany lehibe isan-taona tao anatin' ireo taona faramparany noresahin' io fanazavana io; azo inoana anefa fa fiovaovana kisendrasendra eo amin' ny antontanisa izany, fa tsy fironana maharitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-044&quot; /&gt; Manome antontanisa amin' ny antsipiriany kokoa momba ny haben' ny horohoron-tany sy ny fahamaroany ny USGS.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-045&quot; /&gt;

Ny lahatsoratra tao amin' ny ''Australian Geographic'' tamin' ny 14 Martsa 2011 kosa dia nitatitra fitomboana vao haingana tamin' ny isan' ny horohoron-tany lehibe. Araka io lahatsoratra io, dia mety ho tsingerina ifandimbiasan' ny vanim-potoana mahery ny fihetsehana tektônika sy vanim-potoana lava kokoa izay malemy izany no manazava ilay fitomboana. Nanomboka tany am-piandohan' ny taona 1900 anefa ny fandraketana marina ny horohoron-tany, ka mbola aloha loatra ny hilazana amin' ny fomba hentitra fa izany tokoa no mitranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-046&quot; /&gt;

Ao amin' ny faritra miendrika kitron-tsoavaly mirefy 40 000 km manodidina ny Ranomasimbe Pasifika no miseho ny 90 % amin' ny horohoron-tany maneran-tany sy ny 81 % amin' ireo lehibe indrindra. Antsoina hoe fehin' ny horohoron-tany manodidina an' i Pasifika io faritra io, ary fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe ''Ring of Fire'' (fehikibon' afo). Manaraka ny sisin' ny takelaka Pasifika ny ankamaroan' io faritra io.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-047&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-048&quot; /&gt; Matetika koa no misy horohoron-tany goavana eny amin' ny sisin' ny takelaka hafa, toy ny eny amin' ny [[Himalaya|tendrombohitra Himalaya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-049&quot; /&gt; Amin' ny toe-javatra sasany, dia hita fa mety hampitombo ny fihovitrovitra ateraky ny horohoron-tany eny amin' ny faritra avo mitandavana aminy ny [[Tendrombohitra|tendrombohitra]], noho ny endriky ny velaran' ny tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-050&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-051&quot; /&gt;

Mihamitombo haingana ny tanàn-dehibe goavana toa an' i Mexico City, Tokyo ary Tehran, izay any amin' ny faritra tena atahorana hiharan' ny fahavoazana vokatry ny horohoron-tany. Noho izany, dia mampitandrina ny mpahay horohoron-tany sasany fa mety hahafaty olona hatramin' ny telo tapitrisa ny horohoron-tany iray monja.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-052&quot; /&gt;

=== Horohoron-tany ateraky ny asan' olombelona ===
Jereo ny lahatsoratra fototra: Horohoron-tany ateraky ny asan' olombelona.

Na dia avy amin' ny fihetsehan' ny takelaka tektônikan' ny Tany aza ny ankamaroan' ny horohoron-tany, dia afaka miteraka horohoron-tany koa ny asan' olombelona.
Mety hanova ny fihenjanana sy ny fiovan' endriky ny hoditry ny Tany ny asa atao ety ambonin' ny tany sy any ambaniny, anisan' izany ny fananganana fitahirizan-drano, ny fitrandrahana loharanon-karena toy ny arintany na solitany, ary ny fampidirana tsiranoka an-tery any ambanin' ny tany mba hanariana fako na hampivakiana vatolampy amin' ny alalan' ny tsiranoka atosika amin' ny tsindry avo (''fracking'').&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-053&quot; /&gt;
Kely ny magnitiodan' ny ankamaroan' ireo horohoron-tany ireo.
Heverina fa ny fanariana rano maloto avy amin' ny famokarana solitany tao amin' ny lavaka fampidirana tsiranoka an-tery any ambanin' ny tany no niteraka ny horohoron-tany tany Oklahoma tamin' ny 2011, izay nanana magnitioda 5,7.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-054&quot; /&gt;
Manondro ny indostrian-tsolitany ao amin' io fanjakana io ho antony nahatonga horohoron-tany hafa tao nandritra ny taonjato lasa koa ny fikarohana.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-055&quot; /&gt;
Nanolotra ny petra-kevitra ny lahatsoratra fikarohana iray avy amin' ny Oniversiten' i Columbia fa ny enta-mavesatra avy amin' ny tohodranon' i Zipingpu no niteraka ny horohoron-tany tany Sichuan tamin' ny 2008, izay nanana magnitioda 8,0;&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-056&quot; /&gt; tsy mbola voaporofo tanteraka anefa izany fifandraisana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-057&quot; /&gt;

== Fandrefesana sy famaritana ny toerana ==
Lohahevitra mifandray: mizana fandrefesana ny magnitiodan' ny horohoron-tany sy siansa momba ny horohoron-tany.

Nanomboka tamin' ny mizana Richter, tamin' ny taona 1930–1939, ny mizana mampiasa fitaovana hamaritana ny haben' ny horohoron-tany. Fomba somary tsotra handrefesana ny haben' ny fiviliana faratampony ateraky ny fihovitrovitra (''amplitude'') izy io, ary zara raha ampiasaina intsony amin' ny taonjato faha-21. Mamakivaky ny atin' ny Tany ny onja ateraky ny horohoron-tany, ka azo raketina amin' ny fitaovana fandrefesana ny fihovitrovitry ny tany na dia lavitra dia lavitra aza ny toerana niandohany. Novolavolaina tamin' ny taona 1950–1959 ny fandrefesana ny magnitioda amin' ny onja ambonin' ny tany, mba handrefesana ny horohoron-tany lavitra sy hahazoana fandrefesana marina kokoa amin' ny horohoron-tany lehibe. Ny mizana magnitioda mifototra amin' ny môman kosa dia tsy mijanona amin' ny haben' ny fiviliana ateraky ny fihovitrovitra fotsiny, fa mandray ny môman' ny horohoron-tany ho fototra: tafiditra amin' izany ny velarana manontolo tapaka, ny halavirana antonony nifampitsotsoran' ny andaniny roa amin' ny vaky, ary ny hamafin' ny vatolampy tsy mety voaova endrika. Ny mizana fandrefesana ny hamafin' ny fihovitrovitra ampiasain' ny Sampan-draharahan' i Japàna momba ny Toetrandro, ny mizana Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik ary ny mizana Mercalli kosa dia mifototra amin' ny vokatra hita maso ary mifandraika amin' ny hamafin' ny fihovitrovitra.

&lt;span id=&quot;Magnitude&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
=== Hamafin' ny fihovitrovitra sy magnitioda ===
Tranga mahazatra efa niainan' ny olombelona hatramin' ny ela indrindra ny fihovitrovitry ny tany. Talohan' ny namolavolana fitaovana fandrefesana ny fiovan' ny hafainganam-pandeha mandritra ny fihovitrovitra mahery, dia ny vokatra hita maso no nanombanana ny hamafin' ny fihovitrovitra nateraky ny horohoron-tany. Tsy misy fifandraisana mivantana eo amin' ny magnitioda sy ny hamafin' ny fihovitrovitra, ary samy hafa ny fomba ikajiana azy ireo. Sanda tokana mamaritra ny haben' ny horohoron-tany any amin' ny niandohany ny magnitioda. Ny hamafin' ny fihovitrovitra kosa dia refin' ny fihovitrovitra amin' ny toerana samihafa manodidina ilay horohoron-tany. Miova arakaraka ny toerana io hamafiny io, ka miankina amin' ny halavirana amin' ilay horohoron-tany sy ny toetoetry ny vatolampy na tany ao ambaniny.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-058&quot; /&gt;

I Charles Francis Richter no namolavola ny mizana voalohany nandrefesana ny magnitiodan' ny horohoron-tany, tamin' ny 1935. Nitana toetra fototra iray ireo mizana fandrefesana ny magnitioda novolavolaina taorian' izany: ny elanelana iray isa amin' ny mizana dia mifanandrify amin' ny fahasamihafana avo 10 heny amin' ny haben' ny fiviliana ateraky ny fihovitrovitry ny tany ary avo 32 heny amin' ny angovo. Nampifanitsiana koa ireo mizana tatỳ aoriana mba hanome sanda isa saika mitovy, ao anatin' ny fetra ahafahan' ny mizana tsirairay ampiasaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-059&quot; /&gt;

Na dia matetika aza ny fampitam-baovao no mampiasa ny anarana hoe « magnitioda Richter » na « mizana Richter » rehefa mitatitra ny magnitiodan' ny horohoron-tany, dia ny mizana magnitioda mifototra amin' ny môman no ampiasain' ny ankamaroan' ny sampan-draharaha momba ny horohoron-tany hilazana ny habeny. Ny môman' ny horohoron-tany araka ny fifindrana maharitra teo amin' ny vaky no fototr' io mizana io.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-060&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-061&quot; /&gt;

=== Onja ateraky ny horohoron-tany ===
Miteraka karazana onja samihafa ny horohoron-tany tsirairay, ary samy manana ny hafainganam-pandehany rehefa mamakivaky vatolampy ireo onja ireo:
* Onja P, izay mampihovitrovitra ny akora manaraka ny zotra ielezan' ny onja, ka antsoina koa hoe onja dona na onja tsindry;
* Onja S, izay mampihovitrovitra ny akora amin' ny zotra manao zoro mahitsy amin' ny zotra ielezan' ny onja; samy onja mamakivaky ny atin' ny Tany ny onja P sy S;
* Onja ambonin' ny tany, dia ny onja Rayleigh sy ny onja Love.

==== Hafainganam-pandehan' ny onja ====
Rehefa mamakivaky vatolampy mafy ny onja ateraky ny horohoron-tany, dia eo amin' ny 3 km/s ka hatramin' ny 13 km/s eo ho eo ny hafainganam-pielezany. Miankina amin' ny [[Lanja isam-bentin-kadiry|lanja isam-bentin-kadiry]] sy ny fahafahan' ilay akora miverina amin' ny endriny rehefa tsy misy intsony ny hery manova azy izany. Any anatin' ny Tany, dia haingana lavitra noho ny onja S ny onja dona na onja P; eo amin' ny 1,7:1 eo ho eo ny tahan' ny hafainganam-pandehany. Ny fahasamihafan' ny fotoana ilain' ireo onja hahatongavana avy amin' ny teboka eo ambonin' ny tany mifanandrify mitsangana amin' ny foiben' ny horohoron-tany ka hatrany amin' ny tobim-pandinihana dia ahafahana mandrefy ny halavirana. Azo ampiasaina hanehoana ny toerana niandohan' ny horohoron-tany sy ny firafitra ao anatin' ny Tany koa izany. Azo kajiana amin' ny fomba manakaiky ny tena izy ihany koa ny halalin' ny foiben' ny fiandohan' ny vaky any anaty tany.

Toy izao ny hafainganam-pandehan' ny onja P:
* Tany sy antsanga mbola tsy mitambatra ho vatolampy ao amin' ny tapany ambony amin' ny hoditry ny Tany: 2–3 km/s;
* Vatolampy mafy ao amin' ny tapany ambony amin' ny hoditry ny Tany: 3–6 km/s;
* Tapany ambany amin' ny hoditry ny Tany: 6–7 km/s;
* Tapany lalina amin' ny mantô, ilay sosona eo anelanelan' ny hoditry ny Tany sy ny faritra afovoany indrindra ao aminy: 13 km/s.

Toy izao kosa ny hafainganam-pandehan' ny onja S:
* Antsanga maivana: 2–3 km/s;
* Hoditry ny Tany: 4–5 km/s;
* Mantô lalina: 7 km/s.

==== Fahatongavan' ny onja ====
Vokatr' izany, dia mamakivaky ny mantôn' ny Tany ireo onja voalohany avy amin' ny horohoron-tany lavitra tonga eny amin' ny tobim-pandinihana.

Amin' ny ankapobeny, ny halavirana mankany amin' ny horohoron-tany, refesina amin' ny kilômetatra, dia azo amin' ny fampitomboana amin' ny 8 ny isan' ny segondra manelanelana ny fahatongavan' ny onja P sy ny onja S.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-062&quot; /&gt; Misy fiviliana kely amin' izany noho ny tsy fitovian' ny firafitra any ambanin' ny tany. Tamin' ny alalan' ny fandinihana toy izany an' ireo rakitra mampiseho ny fihovitrovitry ny tany no nahafahan' i Beno Gutenberg namaritra ny toerana misy ny faritra afovoany indrindra amin' ny Tany (''core'') tamin' ny 1913.

Ny onja S sy ny onja ambonin' ny tany, izay tonga aoriany, no miteraka ny ankamaroan' ny fahavoazana raha ampitahaina amin' ny onja P. Mampifintina sy mampivelatra ny akora amin' ny zotra ielezany ny onja P, fa ny onja S kosa mampihovitrovitra ny tany miakatra sy midina ary mandroso sy mihemotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-063&quot; /&gt;

=== Toerana sy fanaovana tatitra ===
Lohahevitra mifandray: teboka eo ambonin' ny tany mifanandrify mitsangana amin' ny foiben' ny horohoron-tany.

Tsy araka ny magnitiodany ihany no anasokajiana ny horohoron-tany, fa araka ny toerana isehoany koa. Mizara ho faritra Flinn–Engdahl miisa 754 izao tontolo izao, ka ny sisin-tany ara-pôlitika sy ara-jeôgrafia ary ny fisian' ny horohoron-tany no iorenan' io fizarana io. Antsoina amin' ny fanafohezana hoe faritra F-E (Flinn–Engdahl) ireo faritra ireo. Zaraina ho faritra F-E madinika kokoa ny toerana be horohoron-tany, fa tafiditra ao anatin' ny faritra F-E lehibe kokoa kosa ireo toerana tsy dia be horohoron-tany.

Ny tatitra mahazatra momba ny horohoron-tany dia ahitana ny magnitiodany, ny daty sy ny ora nisehoany, ny [[Fangitra ara-jeografia|fangitra ara-jeôgrafia]] an' ilay teboka eo ambonin' ny tany mifanandrify mitsangana amin' ny foibeny, ny halalin' ny foiben' ny fiandohan' ny vaky any anaty tany, ny faritra ara-jeôgrafia misy azy, ny halavirana manasaraka azy amin' ny tanàna sy ny toerana hafa ivondronan' ny mponina, ary ny haben' ny fisalasalana amin' ny famaritana ny toerana. Ahitana masontsivana maromaro ampidirina ao amin' ny tatitry ny USGS (Sampan-draharaha amerikana momba ny jeôlôjia) koa izy ireny, toy ny isan' ny toby nandefa tatitra sy ny isan' ny fandinihana, ary koa kaody tokana ahafantarana ilay horohoron-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-064&quot; /&gt;

Ny onja ateraky ny horohoron-tany, izay somary miadana, no efa nampiasaina hatramin' izay mba hamantarana azy ireny. Araka ny tatitry ny ResearchGate sy ny ''Cosmos'' kosa, dia hitan' ny mpahay siansa tamin' ny 2016 ny fahafahana mamantatra avy hatrany ny horohoron-tany amin' ny fandrefesana ny sinton' ny Tany. Araka ireo tatitra ireo, dia nohamafisin' ireo mpahay siansa izany tamin' ny fandinihana ny rakitry ny fandrefesana ny sinton' ny Tany nifandraika tamin' ny horohoron-tany Tohoku-Oki tamin' ny 2011, izay nantsoina koa hoe « Fukushima ».&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-065&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-066&quot; /&gt;

== Vokany ==
[[File:1755 Lisbon earthquake.jpg|thumb|Sary voasokitra tamin' ny takela-barahina tamin' ny taona 1755, mampiseho an' i [[Lisboa]] rava sy nirehitra taorian' ny horohoron-tany tao Lisboa tamin' ny 1755, izay tombanana fa nahafaty olona 60 000. Tsonamy iray no manafotra ny sambo ao amin' ny seranana.]]

Anisan' ny vokatry ny horohoron-tany ireto manaraka ireto, nefa tsy voafetra amin' ireo ihany izany:

=== Fihovitrovitra sy fahavakisan' ny velaran-tany ===
[[File:Haiti earthquake damage.jpg|thumb|Trano simba tao [[Port-au-Prince]], [[Horohorontany any Haiti tamin'ny 26 Janoary 2010|Haitỳ]], tamin' ny Janoary 2010.]]

Ny fihovitrovitra sy ny fahavakisan' ny velaran-tany no tena vokatry ny horohoron-tany, ka fahasimban' ny trano sy ny rafitra mafy hafa, izay mety ho maivana na lehibe, no tena aterak' izany. Miankina amin' ny fitambaran-javatra sarotra ny hamafin' ny vokatra eo amin' ny toerana iray: ny magnitiodan' ny horohoron-tany, ny halavirana amin' ny teboka eo ambonin' ny tany mifanandrify mitsangana amin' ny foiben' ny horohoron-tany, ary ny toetra ara-jeôlôjia sy ny endriky ny velaran-tany eo an-toerana. Ireo toetra ireo dia mety hanamafy na hampihena ny fielezan' ny onja.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-067&quot; /&gt; Refesina amin' ny alalan' ny taha-piovan' ny hafainganam-pihetsiky ny tany ny fihovitrovitry ny tany.

Mety hampihovitrovitra mafy ny velaran-tany ny toetra manokana ara-jeôlôjia, ny endriky ny velaran-tany ary ny firafitry ny vatolampy eo an-toerana, na dia horohoron-tany tsy dia mafy aza no mahatonga izany. Antsoina hoe fanamafisana vokatry ny toerana, na fanamafisana eo an-toerana, io vokatra io. Ny fifindran' ny fihetsehana ateraky ny horohoron-tany avy amin' ny tany mafy any amin' ny lalina mankany amin' ny tany malemy akaikin' ny velaran-tany no tena mahatonga izany, miaraka amin' ny fifantohan' ny angovon' ny horohoron-tany vokatry ny endrika sy ny fandaminana ara-jeômetria mahazatra amin' ireo sosona antsanga ireo.

Ny fahavakisan' ny velaran-tany dia fahavakisana sy fifindran' ny velaran' ny Tany hita maso manaraka ny dian' ny vaky, ka mety hahatratra metatra maromaro ny fifindrana rehefa misy horohoron-tany lehibe. Fandrahonana lehibe ho an' ny fotodrafitrasa lehibe toy ny [[Tohodrano|tohodrano]], ny tetezana ary ny foibe famokarana herinaratra nokleary izany. Noho izany dia ilaina ny manao sarintany an-tsipiriany momba ny vaky efa misy, mba hamantarana izay azo inoana fa hampivaky ny velaran-tany mandritra ny androm-piasan' ilay fotodrafitrasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-068&quot; /&gt;

=== Fahaverezan' ny hamafin' ny tany vonton-drano ===
Mitranga ny fahaverezan' ny hamafin' ny tany vonton-drano (''soil liquefaction'') rehefa very vetivety ny hamafin' ny tany voaforon' ny voa madinika sady vonton-drano, toy ny fasika, noho ny fihovitrovitra. Amin' izany dia tsy mitondra tena toy ny zavatra mafy intsony ilay tany fa toy ny ranoka. Mety hampitongilana na hampilentika ny rafitra mafy, toy ny trano sy ny tetezana, ao anatin' ny sosona antsanga mitondra tena toy ny ranoka izany. Ohatra, tamin' ny horohoron-tany tany Alaska tamin' ny 1964, dia nampilentika trano maro tao anaty tany io tranga io, ka nirodana nifatratra tamin' ny tenany ihany ireo trano ireo tamin' ny farany.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-069&quot; /&gt;

=== Fiantraikany amin' ny olona ===
[[File:earthquake deaths, World, 2024 (cropped).svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Isan' ny maty vokatry ny horohoron-tany, araka ny firenena sy ny vanim-potoana]]

[[File:Ghajn Hadid Tower closer view.JPG|thumb|Sisa tavela amin' ny tilikambo Għajn Ħadid, izay nirodana nandritra ny horohoron-tany tao Heraklion tamin' ny 1856]]

Miovaova arakaraka ny hamafin' ny fihovitrovitra eo amin' ny faritra iray sy ny toetoetran' ny mponina ny fahasimbana ara-materialy ateraky ny horohoron-tany. Matetika no mafy kokoa sy maharitra kokoa ny fiantraikan' ny horohoron-tany amin' ny vondrom-piarahamonina tsy ampy tolotra sy ireo mbola an-dalam-pandrosoana raha oharina amin' ny vondrom-piarahamonina efa mandroso tsara.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-070&quot; /&gt; Anisan' ny mety ho fiantraikany ny:
* Faharatrana sy fahafatesana
* Fahasimban' ny fotodrafitrasa tena ilaina, na mandritra ny fotoana fohy na mandritra ny fotoana maharitra
** Lalana, tetezana ary tambajotram-pitateram-bahoaka
** Fahatapahan' ny famatsian-drano, herinaratra ary gazy, sy ny tsy fiasan' ny tambajotra fanarian-drano maloto
** Rafitra fifandraisana
* Tsy fisian' ny tolotra tena ilain' ny fiarahamonina intsony, anisan' izany ny hopitaly, ny pôlisy ary ny mpamono afo
* Fahasimban' ny fananana amin' ny ankapobeny
* Firodanan' ny trano na fahaverezan' ny fahamarinan-toerany, izay mety hitarika firodanana any aoriana

Noho ireo fiantraikany ireo sy ny hafa koa, dia mety hisy aretina sy tsy fahampian' ny zavatra tena ilaina aorian' ny horohoron-tany, ary mety hisy fiantraikany ara-tsaina amin' ny tafavoaka velona, toy ny krizy panika (na fisehoan' ny tahotra mafy tampoka) sy ny depresiôna (na fahaketrahana ara-tsaina maharitra).&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-071&quot; /&gt; Mety hiakatra koa ny vola aloa amin' ny fiantohana. Miovaova arakaraka ny hamafin' ny fahasimbana sy ny fari-piainana ara-tsôsialy sy ara-toekarenan' ny vondrom-piarahamonina voakasika ny fotoana ilaina mba hiverenan' ny fiainana amin' ny laoniny.

Araka ny kajy nataon' ny [[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena|FAO]] (Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena) ao amin' ny Firenena Mikambana, dia nahatratra 336 lavitrisa dôlara amerikana ny fahasimbana nateraky ny horohoron-tany teo anelanelan' ny 1991 sy 2023. Na dia mety tsy handrava mivantana ny voly tahaka ny tondra-drano na ny tafio-drivotra aza ny horohoron-tany, dia afaka manimba mafy ny toeram-panodinana ny vokatra avy amin' ny fambolena, ny fotodrafitrasa fitahirizana, ny rafitra fanondrahana ary ny trano fialofan' ny biby fiompy izy. Izany dia mety hiteraka fiantraikany mifanesy manerana ny rojo famatsiana eo amin' ny fambolena.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-072&quot; /&gt;

=== Fihotsahan' ny tany ===
Jereo koa: Fihotsahan' ny tany.

Nisongadina tamin' ny lafin-javatra maromaro ny Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina tao amin' ny fanadihadiana momba ny horohoron-tany 162 nitranga teo anelanelan' ny 1772 sy 2021 izay nahafatesan' olona noho ny fihotsahan' ny tany. Noho ny horohoron-tany tany Sichuan tamin' ny 2008, dia tany amin' io firenena io no nisy ny 42% n' ny olona rehetra maty vokatry ny fihotsahan' ny tany voarakitra tao amin' ilay fanadihadiana (betsaka kokoa ny fitambaran' ny maty tamin' io horohoron-tany io, raha isaina avokoa ny antony rehetra). Nanaraka azy i Però (22%), noho ny horohoron-tany tany Ancash tamin' ny 1970, sy i Pakistàna (21%), noho ny horohoron-tany tany Kashmir tamin' ny 2005. Io firenena voalohany io ihany koa no nanana velaran-tany lehibe indrindra voakasiky ny fihotsahan' ny tany, izay nihoatra ny 80 000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, narahin' i Kanada izay nahatratra 66 000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (horohoron-tany tany Saguenay tamin' ny 1988 sy horohoron-tany tany amin' ny Nosy Vancouver tamin' ny 1946). Ny vaky ifampisosa mitsivalana ny andaniny roa (''strike-slip'') no karazana vaky be indrindra tao amin' ny lisitra, tamin' ny tranga 61. Nanakaiky izany ny vaky iakaran' ny vato eo ambonin' ny velaran' ny vaky (''thrust/reverse''), tamin' ny tranga 57, ary nanaraka azy ny vaky idinan' ny vato eo ambonin' ny velaran' ny vaky (''normal''), tamin' ny tranga 33.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-073&quot; /&gt;

=== Haintrano ===
[[File:Sfearthquake3b.jpg|thumb|Ireo haintrano vokatry ny horohoron-tany tany San Francisco tamin' ny 1906]]
Fanazavana fanampiny: Haintrano goavana.

Mety hiteraka haintrano ny horohoron-tany rehefa manimba ny tariby mitondra herinaratra na ny fantsona mpitondra entona. Raha vaky ny fantsona lehibe mpamatsy rano ka very ny tsindrin-drano, dia mety ho sarotra koa ny misakana ny fiparitahan' ny afo rehefa efa manomboka ny haintrano. Ohatra, tamin' ny horohoron-tany tany San Francisco tamin' ny 1906, dia maro kokoa ny olona matin' ny haintrano noho ny matin' ny horohoron-tany mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-074&quot; /&gt;

=== Tsonamy ===
[[File:2004-tsunami.jpg|thumb|Ny tsonamy nateraky ny horohoron-tany tany amin' ny Ranomasimbe Indiana tamin' ny 2004]]
Lahatsoratra antsipiriany: Tsonamy.

Ny tsonamy dia onjan-dranomasina izay mifanalavitra ny tendron' ny onja mifanesy sady maharitra ny fotoana manasaraka ny fandalovan' izy ireo amin' ny toerana iray. Ateraky ny fihetsehana tampoka ataon' ny rano be dia be izy ireny, anisan' izany rehefa misy horohoron-tany any an-dranomasina. Eny afovoan-dranomasina, afaka mihoatra ny 100&amp;nbsp;km ny elanelan' ny tendron' ny onja mifanesy, ary mety haharitra dimy minitra ka hatramin' ny adiny iray ny fotoana manasaraka ny fandalovany amin' ny toerana iray. Mandeha amin' ny hafainganam-pandeha 600–800&amp;nbsp;km/h (373–497&amp;nbsp;mi/h) ny tsonamy toy izany, arakaraka ny halalin' ny rano. Afaka manafotra ny faritra amorontsiraka eo akaiky ao anatin' ny minitra vitsy ny onja lehibe ateraky ny horohoron-tany na ny fihotsahan' ny tany any ambanin' ny ranomasina. Afaka mamakivaky ranomasina misokatra amin' ny halavirana an' arivony kilaometatra koa ny tsonamy, ka mandrava morontsiraka lavitra ora maromaro aorian' ny horohoron-tany niteraka azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Noson&quot; /&gt;

Raha ny mahazatra, tsy miteraka tsonamy ny horohoron-tany vokatry ny filentehan' ny takelaka iray ao ambanin' ny iray hafa raha latsaky ny 7,5 ny magnitiodany, na dia efa nisy aza tranga toy izany voarakitra. Ny ankamaroan' ny tsonamy manimba dia ateraky ny horohoron-tany manana magnitioda 7,5 na mihoatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Noson&quot; /&gt;

=== Tondra-drano ===
Jereo koa: [[Tondra-drano]].

Mety ho vokatry ny horohoron-tany ankolaka ny tondra-drano raha simba ny tohodrano. Mety hiteraka fihotsahan' ny tany koa ny horohoron-tany ka hanentsina renirano izany ary hamorona tohodrano. Mety hirodana ireny tohodrano ireny ka hiteraka tondra-drano.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-076&quot; /&gt;

Raha rava mandritra ny horohoron-tany iray amin' ny hoavy ny tohodranon' i Usoi, izay tohodrano niforona tamin' ny fihotsahan' ny tany vokatry ny horohoron-tany, dia atahorana ho tratran' ny tondra-drano miteraka fahavoazana goavana ny faritra ambany rianan' ny farihy Sarez any Tajikistàna. Araka ny vinavina momba ny fiantraikan' izany, dia mety ho voakasik' io tondra-drano io ny olona dimy tapitrisa eo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-077&quot; /&gt;

== Fitantanana ny loza ==

=== Faminaniana ny horohoron-tany ===
Lahatsoratra lehibe: Faminaniana ny horohoron-tany.

Ny faminaniana ny horohoron-tany dia sampana iray amin' ny siansa mandinika ny horohoron-tany. Mikendry ny hamaritra ny fotoana sy ny toerana ary ny magnitioda an' ny horohoron-tany mbola hitranga izy io, ao anatin' ny fetra voalaza mazava.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-078&quot; /&gt; Maro ny fomba novolavolaina mba haminaniana ny fotoana sy ny toerana hitrangan' ny horohoron-tany. Na dia efa nanao fikarohana betsaka aza ny mpahay siansa mandinika ny horohoron-tany, dia mbola tsy azo atao ny maminany andro na volana voafaritra iray hitrangan' izany amin' ny fomba ahafahana mamerina sy manamarina ara-tsiansa ny vokatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;ludwin&quot; /&gt; Misy finoana miely amin' ny vahoaka milaza fa misy toetry ny andro manokana mialoha ny horohoron-tany, ary mitranga vao maraina ny horohoron-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-080&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-081&quot; /&gt;

=== Fanombanana ny mety hitrangan' ny horohoron-tany ===
Lahatsoratra lehibe: Fanombanana ny mety hitrangan' ny horohoron-tany.

Na dia heverina ho endriky ny faminaniana aza amin' ny ankapobeny ny fanombanana izay mety hitranga amin' ny hoavy, dia avahana matetika ny fanombanana ny mety hitrangan' ny horohoron-tany sy ny faminaniana ny horohoron-tany. Ny voalohany dia manombana ny loza ateraky ny horohoron-tany amin' ny ankapobeny, amin' ny alalan' ny kajy ny taha-pahafahana hitrangan' izany. Anisan' izany ny hatetiky ny horohoron-tany manimba sy ny magnitiodany ao amin' ny faritra iray, mandritra ny taona maro na am-polony taona maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-082&quot; /&gt; Raha fantatra tsara ny toetran' ny vaky iray, dia azo tombanana ny taha-pahafahana hisian' ny fahatapahana amin' ny ampahany iray aminy ao anatin' ny am-polony taona vitsivitsy manaraka.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-083&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-084&quot; /&gt;

Efa novolavolaina koa ny rafitra fampitandremana momba ny horohoron-tany. Afaka mampandre ny faritra iray izy ireny fa misy horohoron-tany efa nanomboka, nefa mbola tsy nanomboka nihovitrovitra ny velaran-tany ao amin' ilay faritra. Noho izany, dia mety hahafahan' ny olona ao anatin' ny faritra rakotry ny rafitra mitady fialofana alohan' ny hahatsapany ny fiantraikan' ny horohoron-tany izany fampitandremana izany.

=== Fiomanana ===
Lahatsoratra lehibe: Fiomanana amin' ny horohoron-tany.

Ny tanjon' ny injenieria momba ny fiarovana amin' ny horohoron-tany dia ny hanombana mialoha ny fiantraikan' ny horohoron-tany amin' ny trano, tetezana, tonelina, lalana ary rafitra fanorenana hafa, sy ny hamolavola azy ireny mba hampihenana araka izay azo atao ny mety ho fahasimbana. Azo atao ny manova sy manamafy ireo rafitra efa misy mba hahatohitra kokoa ny horohoron-tany. Ny fiantohana amin' ny horohoron-tany dia afaka manome fiarovana ara-bola ho an' ny tompon-trano manoloana ny fatiantoka ateraky ny horohoron-tany. Afaka mampihatra paikady fitantanana ny toe-javatra vonjy taitra ny fanjakana na fikambanana iray mba hampihenana ny loza sy hiomanana amin' ny vokany.

Mety hanampy amin' ny fanombanana ny trano sy ny fandaminana ny asa fisorohana ny [[Haranitan-tsaina voatr' olombelona|haranitan-tsaina voatr' olombelona]]. Anisan' ny fitaovan' ny laboratoara finday iray ny Igor, izay rindrankajy mampiasa fahalalana sy fitsipika avy amin' ny manam-pahaizana. Io laboratoara io dia manampy amin' ny dingana ilaina amin' ny fanombanana ny fahafahan' ny trano vita amin' ny akora toy ny biriky na vato natambatra mahatohitra ny horohoron-tany, sy amin' ny fandaminana ny asa fanovana sy fanamafisana ireny trano ireny. Efa nampiasaina hanombanana trano tany [[Lisboa]], [[Nosy Rhodos|Rhodos]] ary [[Napoli]] izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-085&quot; /&gt;

Afaka mandray fepetra fiomanana koa ny tsirairay, toy ny famatorana tsara ny fitaovana fanafanana rano sy ny zavatra mavesatra mety handratra olona, ny fitadiavana ny toerana misy ny fitaovana fanakatonana na fanapahana ny famatsiana rano sy angovo, ary ny fianarana izay tokony hatao rehefa manomboka ny fihovitrovitra. Ho an' ny faritra akaikin' ny velaran-drano lehibe, dia tafiditra ao anatin' ny fiomanana amin' ny horohoron-tany koa ny fiomanana amin' ny mety hisian' ny tsonamy ateraky ny horohoron-tany lehibe.

== Ao amin' ny kolontsaina ==

[[File:Lycosthène.jpg|thumb|Sary nalaina tao amin' ny boky iray tamin' ny 1557, maneho horohoron-tany tany Italia tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy.]]

Nanomboka tamin' ny fotoana niainan' i Anaxagoras, filôzôfa grika tamin' ny taonjato faha-5 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy, ka hatramin' ny taonjato faha-14 taorian' i Jesoa Kristy, dia matetika no noheverina fa ny «rivotra (etona) ao amin' ny lavaka anatin' ny Tany» (dikanteny) no nahatonga ny horohoron-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;World&quot; /&gt; Nantsoin' i [[Plinio Zokiny]] hoe «oram-baratra any ambanin' ny tany» (dikanteny) ny horohoron-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;World&quot; /&gt; I [[Thales]] avy any Miletus (625–547 talohan' i Jesoa Kristy) irery no olona voarakitra an-tsoratra ho nino fa ny fihenjanana teo amin' ny tany sy ny rano no nahatonga ny horohoron-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;World&quot; /&gt;

Araka ny angano sy finoana nentin-drazana nôrsa, dia ny fitolomana mafy nataon' i Loki, andriamanitra nosazina noho ny namonoany an' i Baldr, andriamanitry ny hatsarana sy ny hazavana, no nanazavana ny horohoron-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-087&quot; /&gt; Ao amin' ny angano sy finoana nentin-drazana grika, dia i Poseidon no noheverina ho nahatonga ny horohoron-tany sady andriamanitr' izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dimock1990&quot; /&gt; Araka ny angano sy finoana nentin-drazana ao Japàna, dia karazan-trondro misy volombava (''catfish'') goavam-be mahatonga ny horohoron-tany i Namazu (鯰).&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-089&quot; /&gt; Araka ny lovantsofina ao [[Taioàna]], dia [[Bofalô|bofalô]] goavam-be an-tany mahatonga ny horohoron-tany i Tē-gû (地牛).&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-090&quot; /&gt;

Ao amin' ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]], ny [[Filazantsara araka an' i Matio]] dia mitantara horohoron-tany nitranga taorian' ny [[Fanomboana an' i Jesoa|nahafatesan' i Jesoa]] (Matio 27:51, 54) sy tamin' ny [[Fitsanganan' i Jesoa ho velona|nitsanganany tamin' ny maty]] (Matio 28:2).&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-091&quot; /&gt;

Ao amin' ny kolontsaina be mpanaraka amin' ny vanim-potoana môderina, dia misy fiantraikany amin' ny fomba anehoana ny horohoron-tany ny fahatsiarovana ireo tanàn-dehibe rava, toy ny tany Kobe tamin' ny 1995 na tany San Francisco tamin' ny 1906.&lt;ref name=&quot;Van Riper 60&quot; /&gt; Matetika no tampoka sy tsy misy fampitandremana ny horohoron-tany ao amin' ny tantara foronina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Van Riper 60&quot; /&gt; Noho izany, dia mazàna manomboka amin' ilay loza ny tantara momba ny horohoron-tany ary mifantoka amin' izay mitranga avy hatrany aorian' izany, toy ny ao amin' ny ''Short Walk to Daylight'' (1972), ''The Ragged Edge'' (1968) na ''Aftershock: Earthquake in New York'' (1999).&lt;ref name=&quot;Van Riper 60&quot; /&gt; Ohatra iray miavaka ny ''The Earthquake in Chile'', tantara foronina antonontonony klasika nosoratan' i Heinrich von Kleist, izay mitantara ny faharavan' i Santiago tamin' ny 1647. Ny ''After the Quake'', fitambaran-tantara foronina fohy nosoratan' i Haruki Murakami, dia maneho ny vokatry ny horohoron-tany tany Kobe tamin' ny 1995.

&lt;span id=&quot;big_one&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ny horohoron-tany iray malaza indrindra ao amin' ny tantara foronina dia ilay horohoron-tany vinavinaina antsoina hoe «''Big One''» (ilay horohoron-tany lehibe), izay andrasana hitranga indray andro any eo amin' ny vakin' i San Andreas any California. Aseho ao amin' ny sanganasa ''Richter 10'' (1996) sy ''Goodbye California'' (1977), ankoatra ny hafa, izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Van Riper 60&quot; /&gt;

== Ivelan' ny Tany ==
Lahatsoratra fototra: Fihovitrovitra voajanahary amin' ny zavatra eny amin' ny habakabaka.

Efa nisy tranga mitovy amin' ny horohoron-tany voamarika tamin' ny zavatra hafa eny amin' ny habakabaka, toy ny Marsa sy ny Volana; jereo ny fihovitrovitra amin' i Marsa (''marsquake'') sy ny fihovitrovitra amin' ny Volana (''moonquake''). Misy fihovitrovitra koa amin' ny kintana, anisan' izany ireo antsoina hoe ''neutron star''. Ireo dia karazana sisa tavela aorian' ny fipoahan' ny kintana be faobe, na ''supernova''.

Anisan' ny niharan' ny fihovitrovitra toy izany ny ''neutron star'' antsoina hoe SGR 1806−20, izay any amin' ny halavirana tokony ho antsasaky ny sakan' ny Milky Way avy eto an-tany. Araka ny tatitry ny NASA (sampan-draharaha amerikanina misahana ny sidina sy ny habakabaka), dia nitranga tokony ho 42 000 taona lasa izay izany fihovitrovitra izany. Rehefa tonga teto an-tany tamin' ny 2004 ny hazavana avy amin' ilay fihovitrovitra, dia notombanana fa nihoatra ny angovo avoakan' ny Masoandro mandritra ny 150 000 taona ny angovo navoakany.&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-093&quot; /&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* Fandalinana statistikan' ny horohoron-tany – fandalinana ny lamina isehoan' ny horohoron-tany amin' ny alalan' ny famolavolana môdely ahitana singa kisendrasendra.
* Fehin-tany Alpide
* EMSC (Foibe eorôpeanina sy mediteraneanina momba ny fandalinana ny horohoron-tany; ''European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre'' amin' ny teny anglisy, na ''Centre Sismologique Euro-Méditerranéen'' amin' ny teny frantsay)
* Fandalinana ny fihovitrovitry ny Masoandro
* Lavadrano fampidirana tsiranoka ao anaty tany
* Lisitr' ireo horohoron-tany
* SSA (Fikambanana amerikanina momba ny fandalinana ny horohoron-tany; ''Seismological Society of America'')
* Fandalinana ny fifandraisan' ny horohoron-tany sy ny tektônika
* Fifindrana mitsangana

== Fiavian' ny votoaty ==

Ity lahatsoratra ity dia ahitana votoaty nalaina avy amin' ny [https://openknowledge.fao.org/bitstreams/d18d9cb5-3e78-469a-b268-0aed1799d147/download ''The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025''], navoakan' ny ''The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations'' (Fikambanan' ny Firenena Mikambana momba ny Sakafo sy ny Fambolena). Azo ampiasaina araka ny fahazoan-dalana CC BY 4.0 (fahazoan-dalana Creative Commons mitaky fanononana ny mpamorona, andiany 4.0) izany votoaty izany, araka ny [https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/74d08f97-306a-4653-8ffe-140a2fc4d783 fanambarana momba ny fahazoan-dalana].

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
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&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-062&quot;&gt;[http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2001/PamelaSpiegel.shtml ''Speed of Sound through the Earth'']. Hypertextbook.com. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2010-08-23. datin' ny tahiry: 2010-11-25. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101125091130/http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2001/PamelaSpiegel.shtml rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-063&quot;&gt;[https://newsela.com/articles/govt-science-earthquakes/id/26756/ ''Newsela &amp;#124; The science of earthquakes'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2017-02-28. datin' ny tahiry: 2017-03-01. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: newsela.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170301005337/https://newsela.com/articles/govt-science-earthquakes/id/26756/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-064&quot;&gt;Geographic.org. [http://geographic.org/earthquakes/real_time_details.php?id=recenteqsww/Quakes/usc000f1s0.php&amp;lat=-10.7377&amp;lon=165.1378 ''Magnitude 8.0 – SANTA CRUZ ISLANDS Earthquake Details'']. ''Global Earthquake Epicenters with Maps''. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2013-03-13. datin' ny tahiry: 2013-05-14. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130514143205/http://geographic.org/earthquakes/real_time_details.php?id=recenteqsww/Quakes/usc000f1s0.php&amp;lat=-10.7377&amp;lon=165.1378 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-065&quot;&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/blog/post/changes-to-earths-gravity-offer-early-earthquake-warning ''Earth's gravity offers earlier earthquake warnings'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2016-11-22. datin' ny tahiry: 2016-11-23. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161123201125/https://www.researchgate.net/blog/post/changes-to-earths-gravity-offer-early-earthquake-warning rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-066&quot;&gt;[https://cosmosmagazine.com/geoscience/gravity-shifts-could-sound-early-earthquake-alarm ''Gravity shifts could sound early earthquake alarm'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2016-11-23. datin' ny tahiry: 2016-11-24. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161124100006/https://cosmosmagazine.com/geoscience/gravity-shifts-could-sound-early-earthquake-alarm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-067&quot;&gt;[http://www.abag.ca.gov/bayarea/eqmaps/doc/contents.html ''On Shaky Ground, Association of Bay Area Governments, San Francisco, reports 1995, 1998 (updated 2003)'']. Abag.ca.gov. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2010-08-23. datin' ny tahiry: 2009-09-21. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090921082202/http://www.abag.ca.gov/bayarea/eqmaps/doc/contents.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-068&quot;&gt;[http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/information/publications/cgs_notes/note_49/Documents/note_49.pdf ''Guidelines for evaluating the hazard of surface fault rupture, California Geological Survey'']. California Department of Conservation. 2002. datin' ny tahiry: 2009-10-09. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091009065422/http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/information/publications/cgs_notes/note_49/Documents/note_49.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-069&quot;&gt;[https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1964_03_28.php ''Historic Earthquakes – 1964 Anchorage Earthquake'']. United States Geological Survey. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2008-09-15. datin' ny tahiry: 2011-06-23. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110623111831/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1964_03_28.php rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-070&quot;&gt;[https://www.preventionweb.net/news/wicked-problem-earthquake-hazard-developing-countries ''The wicked problem of earthquake hazard in developing countries'']. 7 March 2018. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2022-11-03. datin' ny tahiry: 2022-11-03. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: preventionweb.net. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221103025507/https://www.preventionweb.net/news/wicked-problem-earthquake-hazard-developing-countries rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-071&quot;&gt;[http://www.nctsn.org/trauma-types/natural-disasters/earthquakes ''Earthquake Resources'']. Nctsn.org. 30 January 2018. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2018-06-05. datin' ny tahiry: 2018-03-21. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180321183320/http://www.nctsn.org/trauma-types/natural-disasters/earthquakes rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-072&quot;&gt;FAO. [https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7185en ''The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025'']. FAO. 2025. fiteny: English. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-92-5-140180-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.4060/cd7185en&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-073&quot;&gt;Seal, Dylan M; Jessee, Anna Nowicki; Hamburger, Michael; Dills, Carter; Allstadt, Kate E. ''Comprehensive Global Database of Earthquake-Induced Landslide Events and Their Impacts (ver. 2.0, February 2022)''. ''U.S. Geological Survey (Usgs) Data Release''. U.S. Geological Survey. 2022. p.: 137. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.5066/P9RG3MBE&lt;/nowiki&gt;. bibcode: 2022usgs.data..137S.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-074&quot;&gt;[https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1906/18april/index.php ''The Great 1906 San Francisco earthquake of 1906'']. United States Geological Survey. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2008-09-15. datin' ny tahiry: 2017-02-11. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170211170826/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1906/18april/index.php rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-076&quot;&gt;[http://www.quakes.bgs.ac.uk/earthquakes/historical/historical_listing.htm ''Notes on Historical Earthquakes'']. British Geological Survey. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2008-09-15. datin' ny tahiry: 2011-05-16. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110516173115/http://www.quakes.bgs.ac.uk/earthquakes/historical/historical_listing.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-077&quot;&gt;[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3120693.stm ''Fresh alert over Tajik flood threat'']. BBC News. 2003-08-03. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2008-09-15. datin' ny tahiry: 2008-11-22. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081122134305/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3120693.stm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-078&quot;&gt;Geller; Jackson; Kagan; Mulargia (1997), p. 1616, manaraka an' i Allen (1976), p. 2070, izay nanaraka an' i Wood sy Gutenberg (1935)&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-080&quot;&gt;Lafee, Scott. [https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/2010/04/09/quake-myths-rely-on-cloudy-facts/ ''Quake myths rely on cloudy facts'']. ''The San Diego Union-Tribune''. April 9, 2010. daty nijerena voarakitra: July 3, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-081&quot;&gt;[https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/there-earthquake-weather ''Is there earthquake weather?'']. United States Geological Survey. 21 April 2008. daty nijerena voarakitra: July 3, 2024. datin' ny tahiry: March 3, 2024. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240303155939/https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/there-earthquake-weather rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-082&quot;&gt;Kanamori (2003), p. 1205. Jereo koa International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting for Civil Protection (2011), p. 327.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-083&quot;&gt;Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities in the San Francisco Bay Region, 2003 to 2032, 2003, [https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/wg02/index.php ''Bay Area Earthquake Probabilities'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2017-08-28. datin' ny tahiry: 2017-02-18. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170218174649/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/wg02/index.php rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-084&quot;&gt;Pailoplee, Santi. ''Probabilities of Earthquake Occurrences along the Sumatra-Andaman Subduction Zone''. ''Open Geosciences''. 2017-03-13. boky: 9. laharana: 1. pp.: 4. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISSN 2391-5447&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1515/geo-2017-0004&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;S2CID 132545870&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana DOI voarakitra: free. bibcode: 2017OGeo....9....4P.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-085&quot;&gt;Salvaneschi, P.; Cadei, M.; Lazzari, M.. ''Applying AI to Structural Safety Monitoring and Evaluation''. ''IEEE Expert''. 1996. boky: 11. laharana: 4. pp.: 24–34. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1109/64.511774&lt;/nowiki&gt;. bibcode: 1996IExp...11...24S.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-087&quot;&gt;Sturluson, Snorri. ''Prose Edda''. General Books. 2011. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-156-78621-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. orig-year: 1st pub. 1220. title-link: Prose Edda.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-089&quot;&gt;Cartwright, Mark. [http://www.worldhistory.org/Namazu/ ''Namazu'']. 12 June 2017. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2017-07-23. datin' ny tahiry: 2021-04-23. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210423164505/https://www.worldhistory.org/Namazu/ rohy tahiry voarakitra]. encyclopedia: World History Encyclopedia.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-090&quot;&gt;[https://artouch.com/gumeishu/content-144675.html ''Earthquake Island, Taiwan: The Ground Buffalo Myth, Deities and Earthquakes'']. ''ARTouch''. 14 June 2024. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2025-05-05.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-091&quot;&gt;Allison, D., ''56. Matthew'', in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), [https://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43 ''The Oxford Bible Commentary''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20171122193211/http://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43 tahiry tamin' ny 2017-11-22], p. 884&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eq-093&quot;&gt;[https://www3.nasa.gov/vision/universe/watchtheskies/swift_nsu_0205.html ''NASA - Cosmic Explosion Among the Brightest in Recorded History'']. Brian Dunbar. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2026-09-25. tranonkala: www3.nasa.gov.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ludwin&quot;&gt;[http://www.geophys.washington.edu/SEIS/PNSN/INFO_GENERAL/eq_prediction.html Earthquake Prediction] [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007165545/http://www.geophys.washington.edu/SEIS/PNSN/INFO_GENERAL/eq_prediction.html tahiry tamin' ny 2009-10-07]. Ruth Ludwin, U.S. Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;olivine&quot;&gt;Greene II, H.W.; Burnley, P.C.. ''A new self-organizing mechanism for deep-focus earthquakes''. ''Nature''. October 26, 1989. boky: 341. laharana: 6244. pp.: 733–737. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1038/341733a0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;S2CID 4287597&lt;/nowiki&gt;. bibcode: 1989Natur.341..733G.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;usgsfacts&quot;&gt;[https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/earthquake-hazards/science/cool-earthquake-facts ''Cool Earthquake Facts'']. United States Geological Survey. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2021-04-21. datin' ny tahiry: 2021-04-20. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210420165152/https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/earthquake-hazards/science/cool-earthquake-facts rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;wp100414&quot;&gt;Pressler, Margaret Webb. ''More earthquakes than usual? Not really.''. ''The Washington Post''. 14 April 2010. pp.: C10. department: KidsPost.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

== Boky sy lahatsoratra nampiasaina ==
* Allen, Clarence R.. ''Responsibilities in earthquake prediction''. ''Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America''. December 1976. boky: 66. laharana: 6. pp.: 2069–2074. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1785/BSSA0660062069&lt;/nowiki&gt;. bibcode: 1976BuSSA..66.2069A..
* Bolt, Bruce A.. [https://archive.org/details/earthquakesgeolo0000bolt ''Earthquakes and geological discovery'']. Scientific American Library. 1993. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7167-5040-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana voarakitra: registration..
* Chung, D.H.; Bernreuter, D.L.. [https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/5073993/ ''Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales'']. 1980. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.2172/5073993&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2017-07-21. datin' ny tahiry: 2020-01-22. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. fidirana DOI voarakitra: free. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200122134130/https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5073993/ rohy tahiry voarakitra]. osti: 5073993., NUREG/CR-1457.
* Deborah R. Coen. ''The Earthquake Observers: Disaster Science From Lisbon to Richter'' (University of Chicago Press; 2012), pejy 348; mandinika ny famelabelarana ara-tsiansa sy ny famelabelarana natao ho an' ny besinimaro momba ny horohoron-tany ity boky ity.
* Geller, Robert J.; Jackson, David D.; Kagan, Yan Y.; Mulargia, Francesco. [http://moho.ess.ucla.edu/~kagan/Geller_et_al_1997.pdf ''Earthquakes Cannot Be Predicted'']. ''Science''. 14 March 1997. boky: 275. laharana: 5306. p.: 1616. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1126/science.275.5306.1616&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;S2CID 123516228&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 29 December 2016. datin' ny tahiry: 12 May 2019. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: dead. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190512161821/http://moho.ess.ucla.edu/~kagan/Geller_et_al_1997.pdf rohy tahiry voarakitra]..
* International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting for Civil Protection. [https://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/item_243738_1/component/file_243737/17246.pdf ''Operational Earthquake Forecasting: State of Knowledge and Guidelines for Utilization'']. ''Annals of Geophysics''. 30 May 2011. boky: 54. laharana: 4. pp.: 315–391. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.4401/ag-5350&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;S2CID 129825964&lt;/nowiki&gt;. datin' ny tahiry: 17 July 2021. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210717180146/https://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/rest/items/item_243738_1/component/file_243737/content rohy tahiry voarakitra]. article-number: 2. bibcode: 2011AnGp...54.5350J. archive-format: PDF..
* Kanamori, Hiroo. ''International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, Part B''. ''72 Earthquake prediction: An overview''. 2003. boky: 81, Part B. pp.: 1205–1216. mpamoaka: William H.K. Lee. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-12-440658-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1016/s0074-6142(03)80186-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;. editor2: Hiroo Kanamori. editor3: Paul C. Jennings. editor4: Carl Kisslinger. series: International Geophysics. bibcode: 2003InGeo..81.1205K..
* Wood, H.O.; Gutenberg, B.. ''Earthquake prediction''. ''Science''. 6 September 1935. boky: 82. laharana: 2123. pp.: 219–320. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1126/science.82.2123.219&lt;/nowiki&gt;. bibcode: 1935Sci....82..219W. pmid: 17818812..

== Vakiteny fanampiny ==
* Hyndman, Donald; Hyndman, David. ''Natural Hazards and Disasters''. ''Chapter 3: Earthquakes and their causes''. Brooks/Cole: Cengage Learning. 2009. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-495-31667-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 2nd. chapter-url: https://books.google.com/books?id=8jg5oRWHXmcC&amp;pg=PT54.
* Liu, ChiChing; Linde, Alan T.; Sacks, I. Selwyn. ''Slow earthquakes triggered by typhoons''. ''Nature''. 2009. boky: 459. laharana: 7248. pp.: 833–836. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISSN 0028-0836&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1038/nature08042&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;S2CID 4424312&lt;/nowiki&gt;. pmid: 19516339. bibcode: 2009Natur.459..833L.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Earthquake_safety Fiarovana amin' ny horohoron-tany ao amin' ny Wikivoyage amin' ny teny anglisy]
* [https://earthquake.usgs.gov/ Fandaharanasa momba ny loza ateraky ny horohoron-tany] an' ny ''United States Geological Survey'' (Sampan-draharaha amerikana momba ny jeôlôjia)

[[:Sokajy:Horohorontany]]
[[:Sokajy:Jeolojia]]</text>
      <sha1>4uth2y6139m21ke1as48d8b1boziwtt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ala Tara Gedam(monasteran'i Tara Gedam)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302632</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153419</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T08:36:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Namirona pejy</comment>
      <origin>1153419</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="305" sha1="r93n3nss805pswpy9rhoyso5o4oph9h" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''ala Tara Gedam''' dia ala hita manodidina ny monasteran'i  Tara Tadam, ao amin'ny faritra Amhra, tapany atsimon'i Gondar any Etiopia.

== Lanja ara-pivavahana sy ara-kolontsaina ==

== Anjara asany amin'ny ekolojia ==

== Fandrahonana ==

== Fiarovana ==

== Loharano ==

== Jereo koa ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>r93n3nss805pswpy9rhoyso5o4oph9h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153420</id>
      <parentid>1153419</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T08:38:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Mise en forme</comment>
      <origin>1153420</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="307" sha1="b4jng8gn1tpfa39dv6syv2op1ajsfmg" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''ala Tara Gedam''' dia ala hita manodidina ny monasteran'i  Tara Tadam, ao amin'ny faritra Amhra, tapany atsimon'i Gondar any Etiopia.

== Lanja ara-pivavahana sy ara-kolontsaina ==

== Anjara asany amin'ny ekolojia ==

== Fandrahonana ==

== Fiarovana ==

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Jereo koa ==</text>
      <sha1>b4jng8gn1tpfa39dv6syv2op1ajsfmg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1153423</id>
      <parentid>1153420</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T08:56:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Anjara asany amin'ny ekolojia */ Nampiditra loharano</comment>
      <origin>1153423</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="470" sha1="8kwg9ev59yqmlqziz1b77gn132l26ic" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''ala Tara Gedam''' dia ala hita manodidina ny monasteran'i  Tara Tadam, ao amin'ny faritra Amhra, tapany atsimon'i Gondar any Etiopia.

== Lanja ara-pivavahana sy ara-kolontsaina ==

== Anjara asany amin'ny ekolojia ==
Mitahiry karazan-javaboary 94 n'y alan'i Tara Gedam, ary misy Corona miisa 2375 no voarakitra ao.&lt;ref&gt;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.73789&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fandrahonana ==

== Fiarovana ==

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Jereo koa ==</text>
      <sha1>8kwg9ev59yqmlqziz1b77gn132l26ic</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fiteny fampandaharana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302633</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1153427</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T10:38:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bot-Jagwar</username>
        <id>2168</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dika amin' ny teny malagasy: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1384004129</comment>
      <origin>1153427</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="81901" sha1="jz8b9cmftawla47evu3fmr4imfd2kmv" xml:space="preserve">[[File:C Hello World Program.png|thumb|right|upright=1.3|alt=Kaody loharanon' ny fandaharana iray amin' ny fiteny C, misy fanamarihana miloko volondavenona.|Ny kaody loharano, izany hoe ny baiko nosoratan' ny mpampandahatra, ho an' ny fandaharana iray amin' ny fiteny [[Fiteny C|C]]. Ny andalana miloko volondavenona dia fanamarihana manazava ilay fandaharana amin' ny olombelona. Rehefa voadika amin' ny kaompilatera (rindrankajy mpandika fandaharana) sy tanterahina izy io, dia hamoaka ny hoe &quot;Hello, world!&quot;.]]

Ny '''fiteny fampandaharana''' dia fiteny voafaritra amin' ny fitsipika hentitra, natao hanehoana kajy, izany hoe fikirakirana fampahalalana araka ny fitsipika voafaritra,&lt;ref&gt;''Information technology — Vocabulary''. csnumber: 63598.&lt;/ref&gt; ary mazàna ahafahana mamaritra [[Rindrankajy|rindrankajy]] amin' ny endrika azon' ny olombelona sy ny solosaina ampiasaina.

Mba hanatanterahana fandaharana iray, dia ilaina ny rafitra mampandeha ny fiteny nanoratana azy. Misy fomba roa lehibe enti-manatanteraka ny fiteny fampandaharana: ny fandikana mialoha amin' ny kaompilatera, izay andikana ny fandaharana ho kaody milina, na baiko azon' ny fitaovana mpikirakira tanterahina mivantana, alohan' ny hampandehanana azy; ary ny fampiasana mpandika baiko, izay anatanterahana mivantana ny fandaharana amin' ny alalan' ny fandikana ny baikony. Ankoatra ireo fomba roa mifanohitra ireo, dia mampiasa fomba mifangaro ny rafitra sasany, toy ny fandikana ny kaody ho kaody milina avy hatrany alohan' ny fanatanterahana azy sy ny mpandika kaody mpanelanelana, izay kaody baiko natao ho an' ny milina virtoaly.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta, Robert W. ''Concepts of Programming Languages''. Pearson. 2023. pp.: 46–51. fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-292-43682-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 12th global.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nisy fiantraikany lehibe tamin' ny famolavolana ny fiteny fampandaharana ny firafitry ny solosaina. Mifototra amin' ny firafitra von Neumann, izay miely patrana, ny famolavolana ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampandaharana mandidy, izany hoe fiteny maneho ny kajy amin' ny alalan' ny asa ampifandimbiasina araka ny filaharany.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta, Robert. ''Concepts of Programming Languages: Global Edition''. Pearson. Harlow. 2022. p.: 41. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-292-43682-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 12th global.&lt;/ref&gt; Raha nifamatotra akaiky tamin' ny [[Hardware|fitaovana ara-batana]] ny fiteny fampandaharana tany am-boalohany, dia mazàna mampiasa fanafenana ny antsipirian' ny fanatanterahana kosa ny fiteny maoderina mba tsy hampisehoana ny antsipirian' ireo fitaovana ireo, ka ny asa ilaina ihany no aseho. Ny tanjona amin' izany dia ny hahafahana mamorona rindrankajy tsara kokoa nefa mitaky ezaka kely kokoa. Antsoina hoe fiteny avo lenta ireo fiteny ireo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://adacomputerscience.org/concepts/proglang_high_level ''High-level languages'']. 2026-05-11. tranonkala: ada computer science.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fifandraisana amin' ny fiteny voajanahary ==
Misy itovian' ny fiteny fampandaharana amin' ny fiteny voajanahary, satria ahafahan' ny olona mifampita hevitra izy ireo. Amin' ny ankapobeny, azon' ny olona vakina ny fandaharana ary afaka maneho hevitra saro-takarina. Na izany aza, voafetra amin' ny sehatry ny kajy, izany hoe ny fikirakirana fampahalalana araka ny fitsipika voafaritra, ihany ny karazana hevitra azon' ny fiteny fampandaharana aseho.&lt;ref name=&quot;BookProgrammingLanguagesChauhanSharad&quot;&gt;Chauhan, Sharad. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qKRnohkDbb0C ''Programming Languages - Design and Constructs'']. ''10''. University Science Press. 2013. p.: 235. fiteny: English. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-93-81159-41-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. daty nijerena voarakitra: 10 September 2025. quote: Like our natural languages, programming languages facilitate the expression and communication between people. However, programming languages differ from natural languages in two ways. First, programming languages also enables communication of ideas between people and computing machines. Second, programming languages have a narrower expressive domain than our natural languages. That is, they facilitate only the communication of computational ideas.&lt;/ref&gt;

Indraindray dia ampiasaina hifandimby ny teny hoe fitenin' ny solosaina (''computer language'') sy ny hoe fiteny fampandaharana (''programming language'')&lt;ref&gt;Robert A. Edmunds, ''The Prentice-Hall standard glossary of computer terminology'', Prentice-Hall, 1985, p. 91&lt;/ref&gt;, saingy misy mihevitra fa hevitra roa samy hafa ireo. Misy mihevitra fa ao anatin' ny sokajin' ny fitenin' ny solosaina ny fiteny fampandaharana.&lt;ref&gt;Pascal Lando, Anne Lapujade, Gilles Kassel, and Frédéric Fürst, ''[http://home.mis.u-picardie.fr/~site-ic/site/IMG/pdf/ICSOFT2007_final.pdf Towards a General Ontology of Computer Programs]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20150707093557/http://home.mis.u-picardie.fr/~site-ic/site/IMG/pdf/ICSOFT2007_final.pdf tahiry tamin' ny 7 July 2015], [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/icsoft/icsoft2007-1.html ICSOFT 2007] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100427063709/http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/icsoft/icsoft2007-1.html tahiry tamin' ny 27 April 2010], pp. 163–170&lt;/ref&gt; Misy mampiasa ny teny hoe fitenin' ny solosaina hanasokajiana fiteny ampiasaina amin' ny kajimirindra nefa tsy heverina ho fiteny fampandaharana. Misy kosa mihevitra ny fiteny fampandaharana ho rafitra ara-kevitra entina mampandahatra milina ara-kevitra, izany hoe môdely ara-kevitra momba ny milina manao kajy; araka izany fomba fijery izany, ny fitenin' ny solosaina dia ireo fiteny fampandaharana izay mandeha amin' ny solosaina ara-batana manana fitaovana voafetra.
&lt;ref&gt;R. Narasimhan, ''Programming Languages and Computers: A Unified Metatheory'', pp. 189–247 in Franz Alt, Morris Rubinoff (eds.) ''Advances in computers'', Volume 8, Academic Press, 1994, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-12-012108-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;, p.215: &quot;[...] the model [...] for computer languages differs from that [...] for programming languages in only two respects. In a computer language, there are only finitely many names—or registers—which can assume only finitely many values—or states—and these states are not further distinguished in terms of any other attributes. [author's footnote:] This may sound like a truism but its implications are far-reaching. For example, it would imply that any model for programming languages, by fixing certain of its parameters or features, should be reducible in a natural way to a model for computer languages.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Manamafy i [[John C. Reynolds]] fa fiteny fampandaharana ihany koa ny fiteny anaovana [[Famaritana manarak'endrika|famaritana hentitra]], izany hoe famaritana mazava tsara mampiasa fomba fanoratana voafaritra tsara, toy ny fiteny rehetra natao hotanterahina. Araka ny heviny, dia fiteny fampandaharana ny endrika fampidirana angona amin' ny alalan' ny soratra, ary na dia ireo mampiasa sary aza, raha misy fiantraikany amin' ny fiasan' ny solosaina izany, na dia tsy mahatanteraka ny kajy rehetra vitan' ny milin' i Turing aza izy ireo amin' ny ankapobeny. Milaza koa izy fa ny tsy fahalalana ny foto-kevitra momba ny fiteny fampandaharana no mahatonga lesoka maro amin' ny endrika fampidirana angona.&lt;ref&gt;John C. Reynolds, &quot;''Some thoughts on teaching programming and programming languages''&quot;, ''SIGPLAN Notices'', Volume 43, Issue 11, November 2008, p.109&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tantara ==
Lohahevitra mifandray: tantaran' ny fiteny fampandaharana.

=== Fivoarana tany am-boalohany ===
Tamin' ny taompolo 1940 no noforonina ireo solosaina voalohany azo nandaharana, ary niaraka taminy ireo fiteny fampandaharana voalohany.&lt;ref&gt;Hierso, Severine. [https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/insider-membership-news/timeline-of-programming-languages ''Coding From 1849 to 2022: a Guide to The Timeline of Programming Languages'']. June 10, 2022. daty nijerena voarakitra: March 1, 2026. tranonkala: IEEE Computer Society.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 519.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampiasana 1GL (fiteny fampandaharana taranaka voalohany) ireo solosaina tany am-boalohany, izany hoe fitenin' ny milina, izay ahitana baiko tsotra azon' ny ventim-pikirakirana tanterahina mivantana. Tena sarotra ny nitady sy nanitsy ny lesoka tao amin' io kaody io, ary tsy azo nafindra hampiasaina tamin' ny rafitra solosaina samihafa izy.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 520–521.&lt;/ref&gt; Mba hanamorana ny fampandaharana dia noforonina ny fiteny fampikambanana, izany hoe fiteny mampiasa marika izay mifanandrify akaiky amin' ny baikon' ny milina, na 2GL (fiteny fampandaharana taranaka faharoa). Nanalavitra ny fitenin' ny milina ireo mba hahamora kokoa ny fahazoan' ny olona ny fandaharana, na dia tsy nampitombo ny fahafahana namindra azy tamin' ny rafitra hafa aza.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 521.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tany am-boalohany dia vitsy sady lafo ny fitaovana ara-batana azo nampiasaina, fa mora kokoa kosa ny mpiasa. Noho izany dia ireo fiteny sarotra nampiasaina sy nandany fotoana, nefa akaiky kokoa ny fitaovana ara-batana ka nahomby kokoa tamin' ny fampiasana azy, no nomena tombony.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 522.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanova tanteraka ny fampandaharana ny fampidirana ny fiteny fampandaharana avo lenta, na 3GL (fiteny fampandaharana taranaka fahatelo). Nanafina ny antsipirian' ny fitaovana ara-batana ireo fiteny ireo, fa natao kosa hanehoana algôritma, izany hoe filaharan-dingana voafetra sy voafaritra hamahana olana, amin' ny fomba mora azon' ny olona kokoa. Ohatra, nanjary azo nosoratana tamin' ny alalan' ny marika ireo teny maneho kajy, ary nadika ho kaody milina azon' ny fitaovana ara-batana tanterahina tatỳ aoriana.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 521.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 1957 no noforonina ny Fortran (''FORmula TRANslation'', na fandikana raikipohy). Matetika izy io no heverina ho fiteny fampandaharana avo lenta voalohany nadika mialoha ho kaody milina,&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 521.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt; ary mbola nampiasaina hatramin' ny taonjato faha-21 ny Fortran.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 524.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Taompolo 1960 sy 1970 ===
[[File:IBM Electronic Data Processing Machine - GPN-2000-001881.jpg|thumb|Olona roa mampiasa IBM 704 (maodelin-tsolosaina) iray, izay solosaina vaventy sady fitaovana ara-batana voalohany nahafahana nanao [[Faingo mihevaheva|kajy amin' ny faingo mihevaheva]], tamin' ny 1957. Ho an' io milina io no namolavolana ny Fortran.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 42–44.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 524.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Manodidina ny 1960 no novolavolaina ireo solosaina vaventy voalohany, izay solosaina natao hanaovana asa ankapobeny, na dia matihanina ihany aza no afaka nampiasa azy ireo ary tena lafo ny vidiny. Nampidirina tamin' ny alalan' ny karatra nisy loaka ny angona sy ny baiko, ka tsy nisy fampidirana fanampiny azo natao nandritra ny fandehan' ny fandaharana. Noho izany dia natao hahakely araka izay azo atao ny fifandraisana amin' ny mpampiasa ireo fiteny novolavolaina tamin' io fotoana io.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 523–524.&lt;/ref&gt; Taorian' ny namoronana ny ventim-pikirakirana madinika, dia nihena be ny vidin' ny solosaina tamin' ny taompolo 1970.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 527.&lt;/ref&gt; Nahafahan' ny mpampiasa nifandray bebe kokoa tamin' ny solosaina koa ireo solosaina vaovao, ary nanohana izany ireo fiteny fampandaharana vaovao kokoa.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 528.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny Lisp, izay nampiharina tamin' ny 1958, no fiteny voalohany nampiasa fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny lefa, izany hoe fampandaharana maneho ny kajy amin' ny alalan' ny fampiharana lefa mampifandray ny angona ampidirina amin' ny vokatra azo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://twobithistory.org/2018/10/14/lisp.html ''How Lisp Became God's Own Programming Language'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 10 April 2024. datin' ny tahiry: 10 April 2024. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: twobithistory.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240410060444/https://twobithistory.org/2018/10/14/lisp.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy toy ny Fortran izy io fa nahafahana nampiasa fiantsoan' ny asa iray ny tenany sy teny miankina amin' ny fepetra, izay miova arakaraka ny fepetra ny vokany,&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 47–48.&lt;/ref&gt; sady nampiditra fitantanana miovaova ny toerana fitadidiana tao amin' ny tahirin-toerana fitadidiana azo atokana mandritra ny fanatanterahana, ary famerenana ho azy ho azo ampiasaina ny toerana fitadidiana tsy ilaina intsony.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 526.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ireo taompolo nanaraka dia ny Lisp no tena nampiasaina tamin' ny rindrankajy momba ny [[Haranitan-tsaina voatr' olombelona|haranitan-tsaina voatr' olombelona]].&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 50.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 1978, ny ML (fiteny fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny lefa iray hafa) dia nampiditra ny famantarana ho azy ny karazana angona sy ny masontsivana, izany hoe angona fidirana voatondro ao amin' ny famaritana asa iray, izay afaka nandray karazana angona samihafa.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 528.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 701–703.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian' ny namoahana ny ALGOL (''ALGOrithmic Language'', na fiteny fanehoana algôritma) tamin' ny 1958 sy 1960,&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 524–525.&lt;/ref&gt; dia izy io no lasa fenitra nampiasaina hamaritana algôritma tao amin' ny asa soratra momba ny kajimirindra. Na dia voafetra aza ny fahombiazany ara-barotra, dia avy amin' ny ALGOL 60 mivantana na ankolaka ny ankamaroan' ireo fiteny be mpampiasa izay mifototra amin' ny filaharan-baiko, anisan' izany ny [[Fiteny C|C]], Pascal, Ada, C++, Java ary C#.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 56–57.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 524.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ireo zava-baovao nampidiriny ka noraisin' ireo fiteny fampandaharana tatỳ aoriana ny fahafahana lehibe kokoa namindra ny fandaharana tamin' ny rafitra hafa, sy ny fampiasana voalohany ny fitsipi-panorenana tsy miankina amin' ny manodidina, nosoratana tamin' ny BNF (endrika Backus–Naur).&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 525.&lt;/ref&gt; Avy amin' ny ALGOL koa ny Simula, izay fiteny voalohany nahafahana nanao fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny zavatra, na fandaminana ny fandaharana manodidina ny zavatra mampikambana angona sy asa atao aminy. Tafiditra amin' izany ny zana-karazana angona, ny fisafidianana ny asa antsoina mandritra ny fanatanterahana, ary ny fandovana toetra. Nahomby ara-barotra koa ny Simula.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 526–527.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny C, izay taranaky ny ALGOL ihany koa, dia mbola be mpampiasa hatramin' ny taonjato faha-21. Ahafahana mikirakira asa ambany lenta kokoa ataon' ny milina ny C raha oharina amin' ny fiteny hafa niara-nisy taminy. Ny fahafahany manao asa maro sy ny fahombiazany, izay vokatry ny fahalalahan' ny fikirakirana tondro amin' ny ampahany — sanda manondro toerana ao amin' ny fitadidiana ireo tondro ireo — dia mahatonga ny fanoratana kaody marina ho sarotra kokoa kosa.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 528.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny Prolog, izay novolavolaina tamin' ny 1972, no fiteny voalohany nampiasa fampandaharana lôjika, ka ny marika ampiasain' ny lôjika voafaritra amin' ny fitsipika hentitra no nampiasainy hifandraisana tamin' ny solosaina.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 531.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 79.&lt;/ref&gt; Amin' ny fampandaharana lôjika dia mamaritra ny vokatra irina ny mpandahatra, ary mamela ny mpandika baiko hanapa-kevitra ny fomba hahazoana izany.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 530.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 79.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Taompolo 1980 hatramin' ny taompolo 2000 ===
[[File:Bangalore India Tech books for sale IMG 5261.jpg|thumb|right|Santionany vitsivitsy amin' ireo boky fianarana fiteny fampandaharana amidy ao [[Bangalore]], India, tamin' ny 2011.]]

Nandritra ny taompolo 1980, ny famoronana ny solosaina manokana dia nanova ireo asa nampiasana ny fiteny fampandaharana.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 532–533.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ireo fiteny vaovao nampidirina tamin' ny taompolo 1980 ny C++, izay fiteny mahafaoka ny C: afaka mandika ny fandaharana C ho kaody milina izy io, nefa manohana koa ny sokajin-javatra, izay famaritana iombonana hamoronana zavatra manana rafitra sy fomba fiasa mitovy, sy ny fandovana toetra.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 534.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Ada sy ny fiteny vaovao hafa dia nampiditra fanohanana ny fampandehanana baiko mifanindran-dalana, izay ahafahan' ny kajy maromaro mandroso mandritra ny fotoana mifanindry.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 534–535.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampiasa vola be tamin' ireo nantsoina hoe fiteny taranaka fahadimy ny governemantan' i Japàna. Nanampy fanohanana ny fampandehanana baiko mifanindran-dalana tao amin' ireo rafitra fanorenan' ny fampandaharana lôjika ireo fiteny ireo, nefa nihoatra azy ireo ny fahaizan' ireo fiteny hafa izay nanohana ny fampandehanana baiko mifanindran-dalana.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 535.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 736.&lt;/ref&gt;

Noho ny fitomboana haingan' ny [[Aterineto]] sy ny [[Tranonkala|tranonkala maneran-tany]] tamin' ny taompolo 1990, dia nampidirina ny fiteny fampandaharana vaovao hanohanana ny pejin-tranonkala sy ny fampifandraisana solosaina ho tambajotra.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 536.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Java, izay nifototra tamin' ny C++ ary natao hampitombo ny fahafahana mamindra ny fandaharana amin' ny rafitra samihafa sy ny fiarovana, dia nahomby tamin' ny ambaratonga lehibe satria tena ilaina amin' ny rindrankajy maro mampiasa ny Aterineto ireo toetra ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 536–537.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 91–92.&lt;/ref&gt; Fivoarana iray hafa ny fisian' ireo fiteny fanoratana baiko ho an' ny mpandika izay mamaritra ny karazana angona mandritra ny fanatanterahana: ny Python, JavaScript, [[PHP]] (fiteny fampandaharana ampiasaina amin' ny tranonkala) ary Ruby. Natao hamokarana haingana fandaharana kely izay mampandrindra [[Rindrankajy fampiharana|rindrankajy fampiharana]] efa misy izy ireo. Noho izy ireo nampiarahina tamin' ny [[Hypertext Markup Language|HTML]] (fiteny fametahana marika ho an' ny lahatsoratra misy rohy), dia nampiasaina koa izy ireo hanamboarana pejin-tranonkala apetraka amin' ny solosaina mpizara.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 538–539.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 97–99.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Taompolo 2000 hatramin' izao ===
Nandritra ny taompolo 2000 dia nihena ny hafainganam-pivoaran' ireo fiteny fampandaharana vaovao izay nanjary be mpampiasa.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; Zava-baovao iray ny fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny tolotra, izay natao hanararaotana ireo rafitra mizara ny kajy amin' ny solosaina mifandray, ka tambajotra no mampifandray ny singa mandrafitra azy. Mitovitovy amin' ny zavatra ao amin' ny fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny zavatra ny tolotra, saingy mandeha ao anatin' ny fanatanterahana fandaharana iray izay tantanan' ny rafitra fikirakirana ho singa misaraka (''process'') izy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 474–475, 477, 542.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampifangaro hevitra avy amin' ny fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny filaharan-baiko sy ny fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny lefa ny C# sy ny F#.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 542–543.&lt;/ref&gt; Taorian' ny 2010 dia nisy fiteny vaovao maromaro — ny Rust, Go, Swift, Zig ary Carbon — nifaninana mba hampiasaina amin' ireo rindrankajy tena ilàna fahombiazana amin' ny fanatanterahana, izay ny C no nampiasaina tamin' izany teo aloha.&lt;ref&gt;Gabbrielli; Martini (2023), p. 544.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampandaharana vaovao dia mampiasa famaritana ny karazana angona alohan' ny fanatanterahana, fa vitsy kosa ireo fiteny vaovao mampiasa famaritana ny karazana angona mandritra ny fanatanterahana, toy ny Julia.&lt;ref&gt;Bezanson, Jeff; Karpinski, Stefan; Shah, Viral B.; Edelman, Alan. ''Julia: A Fast Dynamic Language for Technical Computing''. 2012. eprint: 1209.5145. class: cs.PL.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny sasany amin' ireo fiteny fampandaharana vaovao dia sokajiana ho fiteny fampandaharana an-tsary, toy ny Scratch sy ny LabVIEW (fiteny fampandaharana an-tsary iray). Ny sasany amin' ireo fiteny ireo koa dia mampifangaro ny fampandaharana an-tsoratra sy an-tsary, toy ny Ballerina.&lt;ref&gt;Sáez-López, J.M., Román-González, M. and Vázquez-Cano, E., 2016. ''Visual programming languages integrated across the curriculum in elementary school: A two year case study using &quot;Scratch&quot; in five schools''. Computers &amp; Education, 97, pp.129-141.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kodosky, J., 2020. ''LabVIEW''. Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages, 4(HOPL), pp.1-54.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fernando, A. and Warusawithana, L., 2020. ''Beginning Ballerina Programming: From Novice to Professional''. Apress.&lt;/ref&gt; Nitarika ho amin' ny famolavolana tetikasa manampy amin' ny famoronana fiteny an-tsary vaovao koa izany fironana izany, toy ny Blockly an' ny [[Google]].&lt;ref&gt;Baluprithviraj, K.N., Bharathi, K.R., Chendhuran, S. and Lokeshwaran, P., 2021, March. ''Artificial intelligence based smart door with face mask detection''. In 2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Systems (ICAIS) (pp. 543-548). IEEE.&lt;/ref&gt; Maro amin' ireo rafitra fototra fampandehanana lalao, toy ny Unreal sy ny Unity, no manohana ny fanoratana baiko an-tsary.&lt;ref&gt;Sewell, B., 2015. ''Blueprints visual scripting for unreal engine''. Packt Publishing Ltd.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bertolini, L., 2018. ''Hands-On Game Development without Coding: Create 2D and 3D games with Visual Scripting in Unity''. Packt Publishing Ltd.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Famaritana ==

Azo faritana amin' ny alalan' ny fitsipi-panorenany (endriny) sy ny hevitra omen' ny fiteny ny kaody (dikany) ny fiteny iray, ary matetika dia famaritana amin' ny alalan' ny fiteny voafaritra amin' ny fitsipika hentitra no ampiasaina amin' izany.

=== Fitsipi-panorenana ===
Lohahevitra mifandray: fitsipi-panorenan' ny fiteny fampandaharana.
[[File:Python add5 parse.png|thumb|367px|Hazo maneho ny firafitry ny kaody Python, miaraka amin' ny kisary kely mampiseho ny fizarana ny kaody ho singa voambolana.]]
[[File:Python add5 syntax.svg|thumb|292px|Matetika ny fampisongadinana ny singan' ny kaody amin' ny loko no ampiasaina mba hanampiana ny mpampandahatra hamantatra ny singa ao amin' ny kaody loharano. Python no fiteny ampiasaina amin' ity ohatra ity.]]
Ny endrika ivelan' ny fiteny fampandaharana iray no antsoina hoe fitsipi-panorenany. Lahatsoratra fotsiny no mandrafitra ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampandaharana: mampiasa andian-tsoratra misy teny, isa ary mari-piatoana izy ireny, toy ny fiteny voajanahary an-tsoratra. Misy kosa ny fiteny fampandaharana an-tsary, izay mampiasa ny fifandraisana hita maso eo amin' ny marika mba hamaritana fandaharana iray.

Ny fitsipi-panorenan' ny fiteny iray dia mamaritra ireo fitambaran' ny marika azo ampiasaina mba hahazoana fandaharana manaraka tsara ny fitsipi-panorenana. Ny hevitra omen' ny fiteny ny kaody kosa no mamaritra ny dikan' ny fitambaran' ny marika iray: mety ho voafaritra amin' ny fitsipika hentitra izany, na ho voasoratra mivantana ao amin' ny kaodin' ny fanatanterahana raisina ho modely, izany hoe ny rindrankajy raisina ho fakan-tahaka amin' ny fomba fiasan' ilay fiteny. Satria lahatsoratra no ampiasain' ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny, dia ny fitsipi-panorenana an-tsoratra no resahina ato amin' ity lahatsoratra ity.

Matetika dia faritana amin' ny fampiarahana ny lamina mamaritra andian-tsoratra, ho an' ny firafitry ny singa voambolana, sy ny endrika Backus–Naur, ho an' ny firafitra ara-pitsipi-panorenana, ny fitsipi-panorenan' ny fiteny fampandaharana. Ity manaraka ity dia fitsipi-panorenana tsotra mifototra amin' ny Lisp:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;bnf&quot;&gt;
expression ::= atom | list
atom       ::= number | symbol
number     ::= [+-]?['0'-'9']+
symbol     ::= ['A'-'Z''a'-'z'].*
list       ::= '(' expression* ')'
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Izao no faritan' io fitsipi-panorenana io:
* ny &lt;code&gt;expression&lt;/code&gt;, na teny maneho sanda, dia mety ho &lt;code&gt;atom&lt;/code&gt;, izany hoe singa fototra, na &lt;code&gt;list&lt;/code&gt;, izany hoe lisitra;
* ny &lt;code&gt;atom&lt;/code&gt;, na singa fototra, dia mety ho &lt;code&gt;number&lt;/code&gt;, izany hoe isa, na &lt;code&gt;symbol&lt;/code&gt;, izany hoe marika;
* ny &lt;code&gt;number&lt;/code&gt;, na isa, dia fitohizan' ny tarehimarika iray na maromaro amin' ny fanisana fototra folo, tsy misy elanelana, ary mety hialohavan' ny marika miampy na marika manala;
* ny &lt;code&gt;symbol&lt;/code&gt;, na marika, dia litera iray arahin' ny litera aotra na maromaro amin' ny abidy, ka tsy tafiditra ao ny tarehintsoratra fotsy, toy ny elanelana;
* ny &lt;code&gt;list&lt;/code&gt;, na lisitra, dia fononteny misokatra iray sy fononteny mikatona mifamaly aminy, ary misy &lt;code&gt;expression&lt;/code&gt;, na teny maneho sanda, aotra na maromaro ao anatiny.

Ireto misy ohatra amin' ny filaharan' ny singa voambolana voarafitra araka io fitsipi-panorenana io: &lt;code&gt;12345&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;()&lt;/code&gt; ary &lt;code&gt;(a b c232 (1))&lt;/code&gt;.

Tsy voatery ho marina araka ny hevitra omen' ny fiteny ny kaody ny fandaharana rehetra manaraka tsara ny fitsipi-panorenana. Maro ny fandaharana manaraka tsara ny fitsipi-panorenana nefa mbola tsy mifanaraka amin' ny fitsipik' ilay fiteny. Mety hiteraka hadisoana mandritra ny fandikana kaody na ny fanatanterahana izany, arakaraka ny famaritana ny fiteny sy ny fahamarinan' ny rindrankajy manatanteraka azy. Amin' ny toe-javatra sasany dia mety haneho fihetsika tsy voafaritry ny fiteny ireny fandaharana ireny. Na dia voafaritra tsara ao anatin' ny fiteny aza ny fandaharana iray, dia mbola mety hanana hevitra tsy nokendren' ny olona nanoratra azy.

Raha ny fiteny voajanahary no raisina ho ohatra, dia mety tsy ho azo omena hevitra ny fehezanteny iray manaraka tsara ny fitsipi-pitenenana, na mety ho diso ny hevitra ambarany:
* Ny fehezanteny anglisy hoe « Colorless green ideas sleep furiously » — fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: « Matory amin-katezerana ny hevitra maitso tsy misy loko » — dia voarafitra tsara ara-pitsipi-pitenenana, nefa tsy manana hevitra eken' ny besinimaro.
* Ny fehezanteny anglisy hoe « John is a married bachelor » — fandikana amin' ny teny malagasy: « I John dia lehilahy tsy manambady sady manambady » — dia voarafitra tsara ara-pitsipi-pitenenana, nefa milaza hevitra tsy mety ho marina.

Ity sombin-kaody amin' ny [[Fiteny C|fiteny C]] ity dia manaraka tsara ny fitsipi-panorenana, nefa manao asa tsy voafaritry ny hevitra omen' ilay fiteny ny kaody: tsy misy dikany ny asa &lt;code&gt;*p &gt;&gt; 4&lt;/code&gt; raha sanda manana karazana angona ho an' ny isa haro no ampiharana azy, ary tsy voafaritra ny &lt;code&gt;p-&gt;im&lt;/code&gt; satria tondro tsy manondro toerana fitadidiana manan-kery ny sandan' ny &lt;code&gt;p&lt;/code&gt;:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c&quot;&gt;
complex *p = NULL;
complex abs_p = sqrt(*p &gt;&gt; 4 + p-&gt;im);
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Raha tsy nampidirina ny fanambarana ny karazana angona eo amin' ny andalana voalohany, dia hiteraka hadisoana momba ny ova &lt;code&gt;p&lt;/code&gt; tsy voafaritra ilay fandaharana, mandritra ny fandikana azy amin' ny kaompilatera. Ny ova dia singa manana anarana ao amin' ny fandaharana, izay mety hiova sanda. Na izany aza, dia mbola hanaraka tsara ny fitsipi-panorenana ilay fandaharana, satria fampahalalana momba ny hevitra omen' ny fiteny ny kaody ihany no omen' ny fanambarana ny karazana angona.

Azo sokajina araka ny toerany ao amin' ny ambaratongan' i Chomsky ny fitsipi-panorenana ilaina hamaritana fiteny fampandaharana iray. Azo faritana amin' ny fitsipi-panorenana karazany 2 ny fitsipi-panorenan' ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampandaharana; izany hoe fitsipi-panorenana tsy miankina amin' ny manodidina izy ireny.&lt;ref&gt;Michael Sipser. ''Introduction to the Theory of Computation''. PWS Publishing. 1996. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-534-94728-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Section 2.2: Pushdown Automata, pp.101–114.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fiteny sasany, anisan' izany ny Perl sy Lisp, dia misy firafitra ahafahana manatanteraka kaody mandritra ny famakafakana ny fitsipi-panorenana. Rehefa misy firafitra ahafahan' ny mpampandahatra manova ny fomba fiasan' ny mpamakafaka ny fitsipi-panorenana ao amin' ny fiteny iray, dia manjary olana tsy ahitana fomba fanapahana ankapobeny ny famakafakana ny fitsipi-panorenana: tsy misy fomba fanaovana kajy afaka manapa-kevitra amin' ny tranga rehetra. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia manjavozavo koa amin' izany ny fanavahana ny famakafakana ny fitsipi-panorenana sy ny fanatanterahana kaody.
&lt;ref&gt;Jeffrey Kegler, &quot;[http://www.jeffreykegler.com/Home/perl-and-undecidability ''Perl and Undecidability''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090817183115/http://www.jeffreykegler.com/Home/perl-and-undecidability tahiry tamin' ny 17 August 2009]&quot;, ''The Perl Review''. Manaporofo ny lahatsoratra faha-2 sy faha-3 fa, amin' ny ankapobeny, olana tsy ahitana fomba fanapahana ankapobeny ny famakafakana ny fitsipi-panorenan' ny fandaharana Perl. Ny lahatsoratra faha-2 dia mampiasa ny teôreman' i Rice, ary ny lahatsoratra faha-3 kosa mampiasa ny famadihana mivantana ilay olana ho amin' ny olana momba ny fijanonan' ny fandaharana.&lt;/ref&gt;
Tsy mitovy amin' ny rafitry ny baiko mivelatra ho kaody hafa ao amin' ny Lisp sy ny vondron-kaody &lt;code&gt;BEGIN&lt;/code&gt; ao amin' ny Perl, izay mety ahitana kajy amin' ny ankapobeny, ny baiko mivelatra ho kaody hafa ao amin' ny C: fanoloana andian-tsoratra fotsiny no ataon' izy ireny, ka tsy mitaky fanatanterahana kaody.
&lt;ref&gt;Marty Hall, 1995, [http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/Lisp-Notes/Macros.html ''Lecture Notes: Macros''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130806054148/http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/Lisp-Notes/Macros.html tahiry tamin' ny 6 August 2013], PostScript [http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/Lisp-Notes/Macros.ps endrika] [https://web.archive.org/web/20000817211709/http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/Lisp-Notes/Macros.ps tahiry tamin' ny 17 August 2000]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hevitry ny kaody ===
Ny hevitra omen' ny fiteny ny kaody dia ny dikan' ny votoaty izay manaraka ny fitsipi-panorenan' ilay fiteny.

==== Fitsipika azo hamarinina alohan' ny fanatanterahana ====
Ny fitsipika momba ny hevitry ny kaody azo hamarinina alohan' ny fanatanterahana dia mamaritra ny fepetra mametra ny firafitry ny lahatsoratra eken' ilay fiteny, izay sarotra na tsy azo ambara amin' ny fomba hentitra mahazatra amaritana ny fitsipi-panorenana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aaby 2004&quot;&gt;Aaby, Anthony. [http://www.emu.edu.tr/aelci/Courses/D-318/D-318-Files/plbook/intro.htm ''Introduction to Programming Languages'']. 2004. daty nijerena voarakitra: 29 September 2012. datin' ny tahiry: 8 November 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121108043216/http://www.emu.edu.tr/aelci/Courses/D-318/D-318-Files/plbook/intro.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an' ny fiteny izay adika amin' ny kaompilatera, ireo fitsipika momba ny hevitry ny kaody azo hamarinina mandritra izany fandikana izany no tena tafiditra ao. Ohatra amin' izany ny fanamarinana fa efa nambara mialoha ny fampiasana azy ny anarana famantarana tsirairay, amin' ny fiteny izay mitaky izany fanambarana izany, na ny fanamarinana fa samy hafa ny marika amin' ny sampana tsirairay ao amin' ny baiko misafidy arakaraka ny sanda.&lt;ref&gt;Michael Lee Scott, ''Programming language pragmatics'', Edition 2, Morgan Kaufmann, 2006, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-12-633951-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;, p. 18–19&lt;/ref&gt;

Azo ampiharina ny fepetra lehibe maro toy izany amin' ny famaritana azy ho fitsipika ao anatin' ny [[Lôjika|lôjika voafaritra amin' ny fitsipika hentitra]] iray antsoina hoe rafitra mamaritra ny karazana angona. Anisan' izany ny fanamarinana fa ampiasaina amin' ny toe-javatra sahaza azy ny anarana famantarana, ohatra hoe tsy hanaovana fifanampiana amin' ny isa tsimivaky, izay isa tsy misy ampahany vakiny, sy ny anaran' ny lefa, izay asa mamoaka vokatra avy amin' ny angona ampidirina. Toy izany koa ny fanamarinana fa mifanaraka amin' izay takina ny isa sy ny karazana angon' ireo sanda ampitaina rehefa miantso zana-pandaharana, izany hoe ampahan' ny fandaharana azo antsoina. Mety ho tafiditra amin' ireo fitsipika azo hamarinina alohan' ny fanatanterahana koa ny endrika hafa amin' ny famakafakana kaody tsy manatanteraka azy, toy ny famakafakana ny fivezivezen' ny angona. Ao amin' ny fiteny fampandaharana toa an' i Java sy C#, ohatra, dia tafiditra amin' ireo fitsipika ireo ny fanamarinana fa efa nomena sanda ny ova alohan' ny hampiasana azy. Endrika iray amin' ny famakafakana ny fivezivezen' ny angona izany; ny ova dia singa itehirizana sanda ao amin' ny fandaharana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Winskel, Glynn. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JzUNn6uUxm0C ''The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages: An Introduction'']. MIT Press. 5 February 1993. fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-262-73103-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fitsipika mandritra ny fanatanterahana ====
Lohahevitra mifandray: hevitra omen' ny fiteny fampandaharana ny kaody.

Rehefa voafaritra ny angona dia tsy maintsy omena baiko ny milina mba hanao asa amin' izany angona izany. Ohatra, mety hamaritra ny paikady ampiasaina hahitana ny sandan' ny teny maneho sanda ireo fitsipika momba ny hevitry ny kaody, na ny fomba anatanterahan' ny rafitra mifehy ny filaharan' ny baiko ireo baiko arakaraka ny fepetra. Ny fitsipika mamaritra ny fihetsiky ny kaody mandritra ny fanatanterahana, izay antsoina koa hoe fitsipika momba ny hevitry ny fanatanterahana, no mamaritra ny fomba sy ny fotoana tokony hahatonga ireo rafitra samihafa ao amin' ny fiteny iray hamoaka ny fihetsiky ny fandaharana. Maro ny fomba azo amaritana ireo fitsipika momba ny hevitry ny fanatanterahana ireo. Matetika ny fiteny voajanahary no ampiasaina hamaritana azy amin' ireo fiteny fampandaharana fampiasa andavanandro. Betsaka ny fikarohana akademika natokana ho an' ny famaritana hentitra ny hevitra omen' ny fiteny fampandaharana ny kaody, izay ahafahana mamaritra amin' ny fomba hentitra ny hevitry ny fanatanterahana.&lt;ref&gt;Schreiner, Wolfgang. [https://www3.risc.jku.at/courses/ss99/semantics ''Formal Semantics of Programming Languages'']. Johannes Kepler University Linz. daty nijerena voarakitra: 23 September 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Voafetra ny fampiharana ny vokatry ny fikarohana amin' io sehatra io amin' ny famolavolana sy ny fanatanterahana fiteny fampandaharana ivelan' ny tontolo akademika.

== Toetra ==
Manome toetra ahafahan' ny mpampandahatra mamolavola rindrankajy ny fiteny iray. Voalaza eto ambany ny sasany amin' ireo toetra ireo.

=== Rafitra mamaritra ny karazana angona ===
Jereo koa: karazana angona, rafitra mamaritra ny karazana angona, fiarovana amin' ny fampiasana karazana angona.

Ny karazana angona dia vondron' ireo sanda azo ekena sy ireo asa azo atao amin' ireo sanda ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 244.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny rafitra mamaritra ny karazana angona ao amin' ny fiteny fampandaharana tsirairay no mamaritra ireo karazana angona misy, ny karazan' ny teny maneho sanda iray, ary ny fomba ampiharana ny fitovian' ny karazana angona sy ny fifanarahan' ny karazana angona ao amin' ilay fiteny.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 245.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny teôrian' ny karazana, dia voafaritra tanteraka ny karazana angona ao amin' ny fiteny iray raha milaza ireo karazana angona azo ampiharana ny asa tsirairay ny famaritana an' io asa io.&lt;ref name=&quot;typing&quot;&gt;Andrew Cooke. [http://www.acooke.org/comp-lang.html ''Introduction To Computer Languages'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 13 July 2012. datin' ny tahiry: 15 August 2012. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120815140215/http://www.acooke.org/comp-lang.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Mifanohitra amin' izany kosa ny fiteny tsy mamaritra karazana angona, toy ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampikambanana, izay mamela ny asa rehetra hatao amin' ny angona rehetra; amin' ny ankapobeny dia andiana singa mitahiry 0 na 1, samy hafa halavana, ireo angona ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;typing&quot;/&gt; Raha ny fampiasana azy no jerena, dia vitsy ny fiteny mamaritra tanteraka ny karazana angona, nefa ny ankamaroany dia manome famaritana ny karazana angona amin' ny ambaratonga sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;typing&quot;/&gt;

Satria samy hafa ny fomba anehoan' ireo karazana angona samihafa ny sanda, toy ny [[Isa tsimivaky|isa tsimivaky]], izay isa tsy misy ampahany vakiny, sy ny [[Faingo mihevaheva|isa aseho amin' ny faingo mihevaheva]], dia misy vokatra tsy ampoizina rehefa karazana iray no ampiasaina nefa karazana hafa no andrasana. Hamaritra izany ho hadisoana ny fanamarinana ny karazana angona, ary matetika izany no atao rehefa adikan' ny kaompilatera ny fandaharana alohan' ny fanatanterahana azy; mandany loharanon-karena bebe kokoa ny fanamarinana ny karazana angona mandritra ny fanatanterahana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 15, 408–409.&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa misy fameperana hentitra ny fifangaroan' ny karazana angona, dia azo fantarina foana ny hadisoana momba ny karazana angona, raha tsy hoe ovana mazava ho karazana hafa ny ova, izany hoe ireo singa manana anarana ao amin' ny fandaharana izay mety hiova sanda. Misy kosa fameperana malalaka ny fifangaroan' ny karazana angona rehefa avelan' ny fiteny hatao tsy misy baiko mazava izany fanovana izany; ohatra, mba hahafahana manao asa eo amin' ny ova samy hafa karazana nefa tsy manao fanovana karazana angona mazava ny mpampandahatra. Arakaraka ny hamaroan' ireo tranga avela hanaovana izany fanovana karazana angona ho azy izany no hihavitsian' ireo hadisoana momba ny karazana angona azo fantarina.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 303–304.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Karazana angona tohanan' ny fiteny matetika ====
Jereo koa: karazana angona fototra.
Matetika ireo fiteny fampandaharana tany am-boalohany no tsy nanohana afa-tsy karazana angona momba ny isa efa natsangana tao anatiny, toy ny [[Isa tsimivaky|isa tsimivaky]], na misy famantarana ahafahana maneho ny maha-miiba na tsia azy na tsy misy izany famantarana izany, sy ny [[Faingo mihevaheva|isa aseho amin' ny faingo mihevaheva]], mba hahafahana manao asa amin' ny [[Isa voatsapa|isa voatsapa]] tsy tsimivaky. Manohana habe maromaro ho an' ny isa aseho amin' ny faingo mihevaheva sy ny isa tsimivaky ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampandaharana, arakaraka ny habe sy ny fahamarinan' ny fanehoana isa ilain' ny mpampandahatra; matetika dia antsoina hoe ''float'' sy ''double'' ireo endrika samihafa fanehoana isa amin' ny faingo mihevaheva ireo. Rehefa tehirizina ao amin' ny karazana angona kely loatra ka tsy mahazaka azy ny isa tsimivaky iray, dia mitranga ny fihoaran' ny fetra fitahirizana isa tsimivaky. Ny famenon' ny roa (''twos complement'') no fomba fampiasa indrindra hanehoana isa miiba amin' ny karazana angona misy famantarana: ao anatin' ny fanehoana manana halavana raikitra, dia avadika ny 0 ho 1 sy ny 1 ho 0 ao amin' ny endrika maneho ny haben' ilay isa tsy asiana famantarana, ary ampiana 1 avy eo. Ampiasaina koa anefa ny famenon' ny iray (''ones complement''), izay mamadika ny 0 ho 1 sy ny 1 ho 0 fotsiny, fa tsy manampy 1, rehefa mamorona ny endrika maneho isa miiba.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 246–247.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ireo karazana hafa fampiasa ny bôleana, izay na marina na diso ihany ny sandany, sy ny tarehintsoratra, izay okteta iray araka ny fomba nahazatra, ka ampy hanehoana ny tarehintsoratra rehetra ao amin' ny ASCII (kaody fanehoana tarehintsoratra).&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny tabilao misy singa voalahatra dia karazana angona izay, amin' ny fiteny maro, tsy maintsy ahitana singa mitovy karazana sady manana halavana raikitra. Ny fiteny hafa kosa dia mamaritra ireny tabilao ireny ho fanondroana angona voatahiry any amin' ny toerana hafa, ary mamela ny singa ao aminy ho samy hafa karazana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 260.&lt;/ref&gt; Arakaraka ny fiteny fampandaharana, ny filaharan' ny tarehintsoratra maromaro, antsoina hoe andian-tsoratra, dia mety ho tohanana amin' ny endrika tabilao misy tarehintsoratra na amin' ny endrika karazana angona fototra natokana ho azy.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 250.&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho raikitra na miovaova ny halavan' ny andian-tsoratra; manome fahafahana bebe kokoa ilay halavana miovaova, saingy mitaky toerana fitahirizana lehibe kokoa sy fahasarotana bebe kokoa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 254.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny karazana angona hafa mety ho tohanana ny lisitra, izay fitambarana singa voalahatra,&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 281–282.&lt;/ref&gt; ny tabilao mampifandray lakile sy sanda, izay tsy voalahatra ary ny lakile no ahazoana miditra amin' ny angona ao aminy,&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 272–273.&lt;/ref&gt; ny firaketana, izay ampifandraisana amin' ny anarana ny angona ao anatin' ny rafitra voalahatra,&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 276–277.&lt;/ref&gt; ary ny andiana sanda voalahatra, izay mitovy amin' ny firaketana saingy tsy manana anarana ireo saha mitahiry angona ao aminy.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 280.&lt;/ref&gt; Mitahiry adiresy ao amin' ny fitadidiana ny tondro; matetika izy ireny no manondro toerana ao amin' ny tahirin-toerana fitadidiana azo atokana mandritra ny fanatanterahana, izay itehirizana angona hafa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 289–290.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny karazana angona azo alahatra, izay matetika antsoina hoe karazana ahitana sanda voatanisa, no karazana angona faritan' ny mpampiasa tsotra indrindra; azo ampifandraisina amin' ny vondron' ny isa tsimivaky lehibe noho ny aotra ny sandany.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 255.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanomboka tamin' ny tapaky ny taona 1980, dia manohana karazana angona afenina ny fomba fanatanterahana azy koa ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampandaharana. Amin' izany dia afenina amin' ny mpampiasa ny fomba fanehoana ny angona sy ny asa atao aminy, ka fifandraisana ahazoana mampiasa asa ihany no azon' ny mpampiasa idirana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 244–245.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny tombontsoa mety ho azo amin' ny fanafenana ny antsipirian' ny fanatanterahana ny angona ny fitomboan' ny fahatokisana ny fiasan' ny fandaharana, ny fihenan' ny fahasarotana, ny fihenan' ny mety hisian' ny fifandonan' ny anarana, ary ny fahafahana manova ny fomba fandaminana ny angona ao anatiny nefa tsy voatery hanova ny kaodiny ny fandaharana mampiasa azy.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 477.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Famaritana ny karazana angona alohan' ny fanatanterahana sy mandritra izany ====
Amin' ny famaritana ny karazana angona alohan' ny fanatanterahana, dia faritana mialoha ny hanatanterahana ny fandaharana ny karazan' ny teny maneho sanda rehetra, ary matetika dia mandritra ny fandikan' ny kaompilatera izany no atao.&lt;ref name=&quot;typing&quot;/&gt; Ny ankamaroan' ireo fiteny fampandaharana be mpampiasa izay mamaritra ny karazana angona alohan' ny fanatanterahana dia mitaky ny hilazana mazava ny karazan' ny ova. Ao amin' ny fiteny sasany kosa dia tsy ilazana mazava ny karazana angona; ny iray amin' ireo fomba anaovana izany dia ny fahafahan' ny kaompilatera mamantatra ho azy ny karazana angona avy amin' ny toe-javatra manodidina azy ao amin' ny kaody. Ny lafy ratsin' izany famaritana tsy ilazana mazava ny karazana angona izany dia ny mety hisian' ny hadisoana tsy ho hita.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 211.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampifandraisina hatramin' izay tamin' ireo fiteny mifototra amin' ny lefa, toy ny Haskell sy ny ML (fiteny fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny lefa), ny famantarana ho azy ny karazana angona rehetra.&lt;ref&gt;Leivant, Daniel. ''Polymorphic type inference''. ACM Press. Austin, Texas. 1983. pp.: 88–98. fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-89791-090-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1145/567067.567077&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana DOI voarakitra: free. conference: ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN symposium on Principles of programming languages.&lt;/ref&gt;

Amin' ny famaritana ny karazana angona mandritra ny fanatanterahana, dia tsy ny ova no ampifandraisina amin' ny karazana angona, fa ny sanda voatahiry ao aminy ihany. Azo ampiasaina indray hitahirizana sanda hafa karazana ny ova iray ihany. Na dia manome fahafahana bebe kokoa ho an' ny mpampandahatra aza izany, dia mihena kosa ny fahatokisana ny fiasan' ny fandaharana sy ny fahafahan' ny fiteny fampandaharana manamarina ny fisian' ny hadisoana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 212–213.&lt;/ref&gt; Mamela ny fampiasana ova manana karazana mampiray karazana maro ny fiteny sasany, ka azo omena sanda na inona na inona karazany ireny ova ireny, ho fanavahana amin' ny fitsipika mahazatra ao aminy izay mamaritra ny karazana angona alohan' ny fanatanterahana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 284–285.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fampandehanana baiko mifanindran-dalana ===
Jereo koa ny fikirakirana mifanindran-dalana.

Eo amin' ny sehatry ny kajimirindra, dia azo tanterahina miaraka ny baiko maromaro. Maro ny fiteny fampandaharana manohana ny fampandehanana mifanindran-dalana, na eo amin' ny ambaratongan' ny baiko tsirairay izany na eo amin' ny ambaratongan' ny zana-pandaharana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 576.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny taonjato faha-21, dia nitombo hatrany ny anjara toeran' ny fampiasana ventim-pikirakirana fanampiny teo amin' ny fampitomboana ny hery fikirakiran' ny solosaina. Noho izany, mba hanatsarana ny fahombiazan' ny rindrankajy, dia mila mamolavola azy hampiasa ventim-pikirakirana maromaro miaraka ny mpampandahatra.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 579.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny filazan' i Sebesta tamin' ny 2012, ny fiteny tanterahina amin' ny alalan' ny mpandika baiko, toy ny Python sy Ruby, dia tsy manohana ny fampiasana ventim-pikirakirana maromaro mifanindran-dalana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 585.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy kosa fiteny fampandaharana hafa manohana ny fitantanana ny angona ifampizaran' ny sampana fanatanterahana samihafa ao anatin' ny fandaharana iray (''threads''). Azony atao izany amin' ny alalan' ny semafôra, izay mifehy ny filaharan' ny fanatanterahana ireo baiko fototra, na amin' ny alalan' ny rafitra manara-maso ny fidirana amin' ny angona iombonana, na amin' ny famelana ny fifampitana hafatra eo amin' ireo sampana fanatanterahana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 585–586.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fikarakarana tranga maningana ===
Lohahevitra mifandray: fikarakarana tranga maningana.

Misy kaody fikarakarana tranga maningana ao amin' ny fiteny fampandaharana maro. Ampahan-kaody ireo, izay ampandehanina rehefa misy hadisoana mandritra ny fanatanterahana, ary afaka mikarakara izany amin' ireto fomba roa lehibe ireto:&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 630, 634.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Famaranana: atsahatra ny fandaharana ary atolotra ny [[Mpandrindra milina|rafitra fikirakirana]] ny fifehezana ny fanatanterahana. Io safidy io no heverina ho tsotra indrindra.
* Fanohizana: tohizana eo akaikin' ny toerana nitrangan' ilay tranga maningana ny fandaharana. Mety hahatonga ilay tranga maningana hiverina indray izany, raha tsy afaka manova sanda hisorohana ny fiverenan' ilay tranga ny kaody fikarakarana azy.
Ny fiteny fampandaharana sasany dia mamela ny hanokanana vondron-kaody iray hotanterahina, na nisy tranga maningana nitranga na tsia talohan' ny nahatongavan' ny fanatanterahana teo amin' io kaody io; izany no atao hoe fanatanterahana baiko famaranana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 635.&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy takalony ny fitomboan' ny fahafahana mikarakara tranga maningana: mihena ny fahombiazan' ny fanatanterahana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 631.&lt;/ref&gt; Ohatra, na dia fahita aza ny hadisoana amin' ny tondro mamaritra ny toeran' ny singa ao amin' ny tabilao misy singa voalahatra,&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 261.&lt;/ref&gt; dia tsy manamarina izany ny C mba tsy hampihena ny fahombiazan' ny fanatanterahana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 631.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia afaka manoratra kaody handraisana an-tanana ireo tranga maningana nofaritan' ny mpampiasa aza ny mpanoratra fandaharana, dia mety hanakorontana ny firafitry ny fandaharana izany. Ireo fitambaran-kaody mahazatra omen' ny fiteny sasany, toy ny C, dia mampiasa ny sanda averiny mba hanondroana fa misy tranga maningana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 632.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fiteny sasany sy ny kaompilaterany dia manome safidy hampandehanana na hampitsaharana ny fahafahana mikarakara hadisoana, na vonjimaika na ho raikitra.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 631, 635–636.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Famolavolana sy fanatanterahana ==
Lohahevitra mifandray: famolavolana sy fanatanterahana ny fiteny fampandaharana.

Anisan' ny zavatra nanan-kery lehibe indrindra teo amin' ny famolavolana ny fiteny fampandaharana ny firafitry ny solosaina. Ny fiteny mifototra amin' ny baiko, izay karazana fiteny fampiasa indrindra, dia novolavolaina mba hahomby amin' ny firafitra von Neumann, izay firafitry ny solosaina nomerika fahita indrindra.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 18.&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin' ny firafitra von Neumann, ny fitadidiana no mitahiry ny angona sy ny baiko, fa misaraka aminy kosa ny CPU (ventim-pikirakirana foibe), izay manatanteraka ny baiko amin' ny angona. Tsy maintsy ampitaina mankany amin' ny CPU sy miverina avy ao àry ny angona. Ny singa fototra ao amin' ireo fiteny ireo dia ny ova, ny fanomezana sanda ary ny famerenana baiko, izay mahomby kokoa amin' ireo milina ireo noho ny fiantsoan' ny asa iray ny tenany.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 19.&lt;/ref&gt;

Maro ny fiteny fampandaharana noforonina hatrany am-boalohany, novana mba hamaliana filàna vaovao, ary nakambana tamin' ny fiteny hafa. Maro koa no tsy nampiasaina intsony tatỳ aoriana. Ny faniriana hamorona fiteny fampandaharana iray iombonana, mety amin' ny milina sy ny fampiasana rehetra, no nandrisika ny fipoiran' ny fiteny fampandaharana tamin' ny taompolo 1950, mba tsy hilana fanoratana kaody samihafa ho an' ny solosaina samihafa.&lt;ref&gt;Nofre; Priestley; Alberts (2014), p. 55.&lt;/ref&gt; Tany am-piandohan' ny taompolo 1960 anefa dia nolavina ilay hevitra momba ny fiteny iombonana iray, satria samy nanana ny zavatra notakiny ireo tanjona isan-karazany nanoratana kaody.&lt;ref&gt;Nofre; Priestley; Alberts (2014), p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fifandanjana eo amin' ny tombony sy ny fatiantoka ===
Anisan' ny toetra irina hananan' ny fiteny fampandaharana ny fahamoran' ny famakiana azy, ny fahamoran' ny fanoratana azy ary ny fahazoana itokisana azy.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Ireo toetra ireo dia afaka mampihena ny fandaniana amin' ny fanofanana mpanao fandaharana hampiasa ilay fiteny, ny fotoana ilaina hanoratana sy hikojakojana ny fandaharana amin' ilay fiteny, ary ny fandaniana amin' ny fandikana ny kaody amin' ny alalan' ny kaompilatera. Afaka manatsara ny fahombiazan' ny fandaharana mandritra ny fanatanterahana azy koa izy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 16–17.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na dia matetika aza no nataon' ny fiteny fampandaharana tany am-boalohany ho laharam-pahamehana ny fahombiazana fa tsy ny fahamoran' ny famakiana, dia nitombo ny lanjan' ity farany nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo 1970. Mety hanasarotra ny famakiana ny fisian' ny fomba fiasa maro ahazoana vokatra iray ihany. Toy izany koa ny fanomezana hevitra maro ny mari-pandidiana iray, ka ahafahan' ilay mari-pandidiana iray ihany manana hevitra samihafa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 8–9.&lt;/ref&gt; Toetra iray hafa manan-danja amin' ny fahamoran' ny famakiana ny fahaleovantenan' ny singan' ny fiteny, izay mametra ny isan' ny rafitra fanoratana tsy maintsy ianaran' ny mpanao fandaharana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 9–10.&lt;/ref&gt; Manamora ny famakiana koa ny firafitry ny fitsipi-panorenana mora azo sy ny teny natokana izay takatra avy hatrany ny heviny.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 12–13.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny fahamoran' ny fanoratana dia ny fahamoran' ny fampiasana ilay fiteny hanoratana kaody hamahana ny olana kendrena. Ankoatra ireo toetra ilaina amin' ny fahamoran' ny famakiana,&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 13.&lt;/ref&gt; dia manampy ny mpanao fandaharana hanoratra kaody koa ny fanafenana ny antsipirian' ny fanatanterahana, izany hoe ny fanomezana fomba ifandraisana ahafahana manafina ny antsipiriany amin' izay mampiasa azy, ary ny fahaizana maneho hevitra amin' ny kaody, izay ahafahana manoratra fandaharana fohy kokoa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 14–15.&lt;/ref&gt; Nifamatotra akaiky dia akaiky tamin' ny fitaovana ara-batan' ny solosaina ny fiteny fampandaharana voalohany. Rehefa nandeha anefa ny fotoana, dia nitombo ny fahafahana manafina ny antsipirian' ny fanatanterahana, ka azon' ny mpanao fandaharana naseho ny hevitra lavitra kokoa noho izay azo adika tsotra ho baiko ho an' ny fitaovana ara-batana. Koa satria tsy voafatotra mafy amin' ny fahasarotan' ny solosaina intsony ny mpanao fandaharana, dia afaka manao fikajiana betsaka kokoa ny fandaharan' izy ireo nefa mitaky ezaka kely kokoa aminy.&lt;ref&gt;Frederick P. Brooks, Jr.: ''The Mythical Man-Month'', Addison-Wesley, 1982, pp. 93–94&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampandaharana dia omena miaraka amin' ny tahirin' asa mahazatra, izay ahitana asa antsoina ao amin' ny fandaharana ka fampiasa matetika.&lt;ref&gt;Busbee, Kenneth Leroy; Braunschweig, Dave. [https://press.rebus.community/programmingfundamentals/chapter/standard-libraries/ ''Standard Libraries'']. 15 December 2018. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 27 January 2024. tranonkala: Programming Fundamentals – A Modular Structured Approach.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ny fahazoana itokisana dia midika fa manatanteraka izay voalaza ao amin' ny famaritana azy ny fandaharana ao anatin' ny toe-javatra maro samihafa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt; Samy afaka mampitombo ny fahazoana itokisana ny fandaharana ny fanamarinana ny karazana angona, ny fikarakarana tranga maningana, ary ny famerana ny fisian' ny anarana maro manondro toerana fitadidiana iray, izany hoe ny fahafahan' ny anaran' ova maromaro miditra amin' ny faritra iray ihany ao amin' ny fitadidiana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 8, 16.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matetika ny famolavolana ny fiteny fampandaharana no mitaky fifandanjana eo amin' ny tombony sy ny fatiantoka.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 18, 23.&lt;/ref&gt; Ohatra, mazàna mampihena ny fahombiazan' ny fanatanterahana ireo toetra natao hampitomboana ny fahazoana itokisana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 23.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fisian' ny mari-pandidiana maro dia mampitombo ny fahaizana maneho hevitra amin' ny kaody ka manamora ny fanoratana azy, nefa manasarotra ny famakiana azy kosa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 23.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;span id=&quot;English-like_programming_languages&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
Natolotra ho fomba iray hanafoanana ny filàna fiteny manokana ho an' ny fampandaharana ny fampandaharana amin' ny fiteny voajanahary. Mbola lavitra anefa izany tanjona izany, ary mbola azo iadian-kevitra ny tombony azo avy aminy. Nihevitra i [[Edsger Dijkstra|Edsger W. Dijkstra]] fa tena ilaina ny fampiasana fiteny voafaritra amin' ny fitsipika hentitra mba hisorohana ny fampidirana rafitra fanoratana tsy misy heviny.&lt;ref&gt;Dijkstra, Edsger W. [http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD06xx/EWD667.html ''On the foolishness of &quot;natural language programming.&quot;''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080120201526/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD06xx/EWD667.html tahiry tamin' ny 20 January 2008] EWD667.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandà izany hevitra izany koa i Alan Perlis.&lt;ref&gt;Perlis, Alan. [http://www-pu.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/users/klaeren/epigrams.html ''Epigrams on Programming'']. ''SIGPLAN Notices Vol. 17, No. 9''. September 1982. pp.: 7–13. datin' ny tahiry: 17 January 1999. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/19990117034445/http://www-pu.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/users/klaeren/epigrams.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Famaritana ny fiteny ===
Jereo koa ny famaritana ny fiteny fampandaharana.

Ny famaritana ny fiteny fampandaharana dia fitaovana azon' ny mpampiasa ilay fiteny sy ny mpamolavola ny rafitra mampandeha azy ampiasaina mba hifanarahana raha [[Fandaharana|fandaharana]] manankery amin' ilay fiteny ny sombin' ny kaody loharano iray, ary, raha izany, ny fomba tokony hiasan' ilay fandaharana.

Mety hanana endrika maro ny famaritana ny fiteny fampandaharana, ka anisan' izany ireto manaraka ireto:
* Famaritana mazava ny fitsipi-panorenan' ilay fiteny, ny fitsipika momba ny hevitry ny kaody azo hamarinina alohan' ny fanatanterahana, ary ny hevitry ny kaody mandritra ny fanatanterahana. Matetika no faritana amin' ny alalan' ny rafi-pitsipika hentitra mamaritra ny firafitry ny soratra ekena ny fitsipi-panorenana. Ny famaritana ny hevitry ny kaody kosa dia azo soratana amin' ny fiteny voajanahary, toy ny amin' ny [[Fiteny C|fiteny C]], na amin' ny alalan' ny famaritana ny hevitry ny kaody amin' ny fitsipika matematika hentitra, toy ny ao amin' ny famaritana ny Standard ML&lt;ref&gt;[[Robin Milner|Milner, R.]]; M. Tofte; R. Harper; D. MacQueen. ''The Definition of Standard ML (Revised)''. MIT Press. 1997. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-262-63181-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; sy ny Scheme.&lt;ref&gt;Kelsey, Richard; William Clinger; Jonathan Rees. [http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-10.html#%_sec_7.2 ''Section 7.2 Formal semantics'']. ''Revised&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme''. February 1998. datin' ny tahiry: 6 July 2006. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060706081110/http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-10.html#%_sec_7.2 rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Famaritana ny fomba fiasan' ny rindrankajy mpandika kaody ho an' ilay fiteny, toy ny ao amin' ny famaritana ny C++ sy ny Fortran. Tsy maintsy tsoahina avy amin' io famaritana io ny fitsipi-panorenana sy ny hevitra omen' ilay fiteny ny kaody. Azo soratana amin' ny fiteny voajanahary na amin' ny fiteny voafaritra amin' ny fitsipika hentitra io famaritana io.
* Fanatanterahana raisina ho fakan-kevitra na ho modely, izay soratana amin' ilay fiteny faritana ihany indraindray, toy ny amin' ny Prolog na ny ANSI REXX (REXX voafaritra araka ny fenitra ANSI).&lt;ref&gt;ANSI – ''Programming Language Rexx'', X3-274.1996&lt;/ref&gt; Hita mazava ao amin' ny fomba fiasan' ilay fanatanterahana raisina ho modely ny fitsipi-panorenana sy ny hevitra omen' ilay fiteny ny kaody.

=== Fampiharana ===
Lohahevitra mifandray: fampiharana fiteny fampandaharana.

Ny fampiharana fiteny fampandaharana dia ny famadihana fandaharana ho kaody milina azon' ny fitaovana ara-batana tanterahina. Avy eo dia azo tanterahina amin' ny fanampian' ny [[Mpandrindra milina|rafitra fikirakirana]] ny kaody milina.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 23–24.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny endriky ny fandikana baiko fahita indrindra amin' ny kaody efa ampiasaina amin' ny asa tena izy dia ny fampiasana kaompilatera, izay mandika ny kaody loharano, amin' ny alalan' ny fiteny manana ambaratonga mpanelanelana, ho kaody milina antsoina hoe fandaharana azo tanterahina. Rehefa voadika amin' ny kaompilatera ny kaodin' ny fandaharana, dia mandeha haingana kokoa izy io raha oharina amin' ireo fomba fampiharana hafa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 25–27.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy kaompilatera afaka manao fanatsarana ny fampandehanana fanampiny mba hampihenana ny fampiasana fitadidiana na ny kajy atao rehefa mandeha ilay fandaharana azo tanterahina, kanefa mampitombo ny fotoana ilaina amin' ny fandikana kaody amin' ny kaompilatera izany.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 27.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fomba fampiharana iray hafa ny mampandeha ny fandaharana amin' ny alalan' ny mpandika baiko, izay mandika ny andalana tsirairay amin' ny rindrankajy ho kaody milina avy hatrany alohan' ny hanatanterahana azy. Na dia mety hanamora ny fitadiavana sy fanitsiana lesoka aza izany, ny lafy ratsin' ny fampandehanana amin' ny mpandika baiko dia ny fampandehanany ny fandaharana miadana 10 hatramin' ny 100 heny noho ny fandaharana azo tanterahina izay efa voadika amin' ny kaompilatera ny kaodiny.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 28.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fomba fampandehanana mifangaro mampiasa mpandika baiko dia manome sasany amin' ny tombontsoa azo avy amin' ny fandikana amin' ny kaompilatera sy sasany amin' ireo azo avy amin' ny fampandehanana amin' ny mpandika baiko, amin' ny alalan' ny fandikana ampahany amin' ny kaody amin' ny kaompilatera. Endrika iray amin' izany ny fandikana kaody amin' ny kaompilatera ho kaody milina avy hatrany alohan' ny fanatanterahana azy, izay andikana mialoha amin' ny kaompilatera ny kaodin' ny rindrankajy ho amin' ny fiteny mpanelanelana, ary avy eo adika ho kaody milina avy hatrany alohan' ny fanatanterahana azy.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 29–30.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fiteny fehezin' ny tompony ==
Na dia manana famaritana sy rindrankajy manatanteraka azy izay misokatra tanteraka aza ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny fampandaharana be mpampiasa indrindra, dia misy fiteny fampandaharana maro tsy misy afa-tsy amin' ny endrika fehezin' ny tompony. Mpamatsy tokana ihany no ahazoana ny rindrankajy manatanteraka azy ireny, ary mety hilaza io mpamatsy io fa fananany ara-tsaina ilay fiteny feheziny. Amin' ny ankapobeny, ny fiteny fampandaharana fehezin' ny tompony dia fiteny natokana ho an' ny sehatra iray na fiteny fanoratana baiko ho an' ny mpandika ampiasaina ao anatin' ny vokatra iray ihany. Ny sasany amin' ireny fiteny ireny dia ampiasaina ao anatin' ny orinasan' ny mpamatsy ihany, fa ny hafa kosa azon' ny mpampiasa ivelany ampiasaina.

Misy fiteny fampandaharana eo anelanelan' ny fiteny fehezin' ny tompony sy ny fiteny misokatra. Ohatra, milaza ny ''Oracle Corporation'' (orinasa Oracle) fa manana zo maha-tompony amin' ny lafiny sasany amin' ny fiteny fampandaharana Java.&lt;ref&gt;Jereo: Oracle America, Inc. v. Google, Inc.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fiteny fampandaharana C# an' ny Microsoft kosa dia manana rindrankajy misokatra manatanteraka ny ankamaroan' ny ampahan' ny rafitra, nefa manana ny ''Common Language Runtime'' (CLR, tontolo iombonan' ny fiteny ho an' ny fanatanterahana fandaharana) ho tontolo mihidy ihany koa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.computerscience.org/resources/computer-programming-languages/ ''Guide to Programming Languages &amp;#124; ComputerScience.org'']. ''ComputerScience.org''. fiteny: en-US. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2018-05-13. datin' ny tahiry: 13 May 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180513223729/https://www.computerscience.org/resources/computer-programming-languages/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Maro ny fiteny fehezin' ny tompony no be mpampiasa na dia eo aza izany fifehezan' ny tompony azy izany; anisan' ny ohatra ny MATLAB, VBScript ary Wolfram Language. Mety hiova avy amin' ny fiteny mihidy ho fiteny misokatra ny fiteny sasany. Ohatra, fiteny fampandaharana nampiasaina tao anatin' ny orinasa Ericsson ihany ny Erlang tany am-boalohany.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/os-erlang1/index.html ''The basics'']. 2011-05-10. fiteny: en. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2018-05-13. datin' ny tahiry: 14 May 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: ibm.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180514064903/https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/os-erlang1/index.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Manampy indrindra amin' ny fampiharana ny siansa misokatra ny fiteny fampandaharana misokatra ny kaody loharano, satria mampitombo ny fahafahana mamerina ny fikarohana sy mizara kaody.&lt;ref&gt;Abdelaziz, Abdullah I.; Hanson, Kent A.; Gaber, Charles E.; Lee, Todd A. ''Optimizing large real-world data analysis with parquet files in R: A step-by-step tutorial''. ''Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety''. 2023. boky: 33. laharana: 3. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1002/pds.5728&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana DOI voarakitra: free. article-number: e5728. pmid: 37984998.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fampiasana ==
Fiteny fampandaharana an' arivony maro no noforonina, indrindra teo amin' ny sehatry ny fikirakirana amin' ny solosaina.&lt;ref&gt;[http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/ ''HOPL: an interactive Roster of Programming Languages'']. Murdoch University. Australia. daty nijerena voarakitra: 1 June 2009. datin' ny tahiry: 20 February 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110220044217/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/ rohy tahiry voarakitra]. quote: This site lists 8512 languages.&lt;/ref&gt;
Matetika no mampiasa fiteny fampandaharana dimy na mihoatra ny tetikasa rindrankajy tsirairay.&lt;ref&gt;Mayer, Philip; Bauer, Alexander. ''Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering''. ''An empirical analysis of the utilization of multiple programming languages in open source projects''. ACM. New York, NY, US. 2015. pp.: 4:1–4:10. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4503-3350-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1145/2745802.2745805&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fidirana DOI voarakitra: free. conference: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering – EASE '15. quote: Results: We found (a) a mean number of 5 languages per project with a clearly dominant main general-purpose language and 5 often-used DSL types, (b) a significant influence of the size, number of commits, and the main language on the number of languages as well as no significant influence of age and number of contributors, and (c) three language ecosystems grouped around XML, Shell/Make, and HTML/CSS. Conclusions: Multi-language programming seems to be common in open-source projects and is a factor that must be dealt with in tooling and when assessing the development and maintenance of such software systems.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy mitovy amin' ny ankamaroan' ny fomba hafa anehoan' ny olombelona hevitra ny fiteny fampandaharana, satria mitaky fahitsiana sy fahafenoana bebe kokoa. Rehefa mampiasa fiteny voajanahary hifandraisana amin' ny olon-kafa ny mpanoratra sy ny mpiteny, dia mety hisy heviny maro ny zavatra lazainy ary mety hanao fahadisoana madinika izy ireo, nefa mbola afaka manantena fa ho takatra ny tiany hambara. Ny solosaina kosa, raha lazaina an' ohatra, dia manao izay asaina ataony mihitsy, ary tsy afaka mahatakatra izay kaody nokasain' ny mpampandahatra hosoratana. Ny fitambaran' ny famaritana ny fiteny, ny fandaharana iray ary ny angona ampidirina amin' izany fandaharana izany dia tsy maintsy mamaritra manontolo ny fihetsika hita etỳ ivelany rehefa tanterahina ilay fandaharana, ao anatin' ny sehatra fehezin' ilay fandaharana. Mifanohitra amin' izany, azo ampitaina amin' ny olombelona ny hevitra momba ny algôritma, izany hoe filaharan' ny dingana hamahana olana, nefa tsy ilana ny fahitsiana takin' ny fanatanterahana amin' ny solosaina. Azo atao izany amin' ny alalan' ny kaody fanoritsoritana, izay mampifangaro fiteny voajanahary sy kaody voasoratra amin' ny fiteny fampandaharana.

Manome fomba voarafitra hamaritana singan' angona sy ireo asa na fanovana azo tanterahina ho azy amin' izany angona izany ny fiteny fampandaharana. Ampiasain' ny mpampandahatra ny fanafenana ny antsipirian' ny fanatanterahana omen' ilay fiteny mba hanehoana ireo hevitra tafiditra amin' ny kajy, izany hoe ny fikirakirana fampahalalana araka ny fitsipika voafaritra. Ireo hevitra ireo dia aseho ho fitambaran' ireo singa tsotra indrindra misy ao amin' ilay fiteny, izay antsoina hoe singa fototra.&lt;ref&gt;Abelson, Sussman, and Sussman. [http://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/full-text/book/book-Z-H-10.html ''Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 3 March 2009. datin' ny tahiry: 26 February 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090226050622/http://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/full-text/book/book-Z-H-10.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fampandaharana dia ny asa ataon' ny mpampandahatra amin' ny fampifangaroana ireo singa fototra ireo mba hamoronana fandaharana vaovao, na hampifanarahana ny fandaharana efa misy amin' ny fampiasana vaovao na amin' ny tontolo miova.

Mety hotanterahina amin' ny fanodinana anaty andiany tsy misy fifandraisana amin' ny olona ny fandaharana ho an' ny solosaina. Mety hitendry baiko kosa ny mpampiasa mandritra ny fotoam-pifandraisana ifamaliana amin' ny mpandika baiko. Amin' izany dia fandaharana tsotra izao ireo baiko, ka ampifandraisina mifanesy ny fanatanterahana azy. Rehefa afaka mampandeha ny baikony amin' ny alalan' ny mpandika baiko ny fiteny iray, toy ny mpandika baiko Unix na fifandraisana ahazoana mampiasa asa amin' ny fanoratana andalana baiko hafa, nefa tsy avadika mialoha amin' ny alalan' ny kaompilatera, dia antsoina hoe fiteny fanoratana baiko ho an' ny mpandika izy.&lt;ref&gt;Vicki, Brown; Morin, Rich. [http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.15/15.09/ScriptingLanguages/index.html ''Scripting Languages'']. 1999. datin' ny tahiry: 2 December 2017. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. tranonkala: MacTech. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171202235828/http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.15/15.09/ScriptingLanguages/index.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fandrefesana ny fampiasana fiteny ===
Sarotra ny mamantatra izay fiteny fampandaharana be mpampiasa indrindra, satria miova arakaraka ny toe-javatra ny famaritana ny fampiasana. Mety hisy fiteny iray handanian' ny mpampandahatra ora maro indrindra, ny iray hafa hananana andalana kaody betsaka kokoa, ary ny fahatelo handany fotoana betsaka indrindra amin' ny CPU (ventim-pikirakirana foibe, izay manatanteraka ny baikon' ny solosaina). Misy fiteny tena be mpampiasa amin' ny karazana rindrankajy fampiharana sasany. Ohatra, mbola ampiasaina betsaka any amin' ny foibe fikirakirana angon' ny orinasa ny COBOL, matetika amin' ny solosaina vaventy;&lt;ref&gt;Georgina Swan. [http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/319269/cobol_turns_50/ ''COBOL turns 50'']. Computerworld. 2009-09-21. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2013-10-19. datin' ny tahiry: 19 October 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131019181128/http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/319269/cobol_turns_50/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ed Airey. [http://www.developer.com/lang/other/7-myths-of-cobol-debunked.html ''7 Myths of COBOL Debunked'']. developer.com. 2012-05-03. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2013-10-19. datin' ny tahiry: 19 October 2013. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131019171802/http://www.developer.com/lang/other/7-myths-of-cobol-debunked.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt; ny Fortran amin' ny rindrankajy fampiharana ara-tsiansa sy ara-teknika; ny Ada amin' ny rindrankajy fampiharana ho an' ny sidina sy ny habakabaka, ny fitaterana, ny raharaha miaramila, ny asa mitaky valiny ao anatin' ny fe-potoana voafaritra, ary ny rafitra tafiditra ao anaty fitaovana; ary ny [[Fiteny C|C]] amin' ny rindrankajy tafiditra ao anaty fitaovana sy ny mpandrindra milina. Misy fiteny hafa ampiasaina tsy tapaka hanoratana karazana rindrankajy fampiharana maro samihafa.

Fomba maro no natolotra handrefesana ny habetsahan' ny fampiasana fiteny iray. Samy misy fitongilanana arakaraka ny zavatra refesiny ireo fomba ireo:
* fanisana ny isan' ny tolotr' asa milaza ilay fiteny;&lt;ref&gt;Nicholas Enticknap. [http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2007/09/11/226631/sslcomputer-weekly-it-salary-survey-finance-boom-drives-it-job.htm ''SSL/Computer Weekly IT salary survey: finance boom drives IT job growth'']. ''Computer Weekly''. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2013-06-14. datin' ny tahiry: 26 October 2011. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111026035734/http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2007/09/11/226631/SSLComputer-Weekly-IT-salary-survey-finance-boom-drives-IT-job.htm rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
* ny isan' ny boky namidy izay mampianatra na manoritsoritra ilay fiteny;&lt;ref&gt;[http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2006/08/programming_language_trends_1.html ''Counting programming languages by book sales'']. Radar.oreilly.com. 2 August 2006. datin' ny tahiry: 17 May 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080517023127/http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2006/08/programming_language_trends_1.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;
* fanombanana ny isan' ny andalana kaody efa misy voasoratra amin' ilay fiteny – mety hanome isa ambany noho ny tena izy izany ho an' ny fiteny tsy fahita matetika amin' ny fikarohana azon' ny besinimaro atao;&lt;ref&gt;Bieman, J.M.; Murdock, V., ''Finding code on the World Wide Web: a preliminary investigation'', Proceedings First IEEE International Workshop on Source Code Analysis and Manipulation, 2001&lt;/ref&gt;
* fanisana ireo filazana ilay fiteny, izany hoe ny anarany, hita amin' ny alalan' ny milina fikarohana ao amin' ny tranonkala.

Nampitambatra ny fampahalalana avy amin' ny vohikala samihafa ny stackify.com sady naka ny salan' izany fampahalalana izany, ary nitatitra ireto fiteny fampandaharana folo be mpampiasa indrindra ireto tao amin' ny filaharany ho an' ny taona 2018, araka ny filaharana midina manomboka amin' ny be mpampiasa indrindra amin' ny ankapobeny: Java, [[Fiteny C|C]], C++, Python, C#, JavaScript, VB .NET, R, [[PHP]] ary MATLAB.&lt;ref&gt;[https://stackify.com/popular-programming-languages-2018/ ''Most Popular and Influential Programming Languages of 2018'']. stackify.com. 2017-12-18. daty nijerena voarakitra: 2018-08-29. datin' ny tahiry: 30 August 2018. toetry ny rohy voarakitra: live. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180830004924/https://stackify.com/popular-programming-languages-2018/ rohy tahiry voarakitra].&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny Jona 2024, ny fiteny fampandaharana dimy voalohany araka ny tondro TIOBE (tondro fandaharana ny fiteny fampandaharana araka ny habetsahan' ny fampiasana azy) dia ny Python, C++, [[Fiteny C|C]], Java ary C#. Manome lisitry ny fiteny fampandaharana 100 voalohany araka io tondro io ny TIOBE ary manavao izany lisitra izany isam-bolana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/ ''TIOBE Index'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 24 June 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Araka ny mpiasan' ny gazety ''IEEE Spectrum'', dia mety mbola hanjaka ireo fiteny fampandaharana be mpampiasa indrindra tamin' ny fotoana nanaovan' izy ireo izany fanombanana izany, noho ny fomba fiasan' ny AI (haranitan-tsaina voatr' olombelona, izany hoe ny fahaizan' ny milina manao asa mitaky faharanitan-tsaina). Noho izany, dia ho sarotra kokoa amin' ny fiteny vaovao ny hahazo mpampiasa betsaka, satria tsy hanoratra fandaharana maro amin' ireo fiteny ireo ny mpanoratra kaody.&lt;ref&gt;[https://spectrum.ieee.org/top-programming-languages-2025 ''IEEE Spectrum'']. daty nijerena voarakitra: 25 September 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Endri-piteny, endrika samihafa ary fanatanterahana ==
Ny '''endri-piteny''' (''dialect'' amin' ny teny anglisy) amin' ny fiteny fampandaharana na fiteny fifanakalozana angona dia fiovana na fanitarana somary kely amin' ilay fiteny, izay tsy manova ny toetra fototra ananany.&lt;ref&gt;Cordy, James R.; Halpern-Hamu, Charles D.; Promislow, Eric. ''TXL: A rapid prototyping system for programming language dialects''. ''Computer Languages''. 1991. boky: 16. pp.: 97–107. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1016/0096-0551(91)90019-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an' ny fiteny toy ny Scheme sy Forth, dia mety hihevitra ny fenitra ho tsy ampy, tsy mifanaraka amin' ny filàna, na tsy manan-kery ny mpamorona ny rindrankajy manatanteraka ireo fiteny ireo. Noho izany, dia matetika izy ireo no miala amin' ny fenitra ka mamorona endri-piteny vaovao. Amin' ny toe-javatra hafa, dia foronina ny endri-piteny mba hampiasaina amin' ny fiteny natokana ho an' ny sehatra iray, ary matetika dia ampahany amin' ny fiteny fototra ihany no ao aminy. Eo amin' ny tontolon' ny Lisp, dia heverina ho endri-pitenin' ny Lisp ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny mampiasa ny fitsipi-panorenana fototry ny teny S (''S-expression'') sady manome ny kaody hevitra mitovitovy amin' izay omen' ny Lisp azy, na dia samy hafa be aza ireo fiteny ireo, toy ny Racket sy Clojure, ohatra. Koa satria mahazatra ny fisian' ny endri-piteny maromaro amin' ny fiteny iray, dia mety ho tena sarotra ho an' ny mpanao fandaharana tsy ampy traikefa ny mahita ny tahirin-kevitra mifanaraka amin' izay ampiasainy. Manana endri-piteny maro ny fiteny BASIC (fiteny fampandaharana ho an' ny vao manomboka).

== Fanasokajiana ==
Momba ny antsipiriany: Lisitra voasokajin' ny fiteny fampandaharana.

Azo faritana araka ireto sokajy ankapobeny manaraka ireto ny fiteny fampandaharana, na dia mety hifanindry aza ireo sokajy ireo indraindray:&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 21.&lt;/ref&gt;
; Mandidy
: Ny fiteny fampandaharana mandidy dia ahafahana manatanteraka lôjika voasoratra ho filaharan' ny asa atao araka ny lamina voafaritra. Sokajina ho fiteny mandidy ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny be mpampiasa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 21–22.&lt;/ref&gt;
; Mifototra amin' ny lefa
: Ny fiteny fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny lefa dia ahafahana mampihatra lefa mifandimby amin' ny masontsivana omena azy. Ny lefa dia fitsipika mampifandray ny angona ampidirina amin' ny vokatra, ary ny masontsivana eto dia ireo angona omena azy. Na dia ankasitrahan' ny mpikaroka maro aza ireo fiteny ireo noho ny fahatsorany sy ny firindrany, dia nanakana ny fielezan' ny fampiasana azy ny olana momba ny fahombiazan' ny fanatanterahana.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
; Lôjika
: Ny fiteny fampandaharana lôjika dia natao mba ho ny rindrankajy, fa tsy ny mpampandahatra, no hanapa-kevitra ny amin' ny filaharana hanatanterahana ny baiko.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 22.&lt;/ref&gt;
; Mifototra amin' ny zavatra
: Ny OOP (fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny zavatra) dia miavaka amin' ny fisian' ny toetra toy ny fanafenana ny antsipirian' ny fanatanterahana amin' ny fikirakirana angona, ny fandovana toetra, ary ny fisafidianana ny asa antsoina mandritra ny fanatanterahana. Tohanan' ny ankamaroan' ny fiteny mandidy be mpampiasa sy ny fiteny mifototra amin' ny lefa sasany ny OOP.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 21–22.&lt;/ref&gt;
; Fametahana marika
: Na dia tsy fiteny fampandaharana amin' ny heviny hentitra aza ny fiteny fametahana marika, dia mety hahafahana mampifandray azy amin' ny fiteny fampandaharana izany.
; Manokana
: Misy fiteny natao ho an' ny tanjona manokana izay tsy mora ampitahaina amin' ny fiteny fampandaharana hafa.&lt;ref&gt;Sebesta (2012), p. 22–23.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jereo koa ==

* Fampitahana ny fiteny fampandaharana
* Fampitahana ny fiteny fampandaharana amin' ny alalan' ny baiko fototra
* Fampandaharana solosaina
* [[Kajimirindra]] sy topimaso momba ny kajimirindra
* Fiteny natokana ho an' ny sehatra iray
* Famolavolana modely natokana ho an' ny sehatra iray
* Fiteny fampandaharana natao ho an' ny fampianarana
* Fiteny fampandaharana noforonina ho fanandramana na ho fialamboly
* Fampandaharana ahafahana manitatra ny fiteny
** Fiteny fampandaharana azo itarina ny fitsipi-panorenany
* Fampandaharana mifototra amin' ny toetra tsy miova, izany hoe fepetra tazonina ho marina
* Fampandaharana mifantoka amin' ny famoronana fiteny manokana
* Lisitr' ireo endrika samihafan' ny BASIC (fiteny fampandaharana)
* Lisitr' ireo fiteny fampandaharana manana kaody loharano misokatra
* Lisitr' ireo mpikaroka momba ny fiteny fampandaharana
* Ireo lisitry ny fiteny fampandaharana
* Fampandaharana lôjika
* Fampandaharana mampiaraka ny kaody sy ny fanazavana azy amin' ny fitenin' olombelona
* Fiteny ilazana fiteny hafa
* Fampandaharana mikirakira fandaharana
** Fampandaharana mikirakira fandaharana ao amin' ny Ruby (fiteny fampandaharana)
* Fiteny famaritana modely
* Teôria momba ny fiteny fampandaharana
* Fiteny fampandaharana ampiasain' ireo tranonkala be mpampiasa indrindra
* Kaody fanoritsoritana
* Endrika samihafan' ny fiteny Rebol
* Fampandaharana ahafahan' ny fandaharana mandinika na manova ny firafiny
* Fiteny fampandaharana ho an' ny asa siantifika
* Fiteny fanoratana baiko ho an' ny mpandika
* Hevitra omen' ny lôjika ny teny sy marika
* Injenieria momba ny rindrankajy sy lisitr' ireo lohahevitra momba ny injenieria amin' ny rindrankajy
* Fitsipi-panorenana amin' ny lôjika

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Vakiteny fanampiny ==
Lohahevitra mifandray: vakiteny fanampiny momba ny tantaran' ny fiteny fampandaharana.

* [[Hal Abelson|Abelson, Harold]]; [[Gerald Jay Sussman|Sussman, Gerald Jay]]. [http://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/full-text/book/book-Z-H-4.html ''Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs'']. MIT Press. 1996. datin' ny tahiry: 9 March 2018. fanontana: 2nd. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180309173822/https://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/full-text/book/book-Z-H-4.html rohy tahiry voarakitra].
* Raphael Finkel: ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20141022141742/http://www.nondot.org/sabre/Mirrored/AdvProgLangDesign/ Advanced Programming Language Design]'', Addison Wesley 1995.
* Daniel P. Friedman, Mitchell Wand, Christopher T. Haynes: ''Essentials of Programming Languages'', The MIT Press 2001.
* David Gelernter, Suresh Jagannathan: ''Programming Linguistics'', The MIT Press 1990.
* Ellis Horowitz (mpandrindra): ''Programming Languages, a Grand Tour'' (fanontana faha-3), 1987.
* Ellis Horowitz: ''Fundamentals of Programming Languages'', 1989.
* Shriram Krishnamurthi: ''Programming Languages: Application and Interpretation'', [https://www.cs.brown.edu/~sk/Publications/Books/ProgLangs/ navoaka an-tserasera] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210430210417/http://www.cs.brown.edu/~sk/Publications/Books/ProgLangs/ tahiry tamin' ny 30 April 2021].
* Gabbrielli, Maurizio; Martini, Simone. ''Programming Languages: Principles and Paradigms''. Springer. 2023. fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-031-34144-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 2nd.
* Bruce J. MacLennan: ''Principles of Programming Languages: Design, Evaluation, and Implementation'', Oxford University Press 1999.
* John C. Mitchell: ''Concepts in Programming Languages'', Cambridge University Press 2002.
* Nofre, David; Priestley, Mark; Alberts, Gerard. ''When Technology Became Language: The Origins of the Linguistic Conception of Computer Programming, 1950–1960''. ''Technology and Culture''. 2014. boky: 55. laharana: 1. pp.: 40–75. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISSN 0040-165X&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;DOI 10.1353/tech.2014.0031&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;JSTOR 24468397&lt;/nowiki&gt;. pmid: 24988794.
* [[Benjamin C. Pierce]]: ''Types and Programming Languages'', The MIT Press 2002.
* Terrence W. Pratt sy Marvin Victor Zelkowitz: ''Programming Languages: Design and Implementation'' (fanontana faha-4), Prentice Hall 2000.
* Peter H. Salus. ''Handbook of Programming Languages'' (boky 4). Macmillan 1998.
* Ravi Sethi: ''Programming Languages: Concepts and Constructs'', fanontana faha-2, Addison-Wesley 1996.
* Michael L. Scott sy Jonathan Aldrich: ''Programming Language Pragmatics'', fanontana faha-5, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 2025.
* Sebesta, Robert W. ''Concepts of Programming Languages''. Addison-Wesley. 2012. fiteny: en. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-13-139531-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;. fanontana: 10.
* Franklyn Turbak sy David Gifford niaraka tamin' i Mark Sheldon: ''Design Concepts in Programming Languages'', The MIT Press 2009.
* Peter Van Roy sy Seif Haridi. ''Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming'', The MIT Press 2004.
* [[David Watt|David A. Watt]]. ''Programming Language Concepts and Paradigms''. Prentice Hall 1990.
* David A. Watt sy Muffy Thomas. ''Programming Language Syntax and Semantics''. Prentice Hall 1991.
* David A. Watt. ''Programming Language Processors''. Prentice Hall 1993.
* David A. Watt. ''Programming Language Design Concepts''. John Wiley &amp; Sons 2004.
* Wilson, Leslie B. ''Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition''. Addison-Wesley. 2001. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-201-71012-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

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